text:
@article{
   title = {Food labeling: gluten-free labeling of foods. Final rule},
   journal = {Fed Regist},
   volume = {78},
   number = {150},
   pages = {47154-79},
   note = {Food and Drug Administration, HHS
Journal Article
United States
Fed Regist. 2013 Aug 5;78(150):47154-79.},
   abstract = {The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or we) is issuing a final rule to define the term "gluten-free'' for voluntary use in the labeling of foods. The final rule defines the term "gluten-free'' to mean that the food bearing the claim does not contain an ingredient that is a gluten-containing grain (e.g., spelt wheat); an ingredient that is derived from a gluten-containing grain and that has not been processed to remove gluten (e.g., wheat flour); or an ingredient that is derived from a gluten-containing grain and that has been processed to remove gluten (e.g., wheat starch), if the use of that ingredient results in the presence of 20 parts per million (ppm) or more gluten in the food (i.e., 20 milligrams (mg) or more gluten per kilogram (kg) of food); or inherently does not contain gluten; and that any unavoidable presence of gluten in the food is below 20 ppm gluten (i.e., below 20 mg gluten per kg of food). A food that bears the claim "no gluten,'' "free of gluten,'' or "without gluten'' in its labeling and fails to meet the requirements for a "gluten-free'' claim will be deemed to be misbranded. In addition, a food whose labeling includes the term "wheat'' in the ingredient list or in a separate "Contains wheat'' statement as required by a section of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act) and also bears the claim "gluten-free'' will be deemed to be misbranded unless its labeling also bears additional language clarifying that the wheat has been processed to allow the food to meet FDA requirements for a "gluten-free'' claim. Establishing a definition of the term "gluten-free'' and uniform conditions for its use in food labeling will help ensure that individuals with celiac disease are not misled and are provided with truthful and accurate information with respect to foods so labeled. We are issuing the final rule under the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA).},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/complications/diet therapy/etiology
Diet, Gluten-Free/*classification/standards
Food Labeling/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards
Glutens/adverse effects
Humans
United States
Voluntary Programs/legislation & jurisprudence},
   ISSN = {0097-6326 (Print)
0097-6326},
   Accession Number = {23923139},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   title = {Prescribing food?},
   journal = {Drug Ther Bull},
   volume = {51},
   number = {2},
   pages = {13},
   note = {1755-5248
Journal Article
England
Drug Ther Bull. 2013 Feb;51(2):13. doi: 10.1136/dtb.2013.1.0157.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free/*economics
*Drug Prescriptions
Female
Humans
Male
Practice Guidelines as Topic
United Kingdom},
   ISSN = {0012-6543},
   Accession Number = {23406990},
   DOI = {10.1136/dtb.2013.1.0157},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Agostoni, C. and Przyrembel, H.},
   title = {The timing of introduction of complementary foods and later health},
   journal = {World Rev Nutr Diet},
   volume = {108},
   pages = {63-70},
   note = {1662-3975
Agostoni, Carlo
Przyrembel, Hildegard
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
World Rev Nutr Diet. 2013;108:63-70. doi: 10.1159/000351486. Epub 2013 Sep 6.},
   abstract = {Complementary food is needed when human milk (or infant formula) alone is no longer sufficient for nutritional reasons. The timing of introduction needs to be determined on an individual basis although 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding can be recommended for most healthy term infants. Solid foods are intended to 'complement' ongoing breastfeeding with those dietary items whose intake has become marginal or insufficient. Both breastfeeding and complementary feeding can have direct or later consequences on health. Possible short-term health effects concern growth velocity and infections while possible long-term effects may relate to obesity, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity (celiac disease and type 1 diabetes) and atopic disorders. For most of these it is impossible on the basis of the available evidence to conclude on the age when risks related to the start of complementary feeding are lowest or highest, with the possible exception of infections and early growth velocity. For undesirable health consequences, whilst potential mechanisms are recognized, the evidence from mostly observational studies is insufficient and requires more and prospective research. While the 6-month goal is desirable, introduction of suitable complementary food after 4 completed months with ongoing breastfeeding can be considered without adverse health consequences for infants living in affluent countries. Even less evidence on the consequences of the timing of complementary food introduction is available for formula-fed infants.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
Communicable Diseases/metabolism
Food Hypersensitivity/prevention & control
Food Preferences/psychology
Health Status
Humans
Infant
Infant Formula/chemistry
*Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Milk, Human/chemistry
Nutrition Assessment
Obesity/prevention & control
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Socioeconomic Factors
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {0084-2230},
   Accession Number = {24029788},
   DOI = {10.1159/000351486},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Aguilar, N. and Albanell, E. and Minarro, B. and Guamis, B. and Capellas, M.},
   title = {Effect of tiger nut-derived products in gluten-free batter and bread},
   journal = {Food Sci Technol Int},
   volume = {21},
   number = {5},
   pages = {323-31},
   note = {Aguilar, Nuria
Albanell, Elena
Minarro, Begona
Guamis, Buenaventura
Capellas, Marta
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Food Sci Technol Int. 2015 Jul;21(5):323-31. doi: 10.1177/1082013214535615. Epub 2014 May 22.},
   abstract = {Tiger nut is a tuber used to produce tiger nut milk that yields a high quantity of solid waste, which can be dried and used as fiber source. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the quality of gluten-free bread formulated with different tiger nut-derived products in order to substitute soya flour (which is an allergen ingredient) and, at the same time, increase the use of tiger nut-derived products. Four gluten-free formulations based on corn starch and containing tiger nut milk, tiger nut milk by-product, tiger nut flour, or soya flour (as reference formulation) were studied. Tiger nut milk increased G' of gluten-free batter and rendered breads with the softest crumb (502.46 g +/- 102.05), the highest loaf-specific volume (3.35 cm(3)/g +/- 0.25), and it was mostly preferred by consumers (61.02%). Breads elaborated with tiger nut flour had similar characteristics than soya flour breads (except in color and crumb structure). The addition of tiger nut milk by-product resulted in a hard (1047.64 g +/- 145.74) and dark (L(*) = 70.02 +/- 3.38) crumb bread, which was the least preferred by consumers. Results showed that tiger nut is a promising ingredient to formulate gluten-free baked products.},
   keywords = {Bread/analysis
*Cooking
Cyperus/*chemistry
Diet, Gluten-Free
Glutens/*chemistry
Nutritive Value
Seeds/*chemistry
Celiac disease
gluten-free bread
tiger nut flour
tiger nut milk
tiger nut milk by-product},
   ISSN = {1082-0132 (Print)
1082-0132},
   Accession Number = {24854294},
   DOI = {10.1177/1082013214535615},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Alonso Canal, L. and Isasi Zaragoza, C. and Colmenero Blanco, I. and Martinez Gomez, M. J. and Arcas Martinez, J.},
   title = {[Clinical features suggesting autism spectrum disorder as a manifestation of non-celiac gluten sensitivity]},
   journal = {An Pediatr (Barc)},
   volume = {81},
   number = {6},
   pages = {409-11},
   note = {1695-9531
Alonso Canal, L
Isasi Zaragoza, C
Colmenero Blanco, I
Martinez Gomez, M J
Arcas Martinez, J
Case Reports
Letter
Spain
An Pediatr (Barc). 2014 Dec;81(6):409-11. doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2014.02.021. Epub 2014 Mar 18.},
   keywords = {Autism Spectrum Disorder/*etiology
Child, Preschool
Food Hypersensitivity/*complications/diagnosis/etiology
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Male},
   ISSN = {1695-4033},
   Accession Number = {24656390},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.anpedi.2014.02.021},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Altindag, G. and Certel, M. and Erem, F. and Ilknur Konak, U.},
   title = {Quality characteristics of gluten-free cookies made of buckwheat, corn, and rice flour with/without transglutaminase},
   journal = {Food Sci Technol Int},
   volume = {21},
   number = {3},
   pages = {213-20},
   note = {1532-1738
Altindag, Gulcin
Certel, Muharrem
Erem, Fundagul
Ilknur Konak, Ulgen
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Food Sci Technol Int. 2015 Apr;21(3):213-20. doi: 10.1177/1082013214525428. Epub 2014 Mar 10.},
   abstract = {Buckwheat is one of the most valuable pseudo-cereals in terms of its nutritional composition, and it is suitable for celiac patients because of its gluten-free characteristic. However, gluten is the main structure-forming protein responsible for the development of structure in baked products. Therefore, it is a challenge to produce high-quality gluten-free products. Transglutaminase addition is a relatively common application used in the production of gluten-free baked goods. The objective of this study was to investigate the combination of buckwheat flour with rice and corn flour at different levels in gluten-free cookie formulations and the impact of transglutaminase on the quality of cookies. Quality parameters evaluated were proximal chemical composition, spread ratio, color, and textural parameters (hardness and fracturability). Spread ratio, protein, crude fiber, ash content, and also b* and hardness values were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by flour combinations. Further, addition of transglutaminase resulted in increased moisture content, spread ratio, and fracturability but decreased hardness values.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diet therapy
Chemical Phenomena
Color
Diet, Gluten-Free
Fagopyrum/*chemistry
Flour/analysis
Food Additives/analysis
Glutens/*analysis
Oryza/*chemistry
Particle Size
Transglutaminases/*analysis
Zea mays/*chemistry
Buckwheat
corn
gluten-free cookie
rice
transglutaminase},
   ISSN = {1082-0132},
   Accession Number = {24613830},
   DOI = {10.1177/1082013214525428},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Altobelli, E. and Paduano, R. and Gentile, T. and Caloisi, C. and Marziliano, C. and Necozione, S. and di Orio, F.},
   title = {Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with celiac disease: survey of a population from central Italy},
   journal = {Health Qual Life Outcomes},
   volume = {11},
   pages = {204},
   note = {1477-7525
Altobelli, Emma
Paduano, Riccardo
Gentile, Teresa
Caloisi, Claudia
Marziliano, Ciro
Necozione, Stefano
di Orio, Ferdinando
Journal Article
England
Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013 Dec 5;11:204. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-11-204.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Celiac Disease (CD) is an increasingly common autoimmune disorder. It requires a strict lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) which can influence health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This study assesses HRQOL in children and adolescents with CD and explores how several demographic and clinical characteristics and GFD adherence affect their perceived health status. METHODS: We recruited 140 consecutive children and adolescents with CD confirmed by small bowel biopsy. HRQOL was assessed using the SF-12 questionnaire plus some CD-specific questions exploring wellbeing and lifestyle. Patients, aged 10 to 18 years, were identified by pediatric gastroenterologists and guided in filling out the questionnaire by trained psychologists. Parametric or non-parametric tests were applied to analyze continuous variables and frequencies as appropriate. RESULTS: The SF-12 mean mental component summary score (MCS12) was lower than in the general Italian population (p < 0.001), whereas differences in terms of physical health were not significant (p = 0.220). More than one third of those interviewed reported feeling angry "always" or "most of the time" about having to follow the GFD, and nearly 20% reported feeling different from others and misunderstood because of CD "always" or "most of the time". CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the need for health professionals to identify adolescents with major disease-related problems. The food industry should improve its range of gluten-free food products and public bodies and institutions should promote informative campaigns and help promote the overall quality of life of children and adolescents with CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Celiac Disease/*psychology
