text:
title =        "{PCTEX} and Micro{TEX}",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1986",
  month =        apr,
  pages =        "267--272",
  robnote =      "professional typesetting on MS-DOS machines, text
                 processing, TEX software on personal computers.,
                 CompSoft039",
}

@Article{RSM:Vas87,
  author =       "M. Vassalle",
  title =        "Contribution of the $Na^{+}/{K}^{+}$--pump to the
                 Membrane Potential",
  journal =      "Experientia",
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "43",
  pages =        "1135--1140",
  robnote =      "sodium/potassium pump and what it contributes to the
                 membrane potential in heart cells., CardCell017",
}

@Article{RSM:Vau86,
  author =       "R.D. Vaughan-Jones",
  title =        "Excitation and Contraction in Heart: {T}he Role of
                 Calcium",
  journal =      "Brit. Med. Bull.",
  year =         "1986",
  volume =       "42",
  pages =        "413--420",
  robnote =      "Read it!, CellPhysiol053",
}

@Article{RSM:Vel2000,
  author =       "E.O. Velipasaoglu and H. Sun and F. Zhang and K.L.
                 Berrier and D.S. Khoury",
  title =        "Spatial regularization of the electrocardiographic
                 inverse problem and its application to endocardial
                 mapping.",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "2000",
  month =        mar,
  volume =       "47",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "327--337",
  robnote =      "A method of spatial regularization (SR) was developed
                 and tested in canine, where each spatial spectral
                 component of the volume conductor model was considered
                 separately, and a SR operator was selected based on
                 explicit a posteriori criterion at each time instant
                 through the heartbeat. The inverse problem was solved
                 in the left ventricle by reconstructing endocardial
                 surface electrograms based on cavitary electrograms
                 measured with the use of a noncontact, multielectrode
                 probe. The results were validated based on electrograms
                 measured in situ at the same endocardial locations
                 using an integrated, multielectrode basket-catheter. A
                 probe-endocardium three-dimensional model was
                 determined from multiplane fluoroscopic images.
                 Compared to endocardial electrograms measured by the
                 basket, electrograms reconstructed using SR [relative
                 error (RE) = 0.32, correlation coefficient (CC) = 0.97,
                 activation error = 3.3 ms were superior to electrograms
                 reconstructed using ZOT regularization (RE = 0.59, CC =
                 0.79, activation error = 4.9 ms). Therefore,
                 regularization based on spatial spectral components of
                 the model improves the solution of the inverse problem
                 of electrocardiography compared to uniform
                 regularization.",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Vel2000b,
  author =       "E.O. Velipasaoglu and H. Sun and L. Rao and D.S.
                 Khoury",
  title =        "Role of geometry in the endocardial
                 electrocardiographic inverse problem",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS2000,
  year =         "2000",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "902--903",
  robnote =      "Dirar paper on endocardial inverse",
  bibdate =      "Sun Mar 12 11:44:36 2006",
}

@Article{RSM:Ven2001,
  author =       "J.C. Venter and M.D. Adams and E.W. Myers and P.W.
                 Li",
  title =        "The sequence of the human genome.",
  journal =      "Science",
  year =         "2001",
  month =        feb,
  volume =       "291",
  number =       "5507",
  pages =        "1304--1351",
  robnote =      "A 2.91-billion base pair (bp) consensus sequence of
                 the euchromatic portion of the human genome was
                 generated by the whole-genome shotgun sequencing
                 method. The 14.8-billion bp DNA sequence was generated
                 over 9 months from 27,271,853 high-quality sequence
                 reads (5.11-fold coverage of the genome) from both ends
                 of plasmid clones made from the DNA of five
                 individuals. Two assembly strategies-a whole-genome
                 assembly and a regional chromosome assembly-were used,
                 each combining sequence data from Celera and the
                 publicly funded genome effort. The public data were
                 shredded into 550-bp segments to create a 2.9-fold
                 coverage of those genome regions that had been
                 sequenced, without including biases inherent in the
                 cloning and assembly procedure used by the publicly
                 funded group. This brought the effective coverage in
                 the assemblies to eightfold, reducing the number and
                 size of gaps in the final assembly over what would be
                 obtained with 5.11-fold coverage. The two assembly
                 strategies yielded very similar results that largely
                 agree with independent mapping data. The assemblies
                 effectively cover the euchromatic regions of the human
                 chromosomes. More than 90\% of the genome is in
                 scaffold assemblies of 100,000 bp or more, and 25\% of
                 the genome is in scaffolds of 10 million bp or larger.
                 Analysis of the genome sequence revealed 26,588
                 protein-encoding transcripts for which there was strong
                 corroborating evidence and an additional approximately
                 12,000 computationally derived genes with mouse matches
                 or other weak supporting evidence. Although",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jan 8 18:24:04 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Ver2002,
  author =       "S. Verheule and E. E. Wilson and R. Arora and S. K.
                 Engle and L. R. Scott and J. E. Olgin",
  title =        "Tissue structure and connexin expression of canine
                 pulmonary veins",
  journal =      "Cardiovasc Res",
  volume =       "55",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "727--738",
  abstract =     "OBJECTIVE: Rapid electrical activity in pulmonary
                 veins (PVs) has been proposed as a mechanism for focal
                 atrial fibrillation. The way in which the myocardial
                 sleeve inside PVs can form a substrate for focal
                 activity is not well understood. Therefore, we have
                 studied tissue structure and connexin distribution at
                 the veno-atrial transition in the dog. METHODS: In
                 adult mongrel dogs, the anatomy of the PV area was
                 studied. Tissue structure in individual veins was
                 assessed in formalin fixed sections using Masson's
                 Trichrome staining. Gap junction protein distribution
                 was examined using antibodies against connexin40 (Cx40)
                 and connexin43 (Cx43). The ultrastructure of myocytes
                 in myocardial sleeves was studied using electron
                 microscopy. RESULTS: Individual PVs in the dog had a
                 gross morphology similar to that observed in the human,
                 with myocardial sleeves extending into the veins for
                 4-20 mm. In all veins examined, myocytes in myocardial
                 sleeves had a normal atrial morphology and anti-desmin
                 staining pattern. Cx43 was expressed throughout the
                 sleeve at levels comparable to normal atrial
                 myocardium. By contrast, Cx40 expression was lower in
                 myocardial sleeves than in the rest of the left atrium.
                 Myocytes in the sleeve, which were ultrastructurally
                 similar to normal atrial myocytes, were predominantly
                 organized in a circumferential pattern. CONCLUSIONS:
                 PVs in the dog and various canine models of heart
                 disease will be a suitable model for (patho)physiology
                 of the veno-atrial transition. Myocytes in myocardial
                 sleeves are similar to normal atrial myocytes. The
                 circumferential orientation of these myocytes may
                 provide a substrate for rapid circular reentry.",
  year =         "2002",
}

@Article{RSM:Ver2003,
  author =       "S. Verheule and E. Wilson and T. th Everett and S.
                 Shanbhag and C. Golden and J. Olgin",
  title =        "Alterations in atrial electrophysiology and tissue
                 structure in a canine model of chronic atrial
                 dilatation due to mitral regurgitation",
  journal =      j-C,
  volume =       "107",
  number =       "20",
  pages =        "2615--2622",
  scinote =         "1524-4539 (Electronic) Journal Article Research
                 Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.",
  abstract =     "BACKGROUND: Clinically, chronic atrial dilatation is
                 associated with an increased incidence of atrial
                 fibrillation (AF), but the underlying mechanism is not
                 clear. We have investigated atrial electrophysiology
                 and tissue structure in a canine model of chronic
                 atrial dilatation due to mitral regurgitation (MR).
                 METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirteen control and 19 MR dogs (1
                 month after partial mitral valve avulsion) were
                 studied. Dogs in the MR group were monitored using
                 echocardiography and Holter recording. In open-chest
                 follow-up experiments, electrode arrays were placed on
                 the atria to investigate conduction patterns, effective
                 refractory periods, and inducibility of AF. Alterations
                 in tissue structure and ultrastructure were assessed in
                 atrial tissue samples. At follow-up, left atrial length
                 in MR dogs was 4.09+/-0.45 cm, compared with
                 3.25+/-0.28 at baseline (P<0.01), corresponding to a
                 volume of 205+/-61\% of baseline. At follow-up, no
                 differences in atrial conduction pattern and conduction
                 velocities were noted between control and MR dogs.
                 Effective refractory periods were increased
                 homogeneously throughout the left and right atrium.
                 Sustained AF (>1 hour) was inducible in 10 of 19 MR
                 dogs and none of 13 control dogs (P<0.01). In the
                 dilated MR left atrium, areas of increased interstitial
                 fibrosis and chronic inflammation were accompanied by
                 increased glycogen ultrastructurally. CONCLUSIONS:
                 Chronic atrial dilatation in the absence of overt heart
                 failure leads to an increased vulnerability to AF that
                 is not based on a decrease in wavelength.",
  keywords =     "Animals Atrial Fibrillation/etiology/physiopathology
                 Chronic Disease Dilatation,
                 Pathologic/etiology/pathology/*physiopathology Disease
                 Models, Animal Disease Susceptibility Dogs
                 Echocardiography, Transesophageal Electrocardiography,
                 Ambulatory *Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac
                 Heart Atria/pathology/*physiopathology/ultrasonography
                 Heart Conduction System/physiopathology Microscopy,
                 Electron Mitral Valve
                 Insufficiency/complications/*physiopathology/ultrasonography
                 Myocardium/pathology/ultrastructure Ventricular
                 Function, Left",
  year =         "2003",
}

@Article{RSM:Ver2004,
  author =       "A. Verma and N.F. Marrouche and A. Natale",
  title =        "Pulmonary vein antrum isolation: intracardiac
                 echocardiography-guided technique.",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "2004",
  volume =       "15",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1335--1340",
  robnote =      "afib Several techniques are used for AF ablation, but no
                 general consensus exists as to which technique is the
                 most effective. At our center, we have developed a
                 technique for isolating the pulmonary veins (PVs) at
                 their antrum. The technique is guided by intracardiac
                 echocardiography (ICE) and mapping with a circular
                 (Lasso) catheter. Our technique was developed based on
                 four crucial principles: 1. Precisely identifying the
                 true border of the PV antrum. 2. Electrically isolating
                 all of the PVs at the level of the antrum. 3. Avoiding
                 risk of PV stenosis by ablating outside of the antrum.
                 4. Minimizing risk of other complications, such as
                 perforation and stroke, by direct visualization during
                 transseptal access and radiofrequency (RF) ablation.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Aug 11 10:57:54 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Ver2004b,
  author =       "A. Verma and F. Kilicaslan and N.F. Marrouche and S.
                 Minor and M. Khan and O. Wazni and J.D. Burkhardt and
                 W.A. Belden and J.E. Cummings and A. Abdul-Karim and W.
                 Saliba and R.A. Schweikert and P.J. Tchou and D.O.
                 Martin and A. Natale",
  title =        "Prevalence, predictors, and mortality significance of
                 the causative arrhythmia in patients with electrical
                 storm.",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "2004",
  volume =       "15",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1265--1270",
  robnote =      "afib INTRODUCTION: Electrical storm (ES) is characterized
                 by either refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) or
                 ventricular fibrillation (VF). However, little is known
                 about the prevalence, predictors, and mortality
                 implications of the causative arrhythmia in ES. We
                 sought to assess the prevalence, predictors, and
                 survival significance of VT and VF as the causative
                 arrhythmia of ES in implantable cardioverter
                 defibrillator (ICD) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS:
                 Consecutive patients from January 2000 to December 2002
                 who presented to the ICD clinic with > or = 2 separate
                 ventricular arrhythmic episodes requiring shock within
                 24 hours were included in the study. ICD interrogation
                 confirmed the number of shocks and provided
                 electrograms for interpretation of the causative
                 arrhythmia. Patients were grouped as VF or VT according
                 to the causative arrhythmia. Their prevalence,
                 predictors, and mortality rates were compared. Of 2,028
                 patients assessed in the ICD clinic, 208 (10\%)
                 presented with ES. VF was the cause of ES in 99 of 208
                 patients, for an overall prevalence of 48\%. Original
                 ICD indication, coronary artery disease, and amiodarone
                 therapy were predictive for the causative arrhythmia.
                 There was no mortality difference between the VT and VF
                 groups; however, both groups had significantly
                 increased mortality compared to a control ICD
                 population without ES. CONCLUSION: VF is the causative
                 arrhythmia for a sizable proportion of patients with
                 ES. The initial ICD indication, coronary artery
                 disease, and amiodarone therapy are predictors of the
                 causative arrhythmias in ES. There does not appear to
                 be any mortality difference between ES patients with VT
                 and VF, but mortality is increased in patients with ES
                 versus control ICD patients without ES.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Aug 11 10:57:54 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Ver2005,
  author =       "A. Verma and F. Kilicaslan and E. Pisano and N.F.
                 Marrouche and R. Fanelli and J. Brachmann and J.
                 Geunther and D. Potenza and D.O. Martin and J. Cummings
                 and J.D. Burkhardt and W. Saliba and R.A. Schweikert
                 and A. Natale",
  title =        "Response of atrial fibrillation to pulmonary vein
                 antrum isolation is directly related to resumption and
                 delay of pulmonary vein conduction.",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "2005",
  volume =       "112",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "627--635",
  robnote =      "afib We sought to compare PV conduction in patients who had
                 no AF recurrence (group I), patients who could maintain
                 sinus rhythm on antiarrhythmic medication (group II),
                 and patients who had recurrent AF despite
                 antiarrhythmic medication (group III) after PV antrum
                 isolation (PVAI). METHODS AND RESULTS: PV conduction
                 was examined in consecutive patients undergoing second
                 PVAI for AF recurrence. We also recruited some patients
                 cured of AF to undergo a repeat, limited
                 electrophysiological study at >3 months after PVAI. All
                 patients underwent PVAI with an intracardiac
                 echocardiography (ICE)-guided approach with complete
                 isolation of all 4 PV antra (PVA). The number of PVs
                 with recurrent conduction and the shortest atrial to PV
                 (A-PV) conduction delay was measured with the use of
                 consistent Lasso positions defined by ICE. Late AF
                 recurrence was defined as AF >2 months after PVAI with
                 the patient off medications. Patients in groups I
                 (n=26), II (n=37), and III (n=44) did not differ at
                 baseline (38\% permanent AF; ejection fraction
                 53+/-6\%). Recurrence of PV-left atrial (LA) conduction
                 was seen in 1.7+/-0.8 and 2.2+/-0.8 PVAs for groups II
                 and III but only in 0.2+/-0.4 for group I (P=0.02). In
                 patients with recurrent PV-LA conduction, the A-PV
                 delay increased from the first to second procedure by
                 69+/-47\% for group III, 267+/-110\% for group II, and
                 473+/-71\% for group I (P<0.001). When pacing was at a
                 faster rate, A-PV block developed in all 5 of the group
                 I patients with recurrent PV-LA conduction.
                 CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with drug-free
                 cure show no PV-LA conduction recurrence. Substantial
                 A-PV delay is seen in patients able to maintain sinus
                 rhythm on antiarrhythmic medication or cured of AF
                 compared with patients who fail PVAI.",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jun 28 00:49:02 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Ver2005b,
  author =       "A. Verma and O.M. Wazni and N.F. Marrouche and D.O.
                 Martin and F. Kilicaslan and S. Minor and R.A.
                 Schweikert and W. Saliba and J. Cummings and J.D.
                 Burkhardt and M. Bhargava and W.A. Belden and A.
                 Abdul-Karim and A. Natale",
  title =        "Pre-existent left atrial scarring in patients
                 undergoing pulmonary vein antrum isolation: an
                 independent predictor of procedural failure.",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "2005",
  volume =       "45",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "285--292",
  robnote =      "afib OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to assess the
                 impact of left atrial scarring (LAS) on the outcome of
                 patients undergoing pulmonary vein antrum isolation
                 (PVAI) for atrial fibrillation (AF). BACKGROUND: Left
                 atrial scarring may be responsible for both the
                 perpetuation and genesis of AF. METHODS: A total of 700
                 consecutive patients undergoing first-time PVAI were
                 studied. Before ablation, extensive voltage mapping of
                 the left atrium (LA) was performed using a multipolar
                 Lasso catheter guided by intracardiac echocardiography
                 (ICE). Patients with LAS were defined by a complete
                 absence of electrographic recording by a circular
                 mapping catheter in multiple LA locations, and this was
                 validated by electroanatomic mapping. All four
                 pulmonary vein antra and the superior vena cava were
                 isolated using an ICE-guided technique. Patients were
                 followed at least nine months for late AF recurrence.
                 Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to
                 assess the predictive value of LAS and other variables
                 on outcome. RESULTS: Of 700 patients, 42 had LAS, which
                 represented 21 +/- 11\% of the LA surface area by
                 electroanatomic mapping. Patients with LAS had a
                 significantly higher AF recurrence (57\%) compared with
                 non-LAS patients (19\%, p = 0.003). Also, LAS was
                 associated with a significantly larger LA size, lower
                 ejection fraction, and higher C-reactive protein
                 levels. Univariate analysis revealed age, nonparoxysmal
                 AF, and LAS as predictors of recurrence. Multivariate
                 analysis showed LAS as the only independent predictor
                 of recurrence (hazard ratio 3.4, 95\% confidence
                 interval 1.3 to 9.4; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:
                 Pre-existent LAS in patients undergoing PVAI for AF is
                 a powerful, independent predictor of procedural
                 failure. Left atrial scarring is associated with a
                 lower EF, larger LA size, and increased inflammatory
                 markers.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Aug 11 10:47:17 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Ver2005c,
  author =       "A. Verma and N.F. Marrouche and R.A. Schweikert and W.
                 Saliba and O. Wazni and J. Cummings and A. Abdul-Karim
                 and M. Bhargava and J.D. Burkhardt and F. Kilicaslan
                 and D.O. Martin and A. Natale",
  title =        "Relationship between successful ablation sites and the
                 scar border zone defined by substrate mapping for
                 ventricular tachycardia post-myocardial infarction.",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "2005",
  volume =       "16",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "465--471",
  robnote =      "afib INTRODUCTION: It is unknown if identification of scar
                 border zones by electroanatomical mapping correlates
                 with successful ablation sites determined from mapping
                 during ventricular tachycardia (VT) post-myocardial
                 infarction (MI). We sought to assess the relationship
                 between successful ablation sites of hemodynamically
                 stable post-MI VTs determined by mapping during VT with
                 the scar border zone defined in sinus rhythm. METHODS
                 AND RESULTS: Forty-six patients presenting with
                 hemodynamically stable, mappable monomorphic VT post-MI
                 and who had at least one such VT successfully ablated
                 were prospectively included in the study. In each
                 patient, VT was ablated by targeting regions during VT
                 that exhibited early activation, +/- isolated
                 mid-diastolic potentials, and concealed entrainment
                 suggesting a critical isthmus site. Prior to ablation,
                 a detailed sinus-rhythm CARTO voltage map of the left
                 ventricle was obtained. A voltage <0.5 mV defined dense
                 scar. Successful VT ablation sites were registered on
                 the sinus voltage map to assess their relationship to
                 the scar border zone. Of the 86 VTs, 68\% were
                 successfully ablated at sites in the endocardial border
                 zone. The remaining VTs had ablation sites within the
                 scar in (18\%), in normal myocardium (4\%), and on the
                 epicardial surface (10\%). There were no significant
                 differences in VT recurrence amongst the different
                 groups. CONCLUSION: Successful ablation sites of
                 hemodynamically stable, monomorphic VTs post-MI are
                 often located in the scar border zone as defined by
                 substrate voltage mapping. However, in a sizable
                 minority, ablation sites are located within endocardial
                 scar, epicardially, and even in normal myocardium.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Aug 11 10:47:17 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Ver2011,
  author =       "G.R. Vergara and S. Vijayakumar and E.G.
                 Kholmovski and J.J.E. Blauer and M.A. Guttman and
                 C. Gloschat and G. Payne and K. Vij and
                 N.W. Akoum and M. Daccarett and C.J.
                 McGann and R.S. MacLeod and N.F. Marrouche",
  title =        "Real-time magnetic resonance imaging-guided
                 radiofrequency atrial ablation and visualization of
                 lesion formation at 3 Tesla",
  journal =      j-HR,
  year =         "2011",
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "295--303",
  month =        feb,
  pmcid =        "PMC3118671",
}

@Article{RSM:Ver2014,
  author = 	 "A. Verma and P. Sanders and J. Champagne and L. Macle and G.M
                  Nair and H. Calkins and D.J. Wilber",
  title = 	 "Selective complex fractionated atrial electrograms targeting
                  for atrial fibrillation study {(SELECT AF)}: a multicenter,
                  randomized trial.",
  journal = 	 j-CAE,
  year = 	 2014,
  volume = 	 7,
  pages = 	 "55--62",
  Robnote = 	 "AF, Leducq"
}

@Article{RSM:Ver92,
  author =       "M. Verani and G.W. Guidry and J.J. Mahmarian and S.
                 Nishimura and T. Athanasoulis and R. Roberta and J.L.
                 Lacy",
  title =        "Effects of acute, transient coronary occlusion on
                 global and regional right ventricular function in
                 humans",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "1992",
  volume =       "20",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "1490--1497",
  robnote =      "A study of the effect of PTCA on right ventricular
                 function as measured with a gamma scan camera",
}

@Article{RSM:Ver97,
  author =       "S.C. Verduyn and M.A. Vos and dervan and A. Kulcsar
                 and H.J. Wellens",
  title =        "Further observations to elucidate the role of
                 interventricular dispersion of repolarization and early
                 afterdepolarizations in the genesis of acquired torsade
                 de pointes arrhythmias: a comparison between almokalant
                 and d- sotalol using the dog as its own control.",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "30",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "1575--84",
  robnote =      "We sought to further elucidate the role of early
                 afterdepolarizations (EADs) and interventricular
                 dispersion of repolarization (deltaAPD) in the genesis
                 of acquired torsade de pointes (TdP) arrhythmias.We
                 developed a dog model in which TdP can be reproducibly
                 induced by pacing after d-sotalol. This model shows
                 reproducible results over weeks. METHODS: In 14
                 anesthetized dogs with chronic complete
                 atrioventricular block, two separate experiments were
                 performed in which d- sotalol (2 mg/kg body weight) or
                 almokalant (0.12 mg/kg) was administered. LQTS, No hard
                 copy",
}

@Article{RSM:Ves91,
  author =       "I. Vesely and B. Eickmeier and G. Campbell",
  title =        "Automated 3-{D} reconstruction of vascular structures
                 from high definition casts",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1991",
  volume =       "38",
  pages =        "1123--1129",
  robnote =      "A paper on triangulalation of vessels from slices,
                 essentially the same problem as we have with our layers
                 and slices, a lacing problem. geometry, model
                 construction",
}

@Article{RSM:Vic85,
  author =       "B. Victorri and A. Vinet and F.A. Roberge and J.P.
                 Drouhard",
  title =        "Numerical integration in the reconstruction of cardiac
                 action potentials using {H}odgkin-{H}uxley-type
                 models",
  journal =      j-CBR,
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "18",
  pages =        "10--23",
  annote =       "the hybrid method for integration",
}

@Article{RSM:Vie72,
  author =       "F.L. Vieira and S.R. Caplan and A. Essig",
  title =        "Energetics of Sodium Transport in Frog Skin: {I}
                 Oxygen Consumption in the Short-circuited State",
  journal =      "J. Gen. Physiol.",
  year =         "1972",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "60--76",
  robnote =      "Another of the papers used for 5401 lectures, sodium
                 transport, GenPhysiol022",
}

@Article{RSM:Vie72b,
  author =       "F.L. Vieira and S.R. Caplan and A. Essig",
  title =        "Energetics of Sodium Transport in Frog Skin: {II} The
                 Effects of Electrical Potential on Oxygen Consumption",
  journal =      "J. Gen. Physiol.",
  year =         "1972",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "77--91",
  robnote =      "Another of the papers used for 5401 lectures, sodium
                 transport, GenPhysiol023",
}

@Article{RSM:Vig2001,
  author =       "E.J. Vigmond and R. Ruckdeschel and N. Trayanova",
  title =        "Reentry in a morphologically realistic atrial model",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "2001",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "1046",
  robnote =      "article from JT's part of the ncrr renrewal",
  bibdate =      "Tue Oct 02 11:25:00 2001",
}

@Article{RSM:Vig2003,
  author =       "E.J. Vigmond and M. Hughes and G. Plank and L.J. Leon",
  title =        "Computational tools for modeling electrical activity in
                 cardiac tissue.",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "2003",
  volume =       "36 Suppl",
  pages =        "69--74",
  robnote =      "Computer models offer many attractive benefits. However,
                 the modeling of cardiac tissue is computationally
                 expensive due to several physical constraints which result
                 in fine spatiotemporal discretization over large
                 spatiotemporal regions. Our laboratory has been actively
                 trying to develop new techniques to make large scale
                 cardiac simulations tractable over the past 15 years. This
                 paper describes the latest modeling software that our
                 group has developed, called Carp (Cardiac arrhythmias
                 research package). It is designed to run in both shared
                 memory and clustered computing environments. Carp aims to
                 be modular and flexible by following a plug-in framework.
                 This allows the latest models and most efficient solvers
                 to be incorporated as well as enabling run-time selection
                 of techniques. Performance results are given for a
                 large-scale simulation which utilized a comprehensive
                 membrane ionic current description.",
  bibdate =      "Sun Jun 17 07:29:53 2012",
}

@Article{RSM:Vig2008,
  author =       "E.J. Vigmond and R. Weber dos Santos and A.J. Prassl and
                 M. Deo and G. Plank",
  title =        "Solvers for the cardiac bidomain equations.",
  journal =      "Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol.",
  year =         "2008",
  month =        "Jan-Apr",
  volume =       "96",
  number =       "1-3",
  pages =        "3--18",
  robnote =      "The bidomain equations are widely used for the simulation
                 of electrical activity in cardiac tissue. They are
                 especially important for accurately modeling extracellular
                 stimulation, as evidenced by their prediction of virtual
                 electrode polarization before experimental verification.
                 However, solution of the equations is computationally
                 expensive due to the fine spatial and temporal
                 discretization needed. This limits the size and duration
                 of the problem which can be modeled. Regardless of the
                 specific form into which they are cast, the computational
                 bottleneck becomes the repeated solution of a large,
                 linear system. The purpose of this review is to give an
                 overview of the equations and the methods by which they
                 have been solved. Of particular note are recent
                 developments in multigrid methods, which have proven to be
                 the most efficient.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Nov 12 19:49:18 2012",
  pmcid =        "PMC2881536",
}

@Article{RSM:Vig2009,
  author = 	 "E. Vigmond and F. Vadakkumpadan and V. Gurev and
		  H. Arevalo and M. Deo and G. Plank and N.A. Trayagnova",
  title = 	 "Towards predictive modelling of the
		  electrophysiology of the heart",
  journal = 	 "J Exp. Physiol.",
  year = 	 "2009",
  volume =	 "94",
  number =	 "5",
  pages =	 "563--577",
  robnote = 	 "Natalia, image based modeling.  The goal of this article is
                  to present an overview of current state-of-art advances
                  towards predictive computational modelling of the heart as
                  developed recently by the authors of this article. We first
                  outline the methodology for constructing electrophysiological
                  models of the heart. We then provide three examples that
                  demonstrate the use of these models, focusing specifically on
                  the mechanisms for arrhythmogenesis and defibrillation in the
                  heart. These include: (1) uncovering the role of ventricular
                  structure in defibrillation; (2) examining the contribution
                  of Purkinje fibres to the failure of the shock; and (3) using
                  magnetic resonance imaging reconstructed heart models to
                  investigate the re-entrant circuits formed in the presence of
                  an infarct scar.",
  bibdate = 	 "Sat May 09 07:04:36 2009"
}

@Article{RSM:Vig99,
  author =       "E.J. Vigmond and L.J. Leon",
  title =        "Computationally efficient model for simulating
                 electrical activity in cardiac tissue with fiber
                 rotation.",
  journal =      j-ABE,
  year =         "1999",
  month =        mar # "-" # apr,
  volume =       "27",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "160--70",
  robnote =      "Transmural rotation of cardiac fibers may have a large
                 influence on the initiation, stabilization, and
                 termination of several life threatening cardiac
                 arrhythmias. However, three-dimensional modeling of
                 reentry in cardiac tissue is computationally demanding,
                 as a tissue on the order of centimeters in size must be
                 used to sustain reentry and several seconds must be
                 simulated. Numerical accuracy requires time steps on
                 the order of microseconds and spatial discretization on
                 the order of microns. Consequently, the resultant
                 numerical systems are extremely large. In this article,
                 a computationally efficient model of a
                 three-dimensional block of cardiac tissue with fiber
                 rotation is presented. Computational speedup is
                 achieved by using a discrete cable model which allowed
                 for system order reduction, and also by using a scheme
                 for tracking the activation wave front which identified
                 regions requiring integration with a small time step.
                 Simulating 1.2 s of activity of the approximately 2 x
                 10(6) cells constituting a block measuring 2.0 x 4.0 x
                 0.29 cm was performed in 26 h. Effects of model
                 parameters on performance are discussed. The effect of
                 fiber rotation on the spread of electrical activity
                 after point source stimulation and a cross shock
                 protocol is clearly demonstrated.",
  bibdate =      "01/19/02 15:23:09",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Vij2008,
  author =       "S. Vijayakumar and E.G. Kholmovski and N. Marrouche
                 and E. DiBella",
  booktitle =    "Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson",
  pages =        1232,
  title =        "Analysis and Optimization of the {IR}-{GRE} delayed
                 enhancement {MRI} sequence used for imaging post {RF}
                 ablation scars in the posterior wall of the left
                 atrium",
  year =         2008,
  Robnote = 	 "afib Sathya paper from AF project"
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Vij2009,
  author =       "S. Vijayakumar and E.G. Kholmovski and R. S. MacLeod
                 and J. Blauer and J. Davis and J. R. Hadley and E.
                 DiBella and K. Vij and D. L. Parker and N.F. Marrouche",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson.",
  title =        "Visualizing Acute {RF} Ablation Lesions in the Heart
                 using Non-Contrast {MRI} at 3{T}",
  year =         2009,
  Robnote = 	 "afib AF experimental paper"
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Vij2010,
  author =       "S. Vijayakumar and E.G. Kholmovski and and G. Vergara
                  and J. Blauer and C. Gloschat and G. Payne and
                  J. Davis and K. Vij and M. Guttman and C.J. MacGann
                  and R.S. MacLeod and D.L. Parker and N.F. Marrouche",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson.",
  title =        "Visualizing {RF} ablation lesions real-time at 3 {T}esla",
  year =         2010,
  Robnote = 	 "afib AF experimental paper"
}

@Article{RSM:Vij2014,
  author =       "R. Vijayakumar and J.N. Silva and K.A. Desouza and R.L.
                 Abraham and M. Strom and F. Sacher and G.F. Van Hare and
                 M. Haissaguerre and D.M. Roden and Y. Rudy",
  title =        "Electrophysiologic substrate in congenital Long QT
                 syndrome: noninvasive mapping with electrocardiographic
                 imaging (ECGI).",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "2014",
  month =        "Nov",
  volume =       "130",
  number =       "22",
  pages =        "1936--1943",
  robnote =      "We used
                 noninvasive ECG imaging to map the cardiac
                 electrophysiological substrate and examine whether LQTS
                 patients display regional heterogeneities in
                 repolarization, a substrate that promotes
                 arrhythmogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-five
                 subjects (9 LQT1, 9 LQT2, 5 LQT3, and 2 LQT5) with
                 genotype and phenotype positive LQTS underwent ECG
                 imaging. Seven normal subjects provided control.
                 Epicardial maps of activation, recovery times,
                 activation-recovery intervals, and repolarization
                 dispersion were constructed. Activation was normal in all
                 patients. However, recovery times and activation-recovery
                 intervals were prolonged relative to control, indicating
                 delayed repolarization and abnormally long action
                 potential duration (312+/-30 ms versus 235+/-21 ms in
                 control). Activation-recovery interval prolongation was
                 spatially heterogeneous, with repolarization gradients
                 much steeper than control (119+/-19 ms/cm versus 2.0+/-2.0
                 ms/cm). There was variability in steepness and
                 distribution of repolarization gradients between and
                 within LQTS types. Repolarization gradients were steeper
                 in symptomatic patients (130+/-27 ms/cm in 12 symptomatic
                 patients versus 98+/-19 ms/cm in 13 asymptomatic patients;
                 P<0.05).  This defines a substrate
                 for reentrant arrhythmias, not detectable by surface ECG.
                 Steeper dispersion in symptomatic patients suggests a
                 possible role for ECG imaging in risk stratification.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Oct 24 20:26:34 2016",
  pmcid =        "PMC4245321",
}

@Article{RSM:Vis96,
  author =       "S. Viskin and S.R. Alla and H.V. Barron and K. Heller
                 and L. Saxon and I. Kitzis and G.F. Hare and M.J. Wong
                 and M.D. Lesh and M.M. Scheinman",
  title =        "Mode of onset of torsade de pointes in congenital long
                 {QT} syndrome.",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "1996",
  volume =       "28",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "1262--8",
  robnote =      "We sought to describe the mode of onset of spontaneous
                 torsade de pointes in the congenital long QT syndrome.
                 Pause-dependent torsade de pointes was clearly
                 documented in 14 of the 15 patients (95\% confidence
                 interval 68\% to 100\%). The cycle length of the pause
                 leading to torsade was 1.3 +/- 0.2 times longer than
                 the basic cycle length, and most pauses leading to
                 torsade were unequivocally longer than the preceding
                 basic cycle length (80\% of pauses were > 80 ms longer
                 than the preceding cycle length). CONCLUSIONS: The
                 ``long-short'' sequence, which has been recognized as a
                 hallmark of torsade de pointes in the acquired LQTS,
                 plays a major role in the genesis of torsade in the
                 congenital LQTS as well. SCOR",
}

@Article{RSM:Voe2010,
  author =       "R.K. Voeller and A. Zierer and S.C. Lall and S. Sakamoto
                 and R.B. Schuessler and J.r. Damiano RJ",
  title =        "Efficacy of a novel bipolar radiofrequency ablation
                 device on the beating heart for atrial fibrillation
                 ablation: a long-term porcine study.",
  journal =      "J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg",
  year =         "2010",
  month =        "Jul",
  volume =       "140",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "203--208",
  robnote =      "OBJECTIVE: Over recent years, a variety of energy sources
                 have been used to replace the traditional incisions of the
                 Cox maze procedure for the surgical treatment of atrial
                 fibrillation. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy
                 of a new bipolar radiofrequency ablation device for atrial
                 ablation in a long-term porcine model. METHODS: Six pigs
                 underwent a Cox maze IV procedure on a beating heart off
                 cardiopulmonary bypass using the AtriCure Isolator II
                 bipolar ablation device (AtriCure, Inc, Cincinnati, Ohio).
                 In addition, 6 pigs underwent median sternotomy and
                 pericardiotomy alone to serve as a control group. All
                 animals were allowed to survive for 30 days. Each pig
                 underwent induction of atrial fibrillation and was then
                 humanely killed to remove the heart en bloc for histologic
                 assessment. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were also
                 obtained preoperatively and postoperatively to assess
                 atrial and ventricular function, pulmonary vein anatomy,
                 valve function, and coronary artery patency. RESULTS: All
                 animals survived the operation. Electrical isolation of
                 the left atrial appendage and the pulmonary veins was
                 documented by pacing acutely and at 30 days in all
                 animals. No animal that underwent the Cox maze IV
                 procedure was able to be induced into atrial fibrillation
                 at 30 days postoperatively, compared with all the sham
                 animals. All 257 ablations examined were discrete, linear,
                 and transmural, with a mean lesion width of 2.2 +/- 1.1 mm
                 and a mean lesion depth of 5.3 +/- 3.0 mm. CONCLUSIONS:
                 The AtriCure Isolator II device was able to create
                 reliable long-term transmural lesions of the modified Cox
                 maze procedure on a beating heart without cardiopulmonary
                 bypass 100\% of the time. There were no discernible
                 effects on ventricular or valvular function.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Oct 19 07:02:42 2010",
}

@Article{RSM:Von84,
  author =       "B. Vondenbusche and S. Offermans and J. Silny and R.
                 von Essen and W.G. Schmidt and G. Rau and S. Effert",
  title =        "Pr{\"a}cordiale {EKG-A}nalyse w{\"a}hrend
                 {I}ntensivetherapie von {I}nfarktpatienten",
  journal =      j-BMT,
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "29",
  pages =        "137--138",
  robnote =      "More MI patient monitoring with the ST-segment
                 analysis methods described elsewhere., BSPM088",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Von84b,
  author =       "B. Vondenbusch and S. Offermans and J. Silny and R.
                 von Essen and G. Rau and W.G. Schmidt",
  title =        "Limited Lead {ECG} Mapping During Coronary
                 Recanalization",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Electrocardiology, 11th Congress, Caen,
                 France",
  editor =       "P. d'Alch\'{e}",
  publisher =    "Centre de Publications de L'Universit\'{e} de Caen",
  address =      "",
  year =         "1984",
  pages =        "350--352",
  robnote =      "A reprint from a congress in Caen on
                 electrocardiography. used rubber electrodes to follow
                 changes during PTCA inflation. thesis, BSPM091",
}

@Article{RSM:Von85,
  author =       "B. Vondenbusch and J. Silny and R. von Essen and B.
                 Ludwig and G. Rau and S. Effert",
  title =        "Isch{\"a}miereaktion w{\"a}hrend {K}oronardilitation:
                 {D}okumentiert mit multiplen {E}lektrokardiogrammen",
  journal =      j-BMT,
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "30",
  pages =        "149--150",
  robnote =      "One of the references to the system being used for
                 monitoring changes during PTCA with the Aachen mapping
                 system. Essentially they looked at ST-segment changes
                 over time. thesis, BSPM090",
}

@Article{RSM:Von85b,
  author =       "B. Vondenbusch and J. Silny and R. von Essen and G.
                 Rau and W.G. Schmidt and S. Effert",
  title =        "Kontinuierliche {EKG}-{\"U}berwachung mittels
                 hochaufl{\"o}sender {T}horaxe-{E}lektrokardiographie",
  journal =      "Intensivmedizin",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "22",
  pages =        "334--339",
  robnote =      "More monitoring of MI patients with 48-lead mapping
                 system. thesis, BSPM089",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Von85c,
  author =       "B. Vondenbusch and J. Silny and R. von Essen and B.
                 Ludwig and G. Rau and S. Effert",
  title =        "{ECG} Mapping During Coronary Dilitation:
                 {I}mprovement of Diagnosis and Therapy Control",
  booktitle =    c-CinC,
  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
  editor =       "",
  address =      "",
  year =         "1985",
  pages =        "43--46",
  robnote =      "This is the one good reference to a technical paper
                 about the carbon electrodes used in Aachen. thesis,
                 BSPM029",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Von86,
  author =       "B. Vondenbusch and J. Silny and R. Uebis and W.G.
                 Schmidt and B. Ludwig and G. Rau and S. Effert",
  title =        "{ECG}-mapping during coronary angioplasty",
  booktitle =    "unknown",
  address =      "",
  year =         "1986",
  robnote =         "Young investigator's award, Session D3",
  robnote =      "PTCA",
}

@Article{RSM:Vor2012,
  author =       "J. Vorwerk and M. Clerc and M. Burger and C.H. Wolters",
  title =        "Comparison of boundary element and finite element
                 approaches to the EEG forward problem.",
  journal =      "Biomed Tech ",
  year =         "2012",
  volume =       "57 Suppl 1",
  pages =        "229--229",
  robnote =       "",
  bibdate =      "Sun Sep 21 22:02:18 2014",
}

@Article{RSM:Vor2012a,
  author =       "J. Vorwerk and B. Lanfer and F. Grune and C.H. Wolters",
  title =        "Validation and Application of Realistic Head Modelling to
                 MEG.",
  journal =      "Biomed Tech ",
  year =         "2012",
  volume =       "57 Suppl 1",
  pages =        "229--229",
  robnote =       "",
  bibdate =      "Sun Sep 21 22:02:18 2014",
}

@Article{RSM:Vor2014,
  author =       "J. Vorwerk and J.H. Cho and S. Rampp and H. Hamer and
                 T.R. Knosche and C.H. Wolters",
  title =        "A guideline for head volume conductor modeling in EEG and
                 MEG.",
  journal =      "Neuroimage",
  year =         "2014",
  month =        "Oct",
  volume =       "100",
  pages =        "590--607",
  robnote =      "For accurate EEG/MEG source analysis it is necessary to
                 model the head volume conductor as realistic as possible.
                 This includes the distinction of the different conductive
                 compartments in the human head. In this study, we
                 investigated the influence of modeling/not modeling the
                 conductive compartments skull spongiosa, skull compacta,
                 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gray matter, and white matter
                 and of the inclusion of white matter anisotropy on the
                 EEG/MEG forward solution. Therefore, we created a highly
                 realistic 6-compartment head model with white matter
                 anisotropy and used a state-of-the-art finite element
                 approach. Starting from a 3-compartment scenario (skin,
                 skull, and brain), we subsequently refined our head model
                 by distinguishing one further of the above-mentioned
                 compartments. For each of the generated five head models,
                 we measured the effect on the signal topography and signal
                 magnitude both in relation to a highly resolved reference
                 model and to the model generated in the previous
                 refinement step. We evaluated the results of these
                 simulations using a variety of visualization methods,
                 allowing us to gain a general overview of effect strength,
                 of the most important source parameters triggering these
                 effects, and of the most affected brain regions. Thereby,
                 starting from the 3-compartment approach, we identified
                 the most important additional refinement steps in head
                 volume conductor modeling. We were able to show that the
                 inclusion of the highly conductive CSF compartment, whose
                 conductivity value is well known, has the strongest
                 influence on both signal topography and magnitude in both
                 modalities. We found the effect of gray/white matter
                 distinction to be nearly as big as that of the CSF
                 inclusion, and for both of these steps we identified a
                 clear pattern in the spatial distribution of effects. In
                 comparison to these two steps, the introduction of white
                 matter anisotropy led to a clearly weaker, but still
                 strong, effect. Finally, the distinction between skull
                 spongiosa and compacta caused the weakest effects in both
                 modalities when using an optimized conductivity value for
                 the homogenized compartment. We conclude that it is highly
                 recommendable to include the CSF and distinguish between
                 gray and white matter in head volume conductor modeling.
                 Especially for the MEG, the modeling of skull spongiosa
                 and compacta might be neglected due to the weak effects;
                 the simplification of not modeling white matter anisotropy
                 is admissible considering the complexity and current
                 limitations of the underlying modeling approach.",
  bibdate =      "Sun Sep 21 22:02:18 2014",
}

@Article{RSM:Vos95,
  author =       "M.A. Vos and S.C. Verduyn and A.P. Gorgels and G.C.
                 Lipcsei and H.J. Wellens",
  title =        "Reproducible induction of early afterdepolarizations
                 and torsade de pointes arrhythmias by d-sotalol and
                 pacing in dogs with chronic atrioventricular block",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1995",
  volume =       "91",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "864--72",
  robnote =      "It was the purpose of this study to create an animal
                 model with a high incidence of reproducible TdP that
                 occurs under clinically relevant circumstances.
                 Experiments were performed in anesthetized dogs that
                 had been in chronic atrioventricular block for 9 +/- 6
                 weeks. TdP inducibility was attempted using different
                 pacing modes before and after the administration of 2
                 mg/kg d-sotalol. d-Sotalol increased the cycle length
                 of the idioventricular rhythm (1475 +/- 460 to 1730 +/-
                 570 ms, P < .01) and the QT time (390 +/- 65 to 480 +/-
                 85 ms, P < .01). In 10\% of the experiments, spontaneous
                 TdP occurred after d- sotalol. Our animal model shows a
                 high incidence of reproducible acquired TdP
                 arrhythmias, allowing study of the mechanism and
                 treatment of TdP. TdP induction was related to the
                 combination of a slow ventricular rate, the
                 prolongation of QT time, a sudden induced rate change
                 that often required two or more cycle length changes,
                 and the presence of early afterdepolarizations. LQTS.",
}

@Article{RSM:Vos98,
  author =       "M.A. Vos and Grootde and S.C. Verduyn and dervan and
                 H.D. Leunissen and J.P. Cleutjens and Bilsenvan and
                 M.J. Daemen and J.J. Schreuder and M.A. Allessie and
                 H.J. Wellens",
  title =        "Enhanced susceptibility for acquired torsade de
                 pointes arrhythmias in the dog with chronic, complete
                 {AV} block is related to cardiac hypertrophy and
                 electrical remodeling.",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1998",
  volume =       "98",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1125--35",
  robnote =      "Chronic, complete AV block (CAVB) in the dog leads to
                 ventricular hypertrophy, which has been described as an
                 independent risk factor for arrhythmias.In this model,
                 we examined (1) whether the short- and long-term
                 electrical adaptations predispose to acquired torsade
                 de pointes arrhythmias (TdP) and (2) the nature of the
                 structural and functional adaptations involved.They
                 used d-sotalol to induce TdP with programmed electrical
                 stimulation and found only after the CAVB that they got
                 TdP. LQTS. NO hard copy",
}

@Article{RSM:Vot2005,
  author =       "E. Voth",
  title =        "The inverse problem of electrocardiography: industrial
                 solutions and simulations",
  journal =      j-IJBEM,
  year =         "2005",
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "191--194",
  robnote =      "SCIRun, BioPSE, Ensite, ESI, regularization",
  bibdate =      "Sun Mar 12 13:15:55 2006",
}

@Article{RSM:Wac97,
  author =       "P. Wach and B. Tilg and G. Lafer and G. Fischer",
  title =        "Cardiac source imaging during de- and repolarization",
  journal =      j-BMT,
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "42",
  number =       "Suppl",
  pages =        "??",
  robnote =      "A rather unusual formulation of the forward problem
                 that seeks to find not only activation time but also
                 repolarization time on the heart surface. The
                 activation time formulation is credited to the Nijmegen
                 group, but the repolarization is new. The paper is too
                 short to extract how this all works and the results are
                 not stunning and the methods requires an isotropic
                 assumption",
  bibdate =      "Thu Aug 20 18:17:27 1998",
}

@Misc{RSM:Wad2006,
  author = 	 "N. Wade",
  title = 	 "It May Look Authentic; {H}ere's how to tell it isn't",
  howpublished = "New York Times",
  month = 	 "January 24",
  year = 	 2006,
  Robnote = 	 "Older report on image manipulation in JCB"
}

@Article{RSM:Wad78,
  author =       "M. Wada and S. Sugiyama and N. Miimi and H. Toyoshima
                 and J. Sogenoya and H. Oguri and J. Toyama and K.
                 Yamada",
  title =        "Relationship between Body Surface Isopotential Map of
                 Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Angiographic
                 Findings",
  journal =      j-AC,
  year =         "1978",
  volume =       "21",
  pages =        "96--101",
  robnote =      "An interesting study of the maps from specific
                 arteries involved in old infarcts in an attempt to
                 determine patterns for each artery. I have not yet
                 compared them to the patterns I get in PTCA cases but I
                 will. thesis, BSPM110",
}

@Article{RSM:Wag00,
  author =       "G.S. Wagner and M.J. Cowan and N.C. Flowers and L.E.
                 Ginzton and R.E. Ideker and M.M. Laks and R.H.
                 Selvester and S.R. Swiryn",
  title =        "Report of Committee on Nomenclature of Myocardial Wall
                 Segments",
  journal =      "unknown",
  year =         "unknown",
  pages =        "361--369",
  robnote =      "This paper describes a standard of nomenclature for
                 describing different volumes of the heart. Mainly the
                 left ventricle is covered., Prop048",
}

@Book{RSM:Wag2008,
  author = 	 "G.S. Wagner",
  title = 	 "Marriott's Practical Electrocardiography",
  publisher = 	 "Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins",
  address = 	"Philadelphia, PA, USA",
  year = 	 2008,
  edition = 	 "11th",
  Robnote = 	 "Nice general reference on ECG interpretation.  Ischemia, ST
                  segments"
}

@Article{RSM:Wag2012,
  author =       "S. Wagner and S. Rampersad and U. Aydin and J. Vorwerk
                 and T. Neuling and C.S. Herrmann and D. Stegeman and C.H.
                 Wolters",
  title =        "Volume conduction effects in tDCS using a 1mm
                 geometry-adapted hexahedral finite element head model.",
  journal =      "Biomed Tech ",
  year =         "2012",
  volume =       "57 Suppl 1",
  pages =        "229--229",
  robnote =       "",
  bibdate =      "Sun Sep 21 22:02:18 2014",
}

@Article{RSM:Wag2012a,
  author =       "S. Wagner and J. Vorwerk and L. Ruthotto and H. Kugel and
                 M. Burger and T. Knosche and B. Maess and C.H. Wolters",
  title =        "Sensitivity of EEG leads to volume conductor properties.",
  journal =      "Biomed Tech ",
  year =         "2012",
  volume =       "57 Suppl 1",
  pages =        "229--229",
  robnote =       "",
  bibdate =      "Sun Sep 21 22:02:18 2014",
}

@Article{RSM:Wag2014,
  author =       "S. Wagner and S.M. Rampersad and U. Aydin and J. Vorwerk
                 and T.F. Oostendorp and T. Neuling and C.S. Herrmann and
                 D.F. Stegeman and C.H. Wolters",
  title =        "Investigation of tDCS volume conduction effects in a
                 highly realistic head model.",
  journal =      "J Neural Eng",
  year =         "2014",
  month =        "Feb",
  volume =       "11",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "016002",
  robnote =      "OBJECTIVE: We investigate volume conduction effects in
                 transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and present
                 a guideline for efficient and yet accurate volume
                 conductor modeling in tDCS using our newly-developed
                 finite element (FE) approach. APPROACH: We developed a
                 new, accurate and fast isoparametric FE approach for
                 high-resolution geometry-adapted hexahedral meshes and
                 tissue anisotropy. To attain a deeper insight into tDCS,
                 we performed computer simulations, starting with a
                 homogenized three-compartment head model and extending
                 this step by step to a six-compartment anisotropic model.
                 MAIN RESULTS: We are able to demonstrate important tDCS
                 effects. First, we find channeling effects of the skin,
                 the skull spongiosa and the cerebrospinal fluid
                 compartments. Second, current vectors tend to be oriented
                 towards the closest higher conducting region. Third,
                 anisotropic WM conductivity causes current flow in
                 directions more parallel to the WM fiber tracts. Fourth,
                 the highest cortical current magnitudes are not only found
                 close to the stimulation sites. Fifth, the median brain
                 current density decreases with increasing distance from
                 the electrodes. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results allow us to
                 formulate a guideline for volume conductor modeling in
                 tDCS. We recommend to accurately model the major tissues
                 between the stimulating electrodes and the target areas,
                 while for efficient yet accurate modeling, an exact
                 representation of other tissues is less important. Because
                 for the low-frequency regime in electrophysiology the
                 quasi-static approach is justified, our results should
                 also be valid for at least low-frequency (e.g., below 100
                 Hz) transcranial alternating current stimulation.",
  bibdate =      "Sun Sep 21 22:02:18 2014",
}

@Article{RSM:Wag88,
  author =       "G.S. Wagner and R.H. Selvester and N.B. Wagner and
                 M.W. Krucoff",
  title =        "{QRS} Changes During Acute Ischemia Induced by Balloon
                 Occlusion of the {LAD} artery",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1988",
  vol =          "21",
  volume =       "Suppl",
  pages =        "18--19",
  robnote =      "From a meeting which looked quite good; PTCA and its
                 effects on QRS; the idea is a familiar one from Ron
                 Selvester: insertion sites, conduction system and the
                 like. thesis, PTCA012",
}

@Article{RSM:Wag88b,
  author =       "N.B. Wagner and C.D. Sevilla and M.W. Krucoff and K.L.
                 Lee and K.S. Pieper and K.K. Kent and R.K. Bottner and
                 R.H. Selvester and G.S. Wagner",
  title =        "Transient Alterations of the {QRS} Complex and
                 {ST}-Segment During Percutaneous Transluminal Balloon
                 Angioplasty of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary
                 Artery",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "62",
  pages =        "1038--1042",
  robnote =      "One of a seris of four or fine papers on the same set
                 of 19 patients with LAD PTCA's in whom QRS changes were
                 seen. thesis., PTCA026",
}

@Article{RSM:Wai89,
  author =       "G. Wai",
  title =        "Take Your Pick",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1989",
  month =        jul,
  pages =        "215--223",
  robnote =      "A review of sorts on distributed processing, parallel
                 processing, shared resources. Good background article.,
                 CompHard143",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Waj79,
  author =       "W.J. Wajszczuk and J. Przybylski and R.J. Zochowshi
                 and E.A. Elfont and J.P. Roszka and M.T. Rubenfire",
  title =        "Natural History of Acute Myocardial Ischemia:
                 Electrocardiographic Epicardial Mapping and Nitroblue
                 Tetrazolium Studies",
  booktitle =    "Progress in Electrocardiography",
  editor =       "P.W. Macfarlane",
  publisher =    "Pitman Medical",
  address =      "",
  year =         "1979",
  pages =        "220--225",
  robnote =      "Looks at more slowly-developing trends and now suggest
                 that rapid acute changes are actually poor indicatory
                 of eventual extent of the damage. Epicardial mapping
                 with 20 electrodes. thesis, Ischemia129",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal1887,
  author =       "A.D. Waller",
  title =        "A demonstration on man of electromotive changes
                 accompanying the heart's beat",
  journal =      "j. Physiol.",
  year =         "1887",
  volume =       "8",
  pages =        "229--234",
  robnote =      "Original reference to Waller and the first human ECG",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jan 13 07:38:06 2005",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal2009,
  author =       "D.C. Walker and J. Southgate",
  title =        "The virtual cell--a candidate co-ordinator for
                 'middle-out' modelling of biological systems.",
  journal =      "Brief Bioinform",
  year =         "2009",
  month =        "Jul",
  volume =       "10",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "450--461",
  robnote =      "Systems biology has traditionally used
                 either a 'top-down' or 'bottom-up' approach. However,
                 neither approach takes account of heterogeneity or
                 'noise', which is an inherent feature of cellular
                 behaviour and may have significant impact on system level
                 behaviour. We review existing approaches to modelling that
                 use cellular automata or agent-based methodologies, where
                 individual cells are represented as equivalent virtual
                 entities governed by simple rules. These paradigms allow a
                 direct one-to-one mapping between real and virtual cells
                 that can be exploited in terms of acquiring parameters
                 from experimental systems, or for model validation. Such
                 models are inherently extensible and can be integrated
                 with other modelling modalities (e.g. partial or ordinary
                 differential equations) to model multi-scale phenomena.
                 Alternatively, hierarchical agent models may be used to
                 explore the functions of biological systems across
                 temporal and spatial scales. This review examines
                 individual-based models and the application of the
                 paradigm to explore multi-scale phenomena in biology. In
                 so doing, it demonstrates how cellular-based models have
                 begun to play an important role in the development of
                 'middle-out' models, but with considerable potential for
                 future development.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Aug 25 23:18:17 2009",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal51,
  author =       "W.G. Walter and H.W. Shipton",
  title =        "A new toposcopic display system",
  journal =      "Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.",
  year =         "1951",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "281--292",
  robnote =      "first reference to brain mapping from RSM:Lop90",
  acknowledgement = ack-xxx,
  bibdate =      "Thu Jan 22 13:41:29 1998",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal81,
  author =       "J.V. Walsh and J.J. Singer",
  title =        "Voltage Clamp of Single Freshly Dissociated Smooth
                 Muscle Cells: Current - Voltage Relationships for Three
                 Currents",
  journal =      j-PAP,
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "39",
  pages =        "207--210",
  robnote =      "smooth muscle, voltage clamp, CellPhysiol045",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal83,
  author =       "H. Walser and G. Dumermuth",
  title =        "Elektroencephalographie in der Intensivstation",
  journal =      "Biomedizinische Technik",
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "134--150",
  robnote =      "Electroencephalography in the Intensive Care Unit,
                 brain function monitoring, EEG, GenPhysiol010",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal86,
  author =       "P. Walton",
  title =        "The State of Soviet Microelectronics",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1986",
  month =        nov,
  pages =        "137--143",
  robnote =      "Is the Soviet Union doomed to lag behind the West. a
                 brief review of the state of computers in USSR.,
                 CompHard104",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal87,
  author =       "S.J. Walker and D. Kilpatrick",
  title =        "Forward and Inverse Electrocardiographic Calculations
                 Using Resistor Network Models of the Human Torso",
  journal =      j-CR,
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "504--513",
  robnote =      "This is sort of a neat paper in which the authors
                 compute what looks like a fairly normal inverse
                 solution. The terms they use are different, that of a
                 resister network, but they never say what method they
                 actually use to get a matrix. For the solution is in
                 the form of a matrix, just like BEM or FEM. thesis,
                 TorsoModel033",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal88,
  author =       "M. Waller",
  title =        "{PC} Power Part 1: Power Protection",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1988",
  month =        oct,
  pages =        "270--280",
  robnote =      "A very good description of the problems of protecting
                 your computer from power surges, spikes and the like.
                 The author is a specialist in this area and his
                 comments are interesting, if perhaps expensive to
                 actually realize., CompHard089",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal91,
  author =       "A. L. Waldo and L. A. Biblo and M. D. Carlson",
  title =        "New Directions in Intraoperative Mapping and Surgical
                 Treatment of Ventricular Tachycardia.",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1991",
  volume =       "83",
  pages =        "1824--1826",
  scinote =      "Epicardial, VT, human, commentary",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal93,
  author =       "A.L. Waldo and A.L. Wit",
  title =        "Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias",
  key =          "arrhythmias",
  journal =      "Lancet",
  year =         "1993",
  volume =       "341",
  annote =       "A short nice overview of arrhythmias",
}

@Article{RSM:Wal99,
  author =       "A. L. Waldo",
  title =        "Management of atrial fibrillation: the need for
                 {AFFIRM}ative action. {AFFIRM} investigators. Atrial
                 Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm
                 Management",
  journal =      "Am J Cardiol",
  volume =       "84",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "698--700",
  year =         "1999",
}

@Article{RSM:Wam90,
  author =       "K.D. Wampler",
  title =        "The object-oriented programming paradigm ({OOPP}) and
                 {FORTRAN} programs",
  journal =      j-CP,
  year =         "1990",
  pages =        "385--394",
  month =        jul # "/" # aug,
  robnote =      "A desciption of the new Fortran 90 standard and all
                 the advantages of object oriented programming.",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2003,
  author =       "T. J. Wang and M. G. Larson and D. Levy and R. S.
                 Vasan and E. P. Leip and P. A. Wolf and R. B.
                 D'Agostino and J. M. Murabito and W. B. Kannel and E.
                 J. Benjamin",
  title =        "Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and
                 congestive heart failure and their joint influence on
                 mortality: the {F}ramingham {H}eart {S}tudy",
  journal =      j-C,
  volume =       "107",
  number =       "23",
  pages =        "2920--2925",
  abstract =     "BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and congestive
                 heart failure (CHF) frequently occur together, but
                 there is limited information regarding their temporal
                 relations and the combined influence of these
                 conditions on mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: We
                 studied participants in the Framingham Study with
                 new-onset AF or CHF. Multivariable Cox proportional
                 hazards models with time-dependent variables were used
                 to evaluate whether mortality after AF or CHF was
                 affected by the occurrence and timing of the other
                 condition. Hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted for time
                 period and cardiovascular risk factors. During the
                 study period, 1470 participants developed AF, CHF, or
                 both. Among 382 individuals with both conditions, 38\%
                 had AF first, 41\% had CHF first, and 21\% had both
                 diagnosed on the same day. The incidence of CHF among
                 AF subjects was 33 per 1000 person-years, and the
                 incidence of AF among CHF subjects was 54 per 1000
                 person-years. In AF subjects, the subsequent
                 development of CHF was associated with increased
                 mortality (men: HR 2.7; 95\% CI, 1.9 to 3.7; women: HR
                 3.1; 95\% CI, 2.2 to 4.2). Similarly, in CHF subjects,
                 later development of AF was associated with increased
                 mortality (men: HR 1.6; 95\% CI, 1.2 to 2.1; women: HR
                 2.7, 95\% CI, 2.0 to 3.6). Preexisting CHF adversely
                 affected survival in individuals with AF, but
                 preexisting AF was not associated with adverse survival
                 in those with CHF. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with AF or
                 CHF who subsequently develop the other condition have a
                 poor prognosis. Additional studies addressing the
                 pathogenesis, prevention, and optimal management of the
                 joint occurrence of AF and CHF appear warranted.",
  keywords =     "Aged Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis/*mortality Cohort
                 Studies Comorbidity Disease Progression Female
                 Follow-Up Studies Heart Failure,
                 Congestive/diagnosis/*mortality Humans Incidence Male
                 Massachusetts/epidemiology Middle Aged Multivariate
                 Analysis Prognosis Proportional Hazards Models Risk
                 Factors Survival Analysis",
  year =         "2003",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2007,
  author =       "Y. Wang and R.B. Schuessler and R.J. Damiano and P.K.
                 Woodard and Y. Rudy",
  title =        "Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) of
                 scar-related atypical atrial flutter.",
  journal =      j-HR,
  year =         "2007",
  month =        "Dec",
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "12",
  pages =        "1565--1567",
  robnote =       "inverse problems",
  bibdate =      "Wed Nov 9 15:35:53 2011",
  pmcid =        "PMC2189983",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2008,
  author =       "Y. Wang and L. Li and P.S. Cuculich and Y. Rudy",
  title =        "Electrocardiographic imaging of ventricular bigeminy in a
                 human subject.",
  journal =      j-CAE,
  year =         "2008",
  month =        "Apr",
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "74--75",
  robnote =       "inverse problems",
  bibdate =      "Wed Nov 9 15:35:53 2011",
  pmcid =        "PMC2586178",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2009,
  author =       "Y. Wang and Y. Rudy",
  title =        "Electrocardiographic imaging of normal human atrial
                 repolarization.",
  journal =      j-HR,
  year =         "2009",
  month =        "Apr",
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "582--583",
  robnote =       "inverse electrocardiography",
  bibdate =      "Wed Nov 9 15:35:53 2011",
  pmcid =        "PMC2767170",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Wan2009c,
   editor    = {Olaf Doessel and Wolfgang C. Schlegel},
   booktitle = {World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical
		  Engineering},
   publisher = {Springer},
   location  = {Heidelberg},
   series    = {IFMBE Proceedings},
   volume    = {25/II},
   year      = {2009},
   isbn      = {978-3-642-03878-5},
   author    = {Dafang Wang and Robert M. Kirby and Chris R. Johnson},
   title     = {Finite Element Discretization Strategies for the
		  Inverse Electrocardiographic (ECG) Problem},
   pages     = {729--732}
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2010,
  author =       "D. Wang and R.M. Kirby and C.R. Johnson",
  title =        "Resolution strategies for the finite-element-based
                 solution of the ECG inverse problem.",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "2010",
  month =        "Feb",
  volume =       "57",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "220--237",
  robnote =      "Successful employment of numerical techniques for the
                 solution of forward and inverse ECG problems requires the
                 ability to both quantify and minimize approximation errors
                 introduced as part of the discretization process. Our
                 objective is to develop discretization and refinement
                 strategies involving hybrid-shaped finite elements so as
                 to minimize approximation errors for the ECG inverse
                 problem. We examine both the ill-posedness of the
                 mathematical inverse problem and the ill-conditioning of
                 the discretized system in order to propose strategies
                 specifically designed for the ECG inverse problem. We
                 demonstrate that previous discretization and approximation
                 strategies may worsen the properties of the inverse
                 problem approximation. We then demonstrate the efficacy of
                 our strategies on both a simplified and a realistic 2-D
                 torso model.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Dec 1 20:30:14 2012",
  pmcid =        "PMC2907251",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2011,
  author =       "Y. Wang and P.S. Cuculich and J. Zhang and K.A. Desouza
                 and R. Vijayakumar and J. Chen and M.N. Faddis and B.D.
                 Lindsay and T.W. Smith and Y. Rudy",
  title =        "Noninvasive electroanatomic mapping of human ventricular
                 arrhythmias with electrocardiographic imaging.",
  journal =      "Sci Transl Med",
  year =         "2011",
  month =        "Aug",
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "98",
  pages =        "98ra84",
  robnote =      "Here, we present
                 noninvasive real-time images of human ventricular
                 arrhythmias using electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI). Our
                 results reveal diverse activation patterns, mechanisms,
                 and sites of initiation of human VT. The spatial
                 resolution of ECGI is superior to that of the routinely
                 used 12-lead electrocardiogram, which provides only global
                 information, and ECGI has distinct advantages over the
                 currently used method of mapping with invasive
                 catheter-applied electrodes. The spatial resolution of
                 this method and its ability to image electrical activation
                 sequences over the entire ventricular surfaces in a single
                 heartbeat allowed us to determine VT initiation sites and
                 continuation pathways, as well as VT relationships to
                 ventricular substrates, including anatomical scars and
                 abnormal electrophysiological substrate. Thus, ECGI can
                 map the VT activation sequence and identify the location
                 and depth of VT origin in individual patients, allowing
                 personalized treatment of patients with ventricular
                 arrhythmias.",
  bibdate =      "Wed Nov 9 15:44:16 2011",
  pmcid =        "2012/08/31 00:00",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2011a,
  author =       "D. Wang and R.M. Kirby and R.S. Macleod and C.R. Johnson",
  title =        "An optimization framework for inversely estimating
                 myocardial transmembrane potentials and localizing
                 ischemia.",
  journal =      c-EMBS2011,
  year =         "2011",
  volume =       "2011",
  pages =        "1680--1683",
  robnote =      "By combining a static bidomain heart model with a torso
                 conduction model, we studied the inverse
                 electrocardiographic problem of computing the
                 transmembrane potentials (TMPs) throughout the myocardium
                 from a body-surface potential map, and then used the
                 recovered potentials to localize myocardial ischemia. Our
                 main contribution is solving the inverse problem within a
                 constrained optimization framework, which is a
                 generalization of previous methods for calculating
                 transmembrane potentials. The framework offers ample
                 flexibility for users to apply various
                 physiologically-based constraints, and is well supported
                 by mature algorithms and solvers developed by the
                 optimization community. By avoiding the traditional
                 inverse ECG approach of building the lead-field matrix,
                 the framework greatly reduces computation cost and, by
                 setting the associated forward problem as a constraint,
                 the framework enables one to flexibly set individualized
                 resolutions for each physical variable, a desirable
                 feature for balancing model accuracy, ill-conditioning and
                 computation tractability. Although the task of computing
                 myocardial TMPs at an arbitrary time instance remains an
                 open problem, we showed that it is possible to obtain TMPs
                 with moderate accuracy during the ST segment by assuming
                 all cardiac cells are at the plateau phase. Moreover, the
                 calculated TMPs yielded a good estimate of ischemic
                 regions, which was of more clinical interest than the
                 voltage values themselves. We conducted finite element
                 simulations of a phantom experiment over a 2D torso model
                 with synthetic ischemic data. Preliminary results
                 indicated that our approach is feasible and suitably
                 accurate for the common case of transmural myocardial
                 ischemia.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Dec 1 20:30:14 2012",
  pmcid =        "PMC3336368",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2011b,
  author =       "D. Wang and R.M. Kirby and C.R. Johnson",
  title =        "Finite-element-based discretization and regularization
                 strategies for {3-D} inverse electrocardiography",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "2011",
  month =        "Jun.",
  volume =       "58",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "1827--1838",
  robnote =      "We consider the inverse electrocardiographic problem of
                 computing epicardial potentials from a body-surface
                 potential map. We study how to improve numerical
                 approximation of the inverse problem when the
                 finite-element method is used. Being ill-posed, the
                 inverse problem requires different discretization
                 strategies from its corresponding forward problem. We
                 propose refinement guidelines that specifically address
                 the ill-posedness of the problem. The resulting guidelines
                 necessitate the use of hybrid finite elements composed of
                 tetrahedra and prism elements. Also, in order to maintain
                 consistent numerical quality when the inverse problem is
                 discretized into different scales, we propose a new family
                 of regularizers using the variational principle underlying
                 finite-element methods. These variational-formed
                 regularizers serve as an alternative to the traditional
                 Tikhonov regularizers, but preserves the L(2) norm and
                 thereby achieves consistent regularization in multiscale
                 simulations. The variational formulation also enables a
                 simple construction of the discrete gradient operator over
                 irregular meshes, which is difficult to define in
                 traditional discretization schemes. We validated our
                 hybrid element technique and the variational regularizers
                 by simulations on a realistic 3-D torso/heart model with
                 empirical heart data. Results show that discretization
                 based on our proposed strategies mitigates the
                 ill-conditioning and improves the inverse solution, and
                 that the variational formulation may benefit a broader
                 range of potential-based bioelectric problems.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Dec 1 20:30:14 2012",
  pmcid =        "PMC3109267",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2012,
  author =       "Y. Wan and A.K. Lewis and M. Colasanto and M. van
                 Langeveld and G. Kardon and C. Hansen",
  title =        "A practical workflow for making anatomical atlases for
                 biological research.",
  journal =      "IEEE Comput Graph Appl",
  year =         "2012",
  month =        "Sep-Oct",
  volume =       "32",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "70--80",
  robnote =      "The anatomical atlas has been at the intersection of
                 science and art for centuries. These atlases are essential
                 to biological research, but high-quality atlases are often
                 scarce. Recent advances in imaging technology have made
                 high-quality 3D atlases possible. However, until now there
                 has been a lack of practical workflows using standard
                 tools to generate atlases from images of biological
                 samples. With certain adaptations, CG artists' workflow
                 and tools, traditionally used in the film industry, are
                 practical for building high-quality biological atlases.
                 Researchers have developed a workflow for generating a 3D
                 anatomical atlas using accessible artists' tools. They
                 used this workflow to build a mouse limb atlas for
                 studying the musculoskeletal system's development. This
                 research aims to raise the awareness of using artists'
                 tools in scientific research and promote interdisciplinary
                 collaborations between artists and scientists. This video
                 (http://youtu.be/g61C-nia9ms) demonstrates a workflow for
                 creating an anatomical atlas.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jan 22 21:52:13 2018",
  pmcid =        "PMC3859313",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2013,
  author = 	 "D. Wang and R.M. Kirby and R.S. MacLeod and C.R. Johnson",
  title = 	 "Inverse Electrocardiographic Source Localization of Ischemia:
                  An Optimization Framework and Finite Element Solution",
  journal = 	 j-JCMP,
  year = 	 2013,
  volume = 	 250,
  pages = 	 "403--424",
  month = 	 "October",
  Robnote = 	 "Nice technical paper from Dafang's thesis research.",
  pmcid =        "PMC3727301",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan2017,
  author =       "Y. Wan and H. Otsuna and H.A. Holman and B. Bagley and M. Ito
                  and A.K. Lewis and M. Colasanto and G. Kardon and K. Ito and
                  C. Hansen",
  title =        "FluoRender: joint freehand segmentation and visualization
                 for many-channel fluorescence data analysis.",
  journal =      "BMC Bioinformatics",
  year =         "2017",
  month =        "May",
  volume =       "18",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "280",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Image segmentation and registration
                 techniques have enabled biologists to place large amounts
                 of volume data from fluorescence microscopy, morphed
                 three-dimensionally, onto a common spatial frame. Existing
                 tools built on volume visualization pipelines for single
                 channel or red-green-blue (RGB) channels have become
                 inadequate for the new challenges of fluorescence
                 microscopy. For a three-dimensional atlas of the insect
                 nervous system, hundreds of volume channels are rendered
                 simultaneously, whereas fluorescence intensity values from
                 each channel need to be preserved for versatile adjustment
                 and analysis. Although several existing tools have
                 incorporated support of multichannel data using various
                 strategies, the lack of a flexible design has made true
                 many-channel visualization and analysis unavailable. The
                 most common practice for many-channel volume data
                 presentation is still converting and rendering
                 pseudosurfaces, which are inaccurate for both qualitative
                 and quantitative evaluations. RESULTS: Here, we present an
                 alternative design strategy that accommodates the
                 visualization and analysis of about 100 volume channels,
                 each of which can be interactively adjusted, selected, and
                 segmented using freehand tools. Our multichannel
                 visualization includes a multilevel streaming pipeline
                 plus a triple-buffer compositing technique. Our method
                 also preserves original fluorescence intensity values on
                 graphics hardware, a crucial feature that allows
                 graphics-processing-unit (GPU)-based processing for
                 interactive data analysis, such as freehand segmentation.
                 We have implemented the design strategies as a thorough
                 restructuring of our original tool, FluoRender.
                 CONCLUSION: The redesign of FluoRender not only maintains
                 the existing multichannel capabilities for a greatly
                 extended number of volume channels, but also enables new
                 analysis functions for many-channel data from emerging
                 biomedical-imaging techniques.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jan 22 21:52:13 2018",
  pmcid =        "PMC5446689",
}

@Article{RSM:Wan95,
  author =       "Q. Wang and J. Shen and I. Splawski and D. Atkinson
                 and Z. Li and J.L. Robinson and A.J. Moss and J.A.
                 Towbin and M.T. Keating",
  title =        "{SCN5A} mutations associated with an inherited cardiac
                 arrhythmia, long {QT} syndrome.",
  journal =      "Cell",
  year =         "1995",
  volume =       "80",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "805--11",
  robnote =      "Here we report genetic linkage between LQT3 and
                 polymorphisms within SCN5A, the cardiac sodium channel
                 gene. THis is the earliest ref I found. LQTS. No hard
                 copy",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:War2007,
  author = 	 "M. Wardetzky and S. Mathur and F. Kaelberer and E. Grinspun",
  title = 	 "Discrete Laplace operators: No free lunch",
  booktitle = 	 "Eurographics Symposium on Geometry Processing",
  year = 	 "2007",
  editor =	 "A. Belyaev and M. Garland",
  robnote = 	 "surface laplacian estimations",
  bibdate = 	 "Wed Mar 11 11:32:21 2009"
}

@Article{RSM:War84,
  author =       "R.M. Ward and R.D. White and R. Ideker and G.J.
                 Gittlieb and K.A. Reimer and R.H. Selvester and G.S.
                 Wagner and et al.",
  title =        "Evaluation of a {QRS} Scoring System for Estimating
                 Myocardial Infarct Size",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "53",
  pages =        "706--714",
  robnote =      "Description of a truly massive study of ischemia and
                 infarct size by recording all sorts of patient data and
                 then actually looking at post-mortem hearts to measure
                 the extent of the infarct. 20 patients are described
                 here, each of whom had 12-lead ECG before death. From
                 this a scoring system was developed., Ischemia096",
}

@Article{RSM:War86,
  author =       "D.E. Ward and A.J. Camm",
  title =        "The current status of ablation of cardiac conduction
                 tissue and ectopic myocardial foci by transvenous
                 electrical discharges",
  journal =      j-CC,
  year =         "1986",
  volume =       "9",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "237--244",
  month =        "Jun.",
  robnote =      "review of ablation therapy, no hard copy",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 03 17:05:33 1998",
}

@Article{RSM:War95,
  author =       "S. Warfield and J. Dengler and J. Zaers and C.R.G.
                 Guttmann and W.M. Wells and G.J. Ettinger and J. Hiller
                 and R. Kikinis",
  title =        "Automatic Identification of Grey Matter Structures
                 from {MRI} to Improve the Segmentation of White Matter
                 Lesions",
  journal =      "Med. Robotics and Comp. Assist. Surg.",
  year =         "1995",
  pages =        "140--147",
  robnote =      "EEG, neuroscience",
}

@Article{RSM:Was83,
  author =       "A.G. Wasserman and A.M. Ross and D. Bogaty and
                 Richardsonm D. W and R.G. Hutchinson and J.C. Rios",
  title =        "Anterior {ST} segment depression during acute inferior
                 myocardial infarction: {E}vidence for the reciprocal
                 change theory",
  journal =      j-AHJ,
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "106",
  pages =        "516--520",
  robnote =      "An epedemiological study of ST depression in MI
                 patients with the aim of determining their meaning.
                 Based on mortality and the concurrent occurance of ST
                 elevations, they conclude that ST depression is
                 probably a secondary effect of inferior ischemia.",
}

@Unpublished{RSM:Wat00,
  author =       "D. Watson",
  title =        "How to contour scattered data",
  robnote =         "no date included",
  robnote =      "A paper of unknown origin on contouring scattered
                 data. interpolation.",
}

@Article{RSM:Wat2009,
  author =       "H. Watanabe and D. Darbar and D.W. Kaiser and K.
                 Jiramongkolchai and S. Chopra and B.S. Donahue and P.J.
                 Kannankeril and D.M. Roden",
  title =        "Mutations in sodium channel beta1- and beta2-subunits
                 associated with atrial fibrillation.",
  journal =      "Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol",
  year =         "2009",
  month =        "Jun",
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "268--275",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: We and others have reported mutations in the
                 cardiac predominant sodium channel gene SCN5A in patients
                 with atrial fibrillation (AF). We also have reported that
                 SCN1B is associated with Brugada syndrome and isolated
                 cardiac conduction disease. We tested the hypothesis that
                 mutations in the 4 sodium channel beta-subunit genes
                 SCN1B-SCN4B contribute to AF susceptibility. METHODS AND
                 RESULTS: Screening for mutations in the 4 beta-subunit
                 genes was performed in 480 patients with AF (118 patients
                 with lone AF and 362 patients with AF and cardiovascular
                 disease) and 548 control subjects (188 ethnically defined
                 anonymized subjects and 360 subjects without AF). The
                 effects of mutant beta-subunits on SCN5A mediated currents
                 were studied using electrophysiological studies. We
                 identified 2 nonsynonymous variants in SCN1B (resulting in
                 R85H, D153N) and 2 in SCN2B (R28Q, R28W) in patients with
                 AF. These occur at residues highly conserved across
                 mammals and were absent in control subjects. In 3 of 4
                 mutation carriers, the ECGs showed saddleback-type
                 ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads.
                 Transcripts encoding both SCN1B and SCN2B were detected in
                 human atrium and ventricle. In heterologous expression
                 studies using Chinese hamster ovary cells, the mutant
                 beta1- or beta2-subunits reduced SCN5A-mediated current
                 and altered channel gating compared with coexpression of
                 wild-type subunits. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of function
                 mutations in sodium channel beta-subunits were identified
                 in patients with AF and were associated with a distinctive
                 ECG phenotype. These findings further support the
                 hypothesis that decreased sodium current enhances AF
                 susceptibility.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Dec 7 22:15:47 2009",
  pmcid =        "2010/06/01 PHST- 2009/03/06 [aheadofprint]",
}

@Article{RSM:Wat81,
  author =       "K. Watanabe and V. Bhargava and V.F. Froehlicher",
  title =        "The Relationship Between Exercise-Induced {R}-Wave
                 Amplitude Changes and {QRS} Vector Loops",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "14",
  pages =        "129--138",
  robnote =      "More study of the R wave changes due to exercise in
                 normal and ischemic patients. Amplitude changes are
                 more due to changes in vector loops than actual vector
                 magnitude. thesis. Reasons still unknown but some sort
                 of imbalance is speculated., Ischemia110",
}

@Article{RSM:Wat85,
  author =       "D.F. Watson",
  title =        "Natural neighbor sorting",
  journal =      "Australian Computer J.",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "17",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "189--193",
  robnote =      "background paper from Watson's web site",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 29 15:54:56 2001",
}

@Article{RSM:Wat87,
  author =       "I. Watanabe and T.A. Johnson and J. Buchanan and C.L.
                 Engle and L.S. Gettes",
  title =        "Effect of Graded Coronary Flow Reduction on Ionic,
                 Electrical and Mechanical Indexes of Ischemia in the
                 Pig",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "76",
  pages =        "1127--1134",
  robnote =      "Nice bit of work. The model is a heart with a pump
                 providing controlled and graded coronary perfusion.
                 Looks at low flow and not no-flow ischemia. They show
                 clear differences in the ischemia state of the heart at
                 different levels. Deeper layers get ischemic first and
                 there is no sign of this on the epicardium until it
                 finally makes it through to the surface. thesis,
                 Ischemia140",
}

@Article{RSM:Wat89,
  author =       "I. Watanabe and T.A. Johnson and C.L. Engle and C.
                 Graebner and M.G. Jenkins and L.S. Gettes",
  title =        "Effects of Verapamil and Propranolol on Changes in
                 Extracellular ${\rm K^{+}}$, {pH}, and Local Activation
                 During Graded Coronary Flow in the Pig",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "79",
  pages =        "939--947",
  robnote =      "Used the roller pump shunt to control flow in the pig
                 heart and measured changes in potassium and activation
                 with flow. thesis, Ischemia137",
}

@Article{RSM:Wat90,
  author =       "S. Watanabe and B. Taccardi and R.L. Lux and P.R.
                 Ershler",
  title =        "Effect of nontransmural necrosis on epicardial
                 potential fields",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "82",
  pages =        "2115--2127",
  robnote =      "A paper from CVRTI looking at changes in epicardial
                 maps due to local ischemia and necrosis which is located
                 in the myocardial wall. Indicates that due to
                 anisotropy, rotation is altered when the propgation
                 wave impinges on an ischemic area.",
}

@Book{RSM:Wat92,
  author =       "D.F. Watson",
  title =        "Contouring: {A} guide to the analysis and display of
                 spatial data",
  publisher =    pub-PER,
  year =         "1992",
  annote =       "every aspect of contouring, includes a section of
                 interpolation",
}

@InBook{RSM:Wat92b,
  author =       "D.F. Watson",
  title =        "Contouring: {A} guide to the analysis and display of
                 spatial data",
  chapter =      "Interpolation",
  publisher =    pub-PER,
  year =         "1992",
  anote =        "Inter-math",
  robnote =      "basics of interpolation",
}

@Misc{RSM:Wat93,
  author =       "D.F. Watson",
  title =        "Dave Watson's Software website",
  year =         "1993",
  note =         "http://members.iinet.net.au/~watson/software.html",
  robnote =      "the place to find Watson's tessllation program",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 29 15:56:45 2001",
}

@Article{RSM:Wat95,
  author =       "Y. Watanabe",
  title =        "The State of body surface mapping in {J}apan",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1995",
  volume =       "29",
  number =       "Suppl",
  pages =        "110--120",
  robnote =      "report on all the BSPM going on in Japan",
}

@Article{RSM:Way87,
  author =       "P. Wayler",
  title =        "Zero-Knowledge Proofs",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1987",
  month =        oct,
  pages =        "149--152",
  robnote =      "A new heuristic method lets you prove your identity
                 without revealing a password or other information. Part
                 of a set of articles on heuristic logic, proofs and
                 algorithms. Artificial intelligence., CompSoft077",
}

@Article{RSM:Way88,
  author =       "P. Wayner",
  title =        "Modeling Chaos",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1988",
  month =        may,
  pages =        "253--258",
  robnote =      "A parallel CPU architecture can take you where shorter
                 clock ticks smarter instructions, and more on-chip
                 memory can't go. This describes a neat solution to
                 computing chaos type problems on parallel architecture
                 computers., CompHard087",
}

@Article{RSM:Way89,
  author =       "P. Wayner",
  title =        "Symbolic Math on the Mac",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1989",
  month =        jan,
  pages =        "239--244",
  robnote =      "Mathematica, this time for the Mac. review.,
                 CompSoft143",
}

@Article{RSM:Waz2003,
  author =       "O. Wazni and N.F. Marrouche and D.O. Martin and A.M.
                 Gillinov and W. Saliba and E. Saad and A. Klein and M.
                 Bhargava and D. Bash and R. Schweikert and D. Erciyes
                 and A. Abdul-Karim and J. Brachman and J. Gunther and
                 E. Pisano and D. Potenza and R. Fanelli and A. Natale",
  title =        "Randomized study comparing combined pulmonary
                 vein-left atrial junction disconnection and
                 cavotricuspid isthmus ablation versus pulmonary
                 vein-left atrial junction disconnection alone in
                 patients presenting with typical atrial flutter and
                 atrial fibrillation.",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "2003",
  month =        nov,
  volume =       "108",
  number =       "20",
  pages =        "2479--2483",
  robnote =      "afib BACKGROUND: Atrial flutter (AFL) and atrial
                 fibrillation (AF) frequently coexist in the same
                 patient. Recently it has been demonstrated that the
                 triggers for both AF and AFL may originate in the
                 pulmonary veins (PVs). We hypothesized that in patients
                 with both AF and typical AFL, pulmonary vein-left
                 atrial junction (PV-LAJ) disconnection may eliminate
                 both arrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive
                 patients with documented symptomatic AF and typical AFL
                 were randomly assigned to have PV-LAJ disconnection
                 combined with cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation
                 (group 1, n=49) or PV-LAJ disconnection alone (group 2,
                 n=59). Within the first 8 weeks after ablation, 32 of
                 the group 2 patients had typical AFL documented,
                 whereas none was seen in group 1. Twenty of these 32
                 converted to sinus rhythm after initiating
                 antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs). Twelve were cardioverted,
                 and AADs were started. After 8 weeks, all AADS were
                 stopped, and only 3 patients continued to have
                 recurrent sustained typical AFL that was eliminated by
                 CTI ablation. Beyond 8 weeks of follow-up, 7 patients
                 in group 1 and 6 patients in group 2 (14\% and 11\%,
                 respectively) continued to have AF. Ten of these 13
                 patients underwent a repeat PV-LAJ disconnection
                 procedure and were cured. The remaining 3 remained in
                 normal sinus rhythm while taking AADs. CONCLUSIONS: In
                 patients with both AFL and AF, PV-LAJ disconnection
                 alone may be sufficient to control both arrhythmias.
                 CTI block reduced early postablation recurrence of
                 arrhythmias, which in the majority of patients reflects
                 a short-term clinical problem.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Aug 11 10:47:17 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Waz2005,
  author =       "O.M. Wazni and A. Rossillo and N.F. Marrouche and E.B.
                 Saad and D.O. Martin and M. Bhargava and D. Bash and S.
                 Beheiry and M. Wexman and D. Potenza and E. Pisano and
                 R. Fanelli and A. Bonso and S. Themistoclakis and D.
                 Erciyes and W.I. Saliba and R.A. Schweikert and J.
                 Brachmann and A. Raviele and A. Natale",
  title =        "Embolic events and char formation during pulmonary
                 vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation:
                 impact of different anticoagulation regimens and
                 importance of intracardiac echo imaging.",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "2005",
  month =        jun,
  volume =       "16",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "576--581",
  robnote =      "afib Thromboembolic events are important complications
                 of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures, occurring
                 in up to 2.8\% of patients. In this study, we report
                 the incidence of char formation and embolic events with
                 different anticoagulation protocols prospectively
                 changed to reduce such complication. METHODS: A total
                 of 785 patients (mean age: 54 years, 83.5\% male)
                 underwent catheter-based PVI for treatment of drug
                 refractory, symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF). PVI
                 was performed utilizing different strategies including
                 radiofrequency (RF) using temperature control energy
                 delivery and RF using intracardiac echocardiography
                 (ICE)-guided power titration. Patients were divided
                 based on the anticoagulation protocol into three
                 groups: in group 1 (194 patients), activation
                 coagulation time (ACT) was maintained between 250 and
                 300 seconds; in group 2 (180 patients), ACT was
                 maintained between 300 and 350 seconds plus the IV
                 infusion of eptifibatide (135 microg/kg bolus + 0.5
                 microg/kg/min); and in group 3 (411 patients), ACT was
                 maintained between 350 and 400 seconds. RESULTS: Char
                 formation was detected in 69 patients of group 1, 5 of
                 group 2, and 8 of group 3. An embolic event was
                 observed in 7 patients of group 1, 3 of group 2, and 2
                 of group 3 (P = 0.01; group 1 vs group 3). Higher
                 degree of anticoagulation with heparin was associated
                 with a reduced incidence of embolic events even after
                 removing the patients undergoing ICE-guided ablation (P
                 = 0.04). CONCLUSION: More aggressive anticoagulation
                 with heparin reduced periprocedural embolic events. The
                 use of platelet inhibition does not have incremental
                 beneficial effect. None of the anticoagulation protocol
                 abolished char formation.",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jun 28 00:49:02 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Waz2005b,
  author =       "O.M. Wazni and N.F. Marrouche and D.O. Martin and A.
                 Verma and M. Bhargava and W. Saliba and D. Bash and R.
                 Schweikert and J. Brachmann and J. Gunther and K.
                 Gutleben and E. Pisano and D. Potenza and R. Fanelli
                 and A. Raviele and S. Themistoclakis and A. Rossillo
                 and A. Bonso and A. Natale",
  title =        "Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as
                 first-line treatment of symptomatic atrial
                 fibrillation: a randomized trial.",
  journal =      "JAMA",
  year =         "2005",
  month =        jun,
  volume =       "293",
  number =       "21",
  pages =        "2634--2640",
  robnote =      "afib CONTEXT: Treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs and
                 anticoagulation is considered first-line therapy in
                 patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF).
                 Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with radiofrequency
                 ablation may cure AF, obviating the need for
                 antiarrhythmic drugs and anticoagulation. OBJECTIVE: To
                 determine whether PVI is feasible as first-line therapy
                 for treating patients with symptomatic AF. DESIGN,
                 SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A multicenter prospective
                 randomized study conducted from December 31, 2001, to
                 July 1, 2002, of 70 patients aged 18 to 75 years who
                 experienced monthly symptomatic AF episodes for at
                 least 3 months and had not been treated with
                 antiarrhythmic drugs. INTERVENTION: Patients were
                 randomized to receive either PVI using radiofrequency
                 ablation (n=33) or antiarrhythmic drug treatment
                 (n=37), with a 1-year follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
                 Recurrence of AF, hospitalization, and quality of life
                 assessment. RESULTS: Two patients in the antiarrhythmic
                 drug treatment group and 1 patient in the PVI group
                 were lost to follow-up. At the end of 1-year follow-up,
                 22 (63\%) of 35 patients who received antiarrhythmic
                 drugs had at least 1 recurrence of symptomatic AF
                 compared with 4 (13\%) of 32 patients who received PVI
                 (P<.001). Hospitalization during 1-year follow-up
                 occurred in 19 (54\%) of 35 patients in the
                 antiarrhythmic drug group compared with 3 (9\%) of 32
                 in the PVI group (P<.001). In the antiarrhythmic drug
                 group, the mean (SD) number of AF episodes decreased
                 from 12 (7) to 6 (4), after initiating therapy (P =
                 .01). At 6-month follow-up, the improvement in quality
                 of life of patients in the PVI group was significantly
                 better than the improvement in the antiarrhythmic drug
                 group in 5 subclasses of the Short-Form 36 health
                 survey. There were no thromboembolic events in either
                 group. Asymptomatic mild or moderate pulmonary vein
                 stenosis was documented in 2 (6\%) of 32 patients in
                 the PVI group. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary vein isolation
                 appears to be a feasible first-line approach for
                 treating patients with symptomatic AF. Larger studies
                 are needed to confirm its safety and efficacy.",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jun 28 00:49:02 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Web83,
  author =       "S.C. Webb and A.F. Rickards and P.A. Poole-Wilson",
  title =        "Coronary Sinus Potassium Concentration Recorded During
                 Coronary Angioplasaty",
  journal =      j-BHJ,
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "146--148",
  robnote =      "First direct proof of loss of K+ as an early event of
                 ischemia which preceeds chest pain or
                 electrocardiographic abnormalities. No change in ECG
                 found here, inflations only lasted 20sec. PTCA,
                 K-concentration. thesis, Ischemia017",
}

@Article{RSM:Web86,
  author =       "B. Webster",
  title =        "According to Webster - Benchmarking",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1986",
  month =        jan,
  pages =        "371--377",
  robnote =      "Bruce Webster's dissertation on benchmarks, how to use
                 them, read them, and decide what to do with them.,
                 CompSoft072",
}

@Article{RSM:Web87,
  author =       "B.F. Webster",
  title =        "The Macintosh {II}",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1987",
  month =        oct,
  pages =        "197--201",
  robnote =      "A powerful 68020 CPU, NuBus slots, and colour, with a
                 few compatibility problems. This is the system review
                 of the Macintosh II computer shortly after it came
                 out., CompHard047",
}

@Article{RSM:Weg89,
  author =       "P. Wegner",
  title =        "Learning the Language",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1989",
  month =        mar,
  pages =        "245--253",
  robnote =      "Much the same as the one above, a good intro article
                 on object oriented programming methods., CompSoft154",
}

@Article{RSM:Wei2000,
  author =       "D.M. Weinstein and L. Zhukov and C.R. Johnson",
  title =        "Lead-field Bases for Electroencephalography Source
                 Imaging",
  journal =      j-ABE,
  year =         "2000",
  volume =       "28",
  number =       "9",
  pages =        "1059--1065",
  robnote =      "Dave's paper on lead fields using scirun",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jul 25 16:16:09 2001",
}

@Article{RSM:Wei2003,
  author =       "D.M. Weinstein and C.R. Johnson and J. Tranquillo and
                 C. Henriquez and R.S. MacLeod and C.R. Johnson",
  title =        "Bio{PSE} Case Study: Modeling, Simulation, and
                 Visualization of Three Dimensional Mouse Heart
                 Propagation",
  journal =      "Int. J. Bioelectromagnet.",
  year =         "2003",
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "(in press)",
  robnote =      "Daves paper that I presented at ICE in Helsinki",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jul 02 14:12:46 2003",
}

@Book{RSM:Wei56,
  author =       "S. Weidmann",
  title =        "Elektrophysiologie der {H}erzmuskelfaser",
  publisher =    "Medizinische Verlag Hans Huber",
  year =         "1956",
  address =      "Bern, Stuttgart",
  scinote =         "A book than Bruno has from Weidmann in German about
                 cardiac electrophysiology, done while Weidmann was a
                 guest professor at State University of New York",
}

@Article{RSM:Wei82,
  author =       "A.M. Weindling and N. Murdoch and P. Rolfe",
  title =        "Effect of Electrode Size on the Contributions of
                 Intracranial and Extracranial Blood Flow to the
                 Cerebral Electrical Impedance Plethsmogram",
  journal =      "Med. \& Biol. Eng. \& Comput.",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "545--549",
  robnote =      "cerebral blood flow, impedance plethsmography,
                 rheoencephalography, GenPhysiol006",
}

@Article{RSM:Wei82b,
  author =       "J Weiss and K.I. Shine",
  title =        "Extracellular {${\rm K^{+}}$} Accumulation During
                 Myocardial Ischemia in Isolated Rabbit Heart",
  journal =      j-AJP,
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "242",
  pages =        "H619--H628",
  robnote =      "A neat article actually measuring the extracellular
                 potassium at the same time as electrograms during
                 ischemia. Shows triphasic pattern of potassium
                 accumulation. Tries varying heart rate and other things
                 to see their influence on the rate of rise of potassium
                 concentration. thesis, Ischemia101",
}

@Article{RSM:Wei87,
  author =       "S. Weidmann",
  title =        "Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology: Past and Present",
  journal =      "Experientia",
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "43",
  pages =        "133--146",
  robnote =      "A nice looking review by one of the grand old men of
                 cardiac electrophysiology. read it!!, CardCell018",
}

@Article{RSM:Wei87b,
  author =       "R. Weingart and P. Maurer",
  title =        "Cell-to-Cell Coupling Studied in Isolated Ventricular
                 Cell Pairs",
  journal =      "Experientia",
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "43",
  pages =        "1091--1094",
  robnote =      "myocytes, electrical cell to cell coupling, nexus, gap
                 junction, CardCell010",
}

@Article{RSM:Wei90,
  author =       "D. Wei and G. Yamada and T. Musha and H. Tsunakawa and
                 T. Tsutsumi and K. Harumi",
  title =        "Computer simulation of supraventricular tachycardia
                 with the {W}olff-{P}arkinson-{W}hite syndrome using
                 three-dimensional heart models",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "23",
  month =        jul,
  pages =        "261--273",
  robnote =      "propagation model of the whole heart, cellular
                 automata",
}

@Article{RSM:Wei95,
  author =       "D. Wei and O. Okazaki and K. Harumi and E. Harasawa
                 and H. Hosaka",
  title =        "Comparative simulation of excitation and body surface
                 electrocardiogram with isotropic and anisotropic
                 computer heart models.",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1995",
  month =        apr,
  volume =       "42",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "343--357",
  robnote =      "Comparative simulations between isotropic and
                 anisotropic computer heart models were conducted to
                 study the effects of myocardial anisotropy on the
                 excitation process of the heart and on body surface
                 electrocardiogram. The isotropic heart model includes
                 atria, ventricles, and a special conduction system, and
                 is electrophysiologically specified by parameters
                 relative to action potential, conduction velocity,
                 automaticity, and pacing. The anisotropic heart model
                 was created by incorporating rotating fiber directions
                 into the ventricles of the isotropic heart model. The
                 orientation of the myocardial fibers in the ventricles
                 of the model was gradually rotated counterclockwise
                 from the epicardial layer to the endocardial layer for
                 a total rotation of 90 degrees. The anisotropy of
                 conduction velocity and intracellular electric
                 conductivity was included in the simulation.
                 Comparative simulations of the normal heart, LBBB, and
                 RBBB showed no significant differences between the two
                 models in the excitation processes of the whole heart
                 or in the body surface electrocardiograms. However, it
                 was easier to induce ventricular fibrillation in the
                 anisotropic model than in the isotropic model. The
                 comparative simulation is useful for investigating the
                 effects of myocardial anisotropy at the whole heart
                 level and for evaluating limitations of the isotropic
                 heart model.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jan 8 18:24:04 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Wei96,
  author =       "L. Weixue and X. Ling",
  title =        "Computer simulation of epicardial potentials using a
                 heart-torso model with realistic geometry.",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1996",
  month =        feb,
  volume =       "43",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "211--217",
  robnote =      "Previous cardiac simulation studies have focused on
                 simulating the activation isochrones and subsequently
                 the body surface potentials. Epicardial potentials,
                 which are important for clinical application as well as
                 for electrocardiographic inverse problems studies,
                 however, have usually been neglected. This paper
                 describes a procedure of simulating epicardial
                 potentials using a microcomputer-based heart-torso
                 model with realistic geometry. Our heart model
                 developed earlier is composed of approximately 65,000
                 cell units which are arranged in a cubic close-packed
                 structure. An action potential waveform with variable
                 in duration is assigned to each unit. The heart model,
                 together with the epicardial surface model constructed
                 recently, are mounted in an inhomogeneous human torso
                 model. Electric dipoles, which are proportional to the
                 spatial gradient of the action potential, are generated
                 in all the cell units. These dipoles give rise to a
                 potential distribution on the epicardial surface, which
                 is calculated by means of the boundary element method.
                 The simulated epicardial potential maps during a normal
                 heart beat and in a preexcited beat to mimic
                 Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome are in close
                 agreement with those reported in the literature.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jan 8 18:24:04 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Wei99,
  author =       "J. Weissenburger and M. Noyer and G. Cheymol and P.
                 Jaillon",
  title =        "Electrophysiological effects of cetirizine, astemizole
                 and {D}-sotalol in a canine model of long {QT}
                 syndrome.",
  journal =      "Clin Exp Allergy",
  year =         "1999",
  month =        jul,
  volume =       "29 Suppl 3",
  pages =        "190--106",
  robnote =      "We compared cetirizine, another compound of that
                 class, to D-sotalol and to astemizole in a model of
                 acquired long QT syndrome. Open-chest surgery was
                 performed in adult beagle dogs anaesthetized with
                 halothane and thiopental. Bradycardia was produced with
                 beta-adrenergic blockade and sinus node crush. Four
                 left ventricular intramyocardial unipolar monophasic
                 action potentials (MAP) were recorded during atrial
                 pacing at basic cycle lengths (BCL) 400-1500 msec,
                 before and during three successive 1-h drug infusions
                 (0.14, 0.45 and 1.4 mg/kg/h for astemizole and
                 cetirizine and 1.1, 2.2 and 4.5 mg/kg/h for D-sotalol).
                 Dose- and bradycardia-dependent prolongations of MAP
                 duration (MAPD) were produced by D-sotalol (P < 0.001)
                 and astemizole (P < 0.001) but not by cetirizine. At
                 BCL 1500 ms, the three infusions of astemizole
                 prolonged endocardial MAPD from 323 +/- 8 msec (mean
                 +/- SE) at baseline to 343 +/- 10, 379 +/- 13 and 468
                 +/- 26 msec, respectively (n = 9). Sotalol prolonged
                 that MAPD from 339 +/- 6 msec to 377 +/- 7, 444 +/- 15
                 and 485 +/- 24 msec (n = 7). In contrast, cetirizine
                 did not prolong MAPD: 341 +/- 8 msec at baseline Vs 330
                 +/- 8, 324 +/- 9 and 323 +/- 11 msec (n = 9).
                 Drug-induced increase in transmural dispersion reached
                 +79 +/- 19 msec after astemizole, +59 +/- 21 msec after
                 D-sotalol and only +7 +/- 11 msec after cetirizine.
                 Runs of ventricular tachycardias and torsades de
                 pointes occurred during dose three of astemizole (5/9
                 dogs) and D-sotalol (4/7 dogs) but never during
                 cetirizine. In the present model, astemizole and
                 D-sotalol but not cetirizine prolonged MAPD and
                 transmural dispersions of repolarization and produced
                 torsades de pointes. terfenadine mentioned but not
                 studied",
  bibdate =      "Fri Dec 29 13:43:13 2000",
}

@Article{RSM:Wen2009,
  author =       "K. Wendel and O. Vaisanen and J. Malmivuo and N.G. Gencer
                 and B. Vanrumste and P. Durka and R. Magjarevic and S.
                 Supek and M.L. Pascu and H. Fontenelle and R. Grave de
                 Peralta Menendez",
  title =        "{EEG/MEG} Source Imaging: Methods, Challenges, and Open
                 Issues.",
  journal =      "Comput

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