text:
ym. 2013 Nov 6;98(2):1657-66. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.007. Epub 2013 Aug 13.},
   abstract = {Celiac patients generally have a low intake of protein and fibre attributed to their gluten-free (GF) diet. To satisfy the increasing demand for healthier products, this research focused on the effects of the supplementation of Psyllium (P) and sugar beet fibre (SB) on the mixing and leavening behaviour of gluten-free doughs. Four doughs, having different consistencies that made them suitable to be poured into moulds or to be shaped, and their corresponding breads were evaluated. The results obtained suggested that a lower consistency is preferred to assure good dough performances during leavening, in particular when ingredients having a high water affinity are included into the recipe. Both P and SB improved the workability of the doughs, but P played a central role on GF bread development, thanks to its film forming ability, and evidenced a more effective antistaling effect, thanks to its high water binding capacity.},
   keywords = {Beta vulgaris/*chemistry
Bread/*analysis
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Fiber/*analysis
Elasticity
Flour/analysis
Food Technology
Humans
Plantago/*chemistry
Seeds/*chemistry
Water/chemistry
A
Amy
Anova
B
B(a200)
B(a500)
B(b200)
B(b500)
Bd
Bu
Baking
Brabender Unit
Brabender((R)) Micro-Visco-Amylograph
Cd
CO(2) released by the dough
CO(2) retained by the dough
Co(2-rel)
Co(2-ret)
Co(2-tot)
Cs
D(a200)
D(a500)
D(b200)
D(b500)
Ds
Dough consistency
Fv
Gf
GF baking mixtures: M(0) (CS+RS+RF+RP), M(1) (M(0)+HPMC+LB+GG), M(A)
(M(1)+2.5%P+0.5%SB), M(B) (M(1)+1.5%P+1.5%SB)
Gg
Gluten-free bread
Hpmc
Hf
Hm
Lb
Lsd
Leavening
M
Mva
P
Pt
Pv
Psyllium
Psyllium fibre
Rf
Rp
Rs
Rc
Sb
Sugar beet fibre
Ts
Tx
Wa
Wbc
amount of water required to reach the desired dough consistency
analysis of variance
bread obtained from D(A200)
bread obtained from D(A500)
bread obtained from D(B200)
bread obtained from D(B500)
breakdown
celiac disease
corn starch
damaged starch
dough obtained from M(A), with a consistency of 200BU
dough obtained from M(A), with a consistency of 500BU
dough obtained from M(B), with a consistency of 200BU
dough obtained from M(B), with a consistency of 500BU
final dough height
final viscosity
formulation containing 1.5% Psyllium and 1.5% sugar beet fibre
formulation containing 2.5% Psyllium and 0.5% sugar beet fibre
gas retention coefficient
gluten-free
guar gum
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
least significant differences
locust bean gum
maltogenic amylase
maximum dough development
pasting temperature
peak viscosity
rice flour
rice protein
rice starch
setback
time of dough porosity appearance
total CO(2) production
total starch
water binding capacity},
   ISSN = {0144-8617},
   Accession Number = {24053854},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.007},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Capriles, V. D. and Areas, J. A.},
   title = {Effects of prebiotic inulin-type fructans on structure, quality, sensory acceptance and glycemic response of gluten-free breads},
   journal = {Food Funct},
   volume = {4},
   number = {1},
   pages = {104-10},
   note = {2042-650x
Capriles, Vanessa D
Areas, Jose A G
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Food Funct. 2013 Jan;4(1):104-10. doi: 10.1039/c2fo10283h. Epub 2012 Oct 3.},
   abstract = {The effect of adding increasing levels of prebiotic inulin-type fructans (ITFs) (0, 4, 8, 10 and 12%) on the sensory and nutritional quality of gluten-free bread (GFB) was assessed. ITFs can provide structure and gas retention during baking, thus improving GFB quality by yielding better specific volume, softer crumb, improved crust and crumb browning with enhanced sensory acceptance. During baking, approximately one-third of the ITFs was lost. The addition of 12% ITFs to the basic formulation is required in order to obtain GFB enriched with 8% ITFs (4 g of fructans per 50 g bread serving size), levels that can provide health benefits. 12% ITFs-addition level decreased GFB glycemic index (from 71 to 48) and glycemic load (from 12 to 8). Prebiotic ITFs are a promising improver for GFB that can provide nutritional (11% dietary fiber content, low glycemic response) and functional benefits to patients with celiac disease, since ITFs are prebiotic ingredients that can also increase calcium absorption.},
   keywords = {Blood Glucose/*drug effects
Bread/*analysis
Consumer Behavior
Food Analysis
Fructans/*chemistry/*pharmacology
Glutens/*chemistry
Humans
Prebiotics},
   ISSN = {2042-6496},
   Accession Number = {23032642},
   DOI = {10.1039/c2fo10283h},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cardani, D.},
   title = {COLOSTRO NONI administration effects on epithelial cells turn-over, inflammatory events and integrity of intestinal mucosa junctional systems},
   journal = {Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol},
   volume = {60},
   number = {1},
   pages = {71-8},
   note = {Cardani, D
Journal Article
Italy
Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2014 Mar;60(1):71-8.},
   abstract = {AIM: In this work we evaluated the possibility for dietary supplement COLOSTRO NONI to be used as preventive and therapeutic agent in various diseases characterized by altered intestinal homeostasis with changes in the composition of the microbiota, alteration of the morphology and functionality, and also inflammation of the epithelium. METHODS: Cellular activity of COLOSTRO NONI has been tested in an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium based on Caco-2 cell line. We tested the ability of COLOSTRO NONI to stimulate cellular turnover evaluating cell growth rate with WST-1 proliferation assay. We also tested the ability of COLOSTRO NONI to increase the gene expression of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) with a Real Time PCR assay. IL-8 is a fundamental chemotactic factor involved in inflammatory phenomena and in the control of tissue homeostasis. RESULTS: COLOSTRO NONI is able to stimulate cell turnover in the proposed in vitro model and demonstrates active in increasing the gene expression of IL-8. Both aspects observed are fundamental for the establishment of mechanisms to repair tissue damage. CONCLUSION: Obtained results indicate that COLOSTRO NONI could find clinical application in treatment of gastrointestinal disorders characterized by impairment of proper intestinal permeability, in inflammatory bowel diseases, in dysenteric diseases, in gastritis and in forms of pathological alteration of the mucous layer as celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.},
   keywords = {Animals
Caco-2 Cells/metabolism
Cattle
*Colostrum
Female
*Fruit
Gastrointestinal Diseases/drug therapy
Gene Expression/drug effects
Humans
In Vitro Techniques
Inflammation/metabolism/pathology
Interleukin-8/genetics/*metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/*drug effects
*Morinda
*Phytotherapy/methods
Plant Extracts/administration & dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Pregnancy},
   ISSN = {1121-421X (Print)
1121-421x},
   Accession Number = {24632769},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Carroccio, A. and Brusca, I. and Mansueto, P. and D'Alcamo, A. and Barrale, M. and Soresi, M. and Seidita, A. and La Chiusa, S. M. and Iacono, G. and Sprini, D.},
   title = {A comparison between two different in vitro basophil activation tests for gluten- and cow's milk protein sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like patients},
   journal = {Clin Chem Lab Med},
   volume = {51},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1257-63},
   note = {1437-4331
Carroccio, Antonio
Brusca, Ignazio
Mansueto, Pasquale
D'alcamo, Alberto
Barrale, Maria
Soresi, Maurizio
Seidita, Aurelio
La Chiusa, Stella M
Iacono, Giuseppe
Sprini, Delia
Journal Article
Germany
Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013 Jun;51(6):1257-63. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0609.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of food hypersensitivity (FH) in adult patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, beyond the immediate IgE-mediated clinical manifestations, is very often difficult. The aims of our study were to: 1) evaluate the frequency of FH in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like clinical presentation; and 2) compare the diagnostic accuracy of two different methods of in vitro basophil activation tests. METHODS: Three hundred and five patients (235 females, age range 18-66 years) were included and underwent a diagnostic elimination diet and successive double-blind placebo-controlled (DBPC) challenges. Two different methods of in vitro basophil activation tests (BAT) (CD63 expression after in vitro wheat or cow's milk proteins stimulation) were evaluated: one was performed on separated leukocytes, and the other on whole blood. RESULTS: Ninety patients of the 305 studied (29.5%) were positive to the challenges and were diagnosed as suffering from FH. BAT on separate leukocytes showed a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 91% in FH diagnosis. BAT on whole blood showed a sensitivity of 15%-20% and a specificity of 73% in FH diagnosis (p<0.0001 compared to the other method). CONCLUSIONS: About one third of the IBS patients included in the study were suffering from FH and were cured on the elimination diet. The BAT based on CD63 detection on whole blood samples did not work in FH diagnosis and showed a significantly lower sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy than the assay based on separated leukocytes.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Basophils/*immunology
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/immunology
Female
Glutens/*immunology
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/*immunology
Male
Middle Aged
Milk Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis/immunology
Milk Proteins/*immunology
Triticum/*immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1434-6621},
   Accession Number = {23183757},
   DOI = {10.1515/cclm-2012-0609},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Carroccio, A. and Mansueto, P. and D'Alcamo, A. and Iacono, G.},
   title = {Non-celiac wheat sensitivity as an allergic condition: personal experience and narrative review},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1845-52; quiz 1853},
   note = {1572-0241
Carroccio, Antonio
Mansueto, Pasquale
D'Alcamo, Alberto
Iacono, Giuseppe
Journal Article
Review
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Dec;108(12):1845-52; quiz 1853. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.353. Epub 2013 Nov 5.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) is a newly described clinical entity characterized by symptoms, which can involve the gastrointestinal tract, the nervous system, the skin, and other organs. There is little data on the pathogenesis of NCWS and it is probable that different pathogenic mechanisms are involved in the different clinical manifestations of the disease. The only common denominator of NCWS "syndrome" is wheat consumption: the symptoms disappear on exclusion of wheat from the diet, and reappear on wheat consumption. The objective of this study was to review our prior data regarding NCWS and to review relevant medical literature regarding NCWS, with particular attention to the hypothesis that NCWS patients could suffer from non-immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated wheat allergy. METHODS: We reviewed our data on 276 patients diagnosed with NCWS by means of double-blind placebo-controlled (DBPC) wheat challenge. The data indicating a possible wheat allergy diagnosis were examined and other data in the literature were reviewed; we review the role of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies and the basophil activation assay in food allergy, and the histology findings in the food allergy diagnosis. RESULTS: The comparison between patients suffering from NCWS and presenting with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and controls with IBS not due to NCWS showed that NCWS was characterized by: a personal history of food allergy in the pediatric age (0.01), coexistent atopic diseases (0.0001), positive serum anti-gliadin (0.0001) and anti-betalactoglobulin (0.001) antibodies, positive cytofluorimetric assay revealing in vitro basophil activation by food antigens (0.0001), and a presence of eosinophils in the intestinal mucosa biopsies (0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with NCWS and multiple food sensitivity show several clinical, laboratory, and histological characteristics that suggest they might be suffering from non-IgE-mediated food allergy. However, other pathogenic mechanisms need to be considered.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/immunology
Double-Blind Method
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*immunology
Gastrointestinal Diseases/immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulin G/immunology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*immunology
Male
Triticum/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {24169272},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2013.353},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Carroccio, A. and Soresi, M. and D'Alcamo, A. and Sciume, C. and Iacono, G. and Geraci, G. and Brusca, I. and Seidita, A. and Adragna, F. and Carta, M. and Mansueto, P.},
   title = {Risk of low bone mineral density and low body mass index in patients with non-celiac wheat-sensitivity: a prospective observation study},
   journal = {BMC Med},
   volume = {12},
   pages = {230},
   note = {1741-7015
Carroccio, Antonio
Soresi, Maurizio
D'Alcamo, Alberto
Sciume, Carmelo
Iacono, Giuseppe
Geraci, Girolamo
Brusca, Ignazio
Seidita, Aurelio
Adragna, Floriana
Carta, Miriam
Mansueto, Pasquale
Journal Article