Child
Female
*Health Status
Humans
Italy
Logistic Models
Male
Quality of Life/*psychology
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {1477-7525},
   Accession Number = {24304679},
   DOI = {10.1186/1477-7525-11-204},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Alvarez, P. A. and Boye, J. I.},
   title = {Comparison of gluten recovery in gluten-incurred buckwheat flour using different commercial test kits},
   journal = {Food Agric Immunol},
   volume = {25},
   number = {2},
   pages = {200-208},
   note = {Alvarez, Pedro A
Boye, Joyce I
Journal Article
United States
Food Agric Immunol. 2014 Jun;25(2):200-208. Epub 2013 Mar 12.},
   abstract = {Recovery of gluten in buckwheat flour was evaluated as part of an effort to produce wheat-contaminated buckwheat flours that could be used as reference materials (RMs) for testing the presence of gluten in buckwheat. RMs of buckwheat containing 0, 20, 100 and 1000 ppm gluten were created and tested by ELISA. The Gluten-Check kit detected gluten accurately at all levels; RIDASCREEN and Biokits tests were accurate at 20 and 100 ppm levels, but at 1000 ppm both suffered from extraction saturation effect; Veratox kit read 60% higher for the 20 ppm RM (i.e., 31.9 ppm), but close to the target at 100 ppm RM; Veratox R5 kit showed low accuracy with around 30% recovery at 20 and 100 ppm and some 60% at 1000 ppm level. Overall, the results showed variations in recovery among different test kits which could have important implications in the accurate detection of gluten in buckwheat.},
   keywords = {buckwheat
celiac disease
gluten
reference material
wheat},
   ISSN = {0954-0105 (Print)
0954-0105},
   Accession Number = {24587593},
   DOI = {10.1080/09540105.2012.762901},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Alvarez-Sieiro, P. and Martin, M. C. and Redruello, B. and Del Rio, B. and Ladero, V. and Palanski, B. A. and Khosla, C. and Fernandez, M. and Alvarez, M. A.},
   title = {Generation of food-grade recombinant Lactobacillus casei delivering Myxococcus xanthus prolyl endopeptidase},
   journal = {Appl Microbiol Biotechnol},
   volume = {98},
   number = {15},
   pages = {6689-700},
   note = {1432-0614
Alvarez-Sieiro, Patricia
Martin, Maria Cruz
Redruello, Begona
Del Rio, Beatriz
Ladero, Victor
Palanski, Brad A
Khosla, Chaitan
Fernandez, Maria
Alvarez, Miguel A
R01 DK063158/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK 063158/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014 Aug;98(15):6689-700. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5730-7. Epub 2014 Apr 22.},
   abstract = {Prolyl endopeptidases (PEP) (EC 3.4.21.26), a family of serine proteases with the ability to hydrolyze the peptide bond on the carboxyl side of an internal proline residue, are able to degrade immunotoxic peptides responsible for celiac disease (CD), such as a 33-residue gluten peptide (33-mer). Oral administration of PEP has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach for CD, although delivery of the enzyme to the small intestine requires intrinsic gastric stability or advanced formulation technologies. We have engineered two food-grade Lactobacillus casei strains to deliver PEP in an in vitro model of small intestine environment. One strain secretes PEP into the extracellular medium, whereas the other retains PEP in the intracellular environment. The strain that secretes PEP into the extracellular medium is the most effective to degrade the 33-mer and is resistant to simulated gastrointestinal stress. Our results suggest that in the future, after more studies and clinical trials, an engineered food-grade Lactobacillus strain may be useful as a vector for in situ production of PEP in the upper small intestine of CD patients.},
   keywords = {Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/therapeutic use
Celiac Disease/*drug therapy/metabolism
Drug Delivery Systems
*Enzyme Therapy
Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism/microbiology
Gene Expression
Glutens/metabolism
Humans
Lactobacillus casei/*genetics/metabolism
Myxococcus xanthus/*enzymology/genetics
Serine Endopeptidases/genetics/*metabolism/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0175-7598},
   Accession Number = {24752841},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00253-014-5730-7},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Alvarez-Sieiro, P. and Redruello, B. and Ladero, V. and Canedo, E. and Martin, M. C. and Fernandez, M. and Alvarez, M. A.},
   title = {Solubilization of gliadins for use as a source of nitrogen in the selection of bacteria with gliadinase activity},
   journal = {Food Chem},
   volume = {168},
   pages = {439-44},
   note = {Alvarez-Sieiro, Patricia
Redruello, Begona
Ladero, Victor
Canedo, Elena
Martin, M Cruz
Fernandez, Maria
Alvarez, Miguel A
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Food Chem. 2015 Feb 1;168:439-44. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.085. Epub 2014 Jul 24.},
   abstract = {For patients with celiac disease, gliadin detoxification via the use of gliadinases may provide an alternative to a gluten-free diet. A culture medium, in which gliadins were the sole source of nitrogen, was developed for screening for microorganisms with gliadinase activity. The problem of gliadin insolubility was solved by mild acid treatment, which renders an acid-hydrolysed gliadin/peptide mixture (AHG). This medium provided a sensitive and reliable means of detecting proteases, compared to the classical spectrophotometric method involving azocasein. When a sample of fermented wheat (a source of bacteria) was plated on an AHG-based culture medium, strains with gliadinase activity were isolated. These strains' gliadinase profiles were determined using an AHG-based substrate in zymographic analyses.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/*enzymology
Gliadin/*chemistry
Hydrolysis
Nitrogen/*metabolism
Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism
Solubility
Azocasein (PubChem CID: 39859)
Culture medium
Cycloheximide (PubChem CID: 6197)
Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (PubChem CID: 6871)
Gliadin (PubChem CID: 17787981)
Gliadin solubility
Gliadinase
Gluten
Zymography},
   ISSN = {0308-8146 (Print)
0308-8146},
   Accession Number = {25172732},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.085},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Amaya-Gonzalez, S. and de-Los-Santos-Alvarez, N. and Miranda-Ordieres, A. J. and Lobo-Castanon, M. J.},
   title = {Aptamer binding to celiac disease-triggering hydrophobic proteins: a sensitive gluten detection approach},
   journal = {Anal Chem},
   volume = {86},
   number = {5},
   pages = {2733-9},
   note = {1520-6882
Amaya-Gonzalez, Sonia
de-Los-Santos-Alvarez, Noemi
Miranda-Ordieres, Arturo J
Lobo-Castanon, M Jesus
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Anal Chem. 2014 Mar 4;86(5):2733-9. doi: 10.1021/ac404151n. Epub 2014 Feb 20.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease represents a significant public health problem in large parts of the world. A major hurdle in the effective management of the disease by celiac sufferers is the sensitivity of the current available methods for assessing gluten contents in food. In response, we report a highly sensitive approach for gluten analysis using aptamers as specific receptors. Gliadins, a fraction of gluten proteins, are the main constituent responsible for triggering the disease. However, they are highly hydrophobic and large molecules, regarded as difficult targets for in vitro evolution of aptamers without nucleobase modification. We describe the successful selection of aptamers for these water insoluble prolamins that was achieved choosing the immunodominant apolar peptide from alpha2-gliadin as a target for selection. All aptamers evolved are able to bind the target in its native environment within the natural protein. The best nonprotein receptor is the basis for an electrochemical competitive enzyme-linked assay on magnetic particles, which allows the measurement of as low as 0.5 ppb of gliadin standard (0.5 ppm of gluten). Reference immunoassay for detecting the same target has a limit of detection of 3 ppm, 6 times less sensitive than this method. Importantly, it also displays high specificity, detecting the other three prolamins toxic for celiac patients and not showing cross-reactivity to nontoxic proteins such as maize, soya, and rice. These features make the proposed method a valuable tool for gluten detection in foods.},
   keywords = {Aptamers, Nucleotide/*metabolism
Celiac Disease/*metabolism
Glutens/*metabolism
Humans
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Proteins/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0003-2700},
   Accession Number = {24502317},
   DOI = {10.1021/ac404151n},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Anderson, B. and Pitsinger, A.},
   title = {Improvement in chronic muscle fasciculations with dietary change: a suspected case of gluten neuropathy},
   journal = {J Chiropr Med},
   volume = {13},
   number = {3},
   pages = {188-91},
   note = {Anderson, Brian
Pitsinger, Adam
Journal Article
United States
J Chiropr Med. 2014 Sep;13(3):188-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2014.01.002.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this case report is to describe a patient with chronic, multisite muscle fasciculations who presented to a chiropractic teaching clinic and was treated with dietary modifications. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 28-year-old man had muscle fasciculations of 2 years. The fasciculations began in his eye and progressed to the lips and lower extremities. In addition, he had gastrointestinal distress and fatigue. The patient was previously diagnosed as having wheat allergy at the age of 24 but was not compliant with a gluten-free diet at that time. Food sensitivity testing revealed immunoglobulin G-based sensitivity to multiple foods, including many different grains and dairy products. The working diagnosis was gluten neuropathy. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: Within 6 months of complying with dietary restrictions based on the sensitivity testing, the patient's muscle fasciculations completely resolved. The other complaints of brain fog, fatigue, and gastrointestinal distress also improved. CONCLUSIONS: This report describes improvement in chronic, widespread muscle fasciculations and various other systemic symptoms with dietary changes. There is strong suspicion that this case represents one of gluten neuropathy, although testing for celiac disease specifically was not performed.},
   keywords = {Celiac disease
Chiropractic
Fasciculation, muscular
Food hypersensitivity
Gluten},
   ISSN = {1556-3707 (Print)
1556-3707},
   Accession Number = {25225467},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jcm.2014.01.002},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Anderson, O. D.},
   title = {The spectrum of major seed storage genes and proteins in oats (Avena sativa)},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {9},
   number = {7},
   pages = {e83569},
   note = {1932-6203
Anderson, Olin D
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
United States
PLoS One. 2014 Jul 23;9(7):e83569. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083569. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The oat seed storage proteins are mainly composed of two classes: the globulins and avenins. Among the major cereals, the globulins are the major seed protein class in rice and oats, and along with the higher protein content of oats is the basis for the relative higher nutrition content in oats compared to the other cereals. The second major class of oat seed proteins is the avenins; also classified as prolamins - seed proteins high in proline and glutamine amino acids. The prolamins are associated with celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. In spite of their importance, neither the oat globulins nor the avenins have been completely analyzed and described for any single germplasm. RESULTS: Using available EST resources for a single hexaploid oat cultivar, the spectrum of avenin and globulin sequences are described for the gene coding regions and the derived protein sequences. The nine unique avenin sequences are suggested to be divided into 3-4 distinct subclasses distributed in the hexaploid genome. The globulins from the same germplasm include 24 distinct sequences. Variation in globulin size results mainly from a glutamine-rich domain, similar to as in the avenins, and to variation in the C-terminal sequence domain. Two globulin genes have premature stop codons that shorten the resulting polypeptides by 9 and 17 amino acids, and eight of the globulin sequences form a branch of the globulins not previously reported. CONCLUSIONS: A more complete description of the major oat seed proteins should allow a more thorough analysis of their contributions to those oat seed characteristics related to nutritional value, evolutionary history, and celiac disease association.},
   keywords = {Avena/*genetics/metabolism
Globulins/*genetics/metabolism
Phylogeny
Prolamins/genetics/metabolism
Seed Storage Proteins/*genetics/metabolism
Seeds/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {25054628},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0083569},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Aprea, E. and Cappellin, L. and Gasperi, F. and Morisco, F. and Lembo, V. and Rispo, A. and Tortora, R. and Vitaglione, P. and Caporaso, N. and Biasioli, F.},
   title = {Application of PTR-TOF-MS to investigate metabolites in exhaled breath of patients affected by coeliac disease under gluten free diet},
   journal = {J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci},
   volume = {966},
   pages = {208-13},
   note = {1873-376x
Aprea, Eugenio
Cappellin, Luca
Gasperi, Flavia
Morisco, Filomena
Lembo, Vincenzo
Rispo, Antonio
Tortora, Raffaella
Vitaglione, Paola
Caporaso, Nicola
Biasioli, Franco
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2014 Sep 1;966:208-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.015. Epub 2014 Feb 19.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disorder of the small bowel induced in genetically susceptible people by the exposure to gliadin gluten. Even though several tests are available to assist the diagnosis, CD remains a biopsy-defined disorder, thus any non-invasive or less invasive diagnostic tool may be beneficial. The analysis of volatile metabolites in exhaled breath, given its non-invasive nature, is particularly promising as a screening tool of disease in symptomatic or non-symptomatic patients. In this preliminary study the proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometry coupled to a buffered end-tidal on-line sampler to investigate metabolites in the exhaled breath of patients affected by coeliac disease under a gluten free diet was applied. Both H3O(+) or NO(+) were used as precursor ions. In our investigation no differences were found in the exhaled breath of CD patients compared to healthy controls. In this study, 33 subjects were enrolled: 16 patients with CD, all adhering a gluten free diet, and 17 healthy controls. CD patients did not show any symptom of the disease at the time of breath analysis; thus the absence of discrimination from healthy controls was not surprising.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Breath Tests/*methods
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/*metabolism
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Least-Squares Analysis
Male
Mass Spectrometry/*methods
Middle Aged
Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis
Young Adult
Breath analysis
Coeliac disease
Gluten free diet
PTR-ToF-MS
Volatile metabolites},
   ISSN = {1570-0232},
   Accession Number = {24613246},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.015},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Arato, A.},
   title = {[Milestones in understanding the pathogenesis of immunmediated intestinal disorders. Evolution of their diagnosis and therapy]},
   journal = {Orv Hetil},
   volume = {154},
   number = {38},
   pages = {1512-23},
   note = {Arato, Andras
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Hungary
Orv Hetil. 2013 Sep 22;154(38):1512-23. doi: 10.1556/OH.2013.29710.},
   abstract = {In the last decades our knowledge has been enormously broadened about the structure and function of the gut associated lymphoid system. It was recognized how intricate and finely tuned connection exists between the gut bacterial flora and the intestinal mucosa. This subtle balance ensures mucosal homeostasis, which has a key role in organ defence against pathogens. However, at the same time this system makes possible the development of oral tolerance toward the commensals and the food antigens. In case of any disturbances in this finely tuned process, immunmediated intestinal disorders may easily develop. The first part of this paper reviews the structure and function of the mucosal immune system, while the second part surveys the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease and cow's milk allergy induced enteropathy.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*immunology/physiopathology/therapy
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*immunology/physiopathology/therapy
Intestinal Diseases/immunology
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology
Milk Hypersensitivity/*complications/immunology/physiopathology},
   ISSN = {0030-6002 (Print)
0030-6002},
   Accession Number = {24036019},
   DOI = {10.1556/oh.2013.29710},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ashat, M. and Kochhar, R.},
   title = {Non-celiac gluten hypersensitivity},
   journal = {Trop Gastroenterol},
   volume = {35},
   number = {2},
   pages = {71-8},
   note = {Ashat, Munish
Kochhar, Rakesh
Journal Article
Review
India
Trop Gastroenterol. 2014 Apr-Jun;35(2):71-8.},
   abstract = {There has been an increasing interest in non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) in recent years. The condition is characterized by both gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms that respond to gluten withdrawal. Most of the symptoms are subjective and for many years such patients remain in a diagnostic dilemma. Although symptomalogy is similar to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), NCGS is now regarded as a distinct clinical entity. However, the disease pathology is not well elucidated and our knowledge of NCGS is still very rudimentary. This review highlights the importance of this new clinical entity, outlines its pathological mechanisms and suggests a diagnostic algorithm for its management.},
   keywords = {Diet, Gluten-Free
*Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/diet therapy/epidemiology/physiopathology
Glutens/*immunology
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/etiology
Triticum/immunology},
   ISSN = {0250-636X (Print)
0250-636x},
   Accession Number = {25470868},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Assandri, R. and Monari, M. and Colombo, A. and Montanelli, A.},
   title = {Pentraxin 3 serum levels in celiac patients: evidences and perspectives},
   journal = {Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric},
   volume = {6},
   number = {2},
   pages = {82-92},
   note = {1876-1429
Assandri, Roberto
Monari, Marta
Colombo, Anna
Montanelli, Alessandro
Journal Article
United Arab Emirates
Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric. 2014;6(2):82-92.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is now considered, more than a just gluten sensitivity enteropathy, a multiple and systemic immune-mediate disorder triggered by the ingestion of wheat gluten and related proteins. Following the discovery of a link between gluten and CD, it was demonstrated that gliadin, one of the two principal protein groups comprising gluten, plays a key role in CD. It has since become clear that the different and crucial roles of gliadin in CD result from its ability to activate multiple signaling pathways that modulate CD pathology. Most of these pathways involve the host innate and adaptive immune responses, but some pathways are activated when gliadin interacts with the intestinal cellular compartment. The long pentraxin (PTX3), a marker of the acute-phase inflammatory response, plays an important role in innate immunity and in modulation of the adaptive immune response. We investigated whether CD patients, considered as a model of gluten-sensitivity condition, have increased PTX3 levels. Our data showed that PTX3 serum levels were high in active CD patients and serum levels of PTX3 correlated with DGP IgA levels. We provide evidences that the bad compliance of GFD in patients 2 concurred with a pathological PTX3 concentration that could follow the improvement of both gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms. We hypothesized that PTX3 is able to modulate the innate response to gliadin in CD and it could regulate the adaptive immune response. It is also evidenced that a common "wooden horse" of CD and Non Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS) is the ingestion of gluten and related toxic peptides. At the moment we don't have adequate elements to suggest the use of PTX3 in diagnosis of NCGS, but we are obliged to speculate about the possible role of PTX3 molecules in NCGS pathogenesis. The identified new strategies and uses of PTX3 could improve the management of gluten sensitivity conditions in the next future.},
   keywords = {C-Reactive Protein/genetics/*metabolism
Celiac Disease/*blood/genetics
Gene Expression Regulation/*physiology
Gliadin/metabolism
Humans
Serum Amyloid P-Component/genetics/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {1876-1429},
   Accession Number = {25553422},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Auricchio, R. and Tosco, A. and Piccolo, E. and Galatola, M. and Izzo, V. and Maglio, M. and Paparo, F. and Troncone, R. and Greco, L.},
   title = {Potential celiac children: 9-year follow-up on a gluten-containing diet},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {109},
   number = {6},
   pages = {913-21},
   note = {1572-0241
Auricchio, Renata
Tosco, Antonella
Piccolo, Emanuela
Galatola, Martina
Izzo, Valentina
Maglio, Mariantonia
Paparo, Francesco
Troncone, Riccardo
Greco, Luigi
Journal Article
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun;109(6):913-21. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.77. Epub 2014 Apr 22.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Potential celiac disease (CD) is defined by the presence of serum anti-tissue-transglutaminase (anti-TG2) antibodies and normal duodenal mucosa. The major clinical problem is the management of asymptomatic patients and how to predict the development of villous atrophy. This prospective longitudinal cohort study describes the natural history of potential CD up to 9 years and explores risk factors associated with the development of mucosal damage. METHODS: Two hundred and ten potential CD children were eligible for the study; 175/210 asymptomatic children were left on a gluten-containing diet. Antibodies and clinical symptoms were checked every 6 months, and a small bowel biopsy was taken every 2 years to evaluate histological, immunohistochemical, and anti-TG2 deposits. Patients were genotyped for HLA and a set of non-HLA CD-associated genes. RESULTS: Forty-three percent of patients showed persistently elevated anti-TG2 level, 20% became negative during follow-up, and 37% showed a fluctuant anti-TG2 course with transiently negative values. At 3 years of follow-up, 86% of cases remained potential; 73 and 67% still had normal duodenal architecture at 6 and 9 years, respectively. Male sex, slight mucosal inflammation at time 0, and a peculiar genetic profile delineate a cohort of individuals who were prone to develop mucosal damage during time. CONCLUSIONS: A sizeable proportion of asymptomatic potential celiac patients showed fluctuation or negativization of antibody production, and many of these, with persistently positive anti-TG2, did not develop mucosal damage after 9 years of follow-up. Celiac population is a multivariate aggregate of individuals with different genetic and phenotypic profiles. Caution is required before prescribing a gluten-free diet for life to asymptomatic individuals with potential CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Autoantibodies/*blood
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/genetics/immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
*Diet
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Follow-Up Studies
GTP-Binding Proteins
Genotype
Glutens/*administration & dosage
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Immunohistochemistry
Infant
Intestinal Mucosa
Male
Prognosis
Prospective Studies
Risk Factors
Transglutaminases/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {24777149},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2014.77},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Aziz, I. and Hadjivassiliou, M.},
   title = {Coeliac disease: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity--food for thought},
   journal = {Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {11},
   number = {7},
   pages = {398-9},
   note = {1759-5053
Aziz, Imran
Hadjivassiliou, Marios
Journal Article
England
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jul;11(7):398-9. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.91. Epub 2014 Jun 17.},
   abstract = {Patients with noncoeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) can experience a range of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms. A study has now demonstrated that gluten is independently associated with depression in patients with NCGS. NCGS-associated depression might share similar pathophysiological mechanisms to other neurological manifestations observed in gluten-related disorders, such as ataxia and encephalopathy.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*complications
Depression/*etiology
Glutens
Humans},
   ISSN = {1759-5045},
   Accession Number = {24935422},
   DOI = {10.1038/nrgastro.2014.91},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Aziz, I. and Hadjivassiliou, M. and Sanders, D. S.},
   title = {Self-reported gluten sensitivity: an international concept in need of consensus?},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {109},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1498-9},
   note = {1572-0241
Aziz, Imran
Hadjivassiliou, Marios
Sanders, David S
Comment
Letter
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Sep;109(9):1498-9. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.205.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
*Decision Support Techniques
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Male},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {25196880},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2014.205},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Aziz, I. and Lewis, N. R. and Hadjivassiliou, M. and Winfield, S. N. and Rugg, N. and Kelsall, A. and Newrick, L. and Sanders, D. S.},
   title = {A UK study assessing the population prevalence of self-reported gluten sensitivity and referral characteristics to secondary care},
   journal = {Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {26},
   number = {1},
   pages = {33-9},
   note = {1473-5687
Aziz, Imran
Lewis, Nina R
Hadjivassiliou, Marios
Winfield, Stefanie N
Rugg, Nathan
Kelsall, Alan
Newrick, Laurence
Sanders, David S
Comparative Study
Journal Article
England
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jan;26(1):33-9. doi: 10.1097/01.meg.0000435546.87251.f7.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reports suggest that gluten sensitivity (GS) exists in the absence of coeliac disease (CD). This clinical entity has been termed noncoeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). OBJECTIVES: To determine the population prevalence of self-reported GS and referral characteristics to secondary care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A UK population-based questionnaire screened for GS and related symptoms. Diagnostic outcomes were also analyzed in patients referred to secondary care with GS. CD diagnosis entailed a positive coeliac serology (endomysial and/or tissue transglutaminase antibodies) plus Marsh 1-3 on duodenal biopsies. NCGS diagnosis was based on exclusion of CD. Clinical comparisons were made between NCGS and CD. RESULTS: A total of 1002 adults in the population (female 55%, mean age 39 years). The self-reported prevalence for GS was 13% (female 79%, mean age 39.5 years, P<0.0001), with 3.7% consuming a gluten-free diet and 0.8% known to have a doctor diagnosis of CD. Individuals with GS had an increased prevalence of fulfilling the Rome III criteria for irritable bowel syndrome, in comparison with those without GS (20 vs. 3.89%, odds ratio 6.23, P<0.0001).In secondary care 200 GS patients (female 84%, mean age 39.6 years) were investigated, in whom 7% were found to have CD and 93% to have NCGS. All CD patients were human leucocyte antigen DQ2 or DQ8 positive compared with 53% of NCGS cases (P=0.0003). Nutritional deficiencies (P</=0.003), autoimmune disorders (23.1 vs. 9.7%, P=0.0001) and a lower mean BMI (23.7 vs. 25.8, P=0.001) were significantly associated with CD compared with NCGS. CONCLUSION: GS is commonly self-reported with symptoms suggesting an association with irritable bowel syndrome. The majority of patients have NCGS, an entity which demonstrates clinical and immunologic difference to CD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Autoantibodies/blood
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/classification/diagnosis/diet therapy/*epidemiology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenum/pathology
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/classification/diagnosis/diet therapy/*epidemiology
GTP-Binding Proteins
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
Predictive Value of Tests
Prevalence
*Referral and Consultation
Risk Factors
*Secondary Care
*Self Report
Serologic Tests
Transglutaminases/immunology
United Kingdom/epidemiology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0954-691x},
   Accession Number = {24216570},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.meg.0000435546.87251.f7},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bacchetti, T. and Saturni, L. and Turco, I. and Ferretti, G.},
   title = {The postprandial glucose response to some varieties of commercially available gluten-free pasta: a comparison between healthy and celiac subjects},
   journal = {Food Funct},
   volume = {5},
   number = {11},
   pages = {3014-7},
   note = {2042-650x
Bacchetti, T
Saturni, L
Turco, I
Ferretti, G
Journal Article
England
Food Funct. 2014 Nov;5(11):3014-7. doi: 10.1039/c4fo00745j.},
   abstract = {The objective of the present paper is to evaluate the post-prandial response to some varieties of gluten free (GF) pasta that are commonly consumed in Italy. The glycaemic responses were compared with a glucose standard in healthy subjects and gluten-free diet celiac subjects. Subjects were served portions of the test foods and a standard food (glucose), on separate occasions, each containing 50 g available carbohydrates. Capillary blood glucose was measured from finger-prick samples in fasted subjects and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the consumption of each test food. For each type of pasta, the glycaemic index (GI) was calculated by expressing the incremental area under the blood glucose curve as a percentage of each subject's average incremental area under the blood glucose curve (AUC) for the standard food. Gluten free pasta exhibited a range of GI values from 46 to 66. The glycaemic load (GL) and glycaemic profile (GP) were also calculated. A higher GI value was observed in pasta containing rice flour as the main ingredient. Lower values were observed in pasta obtained using corn or a mixture of corn and rice flour as the main ingredients. The results were confirmed in celiac subjects. The information presented in this paper may be useful in helping celiac people to select low-GI pasta.},
   keywords = {Adult
Blood Glucose/metabolism
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/diet therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Flour/analysis
Glucose/*administration & dosage
Glutens/*administration & dosage
Glycemic Index
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Italy
Male
Meals
Oryza/chemistry
*Postprandial Period},
   ISSN = {2042-6496},
   Accession Number = {25255330},
   DOI = {10.1039/c4fo00745j},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bannai, M. and Torii, K.},
   title = {Digestive physiology of the pig symposium: detection of dietary glutamate via gut-brain axis},
   journal = {J Anim Sci},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {1974-81},
   note = {1525-3163
Bannai, M
Torii, K
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
J Anim Sci. 2013 May;91(5):1974-81. doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-6021. Epub 2013 Jan 23.},
   abstract = {Gustatory and visceral stimulation from food regulates digestion and nutrient use. Free L-glutamate (Glu) release from digested protein is responsible for umami taste perception in the gut. Moreover, monosodium Glu (MSG) is widely used as a flavor enhancer to add umami taste in various cuisines. Recent studies indicate that dietary Glu sensors and their signal transduction system exist in both gut mucosa and taste cells. Oral Glu sensing has been well studied. In this review, we focus on the role of Glu on digestion and absorption of food. Infusion of Glu into the stomach and intestine increase afferent nerve activity of the gastric and the celiac branches of the vagus nerve, respectively. Luminal Glu also evokes efferent nerve activation of the abdominal vagus nerve branches simultaneously. Additionally, intragastric infusion of Glu activates the insular cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus, nucleus tractus solitaries, and amygdala, as determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging, and is able to induce flavor-preference learning as a result of postingestive effects in rats. These results indicate that Glu signaling via gustatory and visceral pathways plays an important role in the processes of digestion, absorption, metabolism, and other physiological functions via activation of the brain.},
   keywords = {Animal Feed/analysis
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Animals
Autonomic Nervous System/*physiology
Dietary Sucrose/metabolism
*Digestion
Food Preferences
Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism
Glutamic Acid/*metabolism
Homeostasis
Learning
Lipid Metabolism
Postprandial Period
Rats/*physiology
*Signal Transduction
Sus scrofa/*physiology},
   ISSN = {0021-8812},
   Accession Number = {23345555},
   DOI = {10.2527/jas.2012-6021},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Barbeau, W. E. and Hontecillas, R. and Horne, W. and Carbo, A. and Koch, M. H. and Bassaganya-Riera, J.},
   title = {Elevated CD8 T cell responses in type 1 diabetes patients to a 13 amino acid coeliac-active peptide from alpha-gliadin},
   journal = {Clin Exp Immunol},
   volume = {175},
   number = {2},
   pages = {167-71},
   note = {1365-2249
Barbeau, W E
Hontecillas, R
Horne, W
Carbo, A
Koch, M H
Bassaganya-Riera, J
Journal Article
England
Clin Exp Immunol. 2014 Feb;175(2):167-71. doi: 10.1111/cei.12203.},
   abstract = {Some type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients have been reported to exhibit T cell reactivity to wheat gluten. We tested the hypothesis that this T cell reactivity could be abolished by using prolyl-endopeptidase (PEP), an enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds after proline. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from T1D patients and healthy controls. PBMCs were stimulated with a peptic-tryptic digest of wheat gluten; a peptic-tryptic-PEP digest of wheat gluten; and a 13 amino acid peptide from wheat gluten. Fluorescent-labelled antibodies to CD3, CD4 and CD8 cell marker proteins were utilized to determine proliferative responses of CD3, CD4 and CD8 T cells. There were no significant differences in proliferative responses of CD3 or CD4 T cells to the wheat gluten antigens. A significantly higher proportion of CD8(+) T cells from T1D patients proliferated in the presence of the 13 amino acid peptide than when challenged with the peptic-tryptic or the peptic-tryptic-PEP digests of wheat gluten. PEP treatment had no significant effect on CD8 T cell reactivity to the peptic-trytic digest of wheat gluten. Our results suggest that wheat gluten-derived peptides, containing </= 13 amino acids, may evoke T cell responses in T1D patients.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Antigens, CD3/immunology
Antigens, CD4/immunology
Antigens, CD8/immunology
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
Cell Proliferation
Child
Child, Preschool
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*immunology
Endopeptidases/metabolism
Female
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Gliadin/*immunology
Glutens/*immunology/metabolism
Humans
Leukocytes, Mononuclear
Male
Middle Aged
Peptides/*immunology/metabolism
Young Adult
T cell responses
peptides
prolyl-endopeptidase
type 1 diabetes
wheat gluten},
   ISSN = {0009-9104},
   Accession Number = {24016298},
   DOI = {10.1111/cei.12203},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Barone, M. V. and Troncone, R. and Auricchio, S.},
   title = {Gliadin peptides as triggers of the proliferative and stress/innate immune response of the celiac small intestinal mucosa},
   journal = {Int J Mol Sci},
   volume = {15},
   number = {11},
   pages = {20518-37},
   note = {1422-0067
Barone, Maria Vittoria
Troncone, Riccardo
Auricchio, Salvatore
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Nov 7;15(11):20518-37. doi: 10.3390/ijms151120518.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. Undigested gliadin peptides induce innate and adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses. The major mediator of the stress and innate immune response to gliadin peptides (i.e., peptide 31-43, P31-43) is the cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15). The role of epithelial growth factor (EGF) as a mediator of enterocyte proliferation and the innate immune response has been described. In this paper, we review the most recent literature on the mechanisms responsible for triggering the up-regulation of these mediators in CD by gliadin peptides. We will discuss the role of P31-43 in enterocyte proliferation, structural changes and the innate immune response in CD mucosa in cooperation with EGF and IL-15, and the mechanism of up-regulation of these mediators related to vesicular trafficking. We will also review the literature that focuses on constitutive alterations of the structure, signalling/proliferation and stress/innate immunity pathways of CD cells. Finally, we will discuss how these pathways can be triggered by gliadin peptide P31-43 in controls, mimicking the celiac cellular phenotype.},
   keywords = {Animals
Celiac Disease/*immunology/pathology
Cell Proliferation
Enterocytes/immunology/pathology
Epidermal Growth Factor/immunology
Gliadin/*immunology
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Interleukin-15/immunology
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology/pathology
Intestine, Small/*immunology/pathology
Peptide Fragments/*immunology
Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/immunology},
   ISSN = {1422-0067},
   Accession Number = {25387079},
   DOI = {10.3390/ijms151120518},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Barrios, Y. and Poza-Guedes, P. and Sanchez-Machin, I. and Franco, A. and Armas, H. and Gonzalez, R. and Matheu, V.},
   title = {IP-10 in pediatric celiac disease and food allergy},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {109},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1085-6},
   note = {1572-0241
Barrios, Yvelise
Poza-Guedes, Paloma
Sanchez-Machin, Inmaculada
Franco, Andres
Armas, Honorio
Gonzalez, Ruperto
Matheu, Victor
Comment
Letter
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jul;109(7):1085-6. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.127.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
*Decision Support Techniques
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Male},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {24989102},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2014.127},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bartlett, L. M. and Nowak, M. J. and Ho, Y.},
   title = {Faecal incontinence in rural and regional northern Queensland community-dwelling adults},
   journal = {Rural Remote Health},
   volume = {13},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2563},
   note = {1445-6354
Bartlett, Lynne M
Nowak, Madeleine J
Ho, Yikhong
Journal Article
Australia
Rural Remote Health. 2013 Oct-Dec;13(4):2563. Epub 2013 Nov 22.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In Australia, faecal incontinence, the involuntary loss of liquid or solid stool with or without a person's awareness, has been reported in 8% of the South Australian and 11% of the urban New South Wales community-dwelling populations. Studies conducted in 2004 and 2005 reported faecal incontinence in more than 20% of colorectal and urogynaecological clinic patients at Townsville Hospital (a referral centre serving rural North Queensland). This prompted concern regarding the level of faecal incontinence in the community. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of faecal incontinence in the North and Far North Queensland urban and rural communities. METHODS: The sample size was based on the New South Wales postal surveys (11% prevalence). Higher rates were expected in North/Far North Queensland, so prevalence there was estimated at 12.1% (confidence interval +/- 2%, ie the true level to be between 10.1% and 14.1%). The sample for each of the Townsville, Cairns (in Far North Queensland) and rural/remote settings was calculated at 1022. The database for the present study was compiled using a systematic randomised process selecting two private names from each column on each page of the Cairns and Townsville White Pages(R) (Cairns: 1112 urban, 481 rural, 226 remote; Townsville: 1049 urban, 432 rural, 320 remote). The questionnaire covered personal demographics, health/risk factors, bowel habits, nutrition (fibre and fluid intake) and physical activity. Faecal incontinence was defined as accidental leakage of solid or liquid stool in the past 12 months that was not caused by a virus, medication or contaminated food. To improve the response rate a participation incentive of a chance to win a $250 voucher or one of ten $50 vouchers was offered in the initial mail-out. The initial survey was mailed out in July 2007; two follow-up surveys were mailed out to non-responders in September 2007 and January 2008. One hundred randomly selected non-responders were telephoned in February 2008. RESULTS: A total of 1523 responses provided a 48.1% response rate. Faecal incontinence prevalence was 12.7% (174/1366) with no gender or locality differences. Prevalence increased significantly with age in men (p=0.034), but not in women. Only 10 respondents with faecal incontinence consulted their doctor in the previous year for this reason. Incontinent respondents had significantly more medical conditions including urinary incontinence, coeliac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, injury to the anus, bowel cancer, spinal cord disease, neurological disease and psychiatric problems (all, p< 0.05). Stool-related accidental bowel leakage including faecal incontinence (defined), soiling with flatus or urgency, was 18.2%. An additional 3% were possibly incontinent, having disclosed leakage of mucus, bothersome or passive staining. Of the remaining respondents, 16.2% reported incontinent episodes due to an acute illness, 22.9% could not always differentiate between flatus and stool, and only 35.2% reported neither concerns with nor accidental bowel leakage. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high level of untreated faecal incontinence in North/Far North Queensland communities. Demand for treatment will increase because of the ageing population and the expectations of younger, more assertive cohorts.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Chronic Disease/epidemiology
Fecal Incontinence/*epidemiology
Female
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
New South Wales/epidemiology
Prevalence
Queensland/epidemiology
Risk Factors
Rural Population/*statistics & numerical data
Socioeconomic Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
Urban Population/statistics & numerical data
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1445-6354},
   Accession Number = {24261834},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bay, A. and Dogan, M. and Bulan, K. and Kaba, S. and Demir, N. and Oner, A. F.},
   title = {A study on the effects of pica and iron-deficiency anemia on oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and trace elements},
   journal = {Hum Exp Toxicol},
   volume = {32},
   number = {9},
   pages = {895-903},
   note = {1477-0903
Bay, A
Dogan, M
Bulan, K
Kaba, S
Demir, N
Oner, A F
Journal Article
England
Hum Exp Toxicol. 2013 Sep;32(9):895-903. doi: 10.1177/0960327113475676. Epub 2013 Feb 25.},
   abstract = {Pica is defined as developmentally inappropriate consumption of nonnutritive substances for at least 1 month. There are a few studies on serum trace element levels of patients with pica. The literature contains contracting data on the levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant levels in patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). The effect of pica on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity has not been investigated yet. The present study evaluated the effects of pica and IDA on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity as well as on the levels of trace elements including serum zinc and selenium in 47 children with IDA plus pica, 22 children with IDA only and 21 nonanemic children as controls. The results demonstrated significantly lower levels of serum selenium and zinc in pica and IDA groups compared to the control group. Total oxidant levels were highest in the pica group and consistently, the lowest total antioxidant capacity was observed again in the pica group. Comparison of pica and IDA groups yielded significantly lower levels of total antioxidant levels and significantly higher oxidative stress index in the pica group. Consequently, it is thought that the detrimental effects of pica within the organism were mediated by adverse impacts on antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress. These effects should be kept in mind while managing patients with pica.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/blood/complications/*metabolism
Antioxidants/*metabolism
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/complications/diagnosis
Child
Child, Preschool
Duodenum/enzymology/immunology/pathology
Gastroscopy
Humans
Infant
*Oxidative Stress
Pica/blood/complications/*metabolism
Selenium/blood
Trace Elements/*blood
Zinc/blood
Pica
anemia
antioxidant capacity
selenium
zinc},
   ISSN = {0960-3271},
   Accession Number = {23444335},
   DOI = {10.1177/0960327113475676},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Becker, F. S. and Damiani, C. and de Melo, A. A. and Borges, P. R. and Boas, E. V.},
   title = {Incorporation of buriti endocarp flour in gluten-free whole cookies as potential source of dietary fiber},
   journal = {Plant Foods Hum Nutr},
   volume = {69},
   number = {4},
   pages = {344-50},
   note = {1573-9104
Becker, Fernanda Salamoni
Damiani, Clarissa
de Melo, Adriane Alexandre Machado
Borges, Paulo Rogerio Siriano
Boas, Eduardo Valerio de Barros Vilas
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2014 Dec;69(4):344-50. doi: 10.1007/s11130-014-0440-y.},
   abstract = {Cookies were prepared by replacing a mixture of brown rice flour (70%) and corn starch (30%) (BRFCS) by buriti endocarp flour (BEF) (0, 5, 10, 15 or 20%). BEF figured as a potential source of dietary fiber (70.53 g 100 g(-1)), especially of insoluble fiber (67.50 g 100 g(-1)), and gluten-free whole cookies showed increased dietary fiber content by adding 5, 10, 15 and 20% BEF (8.58 to 20.02 g 100 g(-1)) when compared to control cookie (6.91 g 100 g(-1)). The addition of BEF affected diameter, spread ratio, color and texture of cookies. All cookies added with BEF were darker, harder and presented smaller diameter and smaller spread ratio than the control cookie. These difference increased proportionally to level of substitution of BRFSC by BEF. Gluten-free whole cookies with up to 15% BEF were well accepted by consumers. Therefore, the use of BEF in cookies may increase the availability of functional ingredients source of dietary fiber for celiac consumers, add economic value to buriti processing by-products and decrease environmental impacts due to the high amounts of waste generated by buriti processing industries.},
   keywords = {Arecaceae/*chemistry
Bread/*analysis/standards
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Color
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Fiber/*analysis
Flour
Food Handling
Fruit/*chemistry
Glutens/*analysis
Hardness
Humans
Oryza
Starch
Zea mays},
   ISSN = {0921-9668},
   Accession Number = {25315266},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11130-014-0440-y},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bernardo, D.},
   title = {Human intestinal dendritic cells as controllers of mucosal immunity},
   journal = {Rev Esp Enferm Dig},
   volume = {105},
   number = {5},
   pages = {279-90},
   note = {Bernardo, David
WMNI P33458/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Spain
Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2013 May-Jun;105(5):279-90.},
   abstract = {Dendritic cells are the most potent, professional antigen-presenting cells in the body; following antigen presentation they control the type (proinflammatory/regulatory) of immune response that will take place, as well as its location. Given their high plasticity and maturation ability in response to local danger signals derived from innate immunity, dendritic cells are key actors in the connection between innate immunity and adaptive immunity responses. In the gut dendritic cells control immune tolerance mechanisms against food and/or commensal flora antigens, and are also capable of initiating an active immune response in the presence of invading pathogens. Dendritic cells are thus highly efficient in controlling the delicate balance between tolerance and immunity in an environment so rich in antigens as the gut, and any factor involving these cells may impact their function, ultimately leading to the development of bowel conditions such as celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease. In this review we shall summarize our understanding of human intestinal dendritic cells, their ability to express and induce migration markers, the various environmental factors modulating their properties, their subsets in the gut, and the problems entailed by their study, including identification strategies, differences between humans and murine models, and phenotypical variations along the gastrointestinal tract.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cell Movement/immunology
Dendritic Cells/*immunology
Humans
*Immunity, Mucosal
Intestines/*cytology/*immunology
Mice
T-Lymphocytes/immunology},
   ISSN = {1130-0108 (Print)
1130-0108},
   Accession Number = {23971659},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Biagetti, C. and Naspi, G. and Catassi, C.},
   title = {Health-related quality of life in children with celiac disease: a study based on the Critical Incident Technique},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {5},
   number = {11},
   pages = {4476-85},
   note = {2072-6643
Biagetti, Chiara
Naspi, Giulia
Catassi, Carlo
Journal Article
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2013 Nov 12;5(11):4476-85. doi: 10.3390/nu5114476.},
   abstract = {Celiac Disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disease triggered by dietary gluten. Gluten avoidance, which is the only available treatment for CD, could impact on quality of life of children with CD. We present the results of a qualitative study on the emotional impact of gluten free diet (GFD) on the everyday life of children affected with CD. We investigated 76 celiac patients aged 2-18 years (average age: 9.5 years). By using the Critical Incident Technique (CIT), we defined emotions related to difficulties and awkward situations experienced by the patients. Written answers to open-ended questions from either children (older than 8 years) and parents (children younger than 8 years) were analyzed qualitatively. We found 80 dilemmas experienced in three different arenas (food situations at school, meals at home, meals outside) and characterized lived experiences of children with CD in everyday life (specific emotions, difficulties in relationships and in management of daily life). Children with CD experience strong emotions related to the GFD, permeating several aspects of everyday life. These dilemmas may be missed by a conventional, questionnaire-based approach to the psycho-social consequences of CD treatment.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Celiac Disease/*psychology
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet, Gluten-Free/*psychology
*Emotions
Female
Glutens
Humans
*Interpersonal Relations
Male
Meals/*psychology
Parents
Qualitative Research
*Quality of Life
Schools
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {24225846},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu5114476},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Biesiekierski, J. R. and Muir, J. G. and Gibson, P. R.},
   title = {Is gluten a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in people without celiac disease?},
   journal = {Curr Allergy Asthma Rep},
   volume = {13},
   number = {6},
   pages = {631-8},
   note = {1534-6315
Biesiekierski, Jessica R
Muir, Jane G
Gibson, Peter R
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013 Dec;13(6):631-8. doi: 10.1007/s11882-013-0386-4.},
   abstract = {The avoidance of wheat- and gluten-containing products is a worldwide phenomenon. While celiac disease is a well-established entity, the evidence base for gluten as a trigger of symptoms in patients without celiac disease (so-called 'non-celiac gluten sensitivity' or NCGS) is limited. The problems lie in the complexity of wheat and the ability of its carbohydrate as well as protein components to trigger gastrointestinal symptoms, the potentially false assumption that response to a gluten-free diet equates to an effect of gluten withdrawal, and diagnostic criteria for coeliac disease. Recent randomized controlled re-challenge trials have suggested that gluten may worsen gastrointestinal symptoms, but failed to confirm patients with self-perceived NCGS have specific gluten sensitivity. Furthermore, mechanisms by which gluten triggers symptoms have yet to be identified. This review discusses the most recent scientific evidence and our current understanding of NCGS.},
   keywords = {Animals
Carbohydrates/immunology
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Food Hypersensitivity/immunology
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*immunology
Humans
Plant Proteins/immunology},
   ISSN = {1529-7322},
   Accession Number = {24026574},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11882-013-0386-4},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Biesiekierski, J. R. and Newnham, E. D. and Shepherd, S. J. and Muir, J. G. and Gibson, P. R.},
   title = {Characterization of Adults With a Self-Diagnosis of Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity},
   journal = {Nutr Clin Pract},
   volume = {29},
   number = {4},
   pages = {504-509},
   note = {1941-2452
Biesiekierski, Jessica R
Newnham, Evan D
Shepherd, Susan J
Muir, Jane G
Gibson, Peter R
Journal Article
United States
Nutr Clin Pract. 2014 Aug;29(4):504-509. Epub 2014 Apr 16.},
   abstract = {Background: Nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), occurring in patients without celiac disease yet whose gastrointestinal symptoms improve on a gluten-free diet (GFD), is largely a self-reported diagnosis and would appear to be very common. The aims of this study were to characterize patients who believe they have NCGS. Materials and Methods: Advertising was directed toward adults who believed they had NCGS and were willing to participate in a clinical trial. Respondents were asked to complete a questionnaire about symptoms, diet, and celiac investigation. Results: Of 248 respondents, 147 completed the survey. Mean age was 43.5 years, and 130 were women. Seventy-two percent did not meet the description of NCGS due to inadequate exclusion of celiac disease (62%), uncontrolled symptoms despite gluten restriction (24%), and not following a GFD (27%), alone or in combination. The GFD was self-initiated in 44% of respondents; in other respondents it was prescribed by alternative health professionals (21%), dietitians (19%), and general practitioners (16%). No celiac investigations had been performed in 15% of respondents. Of 75 respondents who had duodenal biopsies, 29% had no or inadequate gluten intake at the time of endoscopy. Inadequate celiac investigation was common if the GFD was initiated by self (69%), alternative health professionals (70%), general practitioners (46%), or dietitians (43%). In 40 respondents who fulfilled the criteria for NCGS, their knowledge of and adherence to the GFD were excellent, and 65% identified other food intolerances. Conclusions: Just over 1 in 4 respondents self-reporting as NCGS fulfill criteria for its diagnosis. Initiation of a GFD without adequate exclusion of celiac disease is common. In 1 of 4 respondents, symptoms are poorly controlled despite gluten avoidance.},
   keywords = {celiac disease
gastrointestinal symptoms
gluten intolerance
gluten-free diet
irritable bowel syndrome},
   ISSN = {0884-5336},
   Accession Number = {24740495},
   DOI = {10.1177/0884533614529163},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Biesiekierski, J. R. and Peters, S. L. and Newnham, E. D. and Rosella, O. and Muir, J. G. and Gibson, P. R.},
   title = {No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {145},
   number = {2},
   pages = {320-8.e1-3},
   note = {1528-0012
Biesiekierski, Jessica R
Peters, Simone L
Newnham, Evan D
Rosella, Ourania
Muir, Jane G
Gibson, Peter R
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Gastroenterology. 2013 Aug;145(2):320-8.e1-3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.051. Epub 2013 May 4.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) do not have celiac disease but their symptoms improve when they are placed on gluten-free diets. We investigated the specific effects of gluten after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates (fermentable, oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols [FODMAPs]) in subjects believed to have NCGS. METHODS: We performed a double-blind cross-over trial of 37 subjects (aged 24-61 y, 6 men) with NCGS and irritable bowel syndrome (based on Rome III criteria), but not celiac disease. Participants were randomly assigned to groups given a 2-week diet of reduced FODMAPs, and were then placed on high-gluten (16 g gluten/d), low-gluten (2 g gluten/d and 14 g whey protein/d), or control (16 g whey protein/d) diets for 1 week, followed by a washout period of at least 2 weeks. We assessed serum and fecal markers of intestinal inflammation/injury and immune activation, and indices of fatigue. Twenty-two participants then crossed over to groups given gluten (16 g/d), whey (16 g/d), or control (no additional protein) diets for 3 days. Symptoms were evaluated by visual analogue scales. RESULTS: In all participants, gastrointestinal symptoms consistently and significantly improved during reduced FODMAP intake, but significantly worsened to a similar degree when their diets included gluten or whey protein. Gluten-specific effects were observed in only 8% of participants. There were no diet-specific changes in any biomarker. During the 3-day rechallenge, participants' symptoms increased by similar levels among groups. Gluten-specific gastrointestinal effects were not reproduced. An order effect was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In a placebo-controlled, cross-over rechallenge study, we found no evidence of specific or dose-dependent effects of gluten in patients with NCGS placed diets low in FODMAPs.},
   keywords = {Adult
Cohort Studies
Cross-Over Studies
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Disaccharides
Double-Blind Method
Female
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*chemically induced/diet therapy
Male
Middle Aged
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Young Adult
Abdominal Pain
Clinical Trial
D-fis
Daily-Fatigue Impact Scale
Fodmap
Food Allergy
Gfd
Ibs
Ncgs
Vas
Wheat
fermentable, oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols
gluten-free diet
irritable bowel syndrome
non-celiac gluten sensitivity
visual analogue scale},
   ISSN = {0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {23648697},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.051},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bischoff, S. C.},
   title = {[Food intolerances]},
   journal = {Dtsch Med Wochenschr},
   volume = {139},
   number = {31-32},
   pages = {1596-8},
   note = {1439-4413
Bischoff, S C
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2014 Aug;139(31-32):1596-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1370198. Epub 2014 Jul 30.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Administration, Sublingual
Adolescent
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage
Adult
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/therapy
Child
Desensitization, Immunologic/methods
Diagnosis, Differential
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects
Emergencies
Epinephrine/administration & dosage
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis/*therapy
Histamine Antagonists/administration & dosage
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/therapy
Male},
   ISSN = {0012-0472},
   Accession Number = {25076315},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0034-1370198},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bischoff, S. C. and Barbara, G. and Buurman, W. and Ockhuizen, T. and Schulzke, J. D. and Serino, M. and Tilg, H. and Watson, A. and Wells, J. M.},
   title = {Intestinal permeability--a new target for disease prevention and therapy},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   pages = {189},
   note = {1471-230x
Bischoff, Stephan C
Barbara, Giovanni
Buurman, Wim
Ockhuizen, Theo
Schulzke, Jorg-Dieter
Serino, Matteo
Tilg, Herbert
Watson, Alastair
Wells, Jerry M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov 18;14:189. doi: 10.1186/s12876-014-0189-7.},
   abstract = {Data are accumulating that emphasize the important role of the intestinal barrier and intestinal permeability for health and disease. However, these terms are poorly defined, their assessment is a matter of debate, and their clinical significance is not clearly established. In the present review, current knowledge on mucosal barrier and its role in disease prevention and therapy is summarized. First, the relevant terms 'intestinal barrier' and 'intestinal permeability' are defined. Secondly, the key element of the intestinal barrier affecting permeability are described. This barrier represents a huge mucosal surface, where billions of bacteria face the largest immune system of our body. On the one hand, an intact intestinal barrier protects the human organism against invasion of microorganisms and toxins, on the other hand, this barrier must be open to absorb essential fluids and nutrients. Such opposing goals are achieved by a complex anatomical and functional structure the intestinal barrier consists of, the functional status of which is described by 'intestinal permeability'. Third, the regulation of intestinal permeability by diet and bacteria is depicted. In particular, potential barrier disruptors such as hypoperfusion of the gut, infections and toxins, but also selected over-dosed nutrients, drugs, and other lifestyle factors have to be considered. In the fourth part, the means to assess intestinal permeability are presented and critically discussed. The means vary enormously and probably assess different functional components of the barrier. The barrier assessments are further hindered by the natural variability of this functional entity depending on species and genes as well as on diet and other environmental factors. In the final part, we discuss selected diseases associated with increased intestinal permeability such as critically illness, inflammatory bowel diseases, celiac disease, food allergy, irritable bowel syndrome, and--more recently recognized--obesity and metabolic diseases. All these diseases are characterized by inflammation that might be triggered by the translocation of luminal components into the host. In summary, intestinal permeability, which is a feature of intestinal barrier function, is increasingly recognized as being of relevance for health and disease, and therefore, this topic warrants more attention.},
   keywords = {Animals
Biomarkers/metabolism
Critical Illness
Diet
Fatty Liver/metabolism
Histamine/metabolism
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/metabolism
Intestines/immunology/*metabolism/microbiology
Ion Transport
Obesity/metabolism
Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
Permeability
Prebiotics
Probiotics/administration & dosage
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
Serotonin/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {25407511},
   DOI = {10.1186/s12876-014-0189-7},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Boettcher, E. and Crowe, S. E.},
   title = {Dietary proteins and functional gastrointestinal disorders},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {5},
   pages = {728-36},
   note = {1572-0241
Boettcher, Erica
Crowe, Sheila E
Journal Article
Review
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 May;108(5):728-36. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.97. Epub 2013 Apr 9.},
   abstract = {Food intolerance is a common complaint amongst patients with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (FGIDs), including those with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, as well as gastroesophageal reflux disease. Although there has been a longstanding interest in the possible role of food allergy in IBS, there are limited data supporting the association. However, the prevalence of food allergy is sufficiently high that patients with FGID may also have food allergies or hypersensitivities. Food intolerances or sensitivities are reactions to foods, which are not due to immunological mechanisms. Lactose intolerance is common in the general population and can mimic symptoms of FGID or coexist with FGID. As discussed in other articles in this series, other carbohydrate intolerances may be responsible for symptom generation in patients with IBS and perhaps other FGIDs. There is a great interest in the role of a major dietary protein, gluten, in the production of symptoms that are very similar to those of patients with celiac disease without the enteropathy that characterizes celiac disease. Emerging research into a syndrome known as nonceliac gluten sensitivity suggests a heterogeneous condition with some features of celiac disease but often categorized as FGIDs, including IBS. This article summarizes the role of dietary proteins in the symptoms and pathophysiology of FGIDs.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diagnosis/immunology
Diagnosis, Differential
Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*immunology
Food Hypersensitivity/complications/*diagnosis/*immunology
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*immunology/metabolism/physiopathology
Glutens/*adverse effects/immunology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/immunology
Lactose Intolerance/complications
Milk Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/immunology
Triticum/*adverse effects/immunology},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {23567359},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2013.97},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Borghini, R. and Donato, G. and Di Tola, M. and Isonne, C. and Picarelli, A.},
   title = {Mutatis mutandis: are we diagnosing too many people with non-celiac gluten sensitivity? Multiple case report},
   journal = {Turk J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {25},
   number = {3},
   pages = {319-22},
   note = {2148-5607
Borghini, Raffaele
Donato, Giuseppe
Di Tola, Marco
Isonne, Claudia
Picarelli, Antonio
Case Reports
Journal Article
Turkey
Turk J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun;25(3):319-22. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2014.6221.},
   abstract = {We report three patients presenting with gluten-related signs and symptoms. Since villous height/crypt depth ratio, intraepithelial lymphocyte count, and serum antibody tests were not diagnostic for celiac disease (CD), a diagnosis of non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) was suggested. On the other hand, antibodies suggestive for CD surprisingly showed positive results in the duodenal biopsy organ culture of all three cases. The reported cases suggest the precious potential role that organ culture systems may play in differentiating CD from NCGS. This method should be recommended when gluten-related disorders are suspected in order to reduce the inappropriate diagnosis of NCGS.},
   keywords = {Adult
Autoantibodies/metabolism
Biomarkers/metabolism
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/immunology
Diagnosis, Differential
Duodenum/metabolism/pathology
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis/immunology
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/pathology
Male
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {1300-4948},
   Accession Number = {25141323},
   DOI = {10.5152/tjg.2014.6221},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Borghini, R. and Picarelli, A.},
   title = {Authors' reply},
   journal = {Turk J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {25},
   number = {4},
   pages = {457},
   note = {2148-5607
Borghini, Raffaele
Picarelli, Antonio
Comment
Letter
Turkey
Turk J Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug;25(4):457.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Male},
   ISSN = {1300-4948},
   Accession Number = {25381669},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Borrelli, M. and Salvati, V. M. and Maglio, M. and Zanzi, D. and Ferrara, K. and Santagata, S. and Ponticelli, D. and Aitoro, R. and Mazzarella, G. and Lania, G. and Gianfrani, C. and Auricchio, R. and Troncone, R.},
   title = {Immunoregulatory pathways are active in the small intestinal mucosa of patients with potential celiac disease},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1775-84},
   note = {1572-0241
Borrelli, Melissa
Salvati, Virginia M
Maglio, Mariantonia
Zanzi, Delia
Ferrara, Katia
Santagata, Sara
Ponticelli, Domenico
Aitoro, Rosita
Mazzarella, Giuseppe
Lania, Giuliana
Gianfrani, Carmen
Auricchio, Renata
Troncone, Riccardo
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Nov;108(11):1775-84. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.303. Epub 2013 Sep 24.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Potential celiac disease (CD) relates to subjects with a normal small intestinal mucosa who are at increased risk of developing CD as indicated by positive CD-associated serology. The objective of this study was to investigate in the small intestinal mucosa of such patients the state of immunological activation with special emphasis on immunoregulatory circuits. METHODS: Duodenal biopsies from active CD (n=48), potential CD (n=58), and control patients (n=45) were studied. RNA expression for interferon gamma (IFNgamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. The percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Foxp3+Tregs) was determinated by flow cytometry and the number of Foxp3+ and IL-15+ cells by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we analyzed the suppressive function of CD4+CD25+ T cells, isolated from potential CD biopsy samples, as well as the effect of IL-15, on autologous peripheral blood responder CD4+CD25- T cells. RESULTS: In potential CD patients with Marsh 1 lesion, IFNgamma-RNA expression was significantly less than in active, but enhanced if compared with potential CD patients with Marsh 0 lesion and with controls (P<0.001). The number of IL-15+ cells in subjects with potential CD was increased in comparison with controls (P<0.05), but lower than active CD (P<0.01). IL-10-RNA expression was upregulated in Marsh 0 potential CD patients if compared with those with Marsh 1 lesion (P<0.01) and controls (P<0.001), whereas there were no differences with active CD. The ratio IL-10/IFNgamma reached the highest value in Marsh 0 potential CD compared with the other groups (P<0.05). The percentage of Foxp3+Tregs was also higher in potential CD compared with controls (P<0.05), although it was lower than in active CD (P<0.01). In co-culture assay, intestinal CD4+CD25+ T cells from potential CD patients exerted suppressive effects on T responder cells, and their activity was not impaired by IL-15. CONCLUSIONS: Potential CD patients show a low grade of inflammation that likely could be due to active regulatory mechanisms preventing the progression toward a mucosal damage.},
   keywords = {CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/pathology
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/pathology
Celiac Disease/*immunology/metabolism/pathology
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
Humans
Interleukin-10/metabolism
Interleukin-15/metabolism
Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology/metabolism/pathology
Intestine, Small/*immunology
Male
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology/metabolism/pathology},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {24060758},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2013.303},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Boye, J. I. and Achouri, A. and Raymond, N. and Cleroux, C. and Weber, D. and Koerner, T. B. and Hucl, P. and Patterson, C. A.},
   title = {Analysis of glabrous canary seeds by ELISA, mass spectrometry, and Western blotting for the absence of cross-reactivity with major plant food allergens},
   journal = {J Agric Food Chem},
   volume = {61},
   number = {25},
   pages = {6102-12},
   note = {1520-5118
Boye, Joyce Irene
Achouri, Allaoua
Raymond, Nancy
Cleroux, Chantal
Weber, Dorcas
Koerner, Terence B
Hucl, Pierre
Patterson, Carol Ann
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Jun 26;61(25):6102-12. doi: 10.1021/jf305500t. Epub 2013 Jun 17.},
   abstract = {Glabrous (hairless) canary seed belongs to the Poaceae (Gramineae) family and could serve as an alternative source of gluten-free cereal grain. In this study, allergenic cross-reactivities between hairless, dehulled canary seeds (Phalaris canariensis) and major allergenic proteins from gluten, soy, peanuts, tree nuts, sesame, and mustard were studied using commercial enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kits specific for these target allergens. Mass spectrometry (MS) and immunoblotting were further used to assess for the presence of gluten-specific protein fragments. MS results revealed the likely presence of proteins homologous with rice, oat, corn, carrot, tomato, radish, beet, and chickpea. However, no presence of celiac-related gluten fragments from wheat, rye, barley, or their derivatives was found. Immunoblotting studies yielded negative results, further confirming the absence of gluten in the canary seed samples tested. No cross-reactivities were detected between canary seeds and almond, hazelnut, mustard, peanut, sesame, soy, walnut, and gluten using ELISA.},
   keywords = {Antigens, Plant/*chemistry/immunology
Arachis/chemistry/immunology
Blotting, Western
Corylus/chemistry/immunology
Cross Reactions
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Glutens/*chemistry/immunology
Mass Spectrometry
Phalaris/*chemistry/immunology
Prunus/chemistry/immunology
Seeds/*chemistry/immunology
Sesamum/chemistry/immunology},
   ISSN = {0021-8561},
   Accession Number = {23706175},
   DOI = {10.1021/jf305500t},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brera, C. and Debegnach, F. and De Santis, B. and Di Ianni, S. and Gregori, E. and Neuhold, S. and Valitutti, F.},
   title = {Exposure assessment to mycotoxins in gluten-free diet for celiac patients},
   journal = {Food Chem Toxicol},
   volume = {69},
   pages = {13-7},
   note = {1873-6351
Brera, C
Debegnach, F
De Santis, B
Di Ianni, S
Gregori, E
Neuhold, S
Valitutti, F
Journal Article
England
Food Chem Toxicol. 2014 Jul;69:13-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.030. Epub 2014 Mar 30.},
   abstract = {Mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced by certain strains of filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium, which attack crops in the field, and grow on foods also during storage under favorable conditions of temperature and humidity. Foods mainly contributing to the intake of mycotoxins with diet are cereals, maize being the most risky commodity due to the potential co-occurrence of more than one mycotoxin, this can be of particular concern especially for vulnerable group of population such as celiac patients that show increased maize-based products consumption. In this study the exposure of celiac patients to fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZON) has been assessed. The higher exposures, for all the matrices and for both the selected mycotoxins, were for children age group. The lower and upper bound exposure ranged between 348-582 ng/kg bw/day for FBs and 22-83 ng/kg bw/day for ZON; these values result well below the TDI for the selected mycotoxins, representing the 17-29% and 9-33% of the TDI set for FBs and ZON, respectively. Even considering the worst scenario the exposure values reported for children were lower, namely 1385 ng/kg bw/day for FBs and 237 ng/kg bw/day for ZON, than the corresponding toxicological thresholds.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
*Diet, Gluten-Free/adverse effects
Environmental Exposure/*analysis
Female
Food Contamination/*analysis
Fumonisins/analysis
Humans
Italy
Male
Middle Aged
Mycotoxins/*analysis
Young Adult
Zea mays/*chemistry/microbiology
Zearalenone/analysis
Celiac disease
Exposure assessment
Fumonisins
Gluten-free
Mycotoxins
Zearalenone},
   ISSN = {0278-6915},
   Accession Number = {24694905},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.030},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brottveit, M. and Beitnes, A. C. and Tollefsen, S. and Bratlie, J. E. and Jahnsen, F. L. and Johansen, F. E. and Sollid, L. M. and Lundin, K. E.},
   title = {Mucosal cytokine response after short-term gluten challenge in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {5},
   pages = {842-50},
   note = {1572-0241
Brottveit, Margit
Beitnes, Ann-Christin R
Tollefsen, Stig
Bratlie, Jorunn E
Jahnsen, Frode L
Johansen, Finn-Eirik
Sollid, Ludvig M
Lundin, Knut E A
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 May;108(5):842-50. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.91. Epub 2013 Apr 16.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: In celiac disease (CD), gluten induces both adaptive and innate immune responses. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is another form of gluten intolerance where the immune response is less characterized. The aim of our study was to explore and compare the early mucosal immunological events in CD and NCGS. METHODS: We challenged 30 HLA-DQ2(+) NCGS and 15 CD patients, all on a gluten-free diet, with four slices of gluten-containing bread daily for 3 days. Duodenal biopsy specimens were collected before and after challenge. The specimens were examined for cytokine mRNA by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and for MxA-expression and CD3(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) by immunohistochemistry and compared with specimens from untreated CD patients and disease controls. RESULTS: In CD patients, tumor necrosis factor alpha (P=0.02) and interleukin 8 (P=0.002) mRNA increased after in vivo gluten challenge. The interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) level of treated CD patients was high both before and after challenge and did not increase significantly (P=0.06). Four IFN-gamma-related genes increased significantly. Treated and untreated CD patients had comparable levels of IFN-gamma. Increased expression of MxA in treated CD patients after challenge suggested that IFN-alpha was activated on gluten challenge. In NCGS patients only IFN-gamma increased significantly (P=0.03). mRNA for heat shock protein (Hsp) 27 or Hsp70 did not change in any of the groups. Importantly, we found that the density of IELs was higher in NCGS patients compared with disease controls, independent of challenge, although lower than the level for treated CD patients. CONCLUSIONS: CD patients mounted a concomitant innate and adaptive immune response to gluten challenge. NCGS patients had increased density of intraepithelial CD3(+) T cells before challenge compared with disease controls and increased IFN-gamma mRNA after challenge. Our results warrant further search for the pathogenic mechanisms for NCGS.},
   keywords = {ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
Adult
Aged
Antigen Peptide Transporter-1
*Antigens, CD3/immunology
Biopsy
Caspase 1/metabolism
Celiac Disease/*immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenum/*immunology
Female
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Food Hypersensitivity/*immunology
Glutens/*immunology
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Interferon-gamma/genetics/*metabolism
Interleukin-8/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology
Lymphocyte Count
*Lymphocytes
Male
Middle Aged
Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors/metabolism
Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
*T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Up-Regulation},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {23588237},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2013.91},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bruet, V. and Brune, J. and Pastor, A. and Imparato, L. and Roussel, A. and Bourdeau, P. and Desfontis, J. C.},
   title = {Gastrointestinal hemodynamics in dogs with nonfood induced atopic dermatitis},
   journal = {J Vet Intern Med},
   volume = {27},
   number = {3},
   pages = {451-5},
   note = {1939-1676
Bruet, V
Brune, J
Pastor, A
Imparato, L
Roussel, A
Bourdeau, P
Desfontis, J C
Journal Article
United States
J Vet Intern Med. 2013 May-Jun;27(3):451-5. doi: 10.1111/jvim.12072. Epub 2013 Apr 3.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Canine atopic dermatitis can be a result of exposure to aeroallergens or trophallergens. Hemodynamic alterations occur in dogs with food hypersensitivity. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if hemodynamic alterations occur in dogs with NFICAD with lowered resistance to diastolic flow at fasting, after feeding, or both. ANIMALS: Ten healthy dogs and 22 dogs with NFICAD were included from the hospital population. METHODS: Blinded prospective study. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), mean velocity (MV), pulsatility index (PI), resistive index (RI) and PSV/EDV ratio were measured at fasting for both arteries (cranial mesenteric artery [CMA], celiac artery [CA]) and at 40 minutes after feeding in CMA and at 60 minutes in CA. The results were analyzed statistically with a mixed model. RESULTS: There was no difference detected between groups of dogs for any variable except EDV during fasting (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: There is no decrease in resistance in NFICAD to diastolic flow. This observation could be explained by the absence intestinal inflammation in NFICAD.},
   keywords = {Animals
Case-Control Studies
Dermatitis, Atopic/*veterinary
Dog Diseases/*metabolism
Dogs
Female
Gastrointestinal Tract/*blood supply
Hemodynamics/*physiology
Male
Vascular Resistance/physiology},
   ISSN = {0891-6640},
   Accession Number = {23551746},
   DOI = {10.1111/jvim.12072},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Buddrick, O. and Cornell, H. J. and Small, D. M.},
   title = {Reduction of toxic gliadin content of wholegrain bread by the enzyme caricain},
   journal = {Food Chem},
   volume = {170},
   pages = {343-7},
   note = {Buddrick, Oliver
Cornell, Hugh J
Small, Darryl M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Food Chem. 2015 Mar 1;170:343-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.030. Epub 2014 Aug 19.},
   abstract = {Increasingly the number of individuals being diagnosed with some form of sensitivity to the proteins in wheat grains represents a cause for concern. Currently, the treatment is dietary withdrawal of gluten, but commercial gluten-free bread presents some undesirable properties. The objective of this study has been to assess the ability of the enzyme caricain (from papaya latex) to detoxify gliadin in whole wheat flour and develop bread suitable for coeliacs and gluten intolerant individuals. Ion exchange chromatography was used to enrich the caricain in papaya latex and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test kit was used for the analysis of gliadin residues in the baked bread. The partially purified enzyme was found to be more effective in reducing gliadin content than the crude papain and the resultant loaves had acceptable crumb and crust characteristics. Caricain appears to be capable of detoxifying gliadin and has the potential to mitigate the problems confronting coeliacs.},
   keywords = {Bread/*analysis
Cysteine Endopeptidases/*chemistry
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/*methods
Flour/*analysis
Gliadin/*chemistry
Glutens/*analysis
Humans
Plant Proteins/*chemistry
Caricain
Coeliac disease
Gliadins
Gluten intolerance
Papaya
Wholegrains},
   ISSN = {0308-8146 (Print)
0308-8146},
   Accession Number = {25306355},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.030},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Caffarelli, C. and Santamaria, F. and Vottero, A. and Bernasconi, S.},
   title = {Progress in Pediatrics in 2012: choices in allergy, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, infectious diseases, neurology, nutrition and respiratory tract illnesses},
   journal = {Ital J Pediatr},
   volume = {39},
   pages = {26},
   note = {1824-7288
Caffarelli, Carlo
Santamaria, Francesca
Vottero, Alessandra
Bernasconi, Sergio
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Ital J Pediatr. 2013 May 8;39:26. doi: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-26.},
   abstract = {In this review, we summarize the progresses in allergy, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, infectious diseases, neurology, nutrition and respiratory tract illnesses that have been published in The Italian Journal of Pediatrics in 2012. The induction of Treg activity by probiotics might be effective for promoting tolerance towards food allergens. Nasal cytology is useful in patients with rhinitis for diagnosing chronic non-allergic non-infectious diseases. Atopic eczema is associated both with an aberrant skin matrix and impaired systemic immune response. Therefore, isolated topical treatment may have suboptimal effect. Diagnostic work-up of exercise-induced anaphylaxis, including exercise challenge test, is necessary to reach a diagnosis. Studies may support a role for nutrition on prevention of asthma and cardiovascular diseases. Clinicians need to early identify adolescent menstrual abnormalities to minimize sequelae, and to promote health information. In Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2B investigations include acetylcholinesterase study of rectal mucosa followed by the molecular analysis of RET mutation. Low adherence to gluten-free diet and osteopenia are common problems in children with diabetes mellitus type 1 and celiac disease. In infantile colic, laboratory tests are usually unnecessary and the treatment is based on reassurance. Prevalence of obesity and stunting is elucidated by several studies. Evidences are growing that dietetic measures are needed to prevent obesity in children with acute leukemia. Treatment studies for infectious diseases show promise for probiotics along with standard triple therapy in children with Helicobacter pilori infection, while zinc has no effect on pneumonia. Educational programs about the proper management of the febrile child are warranted. A new hour-specific total serum bilirubin nomogram has been shown to be able to predict newborns without hyperbilirubinemia after 48 to 72 hours of life. Newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy present ECG and cardiac enzymes alterations leading to reduced neonatal survival. Rehabilitation programs including sensory integration therapy and motor performance, may improve activities of daily life in children with developmental coordination disorder. Aerobic exercise training in addition to chest physiotherapy might be useful in children with cystic fibrosis. Studies on effectiveness of leukotriene receptor antagonists, alone or with other drugs in preschool wheezing are needed.},
   keywords = {Allergy and Immunology/trends
Endocrinology/trends
Gastroenterology/trends
Hematology/trends
Humans
Infectious Disease Medicine/trends
Neurology/trends
Nutritional Sciences/trends
Pediatrics/*trends
*Periodicals as Topic
Pulmonary Medicine/trends},
   ISSN = {1720-8424},
   Accession Number = {23651601},
   DOI = {10.1186/1824-7288-39-26},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Caffarelli, C. and Santamaria, F. and Vottero, A. and Dascola, C. P. and Mirra, V. and Sperli, F. and Bernasconi, S.},
   title = {Progress in pediatrics in 2013: choices in allergology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hypertension, infectious diseases, neonatology, neurology, nutrition and respiratory tract illnesses},
   journal = {Ital J Pediatr},
   volume = {40},
   pages = {62},
   note = {1824-7288
Caffarelli, Carlo
Santamaria, Francesca
Vottero, Alessandra
Dascola, Carlotta Povesi
Mirra, Virginia
Sperli, Francesco
Bernasconi, Sergio
Journal Article
Review
England
Ital J Pediatr. 2014 Jul 12;40:62. doi: 10.1186/1824-7288-40-62.},
   abstract = {This review will provide new information related to pathophysiology and management of specific diseases that have been addressed by selected articles published in the Italian Journal of Pediatrics in 2013, focusing on allergology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hypertension, infectious diseases, neonatology, neurology, nutrition and respiratory tract illnesses in children. