text:
, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195586},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {388--396},
pmid = {15641428},
title = {{Case-sensitive letter and bigram frequency counts from large-scale English corpora}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Amsel2012,
abstract = {To understand how and when object knowledge influences the neural underpinnings of language compre- hension and linguistic behavior, it is critical to determine the specific kinds of knowledge that people have. To extend the normative data currently available, we report a relatively more comprehensive set of object attribute rating norms for 559 concrete object nouns, each rated on seven attributes corresponding to sensory and motor modalities—color, mo- tion, sound, smell, taste, graspability, and pain—in addition to familiarity (376 raters, M 0 23 raters per item). The mean ratings were subjected to principal-components analysis, revealing two primary dimensions plausibly interpreted as relating to survival. We demonstrate the utility of these ratings in accounting for lexical and semantic decision latencies. These ratings should prove useful for the design and interpretation of experimental tests of conceptual and perceptual object processing.},
author = {Amsel, Ben D. and Urbach, Thomas P. and Kutas, Marta},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0215-z},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Conceptual,Modality,Norms,Object,Perceptual,Ratings,Semantic,Sensory},
number = {4},
pages = {1028--1041},
pmid = {22729692},
title = {{Perceptual and motor attribute ratings for 559 object concepts}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Novick2004,
abstract = {Researchers often require subjects to make judgments that call upon their knowledge of the orthographic structure of English words. Such knowledge is relevant in experiments on, for example, reading, lexical decision, and anagram solution. One common measure of orthographic structure is the sum of the frequencies of consecutive bigrams in the word. Traditionally, researchers have relied on token-based norms of bigram frequencies. These norms confound bigram frequency with word frequency because each instance (i.e., token) of a particular word in a corpus of running text increments the frequencies of the bigrams that it contains. In this article, the authors report a set of type-based bigram frequencies in which each word (i.e., type) contributes only once, thereby unconfounding bigram frequency from word frequency. The authors show that type-based bigram frequency is a better predictor of the difficulty of anagram solution than is token-based frequency. These norms can be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/ .},
author = {Novick, Laura R. and Sherman, Steven J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195587},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {397--401},
pmid = {15641429},
title = {{Type-based bigram frequencies for five-letter words}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03195587},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Ley1974,
abstract = {CVCVC (319) words and paralogs previously assessed for associative reaction time (RT) by Taylor and Kimble were assessed for rated frequency (a′) and scaled rated meaningfulness (m′) following procedures used by Noble. Reliability of the a′ scale, based on three intergroup correlations, resulted in rs of .92, .90 and .89. Reliability of the m′ scale, based on an internal consistency test resulted in a mean discrepancy between the 128 empirical proportions and their corresponding theoretical proportions of 2.4; that is, the average error of reproducing all the original data from m′ scaled values was 2.4{\%}. The r between m′ and RT was .71. {\textcopyright} 1972 Academic Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved.},
author = {Ley, Ronald and Karker, Jurgen},
doi = {10.3758/BF03333514},
issn = {00905054},
journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society},
number = {6},
pages = {421--424},
title = {{Pronunciability ratings of 319 CVCVC words and paralogs previously assessed for meaningfulness and associative reaction time}},
volume = {3},
year = {1974}
}
@article{Solso1976,
abstract = {Tabulations of letter and letter-combination versatility and frequency were made based on the Kucera and Francis (1967) word frequency count. Letter versatility, a new descriptive statistic, was defined as the number of different words in which a letter appears. These tabulations may be useful in the investigation of visual information processing, reading skills, and human memory.},
author = {Solso, Robert L. and King, Joseph F.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03201714},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
number = {3},
pages = {283--286},
title = {{Frequency and versatility of letters in the English language}},
volume = {8},
year = {1976}
}
@article{Stadtlander1997,
abstract = {A number of inconsistencies are evident in the literature examining word-neighborhood size and frequency effects. One reason for the inconsistency may be that there are no standardized materials and criteria used in the different studies. Each experimenter has devised his or her word neighborhoods using different criteria for neighborhood size and frequency. The purpose of the present study was to develop a standardized set of word neighborhoods. 800 orthographic neighborhoods were constructed with 4- and 5-letter words. The word lists were devised relative to the key elements that have been identified in the literature: (1) target-word frequency, (2) number of words in the neighborhood, (3) number of words higher in frequency than the target word, (4) number of letter positions contributing to the neighborhood, and (5) summation of the frequency of all neighbors (providing a standard metric for high- vs low-frequency neighborhoods). ((c) 1998 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved)},
author = {Stadtlander, Lee M.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03210617},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {4},
pages = {636--644},
title = {{A compilation of 800 word neighborhoods by frequency}},
volume = {29},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Solso1980,
abstract = {A comprehensive count of bigram frequencies and versatilities by position was tabulated for 2-9 letter words recorded by H. Kucera and W. Francis (1967). A total of 577 bigrams were found variously distributed throughout words. Such counts should prove useful in determining the orthographic regularity of specific words. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Solso, Robert L. and Juel, Connie L.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03201669},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
number = {3},
pages = {297--343},
title = {{Positional frequency and versatility of bigrams for two- through nine-letter English words}},
volume = {12},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Geyer1977,
abstract = {The confusion matrix for the full lowercase English alphabet is estimated, based upon 25 trials per letter for each of seven subjects. Average correct recognition was controlled to 0.5 by limiting brightness and duration of displays to individually determined levels. Comparison of the obtained data to that reported by Bouma 11971t for eccentric vision supports the conclusion that limited energy foveal recognition is qualitatively different from eccentric vision recognition. Comparison of the obtained data to the uppercase confusion matrix reported by Townsend (1971) supports the inference that recognition performance has more between-letter variability for both recognizability and confusion pairings for the lowercase alphabet than for the upper.},
author = {Geyer, L. H.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03199515},
isbn = {0031-5117},
issn = {00315117},
journal = {Perception {\&} Psychophysics},
number = {5},
pages = {487--490},
pmid = {693256},
title = {{Recognition and confusion of the lowercase alphabet}},
volume = {22},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Keren1981,
abstract = {Several methods to study the recognition and similarity of alphanumeric characters are briefly discussed and evaluated. In particular, the application of the choice-model (Luce, 1959, 1963) to recognition of letters is criticized. A feature analytic model for recognition of alphanumeric characters based on Tversky's (1977) features of similarity is proposed and tested. It is argued that the proposed model: (a) is parsimonious in that it utilizes a relatively small number of parameters, (b) is psychologically more meaningful compared with other approaches in that it is attempting to study underlying processes rather than just reveal a similarity structure, (c) yields predictions that have a high level of fit with the observed data. Possible implications from the use of the model for future research are briefly discussed.},
author = {Keren, Gideon and Baggen, Stan},
doi = {10.3758/BF03207290},
issn = {00315117},
journal = {Perception {\&} Psychophysics},
number = {3},
pages = {234--246},
pmid = {7267275},
title = {{Recognition models of alphanumeric characters}},
volume = {29},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Pineiro2000,
abstract = {This article presents a computerized database of words for use in experimental research in cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics. The data are based on the oral vocabulary of 200 Spanish-speaking children aged from 11.16 to 49.16 months. The database includes 15,428 Spanish words (tokens) and comprises 1,259 different words (types). It provides information about age of acquisition, orthography, grammar, semantics, and frequency.},
author = {Pineiro, Armando and Manzamo, Mayra},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200833},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior research methods},
number = {4},
pages = {616--628},
pmid = {11189861},
title = {{A lexical database for Spanish-speaking children}},
volume = {32},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Pinheiro2010,
abstract = {This study presents a set of sentence contexts and their cloze probabilities for European Portuguese children and adolescents. Seventy-three sentence contexts (35 low- and 38 high-constraint sentence stems) were presented to 90 children and 102 adolescents. Participants were asked to complete the sentence contexts with the first word that came to mind. For each sentence context, responses were listed and cloze probabilities of the words that were chosen to complete the sentence context were computed. Additionally, idiosyncratic and invalid responses (structural and semantic errors) were analyzed. A high degree of consistency in responses among the two age samples (children and adolescents) was found, along with a decrease of idiosyncratic and invalid responses in older participants. These results shed light on age-related changes in the effects of linguistic context on word production, and also in knowledge's representation. The full set of norms may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Pinheiro, Ana P. and Soares, Ana P. and Comesana, Montserrat and Niznikiewicz, Margaret and Goncalves, Oscar F.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.4.1022},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {1022--1029},
pmid = {21139169},
title = {{Sentence-final word completion norms for European Portuguese children and adolescents}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{Lete2004,
abstract = {This article presents MANULEX, a Web-accessible database that provides grade-level word frequency lists of nonlemmatized and lemmatized words (48,886 and 23,812 entries, respectively) computed from the 1.9 million words taken from 54 French elementary school readers. Word frequencies are provided for four levels: first grade (G1), second grade (G2), third to fifth grades (G3-5), and all grades (G1-5). The frequencies were computed following the methods described by Carroll, Davies, and Richman (1971) and Zeno, Ivenz, Millard, and Duvvuri (1995), with four statistics at each level (F, overall word frequency; D, index of dispersion across the selected readers; U, estimated frequency per million words; and SFI, standard frequency index). The database also provides the number of letters in the word and syntactic category information. MANULEX is intended to be a useful tool for studying language development through the selection of stimuli based on precise frequency norms. Researchers in artificial intelligence can also use it as a source of information on natural language processing to simulate written language acquisition in children. Finally, it may serve an educational purpose by providing basic vocabulary lists.},
author = {L{\'{e}}t{\'{e}}, Bernard and Sprenger-Charolles, Liliane and Col{\'{e}}, Pascale},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195560},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {07433808},
number = {1},
pages = {156--166},
pmid = {15190710},
title = {{MANULEX: A grade-level lexical database from French elementary school readers}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Nishimoto2012,
abstract = {Picture naming was investigated primarily to determine its dependence on certain imagery-related variables, with a secondary aim of developing a new set of Japanese norms for 360 pictures. Pictures refined from the original Nishimoto, Miyawaki, Ueda, Une, and Takahashi (Behavior Research Methods 37:398-416, 2005) set were used. Naming behaviors were measured using four imagery-related measures (imageability, vividness, image agreement, and image variability) and four conventional measures (naming time, name agreement, familiarity, and age of acquisition), as well as a number of other measures (17 total). A simultaneous multiple regression analysis performed on naming times showed that the most reliable predictor was H, a measure of name diversity; two image-related measures (image agreement and vividness) and age of acquisition also contributed substantially to the prediction of naming times. The accuracy of picture naming (measured as name agreement) was predicted by vividness, age of acquisition, familiarity, and image agreement. This suggests that certain processes involving mental imagery play a role in picture naming. The full set of norms and pictures may be downloaded from http://www.psychonomic.org/archive/ or along with the article from http://www.springerlink.com .},
author = {Nishimoto, Takehiko and Ueda, Takashi and Miyawaki, Kaori and Une, Yuko and Takahashi, Masaru},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0176-7},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Age of acquisition,Familiarity,Image agreement,Image variability,Imageability,Name agreement,Picture naming,Vividness},
number = {4},
pages = {934--945},
pmid = {22222412},
title = {{The role of imagery-related properties in picture naming: A newly standardized set of 360 pictures for Japanese}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Nishimoto2010,
abstract = {Our purpose in the present study is to provide a normative set of nonsensical pictures known as droodles and to demonstrate the role of semantic comprehension in facilitating recall of pictorial stimuli. The set consists of 98 pairs of droodles. Experiment 1 standardized these pictorial stimuli with respect to several variables, such as appropriateness of verbal labels, relationship between two droodles, and correct recall. Appropriateness of verbal labels was rated higher for pictures presented in pairs than for pictures presented singly. Experiment 2 used the standardized set of droodles in a recall experiment similar to those of Bower, Karlin, and Dueck (1975) and others. As we expected, semantic interpretation can strongly facilitate recall. Multiple regression analysis showed that several measures had significant power of explanation for recall performance. The full set of norms and pictures from this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Nishimoto, Takehiko and Ueda, Takashi and Miyawaki, Kaori and Une, Yuko and Takahashi, Masaru},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.3.685},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {685--691},
pmid = {20805590},
title = {{A normative set of 98 pairs of nonsensical pictures (droodles)}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Leveau2012,
abstract = {In this article, we present a set of 12 norms that characterize emotional terms in French, English, German, Spanish, Italian, and Finnish. The high correlation between the norm values in the two emotional dimensions of valence and arousal suggests an interlingual homogeneity of emotional representations and allows a significant metanorm-EMONORM-to be established with 6,383 terms characterized in valence and 4,345 terms characterized in arousal. This metanorm is a resource for creating experimental materials in studies on language and emotions. Furthermore, we perform three tests using EMONORM, with the objectives of (1) identifying basic emotions from their valence and arousal values, (2) determining the orientation of texts referring to positive and negative emotions, and (3) evaluating the intensity of emotions expressed in texts. The results are highly similar to those for human judgments. Finally, we present EMOVAL/SEMOTEX, a Web application for static and dynamic valence and arousal emotional analysis of texts using EMONORM ( http://www.semotex.fr ).},
author = {Leveau, Nicolas and Jhean-Larose, Sandra and Denhi{\`{e}}re, Guy and Nguyen, Ba Linh},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0208-y},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Arousal,EMOVAL,Emotion,Emotional metanorm,Valence},
number = {4},
pages = {1007--1014},
pmid = {22833353},
title = {{Validating an interlingual metanorm for emotional analysis of texts}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Peereman1999,
abstract = {During the last 20 years, psycholinguistic research has identified many variables that influence reading and spelling processes. We describe a new computerized lexical database, LEXOP, which provides quantitative descriptors about the relations between orthography and phonology for French monosyllabic words. Three main classes of variables are considered: consistency of print-to-sound and sound-to-print associations, frequency of orthography-phonology correspondences, and word neighborhood characteristics.},
author = {Peereman, Ronald and Content, Alain},
doi = {10.3758/BF03207735},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {2},
pages = {376--379},
pmid = {10495825},
title = {{LEXOP: A lexical database providing orthography-phonology statistics for French monosyllabic words}},
volume = {31},
year = {1999}
}
@misc{Leung2004,
abstract = {This article reports, for the first time, type and token frequencies of tones, onsets, codas, rimes, and syllables of Hong Kong Cantonese. The information is derived from a computerized spoken corpus, the Hong Kong Cantonese adult language corpus (HKCAC; Leung {\&} Law, 2001), consisting of more than 140,000 character-syllable units. Since the HKCAC is based on recordings of connected speech, comparisons are made with respect to the inventories of various phonological units between the HKCAC and standard descriptions of the Cantonese phonological system--in particular, Fok (1974) and Bauer and Benedict (1997). It is hoped that the frequency information presented here will become a valuable tool for future psycholinguistic and linguistic research in this language. The full set of these frequency counts may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society Web archive at www.psychonomic.org/ archive/.},
author = {Leung, Man Tak and Law, Sam Po and Fung, Suk Yee},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195596},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)$\backslash$r0743-3808 (Linking)},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {500--505},
pmid = {15641438},
title = {{Type and token frequencies of phonological units in Hong Kong Cantonese}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Pare2009,
abstract = {It has been demonstrated previously that, for some experimental paradigms, Web-based research can reliably replicate lab-based results. Yet questions remain as to what types of research can be reproduced, and where differences arise when they cannot be. The present article examines the effect of research location (laboratory vs. online) on normative data collection tasks. Specifically, participants were randomly assigned to a laboratory or online condition and were asked to rate 593 photorealistic images on the basis of object familiarity (N=103) and object visual complexity (N=98). Dependent measures were compared across location conditions, including response latencies and image rating agreement. Our results suggest that norming data collected online are reliable, but an interesting interplay between task type and research location was observed. Specifically, we found that participating online (i.e., a more familiar environment) leads to systematically higher familiarity ratings than in the lab (i.e., an unfamiliar environment). These differences are not found when the alternate complexity rating task is used.},
author = {Pare, Dwayne E. and Cree, George S.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.3.699},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {699--704},
pmid = {19587181},
title = {{Web-based image norming: How do object familiarity and visual complexity ratings compare when collected in-lab versus online?}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Olmos2009,
abstract = {In this study, we compared four expert graders with latent semantic analysis (LSA) to assess short summaries of an expository text. As is well known, there are technical difficulties for LSA to establish a good semantic representation when analyzing short texts. In order to improve the reliability of LSA relative to human graders, we analyzed three new algorithms by two holistic methods used in previous research (Le{\'{o}}n, Olmos, Escudero, Ca{\~{n}}as, {\&} Salmer{\'{o}}n, 2006). The three new algorithms were (1) the semantic common network algorithm, an adaptation of an algorithm proposed by W. Kintsch (2001, 2002) with respect to LSA as a dynamic model of semantic representation; (2) a best-dimension reduction measure of the latent semantic space, selecting those dimensions that best contribute to improving the LSA assessment of summaries (Hu, Cai, Wiemer-Hastings, Graesser, {\&} McNamara, 2007); and (3) the Euclidean distance measure, used by Rehder et al. (1998), which incorporates at the same time vector length and the cosine measures. A total of 192 Spanish middle-grade students and 6 experts took part in this study. They read an expository text and produced a short summary. Results showed significantly higher reliability of LSA as a computerized assessment tool for expository text when it used a best-dimension algorithm rather than a standard LSA algorithm. The semantic common network algorithm also showed promising results.},
author = {Olmos, Ricardo and Le{\'{o}}n, Jos{\'{e}} A. and Jorge-Botana, Guillermo and Escudero, Inmaculada},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.3.944},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {944--950},
pmid = {19587211},
title = {{New algorithms assessing short summaries in expository texts using latent semantic analysis}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Parisse2000,
abstract = {The use of computer tools has led to major advances in the study of spoken language corpora. One area that has shown particular progress is the study of child language development. Although it is now easy to lexically tag every word in a spoken language corpus, one still has to choose between numerous ambiguous forms, especially with languages such as French or English, where more than 70{\%} of words are ambiguous. Computational linguistics can now provide a fully automatic disambiguation of lexical tags. The tool presented here (POST) can tag and disambiguate a large text in a few seconds. This tool complements systems dealing with language transcription and suggests further theoretical developments in the assessment of the status of morphosyntax in spoken language corpora. The program currently works for French and English, but it can be easily adapted for use with other languages. The analysis and computation of a corpus produced by normal French children 2-4 years of age, as well as of a sample corpus produced by French SLI children, are given as examples.},
author = {Parisse, C and {Le Normand}, M T},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200818},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior research methods, instruments, {\&} computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc},
number = {3},
pages = {468--481},
pmid = {11029822},
title = {{Automatic disambiguation of morphosyntax in spoken language corpora.}},
volume = {32},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Perea2006,
abstract = {We describe a Windows program that enables users to obtain a broad range of statistics concerning the properties of word and nonword stimuli in an agglutinative language (Basque), including measures of word frequency (at the whole-word and lemma levels), bigram and biphone frequency, orthographic similarity, orthographic and phonological structure, and syllable-based measures. It is designed for use by researchers in psycholinguistics, particularly those concerned with recognition of isolated words and morphology. In addition to providing standard orthographic and phonological neighborhood measures, the program can be used to obtain information about other forms of orthographic similarity, such as transposed-letter similarity and embedded-word similarity. It is available free of charge from www .uv.es/mperea/E-Hitz.zip.},
author = {Perea, Manuel and Urkia, Miriam and Davis, Colin J. and Agirre, Ainhoa and Laseka, Edurne and Carreiras, Manuel},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193893},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {610--615},
pmid = {17393832},
title = {{E-Hitz: A word frequency list and a program for deriving psycholinguistic statistics in an agglutinative language (Basque)}},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@misc{Peereman2007,
abstract = {It is well known that the statistical characteristics of a language, such as word frequency or the consistency of the relationships between orthography and phonology, influence literacy acquisition. Accordingly, linguistic databases play a central role by compiling quantitative and objective estimates about the principal variables that affect reading and writing acquisition. We describe a new set of Web-accessible databases of French orthography whose main characteristic is that they are based on frequency analyses of words occurring in reading books used in the elementary school grades. Quantitative estimates were made for several infralexical variables (syllable, grapheme-to-phoneme mappings, bigrams) and lexical variables (lexical neighborhood, homophony and homography). These analyses should permit quantitative descriptions of the written language in beginning readers, the manipulation and control of variables based on objective data in empirical studies, and the development of instructional methods in keeping with the distributional characteristics of the orthography.},
author = {Peereman, Ronald and L{\'{e}}t{\'{e}}, Bernard and Sprenger-Charolles, Liliane},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193029},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {3},
pages = {579--589},
pmid = {17958171},
title = {{Manulex-infra: Distributional characteristics of grapheme-phoneme mappings, and infralexical and lexical units in child-directed written material}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@inproceedings{Shaoul2006,
abstract = {The HAL (hyperspace analog to language) model of lexical semantics uses global word co-occurrence from a large corpus of text to calculate the distance between words in co-occurrence space. We have implemented a system called HiDEx (High Dimensional Explorer) that extends HAL in two ways: It removes unwanted influence of orthographic frequency from the measures of distance, and it finds the $\backslash$nnumber of words within a certain distance of the word of interest (NCount, the number of neighbors). These two changes to the HAL model produce measures of word neighborhood density that are reliably predictive of human lexical decision reaction times.},
author = {Shaoul, Cyrus and Westbury, Chris},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192768},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {2},
pages = {190--195},
pmid = {16956093},
title = {{Word frequency effects in high-dimensional co-occurrence models: A new approach}},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Schroder2012,
abstract = {The present study introduces the first substantial German database with norms for semantic typicality, age of acquisition, and concept familiarity for 824 exemplars of 11 semantic categories, including four natural (ANIMALS, BIRDS, FRUITS,: and VEGETABLES: ) and five man-made (CLOTHING, FURNITURE, VEHICLES, TOOLS: , and MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS: ) categories, as well as PROFESSIONS: and SPORTS: . Each category exemplar in the database was collected empirically in an exemplar generation study. For each category exemplar, norms for semantic typicality, estimated age of acquisition, and concept familiarity were gathered in three different rating studies. Reliability data and additional analyses on effects of semantic category and intercorrelations between age of acquisition, semantic typicality, concept familiarity, word length, and word frequency are provided. Overall, the data show high inter- and intrastudy reliabilities, providing a new resource tool for designing experiments with German word materials. The full database is available in the supplementary material of this file and also at www.psychonomic.org/archive .},
author = {Schr{\"{o}}der, Astrid and Gemballa, Teresa and Ruppin, Steffie and Wartenburger, Isabell},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0164-y},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Age of acquisition,Concept familiarity,Exemplar generation,German database,Lexical-semantic processing,Norm data,Semantic categories,Semantic typicality},
number = {2},
pages = {380--394},
pmid = {22190280},
title = {{German norms for semantic typicality, age of acquisition, and concept familiarity}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Schock2012,
abstract = {We provide imageability estimates for 3,000 disyllabic words (as supplementary materials that may be downloaded with the article from www.springerlink.com ). Imageability is a widely studied lexical variable believed to influence semantic and memory processes (see, e.g., Paivio, 1971). In addition, imageability influences basic word recognition processes (Plaut, McClelland, Seidenberg, {\&} Patterson, 1996). In fact, neuroimaging studies have suggested that reading high- and low-imageable words elicits distinct neural activation patterns for the two types e.g., Bedny {\&} Thompson-Schill (Brain and Language 98:127-139, 2006; Graves, Binder, Desai, Conant, {\&} Seidenberg NeuroImage 53:638-646, 2010). Despite the usefulness of this variable, imageability estimates have not been available for large sets of words. Furthermore, recent megastudies of word processing e.g., Balota et al. (Behavior Research Methods 39:445-459, 2007) have expanded the number of words that interested researchers can select according to other lexical characteristics (e.g., average naming latencies, lexical decision times, etc.). However, the dearth of imageability estimates (as well as those of other lexical characteristics) limits the items that researchers can include in their experiments. Thus, these imageability estimates for disyllabic words expand the number of words available for investigations of word processing, which should be useful for researchers interested in the influences of imageability both as an input and as an outcome variable.},
author = {Schock, Jocelyn and Cortese, Michael J. and Khanna, Maya M. and Toppi, Sean},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0209-x},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Age of acquisition,Disyllabic,Semantic locus,Word recognition},
number = {4},
pages = {971--977},
pmid = {22037976},
title = {{Age of acquisition estimates for 3,000 disyllabic words}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@misc{Schwitter2004,
abstract = {The aim of the present study was to provide French normative data for 112 action line drawings. The set of action pictures consisted of 71 drawings taken from Masterson and Druks (1998) and 41 additional drawings. It was standardized on six psycholinguistic variables--that is, name agreement, image agreement, image variability, visual complexity, conceptual familiarity, and age of acquisition (AoA). Naming latencies to the action pictures were collected, and a regression analysis was performed on the naming latencies, with the standardized variables, as well as with word frequency and length, taken as predictors. A reliable influence of AoA, name agreement, and image agreement on the naming latencies was observed. The findings are consistent with previous published studies in other languages. The full set of these norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
author = {Schwitter, Val{\'{e}}rie and Boyer, Bruno and M{\'{e}}ot, Alain and Bonin, Patrick and Laganaro, Marina},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195603},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {564--576},
pmid = {15641445},
title = {{French normative data and naming times for action pictures}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@misc{Nelson2004,
abstract = {Preexisting word knowledge is accessed in many cognitive tasks, and this article offers a means for indexing this knowledge so that it can be manipulated or controlled. We offer free association data for 72,000 word pairs, along with over a million entries of related data, such as forward and backward strength, number of competing associates, and printed frequency. A separate file contains the 5,019 normed words, their statistics, and thousands of independently normed rhyme, stem, and fragment cues. Other files provide n x n associative networks for more than 4,000 words and a list of idiosyncratic responses for each normed word. The database will be useful for investigators interested in cuing, priming, recognition, network theory, linguistics, and implicit testing applications. They also will be useful for evaluating the predictive value of free association probabilities as compared with other measures, such as similarity ratings and co-occurrence norms. Of several procedures for measuring preexisting strength between two words, the best remains to be determined. The norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
author = {Nelson, Douglas L. and McEvoy, Cathy L. and Schreiber, Thomas A.},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195588},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)$\backslash$r0743-3808 (Linking)},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {402--407},
pmid = {15641430},
title = {{The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Shaoul2010,
abstract = {Hyperspace analog to language (HAL) is a high-dimensional model of semantic space that uses the global co-occurrence frequency of words in a large corpus of text as the basis for a representation of semantic memory. In the original HAL model, many parameters were set without any a priori rationale. We have created and publicly released a computer application, the High Dimensional Explorer (HiDEx), that makes it possible to systematically alter the values of these parameters to examine their effect on the co-occurrence matrix that instantiates the model. We took an empirical approach to understanding the influence of the parameters on the measures produced by the models, looking at how well matrices derived with different parameters could predict human reaction times in lexical decision and semantic decision tasks. New parameter sets give us measures of semantic density that improve the model's ability to predict behavioral measures. Implications for such models are discussed.},
author = {Shaoul, Cyrus and Westbury, Chris},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.2.393},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {393--413},
pmid = {20479171},
title = {{Exploring lexical co-occurrence space using HiDEx}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Nishimoto2005,
abstract = {This study provides Japanese normative measures for 359 line drawings, including 260 pictures (44 redrawn) taken from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980). The pictures have been standardized on voice key naming times, name agreement, age of acquisition, and familiarity. The data were compared with American, Spanish, French, and Icelandic samples reported in previous studies. In general, the correlations between variables in the present study and those in the other studies were relatively high, except for name agreement. Naming times were predicted in multiple regression analyses by name agreement. The full set of the norms and the new pictures may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
author = {Nishimoto, Takehiko and Miyawaki, Kaori and Ueda, Takashi and Une, Yuko and Takahashi, Masaru},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192709},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {398--416},
pmid = {16405135},
title = {{Japanese normative set of 359 pictures}},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Migo2010,
abstract = {Word stem completion tasks involve showing participants a number of words and then later asking them to complete word stems to make a full word. If the stem is completed with one of the studied words, it indicates memory. It is a test widely used to assess both implicit and explicit forms of memory. An important aspect of stimulus selection is that target words should not frequently be generated spontaneously from the word stem, to ensure that production of the word really represents memory. In this article, we present a database of spontaneous stem completion rates for 395 stems from a group of 80 British undergraduate psychology students. It includes information on other characteristics of the words (word frequency, concreteness, imageability, age of acquisition, common part of speech, and number of letters) and, as such, can be used to select suitable words to include in a stem completion task. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Migo, Ellen M. and Roper, Adrian and Montaldi, Daniela and Mayes, Andrew R.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.2.470},
isbn = {1554351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {470--473},
pmid = {20479177},
title = {{British English norms for the spontaneous completion of three-letter word stems}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{New2004,
abstract = {In this article, we present a new lexical database for French: Lexique. In addition to classical word information such as gender, number, and grammatical category, Lexique includes a series of interesting new characteristics. First, word frequencies are based on two cues: a contemporary corpus of texts and the number of Web pages containing the word. Second, the database is split into a graphemic table with all the relevant frequencies, a table structured around lemmas (particularly interesting for the study of the inflectional family), and a table about surface frequency cues. Third, Lexique is distributed under a GNU-like license, allowing people to contribute to it. Finally, a metasearch engine, Open Lexique, has been developed so that new databases can be added very easily to the existing ones. Lexique can either be downloaded or interrogated freely from http://www.lexique.org.},
author = {New, Boris and Pallier, Christophe and Brysbaert, Marc and Ferrand, Ludovic},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195598},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)$\backslash$r0743-3808 (Linking)},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {516--524},
pmid = {15641440},
title = {{Lexique 2: A new French lexical database}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Moors2013,
abstract = {This article presents norms of valence/pleasantness, activity/arousal, power/dominance, and age of acquisition for 4,300 Dutch words, mainly nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. The norms are based on ratings with a 7-point Likert scale by independent groups of students from two Belgian (Ghent and Leuven) and two Dutch (Rotterdam and Leiden-Amsterdam) samples. For each variable, we obtained high split-half reliabilities within each sample and high correlations between samples. In addition, the valence ratings of a previous, more limited study (Hermans {\&} De Houwer, Psychologica Belgica, 34:115-139, 1994) correlated highly with those of the present study. Therefore, the new norms are a valuable source of information for affective research in the Dutch language.},
author = {Moors, Agnes and {De Houwer}, Jan and Hermans, Dirk and Wanmaker, Sabine and van Schie, Kevin and {Van Harmelen}, Anne Laura and {De Schryver}, Maarten and {De Winne}, Jeffrey and Brysbaert, Marc},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0243-8},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Age of acquisition,Arousal,Dominance,Frequency,Lexical norms,Valence,Word length},
number = {1},
pages = {169--177},
pmid = {22956359},
title = {{Norms of valence, arousal, dominance, and age of acquisition for 4,300 Dutch words}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Meteyard2009,
abstract = {A strong body of work has explored the interaction between visual perception and language comprehension; for example, recent studies exploring predictions from embodied cognition have focused particularly on the common representation of sensory-motor and semantic information. Motivated by this background, we provide a set of norms for the axis and direction of motion implied in 299 English verbs, collected from approximately 100 native speakers of British English. Until now, there have been no freely available norms of this kind for a large set of verbs that can be used in any area of language research investigating the semantic representation of motion. We have used these norms to investigate the interaction between language comprehension and low-level visual processes involved in motion perception, validating the norming procedure's ability to capture the motion content of individual verbs. Supplemental materials for this study may be downloaded from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Meteyard, Lotte and Vigliocco, Gabriella},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.2.565},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {565--574},
pmid = {19363199},
title = {{Verbs in space: Axis and direction of motion norms for 299 English verbs}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Minear2004,
abstract = {Faces constitute a unique and widely used category of stimuli. In spite of their importance, there are few collections of faces for use in research, none of which adequately represent the different ages of faces across the lifespan. This lack of a range of ages has limited the majority of researchers to using predominantly young faces as stimuli even when their hypotheses concern both young and old participants. We describe a database of 575 individual faces ranging from ages 18 to 93. Our database was developed to be more representative of age groups across the lifespan, with a special emphasis on recruiting older adults. The resulting database has faces of 218 adults age 18-29, 76 adults age 30-49, 123 adults age 50-69, and 158 adults age 70 and older. These faces may be acquired for research purposes from http://agingmind.cns.uiuc.edu/facedb/. This will allow researchers interested in using facial stimuli access to a wider age range of adult faces than has previously been available.},
author = {Minear, Meredith and Park, Denise C.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03206543},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)$\backslash$r0743-3808 (Linking)},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {4},
pages = {630--633},
pmid = {15641408},
title = {{A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Myers2011,
abstract = {This study examines the relationship between the linguistic characteristics of body paragraphs of student essays and the total number of paragraphs in the essays. Results indicate a significant relationship between the total number of paragraphs and a variety of linguistic characteristics known to affect student essay scores. These linguistic characteristics (e.g., semantic overlap, syntactic complexity) contribute to two underlying factors (i.e., textual cohesion and difficulty) that are used as dependent variables in mixed-effect models. Results suggest that student essays with 5-8 paragraphs tend to be more linguistically consistent than student essays with 3, 4, and 9 paragraphs. Essays with totals of 5-8 paragraphs, considered by many educators to contain an optimal number of paragraphs, may include functionally and structurally similar paragraphs. These findings could aid writing researchers and educators in obtaining a clearer view of the relationship between the total number of paragraphs comprising an essay and the linguistic characteristics that affect essay evaluation. Consequently, writing interventions may become better equipped to pinpoint student difficulties and facilitate student writing skills by providing more detailed and informed feedback.},
author = {Myers, John C. and McCarthy, Philip M. and Duran, Nicholas D. and McNamara, Danielle S.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-010-0021-4},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Coh-metrix,Cohesion,Essay evaluation,NLP,Text difficulty,Writing ability},
number = {1},
pages = {201--209},
pmid = {21287126},
title = {{The bit in the middle and why it's important: A computational analysis of the linguistic features of body paragraphs}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Munro2008,
abstract = {Although many individual speech contrasts pairs have been studied within the cross-language literature, no one has created a comprehensive and systematic set of such stimuli. This article justifies and details an extensive set of contrast pairs for Mandarin Chinese and American English. The stimuli consist of 180 pairs of CVC syllables recorded in two tokens each (720 syllables total). Between each CVC pair, two of the segments are identical, whereas the third differs in that a segment drawn from a "native" phonetic category (either Mandarin, English, or both) is partnered with a segment drawn from a "foreign" phonetic category (nonnative to Mandarin, English, or both). Each contrast pair differs by a minimal phonetic amount and constitutes a meaningful contrast among the world's languages (as cataloged in the UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database of 451 languages). The entire collection of phonetic differences envelops Mandarin and English phonetic spaces and generates a range of phonetic discriminability. Contrastive segments are balanced through all possible syllable positions, with noncontrastive segments being filled in with other "foreign" segments. Although intended to measure phonetic perceptual sensitivity among adult speakers of the two languages, these stimuli are offered here to all for similar or for altogether unrelated investigations.},
author = {Munro, Miles},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.1.147},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {147--153},
pmid = {18411537},
title = {{CVC syllables for investigating the phonetic sensitivity of Mandarin and English speakers}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Schock2011,
abstract = {We provide imageability estimates for 3,000 disyllabic words (as supplementary materials that may be downloaded with the article from www.springerlink.com ). Imageability is a widely studied lexical variable believed to influence semantic and memory processes (see, e.g., Paivio, 1971). In addition, imageability influences basic word recognition processes (Plaut, McClelland, Seidenberg, {\&} Patterson, 1996). In fact, neuroimaging studies have suggested that reading high- and low-imageable words elicits distinct neural activation patterns for the two types e.g., Bedny {\&} Thompson-Schill (Brain and Language 98:127-139, 2006; Graves, Binder, Desai, Conant, {\&} Seidenberg NeuroImage 53:638-646, 2010). Despite the usefulness of this variable, imageability estimates have not been available for large sets of words. Furthermore, recent megastudies of word processing e.g., Balota et al. (Behavior Research Methods 39:445-459, 2007) have expanded the number of words that interested researchers can select according to other lexical characteristics (e.g., average naming latencies, lexical decision times, etc.). However, the dearth of imageability estimates (as well as those of other lexical characteristics) limits the items that researchers can include in their experiments. Thus, these imageability estimates for disyllabic words expand the number of words available for investigations of word processing, which should be useful for researchers interested in the influences of imageability both as an input and as an outcome variable.},
author = {Schock, Jocelyn and Cortese, Michael J M.J. and Khanna, Maya M},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0162-0},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior research methods},
keywords = {1978,a,battig,concreteness,disyllabic words,imageability,in memory and word,mental picture of a,particular word elicits a,processing,refers to how easily,s referent,the construct of imageability,toglia,word},
number = {1971},
pmid = {22037976},
title = {{Imageability estimates for 3,000 disyllabic words.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22037976},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Roberts2005,
abstract = {Syllogistic reasoning, in which people identify conclusions from quantified premise pairs, remains a benchmark task whose patterns of data must be accounted for by general theories of deductive reasoning. However, psychologists have confined themselves to administering only the 64 premise pairs historically identified by Aristotle. By utilizing all combinations of negations, the present article identifies an expanded set of 576 premise pairs and gives the valid conclusions that they support. Many of these have interesting properties, and the identification of predictions and their verification will be an important next step for all proponents of such theories.},
author = {Roberts, Maxwell J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192727},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)$\backslash$n1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {560--580},
pmid = {16629289},
title = {{Expanding the universe of categorical syllogisms: A challenge for reasoning researchers}},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Salmon2010,
abstract = {There is increasing interest in the role that manipulability plays in processing objects. To date, Magni{\'{e}}, Besson, Poncet, and Dolisi's (2003) manipulability ratings, based on the degree to which objects can be uniquely pantomimed, have been the reference point for many studies. However, these ratings do not fully capture some relevant dimensions of manipulability, including whether an object is graspable and the extent to which functional motor associations above and beyond graspability are present. To address this, we collected ratings of these dimensions, in addition to ratings of familiarity and age of acquisition (AoA), for a set of 320 black-and-white photographs of objects. Familiarity and AoA ratings were highly correlated with previously reported ratings of the same dimensions (r = .853, p {\textless} .001, and r = .771, p {\textless} .001, respectively), validating the present norms. Grasping and functional use ratings, in contrast, were more moderately correlated with Magni{\'{e}} et al.'s pantomime manipulability ratings (r = .507, p {\textless} .001). These results were taken as evidence that the new manipulability ratings collected in this research capture distinct aspects of object manipulability. The complete stimuli and norms from this study may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Salmon, J. P. and McMullen, P. A. and Filliter, J. H.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.1.82},
isbn = {1554-3528$\backslash$r1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {82--95},
pmid = {20160288},
title = {{Norms for two types of manipulability (graspability and functional usage), familiarity, and age of acquisition for 320 photographs of objects}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{Ruts2004,
abstract = {A data set is described that includes eight variables gathered for 13 common superordinate natural language categories and a representative set of 338 exemplars in Dutch. The category set contains 6 animal categories (reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, fish, and insects), 3 artifact categories (musical instruments, tools, and vehicles), 2 borderline artifact-natural-kind categories (vegetables and fruit), and 2 activity categories (sports and professions). In an exemplar and a feature generation task for the category nouns, frequency data were collected. For each of the 13 categories, a representative sample of 5-30 exemplars was selected. For all exemplars, feature generation frequencies, typicality ratings, pairwise similarity ratings, age-of-acquisition ratings, word frequencies, and word associations were gathered. Reliability estimates and some additional measures are presented. The full set of these norms is available in Excel format at the Psychonomic Society Web archive, www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
author = {Ruts, Wim and {De Deyne}, Simon and Ameel, Eef and Vanpaemel, Wolf and Verbeemen, Timothy and Storms, Gert},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195597},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {506--515},
pmid = {15641439},
title = {{Dutch norm data for 13 semantic categories and 338 exemplars}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{McDonald2002,
abstract = {Sentence completion norms are a valuable resource for researchers interested in studying the effects of context on word recognition processes. Norms for 112 Spanish sentences were compiled with the use of experimental software accessed over the World-Wide Web. Several measures summarizing the distribution of responses for each sentence are reported, including Schwanenflugel's (1986) multiple-production measure of sentence constraint strength, the type-token ratio, and the information-theoretic measure of redundancy. The complete set of completion norms is available at http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/{\~{}}monica/spanish{\_}completion{\_}norms.html.},
author = {McDonald, Scott A. and Tamariz, Monica},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195431},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {1},
pages = {128--137},
pmid = {12060986},
title = {{Completion norms for 112 Spanish sentences}},
volume = {34},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Matheson2011,
abstract = {Ratings of realism, masculinity, race, and racial stereotypy were collected on a set of computer-generated faces representing European, South East Asian, and African American ethnicities. To determine if these faces are processed in the same way as photographs of real faces, we demonstrated with these faces superior memory performance for upright faces over inverted faces (the face inversion effect). Further, in observers of European decent, we found both superior memory for European faces and a larger inversion effect for European than African American faces. Based on these results, we believe that this set of faces may be of use in perceptual investigations in which race is a critical manipulation.},
author = {Matheson, Heath E. and McMullen, Patricia A.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-010-0029-9},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Face database,Face perception,Other-race effect},
number = {1},
pages = {224--228},
pmid = {21287118},
title = {{A computer-generated face database with ratings on realism, masculinity, race, and stereotypy}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{Mccarthy2008,
abstract = {Four experiments were conducted to assess two models of topic sentencehood identification: the derived model and the free model. According to the derived model, topic sentences are identified in the context of the paragraph and in terms of how well each sentence in the paragraph captures the paragraph's theme. In contrast, according to the free model, topic sentences can be identified on the basis of sentential features without reference to other sentences in the paragraph (i.e., without context). The results of the experiments suggest that human raters can identify topic sentences both with and without the context of the other sentences in the paragraph. Another goal of this study was to develop computational measures that approximated each of these models. When computational versions were assessed, the results for the free model were promising; however, the derived model results were poor. These results collectively imply that humans' identification of topic sentences in context may rely more heavily on sentential features than on the relationships between sentences in a paragraph.},
author = {Mccarthy, Philip M. and Renner, Adam M. and Duncan, Michael G. and Duran, Nicholas D. and Lightman, Erin J. and McNamara, Danielle S.},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.3.647},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {3},
pages = {647--664},
pmid = {18697660},
title = {{Identifying topic sentencehood}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Maki2006,
abstract = {Two studies were conducted in which human participants rated pairs of words according to the perceived degree to which the words' referents shared semantic features. The participants found the task intuitive, simple, and quick to complete. The ratings were reliable and valid. Interrater and interstudy correlations were high, and ratings were good predictors of known feature overlap values obtained from existing semantic feature norms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA ) (journal abstract)},
author = {Maki, William S. and Krimsky, Marissa and Mu{\~{n}}oz, Sol},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192761},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {153--157},
pmid = {16817525},
title = {{An efficient method for estimating semantic similarity based on feature overlap: Reliability and validity of semantic feature ratings}},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@article{McCarthy2009,
abstract = {Two sentences are paraphrases if their meanings are equivalent but their words and syntax are different. Paraphrasing can be used to aid comprehension, stimulate prior knowledge, and assist in writing-skills development. As such, paraphrasing is a feature of fields as diverse as discourse psychology, composition, and computer science. Although automated paraphrase assessment is both commonplace and useful, research has centered solely on artificial, edited paraphrases and has used only binary dimensions (i.e., is or is not a paraphrase). In this study, we use an extensive database (N = 1,998) of natural paraphrases generated by high school students that have been assessed along 10 dimensions (e.g., semantic completeness, lexical similarity, syntactical similarity). This study investigates the components of paraphrase quality emerging from these dimensions and examines whether computational approaches can simulate those human evaluations. The results suggest that semantic and syntactic evaluations are the primary components of paraphrase quality, and that computationally light systems such as latent semantic analysis (semantics) and minimal edit distances (syntax) present promising approaches to simulating human evaluations of paraphrases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). (journal abstract)},
author = {McCarthy, Philip M. and Guess, Rebekah H. and McNamara, Danielle S.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.3.682},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {682--690},
pmid = {19587179},
title = {{The components of paraphrase evaluations}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{McRae2005,
abstract = {Semantic features have provided insight into numerous behavioral phenomena concerning concepts, categorization, and semantic memory in adults, children, and neuropsychological populations. Numerous theories and models in these areas are based on representations and computations involving semantic features. Consequently, empirically derived semantic feature production norms have played, and continue to play, a highly useful role in these domains. This article describes a set of feature norms collected from approximately 725 participants for 541 living (dog) and nonliving (chair) basic-level concepts, the largest such set of norms developed to date. This article describes the norms and numerous statistics associated with them. Our aim is to make these norms available to facilitate other research, while obviating the need to repeat the labor-intensive methods involved in collecting and analyzing such norms. The full set of norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {McRae, Ken and Cree, George S. and Seidenberg, Mark S. and McNorgan, Chris},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192726},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {547--559},
pmid = {18411541},
title = {{Semantic feature production norms for a large set of living and nonliving things}},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{McDougall2009,
abstract = {Communication using icons is now commonplace. It is therefore important to understand the processes involved in icon comprehension and the stimulus cues that individuals utilize to facilitate identification. In this study, we examined predictors of icon identification as participants gained experience with icons over a series of learning trials. A dynamic pattern of findings emerged in which the primary predictors of identification changed as learning progressed. In early learning trials, semantic distance (the closeness of the relationship between icon and function) was the best predictor of performance, accounting for up to 55{\%} of the variance observed, whereas familiarity with the function was more important in later trials. Other stimulus characteristics, such as our familiarity with the graphic in the icon and its concreteness, were also found to be important for icon design. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed, with particular emphasis on the parallels with picture naming. The icon identification norms from this study may be downloaded from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {McDougall, Sin{\'{e}} and Isherwood, Sarah},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.2.325},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {325--336},
pmid = {19363173},
title = {{What's in a name? The role of graphics, functions, and their interrelationships in icon identification}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Maki2008,
abstract = {The strength-sampling model of free association (Nelson, McEvoy, {\&} Dennis, 2000) claims that the probability of word association in free-association norms results from a sampling process. For a given cue word, each response word has an underlying distribution of strength values. In the free-association task, presentation of the cue word activates a random sample of strengths, one for each response. The highest strength wins, and its response is reported. In the present work, gradient descent was used to compute the theoretical mean strengths for each cue-response pair in the Nelson, McEvoy, and Schreiber (2004) norms. The resulting database may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
author = {Maki, William S.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.1.232},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {232--235},
pmid = {18411546},
title = {{A database of associative strengths from the strength-sampling model: A theory-based supplement to the Nelson, McEvoy, and Schreiber word association norms}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@misc{Marcell2007,
abstract = {Sound events are sequences of closely grouped and temporally related environmental sounds that tell a story or establish a sense of place. The goal of our project was to create a set of sound events depicting various scenarios (such as a car accident, cooking breakfast, and walking outdoors) and to gather normative data about how people understand them. Samples of college students listened to 22 sound events over headphones in three self-paced, computer-based studies. In the Identification Task, 43 participants used text boxes to type descriptions of what was happening in the sound events. In the Rating Task, 39 participants used Likert scales to rate the sound events on the attributes of familiarity, complexity, and pleasantness. In the Memory Task, 42 participants answered two multiple-choice questions immediately after listening to each sound event. Detailed tables are provided for the following: (1) Description of the sound events and their components; (2) accuracy and response time measurements for each of the 22 sound events across the three studies; and (3) rank-orderings of the sound events by ease of identification, recognition of details, and rated familiarity, complexity, and pleasantness. Digital files of the stimuli, which may be of interest to auditory cognition researchers and clinical neuropsychologists, may be downloaded from either www.psychonomic.org/archive or www.cofc.edu/-marcellm/sound event studies/sndevent.htm.},
author = {Marcell, Michael and Malatanos, Maria and Leahy, Connie and Comeaux, Cadie},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193026},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {3},
pages = {561--569},
pmid = {17958168},
title = {{Identifying, rating, and remembering environmental sound events}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Manoiloff2010,
abstract = {The study of the cognitive processes in the production of language demands careful selection of stimuli and requires normative databases. The main goal of the present research was to collect normative data for the set of 400 figures taken from Cycowicz, Friedman, Rothstein, and Snodgrass (1997; including the 260 figures of Snodgrass {\&} Vanderwart, 1980) using a sample of native Argentinean Spanish speakers. The pictures have been standardized on the following variables: name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, age of acquisition, and word association. The obtained norms were compared with the normative data of other studies in Spanish, English, and French. This comparison highlights the variability of some of the measures (e.g., name agreement in naming and verbal association) across the different studies and confirms the necessity of elaborating specific norms that are adapted to the studied population's linguistic and sociocultural context. The norms described may be downloaded as supplemental materials for this article from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Manoiloff, Laura and Artstein, Marcela and Canavoso, Mar{\'{i}}a Bel{\'{e}}n and Fern{\'{a}}ndez, Laura and Segui, Juan},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.2.452},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {452--460},
pmid = {20479175},
title = {{Expanded norms for 400 experimental pictures in an Argentinean Spanish-speaking population}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{MartinezMartin2008,
abstract = {In this article, we present a database of orthographic neighbors for words that Spanish children read during elementary education. The reference dictionary for lexical entries and frequencies (which had its origin in Mart{\'{i}}nez {\&} Garc{\'{i}}a, 2004) comprises approximately 100,000 words and is the result of accumulating the words read by a sample of children from first to sixth grades. Using the criterion for orthographic neighbors described by Coltheart, Davelaar, Jonasson, and Besner (1977), we present basic statistics related to neighborhood size as a function of the positions of divergent letters, the cumulative frequency of the neighbors, and the numbers of neighbors of higher, lower, and equal frequency. We also attempt to illustrate and unravel the nature of the relationships among the variables neighborhood size, length, and frequency in the distribution of neighbors. The database described in this article is available at www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {{Mart{\'{i}}nez Mart{\'{i}}n}, Jes{\'{u}}s A. and {Garc{\'{i}}a P{\'{e}}rez}, M. Emma},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.1.191},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {191--197},
pmid = {18411542},
title = {{ONESC: A database of orthographic neighbors for Spanish read by children}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@misc{Marques2007,
abstract = {The main objective of this study is to report rated age of acquisition (AoA) norms for 834 nouns in Portuguese (European). AoA ratings were collected on a 7 point scale, generally following Gilhooly and Logie (1980) procedure with an 8 extra point for "don't know the word" answers. Results were analyzed considering AoA ratings and their standard deviations and considering the relationship between AoA ratings and other psycholinguistic variables (imageability, familiarity, written word frequency, concreteness, number of syllables and number of words). AoA ratings and their standard deviations were significantly and positively correlated, with early acquired word ratings showing higher agreement. Correlation and multiple regression analyses confirmed the major contribution of imageability and familiarity to AoA ratings obtained in other languages. The full database of AoA ratings and other psycholinguistic variables may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive or www.fpce.ul.pt/pessoal/ulfpfred/aoa.htm.},
author = {Marques, J. Frederico and Fonseca, Francisca L. and Morais, A. Sofia and Pinto, In{\^{e}}s A.},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193013},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {3},
pages = {439--444},
pmid = {17958155},
title = {{Estimated age of acquisition norms for 834 Portuguese nouns and their relation with other psycholinguistic variables}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Marcell2010,
abstract = {In this study, we provide normative data for objects in a set of 80 digital color pictures (e.g., nature scenes, human activities, cartoon characters, magazine covers). In Experiment 1, four objects in each picture were rated by 48 observers on a 6-point Likert scale for their relevance to the overall meaning of the scene. In Experiment 2, Salience Toolbox software (Walther {\&} Koch, 2006) provided additional information about whether the four relevance-rated objects were located in areas that were high or low in visual salience. Brief descriptions of the four objects, their locations in the picture, their categorizations as high or low in salience, the means and standard deviations of their relevance ratings, and statistical analyses specifying which pairs of objects in a picture differed significantly on their relevance to the meaning of the scene are given in the Appendix. An example is provided of how the pictures could be used to create stimuli for a change blindness task in which detection of item onset versus offset is contrasted for low-relevance and high-relevance features. The 80 pictures are accessible as jpg files from the first author's Web site at http://marcellm.people.cofc.edu/research.htm.},
author = {Marcell, Michael M. and Williams, Erin},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.2.438},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {438--451},
pmid = {20479174},
title = {{Relevance ratings and salience categorizations for objects in a set of 80 pictures}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Boudelaa2010,
abstract = {In this article, we present a new lexical database for Modern Standard Arabic: Aralex. Based on a contemporary text corpus of 40 million words, Aralex provides information about (1) the token frequencies of roots and word patterns, (2) the type frequency, or family size, of roots and word patterns, and (3) the frequency of bigrams, trigrams in orthographic forms, roots, and word patterns. Aralex will be a useful tool for studying the cognitive processing of Arabic through the selection of stimuli on the basis of precise frequency counts. Researchers can use it as a source of information on natural language processing, and it may serve an educational purpose by providing basic vocabulary lists. Aralex is distributed under a GNU-like license, allowing people to interrogate it freely online or to download it from www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk:8081/aralex.online/login.jsp.},
author = {Boudelaa, Sami and Marslen-Wilson, William D.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.2.481},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {481--487},
pmid = {20479179},
title = {{Aralex: A lexical database for modern standard Arabic}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{Rinaldi2004,
abstract = {The CFVlexvar.xls database includes imageability, frequency, and grammatical properties of the first words acquired by Italian children. For each of 519 words that are known by children 18-30 months of age (taken from Caselli {\&} Casadio's, 1995, Italian version of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory), new values of imageability are provided and values for age of acquisition, child written frequency, and adult written and spoken frequency are included. In this article, correlations among the variables are discussed and the words are grouped into grammatical categories. The results show that words acquired early have imageable referents, are frequently used in the texts read and written by elementary school children, and are frequent in adult written and spoken language. Nouns are acquired earlier and are more imageable than both verbs and adjectives. The composition in grammatical categories of the child's first vocabulary reflects the composition of adult vocabulary. The full set of these norms can be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/},
author = {Rinaldi, Pasquale and Barca, Laura and Burani, Cristina},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195599},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)$\backslash$r0743-3808 (Linking)},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {525--530},
pmid = {15641441},
title = {{A database for semantic, grammatical, and frequency properties of the first words acquired by Italian children}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@inproceedings{Redondo2008,
abstract = {This article present the Spanish assessments of the 111 sounds included in the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS; Bradley {\&} Lang, 1999b). The sounds were evaluated by 159 participants in the dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance, using a computer version of the Self-Assessment Manikin (Bradley {\&} Lang, 1994). Results are compared with those obtained in the American version of the IADS, as well as in the Spanish adaptations of the International Affective Picture System (P. J. Lang, Bradley, {\&} Cuthbert, 1999; Molt{\'{o}} et al., 1999) and the Affective Norms for English Words (Bradley {\&} Lang, 1999a; Redondo, Fraga, Padr{\'{o}}n, {\&} Comesa{\~{n}}a, 2007).},
author = {Redondo, Jaime and Fraga, Isabel and Padron, Isabel and Pineiro, Ana},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.3.784},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {3},
pages = {784--790},
pmid = {18697674},
title = {{Affective ratings of sound stimuli}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Locker2007,
abstract = {The use of multilevel modeling is presented as an alternative to separate item and subject ANOVAs (F1 x F2) in psycholinguistic research. Multilevel modeling is commonly utilized to model variability arising from the nesting of lower level observations within higher level units (e.g., students within schools, repeated measures within individuals). However, multilevel models can also be used when two random factors are crossed at the same level, rather than nested. The current work illustrates the use of the multilevel model for crossed random effects within the context of a psycholinguistic experimental study, in which both subjects and items are modeled as random effects within the same analysis, thus avoiding some of the problems plaguing current approaches.},
author = {Locker, Lawrence and Hoffman, Lesa and Bovaird, James A.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192962},
isbn = {1554-351X, 1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {723--730},
pmid = {18183884},
title = {{On the use of multilevel modeling as an alternative to items analysis in psycholinguistic research}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Lo2008,
abstract = {The Character-Component Analysis Toolkit (C-CAT) software was designed to assist researchers in constructing experimental materials using traditional Chinese characters. The software package contains two sets of character stocks: one suitable for research using literate adults as subjects and one suitable for research using schoolchildren as subjects. The software can identify linguistic properties, such as the number of strokes contained, the character-component pronunciation regularity, and the arrangement of character components within a character. Moreover, it can compute a character's linguistic frequency, neighborhood size, and phonetic validity with respect to a user-selected character stock. It can also search the selected character stock for similar characters or for character components with user-specified linguistic properties.},
author = {Lo, Ming and Hue, Chih Wei},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.4.1098},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {1098--1105},
pmid = {19001401},
title = {{C-CAT: A computer software used to analyze and select Chinese characters and character components for psychological research}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Lynott2013,
abstract = {We present modality exclusivity norms for 400 randomly selected noun concepts, for which participants provided perceptual strength ratings across five sensory modalities (i.e., hearing, taste, touch, smell, and vision). A comparison with previous norms showed that noun concepts are more multimodal than adjective concepts, as nouns tend to subsume multiple adjectival property concepts (e.g., perceptual experience of the concept baby involves auditory, haptic, olfactory, and visual properties, and hence leads to multimodal perceptual strength). To show the value of these norms, we then used them to test a prediction of the sound symbolism hypothesis: Analysis revealed a systematic relationship between strength of perceptual experience in the referent concept and surface word form, such that distinctive perceptual experience tends to attract distinctive lexical labels. In other words, modality-specific norms of perceptual strength are useful for exploring not just the nature of grounded concepts, but also the nature of form-meaning relationships. These norms will be of benefit to those interested in the representational nature of concepts, the roles of perceptual information in word processing and in grounded cognition more generally, and the relationship between form and meaning in language development and evolution.},
author = {Lynott, Dermot and Connell, Louise},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0267-0},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Auditory,Concepts,Gustatory,Haptic,Norms,Nouns,Olfactory,Perceptual modalities,Sound symbolism,Visual},
number = {2},
pages = {516--526},
pmid = {23055172},
title = {{Modality exclusivity norms for 400 nouns: The relationship between perceptual experience and surface word form}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Lynott2009a,
abstract = {Color is undeniably important to object representations, but so too is the ability of context to alter the color of an object. The present study examined how implied perceptual information about typical and atypical colors is represented during language comprehension. Participants read sentences that implied a (typical or atypical) color for a target object and then performed a modified Stroop task in which they named the ink color of the target word (typical, atypical, or unrelated). Results showed that color naming was facilitated both when ink color was typical for that object (e.g., bear in brown ink) and when it matched the color implied by the previous sentence (e.g., bear in white ink following Joe was excited to see a bear at the North Pole). These findings suggest that unusual contexts cause people to represent in parallel both typical and scenario-specific perceptual information, and these types of information are discussed in relation to the specialization of perceptual simulations.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:cond-mat/0512156v1},
author = {Lynott, Dermot and Connell, Louise},
doi = {10.3758/PBR.16.3.573},
eprint = {0512156v1},
isbn = {1069-9384},
issn = {10699384},
journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin and Review},
number = {3},
pages = {573--577},
pmid = {19451387},
primaryClass = {arXiv:cond-mat},
title = {{Is a bear white in the woods? Parallel representation of implied object color during language comprehension}},
volume = {16},
year = {2009}
}
@article{RickardLiow1999,
abstract = {Cognitive models of language processing in English are founded on norms for word properties, but their universality is now being explored across different writing scripts and subject groups. Although Chinese characters are popular for this comparative work, their salient properties remain ill defined or poorly controlled. We describe how norms for semantic and phonetic regularity in Mandarin can be calibrated on a regional basis. The rating data that we present from China, Singapore, and Taiwan also illustrate why the diversity of both oral and written forms of Chinese should be considered in future empirical work.},
author = {{Rickard Liow}, Susan J. and Tng, Siok Keng and Lee, Cher Leng},
doi = {10.3758/BF03207706},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {1},
pages = {155--177},
title = {{Chinese characters: Semantic and phonetic regularity norms for China, Singapore, and Taiwan}},
volume = {31},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Li2002,
abstract = {Much of the power of neural network modeling for language use and acquisition derives from a reliance on statistical regularities implicit in the phonological properties of words. Researchers have devised several methods for representing the phonology of words, but these methods are often either unable to represent realistically sized lexicons or inadequate in the ways they represent individual words. In this paper, we present a new phonological pattern generator (PatPho) that allows connectionist modelers to derive accurate phonological representations of the English lexicon. PatPho not only generates phonological patterns that can scale up to realistically sized lexicons, but also accurately and parsimoniously captures the similarity structures of the phonology of monosyllabic and multisyllabic words.},
author = {Li, Ping and Macwhinney, Brian},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195469},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {3},
pages = {408--415},
pmid = {12395557},
title = {{PatPho: A phonological pattern generator for neural networks}},
volume = {34},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Friend2003,
abstract = {The majority of research on the acquisition of spoken language has focused on language production, due to difficulties in the assessment of comprehension. A primary limitation to comprehension assessment is maintaining the interest and attention of younger infants. We have developed an assessment procedure that addresses the need for an extensive performance-based measure of comprehension in the 2nd year of life. In the interest of developing an engaging approach that takes into account infants' limited attention capabilities, we designed an assessment based on touchscreen technology. This approach builds upon prior research by combining standardization and complexity with an engaging infant-friendly interface. Data suggest that the touchscreen procedure is effective in eliciting and maintaining infant attention and will yield more extensive and reliable estimates of early comprehension than do other procedures. The software to implement the assessment is available free of charge for academic purposes.},
author = {Friend, Margaret and Keplinger, Melanie},
doi = {10.3758/BF03202556},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {2},
pages = {302--309},
pmid = {12834088},
title = {{An infant-based assessment of early lexicon acquisition}},
volume = {35},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Rass2007,
abstract = {The memory block effect (MBE) occurs when orthographically similar words inhibitretrieval. Previous studies have published 55 different stimuli that produce the MBE in word fragment completion. This small number of stimuli constrains experimental designs, presents serious obstacles for using neuroimaging to elucidate neural substrates of blocking, and raises concern that the MBE is limited to a particular group of words. A pool of 315 stimulus words was tested in a traditional MBE paradigm, and the results demonstrated that the MBE generalizes to other stimuli. This study also expands the number of stimuli that produce the MBE because 185 new stimuli produced blocking effects. As a result, the current list of 240 MBE stimuli can be used for word fragment research including cognitive neuroscience investigations of retrieval inhibition. A table of MBE stimuli is available in an archived appendix that can be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Rass, Olga and {Andrew Leynes}, P.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192981},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {870--875},
pmid = {18183903},
title = {{When do primes go bad? a corpus of orthographically related primes that inhibit fragment completion}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@inproceedings{Libkuman2007,
abstract = {The purpose of the present investigation was to replicate and extend the International Affective Picture System norms (Ito, Cacioppo, {\{}{\&}{\}} Lang, 1998; Lang, Bradley, {\{}{\&}{\}} Cuthbert, 1999). These norms were developed to provide researchers with photographic slides that varied in emotional evocation, especially arousal and valence. In addition to collecting rating data on the dimensions of arousal and valence, we collected data on the dimensions of consequentiality, meaningfulness, familiarity, distinctiveness, and memorability. Furthermore, we collected ratings on the primary emotions of happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, and fear. A total of 1,302 participants were tested in small groups. The participants in each group rated a subset of 18 slides on 14 dimensions. Ratings were obtained on 703 slides. The means and standard deviations for all of the ratings are provided. We found our valence ratings to be similar to the previous norms. In contrast, our participants were more likely to rate the slides as less arousing than in the previous norms. The mean ratings on the remaining 12 dimensions were all below the midpoint of the 9-point Likert scale. However, sufficient variability in ratings across the slides indicates that selecting slides on the basis of these variables is feasible. Overall, the present ratings should allow investigators to use these norms for research purposes, especially in research dealing with the interrelationships among emotion and cognition. The means and standard deviations for emotions may be downloaded as an Excel spreadsheet from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Libkuman, Terry M. and Otani, H{\'{a}}j{\'{i}}me and Kern, Rosalie and Viger, Steven G. and Novak, Nicole},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193164},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {2},
pages = {326--334},
pmid = {17695361},
title = {{Multidimensional normative ratings for the International Affective Picture System}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Redondo2007,
abstract = {This article presents the Spanish adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW; Bradley {\&} Lang, 1999). The norms are based on 720 participants' assessments of the translation into Spanish of the 1,034 words included in the ANEW. The evaluations were done in the dimensions of valence, arousal and dominance using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Apart from these dimensions, five objective (number of letters, number of syllables, grammatical class, frequency and number of orthographic neighbors) and three subjective (familiarity, concreteness and imageability) psycholinguistic indexes are included. The Spanish adaptation of ANEW can be downloaded at www.psychonomic.org.},
author = {Redondo, Jaime and Fraga, Isabel and Padr{\'{o}}n, Isabel and Comesa{\~{n}}a, Montserrat},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193031},
isbn = {1554-3528},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {600--605},
pmid = {17958173},
title = {{The Spanish adaptation of anew (Affective Norms for English Words)}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@inproceedings{Liu2007,
abstract = {In this article, we present normative data for 2,423 Chinese single-character words. For each word, we report values for the following 15 variables: word frequency, cumulative frequency, homophone density, phonological frequency, age of learning, age of acquisition, number of word formations, number of meanings, number of components, number of strokes, familiarity, concreteness, imageability, regularity, and initial phoneme. To validate the norms, we collected word-naming latencies. Factor analysis and multiple regression analysis show that naming latencies of Chinese single-character words are predicted by frequency, semantics, visual features, and consistency, but not by phonology. These analyses show distinct patterns in word naming between Chinese and alphabetic languages and demonstrate the utility of normative data in the study of nonalphabetic orthographic processing.},
author = {Liu, Youyi and Shu, Hua and Li, Ping},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193147},
isbn = {1554-3528},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {2},
pages = {192--198},
pmid = {17695344},
title = {{Word naming and psycholinguistic norms: Chinese}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Reales2002,
abstract = {Word difficulty varies from language to language; therefore, normative data of verbal stimuli cannot be imported directly from another language. We present mean identification thresholds for the 260 screen-fragmented words corresponding to the total set of Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) pictures. Individual words were fragmented in eight levels using Turbo Pascal, and the resulting program was implemented on a PC microcomputer. The words were presented individually to a group of 40 Spanish observers, using a controlled time procedure. An unspecific learning effect was found showing that performance improved due to practice with the task. Finally, of the 11 psycholinguistic variables that previous researchers have shown to affect word identification, only imagery accounted for a significant amount of variance in the threshold values.},
author = {Reales, Jos{\'{e}} Manuel and Ballesteros, Soledad and Garc{\'{i}}a, Eulalio},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195455},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {2},
pages = {276--285},
pmid = {12109024},
title = {{Visual-word identification thresholds for the 260 fragmented words of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish}},
volume = {34},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Vinson2008,
abstract = {Research on signed languages offers the opportunity to address many important questions about language that it may not be possible to address via studies of spoken languages alone. Many such studies, however, are inherently limited, because there exist hardly any norms for lexical variables that have appeared to play important roles in spoken language processing. Here, we present a set of norms for age of acquisition, familiarity, and iconicity for 300 British Sign Language (BSL) signs, as rated by deaf signers, in the hope that they may prove useful to other researchers studying BSL and other signed languages. These norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Vinson, David P. and Cormier, Kearsy and Denmark, Tanya and Schembri, Adam and Vigliocco, Gabriella},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.4.1079},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {1079--1087},
title = {{The British Sign Language (BSL) norms for age of acquisition, familiarity, and iconicity}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BRM.40.4.1079},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Riegel2016,
abstract = {The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS; Marchewka, {\.{Z}}urawski, Jednor{\'{o}}g, {\&} Grabowska, Behavior Research Methods, 2014) is a standardized set of 1,356 realistic, high-quality photographs divided into five categories (people, faces, animals, objects, and landscapes). NAPS has been primarily standardized along the affective dimensions of valence, arousal, and approach-avoidance, yet the characteristics of discrete emotions expressed by the images have not been investigated thus far. The aim of the present study was to collect normative ratings according to categorical models of emotions. A subset of 510 images from the original NAPS set was selected in order to proportionally cover the whole dimensional affective space. Among these, using three available classification methods, we identified images eliciting distinguishable discrete emotions. We introduce the basic-emotion normative ratings for the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS BE), which will allow researchers to control and manipulate stimulus properties specifically for their experimental questions of interest. The NAPS BE system is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial use as supplementary materials to this article.},
author = {Riegel, Monika and {\.{Z}}urawski, {\L}ukasz and Wierzba, Ma{\l}gorzata and Moslehi, Abnoss and Klocek, {\L}ukasz and Horvat, Marko and Grabowska, Anna and Micha{\l}owski, Jaros{\l}aw and Jednor{\'{o}}g, Katarzyna and Marchewka, Artur},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0620-1},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {600--612},
title = {{Characterization of the Nencki Affective Picture System by discrete emotional categories (NAPS BE)}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0620-1},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Riegel2015,
abstract = {In the present article, we introduce the Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL), created in order to provide researchers with a database of 2,902 Polish words, including nouns, verbs, and adjectives, with ratings of emotional valence, arousal, and imageability. Measures of several objective psycholinguistic features of the words (frequency, grammatical class, and number of letters) are also controlled. The database is a Polish adaptation of the Berlin Affective Word List-Reloaded (BAWL-R; V{\~{o}} et al., Behavior Research Methods 41:534-538, 2009), commonly used to investigate the affective properties of German words. Affective normative ratings were collected from 266 Polish participants (136 women and 130 men). The emotional ratings and psycholinguistic indexes provided by NAWL can be used by researchers to better control the verbal materials they apply and to adjust them to specific experimental questions or issues of interest. The NAWL is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial use as supplementary material to this article.},
author = {Riegel, Monika and Wierzba, Ma{\l}gorzata and Wypych, Marek and {\.{Z}}urawski, {\L}ukasz and Jednor{\'{o}}g, Katarzyna and Grabowska, Anna and Marchewka, Artur},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0552-1},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1222--1236},
title = {{Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL): the cultural adaptation of the Berlin Affective Word List–Reloaded (BAWL-R) for Polish}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0552-1},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Quadflieg2014,
abstract = {The processing of human and nonhuman concepts (e.g., agreeable vs. edible) during basic comprehension and reasoning tasks has become a major topic of scientific inquiry. To ensure that the experimental effects obtained from such studies reflect the hypothesised semantic distinction, potential confounds such as psycholinguistic and/or lexical properties of the exact stimuli chosen need to be addressed. In the current study, normative data of such properties were obtained for a series of 875 French adjectives by asking 8 groups of 20 participants to each rate all words on one dimension of theoretical interest. The collected ratings indicate the extent to which each adjective evokes a sensory experience (concreteness), captures an enduring attribute (temporal stability), refers to a visible characteristic (visibility), denotes a neutral or an affectively laden concept (valence), signifies an attribute of low or high intensity, is familiar to the reader and can be used to describe people and/or inanimate entities such as objects. In addition, for each item its exact grammatical class (adjective vs. past participle adjective), length (i.e., number of letters, number of syllables), and word frequency was retrieved from the lexique3 corpus. The resulting database enables researchers to consider pivotal psycholinguistic and lexical properties when selecting human and nonhuman stimuli for future research.},
author = {Quadflieg, Susanne and Michel, Caroline and Bukowski, Henryk and Samson, Dana},
doi = {10.1037/cep0000001},
issn = {1878-7290},
journal = {Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie exp{\'{e}}rimentale},
number = {1},
pages = {67--76},
title = {{A database of psycholinguistic and lexical properties for French adjectives referring to human and/or nonhuman attributes.}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/cep0000001},
volume = {68},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Edmonds2014,
abstract = {Virtually no valid materials are available to evaluate confrontation naming in Spanish-English bilingual adults in the U.S. In a recent study, a large group of young Spanish-English bilingual adults were evaluated on An Object and Action Naming Battery (Edmonds {\&} Donovan in Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 55:359-381, 2012). Rasch analyses of the responses resulted in evidence for the content and construct validity of the retained items. However, the scope of that study did not allow for extensive examination of individual item characteristics, group analyses of participants, or the provision of testing and scoring materials or raw data, thereby limiting the ability of researchers to administer the test to Spanish-English bilinguals and to score the items with confidence. In this study, we present the in-depth information described above on the basis of further analyses, including (1) online searchable spreadsheets with extensive empirical (e.g., accuracy and name agreeability) and psycholinguistic item statistics; (2) answer sheets and instructions for scoring and interpreting the responses to the Rasch items; (3) tables of alternative correct responses for English and Spanish; (4) ability strata determined for all naming conditions (English and Spanish nouns and verbs); and (5) comparisons of accuracy across proficiency groups (i.e., Spanish dominant, English dominant, and balanced). These data indicate that the Rasch items from An Object and Action Naming Battery are valid and sensitive for the evaluation of naming in young Spanish-English bilingual adults. Additional information based on participant responses for all of the items on the battery can provide researchers with valuable information to aid in stimulus development and response interpretation for experimental studies in this population.},
author = {Edmonds, Lisa A. and Donovan, Neila J.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0381-7},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {456--471},
title = {{Research applications for An Object and Action Naming Battery to assess naming skills in adult Spanish–English bilingual speakers}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-013-0381-7},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Devereux2014,
abstract = {Theories of the representation and processing of concepts have been greatly enhanced by models based on information available in semantic property norms. This information relates both to the identity of the features produced in the norms and to their statistical properties. In this article, we introduce a new and large set of property norms that are designed to be a more flexible tool to meet the demands of many different disciplines interested in conceptual knowledge representation, from cognitive psychology to computational linguistics. As well as providing all features listed by 2 or more participants, we also show the considerable linguistic variation that underlies each normalized feature label and the number of participants who generated each variant. Our norms are highly comparable with the largest extant set (McRae, Cree, Seidenberg, {\&} McNorgan, 2005) in terms of the number and distribution of features. In addition, we show how the norms give rise to a coherent category structure. We provide these norms in the hope that the greater detail available in the Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain norms should further promote the development of models of conceptual knowledge. The norms can be downloaded at www.csl.psychol.cam.ac.uk/propertynorms.},
author = {Devereux, Barry J. and Tyler, Lorraine K. and Geertzen, Jeroen and Randall, Billi},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0420-4},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1119--1127},
title = {{The Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain (CSLB) concept property norms}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-013-0420-4},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Dimitropoulou2010,
abstract = {Previous evidence has shown that word frequencies calculated from corpora based on film and television subtitles can readily account for reading performance, since the language used in subtitles greatly approximates everyday language. The present study examines this issue in a society with increased exposure to subtitle reading. We compiled SUBTLEX-GR, a subtitled-based corpus consisting of more than 27 million Modern Greek words, and tested to what extent subtitle-based frequency estimates and those taken from a written corpus of Modern Greek account for the lexical decision performance of young Greek adults who are exposed to subtitle reading on a daily basis. Results showed that SUBTLEX-GR frequency estimates effectively accounted for participants' reading performance in two different visual word recognition experiments. More importantly, different analyses showed that frequencies estimated from a subtitle corpus explained the obtained results significantly better than traditional frequencies derived from written corpora.},
author = {Dimitropoulou, Maria and Du{\~{n}}abeitia, Jon Andoni and Avil{\'{e}}s, Alberto and Corral, Jos{\'{e}} and Carreiras, Manuel},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00218},
issn = {1664-1078},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
title = {{Subtitle-Based Word Frequencies as the Best Estimate of Reading Behavior: The Case of Greek}},
url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00218/abstract},
volume = {1},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Bertels2014,
abstract = {Through this study, we aimed to validate a new tool for inducing moods in experimental contexts. Five audio stories with sad, joyful, frightening, erotic, or neutral content were presented to 60 participants (33 women, 27 men) in a within-subjects design, each for about 10 min. Participants were asked (1) to report their moods before and after listening to each story, (2) to assess the emotional content of the excerpts on various emotional scales, and (3) to rate their level of projection into the stories. The results confirmed our a priori emotional classification. The emotional stories were effective in inducing the desired mood, with no difference found between male and female participants. These stories therefore constitute a valuable corpus for inducing moods in French-speaking participants, and they are made freely available for use in scientific research.},
author = {Bertels, Julie and Deliens, Ga{\'{e}}tane and Peigneux, Philippe and Destrebecqz, Arnaud},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0445-3},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1098--1107},
title = {{The Brussels Mood Inductive Audio Stories (MIAS) database}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0445-3},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Alonso2015,
abstract = {Subjective estimations of age of acquisition (AoA) for a large pool of Spanish words were collected from college students in Spain. The average score for each word (based on 50 individual responses, on a scale from 1 to 11) was taken as an AoA indicator, and normative values for a total of 7,039 single words are provided as supplemental materials. Beyond its intrinsic value as a standalone corpus, the largest of its kind for Spanish, the value of the database is enhanced by the fact that it contains most of the words that are currently included in other normative studies, allowing for a more complete characterization of the lexical stimuli that are usually employed in studies with Spanish-speaking participants. The norms are available for downloading as supplemental materials with this article.},
author = {Alonso, Mar{\'{i}}a Angeles and Fernandez, Angel and D{\'{i}}ez, Emiliano},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0454-2},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {268--274},
title = {{Subjective age-of-acquisition norms for 7,039 Spanish words}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0454-2},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Allen2014,
abstract = {Formal and semantic overlap across languages plays an important role in bilingual language processing systems. In the present study, Japanese (first language; L1)–English (second language; L2) bilinguals rated 193 Japanese–English word pairs, including cognates and noncognates, in terms of phonological and semantic similarity. We show that the degree of cross-linguistic overlap varies, such that words can be more or less “cognate,” in terms of their phonological and semantic overlap. Bilinguals also translated these words in both directions (L1–L2 and L2–L1), providing a measure of translation equivalency. Notably, we reveal for the first time that Japanese–English cognates are “special,” in the sense that they are usually translated using one English term (e.g., コール /kooru/ is always translated as “call”), but the English word is translated into a greater variety of Japanese words. This difference in translation equivalency likely extends to other nonetymologically related, different-script languages in which cognates are all loanwords (e.g., Korean–English). Norming data were also collected for L1 age of acquisition, L1 concreteness, and L2 familiarity, because such information had been unavailable for the item set. Additional information on L1/L2 word frequency, L1/L2 number of senses, and L1/L2 word length and number of syllables is also provided. Finally, correlations and characteristics of the cognate and noncognate items are detailed, so as to provide a complete overview of the lexical and semantic characteristics of the stimuli. This creates a comprehensive bilingual data set for these different-script languages and should be of use in bilingual word recognition and spoken language research.},
author = {Allen, David and Conklin, Kathy},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0389-z},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {540--563},
title = {{Cross-linguistic similarity norms for Japanese–English translation equivalents}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-013-0389-z},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Schroter2017,
abstract = {With the Developmental Lexicon Project (DeveL), we present a large-scale study that was conducted to collect data on visual word recognition in German across the lifespan. A total of 800 children from Grades 1 to 6, as well as two groups of younger and older adults, participated in the study and completed a lexical decision and a naming task. We provide a database for 1,152 German words, comprising behavioral data from seven different stages of reading development, along with sublexical and lexical characteristics for all stimuli. The present article describes our motivation for this project, explains the methods we used to collect the data, and reports analyses on the reliability of our results. In addition, we explored developmental changes in three marker effects in psycholinguistic research: word length, word frequency, and orthographic similarity. The database is available online.},
author = {Schr{\"{o}}ter, Pauline and Schroeder, Sascha},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0851-9},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {2183--2203},
title = {{The Developmental Lexicon Project: A behavioral database to investigate visual word recognition across the lifespan}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0851-9},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Goslin2014,
abstract = {In this article, we present the first open-access lexical database that provides phonological representations for 120,000 Italian word forms. Each of these also includes syllable boundaries and stress markings and a comprehensive range of lexical statistics. Using data derived from this lexicon, we have also generated a set of derived databases and provided estimates of positional frequency use for Italian phonemes, syllables, syllable onsets and codas, and character and phoneme bigrams. These databases are freely available from phonitalia.org. This article describes the methods, content, and summarizing statistics for these databases. In a first application of this database, we also demonstrate how the distribution of phonological substitution errors made by Italian aphasic patients is related to phoneme frequency.},
author = {Goslin, Jeremy and Galluzzi, Claudia and Romani, Cristina},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0400-8},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {872--886},
title = {{PhonItalia: a phonological lexicon for Italian}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-013-0400-8},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Montefinese2014,
abstract = {We developed affective norms for 1,121 Italian words in order to provide researchers with a highly controlled tool for the study of verbal processing. This database was developed from translations of the 1,034 English words present in the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW; Bradley {\&} Lang, 1999) and from words taken from Italian semantic norms (Montefinese, Ambrosini, Fairfield, {\&} Mammarella, Behavior Research Methods, 45, 440–461, 2013). Participants evaluated valence, arousal, and dominance using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) in a Web survey procedure. Participants also provided evaluations of three subjective psycholinguistic indexes (familiarity, imageability, and concreteness), and five objective psycholinguistic indexes (e.g., word frequency) were also included in the resulting database in order to further characterize the Italian words. We obtained a typical quadratic relation between valence and arousal, in line with previous findings. We also tested the reliability of the present ANEW adaptation for Italian by comparing it to previous affective databases and performing split-half correlations for each variable. We found high split-half correlations within our sample and high correlations between our ratings and those of previous studies, confirming the validity of the adaptation of ANEW for Italian. This database of affective norms provides a tool for future research about the effects of emotion on human cognition.},
author = {Montefinese, Maria and Ambrosini, Ettore and Fairfield, Beth and Mammarella, Nicola},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0405-3},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {887--903},
title = {{The adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) for Italian}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-013-0405-3},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Forsythe2003,
abstract = {Measures of icon designs rely heavily on surveys of the perceptions of population samples. Thus, measuring the extent to which changes in the structure of an icon will alter its perceived complexity can be costly and slow. An automated system capable of producing reliable estimates of perceived complexity could reduce development costs and time. Measures of icon complexity developed by Garcia, Badre, and Stasko (1994) and McDougall, Curry, and de Bruijn (1999) were correlated with six icon properties measured using Matlab (MathWorks, 2001) software, which uses image-processing techniques to measure icon properties. The six icon properties measured were icon foreground, the number of objects in an icon, the number of holes in those objects, and two calculations of icon edges and homogeneity in icon structure. The strongest correlates with human judgments of perceived icon complexity (McDougall et al., 1999) were structural variability (r(s) = .65) and edge information (r(s) = .64).},
author = {Forsythe, Alex and Sheehy, Noel and Sawey, Martin},
doi = {10.3758/BF03202562},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {may},
number = {2},
pages = {334--342},
pmid = {12834094},
title = {{Measuring icon complexity: An automated analysis}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03202562},
volume = {35},
year = {2003}
}
@article{VanHeuven2014,
abstract = {We present word frequencies based on subtitles of British television programmes. We show that the SUBTLEX-UK word frequencies explain more of the variance in the lexical decision times of the British Lexicon Project than the word frequencies based on the British National Corpus and the SUBTLEX-US frequencies. In addition to the word form frequencies, we also present measures of contextual diversity part-of-speech specific word frequencies, word frequencies in children programmes, and word bigram frequencies, giving researchers of British English access to the full range of norms recently made available for other languages. Finally, we introduce a new measure of word frequency, the Zipf scale, which we hope will stop the current misunderstandings of the word frequency effect.},
author = {van Heuven, Walter J. B. and Mandera, Pawel and Keuleers, Emmanuel and Brysbaert, Marc},
doi = {10.1080/17470218.2013.850521},
issn = {1747-0218},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {1176--1190},
title = {{Subtlex-UK: A New and Improved Word Frequency Database for British English}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/17470218.2013.850521},
volume = {67},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Guasch2013,
abstract = {NIM is Web-based software developed to help experimenters with some of the usual tasks carried out in psycholinguistic studies. It allows the user to search for words according to several variables, such as length, matching substrings, lexical frequency, or part of speech, in English, Spanish, and Catalan. NIM also provides the user with the possibilities to obtain different word metrics, such as lexical frequency, length, and part of speech; to find intralanguage and cross-language lexical neighbors; and to get control words for critical stimuli. Regardless of the language used, the program also enables the user to get the orthographic similarity between word pairs and to identify repeated items in lists of experimental stimuli. NIM is free and is publicly available at http://psico.fcep.urv.cat/utilitats/nim/ .},
author = {Guasch, Marc and Boada, Roger and Ferr{\'{e}}, Pilar and S{\'{a}}nchez-Casas, Rosa},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0296-8},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {765--771},
title = {{NIM: A Web-based Swiss army knife to select stimuli for psycholinguistic studies}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-012-0296-8},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Cai2010,
abstract = {Background Word frequency is the most important variable in language research. However, despite the growing interest in the Chinese language, there are only a few sources of word frequency measures available to researchers, and the quality is less than what researchers in other languages are used to. Methodology Following recent work by New, Brysbaert, and colleagues in English, French and Dutch, we assembled a database of word and character frequencies based on a corpus of film and television subtitles (46.8 million characters, 33.5 million words). In line with what has been found in the other languages, the new word and character frequencies explain significantly more of the variance in Chinese word naming and lexical decision performance than measures based on written texts. Conclusions Our results confirm that word frequencies based on subtitles are a good estimate of daily language exposure and capture much of the variance in word processing efficiency. In addition, our database is the first to include information about the contextual diversity of the words and to provide good frequency estimates for multi-character words and the different syntactic roles in which the words are used. The word frequencies are freely available for research purposes.},
author = {Cai, Qing and Brysbaert, Marc},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0010729},
editor = {Rodriguez-Fornells, Antoni},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {e10729},
title = {{SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character Frequencies Based on Film Subtitles}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010729},
volume = {5},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Brysbaert2011,
abstract = {We review recent evidence indicating that researchers in experimental psychology may have used suboptimal estimates of word frequency. Word frequency measures should be based on a corpus of at least 20 million words that contains language participants in psychology experiments are likely to have been exposed to. In addition, the quality of word frequency measures should be ascertained by correlating them with behavioral word processing data. When we apply these criteria to the word frequency measures available for the German language, we find that the commonly used Celex frequencies are the least powerful to predict lexical decision times. Better results are obtained with the Leipzig frequencies, the dlexDB frequencies, and the Google Books 2000–2009 frequencies. However, as in other languages the best performance is observed with subtitle-based word frequencies. The SUBTLEX-DE word frequencies collected for the present ms are made available in easy-to-use files and are free for educational purposes.},
author = {Brysbaert, Marc and Buchmeier, Matthias and Conrad, Markus and Jacobs, Arthur M. and B{\"{o}}lte, Jens and B{\"{o}}hl, Andrea},
doi = {10.1027/1618-3169/a000123},
issn = {1618-3169},
journal = {Experimental Psychology},
month = {jul},
number = {5},
pages = {412--424},
title = {{The Word Frequency Effect}},
url = {http://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/abs/10.1027/1618-3169/a000123},
volume = {58},

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib