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Number-of-Cited-References = {{76}},
Times-Cited = {{45}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{13}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Biogeogr.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{694DT}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000183759100010}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000183856300010,
Author = {Chou, C and Tu, JY and Yu, JY},
Title = {{Interannual variability of the western North Pacific summer monsoon:
   Differences between ENSO and non-ENSO years}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{16}},
Number = {{13}},
Pages = {{2275-2287}},
Month = {{JUL 1}},
Abstract = {{The interannual variability of the western North Pacific (WNP) summer
   monsoon is examined for the non-ENSO, ENSO developing, and ENSO decaying
   years, respectively. The ENSO developing (decaying) year is defined as
   the year before (after) the mature phase of ENSO, and the non-ENSO year
   is defined as the year that is neither the ENSO developing year nor the
   ENSO decaying year. A strong (weak) WNP summer monsoon tends to occur
   during the El Nino (La Nina) developing year and a weak (strong) WNP
   summer monsoon tends to occur during the El Nino (La Nina) decaying
   year. In all non-ENSO, ENSO developing, and ENSO decaying years, the
   strong (weak) WNP summer monsoon is associated with the positive
   (negative) rainfall anomalies, cold (warm) sea surface temperature
   anomalies, warm (cold) upper-tropospheric temperature anomalies, low
   (high) surface pressure anomalies, and a low-level cyclonic
   (anticyclonic) circulation anomaly over the subtropical WNP. The 850-hPa
   wave train associated with the WNP and east Asian (EA) summer monsoons
   in the non-ENSO, ENSO developing, and ENSO decaying years extends
   northward and suggests a possible teleconnection between the WNP summer
   monsoon and the North American climate. The wave train extended into the
   Southern Hemisphere in the non-ENSO and ENSO developing years implies a
   teleconnection between the WNP summer monsoon and the Australian winter
   climate. The anomalous WNP monsoon in the non-ENSO and ENSO developing
   years exists only in summer, while the anomalous WNP monsoon in the ENSO
   decaying year persists from the beginning of the year to the summer
   season. The anomalous WNP summer monsoon exhibits a strong
   ocean-atmosphere interaction, especially in the ENSO decaying year. This
   study suggests that the anomalous WNP summer monsoon in the non-ENSO
   year is associated with the variation of the meridional temperature
   gradient in the upper troposphere, while the anomalous WNP summer
   monsoon in the ENSO developing and decaying years is associated with
   ENSO-related SST anomalies.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Chou, C (Corresponding Author), Acad Sinica, Environm Change Res Ctr, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
   Acad Sinica, Environm Change Res Ctr, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
   Culture Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Taipei, Taiwan.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/2761.1}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPOSPHERIC BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; SOUTH ASIAN
   MONSOON; EL-NINO; TROPICAL PACIFIC; INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS; RAINFALL
   VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; ANOMALIES; CLIMATE}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Chou, Chia/D-1479-2012
   Yu, Jia-Yuh/Y-9365-2019}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Chou, Chia/0000-0001-9192-4724
   }},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{50}},
Times-Cited = {{85}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{2}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{49}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{695XU}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000183856300010}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000184100300002,
Author = {Wu, AM and Hsieh, WW and Zwiers, FW},
Title = {{Nonlinear modes of North American winter climate variability derived
   from a general circulation model simulation}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{16}},
Number = {{14}},
Pages = {{2325-2339}},
Month = {{JUL}},
Abstract = {{Nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA), via a neural network
   (NN) approach, was applied to an ensemble of six 47-yr simulations
   conducted by the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
   (CCCma) second-generation atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM2).
   Each simulation was forced with the observed sea surface temperature {[}
   from the Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (GISST)]
   from January 1948 to November 1994. The NLPCA modes reveal nonlinear
   structures in both the winter 500-mb geopotential height (Z500)
   anomalies and surface air temperature ( SAT) anomalies over North
   America, with asymmetric spatial anomaly patterns during the opposite
   phases of an NLPCA mode. Only during its negative phase is the first
   NLPCA mode related to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO); the
   positive phase is related to a weakened jet stream. Spatial patterns of
   the NLPCA mode for the Z500 anomalies generally agree with those for the
   SAT anomalies.
   Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis (NLCCA), also via an NN
   approach, was then applied to the mid-latitude winter GCM data and the
   observed SST of the tropical Pacific. Nonlinearity was detected in both
   the forcing field ( SST) and the response field (Z500 or SAT) at zero
   time lag. The leading NLCCA mode for the SST anomalies is a nonlinear
   ENSO mode, with a 30degrees-40degrees eastward shift of the positive SST
   anomalies during El Nino relative to the negative SST anomalies during
   La Nina. The leading NLCCA mode for the Z500 anomaly field is a
   nonlinear Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern. The ray
   path of the Rossby waves induced during El Nino is 10degrees-15degrees
   east of that induced during La Nina. The nonlinear atmospheric response
   to ENSO is also found in the leading NLCCA mode for the SAT anomalies.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Wu, AM (Corresponding Author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth \& Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth \& Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Victoria, Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling \& Anal, Meteorol Serv Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/2776.1}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; CANONICAL CORRELATION-ANALYSIS;
   NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; NEURAL NETWORKS;
   EL-NINO; TELECONNECTIONS; CANADA; FIELD; WIND}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Hsieh, William W/G-8380-2011}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Hsieh, William W/0000-0003-2654-392X}},
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   Zwiers FW, 2000, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V105, P7295, DOI 10.1029/1999JD901050.}},
Number-of-Cited-References = {{28}},
Times-Cited = {{15}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{4}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{700EU}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000184100300002}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000184100300008,
Author = {Misra, V},
Title = {{The influence of pacific SST variability on the precipitation over
   southern Africa}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{16}},
Number = {{14}},
Pages = {{2408-2418}},
Month = {{JUL}},
Abstract = {{This study is an analysis of AGCM model results to understand the
   dynamics of the response of precipitation over southern Africa (SA) to
   anomalies in the sea surface temperature (SST) over the Pacific Ocean.
   The pattern of interannual precipitation anomaly over SA and its
   temporal variations are quite similar in both the ensemble mean of the
   control (where AGCM is forced with observed SSTs in all ocean basins)
   and experimental runs (where AGCM is forced with seasonally varying
   climatological SST over the Pacific Ocean). However, the amplitude of
   the variability is found to be relatively reduced in the experimental
   runs. This is shown to be a result of the modulation of the Walker
   circulation by the variability of Pacific Ocean SST. The regional
   teleconnection pattern between the dominant mode of SA precipitation
   variability and SST anomalies over the eastern Indian Ocean is also
   influenced by the variations in Pacific SST. The nature of the
   teleconnection between SA precipitation and eastern Indian SST is
   apparent only when the Pacific SST variability is excluded. This is
   corroborated from observations as well.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Misra, V (Corresponding Author), Inst Global Environm \& Soc Inc, Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, 4041 Powder Mill Rd,Suite 302, Calverton, MD 20705 USA.
   Inst Global Environm \& Soc Inc, Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD 20705 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/2785.1}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; INDIAN-OCEAN; SUMMER RAINFALL; INTERANNUAL
   VARIABILITY; MODEL; ANOMALIES; CLIMATE; EASTERN; SIMULATIONS;
   CIRCULATION}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{misra@cola.iges.org}},
Cited-References = {{Davies R., 1982, 83961 NASA.
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{34}},
Times-Cited = {{30}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{3}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{700EU}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000184100300008}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000183280900004,
Author = {Branstator, G and Frederiksen, J},
Title = {{The seasonal cycle of interannual variability and the dynamical imprint
   of the seasonally varying mean state}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{60}},
Number = {{13}},
Pages = {{1577-1592}},
Month = {{JUL}},
Abstract = {{Various aspects of the seasonal cycle of interannual variability of the
   observed 300-hPa streamfunction are documented and related to dynamical
   influences of the seasonality of the mean circulation. The
   stochastically excited nondivergent barotropic vorticity equation
   linearized about upper-tropospheric climatological mean states from each
   month of the year is used to identify characteristics of interannual
   variability that the seasonal cycle of the mean state should modulate.
   The result is interannual variability with ( a) extratropical centers of
   variance that are much stronger in winter than summer and that are
   confined to midlatitudes during the warm season, (b) an annual cycle of
   preferred scales in midlatitudes with largest scales occurring during
   winter and a semiannual cycle of scales in the subtropics, and ( c)
   streamfunction tendencies from interannual fluxes that adjust to the
   seasonally varying climatological eddies in such a way as to damp them.
   Because these same properties are also shown to exist in nature, it is
   concluded that the linear framework is a useful means of understanding
   the seasonality of interannual disturbances and that seasonality of the
   mean state leaves a pronounced imprint on interannual variability.
   Analysis of an ensemble of general circulation model integrations
   indicates the signatures of seasonality produced in the stochastically
   driven linear framework are more useful for understanding intrinsic
   interannual variability than variability caused by seasonally varying
   sea surface temperature anomalies. Furthermore, it is found that the
   intrinsic variability of the GCM has properties very much like those in
   nature, another indication that organization resulting from anomalous
   forcing structure is not required for production of many aspects of the
   observed seasonality of interannual variability.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Branstator, G (Corresponding Author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   CSIRO Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/3002.1}},
ISSN = {{0022-4928}},
Keywords-Plus = {{LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; COMMUNITY-CLIMATE-MODEL; TELECONNECTION
   PATTERNS; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; BAROTROPIC ATMOSPHERE; GEOPOTENTIAL
   HEIGHT; WAVE-PROPAGATION; STORM TRACKS; INSTABILITY; TURBULENCE}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Frederiksen, Jorgen/0000-0001-9449-0968}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{35}},
Times-Cited = {{14}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{3}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Atmos. Sci.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{685UD}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000183280900004}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000183763400001,
Author = {Chen, GTJ and Jiang, ZH and Wu, MC},
Title = {{Spring heavy rain events in Taiwan during warm episodes and the
   associated large-scale conditions}},
Journal = {{MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{131}},
Number = {{7}},
Pages = {{1173-1188}},
Month = {{JUL}},
Abstract = {{Daily rainfall data at 15 stations of the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau
   (CWB) and the gridded dataset of the National Centers for Environmental
   Prediction - National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP - NCAR)
   reanalysis during the period of February - April 1951 - 2000 were used
   to reveal the characteristics of temporal and spatial variations of
   spring rainfall over Taiwan in relation to the sea surface temperature
   (SST) over the Nino-3 (5degreesS - 5degreesN, 90degrees - 150degreesW)
   area. Extremely heavy rain events during a warm episode were selected to
   study the characteristics of the associated large-scale circulations.
   Results showed that the spring rainfall in Taiwan was positively
   correlated to the Nino-3 SST not only for the overall rainfall events
   but also for the heavy rain events. Extremely heavy rain events occurred
   significantly more frequently during warm episodes as compared to those
   occurring during cold and normal episodes. A varimax-rotated empirical
   orthogonal function (REOF) analysis revealed the existence of two
   spatial modes, with one over northern Taiwan and the other over southern
   Taiwan. It was found that the intrusion of the midlatitude frontal
   system into the eastern China coastal area coupled with the mean state
   of the Pacific - East Asian teleconnection pattern was primarily
   responsible for the extremely heavy rain events during springtime warm
   episodes.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Jiang, ZH (Corresponding Author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, 61,Ln 144,Sec 4,Keelung Rd, Taipei 10772, Taiwan.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Taipei 10772, Taiwan.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1173:SHREIT>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0027-0644}},
Keywords-Plus = {{ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; TROPICAL PACIFIC SSTS; INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS;
   SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; SEA; VARIABILITY; CHINA}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{29}},
Times-Cited = {{19}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{5}},
Journal-ISO = {{Mon. Weather Rev.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{694FN}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000183763400001}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000183763400002,
Author = {Cai, WJ and Collier, MA and Gordon, HB and Waterman, LJ},
Title = {{Strong ENSO variability and a Super-ENSO pair in the CSIRO mark 3
   coupled climate model}},
Journal = {{MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{131}},
Number = {{7}},
Pages = {{1189-1210}},
Month = {{JUL}},
Abstract = {{Simulations of El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability with
   the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
   Mark 3 coupled climate model, which is not flux adjusted and has an
   ocean north - south resolution of approximately 0.9degrees, are
   described. Major indices, periodicity, and spatial patterns of the
   modeled ENSO compare well to those observed over the last 100 yr. This
   good simulation is achieved despite some deficiencies in the model
   climatology, in particular the climatological tropical Pacific sea
   surface temperature (SST). The model SST climatology has a ``cold
   tongue'' that is too strong and extends too far into the western
   equatorial Pacific, a common problem experienced by many climate models.
   Although this cold tongue problem also affects the model rainfall
   climatology over the tropical ocean, the ENSO - rainfall teleconnection
   pattern is realistically simulated, particularly over the Indonesian and
   northeast Australian regions, where in reality rainfall is significantly
   affected by ENSO cycles.
   Comparisons between modeled and observed equatorial thermocline
   structure reveal that the model thermocline depth ( depth of the
   20degreesC isotherm) is shallower, whereas the spread or thickness (
   depth difference between 168 and 22degreesC isotherms) of the modeled
   thermocline is greater, than the observed. The former is favorable,
   whereas the latter is unfavorable, for generating strong ENSO
   variability, because a shallower thermocline with smaller spread of
   isotherms and steeper slope makes it easier for the equatorial upwelling
   to draw the colder subthermocline water to the surface. On balance, the
   model is capable of producing ENSO cycles with realistic amplitude. This
   model capability is further highlighted by what is called here a
   ``super-ENSO'' pair: a super-El Nino event followed by a super-La Nina
   event, both with a Nino-3.4 index (SST average over 5degreesS -
   5degreesN, 120degrees - 170degreesW) exceeding 3degreesC in amplitude.
   The pairing of the two superevents is unique, and the dynamics are
   explored. It is found that during the super-El Nino event, the surface
   zonal wind stress, SST, and the equatorial upwelling anomalies are
   proportionately large. In contrast, during the super-La Nina event, the
   response of SST anomalies to easterly and upwelling anomalies is
   disproportionately large. It is demonstrated that this exceptionally
   large cooling of SST is linked to an exceptionally strong shallowing of
   the equatorial thermocline depth, and that the shallowing is induced by
   the exceptionally strong westerly wind anomalies associated with the
   super-ENSO. In the context of the recently proposed recharge -
   oscillator paradigm, which is shown to operate in the present model, the
   strong shallowing can be seen as a result of the discharge of the
   equatorial Pacific warm water volume in response to the exceptionally
   strong westerly anomalies associated with the super- El Nino event.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Cai, WJ (Corresponding Author), CSIRO, Div Atmospher Res, PMB 1, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.
   CSIRO, Div Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.
   Univ Victoria, Sch Earth \& Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC, Canada.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1189:SEVAAS>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0027-0644}},
Keywords-Plus = {{NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; OCEAN RECHARGE PARADIGM; SEA-SURFACE
   TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC;
   AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE MODEL; ANNUAL
   CYCLE}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Collier, Mark/D-2663-2013
   Cai, Wenju J/C-2864-2012}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Collier, Mark/0000-0003-1391-9473
   Cai, Wenju J/0000-0001-6520-0829}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{55}},
Times-Cited = {{21}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{6}},
Journal-ISO = {{Mon. Weather Rev.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{694FN}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000183763400002}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000184289600011,
Author = {Blender, R and Luksch, U and Fraedrich, K and Raible, CC},
Title = {{Predictability study of the observed and simulated European climate
   using linear regression}},
Journal = {{QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{129}},
Number = {{592, A}},
Pages = {{2299-2313}},
Month = {{JUL}},
Abstract = {{Monthly mean temperature anomalies in the regions England, Germany and
   Scandinavia are predicted by linear regression. Two predictors are
   selected from monthly mean teleconnection indices, North Atlantic sea
   surface temperatures (SSTs) projected on the first three empirical
   orthogonal functions (EOFs), and European climate variables
   (temperature, sea level pressure, and precipitation) averaged in the
   three predictand regions. The predictors are chosen separately for each
   month according to their correlation with the predictand. Observations
   from 1870-1999 and data from a 600-year integration with the coupled
   atmosphere-ocean general-circulation model ECHAM/HOPE are used to assess
   and compare the forecast skill. The skill is measured by the anomaly
   correlation coefficient (ACC) and the explained variance (EV).
   For a one-month lead time the ACC for observations is up to 0.6 (EV
   approximate to 35\%) for February-March and August-September in the
   three regions. The skill for the simulated data is lower (maximum values
   at ACC approximate to 0.5, EV approximate to 25\%) and its seasonal
   dependence differs from that of the observations. Main predictors are
   the preceding temperatures in the predictand region. Using segments of
   the simulated data the spread of skill is estimated as 0.1 in ACC (10\%
   in EV).
   For lead times up to one year there is a small ACC (0.3-0.4) in the
   observations for England (spring and late summer), and Scandinavia
   (August-September), but none in Germany. The observed two-month mean
   England temperature in spring and late summer can be predicted with six
   months' lead time for 1971-96 with 1870-1969 as a training set,
   selecting the first two North Atlantic SST EOF coefficients as
   predictors. A leave-two-out cross-validation in 1870-1999 shows a
   distinct reduction of skill. In simulated data, the skill beyond one
   month is negligible compared with the observations.}},
Publisher = {{WILEY}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Blender, R (Corresponding Author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Meteorol, Bundesstr 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Bern, Bern, Switzerland.}},
DOI = {{10.1256/qj.02.103}},
ISSN = {{0035-9009}},
EISSN = {{1477-870X}},
Keywords = {{GCM evaluation; monthly forecast}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CANONICAL CORRELATION-ANALYSIS; SEASONAL
   FORECAST SKILL; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; PREDICTION; ATLANTIC;
   PRECIPITATION; MODELS; OSCILLATION; PACIFIC}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{blender@dkrz.de}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Raible, Christoph/M-8309-2016}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Raible, Christoph/0000-0003-0176-0602}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{43}},
Times-Cited = {{11}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{5}},
Journal-ISO = {{Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{703PP}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000184289600011}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000183792400013,
Author = {Hong, YT and Hong, B and Lin, QH and Zhu, YX and Shibata, Y and Hirota,
   M and Uchida, M and Leng, XT and Jiang, HB and Xu, H and Wang, H and Yi,
   L},
Title = {{Correlation between Indian Ocean summer monsoon and North Atlantic
   climate during the Holocene}},
Journal = {{EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{211}},
Number = {{3-4}},
Pages = {{371-380}},
Month = {{JUN 30}},
Abstract = {{There has been a number of investigations for the correlation between
   the Asia monsoon and the North Atlantic climate for the last glacial;
   however, little research has been done for the present interglacial, the
   Holocene. Here we present for the first time a high-resolution composite
   proxy record for the Indian Ocean summer monsoon spanning around 12000
   years based on the VC time series of both a single plant species (Carex
   mulieensis) remains cellulose and the total plant assemblage cellulose
   in the Hongyuan peat bog from the Tibet Plateau. The records show that
   the strength of the Indian Ocean summer monsoon had abrupt variations
   during the last 12000 years. The weakest monsoon occurred in the Younger
   Dryas period. Following rapid strengthening from around 11200 to 10 800
   a BP the monsoon kept a generally strong level for around 5300 years.
   From around 5500 a BP onwards the monsoon strength tended to gradual
   decrease. In addition, there are a series of abrupt variation events of
   the monsoon strength on centennial to millennial time scales, which
   superimpose the general tendency of the monsoon variation. In every case
   when the ice-rafted debris events in the North Atlantic occurred, the
   summer monsoon strength decreased correspondingly. These evidences show
   that teleconnection between the Indian Ocean summer monsoon and the
   North Atlantic climate is present not only in the last glacial but also
   in the Holocene, which may be linked to abrupt reorganizations of the
   ocean thermohaline circulation, leading to redistribution of energy,
   changing temperature and moisture gradient over the southern subtropical
   Indian Ocean, and eventually controlling the variability of the Indian
   Ocean summer monsoon. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights
   reserved.}},
Publisher = {{ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}},
Address = {{PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Hong, YT (Corresponding Author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Environm Geochem, 73 Guanshui Rd, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, State Key Lab Environm Geochem, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China.
   Natl Inst Environm Studies, Environm Chem Div, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050053, Japan.
   NE Normal Univ, Inst Peatmire, Changchun 130024, Peoples R China.}},
DOI = {{10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00207-3}},
ISSN = {{0012-821X}},
Keywords = {{monsoon; thermohaline circulation; ice-rafted debris events; peat;
   abrupt climate change; Holocene; China}},
Keywords-Plus = {{PEAT CELLULOSE; TIME-SERIES; ICE-CORE; EVENTS; RECORD; CHINA; SEA;
   FLUCTUATIONS; CIRCULATION; LAKES}},
Research-Areas = {{Geochemistry \& Geophysics}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Geochemistry \& Geophysics}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{徐海, Hai Xu/D-9895-2012
   Hong, Yetang/C-6927-2013
   Uchida, Masao/C-3673-2013}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{徐海, Hai Xu/0000-0002-5356-8156
   }},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{34}},
Times-Cited = {{274}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{5}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{81}},
Journal-ISO = {{Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{694UF}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000183792400013}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000186448400004,
Author = {Rodionov, S and Assel, RA},
Title = {{Winter severity in the Great Lakes region: a tale of two oscillations}},
Journal = {{CLIMATE RESEARCH}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{24}},
Number = {{1}},
Pages = {{19-31}},
Month = {{JUN 10}},
Abstract = {{The effects of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the El
   Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Laurentian Great Lakes regional
   winter air temperature and, more generally, surface-air temperatures
   (SAT) over North America are examined. The relationship between ENSO and
   winter severity in the Great Lakes is highly nonlinear and depends on
   the strength of El Nino events. Significant positive correlation between
   the winter severity and ENSO indices noted in earlier works is limited
   to strong El Nino events and is associated with an expansion of positive
   temperature anomalies in NW North America inland toward the Great Lakes.
   Although both ENSO and PDO are positively correlated with the
   Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection index, a closer look at the
   large-scale atmospheric circulation associated with the 2 oscillations
   reveals a substantial difference. During warm PDO phases (not coincident
   with strong El Nino events), atmospheric circulation resembles the
   classical PNA pattern, with a strong Aleutian Low at the surface and
   amplified ridges and troughs in the mid-troposphere. During strong El
   Nino events the Aleutian Low is also stronger than normal, but shifted
   eastward, to the Gulf of Alaska. Over North America, an upper
   atmospheric ridge on the west is not accompanied with a deep trough on
   the east as in the classical PNA pattern. As a result, outbreaks of cold
   Arctic air over the eastern US are rare and winters in the Great Lakes
   region are abnormally mild.}},
Publisher = {{INTER-RESEARCH}},
Address = {{NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Assel, RA (Corresponding Author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
   NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Comp Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.3354/cr024019}},
ISSN = {{0936-577X}},
Keywords = {{Great Lakes; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; El Nino-Southern Oscillation}},
Keywords-Plus = {{DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH-AMERICAN
   PRECIPITATION; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC;
   UNITED-STATES; ICE COVER; ATMOSPHERIC TELECONNECTIONS; SEASONAL
   INTERACTIONS}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology; Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Environmental Sciences; Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
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