Observational Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Med. 2014 Nov 28;12:230. doi: 10.1186/s12916-014-0230-2.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or 'wheat sensitivity' (NCWS) is included in the spectrum of gluten-related disorders. No data are available on the prevalence of low bone mass density (BMD) in NCWS. Our study aims to evaluate the prevalence of low BMD in NCWS patients and search for correlations with other clinical characteristics. METHODS: This prospective observation study included 75 NCWS patients (63 women; median age 36 years) with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms, 65 IBS and 50 celiac controls. Patients were recruited at two Internal Medicine Departments. Elimination diet and double-blind placebo controlled (DBPC) wheat challenge proved the NCWS diagnosis. All subjects underwent BMD assessment by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA), duodenal histology, HLA DQ typing, body mass index (BMI) evaluation and assessment for daily calcium intake. RESULTS: DBPC cow's milk proteins challenge showed that 30 of the 75 NCWS patients suffered from multiple food sensitivity. Osteopenia and osteoporosis frequency increased from IBS to NCWS and to celiac disease (CD) (P <0.0001). Thirty-five NCWS patients (46.6%) showed osteopenia or osteoporosis. Low BMD was related to low BMI and multiple food sensitivity. Values of daily dietary calcium intake in NCWS patients were significantly lower than in IBS controls. CONCLUSIONS: An elevated frequency of bone mass loss in NCWS patients was found; this was related to low BMI and was more frequent in patients with NCWS associated with other food sensitivity. A low daily intake of dietary calcium was observed in patients with NCWS.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Body Mass Index
*Bone Density
Bone Diseases, Metabolic/complications/epidemiology
Celiac Disease/complications
Double-Blind Method
Female
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Intestinal Diseases/*complications
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/complications
Middle Aged
Osteoporosis/complications/epidemiology
Prevalence
Prospective Studies
Risk
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1741-7015},
   Accession Number = {25430806},
   DOI = {10.1186/s12916-014-0230-2},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Caruso, R. and Pallone, F. and Stasi, E. and Romeo, S. and Monteleone, G.},
   title = {Appropriate nutrient supplementation in celiac disease},
   journal = {Ann Med},
   volume = {45},
   number = {8},
   pages = {522-31},
   note = {1365-2060
Caruso, Roberta
Pallone, Francesco
Stasi, Elisa
Romeo, Samanta
Monteleone, Giovanni
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Ann Med. 2013 Dec;45(8):522-31. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2013.849383. Epub 2013 Nov 7.},
   abstract = {Reduced levels of iron, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, zinc, and magnesium are common in untreated celiac disease (CD) patients probably due to loss of brush border proteins and enzymes needed for the absorption of these nutrients. In the majority of patients, removal of gluten from the diet leads to histological recovery and normalization of iron, vitamin, and mineral levels. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common extra-intestinal sign of CD and usually resolves with adherence to a gluten-free diet. However, deficiencies of both folate and vitamin B12 may persist in some patients on a gluten-free diet, thus requiring vitamin supplementation to improve subjective health status. Similarly, exclusion of gluten from the diet does not always normalize bone mineral density; in these cases, supplementation of vitamin D and calcium is recommended. Resolution of mucosal inflammation may not be sufficient to abrogate magnesium deficiency. Since gluten-free cereal products have a lower magnesium content as compared with gluten-containing counterparts, a magnesium-enriched diet should be encouraged in CD patients. In this article we discuss the frequency and clinical relevance of nutrient deficiency in CD and whether and when nutrient supplementation is needed.},
   keywords = {Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism
Biomarkers/metabolism
Calcium/deficiency/metabolism
Celiac Disease/*complications/metabolism/therapy
Deficiency Diseases/*drug therapy/etiology/metabolism
Diet, Gluten-Free
*Dietary Supplements
Folic Acid Deficiency/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism
Humans
Magnesium Deficiency/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism
Micronutrients/*therapeutic use
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism
Vitamin D Deficiency/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism
Zinc/deficiency/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0785-3890},
   Accession Number = {24195595},
   DOI = {10.3109/07853890.2013.849383},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Catassi, C. and Bai, J. C. and Bonaz, B. and Bouma, G. and Calabro, A. and Carroccio, A. and Castillejo, G. and Ciacci, C. and Cristofori, F. and Dolinsek, J. and Francavilla, R. and Elli, L. and Green, P. and Holtmeier, W. and Koehler, P. and Koletzko, S. and Meinhold, C. and Sanders, D. and Schumann, M. and Schuppan, D. and Ullrich, R. and Vecsei, A. and Volta, U. and Zevallos, V. and Sapone, A. and Fasano, A.},
   title = {Non-Celiac Gluten sensitivity: the new frontier of gluten related disorders},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {5},
   number = {10},
   pages = {3839-53},
   note = {2072-6643
Catassi, Carlo
Bai, Julio C
Bonaz, Bruno
Bouma, Gerd
Calabro, Antonio
Carroccio, Antonio
Castillejo, Gemma
Ciacci, Carolina
Cristofori, Fernanda
Dolinsek, Jernej
Francavilla, Ruggiero
Elli, Luca
Green, Peter
Holtmeier, Wolfgang
Koehler, Peter
Koletzko, Sibylle
Meinhold, Christof
Sanders, David
Schumann, Michael
Schuppan, Detlef
Ullrich, Reiner
Vecsei, Andreas
Volta, Umberto
Zevallos, Victor
Sapone, Anna
Fasano, Alessio
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2013 Sep 26;5(10):3839-53. doi: 10.3390/nu5103839.},
   abstract = {Non Celiac Gluten sensitivity (NCGS) was originally described in the 1980s and recently a "re-discovered" disorder characterized by intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food, in subjects that are not affected with either celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy (WA). Although NCGS frequency is still unclear, epidemiological data have been generated that can help establishing the magnitude of the problem. Clinical studies further defined the identity of NCGS and its implications in human disease. An overlap between the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and NCGS has been detected, requiring even more stringent diagnostic criteria. Several studies suggested a relationship between NCGS and neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly autism and schizophrenia. The first case reports of NCGS in children have been described. Lack of biomarkers is still a major limitation of clinical studies, making it difficult to differentiate NCGS from other gluten related disorders. Recent studies raised the possibility that, beside gluten, wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors and low-fermentable, poorly-absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates can contribute to symptoms (at least those related to IBS) experienced by NCGS patients. In this paper we report the major advances and current trends on NCGS.},
   keywords = {Autistic Disorder/complications/physiopathology
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/physiopathology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Intestinal Diseases/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology
Intestines/metabolism
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/physiopathology
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Schizophrenia/complications/physiopathology
Terminology as Topic},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {24077239},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu5103839},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cheung, C. K. and Wu, J. C.},
   title = {Role of ghrelin in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disease},
   journal = {Gut Liver},
   volume = {7},
   number = {5},
   pages = {505-12},
   note = {Cheung, Cynthia K
Wu, Justin Che-Yuen
Journal Article
Review
Korea (South)
Gut Liver. 2013 Sep;7(5):505-12. doi: 10.5009/gnl.2013.7.5.505. Epub 2013 Aug 14.},
   abstract = {Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide that plays multiple roles in humans and other mammals. The functions of ghrelin include food intake regulation, gastrointestinal (GI) motility, and acid secretion by the GI tract. Many GI disorders involving infection, inflammation, and malignancy are also correlated with altered ghrelin production and secretion. Although suppressed ghrelin responses have already been observed in various GI disorders, such as chronic gastritis, Helicobacter pylori infection, irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, and cachexia, elevated ghrelin responses have also been reported in celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, we recently reported that decreased fasting and postprandial ghrelin levels were observed in female patients with functional dyspepsia compared with healthy subjects. These alterations of ghrelin responses were significantly correlated with meal-related symptoms (bloating and early satiation) in female functional dyspepsia patients. We therefore support the notion that abnormal ghrelin responses may play important roles in various GI disorders. Furthermore, human clinical trials and animal studies involving the administration of ghrelin or its receptor agonists have shown promising improvements in gastroparesis, anorexia, and cancer. This review summarizes the impact of ghrelin, its family of peptides, and its receptors on GI diseases and proposes ghrelin modulation as a potential therapy.},
   keywords = {Gastrointestinal tract
Ghrelin
Ghrelin O-acyltransferase
Receptors, ghrelin},
   ISSN = {1976-2283 (Print)
1976-2283},
   Accession Number = {24073306},
   DOI = {10.5009/gnl.2013.7.5.505},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chitarrini, G. and Nobili, C. and Pinzari, F. and Antonini, A. and De Rossi, P. and Del Fiore, A. and Procacci, S. and Tolaini, V. and Scala, V. and Scarpari, M. and Reverberi, M.},
   title = {Buckwheat achenes antioxidant profile modulates Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production},
   journal = {Int J Food Microbiol},
   volume = {189},
   pages = {1-10},
   note = {1879-3460
Chitarrini, G
Nobili, C
Pinzari, F
Antonini, A
De Rossi, P
Del Fiore, A
Procacci, S
Tolaini, V
Scala, V
Scarpari, M
Reverberi, M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Int J Food Microbiol. 2014 Oct 17;189:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.029. Epub 2014 Jul 28.},
   abstract = {Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) is a "pseudo-cereal" of great interest in the production of healthy foods since its flour, derived from achenes, is enriched with bioactive compounds and, due to the absence of gluten, may be used in composition of celiac diets. Amongst buckwheat species, F. tataricum achenes possess a larger amount of the antioxidant flavenol rutin than the common buckwheat F. esculentum. Ongoing climate change may favor plant susceptibility to the attack by pathogenic, often mycotoxigenic, fungi with consequent increase of mycotoxins in previously unexploited feeds and foodstuffs. In particular, Aspergillus flavus, under suitable environmental conditions such as those currently occurring in Italy, may produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most carcinogenic compound of fungal origin which is classified by IARC as Category 1. In this study, the viable achenes of two buckwheat species, F. tataricum (var. Golden) and F. esculentum (var. Aelita) were inoculated with an AFB1-producing A. flavus NRRL 3357 to analyze their relative performances against fungal invasion and toxin contamination. Notably, we sought the existence of a correlation between the amount of tocols/flavonols in the achenes of buckwheat, infected and non-infected with A. flavus, and to analyze the ability of the pathogen to grow and produce toxin during achene infection. Results suggest that achenes of F. tataricum, the best producer of antioxidant compounds in this study, are less susceptible to A. flavus infection and consequently, but not proportionally, to mycotoxin contamination compared with F. esculentum. Moreover, rutin-derived quercetin appears to be more efficient in inhibiting aflatoxin biosynthesis than the parent compound.},
   keywords = {Aflatoxin B1/*antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis
Antioxidants/isolation & purification/metabolism/*pharmacology
Aspergillus flavus/*drug effects/growth & development
Fagopyrum/*metabolism/microbiology
Italy
Plant Diseases/*microbiology
Plant Extracts/chemistry
Quercetin/biosynthesis/isolation & purification/pharmacology
Rutin/biosynthesis/isolation & purification/pharmacology
Seeds/*metabolism/microbiology
gamma-Tocopherol/isolation & purification/metabolism/pharmacology
Antioxidant profile
Aspergillus flavus
Fagopyrum esculentum
Fagopyrum tataricum
Rutin},
   ISSN = {0168-1605},
   Accession Number = {25108759},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.029},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chu, P. T. and Wen, H. W.},
   title = {Sensitive detection and quantification of gliadin contamination in gluten-free food with immunomagnetic beads based liposomal fluorescence immunoassay},
   journal = {Anal Chim Acta},
   volume = {787},
   pages = {246-53},
   note = {1873-4324
Chu, Pei-Tzu
Wen, Hsiao-Wei
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Anal Chim Acta. 2013 Jul 17;787:246-53. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.014. Epub 2013 May 27.},
   abstract = {Gliadin from wheat is a common food allergen that can induce baker's asthma, wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and celiac disease. This gliadin assay focuses on rapidly screen and check for gluten contamination in raw materials and in the gluten-free food production process, not only for wheat-sensitive patients but also for the industries producing gluten-free foodstuffs. The developed assay incorporates the use of anti-gliadin antibody-conjugated immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) to capture the gliadin in samples and fluorescent dyes-loaded immunoliposomal nanovesicles (IMLNs) to produce and enhance the detection signal. Hence, a sandwich complex is formed as "IMBs-gliadin-IMLNs". Experimental results indicate that this detection platform exhibits good sensitivity for gliadin with a detection limit as low as 0.6 mug mL(-1) of gliadin; as the polyclonal antibody showed slight cross-reactions with barley and rye. Excellent recovery rates were found ranging from 83.5 to 102.6% as testing the spiked samples. Moreover, the CV (%) of intra- and inter-assay of this developed assay are 4.8-10.6% and 3.5-9.9%, respectively. Based on a parallel analysis of twenty food samples, the results of this developed assay provide a good consistency with those of an AOAC-approved ELISA kit without any false-negative results. The proposed assay method is thus a highly promising alternative method for detecting the contamination of gliadin in the food industry.},
   keywords = {Animals
Chickens
Diet, Gluten-Free/standards
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods
Food Contamination/*analysis
Gliadin/*analysis
Glutens/*analysis
Immunomagnetic Separation/*methods
*Limit of Detection
Liposomes/*chemistry
Gliadin
Immunoliposomal nanovesicle
Immunomagnetic beads
Wheat allergen},
   ISSN = {0003-2670},
   Accession Number = {23830446},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.014},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Clarke, M. and Ward, M. and Strain, J. J. and Hoey, L. and Dickey, W. and McNulty, H.},
   title = {B-vitamins and bone in health and disease: the current evidence},
   journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
   volume = {73},
   number = {2},
   pages = {330-9},
   note = {1475-2719
Clarke, M
Ward, M
Strain, J J
Hoey, L
Dickey, W
McNulty, H
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Proc Nutr Soc. 2014 May;73(2):330-9. doi: 10.1017/S0029665114000044. Epub 2014 Feb 26.},
   abstract = {Osteoporosis, a metabolic skeletal disease characterised by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk, is a growing public health problem. Among the various risk factors for osteoporosis, calcium and vitamin D have well-established protective roles, but it is likely that other nutritional factors are also implicated. This review will explore the emerging evidence supporting a role for certain B-vitamins, homocysteine and the 677 C --> T polymorphism in the gene encoding the folate-metabolising enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, in bone health and disease. The evidence, however, is not entirely consistent and as yet no clear mechanism has been defined to explain the potential link between B-vitamins and bone health. Coeliac disease, a common condition of malabsorption, induced by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals, is associated with an increased risk both of osteoporosis and inadequate B-vitamin status. Given the growing body of evidence linking low bone mineral density and/or increased fracture risk with low B-vitamin status and elevated homocysteine, optimal B-vitamin status may play an important protective role against osteoporosis in coeliac disease; to date, no trial has addressed this possible link.},
   keywords = {*Bone Density
Bone and Bones/*metabolism
Celiac Disease/*complications
Folic Acid/blood
Fractures, Bone/blood/*etiology/metabolism
Homocysteine/blood
Humans
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/genetics/metabolism
Nutritional Status
Osteoporosis/blood/*etiology/metabolism
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Vitamin B Complex/*blood
Vitamin B Deficiency/blood/*complications},
   ISSN = {0029-6651},
   Accession Number = {24572592},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0029665114000044},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Colgrave, M. L. and Goswami, H. and Blundell, M. and Howitt, C. A. and Tanner, G. J.},
   title = {Using mass spectrometry to detect hydrolysed gluten in beer that is responsible for false negatives by ELISA},
   journal = {J Chromatogr A},
   volume = {1370},
   pages = {105-14},
   note = {1873-3778
Colgrave, Michelle L
Goswami, Hareshwar
Blundell, Malcolm
Howitt, Crispin A
Tanner, Gregory J
Journal Article
Netherlands
J Chromatogr A. 2014 Nov 28;1370:105-14. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.033. Epub 2014 Oct 18.},
   abstract = {Gluten is the collective name for a class of proteins found in wheat, rye, barley and oats. Eating gluten triggers an inappropriate auto-immune reaction in approximately 70 million people globally affected by coeliac disease, where the gut reacts to gluten proteins and this triggers an immune response, resulting in intestinal inflammation and damage. Gluten-free foods are now commonplace, however, it is difficult to accurately determine the gluten content of products claiming to be gluten-free using current methodologies as the antibodies are non-specific, show cross-reactivity and have different affinities for the different classes of gluten. The measurement of gluten in processed products is further confounded by modifications to the proteins that occur during processing and in some case hydrolysis of the proteins. In this study, LC-MS/MS was used to profile whole beer, and two beer fractions representing hydrolysed hordeins (<30 kDa) and hordein peptide fragments (<10 kDa). Subsequently, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS enabled the relative quantification of selected peptide fragments in beer and revealed that certain classes of hordein were prone to hydrolysis (B- and D-hordein). Furthermore, select beers contained very high levels of gluten-derived fragments. Strikingly, those beers that contained high levels of B-hordein fragments gave near zero values by ELISA. The hydrolysed fragments that persist in beer show a dose-dependent suppression of ELISA measurement of gluten despite using a hordein standard for calibration of the assay. The development of MS-based methodology for absolute quantification of gluten is required for the accurate assessment of gluten, including hydrolysed forms, in food and beverages to support the industry, legislation and to protect consumers suffering from CD.},
   keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence
Beer/*analysis
Calibration
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
False Negative Reactions
Glutens/*analysis/chemistry
Hydrolysis
Molecular Sequence Data
Tandem Mass Spectrometry/*methods
Elisa
Gluten
Mass spectrometry (MS)
Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)
Quantification},
   ISSN = {0021-9673},
   Accession Number = {25454134},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.033},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Comino, I. and Moreno Mde, L. and Real, A. and Rodriguez-Herrera, A. and Barro, F. and Sousa, C.},
   title = {The gluten-free diet: testing alternative cereals tolerated by celiac patients},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {5},
   number = {10},
   pages = {4250-68},
   note = {2072-6643
Comino, Isabel
Moreno, Maria de Lourdes
Real, Ana
Rodriguez-Herrera, Alfonso
Barro, Francisco
Sousa, Carolina
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2013 Oct 23;5(10):4250-68. doi: 10.3390/nu5104250.},
   abstract = {A strict gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only currently available therapeutic treatment for patients with celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine associated with a permanent intolerance to gluten proteins. The complete elimination of gluten proteins contained in cereals from the diet is the key to celiac disease management. However, this generates numerous social and economic repercussions due to the ubiquity of gluten in foods. The research presented in this review focuses on the current status of alternative cereals and pseudocereals and their derivatives obtained by natural selection, breeding programs and transgenic or enzymatic technology, potential tolerated by celiac people. Finally, we describe several strategies for detoxification of dietary gluten. These included enzymatic cleavage of gliadin fragment by Prolyl endopeptidases (PEPs) from different organisms, degradation of toxic peptides by germinating cereal enzymes and transamidation of cereal flours. This information can be used to search for and develop cereals with the baking and nutritional qualities of toxic cereals, but which do not exacerbate this condition.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Edible Grain/*chemistry
Gliadin/metabolism
Humans
Intestine, Small/drug effects/pathology
Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {24152755},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu5104250},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Comino, I. and Real, A. and Moreno Mde, L. and Montes, R. and Cebolla, A. and Sousa, C.},
   title = {Immunological determination of gliadin 33-mer equivalent peptides in beers as a specific and practical analytical method to assess safety for celiac patients},
   journal = {J Sci Food Agric},
   volume = {93},
   number = {4},
   pages = {933-43},
   note = {1097-0010
Comino, Isabel
Real, Ana
Moreno, Maria de Lourdes
Montes, Raquel
Cebolla, Angel
Sousa, Carolina
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Sci Food Agric. 2013 Mar 15;93(4):933-43. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5830. Epub 2012 Aug 6.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cereals used for beer manufacturing contain gluten, which is immunotoxic for celiac patients. The gluten remaining after processes of malting and brewing is mostly hydrolyzed, which makes practical evaluation of the immunotoxicity of the gluten pools challenging. RESULTS: We analyzed the presence of gluten peptides equivalent to the major immunotoxic protease-resistant gliadin 33-mer in 100 Belgium beers, using monoclonal antibodies (G12/A1). Immunochromatographic strips and enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay G12/A1 methods estimated at least 20 ppm gluten equivalents in 90 beers and gluten-free in 10 beers. The G12/A1 reactivity of beer high-performance liquid chromatographic fractions correlated to the presence of T-cell-reactive epitopes identified by peptide sequencing. CONCLUSION: The determination of equivalent gliadin 33-mer epitopes in beers has been shown to be practical, specific, and sensitive for the measurement of potential immunotoxicity for celiac patients.},
   keywords = {Antibodies, Monoclonal
Beer/*analysis
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/immunology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Edible Grain/*immunology
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
Gliadin/analysis/*immunology
Humans
Immunochromatography
Patient Safety
Peptides/analysis/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0022-5142},
   Accession Number = {22886585},
   DOI = {10.1002/jsfa.5830},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cooper, S. E. and Kennedy, N. P. and Mohamed, B. M. and Abuzakouk, M. and Dunne, J. and Byrne, G. and McDonald, G. and Davies, A. and Edwards, C. and Kelly, J. and Feighery, C. F.},
   title = {Immunological indicators of coeliac disease activity are not altered by long-term oats challenge},
   journal = {Clin Exp Immunol},
   volume = {171},
   number = {3},
   pages = {313-8},
   note = {1365-2249
Cooper, S E J
Kennedy, N P
Mohamed, B M
Abuzakouk, M
Dunne, J
Byrne, G
McDonald, G
Davies, A
Edwards, C
Kelly, J
Feighery, C F
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Clin Exp Immunol. 2013 Mar;171(3):313-8. doi: 10.1111/cei.12014.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy that develops in genetically susceptible individuals. The disease exhibits many features of an autoimmune disorder. These include the production of highly specific anti-endomysial autoantibodies directed against the enzyme tissue transglutaminase. It is well accepted that wheat-, barley- and rye-based foods should be excluded in the gluten-free diet. Although several studies report that oats ingestion is safe in this diet, the potential toxicity of oats remains controversial. In the current study, 46 coeliac patients ingested oats for 1 year and were investigated for a potential immunogenic or toxic effect. Stringent clinical monitoring of these patients was performed and none experienced adverse effects, despite ingestion of a mean of 286 g of oats each week. Routine histological analysis of intestinal biopsies showed improvement or no change in 95% of the samples examined. Furthermore, tissue transglutaminase expression in biopsy samples, determined quantitatively using the IN Cell Analyzer, was unchanged. Employing immunohistochemistry, oats ingestion was not associated with changes in intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers or with enterocyte proliferation as assessed by Ki-67 staining. Finally, despite the potential for tissue transglutaminase to interact with oats, neither endomysial nor tissue transglutaminase antibodies were generated in any of the patients throughout the study. To conclude, this study reaffirms the lack of oats immunogenicity and toxicity to coeliac patients. It also suggests that the antigenic stimulus caused by wheat exposure differs fundamentally from that caused by oats.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
Avena/adverse effects/*immunology
Celiac Disease/*immunology
*Diet
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
Humans
Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
Male
Middle Aged
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {0009-9104},
   Accession Number = {23379438},
   DOI = {10.1111/cei.12014},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Costa, S. and Astarita, L. and Ben-Hariz, M. and Curro, G. and Dolinsek, J. and Kansu, A. and Magazzu, G. and Marvaso, S. and Micetic-Turku, D. and Pellegrino, S. and Primavera, G. and Rossi, P. and Smarrazzo, A. and Tucci, F. and Arcidiaco, C. and Greco, L.},
   title = {A point-of-care test for facing the burden of undiagnosed celiac disease in the Mediterranean area: a pragmatic design study},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   pages = {219},
   note = {1471-230x
Costa, Stefano
Astarita, Luca
Ben-Hariz, Mongi
Curro, Giovanni
Dolinsek, Jernej
Kansu, Aydan
Magazzu', Giuseppe
Marvaso, Stefania
Micetic-Turku, Dusanka
Pellegrino, Salvatore
Primavera, Giuseppe
Rossi, Pasqualino
Smarrazzo, Andrea
Tucci, Francesca
Arcidiaco, Carmela
Greco, Luigi
Journal Article
Pragmatic Clinical Trial
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2014 Dec 18;14:219. doi: 10.1186/s12876-014-0219-5.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: We aimed at assessing the factors that can influence results of the dissemination of an already validated, new generation commercial Point-of-Care Test (POCT) for detecting celiac disease (CD), in the Mediterranean area, when used in settings where it was designed to be administered, especially in countries with poor resources. METHODS: Pragmatic study design. Family pediatricians at their offices in Italy, nurses and pediatricians in Slovenia and Turkey at pediatricians', schools and university primary care centers looked for CD in 3,559 (1-14 yrs), 1,480 (14-23 yrs) and 771 (1-18 yrs) asymptomatic subjects, respectively. A new generation POCT detecting IgA-tissue antitransglutaminase antibodies and IgA deficiency in a finger-tip blood drop was used. Subjects who tested positive and those suspected of having CD were referred to a Celiac Centre to undergo further investigations in order to confirm CD diagnosis. POCT Positive Predictive Value (PPV) at tertiary care (with Negative Predictive Value) and in primary care settings, and POCT and CD rates per thousand in primary care were estimated. RESULTS: At tertiary care setting, PPV of the POCT and 95% CI were 89.5 (81.3-94.3) and 90 (56-98.5) with Negative Predictive Value 98.5 (94.2-99.6) and 98.7% (92-99.8) in children and adults, respectively. In primary care settings of different countries where POCT was performed by a different number of personnel, PPV ranged from 16 to 33% and the CD and POCT rates per thousand ranged from 4.77 to 1.3 and from 31.18 to 2.59, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Interpretation of POCT results by different personnel may influence the performance of POC but dissemination of POCT is an urgent priority to be implemented among people of countries with limited resources, such as rural populations and school children.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
Humans
*Immunochromatography
Immunoglobulin A/*blood
Italy
*Point-of-Care Systems
Slovenia
Transglutaminases/*immunology
Turkey},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {25518884},
   DOI = {10.1186/s12876-014-0219-5},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cross, C.},
   title = {Gluten-free industry is healthy, but is the food?},
   journal = {Cmaj},
   volume = {185},
   number = {13},
   pages = {E610},
   note = {1488-2329
Cross, Catherine
News
Canada
CMAJ. 2013 Sep 17;185(13):E610. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.109-4555. Epub 2013 Aug 19.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free/economics/*standards
Food/economics/*standards
Food Industry/*economics
Humans},
   ISSN = {0820-3946},
   Accession Number = {23959288},
   DOI = {10.1503/cmaj.109-4555},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Czaja-Bulsa, G.},
   title = {Non coeliac gluten sensitivity - A new disease with gluten intolerance},
   journal = {Clin Nutr},
   volume = {34},
   number = {2},
   pages = {189-94},
   note = {1532-1983
Czaja-Bulsa, Grazyna
Journal Article
Review
England
Clin Nutr. 2015 Apr;34(2):189-94. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.08.012. Epub 2014 Aug 29.},
   abstract = {Until recently gluten intolerance has been believed to be typical of celiac disease (CD) and wheat allergy (WA). In the last few years, however, several study results have been published that have proved that gluten intolerance can also affect people who do not suffer from any of the above mentioned diseases. The new syndrome has been named non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or gluten sensitivity (GS). It has been included in the new list of gluten-related disorders published in 2012. Researchers believe that NCGS is the most common syndrome of gluten intolerance. This review discusses many aspects of NCGS epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, and treatment and current tools to identify patients suffering from CD, WA, and NCGS.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology/physiopathology/therapy
Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*physiopathology/*therapy
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Wheat Hypersensitivity/diagnosis
Celiac disease
Gluten intolerance
Gluten sensitivity
Gluten-free diet
Gluten-related disorders
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity},
   ISSN = {0261-5614},
   Accession Number = {25245857},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.clnu.2014.08.012},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dallagnol, A. M. and Pescuma, M. and De Valdez, G. F. and Rollan, G.},
   title = {Fermentation of quinoa and wheat slurries by Lactobacillus plantarum CRL 778: proteolytic activity},
   journal = {Appl Microbiol Biotechnol},
   volume = {97},
   number = {7},
   pages = {3129-40},
   note = {1432-0614
Dallagnol, Andrea Micaela
Pescuma, Micaela
De Valdez, Graciela Font
Rollan, Graciela
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013 Apr;97(7):3129-40. doi: 10.1007/s00253-012-4520-3. Epub 2012 Nov 6.},
   abstract = {Quinoa fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is an interesting alternative to produce new bakery products with high nutritional value; furthermore, they are suitable for celiac patients because this pseudo-cereal contains no gluten. Growth and lactic acid production during slurry fermentations by Lactobacillus plantarum CRL 778 were greater in quinoa (9.8 log cfu/mL, 23.1 g/L) than in wheat (8.9 log cfu/mL, 13.9 g/L). Lactic fermentation indirectly stimulated flour protein hydrolysis by endogenous proteases of both slurries. However, quinoa protein hydrolysis was faster, reaching 40-100% at 8 h of incubation, while wheat protein hydrolysis was only 0-20%. In addition, higher amounts of peptides (24) and free amino acids (5 g/L) were determined in quinoa compared to wheat. Consequently, greater concentrations (approx. 2.6-fold) of the antifungal compounds (phenyllactic and hydroxyphenyllactic acids) were synthesized from Phe and Tyr in quinoa by L. plantarum CRL 778, an antifungal strain. These promising results suggest that this LAB strain could be used in the formulation of quinoa sourdough to obtain baked goods with improved nutritional quality and shelf life, suitable for celiac patients.},
   keywords = {Biotechnology/methods
Chenopodium quinoa/*metabolism
Fermentation
Food Microbiology/methods
Kinetics
Lactobacillus plantarum/growth & development/*metabolism
Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
Plant Proteins/metabolism
Proteolysis
Triticum/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0175-7598},
   Accession Number = {23129182},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00253-012-4520-3},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dargavel, C. and Kassam, Z. and Hunt, R. and Greenwald, E.},
   title = {A presentation of latent tropical sprue in a Canadian hospital},
   journal = {Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {25},
   number = {8},
   pages = {996-1000},
   note = {1473-5687
Dargavel, Callum
Kassam, Zain
Hunt, Richard
Greenwald, Eric
Case Reports
Journal Article
Review
England
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Aug;25(8):996-1000. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328361ce81.},
   abstract = {Tropical sprue (TS) is a chronic diarrheal disease of unknown etiology characterized by malabsorption and small bowel mucosal abnormalities. TS affects residents of, and visitors to, endemic tropical regions. Rarely the disease may remain latent for several years, and to date, few cases of latent TS have been reported in Europe or North America. However, in our increasingly multicultural communities and in a 'global village' where travel is common, clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for TS in patients presenting with diarrhea and malabsorption who have traveled to endemic regions. TS may mimic common diarrheal diseases that are seen in developed nations, including celiac disease, Crohn's disease, bacterial overgrowth, and other infectious etiologies. Accordingly, once these more common etiologies have been ruled out, TS must be considered in patients presenting with diarrhea after travel to endemic regions. We present a unique Canadian case of latent TS, with a brief review of the diagnostic approach and treatment.},
   keywords = {Adult
Biopsy
Canada
Dietary Supplements
*Emigrants and Immigrants
*Emigration and Immigration
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Humans
Male
Philippines
Predictive Value of Tests
Sprue, Tropical/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0954-691x},
   Accession Number = {23636074},
   DOI = {10.1097/MEG.0b013e328361ce81},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de la Hera, E. and Talegon, M. and Caballero, P. and Gomez, M.},
   title = {Influence of maize flour particle size on gluten-free breadmaking},
   journal = {J Sci Food Agric},
   volume = {93},
   number = {4},
   pages = {924-32},
   note = {1097-0010
de la Hera, Esther
Talegon, Maria
Caballero, Pedro
Gomez, Manuel
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Sci Food Agric. 2013 Mar 15;93(4):924-32. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5826. Epub 2012 Aug 6.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Maize, one of the suitable grains for coeliac consumption, is, together with rice, the most cultivated cereal in the world. However, the inclusion of maize flour in gluten-free bread is a minority and studies are scarce. This paper analyses the influence of different maize flour types and their particle sizes on the quality of two types of bread without gluten (80% and 110% water in the formulation) obtained from them. We also analysed the microstructure of the dough and its behaviour during the fermentation. RESULTS: Finer flours had a lower dough development during fermentation in all cases. Among the different types of flour, those whose microstructure revealed compact particles were those which had higher specific bread volume, especially when the particle size was greater. Among the formulations, the dough with more water gave breads with higher specific volume, an effect that was more important in more compact flours. The higher volume breads had lower values of hardness and resilience. CONCLUSION: The type of corn flour and mainly its particle size influence significantly the dough development of gluten-free bread during fermentation and therefore the final volume and texture of the breads obtained. The flours having coarser particle size are the most suitable for making gluten-free maize bread.},
   keywords = {Bread/*analysis
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Fermentation
Flour/*analysis
*Glutens
Hardness
Humans
*Particle Size
Seeds
*Water
*Zea mays},
   ISSN = {0022-5142},
   Accession Number = {22886488},
   DOI = {10.1002/jsfa.5826},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de Lorgeril, M. and Salen, P.},
   title = {Gluten and wheat intolerance today: are modern wheat strains involved?},
   journal = {Int J Food Sci Nutr},
   volume = {65},
   number = {5},
   pages = {577-81},
   note = {1465-3478
de Lorgeril, Michel
Salen, Patricia
Journal Article
England
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Aug;65(5):577-81. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2014.886185. Epub 2014 Feb 13.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is a food-induced enteropathy resulting from exposure to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. The non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a less known syndrome whose prevalence is under-estimated. The last decades have seen changes in the clinical presentation of both diseases. One possible explanation is that changes in the gluten-rich cereals themselves were the principal causes. Celiac-triggering gluten proteins are indeed expressed to higher levels in modern cereals while non-triggering proteins are expressed less. Sophisticated hybridization techniques have been used to produce new strains of modern wheat, the most high-yielding of which have since made their way into human foods in the absence of animal or human safety testing. The dramatic changes in the clinical presentation of celiac disease and NCGS have taken place when new cereal hybrids were introduced into human foods. This is a critical medical and environmental issue which needs to be investigated by appropriate studies.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*epidemiology
European Continental Ancestry Group
Food Hypersensitivity/epidemiology
Glutens/adverse effects/*analysis
Humans
Triticum/*chemistry/classification
Auto-immunity
celiac
gliadin
gut microbiota
safety testing
triticum aestivum
triticum durum},
   ISSN = {0963-7486},
   Accession Number = {24524657},
   DOI = {10.3109/09637486.2014.886185},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de Magistris, L. and Picardi, A. and Siniscalco, D. and Riccio, M. P. and Sapone, A. and Cariello, R. and Abbadessa, S. and Medici, N. and Lammers, K. M. and Schiraldi, C. and Iardino, P. and Marotta, R. and Tolone, C. and Fasano, A. and Pascotto, A. and Bravaccio, C.},
   title = {Antibodies against food antigens in patients with autistic spectrum disorders},
   journal = {Biomed Res Int},
   volume = {2013},
   pages = {729349},
   note = {2314-6141
de Magistris, Laura
Picardi, Annarita
Siniscalco, Dario
Riccio, Maria Pia
Sapone, Anna
Cariello, Rita
Abbadessa, Salvatore
Medici, Nicola
Lammers, Karen M
Schiraldi, Chiara
Iardino, Patrizia
Marotta, Rosa
Tolone, Carlo
Fasano, Alessio
Pascotto, Antonio
Bravaccio, Carmela
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:729349. doi: 10.1155/2013/729349. Epub 2013 Aug 1.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Immune system of some autistic patients could be abnormally triggered by gluten/casein assumption. The prevalence of antibodies to gliadin and milk proteins in autistic children with paired/impaired intestinal permeability and under dietary regimen either regular or restricted is reported. METHODS: 162 ASDs and 44 healthy children were investigated for intestinal permeability, tissue-transglutaminase (tTG), anti-endomysium antibodies (EMA)-IgA, and total mucosal IgA to exclude celiac disease; HLA-DQ2/-DQ8 haplotypes; total systemic antibodies (IgA, IgG, and IgE); specific systemic antibodies: alpha-gliadin (AGA-IgA and IgG), deamidated-gliadin-peptide (DGP-IgA and IgG), total specific gliadin IgG (all fractions: alpha, beta, gamma, and omega), beta-lactoglobulin IgG, alpha-lactalbumin IgG, casein IgG; and milk IgE, casein IgE, gluten IgE,-lactoglobulin IgE, and alpha-lactalbumin IgE. RESULTS: AGA-IgG and DPG-IgG titers resulted to be higher in ASDs compared to controls and are only partially influenced by diet regimen. Casein IgG titers resulted to be more frequently and significantly higher in ASDs than in controls. Intestinal permeability was increased in 25.6% of ASDs compared to 2.3% of healthy children. Systemic antibodies production was not influenced by paired/impaired intestinal permeability. CONCLUSIONS: Immune system of a subgroup of ASDs is triggered by gluten and casein; this could be related either to AGA, DPG, and Casein IgG elevated production or to impaired intestinal barrier function.},
   keywords = {Antibodies/*immunology
Antigens/*immunology
Celiac Disease/immunology
Child
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/*immunology
Female
*Food
Gliadin/immunology
Haplotypes
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/immunology
Immunoglobulin E/immunology
Immunoglobulin G/immunology
Intestines/pathology
Male
Permeability},
   Accession Number = {23984403},
   DOI = {10.1155/2013/729349},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {De Palma, G. and Vida, C. and Santacruz, A. and De Castro, N. M. and De la Fuente, M. and Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Impaired responses to gliadin and gut microbes of immune cells from mice with altered stress-related behavior and premature immune senescence},
   journal = {J Neuroimmunol},
   volume = {276},
   number = {1-2},
   pages = {47-57},
   note = {1872-8421
De Palma, G
Vida, C
Santacruz, A
De Castro, N M
De la Fuente, M
Sanz, Y
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
J Neuroimmunol. 2014 Nov 15;276(1-2):47-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.007. Epub 2014 Aug 13.},
   abstract = {Stress is associated with impaired communication between the nervous and immune systems leading to immunosenescence and increased disease risk. We investigated whether leukocytes from mice with altered stress-related behavior and premature immunosenescence, as well as from chronologically aged mice differently responded ex vivo to celiac disease (CD) triggers (gliadin) and intestinal bacteria by ELISA and flow cytometry and differed in microbiota composition. We found that altered stress-related behavior and premature immunosenescence led to alterations in T lymphocytes and cytokine release of immune cells basally and in response to peptic fragments of gliadin and commensal and pathogenic bacteria, possibly increasing susceptibility to CD in adulthood.},
   keywords = {Aging/*immunology
Analysis of Variance
Animals
Bifidobacteriales Infections/immunology/*pathology
Celiac Disease/*chemically induced/immunology
Cytokines/*metabolism
Disease Models, Animal
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Flow Cytometry
Gliadin/*adverse effects
Mice
Mice, Inbred ICR
Stress, Psychological/*pathology
T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
Aging
Celiac disease
Intestinal bacteria
Leukocytes
Stress-related behavior},
   ISSN = {0165-5728},
   Accession Number = {25176132},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.007},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de Sousa Moraes, L. F. and Grzeskowiak, L. M. and de Sales Teixeira, T. F. and Gouveia Peluzio Mdo, C.},
   title = {Intestinal microbiota and probiotics in celiac disease},
   journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev},
   volume = {27},
   number = {3},
   pages = {482-9},
   note = {1098-6618
de Sousa Moraes, Luis Fernando
Grzeskowiak, Lukasz Marcin
de Sales Teixeira, Tatiana Fiche
Gouveia Peluzio, Maria do Carmo
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014 Jul;27(3):482-9. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00106-13.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is a common chronic autoimmune enteropathy caused by gluten intake. To date, the only therapy for CD is the complete exclusion of dietary sources of grains and any food containing gluten. It has been hypothesized that the intestinal microbiota is somehow involved in CD. For this reason, probiotics are appearing as an interesting adjuvant in the dietetic management of CD. This review aims to discuss the characteristics of the microbiota in CD subjects and the use of probiotics as a novel therapy for CD. Comparisons between children with CD and controls show that their microbiota profiles differ; the former have fewer lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Specific probiotics have been found to digest or alter gluten polypeptides. It has also been demonstrated that some bacterial species belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium exert protective properties on epithelial cells from damage caused by gliadin.},
   keywords = {Animals
Celiac Disease/immunology/*microbiology
Humans
Intestines/*microbiology
*Microbiota
*Probiotics},
   ISSN = {0893-8512},
   Accession Number = {24982318},
   DOI = {10.1128/cmr.00106-13},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dedeoglu, M. and Garip, Y. and Bodur, H.},
   title = {Osteomalacia in Crohn's disease},
   journal = {Arch Osteoporos},
   volume = {9},
   pages = {177},
   note = {1862-3514
Dedeoglu, Meryem
Garip, Yesim
Bodur, Hatice
Case Reports
Journal Article
England
Arch Osteoporos. 2014;9:177. doi: 10.1007/s11657-014-0177-0. Epub 2014 May 14.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by impaired mineralization of the bone matrix. Vitamin D deficiency due to malabsorption syndromes may cause osteomalacia. This is a case of a patient with a 6-year history of seronegative spondyloarthropathy associated with Crohn's disease who was admitted to our outpatient clinic with symptoms of osteomalacia. INTRODUCTION: Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disease characterized by an impaired mineralization of the bone matrix, frequently caused by disorders in vitamin D or phosphate metabolism. Vitamin D deficiency due to malabsorption syndromes (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, and jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity) may cause osteomalacia. CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old male presented with fatigue, low back pain, and morning stiffness. He had a 6-year history of seronegative spondyloarthropathy associated with Crohn's disease. Laboratory findings revealed low serum calcium, low 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, normal phosphorus, elevated parathyroid hormone, and alkaline phosphatase levels. Radiographs revealed grade IV sacroiliitis and Looser zones. He was diagnosed with osteomalacia due to the malabsorption of vitamin D. His symptoms and signs were relieved with supplements of vitamin D and calcium. CONCLUSIONS: Osteomalacia should be considered in differential diagnosis when assessing low back pain in the patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Vitamin D deficiency should be treated with vitamin D supplementation in patients with Crohn's disease to prevent osteomalacia.},
   keywords = {Adult
Crohn Disease/*complications
Diagnosis, Differential
Dietary Supplements
Humans
Low Back Pain/etiology
Male
Osteomalacia/diagnosis/*etiology
Vitamin D/administration & dosage
Vitamin D Deficiency/diet therapy/etiology
Vitamins/administration & dosage},
   Accession Number = {24847674},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11657-014-0177-0},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Deora, N. S. and Deswal, A. and Mishra, H. N.},
   title = {Functionality of alternative protein in gluten-free product development},
   journal = {Food Sci Technol Int},
   volume = {21},
   number = {5},
   pages = {364-79},
   note = {Deora, Navneet Singh
Deswal, Aastha
Mishra, Hari Niwas
Journal Article
Review
United States
Food Sci Technol Int. 2015 Jul;21(5):364-79. doi: 10.1177/1082013214538984. Epub 2014 Jun 10.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disease triggered in genetically susceptible individuals by ingested gluten from wheat, rye, barley, and other closely related cereal grains. The current treatment for celiac disease is life-long adherence to a strict gluten-exclusion diet. The replacement of gluten presents a significant technological challenge, as it is an essential structure-building protein, which is necessary for formulating high-quality baked goods. A major limitation in the production of gluten-free products is the lack of protein functionality in non-wheat cereals. Additionally, commercial gluten-free mixes usually contain only carbohydrates, which may significantly limit the amount of protein in the diet. In the recent past, various approaches are attempted to incorporate protein-based ingredients and to modify the functional properties for gluten-free product development. This review aims to the highlight functionality of the alternative protein-based ingredients, which can be utilized for gluten-free product development both functionally as well as nutritionally.},
   keywords = {Bread/analysis
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free
*Food Technology
Glutens/adverse effects/*chemistry
Humans
Plant Proteins/adverse effects/chemistry
Bakery products
celiac
food proteins
mechanical properties
microstructure},
   ISSN = {1082-0132 (Print)
1082-0132},
   Accession Number = {26048849},
   DOI = {10.1177/1082013214538984},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dhalwani, N. N. and West, J. and Sultan, A. A. and Ban, L. and Tata, L. J.},
   title = {Women with celiac disease present with fertility problems no more often than women in the general population},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {147},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1267-74.e1; quiz e13-4},
   note = {1528-0012
Dhalwani, Nafeesa N
West, Joe
Sultan, Alyshah Abdul
Ban, Lu
Tata, Laila J
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Gastroenterology. 2014 Dec;147(6):1267-74.e1; quiz e13-4. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.025. Epub 2014 Aug 23.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Studies have associated infertility with celiac disease. However, these included small numbers of women attending infertility specialist services and subsequently screened for celiac disease, and therefore may not have been representative of the general population. We performed a large population-based study of infertility and celiac disease in women from the United Kingdom. METHODS: We identified 2,426,225 women with prospective UK primary care records between 1990 and 2013 during their child-bearing years from The Health Improvement Network database. We estimated age-specific rates of new clinically recorded fertility problems among women with and without diagnosed celiac disease. Rates were stratified by whether celiac disease was diagnosed before the fertility problem or afterward and compared with rates in women without celiac disease using Poisson regression, adjusting for sociodemographics, comorbidities, and calendar time. RESULTS: Age-specific rates of new clinically recorded fertility problems in 6506 women with celiac disease were similar to the rates in women without celiac disease (incidence rate ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-1.42 among women age 25-29 years). Rates of infertility among women without celiac disease were similar to those of women with celiac disease before and after diagnosis. However, rates were 41% higher among women diagnosed with celiac disease when they were 25-29 years old, compared with women in the same age group without celiac disease (incidence rate ratio, 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.92). CONCLUSIONS: Women with celiac disease do not have a greater likelihood of clinically recorded fertility problems than women without celiac disease, either before or after diagnosis, except for higher reports of fertility problems between 25-39 years if diagnosed with CD. These findings should assure most women with celiac disease that they do not have an increased risk for fertility problems.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age Distribution
Celiac Disease/*epidemiology
Comorbidity
Education, Medical, Continuing
Female
Humans
Incidence
Infertility, Female/*epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications/*epidemiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors
United Kingdom/epidemiology
Young Adult
Food Allergy
Gluten
Risk Factor},
   ISSN = {0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {25157666},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.025},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Di Gioia, D. and Aloisio, I. and Mazzola, G. and Biavati, B.},
   title = {Bifidobacteria: their impact on gut microbiota composition and their applications as probiotics in infants},
   journal = {Appl Microbiol Biotechnol},
   volume = {98},
   number = {2},
   pages = {563-77},
   note = {1432-0614
Di Gioia, Diana
Aloisio, Irene
Mazzola, Giuseppe
Biavati, Bruno
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014 Jan;98(2):563-77. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5405-9. Epub 2013 Nov 28.},
   abstract = {This review is aimed at describing the most recent advances in the gut microbiota composition of newborns and infants with a particular emphasis on bifidobacteria. The newborn gut microbiota is quite unstable, whereas after weaning, it becomes more stable and gets closer to the typical adult microbiota. The newborn and infant gut microbiota composition is impaired in several enteric and non-enteric pathologies. The core of this review is the description of the most recent documented applications of bifidobacteria to newborns and infants for their prevention and treatment. Acute diarrhea is the most studied disease for which bifidobacteria are applied with great success, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium breve being the most applied species. Moreover, the most recent updates in the use of bifidobacteria for the prevention and treatment of pathologies typical of newborns, such as necrotizing enterocolitis, colics, and streptococcal infections, are presented. In addition, a number of not strictly enteric pathologies have in recent years evidenced a strict correlation with an aberrant gut microbiota in infants, in particular showing a reduced level of bifidobacteria. These diseases represent new potential opportunities for probiotic applications. Among them, allergic diseases, celiac disease, obesity, and neurologic diseases are described in this review. The preliminary use of bifidobacteria in in vitro systems and animal models is summarized as well as preliminary in vivo studies. Only after validation of the results via human clinical trials will the potentiality of bifidobacteria in the prevention and cure of these pathologies be definitely assessed.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bifidobacterium/growth & development/*physiology
*Biota
Celiac Disease/therapy
Diarrhea/*prevention & control/*therapy
Disease Models, Animal
Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology
Humans
Hypersensitivity/therapy
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Nervous System Diseases/therapy
Obesity/therapy
Probiotics/*administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {0175-7598},
   Accession Number = {24287935},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00253-013-5405-9},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Diao, M. and Bao, J. and Xu, Y.},
   title = {[Clinical analysis of gluten-related disease]},
   journal = {Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi},
   volume = {53},
   number = {11},
   pages = {884-9},
   note = {Diao, Maoping
Bao, Jie
Xu, Yun
English Abstract
Journal Article
China
Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2014 Nov;53(11):884-9.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnosis and treatment of gluten-related disorders (GRD). METHODS: Anti-gliadin antibodies(AGA), anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody, deamidated gliadin peptides (DGP) antibody and serum specific IgG antibodies of 14 kinds of intolerable food were tested in people who developed chronic diarrhea after the intake of gluten diet. HLA-DQ2, HLA-DQ8 and intestinal endoscopic multiple biopsies would be performed further in patients with positive coeliac disease (CD)-specific serology. Gluten free diet was given to patients with positive CD-specific serology.One patient received prednisone (30 mg/d and diminished 5 mg/w). RESULTS: Nine patients were confirmed with celiac disease (CD) and four cases were suspected non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) in 13 patients with positive serologic tests. Twelve cases received effective therapy. In CD group, 6 cases were accompanied with comorbidities mainly autoimmune diseases and osteoporosis. The positive rates of AGA and tTG antibody were 9/9 and 2/9 respectively in the CD group, while tTG antibody in the NCGS group were both negative.Endoscopic intestinal biopsy was performed in all 13 cases. Plasma cell proliferation and lymphocyte infiltration in the lamina propria without villus atrophy were identified in 4 cases, representing chronic inflammation of the small intestine. Villus atrophy was detected in 9 cases. Two patients with NCGS ingested gluten after 4 and 6 months of gluten-free diet respectively, and the number of bowel movements increased 1-2 times per day. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of CD is mainly based on serologic tests and characteristic of histological features. CD may be companied by other autoimmune diseases or metabolic disease of bone. Lifelong adherence to a gluten free diet is the most basic and effective therapy.},
   keywords = {Antibodies
Autoimmune Diseases
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
HLA-DQ Antigens/analysis
Humans
Inflammation
Intestinal Mucosa
Intestine, Small
Serologic Tests},
   ISSN = {0578-1426 (Print)
0578-1426},
   Accession Number = {25586360},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {DiGiacomo, D. V. and Tennyson, C. A. and Green, P. H. and Demmer, R. T.},
   title = {Prevalence of gluten-free diet adherence among individuals without celiac disease in the USA: results from the Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010},
   journal = {Scand J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {48},
   number = {8},
   pages = {921-5},
   note = {1502-7708
DiGiacomo, Daniel V
Tennyson, Christina A
Green, Peter H
Demmer, Ryan T
Journal Article
England
Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013 Aug;48(8):921-5. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2013.809598. Epub 2013 Jul 8.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Clinical inference suggests the prevalence of non-celiac gluten sensitivity is substantially higher than that of celiac disease in the USA. Unfortunately, there are currently no data supporting these claims. The authors analyzed nationally representative data to estimate the prevalence of adherence to a gluten-free diet among participants without celiac disease and also to characterize the demographics and general health status of these participants. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010 enrolled 7762 individuals representing the civilian, non-institutionalized, US population free of celiac disease. Participants responded to interviewer administered questionnaires regarding current adherence to a gluten-free diet. Prevalence estimates were computed using SAS survey procedures. RESULTS: There were 49 individuals who reported current adherence to a gluten-free diet reflecting a weighted prevalence of 0.548% (95% CI 0.206-0.889). The prevalence of a gluten-free diet was higher in females (0.58%) than males (0.37%), although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.34). Participants reporting a gluten-free diet were older (46.6 vs. 40.5 years, p = 0.005), had higher high-density lipoprotein, lower iron and lower body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated national prevalence of non-celiac gluten sensitivity is 0.548%, approximately half that of celiac disease. Future studies are merited in order to better understand the population burden of non-celiac gluten sensitivity.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Celiac Disease
Cross-Sectional Studies
Diet, Gluten-Free/statistics & numerical data/*utilization
Dietary Proteins/*adverse effects
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diet therapy/epidemiology/etiology
Glutens/*adverse effects
Health Status
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Nutrition Surveys
Patient Compliance/*statistics & numerical data
Prevalence
Self Report
Surveys and Questionnaires
United States/epidemiology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0036-5521},
   Accession Number = {23834276},
   DOI = {10.3109/00365521.2013.809598},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dina, I. and Iacobescu, C. and Vrabie, C. and Omer, S.},
   title = {Long-standing iron-deficiency anemia in an atypical celiac disease - a case report},
   journal = {J Med Life},
   volume = {7 Spec No. 4},
   pages = {99-102},
   note = {1844-3117
Dina, I
Iacobescu, C
Vrabie, C
Omer, S
Case Reports
Journal Article
Romania
J Med Life. 2014;7 Spec No. 4:99-102.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is a complex disorder characterized by digestive symptoms as well as extraintestinal manifestations, sometimes difficult to diagnose. Commonly described as a disease of childhood, adult celiac disease is a well known entity that should be taken into the differential diagnosis of a chronic diarrhea or of a malabsorption syndrome. The pathogenesis encompasses an autoimmune pathway that acts on a genetic background. The mucosa of the small intestine became damaged in reponse to foods that contain gluten in subjects with genetic susceptibility. The clinical presentation is variable, ranging from typical gastrointestinal symptoms to extradigestive and systemic manifestations. The simple withdrawal of the dietary gluten results in clinical improvement and healing of the intestinal mucosa. We report the case of an young women diagnosed with celiac disease after 7 years of iron deficiency anemia without a clear etiology.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/*complications
Antigens, CD3/metabolism
Antigens, CD8/metabolism
Celiac Disease/*complications/pathology
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Female
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
T-Lymphocytes/pathology
anemia
diarrhea
gluten intolerance
young},
   ISSN = {1844-122x},
   Accession Number = {27057259},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {do Nascimento, A. B. and Fiates, G. M. and Dos Anjos, A. and Teixeira, E.},
   title = {Analysis of ingredient lists of commercially available gluten-free and gluten-containing food products using the text mining technique},
   journal = {Int J Food Sci Nutr},
   volume = {64},
   number = {2},
   pages = {217-22},
   note = {1465-3478
do Nascimento, Amanda Bagolin
Fiates, Giovanna Medeiros Rataichesck
Dos Anjos, Adilson
Teixeira, Evanilda
Journal Article
England
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2013 Mar;64(2):217-22. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.718744. Epub 2012 Sep 5.},
   abstract = {Ingredients mentioned on the labels of commercially available packaged gluten-free and similar gluten-containing food products were analyzed and compared, using the text mining technique. A total of 324 products' labels were analyzed for content (162 from gluten-free products), and ingredient diversity in gluten-free products was 28% lower. Raw materials used as ingredients of gluten-free products were limited to five varieties: rice, cassava, corn, soy, and potato. Sugar was the most frequently mentioned ingredient on both types of products' labels. Salt and sodium also were among these ingredients. Presence of hydrocolloids, enzymes or raw materials of high nutritional content such as pseudocereals, suggested by academic studies as alternatives to improve nutritional and sensorial quality of gluten-free food products, was not identified in the present study. Nutritional quality of gluten-free diets and health of celiac patients may be compromised.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Commerce
Data Mining/methods
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Sucrose/analysis
*Food Labeling
Foods, Specialized/*analysis/standards
Glutens
Humans
Manihot
Nutritive Value
Oryza
*Plants, Edible
Sodium/analysis
Sodium Chloride, Dietary/analysis
Solanum tuberosum
Soy Foods
Zea mays},
   ISSN = {0963-7486},
   Accession Number = {22946669},
   DOI = {10.3109/09637486.2012.718744},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {do Nascimento, A. B. and Fiates, G. M. and dos Anjos, A. and Teixeira, E.},
   title = {Gluten-free is not enough--perception and suggestions of celiac consumers},
   journal = {Int J Food Sci Nutr},
   volume = {65},
   number = {4},
   pages = {394-8},
   note = {1465-3478
do Nascimento, Amanda Bagolin
Fiates, Giovanna Medeiros Rataichesck
dos Anjos, Adilson
Teixeira, Evanilda
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Jun;65(4):394-8. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2013.879286.},
   abstract = {The present study investigated the perceptions of individuals with celiac disease about gluten-free (GF) products, their consumer behavior and which product is the most desired. A survey was used to collect information. Descriptive analysis, chi(2) tests and Multiple Logistic Regressions were conducted. Ninety-one questionnaires were analyzed. Limited variety and availability, the high price of products and the social restrictions imposed by the diet were the factors that caused the most dissatisfaction and difficulty. A total of 71% of the participants confirmed having moderate to high difficulty finding GF products. The logistic regression identified a significant relationship between dissatisfaction, texture and variety (p < 0.05) and between variety and difficulty of finding GF products (p < 0.05). The sensory characteristics were the most important variables considered for actual purchases. Bread was the most desired product. The participants were dissatisfaction with GF products. The desire for bread with better sensory characteristics reinforces the challenge to develop higher quality baking products.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Brazil
Bread/adverse effects/analysis/economics
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/economics
Chemical Phenomena
*Consumer Behavior/economics
Diet, Gluten-Free/*adverse effects/economics
Female
Food Contamination
Food Labeling
Food Preferences
*Food Quality
Food Supply/economics
Foods, Specialized/*adverse effects/analysis/economics
Guideline Adherence
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
*Patient Compliance
Sensation
Young Adult
Celiac disease
consumer behavior
food consumption
gluten-free
purchase},
   ISSN = {0963-7486},
   Accession Number = {24832676},
   DOI = {10.3109/09637486.2013.879286},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dondi, A. and Ricci, G. and Matricardi, P. M. and Pession, A.},
   title = {Fatal anaphylaxis to wheat after gluten-free diet in an adolescent with celiac disease},
   journal = {Allergol Int},
   volume = {64},
   number = {2},
   pages = {203-5},
   note = {1440-1592
Dondi, Arianna
Ricci, Giampaolo
Matricardi, Paolo M
Pession, Andrea
Case Reports
Letter
England
Allergol Int. 2015 Apr;64(2):203-5. doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.12.001. Epub 2014 Dec 31.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Anaphylaxis/*etiology
Celiac Disease
Diet, Gluten-Free
Fatal Outcome
Food Hypersensitivity/*etiology
Humans
Male
Triticum/*adverse effects},
   ISSN = {1323-8930},
   Accession Number = {25838102},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.alit.2014.12.001},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Duar, R. M. and Clark, K. J. and Patil, P. B. and Hernandez, C. and Bruning, S. and Burkey, T. E. and Madayiputhiya, N. and Taylor, S. L. and Walter, J.},
   title = {Identification and characterization of intestinal lactobacilli strains capable of degrading immunotoxic peptides present in gluten},
   journal = {J Appl Microbiol},
   volume = {118},
   number = {2},
   pages = {515-27},
   note = {1365-2672
Duar, R M
Clark, K J
Patil, P B
Hernandez, C
Bruning, S
Burkey, T E
Madayiputhiya, N
Taylor, S L
Walter, J
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Appl Microbiol. 2015 Feb;118(2):515-27. doi: 10.1111/jam.12687. Epub 2014 Dec 18.},
   abstract = {AIM: Identify and characterize bacteria from the proximal gastrointestinal tract of pigs capable of degrading immunogenic gluten peptides. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacteria were cultured from the small intestine of pigs fed a 20% gluten diet and from an enrichment media with the 18-mer peptide LQLQPFPQPQLPYPQPQL. Isolates were screened for the production of specialized proteolytic enzymes and the ability to degrade and remove metastable peptides from alpha-gliadin (16-mer and 33-mer) and omega-gliadin (17-mer), with established roles in the aetiology of coeliac disease. Degradation was determined by ELISA and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS in MRM mode), and hydrolysis fragments were characterized by LC-MS/MS. Four strains from the species Lactobacillus ruminis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillus salivarius showed the highest peptide-degrading activities. Strains displayed different degradation rates and cleavage patterns that resulted in reduction but not complete removal of immunotoxic epitopes. CONCLUSIONS: We employed a unique enrichment process to select for bacteria adapted to the conditions of the proximal gastrointestinal tract with the ability to partially detoxify well-characterized peptides involved in coeliac disease. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides a basis for the selection of Lactobacillus strains for probiotic applications aimed to reduce epitope-containing gluten peptides before reaching the epithelium of the small intestine of patients with coeliac disease.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bacteria/enzymology/isolation & purification
Celiac Disease/etiology
Epitopes/metabolism
Gliadin/metabolism
Glutens/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism
Intestine, Small/*microbiology
Lactobacillus/isolation & purification/*metabolism
Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
Peptides/chemistry/metabolism
Probiotics
Swine
Lactobacillus
coeliac
epitopes
gliadin
gluten
peptidase},
   ISSN = {1364-5072},
   Accession Number = {25376327},
   DOI = {10.1111/jam.12687},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ediger, T. R. and Hill, I. D.},
   title = {Celiac disease},
   journal = {Pediatr Rev},
   volume = {35},
   number = {10},
   pages = {409-15; quiz 416},
   note = {1526-3347
Ediger, Tracy R
Hill, Ivor D
Journal Article
Review
United States
Pediatr Rev. 2014 Oct;35(10):409-15; quiz 416. doi: 10.1542/pir.35-10-409.},
   abstract = {On the basis of strong evidence, gastrointestinal symptoms and failure to thrive are classic presentations of celiac disease, but atypical, nongastrointestinal symptoms are also extremely common, particularly in the older child and adolescent. (3)(4)(8). On the basis of some research evidence and consensus, guidelines recommend celiac testing in symptomatic children with typical and atypical symptoms and consideration of testing in those with associated conditions and first-degree relatives of those with celiac disease. (3)(9). On the basis of strong research evidence, measurement of tTG IgA and total serum IgA level has been reported to be the most cost-effective and accurate means of serologic testing for celiac disease and is the test of choice unless the child is younger than 2 years or IgA deficient. (9). On the basis of strong research evidence, children with elevated titers of celiac antibodies or strong clinical suspicion for celiac disease should be referred to a gastroenterologist for upper endoscopy and biopsy. Until this procedure is performed, the child should continue on a diet with ingestion of gluten. (3)(9). On the basis of strong research evidence, all those with a confirmed diagnosis of celiac disease should follow a strict gluten-free diet for life, with avoidance of all foods that contain wheat, barley, and rye ingredients. (3)(4). Referral to a health care professional with specialized knowledge of celiac disease and the gluten-free diet is critical because of the numerous ways, often hidden, in which gluten may be present in the diet and environment.},
   keywords = {Antibodies/analysis
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Child
Diet, Gluten-Free
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Humans
Intestines/pathology},
   ISSN = {0191-9601},
   Accession Number = {25274968},
   DOI = {10.1542/pir.35-10-409},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Elenberg, Y. and Shaoul, R.},
   title = {The role of infant nutrition in the prevention of future disease},
   journal = {Front Pediatr},
   volume = {2},
   pages = {73},
   note = {Elenberg, Yigal
Shaoul, Ron
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Front Pediatr. 2014 Jul 21;2:73. doi: 10.3389/fped.2014.00073. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {There is growing evidence that nutrition is part of the environmental factors affecting the incidence of various diseases. The effect starts in the prenatal life and affects fetal growth and continues in early life and throughout childhood. The effect has been shown on various disease states such as allergic diseases, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases, obesity, type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and immunologic diseases such as celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus. It seems that the recommendations of exclusive breastfeeding until the age of 4 months and subsequently exposure to various solid foods has beneficial effect in terms of allergic, immunologic, and cardiovascular diseases prevention. Will these recommendations change the natural course of these diseases is unknown yet, but there is accumulating evidence that indeed this is the case. In this review, we review the evidence of early nutritional intervention and future disease prevention.},
   keywords = {adolescent
child
infant
intervention
nutrition
preventive medicine},
   ISSN = {2296-2360 (Print)
2296-2360},
   Accession Number = {25101251},
   DOI = {10.3389/fped.2014.00073},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Eliakim, R.},
   title = {Video capsule endoscopy of the small bowel},
   journal = {Curr Opin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {29},
   number = {2},
   pages = {133-9},
   note = {1531-7056
Eliakim, Rami
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2013 Mar;29(2):133-9. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835bdc03.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) was introduced 13 years ago by Given Imaging (Yokneam, Israel). It has become one of the most important investigational tools of the small bowel. The capsule is swallowed with water after a 12 h fast, propelled via peristalsis through the gastrointestinal tract and excreted naturally. A nonvideo patency capsule was developed to confirm functional patency of the gastrointestinal tract. RECENT FINDINGS: Four additional companies have introduced competitive small bowel video capsules, some of which are Food and Drug Admistration (FDA) approved. Due to the easiness of the procedure, SBCE has become a first-line tool to detect small bowel abnormalities. The main indications for SBCE include obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, suspected Crohn's disease, small bowel tumors and practically any abnormal small bowel imaging. New indications are emerging like small bowel motility and monitoring of drug therapy and mucosal healing. The present review will describe the available capsules in the market, the procedure itself, present indications and future expectations. It will focus on the PillCam SB of Given Imaging as it is the one on which most of the literature is written. SUMMARY: Over the past 10 years, SBCE has become a routine, first-line investigational tool of many small bowel pathologies.},
   keywords = {Capsule Endoscopy/adverse effects/instrumentation/*methods
Celiac Disease/diagnosis
Crohn Disease/diagnosis
Drug Monitoring/methods
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology
Humans
Intestinal Diseases/*diagnosis
Intestinal Neoplasms/diagnosis
Intestine, Small/*pathology},
   ISSN = {0267-1379},
   Accession Number = {23221650},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835bdc03},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Enroth, S. and Dahlbom, I. and Hansson, T. and Johansson, A. and Gyllensten, U.},
   title = {Prevalence and sensitization of atopic allergy and coeliac disease in the Northern Sweden Population Health Study},
   journal = {Int J Circumpolar Health},
   volume = {72},
   note = {2242-3982
Enroth, Stefan
Dahlbom, Ingrid
Hansson, Tony
Johansson, Asa
Gyllensten, Ulf
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013 Aug 5;72. doi: 10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21403. eCollection 2013.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Atopic allergy is effected by a number of environmental exposures, such as dry air and time spent outdoors, but there are few estimates of the prevalence in populations from sub-arctic areas. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and severity of symptoms of food, inhalation and skin-related allergens and coeliac disease (CD) in the sub-arctic region of Sweden. To study the correlation between self-reported allergy and allergy test results. To estimate the heritability of these estimates. STUDY DESIGN: The study was conducted in Karesuando and Soppero in Northern Sweden as part of the Northern Sweden Population Health Study (n=1,068). We used a questionnaire for self-reported allergy and CD status and measured inhalation-related allergens using Phadiatop, food-related allergens using the F x 5 assay and IgA and IgG antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) to indicate prevalence of CD. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported allergy was very high, with 42.3% reporting mild to severe allergy. Inhalation-related allergy was reported in 26.7%, food-related allergy in 24.9% and skin-related allergy in 2.4% of the participants. Of inhalation-related allergy, 11.0% reported reactions against fur and 14.6% against pollen/grass. Among food-related reactions, 14.9% reported milk (protein and lactose) as the cause. The IgE measurements showed that 18.4% had elevated values for inhalation allergens and 11.7% for food allergens. Self-reported allergies and symptoms were positively correlated (p<0.01) with age- and sex-corrected inhalation allergens. Allergy prevalence was inversely correlated with age and number of hours spent outdoors. High levels of IgA and IgG anti-tTG antibodies, CD-related allergens, were found in 1.4 and 0.6% of participants, respectively. All allergens were found to be significantly (p<3 e-10) heritable, with estimated heritabilities ranging from 0.34 (F x 5) to 0.65 (IgA). CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported allergy correlated well with the antibody measurements. The prevalence of allergy was highest in the young and those working inside. Heritability of atopy and sensitization was high. The prevalence of CD-related autoantibodies was high and did not coincide with the self-reported allergy.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Allergens/immunology
Celiac Disease/*epidemiology
Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/epidemiology
Humans
Hypersensitivity, Immediate/*epidemiology/immunology
Male
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Respiratory Hypersensitivity/epidemiology
Surveys and Questionnaires
Sweden/epidemiology
Young Adult
allergy
atopic allergy
coeliac disease
heritability
self reported allergy},
   ISSN = {1239-9736},
   Accession Number = {23986895},
   DOI = {10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21403},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Eswaran, S. and Goel, A. and Chey, W. D.},
   title = {What role does wheat play in the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)},
   volume = {9},
   number = {2},
   pages = {85-91},
   note = {Eswaran, Shanti
Goel, Akash
Chey, William D
Journal Article
United States
Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2013 Feb;9(2):85-91.},
   abstract = {Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the pathologic role of food in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Nevertheless, healthcare providers often avoid addressing diet with their patients because of a lack of training, guideline consensus, and high-quality data. Recent literature supports the existence of a subgroup of IBS patients with undiagnosed nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), a term that is used to describe individuals who experience gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms as a result of immunologic, morphologic, or symptomatic abnormalities that are precipitated by the ingestion of gluten. NCGS represents an important subgroup of patients with IBS who are highly treatable via dietary modification. Gluten may influence gastrointestinal symptoms through immune activation or alteration of intestinal permeability, but the true role of food in functional gastrointestinal symptomatology remains unclear. For example, gluten is just 1 component of the complex milieu of nutrients found in wheat and related grains, and NCGS likely represents only the tip of the iceberg as it pertains to the role of food in IBS.},
   keywords = {Celiac disease
food
gluten sensitivity
irritable bowel syndrome
wheat intolerance},
   ISSN = {1554-7914 (Print)
1554-7914},
   Accession Number = {23983652},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Farnetti, S. and Zocco, M. A. and Garcovich, M. and Gasbarrini, A. and Capristo, E.},
   title = {Functional and metabolic disorders in celiac disease: new implications for nutritional treatment},
   journal = {J Med Food},
   volume = {17},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1159-64},
   note = {1557-7600
Farnetti, Sara
Zocco, Maria Assunta
Garcovich, Matteo
Gasbarrini, Antonio
Capristo, Esmeralda
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Med Food. 2014 Nov;17(11):1159-64. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0025. Epub 2014 Jul 29.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic disease causing the inflammation of the proximal small intestine, in genetically predisposed individuals. This is triggered by the consumption of the gluten protein and the side effects of the disease are mitigated by a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) treatment. The predominant consequence of CD is malnutrition due to malabsorption (with diarrhea, weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, and altered blood parameters), especially in patients who do not show strict adherence to GFD treatment. Recent evidence shows that, despite a lifelong GFD, some functional disorders persist, such as compromised gallbladder function and motility, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, increased gut permeability, small-intestinal bowel overgrowth, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), lactose intolerance, and milk allergy. These abnormalities may predispose to the occurrence of overweight and obesity even in CD patients. This review focuses on the principal functional and metabolic disorders in both treated and untreated CD, ranging from alterations of the gastrointestinal system to impaired glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin secretion with the aim of providing new implications beyond a GFD, for an ad hoc nutrition treatment in these patients.},
   keywords = {Blood Glucose/metabolism
Celiac Disease/*complications/diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Gastrointestinal Diseases/diet therapy/*etiology
Humans
Lipid Metabolism
Malabsorption Syndromes/diet therapy/etiology
Metabolic Diseases/diet therapy/*etiology
Micronutrients/deficiency/*therapeutic use
Nutrition Disorders/diet therapy/*etiology
*Nutritional Status
bodyweight
celiac disease
diet
glucose metabolism
glycemic index},
   ISSN = {1096-620x},
   Accession Number = {25072743},
   DOI = {10.1089/jmf.2014.0025},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Farrukh, A. and Mayberry, J. F.},
   title = {Microscopic colitis: a review},
   journal = {Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {16},
   number = {12},
   pages = {957-64},
   note = {1463-1318
Farrukh, A
Mayberry, J F
Journal Article
Review
England
Colorectal Dis. 2014 Dec;16(12):957-64. doi: 10.1111/codi.12716.},
   abstract = {AIM: In recent years, microscopic colitis has been increasingly diagnosed. This review was carried out to evaluate demographic factors for microscopic colitis and to perform a systematic assessment of available treatment options. METHOD: Relevant publications up to December 2013 were identified following searches of PubMed and Google Scholar using the key words 'microscopic colitis', 'collagenous colitis' and 'lymphocytic colitis'. Two-hundred and forty-eight articles were identified. RESULTS: The term microscopic colitis includes lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis. Both have common clinical symptoms but are well defined histopathologically. The clinical course is usually benign, but serious complications, including death, may occur. A peak incidence from 60 to 70 years of age with a female preponderance is observed. Although most cases are idiopathic, associations with autoimmune disorders, such as coeliac disease and hypothyroidism, as well as with exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and proton-pump inhibitors, have been observed. The incidence and prevalence of microscopic colitis is rising and good-quality epidemiological research is needed. Treatment is currently largely based on anecdotal evidence and on results from limited clinical trials of budesonide. Long-term follow-up of these patients is not well established. CONCLUSION: The review synthesizes work on the definition of microscopic colitis and the relationship between collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. It reviews the international epidemiology and work on aetiology. In addition, it critically considers the efficacy of a range of treatments.},
   keywords = {Age Factors
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Antidiarrheals/therapeutic use
Colitis, Microscopic/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/etiology
Diarrhea/drug therapy/etiology
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Incidence
Prevalence
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Sex Factors
aetiology treatment
epidemiology
microscopic colitis},
   ISSN = {1462-8910},
   Accession Number = {25039699},
   DOI = {10.1111/codi.12716},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Forbes, G. M.},
   title = {Modifying the gluten-free threshold for foods: first do no harm},
   journal = {Med J Aust},
   volume = {199},
   number = {6},
   pages = {393},
   note = {1326-5377
Forbes, Geoffrey M
Letter
Australia
Med J Aust. 2013 Sep 16;199(6):393.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diet therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Food Contamination/*analysis
Glutens/administration & dosage/*analysis
Humans},
   ISSN = {0025-729x},
   Accession Number = {24033205},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Francavilla, R. and Cristofori, F. and Castellaneta, S. and Polloni, C. and Albano, V. and Dellatte, S. and Indrio, F. and Cavallo, L. and Catassi, C.},
   title = {Clinical, serologic, and histologic features of gluten sensitivity in children},
   journal = {J Pediatr},
   volume = {164},
   number = {3},
   pages = {463-7.e1},
   note = {1097-6833
Francavilla, Ruggiero
Cristofori, Fernanda
Castellaneta, Stefania
Polloni, Carlo
Albano, Veronica
Dellatte, Stefania
Indrio, Flavia
Cavallo, Luciano
Catassi, Carlo
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr. 2014 Mar;164(3):463-7.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.10.007. Epub 2013 Nov 16.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical, serologic, and histologic characteristics of children with gluten sensitivity (GS). STUDY DESIGN: We studied 15 children (10 males and 5 females; mean age, 9.6 +/- 3.9 years) with GS who were diagnosed based on a clear-cut relationship between wheat consumption and development of symptoms, after excluding celiac disease (CD) and wheat allergy, along with 15 children with active CD (5 males and 10 females; mean age, 9.1 +/- 3.1 years) and 15 controls with a functional gastrointestinal disorder (6 males and 9 females; mean age, 8.6 +/- 2.7 years). All children underwent CD panel testing (native antigliadin antibodies IgG and IgA, anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody IgA and IgG, and anti-endomysial antibody IgA), hematologic assessment (hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, aspartate aminotransferase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate), HLA typing, and small intestinal biopsy (on a voluntary basis in the children with GS). RESULTS: Abdominal pain was the most prevalent symptom in the children with GS (80%), followed by chronic diarrhea in (73%), tiredness (33%), bloating (26%), limb pain, vomiting, constipation, headache (20%), and failure to thrive (13%). Native antigliadin antibodies IgG was positive in 66% of the children with GS. No differences in nutritional, biochemical, or inflammatory markers were found between the children with GS and controls. HLA-DQ2 was found in 7 children with GS. Histology revealed normal to mildly inflamed mucosa (Marsh stage 0-1) in the children with GS. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the existence of GS in children across all ages with clinical, serologic, genetic, and histologic features similar to those of adults.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Adolescent
Antibodies/blood
Biomarkers/blood
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/diagnosis
Child
Child, Preschool
Chronic Disease
Constipation/etiology
Diarrhea/etiology
Epithelium/immunology
Failure to Thrive/etiology
Fatigue/etiology
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*blood/*diagnosis
Gliadin/immunology
Glutens/*immunology
HLA-DQ Antigens/blood
Headache/etiology
Humans
Immunoglobulin G/blood
Infant
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Lymphocytes/metabolism
Male
Vomiting/etiology},
   ISSN = {0022-3476},
   Accession Number = {24252792},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.10.007},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Francavilla, R. and Cristofori, F. and Stella, M. and Borrelli, G. and Naspi, G. and Castellaneta, S.},
   title = {Treatment of celiac disease: from gluten-free diet to novel therapies},
   journal = {Minerva Pediatr},
   volume = {66},
   number = {5},
   pages = {501-16},
   note = {Francavilla, R
Cristofori, F
Stella, M
Borrelli, G
Naspi, G
Castellaneta, S
Journal Article
Review
Italy
Minerva Pediatr. 2014 Oct;66(5):501-16.},
   abstract = {Gluten-free diet (GFD) is the cornerstone treatment for celiac disease (CD). This diet excludes the protein gluten a protein forum in in grains such as wheat, barley, rye and triticale. Gluten causes small intestines inflammation in patients with CD and eating a GFD helps these patients in controlling signs and symptoms and prevent complications. Following a GFD may be frustrating, however, it is important to know that plenty of foods are naturally gluten-free and nowadays is relatively easy to find substitutes for gluten-containing foods. Certain grains, such as oats, are generally safe but can be contaminated with wheat during growing and processing stages of production. For this reason, it is generally recommended avoiding oats unless they are specifically labelled gluten-free. Other products that may contain gluten include food additives, such as malt flavouring, modified food starch and some supplement and/or vitamins that use gluten as a binding agent. Cross-contamination occurs when gluten-free foods come into contact with foods that contain gluten. It can happen during the manufacturing process or if the same equipment is used to make a variety of products. Cross-contamination can also occur at home if foods are prepared on common surfaces or with utensils that have not been cleaned after being used to prepare gluten-containing foods (using a toaster for gluten-free and regular bread). Although safe and effective, the GFD is not ideal: it is expensive, of limited nutritional value, and not readily available in many countries. Consequently, a need exists for novel, non-dietary therapies for celiac disease. Advances in understanding the immunopathogenesis of CD have suggested several types of therapeutic strategies alternative to the GFD. Some of these strategies attempt to decrease the immunogenicity of gluten-containing grains by manipulating the grain itself or by using oral enzymes to break down immunogenic peptides that normally remain intact during digestion. Other strategies focus on preventing the absorption of these peptides, preventing tissue transglutaminase from rendering gluten peptides more immunogenic, or inhibiting their binding to CD-specific antigen-presenting molecules. Strategies that limit T cell migration to the small intestine or that re-establish mucosal homeostasis and tolerance to gluten antigens are also being explored.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*diet therapy/immunology
Child
*Diet, Gluten-Free/standards
Dietary Supplements
Evidence-Based Medicine
Glutens/chemistry/immunology
Humans
Italy
Nutritional Status
*Nutritive Value
Risk Factors
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0026-4946 (Print)
0026-4946},
   Accession Number = {24938882},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Freeman, H. J.},
   title = {Non-dietary forms of treatment for adult celiac disease},
   journal = {World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {4},
   number = {4},
   pages = {108-12},
   note = {Freeman, Hugh James
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Nov 6;4(4):108-12. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v4.i4.108.},
   abstract = {At present, treatment for celiac disease includes a strict gluten-free diet. Compliance, however, is difficult and gluten-free food products are costly, and, sometimes very inconvenient. A number of potential alternative measures have been proposed to either replace or supplement gluten-free diet therapy. In the past, non-dietary forms of treatment were used (e.g., corticosteroids) by some clinicians, often to supplement a gluten-free diet in patients that appeared to be poorly responsive to a gluten-free diet. Some of new and novel non-dietary measures have already advanced to a clinical trial phase. There are still some difficulties even if initial studies suggest a particularly exciting and novel form of non-dietary treatment. In particular, precise monitoring of the response to these agents will become critical. Symptom or laboratory improvement may be important, but it will be critical to ensure that ongoing inflammatory change and mucosal injury are not present. Therapeutic trials will be made more difficult because there is already an effective treatment regimen.},
   keywords = {Adult celiac disease
Gluten-free diet
Immunotherapy
Non-dietary treatment of celiac disease
Protease
Tight junction inhibition
Vaccination},
   ISSN = {2150-5349 (Print)
2150-5349},
   Accession Number = {24199026},
   DOI = {10.4292/wjgpt.v4.i4.108},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Freitag, T. L. and Loponen, J. and Messing, M. and Zevallos, V. and Andersson, L. C. and Sontag-Strohm, T. and Saavalainen, P. and Schuppan, D. and Salovaara, H. and Meri, S.},
   title = {Testing safety of germinated rye sourdough in a celiac disease model based on the adoptive transfer of prolamin-primed memory T cells into lymphopenic mice},
   journal = {Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol},
   volume = {306},
   number = {6},
   pages = {G526-34},
   note = {1522-1547
Freitag, Tobias L
Loponen, Jussi
Messing, Marcel
Zevallos, Victor
Andersson, Leif C
Sontag-Strohm, Tuula
Saavalainen, Paivi
Schuppan, Detlef
Salovaara, Hannu
Meri, Seppo
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014 Mar;306(6):G526-34. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00136.2013. Epub 2014 Jan 23.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: The current treatment for celiac disease is strict gluten-free diet. Technical processing may render gluten-containing foods safe for consumption by celiac patients, but so far in vivo safety testing can only be performed on patients. We modified a celiac disease mouse model to test antigenicity and inflammatory effects of germinated rye sourdough, a food product characterized by extensive prolamin hydrolysis. Lymphopenic Rag1-/- or nude mice were injected with splenic CD4+CD62L-CD44high-memory T cells from gliadin- or secalin-immunized wild-type donor mice. We found that: 1) Rag1-/- recipients challenged with wheat or rye gluten lost more body weight and developed more severe histological duodenitis than mice on gluten-free diet. This correlated with increased secretion of IFNgamma, IL-2, and IL-17 by secalin-restimulated splenocytes. 2) In vitro gluten testing using competitive R5 ELISA demonstrated extensive degradation of the gluten R5 epitope in germinated rye sourdough. 3) However, in nude recipients challenged with germinated rye sourdough (vs. native rye sourdough), serum anti-secalin IgG/CD4+ T helper 1-associated IgG2c titers were only reduced, but not eliminated. In addition, there were no reductions in body weight loss, histological duodenitis, or T cell cytokine secretion in Rag1-/- recipients challenged accordingly. IN CONCLUSION: 1) prolamin-primed CD4+CD62L-CD44high-memory T cells induce gluten-sensitive enteropathy in Rag1-/- mice. 2) Hydrolysis of secalins in germinated rye sourdough remains incomplete. Secalin peptides retain B and T cell stimulatory capacity and remain harmful to the intestinal mucosa in this celiac disease model. 3) Current antibody-based prolamin detection methods may fail to detect antigenic gluten fragments

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib