text:
are presented for name agreement, familiarity, imageability, rated and objective age-of-acquisition (AoA) of vocabulary, and word frequency. The ratings were collected from 103 adult participants while the objective AoA values were collected from 279 children, 2.5-11 years of age. The present norms are in many respects similar to those already collected for other language groups indicating that the stimuli will be useful for further psychological studies in Iceland. The rated AoA values show a high correlation with objective AoA (r = 0.718) thus confirming previous studies conducted with English speaking participants that rated AoA is a relatively valid measure of objective AoA. However, word frequency and familiarity are more closely correlated with rated AoA than with objective AoA indicating that these factors play some role in the ratings. Objective AoA norms are therefore to be preferred in studies of cognitive processes.},
author = {Pind, J{\"{o}}rgen and J{\'{o}}nsd{\'{o}}ttir, Halla and Gissurardottir, Hj{\"{o}}rd{\'{i}}s and J{\'{o}}nsson, Frosti},
doi = {10.1111/1467-9450.00169},
isbn = {1467-9450},
issn = {00365564},
journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Psychology},
keywords = {Age-of-acquisition,Icelandic,Imageability,Picture norms,Word frequency},
number = {1},
pages = {41--48},
pmid = {10731842},
title = {{Icelandic norms for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) pictures: Name and image agreement, familiarity, and age of acquisition}},
volume = {41},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Roncero2015,
abstract = {For 84 unique topic-vehicle pairs (e.g., knowledge-power), participants produced associated properties for the topics (e.g., knowledge), vehicles (e.g., power), metaphors (knowledge is power), and similes (knowledge is like power). For these properties, we also obtained frequency, saliency, and connotativeness scores (i.e., how much the properties deviated from the denotative or literal meaning). In addition, we examined whether expression type (metaphor vs. simile) impacted the interpretations produced. We found that metaphors activated more salient properties than did similes, but the connotativeness levels for metaphor and simile salient properties were similar. Also, the two types of expressions did not differ across a wide range of measures collected: aptness, conventionality, familiarity, and interpretive diversity scores. Combined with the property lists, these interpretation norms constitute a thorough collection of data about metaphors and similes, employing the same topic-vehicle words, which can be used in psycholinguistic and cognitive neuroscience studies to investigate how the two types of expressions are represented and processed. These norms should be especially useful for studies that examine the online processing and interpretation of metaphors and similes, as well as for studies examining how properties related to metaphors and similes affect the interpretations produced.},
author = {Roncero, Carlos and de Almeida, Roberto G.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0502-y},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Aptness,Conventionality,Familiarity,Figurative language,Interpretive diversity (entropy),Metaphor,Semantic norms,Simile},
number = {3},
pages = {800--812},
pmid = {25007859},
title = {{Semantic properties, aptness, familiarity, conventionality, and interpretive diversity scores for 84 metaphors and similes}},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Pompeia2003,
abstract = {Snodgrass {\&} Vanderwart (1980) standardized a set of 260 pictures in the USA for use in studies of cognitive processes that employ pictured objects as laboratory analogues of object themselves. Since then similar norms for this set were obtained in Britain, Spain, Japan and Iceland and a larger set of 400 pictures (including the original 260: Cycowicz et al., 1997) was studied in France and Brazil. The present article provides a comparison of the norms obtained in Brazil and internationally. The pattern of correlations among the Brazilian and other standardizations were equivalent to that previously observed: despite pictures being judged to be of similar familiarity and visual complexity (high positive correlations), name agreement was less correlated, possibly due to differences in the languages spoken in each country and/or in the sample size used in each study. Results confirm the adequacy of the Brazilian norms.},
author = {Pomp{\'{e}}ia, Sabine and Miranda, M{\^{o}}nica Carolina and Bueno, Orlando Francisco Amodeo},
doi = {10.1590/S0004-282X2003000600005},
issn = {0004282X},
journal = {Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria},
keywords = {Familiarity,Naming,Norms,Picture,Standardization,Visual complexity},
number = {4},
pages = {916--919},
pmid = {14762590},
title = {{Brazilian standardised norms for a set of pictures are comparable with those obtained internationally}},
volume = {61},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Moreno-Martinez2014,
abstract = {This article presents a new corpus of 820 words pertaining to 14 semantic categories, 7 natural (animals, body parts, insects, flowers, fruits, trees, and vegetables) and 7 man-made (buildings, clothing, furniture, kitchen utensils, musical instruments, tools, and vehicles); each word in the database was collected empirically in a previous exemplar generation study. In the present study, 152 Spanish speakers provided data for four psycholinguistic variables known to affect lexical-semantic processing in both neurologically intact and brain-damaged participants: age of acquisition, familiarity, manipulability, and typicality. Furthermore, we collected lexical frequency data derived from Internet search hits, plus three additional Spanish lexical frequency indexes. Word length, number of syllables, and the proportion of respondents citing the exemplar as a category member-which can be useful as an additional measure of typicality-are also provided. Reliability and validity indexes showed that our items display characteristics similar to those of other corpora. Overall, this new corpus of words provides a useful tool for scientists engaged in cognitive- and neuroscience-based research focused on examining language, memory, and object processing. The full set of norms can be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Moreno-Mart{\'{i}}nez, F. Javier and Montoro, Pedro R. and Rodr{\'{i}}guez-Rojo, Inmaculada C.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0435-x},
isbn = {3491398797},
issn = {19589395},
journal = {Annales des Telecommunications/Annals of Telecommunications},
keywords = {Linguistic processing,Living/nonliving domains,Normative data,Semantic categories,Semantic verbal fluency},
number = {4},
pages = {1088--1097},
pmid = {24415408},
title = {{Spanish norms for age of acquisition, concept familiarity, lexical frequency, manipulability, typicality, and other variables for 820 words from 14 living/nonliving concepts}},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Moreno-Martinez2012,
abstract = {This work presents a new set of 360 high quality colour images belonging to 23 semantic subcategories. Two hundred and thirty-six Spanish speakers named the items and also provided data from seven relevant psycholinguistic variables: age of acquisition, familiarity, manipulability, name agreement, typicality and visual complexity. Furthermore, we also present lexical frequency data derived from Internet search hits. Apart from the high number of variables evaluated, knowing that it affects the processing of stimuli, this new set presents important advantages over other similar image corpi: (a) this corpus presents a broad number of subcategories and images; for example, this will permit researchers to select stimuli of appropriate difficulty as required, (e.g., to deal with problems derived from ceiling effects); (b) the fact of using coloured stimuli provides a more realistic, ecologically-valid, representation of real life objects. In sum, this set of stimuli provides a useful tool for research on visual object- and word-processing, both in neurological patients and in healthy controls.},
author = {Moreno-Mart{\'{i}}nez, Francisco Javier and Montoro, Pedro R.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0037527},
isbn = {1932-6203},
issn = {19326203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
number = {5},
pmid = {22662166},
title = {{An ecological alternative to Snodgrass {\&} Vanderwart: 360 high quality colour images with norms for seven psycholinguistic variables}},
volume = {7},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Mayberry2014,
abstract = {Given the importance of lexical frequency for psycholinguistic research and the lack of comprehensive frequency data for sign languages, we collected subjective estimates of lexical frequency for 432 signs in American Sign Language (ASL). Our participants were 59 deaf signers who first began to acquire ASL at ages ranging from birth to 14 years old and who had a minimum of 10 years of experience. Subjective frequency estimates were made on a scale ranging from 1 = rarely see the sign to 7 = always see the sign. The mean subjective frequency ratings for individual signs did not vary in relation to age of sign language exposure (AoLE), chronological age, or length of ASL experience. Nor did AoLE show significant effects on the response times (RTs) for making the ratings. However, RTs were highly correlated with mean frequency ratings. These results suggest that the distributions of subjective lexical frequencies are consistent across signers with varying AoLEs. The implications for research practice are that subjective frequency ratings from random samples of highly experienced deaf signers can provide a reasonable measure of lexical control in sign language experiments. The Appendix gives the mean and median subjective frequency ratings and the mean and median log(RT) of the ASL signs for the entire sample; the supplemental material gives these measures for the three AoLE groups: native, early, and late.},
author = {Mayberry, Rachel I. and Hall, Matthew L. and Zvaigzne, Meghan},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0370-x},
isbn = {1554-3528},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {ASL,Age of acquisition,Lexical frequency,Psycholinguistics,Sign language,Subjective frequency},
number = {2},
pages = {526--539},
pmid = {23943581},
title = {{Subjective frequency ratings for 432 ASL signs}},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Mandera2015,
abstract = {We present SUBTLEX-PL, Polish word frequencies based on movie subtitles. In two lexical decision experiments, we compare the new measures with frequency estimates derived from another Polish text corpus that includes predominantly written materials. We show that the frequencies derived from the two corpora perform best in predicting human performance in a lexical decision task if used in a complementary way. Our results suggest that the two corpora may have unequal potential for explaining human performance for words in different frequency ranges and that corpora based on written materials severely overestimate frequencies for formal words. We discuss some of the implications of these findings for future studies comparing different frequency estimates. In addition to frequencies for word forms, SUBTLEX-PL includes measures of contextual diversity, part-of-speech-specific word frequencies, frequencies of associated lemmas, and word bigrams, providing researchers with necessary tools for conducting psycholinguistic research in Polish. The database is freely available for research purposes and may be downloaded from the authors' university Web site at http://crr.ugent.be/subtlex-pl .},
author = {Mandera, Pawe{\l} and Keuleers, Emmanuel and Wodniecka, Zofia and Brysbaert, Marc},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0489-4},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Lexical decision,Polish language,Visual word recognition,Word frequencies},
number = {2},
pages = {471--483},
pmid = {24942246},
title = {{Subtlex-pl: subtitle-based word frequency estimates for Polish}},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Storkel2013,
abstract = {A corpus of 5,765 consonant-vowel-consonant sequences (CVCs) was compiled, and phonotactic probability and neighborhood density were computed for both child and adult corpora. This corpus of CVCs, provided as supplementary materials, was analyzed to address the following questions: (1) Do computations based on a child corpus differ from those based on an adult corpus? (2) Do the phonotactic probability and/or the neighborhood density of real words differ from those of nonwords? (3) Do phonotactic probability and/or neighborhood density differ across CVCs that vary in consonant age of acquisition? The results showed significant differences in phonotactic probability and neighborhood density for the child versus adult corpora, replicating prior findings. The impact of this difference on future studies will depend on the level of precision needed when specifying probability and density. In addition, significant and large differences in phonotactic probability and neighborhood density were detected between real words and nonwords, which may present methodological challenges for future research. Finally, CVCs composed of earlier-acquired sounds differed significantly in probability and density from those composed of later-acquired sounds, although this effect was relatively small and is less likely to present significant methodological challenges to future studies.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {NIHMS150003},
author = {Storkel, Holly L.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0309-7},
eprint = {NIHMS150003},
isbn = {3143627344},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Neighborhood density,Phonotactic probability},
number = {4},
pages = {1159--1167},
pmid = {23307574},
title = {{A corpus of consonant-vowel-consonant real words and nonwords: Comparison of phonotactic probability, neighborhood density, and consonant age of acquisition}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Monnier2014,
abstract = {The present study provides affective norms for a large corpus of French words (N = 1,031) that were rated on emotional valence and emotional arousal by 469 French young adults. Ratings were made using the Self-Assessment Manikin (Lang, 1980). By combining evaluations of valence and arousal, and including ratings provided by male and female young adults, this database complements and extends existing French-language databases. The response reliability for the two affective dimensions was good, and the consistency between the present and previous ratings was high. We found a strong quadratic relationship between the valence and arousal ratings. Perceptions of the affective content of a word were partly linked to sex. This new affective database (FAN) will enable French-speaking researchers to select suitable materials for studies of how the character of affective words influences their cognitive processing. FAN is available as an online supplement downloadable with this article.},
author = {Monnier, Catherine and Syssau, Arielle},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0431-1},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior research methods},
number = {4},
pages = {1128--1137},
pmid = {24366716},
title = {{Affective norms for French words (FAN)}},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Shao2014,
abstract = {The present study provides Dutch norms for age of acquisition, familiarity, imageability, image agreement, visual complexity, word frequency, and word length (in syllables) for 124 line drawings of actions. Ratings were obtained from 117 Dutch participants. Word frequency was determined on the basis of the SUBTLEX-NL corpus (Keuleers, Brysbaert, {\&} New, Behavior Research Methods, 42, 643-650, 2010). For 104 of the pictures, naming latencies and name agreement were determined in a separate naming experiment with 74 native speakers of Dutch. The Dutch norms closely corresponded to the norms for British English. Multiple regression analysis showed that age of acquisition, imageability, image agreement, visual complexity, and name agreement were significant predictors of naming latencies, whereas word frequency and word length were not. Combined with the results of a principal-component analysis, these findings suggest that variables influencing the processes of conceptual preparation and lexical selection affect latencies more strongly than do variables influencing word-form encoding.},
author = {Shao, Zeshu and Roelofs, Ardi and Meyer, Antje S.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0358-6},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Action naming,Age of acquisition,Image agreement,Imageability,Name agreement,Visual complexity},
number = {1},
pages = {274--283},
pmid = {23771428},
title = {{Predicting naming latencies for action pictures: Dutch norms}},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Misersky2014,
abstract = {We collected norms on the gender stereotypicality of an extensive list of role nouns in Czech, English, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, and Slovak, to be used as a basis for the selection of stimulus materials in future studies. We present a Web-based tool (available at https://www.unifr.ch/lcg/ ) that we developed to collect these norms and that we expect to be useful for other researchers, as well. In essence, we provide (a) gender stereotypicality norms across a number of languages and (b) a tool to facilitate cross-language as well as cross-cultural comparisons when researchers are interested in the investigation of the impact of stereotypicality on the processing of role nouns.},
author = {Misersky, Julia and Gygax, Pascal M. and Canal, Paolo and Gabriel, Ute and Garnham, Alan and Braun, Friederike and Chiarini, Tania and Englund, Kjellrun and Hanulikova, Adriana and {\"{O}}ttl, Anton and Valdrova, Jana and {Von Stockhausen}, Lisa and Sczesny, Sabine},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0409-z},
isbn = {1554351X},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Gender stereotypes,Language,Norms,Occupations,Role nouns},
number = {3},
pages = {841--871},
pmid = {24163213},
title = {{Norms on the gender perception of role nouns in Czech, English, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, and Slovak}},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Moldovan2015,
abstract = {The present study introduces the first Spanish database with normative ratings of semantic similarity for 185 word triplets. Each word triplet is constituted by a target word (e.g., guisante [pea]) and two semantically related and nonassociatively related words: a word highly related in meaning to the target (e.g., jud{\'{i}}a [bean]), and a word less related in meaning to the target (e.g., patata [potato]). The degree of meaning similarity was assessed by 332 participants by using a semantic similarity rating task on a 9-point scale. Pairs having a value of semantic similarity ranging from 5 to 9 were classified as being more semantically related, whereas those with values ranging from 2 to 4.99 were considered as being less semantically related. The relative distance between the two pairs for the same target ranged from 0.48 to 5.07 points. Mean comparisons revealed that participants rated the more similar words as being significantly more similar in meaning to the target word than were the less similar words. In addition to the semantic similarity norms, values of concreteness and familiarity of each word in a triplet are provided. The present database can be a very useful tool for scientists interested in designing experiments to examine the role of semantics in language processing. Since the variable of semantic similarity includes a wide range of values, it can be used as either a continuous or a dichotomous variable. The full database is available in the supplementary materials.},
author = {Moldovan, Cornelia D. and Ferr{\'{e}}, Pilar and Demestre, Josep and S{\'{a}}nchez-Casas, Rosa},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0501-z},
isbn = {1554-3528},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Concreteness,Familiarity,Normative ratings,Semantic norms,Semantic similarity},
number = {3},
pages = {788--799},
pmid = {24984982},
title = {{Semantic similarity: normative ratings for 185 Spanish noun triplets}},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Desrochers2010,
abstract = {Ratings were collected from 102 native speakers of Spanish on the subjective frequency of occurrence of 330 Spanish words, including 120 deverbal compounds and their constituents. These ratings were found to be highly reliable, whether items were analyzed together or separately by type (i.e., compounds, nouns, verbs), as evidenced by indexes of internal consistency and test-retest reliability that were equal to or greater than.98. The validity of the normative ratings was attested to by statistically significant correlations with objective frequency, estimated at.63 for all items together, and.41,.51, and.78 for compounds, nouns, and verbs, respectively. Among the substantive issues addressed was the potential dependency in ratings for compounds and their associated verb-noun constituents. No relationship was discerned, supporting the idea that compound and constituent ratings are statistically independent in this experimental task. The theoretical and methodological implications of the findings are discussed. The ratings can be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Desrochers, Alain and Liceras, Juana M. and Fern{\'{a}}ndez-Fuertes, Raquel and Thompson, Glenn L.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.1.109},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {109--117},
title = {{Subjective frequency norms for 330 Spanish simple and compound words}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BRM.42.1.109},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Gilhooly1978a,
abstract = {A sample of 45 student subjects provided solution scores for 80 five-letter anagrams. These scores were analysed as a function of solution word imagery, con-creteness, familiarity, objective frequency, age-of-acquisition and associative meaningfulness using multiple regression techniques. Two bigram measures together with number of vowels, nature of starting letter (vowel or consonant), anagram pronounceability and anagram-solution similarity scores were also entered into the regression equations. The bigram measures, the starting letter and anagram-solution similarity emerged as having significant associations with the solution scores. Previous reports of imagery effects in anagram are discussed in the light of the present results.},
author = {Gilhooly, K. J. and Johnson, C. E.},
doi = {10.1080/14640747808400654},
issn = {0033-555X},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {57--70},
title = {{Effects of Solution Word Attributes on Anagram Difficulty: A Regression Analysis}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/14640747808400654},
volume = {30},
year = {1978}
}
@article{Fontaine2007,
abstract = {For more than half a century, emotion researchers have attempted to establish the dimensional space that most economically accounts for similarities and differences in emotional experience. Today, many researchers focus exclusively on two-dimensional models involving valence and arousal. Adopting a theoretically based approach, we show for three languages that four dimensions are needed to satisfactorily represent similarities and differences in the meaning of emotion words. In order of importance, these dimensions are evaluation-pleasantness, potency-control, activation-arousal, and unpredictability. They were identified on the basis of the applicability of 144 features representing the six components of emotions: (a) appraisals of events, (b) psychophysiological changes, (c) motor expressions, (d) action tendencies, (e) subjective experiences, and (f) emotion regulation.},
author = {Fontaine, Johnny R.J. and Scherer, Klaus R. and Roesch, Etienne B. and Ellsworth, Phoebe C.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02024.x},
issn = {0956-7976},
journal = {Psychological Science},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {1050--1057},
title = {{The World of Emotions is not Two-Dimensional}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02024.x},
volume = {18},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Caselli2017,
abstract = {ASL-LEX is a lexical database that catalogues information about nearly 1,000 signs in American Sign Language (ASL). It includes the following information: subjective frequency ratings from 25–31 deaf signers, iconicity ratings from 21–37 hearing non-signers, videoclip duration, sign length (onset and offset), grammatical class, and whether the sign is initialized, a fingerspelled loan sign, or a compound. Information about English translations is available for a subset of signs (e.g., alternate translations, translation consistency). In addition, phonological properties (sign type, selected fingers, flexion, major and minor location, and movement) were coded and used to generate sub-lexical frequency and neighborhood density estimates. ASL-LEX is intended for use by researchers, educators, and students who are interested in the properties of the ASL lexicon. An interactive website where the database can be browsed and downloaded is available at http://asl-lex.org.},
author = {Caselli, Naomi K. and Sehyr, Zed Sevcikova and Cohen-Goldberg, Ariel M. and Emmorey, Karen},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0742-0},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {784--801},
title = {{ASL-LEX: A lexical database of American Sign Language}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0742-0},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Hirsh2001,
abstract = {Word association data were obtained from two cohorts of British adults. Young adults (aged 21–30 yrs) and older adults (aged 66–81 yrs) responded to 90 words in a discrete word association task. An associative frequency measure was calculated by counting how many participants produced a particular word and then converting this number into a proportion. The degree of overlap between the cohorts in terms of dominant responses, the responses with the highest association frequencies, was moderate. Dominant responses were common to the two cohorts for only 36 of the 90 items. When the top three responses were considered the degree of overlap increased to approximately 60{\%}. Four measures of response heterogeneity were calculated for each stimulus item. Comparison of the responses of the younger and older adults indicates that there was less response heterogeneity amongst the older cohort. These norms should be of use to investigators interested in developmental changes in the structure of semantic memory across the adult lifespan as well as to researchers interested in comparing results from neurologically impaired older adults to a normative sample from the same age cohort.},
author = {Hirsh, Katherine W and Tree, Jeremy J},
doi = {10.1016/S0911-6044(00)00002-6},
issn = {09116044},
journal = {Journal of Neurolinguistics},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {1--44},
title = {{Word association norms for two cohorts of British adults}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0911604400000026},
volume = {14},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Campbell2016,
abstract = {Research in metaphor processing has made extensive use of the normed metaphor database created by Katz, Paivio, Marschark, {\&} Clark (Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 3, 191–214, 1988). Because of the plasticity of figurative language, we conducted a renorming of selected metaphors from the database on a new student population. Correlations between Katz et al.'s and the present data showed that the pattern of responses has remained highly consistent across time and populations. The consistency of the normative ratings allows us to be confident in future research that will use the Katz et al. collection.},
author = {Campbell, Spencer J. and Raney, Gary E.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0575-2},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {330--340},
title = {{A 25-year replication of Katz et al.'s (1988) metaphor norms}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0575-2},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Katz1988,
abstract = {Analyzed 204 literary metaphors selected from works of poetry and 264 nonliterary metaphors generated by the present authors' 10 dimensions representing ratings of comprehensibility, perceived metaphoric qualities, imagery values, familiarity, and tenor-vehicle relatedness. Analyses of the normative data indicated that (a) the mean ratings of the metaphors were reliable; (b) 634 undergraduate raters varied in their reactions to the metaphors; (c) the 10 dimensions correlated substantially with one another; and (d) literary and nonliterary metaphors showed similar patterns for the descriptive and relational statistics examined. Data indicate the need for metaphor researchers to consider multiple attributes if they are to achieve less confounded or factorial variation of theoretically motivated variables.},
author = {Katz, Albert N. and Paivio, Allan and Marschark, Marc and Clark, James M.},
doi = {10.1207/s15327868ms0304_1},
issn = {0885-7253},
journal = {Metaphor and Symbolic Activity},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {191--214},
title = {{Norms for 204 Literary and 260 Nonliterary Metaphors on 10 Psychological Dimensions}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327868ms0304{\_}1},
volume = {3},
year = {1988}
}
@article{Ley1970,
abstract = {32 undergraduates learned a list of 8 paired-associates in which 4 pairs were composed of short-latency associative RT CVCVC response terms and 4 pairs of long-latency RT terms. 2 of the 4 response terms of each group were low in meaningfulness and 2 were high. The list was learned under either a 3- or 6-sec presentation rate. Consistent with predictions and with findings of previous studies using CVC response terms, the short-latency RT terms were learned faster than the long-latency terms and the effect of RT was most pronounced at the 3-sec presentation rate. Fewer trials were required to learn the high- than the low-meaningfulness terms, and fewer trials were required for learning at the 6-sec presentation rate than at the 3-sec rate. For a sample of 65 CVCVCs, intercorrelations among RT, associative frequency, pronunciability, and association value were found to be high. Correlations between log frequency value and the other variables were low.},
author = {Ley, Ronald and Locascio, David},
doi = {10.1037/h0028861},
issn = {0022-1015},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology},
number = {3, Pt.1},
pages = {445--450},
title = {{Associative reaction time and meaningfulness of CVCVC response terms in paired-associate learning.}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0028861},
volume = {83},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Soares2012,
abstract = {This study presents the adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW; Bradley {\&} Lang, 1999a) for European Portuguese (EP). The EP adaptation of the ANEW was based on the affective ratings made by 958 college students who were EP native speakers. Subjects assessed about 60 words by considering the affective dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance, using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) in either a paper-and-pencil or a Web survey procedure. Results of the adaptation of the ANEW for EP are presented. Furthermore, the differences between EP, American (Bradley {\&} Lang, 1999a), and Spanish (Redondo, Fraga, Padr{\'{o}}n, {\&} Comesa{\~{n}}a, Behavior Research Methods, 39, 600-605, 2007) standardizations were explored. Results showed that the ANEW words were understood in a similar way by EP, American, and Spanish subjects, although some sex and cross-cultural differences were observed. The EP adaptation of the ANEW is shown to be a valid and useful tool that will allow researchers to control and/or manipulate the affective properties of stimuli, as well as to develop cross-linguistic studies. The normative values of EP adaptation of the ANEW can be downloaded at http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental .},
author = {Soares, Ana Paula and Comesa{\~{n}}a, Montserrat and Pinheiro, Ana P. and Sim{\~{o}}es, Alberto and Frade, Carla Sofia},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0131-7},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {256--269},
title = {{The adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) for European Portuguese}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/s13428-011-0131-7},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Nelson2000,
abstract = {When researchers are interested in the influence of long-term knowledge on performance, printed word frequency is typically the variable of choice. Despite this preference, we know little about what frequency norms measure. They ostensibly index how often and how recently words are experienced, but words appear in context, so frequency potentially reflects an influence of connections with other words. This paper presents the results of a large free association study as well as the results of experiments designed to evaluate the hypothesis that common words have stronger connections to other words. The norms indicate that common words tend to be more concrete but they do not appear to have more associates, stronger associates, or more connections among their associates. Two extralist cued recall experiments showed that, with other attributes being equal, high- and low-frequency words were equally effective as test cues. These results suggest that frequency does not achieve its effects because of stronger or greater numbers of connections to other words, as implied in SAM. Other results indicated that common words have more connections from other words, including their associates, and that free association provides a valid index of associative strength.},
author = {Nelson, Douglas L. and McEvoy, Cathy L.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03201241},
issn = {0090-502X},
journal = {Memory {\&} Cognition},
month = {jul},
number = {4},
pages = {509--522},
title = {{What is this thing called frequency?}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03201241},
volume = {28},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Dufour2002,
abstract = {Several studies on auditory word recognition indicate that word processing is influenced by phonological similarity with other words. We describe a lexical database, VoColex, which provides several statistical indexes of phonological similarity between French words. Phonological similarity is computed according to two distinct principles. According to the first principle, phonologically similar words share initial phonemes with the target word. According to the second principle, phonological neighbours correspond to any words which can be derived from the target by a single phoneme change (substitution, addition, or deletion) whatever the position of the modified phoneme. The statistical data provided by VoCoLex allow the control and the empirical manipulation of various measures of phonological similarity, as well as quantitative descriptions of the auditory lexicon.},
author = {Dufour, Sophie and Peereman, Ronald and Pallier, C. and Radeau, Monique},
doi = {10.3406/psy.2002.29616},
issn = {0003-5033},
journal = {L'ann{\'{e}}e psychologique},
number = {4},
pages = {725--745},
title = {{VoCoLex : une base de donn{\'{e}}es lexicales sur les similarit{\'{e}}s phonologiques entre les mots fran{\c{c}}ais}},
url = {https://www.persee.fr/doc/psy{\_}0003-5033{\_}2002{\_}num{\_}102{\_}4{\_}29616},
volume = {102},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Cieutat1963,
abstract = {There is a lack of indices of rated association for English words, in contrast to a large pool of rated nonsense syllables. To fill this need, 446 English words were randomly selected from Webster's New International Dictionary to represent all English monosyllables, bisyllables, and trisyllables. They were rated for associations on a 7-point scale by 126 Ss. From the ratings three indices of association were obtained. All indices have uncorrected reliabilities in the range 0.95–0.98.},
author = {Cieutat, Victor J.},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80083-3},
issn = {00225371},
journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
month = {sep},
number = {2},
pages = {176--185},
title = {{Association indices for 446 randomly selected English monosyllables, bisyllables, and trisyllables}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022537163800833},
volume = {2},
year = {1963}
}
@article{Carroll1973,
abstract = {To obtain data for the further evaluation of age-of-acquisition as a word attribute in studies of verbal behavior, learning, and memory, estimates were secured from 62 undergraduates (35 males, 27 females) of the age at which they believed they had learned each of 220 picturable nouns (divided into two lists assigned randomly to halves of the sample), according to a 9-point scale. Reliabilities of these ratings were about .98. For comparative purposes, word frequency values for the words were secured from three large word-count studies or, where necessary, from subjective estimates made by 20 adults. Use of these and other variables as predictors of previously obtained picture-naming latencies (Carroll {\&} White, 1973) yielded results supporting the previous finding that age-of-acquisition is a more relevant predictor than word frequency. Some word frequency indices tend to reflect age-of-acquisition, but when this influence is minimized word frequency makes little contribution to the prediction.},
author = {Carroll, John B. and White, Margaret N.},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80036-2},
issn = {00225371},
journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {563--576},
title = {{Age-of-acquisition norms for 220 picturable nouns}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022537173800362},
volume = {12},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Bonin2003,
abstract = {Pictures are often used as stimuli in studies of perception, language, and memory. Since performances on different sets of pictures are generally contrasted, stimulus selection requires the use of standardized material to match pictures across different variables. Unfortunately, the number of standardized pictures available for empirical research is rather limited. The aim of the present study is to provide French normative data for a new set of 299 black-and-white drawings. Alario and Ferrand (1999) were closely followed in that the pictures were standardized on six variables: name agreement, image agreement, conceptual familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, and age of acquisition. Objective frequency measures are also provided for the most common names associated with the pictures. Comparative analyses between our results and the norms obtained in other, similar studies are reported. Finally, naming latencies corresponding to the set of pictures were also collected from French native speakers, and correlational/multiple-regression analyses were performed on naming latencies. This new set of standardized pictures is available on the Internet (http://leadserv.u-bourgogne.fr/bases/pictures/) and should be of great use to researchers when they select pictorial stimuli.},
author = {Bonin, Patrick and Peereman, Ronald and Malardier, Nathalie and M{\'{e}}ot, Alain and Chalard, Maryl{\`{e}}ne},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195507},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {158--167},
title = {{A new set of 299 pictures for psycholinguistic studies: French norms for name agreement, image agreement, conceptual familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, age of acquisition, and naming latencies}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03195507},
volume = {35},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Bellezza1986,
abstract = {No catalog of words currently available contains normative data for large numbers of words rated low or high in affect. A preliminary sample of 1,545 words was rated for pleasantness by 26–33 college students. Of these words, 274 were selected on the basis of their high or low ratings. These words, along with 125 others (Rubin, 1981), were then rated by additional groups of 62–76 college students on 5-point rating scales for the dimensions of pleasantness, imagery, and familiarity. The resulting mean ratings were highly correlated with the ratings obtained by other investigators using some of the same words. However, systematic differences in the ratings were found for male versus female raters. Females tended to use more extreme ratings than did males when rating words on the pleasantness scale. Also, females tended to rate words higher on the imagery and familiarity scales. Whether these sex differences in ratings represent cognitive differences between the sexes or merely differences in response style is a question that can be determined only by further research.},
author = {Bellezza, Francis S. and Greenwald, Anthony G. and Banaji, Mahzarin R.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03204403},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {299--303},
title = {{Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03204403},
volume = {18},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Preti2016,
abstract = {This contribution aims to establish a set of validated vocal Italian pseudowords that convey three emotional tones (angry, happy, and neutral) for prosodic emotional processing research. We elaborated the materials by following a series of specific steps. First, we tested the valence of a set of written pseudowords generated by specific software. Two Italian actors (male and female) then recorded the resulting subset of linguistically legal and neutral pseudowords in three emotional tones. Finally, on the basis of the results of independent ratings of emotional intensity, we selected a set of 30 audio stimuli expressed in each of the three different emotions. Acoustic analyses indicated that the prosodic indexes of fundamental frequency, vocal intensity, and speech rate anchored individual perceptions of the emotions expressed. Finally, the acoustic profile of the set of emotional stimuli confirmed previous findings. The happy tone stimuli showed high f0 values, high intensity, high pitch variability, and a faster speech rate. The angry tone stimuli were also characterized by high f0 and intensity, but by relatively smaller pitch variability and a lower speech rate. This last profile echoes the description of "cold anger." This new set of prosodic emotion stimuli will constitute a useful resource for future research that requires emotional prosody materials. It could be used both for Italian and for cross-language studies.},
author = {Preti, Emanuele and Suttora, Chiara and Richetin, Juliette},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0570-7},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {259--271},
title = {{Can you hear what I feel? A validated prosodic set of angry, happy, and neutral Italian pseudowords}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0570-7},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Pexman2017,
abstract = {Psycholinguistic research has been advanced by the development of word recognition megastudies. For instance, the English Lexicon Project (Balota et al., 2007) provides researchers with access to naming and lexical-decision latencies for over 40,000 words. In the present work, we extended the megastudy approach to a task that emphasizes semantic processing. Using a concrete/abstract semantic decision (i.e., does the word refer to something concrete or abstract?), we collected decision latencies and accuracy rates for 10,000 English words. The stimuli were concrete and abstract words selected from Brysbaert, Warriner, and Kuperman's (2013) comprehensive list of concreteness ratings. In total, 321 participants provided responses to 1,000 words each. Whereas semantic effects tend to be quite modest in naming and lexical decision studies, analyses of the concrete/abstract semantic decision responses show that a substantial proportion of variance can be explained by semantic variables. The item-level and trial-level data will be useful for other researchers interested in the semantic processing of concrete and abstract words},
author = {Pexman, Penny M. and Heard, Alison and Lloyd, Ellen and Yap, Melvin J.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0720-6},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {407--417},
title = {{The Calgary semantic decision project: concrete/abstract decision data for 10,000 English words}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0720-6},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Prada2016,
abstract = {This article presents subjective rating norms for a new set of 600 symbols, depicting various contents (e.g., transportation, technology, and leisure activities) that can be used by researchers in different fields. Symbols were evaluated for aesthetic appeal, familiarity, visual complexity, concreteness, valence, arousal, and meaningfulness. The normative data were obtained from 388 participants, and no gender differences were found. Descriptive results (means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals) for each symbol in each dimension are presented. Overall, the dimensions were highly correlated. Additionally, participants were asked to briefly describe the meaning of each symbol. The results indicate that the present symbol set is varied, allowing for the selection of exemplars with different levels on the seven examined dimensions. This set of symbols constitutes a tool with potential for research in different areas. The database with all of the symbols is available as supplemental materials.},
author = {Prada, Mar{\'{i}}lia and Rodrigues, David and Silva, Rita R. and Garrido, Margarida V.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0643-7},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1370--1382},
title = {{Lisbon Symbol Database (LSD): Subjective norms for 600 symbols}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0643-7},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Brysbaert2017,
abstract = {Age of acquisition (AoA) is an important variable in word recognition research. Up to now, nearly all psychology researchers examining the AoA effect have used ratings obtained from adult participants. An alternative basis for determining AoA is directly testing children's knowledge of word meanings at various ages. In educational research, scholars and teachers have tried to establish the grade at which particular words should be taught by examining the ages at which children know various word meanings. Such a list is available from Dale and O'Rourke's (1981) Living Word Vocabulary for nearly 44 thousand meanings coming from over 31 thousand unique word forms and multiword expressions. The present article relates these test-based AoA estimates to lexical decision times as well as to AoA adult ratings, and reports strong correlations between all of the measures. Therefore, test-based estimates of AoA can be used as an alternative measure.},
author = {Brysbaert, Marc and Biemiller, Andrew},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0811-4},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {1520--1523},
title = {{Test-based age-of-acquisition norms for 44 thousand English word meanings}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0811-4},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Bulkes2017,
abstract = {An idiom is classically defined as a formulaic sequence whose meaning is comprised of more than the sum of its parts. For this reason, idioms pose a unique problem for models of sentence processing, as researchers must take into account how idioms vary and along what dimensions, as these factors can modulate the ease with which an idiomatic interpretation can be activated. In order to help ensure external validity and comparability across studies, idiom research benefits from the availability of publicly available resources reporting ratings from a large number of native speakers. Resources such as the one outlined in the current paper facilitate opportunities for consensus across studies on idiom processing and help to further our goals as a research community. To this end, descriptive norms were obtained for 870 American English idioms from 2,100 participants along five dimensions: familiarity, meaningfulness, literal plausibility, global decomposability, and predictability. Idiom familiarity and meaningfulness strongly correlated with one another, whereas familiarity and meaningfulness were positively correlated with both global decomposability and predictability. Correlations with previous norming studies are also discussed.},
author = {Bulkes, Nyssa Z. and Tanner, Darren},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0747-8},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {772--783},
title = {{“Going to town”: Large-scale norming and statistical analysis of 870 American English idioms}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0747-8},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Marful2015,
abstract = {Knowledge of specific characteristics of verbal material is imperative in cognitive research, and this need calls for periodical updating of normative data. With this aim, and considering that the most recent Spanish-language category norms for adults date back to more than 30 years ago, and that they do not include some very common categories, a new normative study was conducted. In this study, production data for exemplars in the 56 categories of Battig and Montague (Journal of Experimental Psychology, 80, 1-46, 1969) were collected from a pool of 284 young adults who were native speakers of Spanish using an exemplar production task. With the goal of providing a useful tool for cognitive research to be conducted with Spanish-speaking samples, indices of frequency, rank, and lexical availability for the exemplars of each category are provided in a computerized database. The norms described are available for downloading as supplemental material with this article.},
author = {Marful, Alejandra and D{\'{i}}ez, Emiliano and Fernandez, Angel},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0513-8},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {902--910},
title = {{Normative data for the 56 categories of Battig and Montague (1969) in Spanish}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0513-8},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Brodeur2014,
abstract = {Researchers have only recently started to take advantage of the developments in technology and communication for sharing data and documents. However, the exchange of experimental material has not taken advantage of this progress yet. In order to facilitate access to experimental material, the Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS) project was created as a free standardized set of visual stimuli accessible to all researchers, through a normative database. The BOSS is currently the largest existing photo bank providing norms for more than 15 dimensions (e.g. familiarity, visual complexity, manipulability, etc.), making the BOSS an extremely useful research tool and a mean to homogenize scientific data worldwide. The first phase of the BOSS was completed in 2010, and contained 538 normative photos. The second phase of the BOSS project presented in this article, builds on the previous phase by adding 930 new normative photo stimuli. New categories of concepts were introduced, including animals, building infrastructures, body parts, and vehicles and the number of photos in other categories was increased. All new photos of the BOSS were normalized relative to their name, familiarity, visual complexity, object agreement, viewpoint agreement, and manipulability. The availability of these norms is a precious asset that should be considered for characterizing the stimuli as a function of the requirements of research and for controlling for potential confounding effects.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {1203.2655},
author = {Brodeur, Mathieu B. and Gu{\'{e}}rard, Katherine and Bouras, Maria},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0106953},
eprint = {1203.2655},
isbn = {1932-6203},
issn = {19326203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
number = {9},
pmid = {25211489},
title = {{Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS) phase ii: 930 new normative photos}},
volume = {9},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Fernandez2004,
abstract = {The most frequent names in Spanish corresponding to a set of 247 pictures in the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) norms were used as stimuli in a discrete free-association task. A sample of 525 Spanish-speaking participants provided the first word that came to mind for each of the verbal stimuli. Responses were organized according to frequency of production in order to prepare word-association norms for the set of stimuli.},
author = {Fernandez, Angel and Diez, Emiliano and Alonso, Mar{\'{i}}a Angeles and Beato, Mar{\'{i}}a Soledad},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195604},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {577--583},
title = {{Free-association norms for the Spanish names of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03195604},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Marian2012,
abstract = {Past research has demonstrated cross-linguistic, cross-modal, and task-dependent differences in neighborhood density effects, indicating a need to control for neighborhood variables when developing and interpreting research on language processing. The goals of the present paper are two-fold: (1) to introduce CLEARPOND (Cross-Linguistic Easy-Access Resource for Phonological and Orthographic Neighborhood Densities), a centralized database of phonological and orthographic neighborhood information, both within and between languages, for five commonly-studied languages: Dutch, English, French, German, and Spanish; and (2) to show how CLEARPOND can be used to compare general properties of phonological and orthographic neighborhoods across languages. CLEARPOND allows researchers to input a word or list of words and obtain phonological and orthographic neighbors, neighborhood densities, mean neighborhood frequencies, word lengths by number of phonemes and graphemes, and spoken-word frequencies. Neighbors can be defined by substitution, deletion, and/or addition, and the database can be queried separately along each metric or summed across all three. Neighborhood values can be obtained both within and across languages, and outputs can optionally be restricted to neighbors of higher frequency. To enable researchers to more quickly and easily develop stimuli, CLEARPOND can also be searched by features, generating lists of words that meet precise criteria, such as a specific range of neighborhood sizes, lexical frequencies, and/or word lengths. CLEARPOND is freely-available to researchers and the public as a searchable, online database and for download at http://clearpond.northwestern.edu.},
author = {Marian, Viorica and Bartolotti, James and Chabal, Sarah and Shook, Anthony},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0043230},
editor = {White, Stephanie Ann},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {e43230},
title = {{CLEARPOND: Cross-Linguistic Easy-Access Resource for Phonological and Orthographic Neighborhood Densities}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043230},
volume = {7},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Fear1997,
abstract = {The rating of English words and their Welsh equivalents provided the opportunity to compare subjective ratings in two languages as well as the opportunity to compare ratings in a deep and a shallow orthography (English and Welsh, respectively). Four variables—age of acquisition (AOA), familiarity, concreteness, and imageability—were rated. AOA and imageability emerged as the two most important extralingual variables (r=.8 and .73, respectively). Although the patterns of ratings were generally consistent within and between languages, some differences did emerge when these patterns were compared with those from other studies. Using similar instructions to rate familiarity and AOA resulted in a low correlation in English (r=2.5) and a high correlation in Welsh (r=2.84). The mean ratings for familiarity, concreteness, and imageability were higher in Welsh than in English (5.23 vs. 3.35, 5.46 vs. 4.41, and 5.29 vs. 4.38, respectively). Both of these findings are explained in terms of differences in orthographic depth, and it is suggested that Welsh may be a more imageable language than English.},
author = {Fear, William J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200595},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {425--445},
title = {{Ratings for Welsh words and their English equivalents}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03200595},
volume = {29},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Rudell1993,
abstract = {Twenty-four judges estimated the conceptual difficulty level of 870 five-letter words, using a 5-point scale. The words were selected from three word-frequency categories (1, 5–10, and 50–3,562/million) based on the word counts provided by Ku{\v{c}}era and Francis (1967). The ratings were reliable. Tables in this paper list the means and standard deviations of the ratings for each word. Reaction time (RT) for valid word identification was tested in 20 subjects, using four sets of 50 words designed to test the effects of word frequency and word difficulty. RT was longer for more difficult words when word frequency was held constant. A word-frequency effect on RT was present when difficulty was held constant. The relationship of the results to subjective estimates of word familiarity is discussed.},
author = {Rudell, Alan P.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03204543},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {455--463},
title = {{Frequency of word usage and perceived word difficulty: Ratings of Ku{\v{c}}era and Francis words}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03204543},
volume = {25},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Horton1983,
abstract = {Independent groups of subjects generated restricted free associations that either rhymed with the cue or were members of the semantic category designated by the cue. The data include both a listing of the responses to each cue and a cross-index of all words appearing as responses to more than one cue. These data will permit researchers to take into account the a priori associative strength between cues and targets at these two levels of processing.},
author = {Horton, Keith D.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03203459},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {109--110},
title = {{Phonemic and semantic generation norms}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03203459},
volume = {15},
year = {1983}
}
@article{Biersdorff1973,
abstract = {The Palermo and Jenkins (1964) word association norms were recodified, with responses alphabetically arranged, and related to the various levels of stimuli.},
author = {Biersdorff, Kathleen K. and Solso, Robert L.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200115},
issn = {0005-7878},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {14--20},
title = {{A recodification of the Palermo and Jenkins word-association norms}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03200115},
volume = {5},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Ferrand2010,
abstract = {The French Lexicon Project involved the collection of lexical decision data for 38,840 French words and the same number of nonwords. It was directly inspired by the English Lexicon Project (Balota et al., 2007) and produced very comparable frequency and word length effects. The present article describes the methods used to collect the data, reports analyses on the word frequency and the word length effects, and describes the Excel files that make the data freely available for research purposes. The word and pseudoword data from this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Ferrand, Ludovic and New, Boris and Brysbaert, Marc and Keuleers, Emmanuel and Bonin, Patrick and M{\'{e}}ot, Alain and Augustinova, Maria and Pallier, Christophe},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.2.488},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {may},
number = {2},
pages = {488--496},
title = {{The French Lexicon Project: Lexical decision data for 38,840 French words and 38,840 pseudowords}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BRM.42.2.488},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{OReilly2016,
abstract = {The EU-Emotion Stimulus Set is a newly developed collection of dynamic multimodal emotion and mental state representations. A total of 20 emotions and mental states are represented through facial expressions, vocal expressions, body gestures and contextual social scenes. This emotion set is portrayed by a multi-ethnic group of child and adult actors. Here we present the validation results, as well as participant ratings of the emotional valence, arousal and intensity of the visual stimuli from this emotion stimulus set. The EU-Emotion Stimulus Set is available for use by the scientific community and the validation data are provided as a supplement available for download.},
author = {O'Reilly, Helen and Pigat, Delia and Fridenson, Shimrit and Berggren, Steve and Tal, Shahar and Golan, Ofer and B{\"{o}}lte, Sven and Baron-Cohen, Simon and Lundqvist, Daniel},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0601-4},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {567--576},
title = {{The EU-Emotion Stimulus Set: A validation study}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0601-4},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ohlschlager2017,
abstract = {Our visual environment is not random, but follows compositional rules according to what objects are usually found where. Despite the growing interest in how such semantic and syntactic rules - a scene grammar - enable effective attentional guidance and object perception, no common image database containing highly-controlled object-scene modifications has been publically available. Such a database is essential in minimizing the risk that low-level features drive high-level effects of interest, which is being discussed as possible source of controversial study results. To generate the first database of this kind - SCEGRAM - we took photographs of 62 real-world indoor scenes in six consistency conditions that contain semantic and syntactic (both mild and extreme) violations as well as their combinations. Importantly, always two scenes were paired, so that an object was semantically consistent in one scene (e.g., ketchup in kitchen) and inconsistent in the other (e.g., ketchup in bathroom). Low-level salience did not differ between object-scene conditions and was generally moderate. Additionally, SCEGRAM contains consistency ratings for every object-scene condition, as well as object-absent scenes and object-only images. Finally, a cross-validation using eye-movements replicated previous results of longer dwell times for both semantic and syntactic inconsistencies compared to consistent controls. In sum, the SCEGRAM image database is the first to contain well-controlled semantic and syntactic object-scene inconsistencies that can be used in a broad range of cognitive paradigms (e.g., verbal and pictorial priming, change detection, object identification, etc.) including paradigms addressing developmental aspects of scene grammar. SCEGRAM can be retrieved for research purposes from http://www.scenegrammarlab.com/research/scegram-database/ .},
author = {{\"{O}}hlschl{\"{a}}ger, Sabine and V{\~{o}}, Melissa Le-Hoa},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0820-3},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {1780--1791},
title = {{SCEGRAM: An image database for semantic and syntactic inconsistencies in scenes}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0820-3},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Mukherjee2017,
abstract = {This article provides semantic differential ratings of 1,469 concepts in Bengali, a language spoken by about 250 million individuals in eastern India and Bangladesh. These data were collected from 20 male and 20 female Calcutta respondents who rated stimuli on three culturally universal affective dimensions: evaluation–potency–activity (EPA). This study employs pan-respondent component analyses as a means of examining the respondents' usage of the standard EPA scales. The pan-respondent component analyses indicate that some respondents used the rating scales in unexpected ways, recording their feelings about one component of concepts' EPA with ratings on a scale intended to measure a different dimension. When scores were based only on respondents who used the scales appropriately, several interesting patterns were found. For respondents of both genders, potency scores have a curvilinear relation with evaluation, such that very good and very bad concepts are mostly seen as very potent, whereas evaluatively neutral concepts are seen as somewhat impotent or just slightly potent. A moderate linear correlation exists between activity and evaluation, and a modest positive relation exists between potency and activity. Gender correlations are high on evaluation, .93, but much lower for potency scores, with a correlation of .55, and even lower for activity, .30. In this article we examine several explanations for why scales denoting potency and activity were reinterpreted as indicating goodness by certain respondents, and consider the matter of including data collected from respondents who used scales in this way.},
author = {Mukherjee, Shibashis and Heise, David R.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0704-6},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {184--197},
title = {{Affective meanings of 1,469 Bengali concepts}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0704-6},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Monnier2017,
abstract = {FANchild (French Affective Norms for Children) provides norms of valence and arousal for a large corpus of French words (N = 720) rated by 908 French children and adolescents (ages 7, 9, 11, and 13). The ratings were made using the Self-Assessment Manikin (Lang, 1980). Because it combines evaluations of arousal and valence and includes ratings provided by 7-, 9-, 11-, and 13-year-olds, this database complements and extends existing French-language databases. Good response reliability was observed in each of the four age groups. Despite a significant level of consensus, we found age differences in both the valence and arousal ratings: Seven- and 9-year-old children gave higher mean valence and arousal ratings than did the other age groups. Moreover, the tendency to judge words positively (i.e., positive bias) decreased with age. This age- and sex-related database will enable French-speaking researchers to study how the emotional character of words influences their cognitive processing, and how this influence evolves with age. FANchild is available at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Catherine{\_}Monnier/contributions.},
author = {Monnier, Catherine and Syssau, Arielle},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0831-0},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {1882--1893},
title = {{Affective norms for 720 French words rated by children and adolescents (FANchild)}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0831-0},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Nordmann2017,
abstract = {Idiomatic expressions such as kick the bucket or go down a storm can differ on a number of internal features, such as familiarity, meaning, literality, and decomposability, and these types of features have been the focus of a number of normative studies. In this article, we provide normative data for a set of Bulgarian idioms and their English translations, and by doing so replicate in a Slavic language the relationships between the ratings previously found in Romance and Germanic languages. Additionally, we compared whether collecting these types of ratings in between-subjects or within-subjects designs affects the data and the conclusions drawn, and found no evidence that design type affects the final outcome. Finally, we present the results of a meta-analysis that summarizes the relationships found across the literature. As in many previous individual studies, we found that familiarity correlates with a number of other features; however, such studies have shown conflicting results concerning literality and decomposability ratings. The meta-analysis revealed reliable relationships of decomposability with a number of other measures, such as familiarity, meaning, and predictability. Conversely, literality was shown to have little to no relationship with any of the other subjective ratings. The implications for these relationships in the context of the wider experimental literature are discussed, with a particular focus on the importance of attaining familiarity ratings for each sample of participants in experimental work.},
author = {Nordmann, Emily and Jambazova, Antonia A.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0705-5},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {198--215},
title = {{Normative data for idiomatic expressions}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0705-5},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Meuwissen2017,
abstract = {The Developmental Emotional Faces Stimulus Set (DEFSS) is designed to provide a standardized set of emotional stimuli that includes both child and adult faces, and that has been validated by participants across a wide range of ages. This article describes the creation and validation of the DEFSS, which includes 404 validated facial photographs of people between 8 and 30 years old displaying 5 different emotional expressions: happy, angry, fearful, sad, and neutral. The emotions in all photographs were identified correctly by 86{\%} of raters (minimum 55{\%}), and validity did not vary as a function of the age group of the model nor that of the raters, indicating that the pictures are equally appropriate for use across the entire age range. Strengths and limitations of the DEFFS are discussed.},
author = {Meuwissen, Alyssa S. and Anderson, Jacob E. and Zelazo, Philip David},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0756-7},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {3},
pages = {960--966},
title = {{The creation and validation of the Developmental Emotional Faces Stimulus Set}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0756-7},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Michaowski2017,
abstract = {Emotionally charged pictorial materials are frequently used in phobia research, but no existing standardized picture database is dedicated to the study of different phobias. The present work describes the results of two independent studies through which we sought to develop and validate this type of database-a Set of Fear Inducing Pictures (SFIP). In Study 1, 270 fear-relevant and 130 neutral stimuli were rated for fear, arousal, and valence by four groups of participants; small-animal (N = 34), blood/injection (N = 26), social-fearful (N = 35), and nonfearful participants (N = 22). The results from Study 1 were employed to develop the final version of the SFIP, which includes fear-relevant images of social exposure (N = 40), blood/injection (N = 80), spiders/bugs (N = 80), and angry faces (N = 30), as well as 726 neutral photographs. In Study 2, we aimed to validate the SFIP in a sample of spider, blood/injection, social-fearful, and control individuals (N = 66). The fear-relevant images were rated as being more unpleasant and led to greater fear and arousal in fearful than in nonfearful individuals. The fear images differentiated between the three fear groups in the expected directions. Overall, the present findings provide evidence for the high validity of the SFIP and confirm that the set may be successfully used in phobia research.},
author = {Micha{\l}owski, Jaros{\l}aw M. and Dro{\'{z}}dziel, Dawid and Matuszewski, Jacek and Koziejowski, Wojtek and Jednor{\'{o}}g, Katarzyna and Marchewka, Artur},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0797-y},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {1407--1419},
title = {{The Set of Fear Inducing Pictures (SFIP): Development and validation in fearful and nonfearful individuals}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0797-y},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Hunt1978,
abstract = {Rated imagery values are given for the Hunt and Hodge (1971) taxonomic-category names, and are shown to correlate positively with category-name m' as reported by Hunt and Hodge. The presence of a correlation is consistent with findings for other materials (Paivio, 1971). However, neither categoryname m' nor the present values correlate with imagery values from the major scale of imagery in the literature (Paivio, Yuille, {\&} Madigan, 1968), possibly because the Paivio et a1. set of items included many nontaxonomic items or the range of values obscured finer grained differences among taxonomic items.},
author = {Hunt, Karl},
doi = {10.3758/BF03205394},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
month = {sep},
number = {5},
pages = {750--752},
title = {{Imagery values for taxonomic-category names}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03205394},
volume = {10},
year = {1978}
}
@article{Hunt1977,
abstract = {Normative values are given for the rated meaningfulness (m′) of 300 consonant-consonant-consonant trigrams (CCCs). The CCCs were selected from the entire range of association values in Witmer (1935). Thus, they represent a greater range than Costantini and Blackwood's (1968) norms and are more current than the Witmer norms.},
author = {Hunt, Karl},
doi = {10.3758/BF03202289},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
month = {sep},
number = {5},
pages = {469--470},
title = {{Meaningfulness (m′) values for 300 CCCs}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03202289},
volume = {9},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Jones1980,
abstract = {Strings of letters that form words when read both forward and backward (e.g., “deliver” and “reviled”) are termed heteropalindromes. They may be used in both reading research and memory retrieval research. A list of English heteropalindromes that approaches comprehensiveness is reported.},
author = {Jones, Gregory V.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03201691},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {393--394},
title = {{Heteropalindromes}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03201691},
volume = {12},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Nodine1968,
abstract = {All 2100 CVC trigrams were scaled for pronunciability by measuring pronunciation latency (PLat). The resulting distribution of PLat scores was extremely leptokurtic and positively skewed. Scores ranged from a minimum of .531 sec to a maximum of 1.726 sec. Average PLat was .81 sec. The relationship of PLat to Archer meaningfulness was linear; however, the degree of relationship was slight (r=−.37). This finding is interpreted as indicating that PLat is relatively free of bias from such other stimulus attributes as meaningfulness. As such, P Lat is viewed as reflecting a basic processing time for such stimulus materials.},
author = {Nodine, Calvin F. and Hardt, James V.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03208098},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
month = {jan},
number = {6},
pages = {210--216},
title = {{A measure of pronunciability of CVC trigrams}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03208098},
volume = {1},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Whalen1994,
abstract = {The subjective familiarity of 40 homophone pairs was examined. The homophones consisted of monosyllabic English words (on one reading) and male first names (on the other)—for example,art andArt. Subjects heard these homophones embedded in two kinds of lists, one with 40 unambiguous words and one with 40 unambiguous names. Ratings were made for familiarity as words and as names. These correlated significantly with the log of printed frequency (.63 for words, .53 for names). In a final task, just the homophones were presented, and the subjects were asked for a comparative rating of whether the word usage or the name usage was more familiar. This direct comparison correlated well (.91) with the difference between the ratings for the name and word familiarities, but less well (.55) with the differences between the printed frequencies of the word and name meanings. This indicates either consistent biases in the judgments or true differences between printed frequencies and subjective familiarity.},
author = {Whalen, D. H. and Zsiga, Elizabeth C.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03204656},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {402--408},
title = {{Subjective familiarity of English word/name homophones}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03204656},
volume = {26},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Gibson1993,
abstract = {A collection of 4,741 word fragments that have a unique completion is described. All word fragments are specified by two letters (e.g.,{\_}{\_}Q{\_}{\_}U{\_}{\_}can only be completed by the word LIQUEURS). The words completing these fragments range in length from five to nine letters. The fragments are unique with respect to a pool of 146,205 words, which helps rule out the possibility that obscure words could be used as a completion to the fragments. The collection of fragments as well as the words that complete them is available in ASCII format on computer disks or in printed form.},
author = {Gibson, Janet M. and Brooks, John O.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03204542},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {434--454},
title = {{A collection of 4,741 word fragments that have unique completions with respect to 146,205 words}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03204542},
volume = {25},
year = {1993}
}
@article{JØRGENSEN2010,
abstract = {Parent report has proven a valid and cost-effective means of evaluating early child language. Norming datasets for these instruments, which provide the basis for standardized comparisons of individual children to a population, can also be used to derive norms for the acquisition of individual words in production and comprehension and also early gestures and symbolic actions. These lexical norms have a wide range of uses in basic research, assessment and intervention. In addition, cross-linguistic comparisons of lexical development are greatly facilitated by the availability of norms from diverse languages. This report describes the development of CLEX, a new web-based cross-linguistic database for lexical data from adaptations of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. CLEX provides tools for a range of analyses within and across languages. It is designed to incorporate additional language datasets easily, and to permit users to define mappings between lexical items in pairs of languages for more specific cross-linguistic comparisons.},
author = {J{\O}RGENSEN, RUNE N{\O}RGAARD and DALE, PHILIP S. and BLESES, DORTHE and FENSON, LARRY},
doi = {10.1017/S0305000909009544},
issn = {0305-0009},
journal = {Journal of Child Language},
month = {mar},
number = {02},
pages = {419},
title = {{CLEX: A cross-linguistic lexical norms database*}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0305000909009544},
volume = {37},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Ziegler1997,
abstract = {Recent studies suggest that performance attendant on visual word perception is affected not only by feedforward inconsistency (i.e., multiple ways to pronounce a spelling) but also by feedback inconsistency (i.e., multiple ways to spell a pronunciation). In the present study, we provide a statistical analysis of these types of inconsistency for all monosyllabic English words. This database can be used as a tool for controlling, selecting, and constructing stimulus materials for psycholinguistic and neuropsychological research. Such large-scale statistical analyses are necessary devices for developing metrics of inconsistency, for generating hypotheses for psycholinguistic experiments, and for building models of word perception, speech perception, and spelling.},
author = {Ziegler, Johannes C. and Stone, Gregory O. and Jacobs, Arthur M.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03210615},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {600--618},
title = {{What is the pronunciation for -ough and the spelling for /u/? A database for computing feedforward and feedback consistency in English}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03210615},
volume = {29},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Jouravlev2016,
abstract = {Knowledge of thematic relations is an area of increased interest in semantic memory research because it is crucial to many cognitive processes. One methodological issue that researchers face is how to identify pairs of thematically related concepts that are well-established in semantic memory for most people. In this article, we review existing methods of assessing thematic relatedness and provide thematic relatedness production norming data for 100 object concepts. In addition, 1,174 related concept pairs obtained from the production norms were classified as reflecting one of the five subtypes of relations: attributive, argument, coordinate, locative, and temporal. The database and methodology will be useful for researchers interested in the effects of thematic knowledge on language processing, analogical reasoning, similarity judgments, and memory. These data will also benefit researchers interested in investigating potential processing differences among the five types of semantic relations.},
author = {Jouravlev, Olessia and McRae, Ken},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0679-8},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1349--1357},
title = {{Thematic relatedness production norms for 100 object concepts}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0679-8},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Juhasz2015,
abstract = {Since the work of Taft and Forster (1976), a growing literature has examined how English compound words are recognized and organized in the mental lexicon. Much of this research has focused on whether compound words are decomposed during recognition by manipulating the word frequencies of their lexemes. However, many variables may impact morphological processing, including relational semantic variables such as semantic transparency, as well as additional form-related and semantic variables. In the present study, ratings were collected on 629 English compound words for six variables [familiarity, age of acquisition (AoA), semantic transparency, lexeme meaning dominance (LMD), imageability, and sensory experience ratings (SER)]. All of the compound words selected for this study are contained within the English Lexicon Project (Balota et al., 2007), which made it possible to use a regression approach to examine the predictive power of these variables for lexical decision and word naming performance. Analyses indicated that familiarity, AoA, imageability, and SER were all significant predictors of both lexical decision and word naming performance when they were added separately to a model containing the length and frequency of the compounds, as well as the lexeme frequencies. In addition, rated semantic transparency also predicted lexical decision performance. The database of English compound words should be beneficial to word recognition researchers who are interested in selecting items for experiments on compound words, and it will also allow researchers to conduct further analyses using the available data combined with word recognition times included in the English Lexicon Project.},
author = {Juhasz, Barbara J. and Lai, Yun-Hsuan and Woodcock, Michelle L.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0523-6},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1004--1019},
title = {{A database of 629 English compound words: ratings of familiarity, lexeme meaning dominance, semantic transparency, age of acquisition, imageability, and sensory experience}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0523-6},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Imbir2015,
abstract = {This article presents valence/pleasantness, activity/arousal, power/dominance, origin, subjective significance, and source-of-experience norms for 1,586 Polish words (primarily nouns), adapted from the Affective Norms for English Words list (1,040 words) and from my own previous research (546 words), regarding the duality-of-mind approach for emotion formation. This is a first attempt at creating affective norms for Polish words. The norms are based on ratings by a total of 1,670 college students (852 females and 818 males) from different Warsaw universities and academies, studying various disciplines in equal proportions (humanities, engineering, and social and natural sciences) using a 9-point Likert Self-Assessment Manikin scale. Each participant assessed 240 words on six different scales (40 words per scale) using a paper-and-pencil group survey procedure. These affective norms for Polish words are a valid and useful tool that will allow researchers to use standard, well-known verbal materials comparable to the materials used in other languages (English, German, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, etc.). The normative values of the Polish adaptation of affective norms are included in the online supplemental materials for this article.},
author = {Imbir, Kamil K.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0509-4},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {860--870},
title = {{Affective norms for 1,586 polish words (ANPW): Duality-of-mind approach}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0509-4},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Imbir2017,
abstract = {The Affective Norms for Polish Short Texts (ANPST) dataset (Imbir, 2016d) is a list of 718 affective sentence stimuli with known affective properties with respect to subjectively perceived valence, arousal, dominance, origin, subjective significance, and source. This article examines the reliability of the ANPST and the impact of population type and sex on affective ratings. The ANPST dataset was introduced to provide a recognized method of eliciting affective states with linguistic stimuli more complex than single words and that included contextual information and thus are less ambiguous in interpretation than single word. Analysis of the properties of the ANPST dataset showed that norms collected are reliable in terms of split-half estimation and that the distributions of ratings are similar to those obtained in other affective norms studies. The pattern of correlations was the same as that found in analysis of an affective norms dataset for words based on the same six variables. Female psychology students' valence ratings were also more polarized than those of their female student peers studying other subjects, but arousal ratings were only higher for negative words. Differences also appeared for all other measured dimensions. Women's valence ratings were found to be more polarized and arousal ratings were higher than those made by men, and differences were also present for dominance, origin, and subjective significance. The ANPST is the first Polish language list of sentence stimuli and could easily be adapted for other languages and cultures.},
author = {Imbir, Kamil K.},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00855},
issn = {1664-1078},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
month = {may},
title = {{The Affective Norms for Polish Short Texts (ANPST) Database Properties and Impact of Participants' Population and Sex on Affective Ratings}},
url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00855/full},
volume = {8},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Iacullo2016,
abstract = {The present study provides norms for Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists that were used to create false memories in native speakers of Italian. The word lists reported in this article are based on the DRM lists that have been used extensively to examine illusory memories in English speakers (Deese in Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22, 1959; Roediger {\&} McDermott in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, {\&} Cognition, 21, 803-814, 1995). We translated the 24 critical lures from 24 English DRM lists and created semantically associated Italian word lists that were then normed with native Italian speakers. Overall, the participants recalled 63{\%} of the list items and 22{\%} of the critical lures with the word lists developed. In addition, 56{\%} of the list items and 82{\%} of the critical lures were recognized by the participants. The present study provides a set of Italian lists that can be used by researchers interested in evaluating false memories in Italian-speaking participants.},
author = {Iacullo, Vittorio Maria and Marucci, Francesco Saverio},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0582-3},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {381--389},
title = {{Normative data for Italian Deese/Roediger–McDermott lists}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0582-3},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{SchulteimWalde2015,
abstract = {We present a collection of association norms for 246 German depictable compound nouns and their constituents, comprising 58,652 association tokens distributed over 26,004 stimulus–associate pair types. Analyses of the data revealed that participants mainly provided noun associates, followed by adjective and verb associates. In corpus analyses, co-occurrence values for compounds and their associates were below those for nouns in general and their associates. The semantic relations between compound stimuli and their associates were more often co-hyponymy and hypernymy and less often hyponymy than for associations to nouns in general. Finally, we found a moderate correlation between the overlap of the associations to compounds and their constituents and the degree of semantic transparency. These data represent a collection of associations to German compound nouns and their constituents that constitute a valuable resource concerning the lexical semantic properties of the compound stimuli and the semantic relations between the stimuli and their associates. More specifically, the norms can be used for stimulus selection, hypothesis testing, and further research on morphologically complex words. The norms are available in text format (utf-8 encoding) as supplemental materials.},
author = {{Schulte im Walde}, Sabine and Borgwaldt, Susanne R.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0539-y},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1199--1221},
title = {{Association norms for German noun compounds and their constituents}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0539-y},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Horst2016,
abstract = {Many experimental research designs require images of novel objects. Here we introduce the Novel Object and Unusual Name (NOUN) Database. This database contains 64 primary novel object images and additional novel exemplars for ten basic- and nine global-level object categories. The objects' novelty was confirmed by both self-report and a lack of consensus on questions that required participants to name and identify the objects. We also found that object novelty correlated with qualifying naming responses pertaining to the objects' colors. The results from a similarity sorting task (and a subsequent multidimensional scaling analysis on the similarity ratings) demonstrated that the objects are complex and distinct entities that vary along several featural dimensions beyond simply shape and color. A final experiment confirmed that additional item exemplars comprised both sub- and superordinate categories. These images may be useful in a variety of settings, particularly for developmental psychology and other research in the language, categorization, perception, visual memory, and related domains.},
author = {Horst, Jessica S. and Hout, Michael C.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0647-3},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1393--1409},
title = {{The Novel Object and Unusual Name (NOUN) Database: A collection of novel images for use in experimental research}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0647-3},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Hout2014,
abstract = {Cognitive theories in visual attention and perception, categorization, and memory often critically rely on concepts of similarity among objects, and empirically require measures of “sameness” among their stimuli. For instance, a researcher may require similarity estimates among multiple exemplars of a target category in visual search, or targets and lures in recognition memory. Quantifying similarity, however, is challenging when everyday items are the desired stimulus set, particularly when researchers require several different pictures from the same category. In this article, we document a new multidimensional scaling database with similarity ratings for 240 categories, each containing color photographs of 16–17 exemplar objects. We collected similarity ratings using the spatial arrangement method. Reports include: the multidimensional scaling solutions for each category, up to five dimensions, stress and fit measures, coordinate locations for each stimulus, and two new classifications. For each picture, we categorized the item's prototypicality, indexed by its proximity to other items in the space. We also classified pairs of images along a continuum of similarity, by assessing the overall arrangement of each MDS space. These similarity ratings will be useful to any researcher that wishes to control the similarity of experimental stimuli according to an objective quantification of “sameness.”},
author = {Hout, Michael C. and Goldinger, Stephen D. and Brady, Kyle J.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0112644},
editor = {de Beeck, Hans P. Op},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {e112644},
title = {{MM-MDS: A Multidimensional Scaling Database with Similarity Ratings for 240 Object Categories from the Massive Memory Picture Database}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112644},
volume = {9},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Geyer1981,
author = {Geyer, L. H. and Gupta, S. M.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03207295},
issn = {0031-5117},
journal = {Perception {\&} Psychophysics},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {280--282},
title = {{Recognition/confusion of dot matrix vs. conventional font capital letters}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03207295},
volume = {29},
year = {1981}
}
@article{uniewska2016,
abstract = {We present a new set of subjective age-of-acquisition (AoA) ratings for 299 words (158 nouns, 141 verbs) in 25 languages from five language families (Afro-Asiatic: Semitic languages; Altaic: one Turkic language: Indo-European: Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Slavic, and Romance languages; Niger-Congo: one Bantu language; Uralic: Finnic and Ugric languages). Adult native speakers reported the age at which they had learned each word. We present a comparison of the AoA ratings across all languages by contrasting them in pairs. This comparison shows a consistency in the orders of ratings across the 25 languages. The data were then analyzed (1) to ascertain how the demographic characteristics of the participants influenced AoA estimations and (2) to assess differences caused by the exact form of the target question (when did you learn vs. when do children learn this word); (3) to compare the ratings obtained in our study to those of previous studies; and (4) to assess the validity of our study by comparison with quasi-objective AoA norms derived from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI). All 299 words were judged as being acquired early (mostly before the age of 6 years). AoA ratings were associated with the raters' social or language status, but not with the raters' age or education. Parents reported words as being learned earlier, and bilinguals reported learning them later. Estimations of the age at which children learn the words revealed significantly lower ratings of AoA. Finally, comparisons with previous AoA and MB-CDI norms support the validity of the present estimations. Our AoA ratings are available for research or other purposes.},
author = {{\L}uniewska, Magdalena and Haman, Ewa and Armon-Lotem, Sharon and Etenkowski, Bart{\l}omiej and Southwood, Frenette and Anđelkovi{\'{c}}, Darinka and Blom, Elma and Boerma, Tessel and Chiat, Shula and de Abreu, Pascale Engel and Gagarina, Natalia and Gavarr{\'{o}}, Anna and H{\aa}kansson, Gisela and Hickey, Tina and de L{\'{o}}pez, Kristine Jensen and Marinis, Theodoros and Popovi{\'{c}}, Ma{\v{s}}a and Thordardottir, Elin and Bla{\v{z}}ienė, Agnė and S{\'{a}}nchez, Myriam Cant{\'{u}} and Daba{\v{s}}inskienė, Ineta and Ege, Pınar and Ehret, Inger-Anne and Fritsche, Nelly-Ann and Gatt, Daniela and Janssen, Bibi and Kambanaros, Maria and Kapalkov{\'{a}}, Svetlana and Kronqvist, Bjarke and Kunnari, Sari and Levorato, Chiara and Nenonen, Olga and Fhlannchadha, Siobh{\'{a}}n Nic and O'Toole, Ciara and Poli{\v{s}}ensk{\'{a}}, Kamila and Pomiechowska, Barbara and Ringblom, Natalia and Rinker, Tanja and Roch, Maja and Savi{\'{c}}, Maja and Slan{\v{c}}ov{\'{a}}, Daniela and Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria and {\"{U}}nal-Logacev, {\"{O}}zlem},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0636-6},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {1154--1177},
title = {{Ratings of age of acquisition of 299 words across 25 languages: Is there a cross-linguistic order of words?}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0636-6},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{VanderHeijden1984,
abstract = {Developed a confusion matrix using computer-generated continuous-line uppercase letters. Data were gathered from 20 university students. The letters were presented in 1 of 5 possible positions on the circumference of an imaginary circle at 2.75 deg around the fixation point. The resulting matrix is compared with those of J. T. Townsend (see record 1971-28051-001) and G. C. Gilmore et al (1979) and with D. J. Mewhort and M. L. Dow's analysis of the data of Gilmore et al.},
author = {van der Heijden, A. H. C. and Malhas, M. S. M. and van den Roovaart, B. P.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03205927},
issn = {0031-5117},
journal = {Perception {\&} Psychophysics},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {85--88},
title = {{Anempirical interletter confusionmatrix for continuous-line capitals}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03205927},
volume = {35},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Ma2015,
abstract = {Researchers studying a range of psychological phenomena (e.g., theory of mind, emotion, stereotyping and prejudice, interpersonal attraction, etc.) sometimes employ photographs of people as stimuli. In this paper, we introduce the Chicago Face Database, a free resource consisting of 158 high-resolution, standardized photographs of Black and White males and females between the ages of 18 and 40 years and extensive data about these targets. In Study 1, we report pre-testing of these faces, which includes both subjective norming data and objective physical measurements of the images included in the database. In Study 2 we surveyed psychology researchers to assess the suitability of these targets for research purposes and explored factors that were associated with researchers' judgments of suitability. Instructions are outlined for those interested in obtaining access to the stimulus set and accompanying ratings and measures.},
author = {Ma, Debbie S. and Correll, Joshua and Wittenbrink, Bernd},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0532-5},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1122--1135},
title = {{The Chicago face database: A free stimulus set of faces and norming data}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0532-5},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Kyparissiadis2017,
abstract = {Databases containing lexical properties on any given orthography are crucial for psycholinguistic research. In the last ten years, a number of lexical databases have been developed for Greek. However, these lack important part-of-speech information. Furthermore, the need for alternative procedures for calculating syllabic measurements and stress information, as well as combination of several metrics to investigate linguistic properties of the Greek language are highlighted. To address these issues, we present a new extensive lexical database of Modern Greek (GreekLex 2) with part-of-speech information for each word and accurate syllabification and orthographic information predictive of stress, as well as several measurements of word similarity and phonetic information. The addition of detailed statistical information about Greek part-of-speech, syllabification, and stress neighbourhood allowed novel analyses of stress distribution within different grammatical categories and syllabic lengths to be carried out. Results showed that the statistical preponderance of stress position on the pre-final syllable that is reported for Greek language is dependent upon grammatical category. Additionally, analyses showed that a proportion higher than 90{\%} of the tokens in the database would be stressed correctly solely by relying on stress neighbourhood information. The database and the scripts for orthographic and phonological syllabification as well as phonetic transcription are available at http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/greeklex/.},
author = {Kyparissiadis, Antonios and van Heuven, Walter J. B. and Pitchford, Nicola J. and Ledgeway, Timothy},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0172493},
editor = {Perea, Manuel},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {e0172493},
title = {{GreekLex 2: A comprehensive lexical database with part-of-speech, syllabic, phonological, and stress information}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172493},
volume = {12},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Li2016,
abstract = {The most important forms of idioms in Chinese, chengyus (CYs), have a fixed length of four Chinese characters. Most CYs are joined structures of two, two-character words—subject–verb units (SVs), verb–object units (VOs), structures of modification (SMs), or verb–verb units—or of four, one-character words. Both the first and second pairs of words in a four-word CY form an SV, a VO, or an SM. In the present study, normative measures were obtained for knowledge, familiarity, subjective frequency, age of acquisition, predictability, literality, and compositionality for 350 CYs, and the influences of the CYs' syntactic structures on the descriptive norms were analyzed. Consistent with previous studies, all of the norms yielded a high reliability, and there were strong correlations between knowledge, familiarity, subjective frequency, and age of acquisition, and between familiarity and predictability. Unlike in previous studies (e.g., Libben {\&} Titone in Memory {\&} Cognition, 36, 1103–1121, 2008), however, we observed a strong correlation between literality and compositionality. In general, the results seem to support a hybrid view of idiom representation and comprehension. According to the evaluation scores, we further concluded that CYs consisting of just one SM are less likely to be decomposable than those with a VOVO composition, and also less likely to be recognized through their constituent words, or to be familiar to, known by, or encountered by users. CYs with an SMSM composition are less likely than VOVO CYs to be decomposable or to be known or encountered by users. Experimental studies should investigate how a CY's syntactic structure influences its representation and comprehension.},
author = {Li, Degao and Zhang, Yu and Wang, Xiaolu},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0692-y},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1678--1693},
title = {{Descriptive norms for 350 Chinese idioms with seven syntactic structures}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0692-y},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Kong2015,
abstract = {Gestures are commonly used together with spoken language in human communication. One major limitation of gesture investigations in the existing literature lies in the fact that the coding of forms and functions of gestures has not been clearly differentiated. This paper first described a recently developed Database of Speech and GEsture (DoSaGE) based on independent annotation of gesture forms and functions among 119 neurologically unimpaired right-handed native speakers of Cantonese (divided into three age and two education levels), and presented findings of an investigation examining how gesture use was related to age and linguistic performance. Consideration of these two factors, for which normative data are currently very limited or lacking in the literature, is relevant and necessary when one evaluates gesture employment among individuals with and without language impairment. Three speech tasks, including monologue of a personally important event, sequential description, and story-telling, were used for elicitation. The EUDICO Linguistic ANnotator (ELAN) software was used to independently annotate each participant's linguistic information of the transcript, forms of gestures used, and the function for each gesture. About one-third of the subjects did not use any co-verbal gestures. While the majority of gestures were non-content-carrying, which functioned mainly for reinforcing speech intonation or controlling speech flow, the content-carrying ones were used to enhance speech content. Furthermore, individuals who are younger or linguistically more proficient tended to use fewer gestures, suggesting that normal speakers gesture differently as a function of age and linguistic performance.},
author = {{Pak-Hin Kong}, Anthony and Law, Sam-Po and {Ching-Yin Kwan}, Connie and Lai, Christy and Lam, Vivian},
doi = {10.1007/s10919-014-0200-6},
issn = {0191-5886},
journal = {Journal of Nonverbal Behavior},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {93--111},
title = {{A Coding System with Independent Annotations of Gesture Forms and Functions During Verbal Communication: Development of a Database of Speech and GEsture (DoSaGE)}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10919-014-0200-6},
volume = {39},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Kuperman2012,
abstract = {We present age-of-acquisition (AoA) ratings for 30,121 English content words (nouns, verbs, and adjectives). For data collection, this megastudy used the Web-based crowdsourcing technology offered by the Amazon Mechanical Turk. Our data indicate that the ratings collected in this way are as valid and reliable as those collected in laboratory conditions (the correlation between our ratings and those collected in the lab from U.S. students reached .93 for a subsample of 2,500 monosyllabic words). We also show that our AoA ratings explain a substantial percentage of the variance in the lexical-decision data of the English Lexicon Project, over and above the effects of log frequency, word length, and similarity to other words. This is true not only for the lemmas used in our rating study, but also for their inflected forms. We further discuss the relationships of AoA with other predictors of word recognition and illustrate the utility of AoA ratings for research on vocabulary growth.},
author = {Kuperman, Victor and Stadthagen-Gonzalez, Hans and Brysbaert, Marc},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0210-4},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {978--990},
title = {{Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/s13428-012-0210-4},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Gimenes2016,
abstract = {Lexical frequency is one of the strongest predictors of word processing time. The frequencies are often calculated from book-based corpora, or more recently from subtitle-based corpora. We present new frequencies based on Twitter, blog posts, or newspapers for 66 languages. We show that these frequencies predict lexical decision reaction times similar to the already existing frequencies, or even better than them. These new frequencies are freely available and may be downloaded from http://worldlex.lexique.org .},
author = {Gimenes, Manuel and New, Boris},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0621-0},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {963--972},
title = {{Worldlex: Twitter and blog word frequencies for 66 languages}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0621-0},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Gingras2017,
abstract = {Silent-letter endings are often claimed to be a major source of inconsistency in the French orthography. In this report, we introduce Silex, a database designed to facilitate the study of spelling performance in general, and silent-letter endings in particular. It was derived from two large and recent corpora based on child- and adult-targeted material. Silex consists of three kinds of Excel workbooks: a set of Stimuli Selector workbooks that allow researchers to select words based on a variety of statistics and word characteristics; a Table Generator workbook that allows researchers to build consistency distribution tables by selecting specific phonological or orthographic units; and a Master File workbook, from which all statistics were derived, and that allows researchers to compute other statistics. Silex is different from existing databases in the manner that silent-letter endings were coded and how consistency indices were computed. Importantly, Silex provides unconditional- and conditional-consistency indices for silent-letter endings. To demonstrate the utility of Silex, we first described the silent-letter phenomenon in French. We found that, at minimum, 28 {\%} of French words end with a silent letter. Moreover, silent-letter endings are usually t, e, s, x, or d, and the occurrence of these letters is conditioned by the phonological ending of words. Second, we showed how Silex could prove useful for the development of theoretical models and for empirical studies. The novel information provided in Silex as well as the flexibility of this database should enable researchers to advance our understanding of developing and skilled spelling performance.},
author = {Gingras, Maxime and S{\'{e}}n{\'{e}}chal, Monique},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0832-z},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {1894--1904},
title = {{Silex: A database for silent-letter endings in French words}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0832-z},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Forsythe2017,
abstract = {Differences between norm ratings collected when participants are asked to consider more than one picture characteristic are contrasted with the traditional methodological approaches of collecting ratings separately for image constructs. We present data that suggest that reporting normative data, based on methodological procedures that ask participants to consider multiple image constructs simultaneously, could potentially confounded norm data. We provide data for two new image constructs, beauty and the extent to which participants encountered the stimuli in their everyday lives. Analysis of this data suggests that familiarity and encounter are tapping different image constructs. The extent to which an observer encounters an object predicts human judgments of visual complexity. Encountering an image was also found to be an important predictor of beauty, but familiarity with that image was not. Taken together, these results suggest that continuing to collect complexity measures from human judgments is a pointless exercise. Automated measures are more reliable and valid measures, which are demonstrated here as predicting human preferences.},
author = {Forsythe, Alex and Street, Nichola and Helmy, Mai},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0808-z},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {1484--1493},
title = {{Revisiting Rossion and Pourtois with new ratings for automated complexity, familiarity, beauty, and encounter}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0808-z},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Ghasisin2015,
abstract = {Pictures are often used in studies on memory, perception, and language; normative data are thus needed for such visual stimuli. In the present study, we aimed to obtain normative data for a set of 272 black-and-white pictures from middle-aged and elderly Persian speakers. A total of 206 volunteers were divided into two groups: a middle-aged (40-59 years old) group and an elderly (60 years old and over) group. The groups had similar characteristics in terms of education. Norms for every picture were developed to provide measures of name agreement, image agreement, conceptual familiarity, age of acquisition, and visual complexity. The results revealed that all of these measures vary with age, except for conceptual familiarity.},
author = {Ghasisin, Leila and Yadegari, Fariba and Rahgozar, Mehdi and Nazari, Ali and Rastegarianzade, Niloufar},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0537-0},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1148--1158},
title = {{A new set of 272 pictures for psycholinguistic studies: Persian norms for name agreement, image agreement, conceptual familiarity, visual complexity, and age of acquisition}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0537-0},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Gilman2017,
abstract = {Emotions are highly influential to many psychological processes. Indeed, research employing emotional stimuli is rapidly escalating across the field of psychology. However, challenges remain regarding discrete evocation of frequently co-elicited emotions such as amusement and happiness, or anger and disgust. Further, as much contemporary work in emotion employs college students, we sought to additionally evaluate the efficacy of film clips to discretely elicit these more challenging emotions in a young adult population using an online medium. The internet is an important tool for investigating responses to emotional stimuli, but validations of emotionally evocative film clips across laboratory and web-based settings are limited in the literature. An additional obstacle is identifying stimuli amidst the numerous film clip validation studies. During our investigation, we recognized the lack of a categorical database to facilitate rapid identification of useful film clips for individual researchers' unique investigations. Consequently, here we also sought to produce the first compilation of such stimuli into an accessible and comprehensive catalog. We based our catalog upon prior work as well as our own, and identified 24 articles and 295 film clips from four decades of research. We present information on the validation of these clips in addition to our own research validating six clips using online administration settings. The results of our search in the literature and our own study are presented in tables designed to facilitate and improve a selection of highly valid film stimuli for future research.},
author = {Gilman, T. Lee and Shaheen, Razan and Nylocks, K. Maria and Halachoff, Danielle and Chapman, Jessica and Flynn, Jessica J. and Matt, Lindsey M. and Coifman, Karin G.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0842-x},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {2061--2082},
title = {{A film set for the elicitation of emotion in research: A comprehensive catalog derived from four decades of investigation}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0842-x},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Garrido2017,
abstract = {This article presents subjective rating norms for a new set of Stills And Videos of facial Expressions-the SAVE database. Twenty nonprofessional models were filmed while posing in three different facial expressions (smile, neutral, and frown). After each pose, the models completed the PANAS questionnaire, and reported more positive affect after smiling and more negative affect after frowning. From the shooting material, stills and 5 s and 10 s videos were edited (total stimulus set = 180). A different sample of 120 participants evaluated the stimuli for attractiveness, arousal, clarity, genuineness, familiarity, intensity, valence, and similarity. Overall, facial expression had a main effect in all of the evaluated dimensions, with smiling models obtaining the highest ratings. Frowning expressions were perceived as being more arousing, clearer, and more intense, but also as more negative than neutral expressions. Stimulus presentation format only influenced the ratings of attractiveness, familiarity, genuineness, and intensity. The attractiveness and familiarity ratings increased with longer exposure times, whereas genuineness decreased. The ratings in the several dimensions were correlated. The subjective norms of facial stimuli presented in this article have potential applications to the work of researchers in several research domains. From our database, researchers may choose the most adequate stimulus presentation format for a particular experiment, select and manipulate the dimensions of interest, and control for the remaining dimensions. The full stimulus set and descriptive results (means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals) for each stimulus per dimension are provided as supplementary material.},
author = {Garrido, Margarida V. and Lopes, Diniz and Prada, Mar{\'{i}}lia and Rodrigues, David and Jer{\'{o}}nimo, Rita and Mour{\~{a}}o, Rui P.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0790-5},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {1343--1360},
title = {{The many faces of a face: Comparing stills and videos of facial expressions in eight dimensions (SAVE database)}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0790-5},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Ferre2017,
abstract = {The two main theoretical accounts of the human affective space are the dimensional perspective and the discrete-emotion approach. In recent years, several affective norms have been developed from a dimensional perspective, including ratings for valence and arousal. In contrast, the number of published datasets relying on the discrete-emotion approach is much lower. There is a need to fill this gap, considering that discrete emotions have an effect on word processing above and beyond those of valence and arousal. In the present study, we present ratings from 1,380 participants for a set of 2,266 Spanish words in five discrete emotion categories: happiness, anger, fear, disgust, and sadness. This will be the largest dataset published to date containing ratings for discrete emotions. We also present, for the first time, a fine-grained analysis of the distribution of words into the five emotion categories. This analysis reveals that happiness words are the most consistently related to a single, discrete emotion category. In contrast, there is a tendency for many negative words to belong to more than one discrete emotion. The only exception is disgust words, which overlap least with the other negative emotions. Normative valence and arousal data already exist for all of the words included in this corpus. Thus, the present database will allow researchers to design studies to contrast the predictions of the two most influential theoretical perspectives in this field. These studies will undoubtedly contribute to a deeper understanding of the effects of emotion on word processing.},
author = {Ferr{\'{e}}, Pilar and Guasch, Marc and Mart{\'{i}}nez-Garc{\'{i}}a, Natalia and Fraga, Isabel and Hinojosa, Jos{\'{e}} Antonio},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0768-3},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {3},
pages = {1082--1094},
title = {{Moved by words: Affective ratings for a set of 2,266 Spanish words in five discrete emotion categories}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0768-3},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Filliter2016,
abstract = {Houses have often been used as comparison stimuli in face-processing studies because of the many attributes they share with faces (e.g., distinct members of a basic category, consistent internal features, mono-orientation, and relative familiarity

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branch_name: refs/heads/master

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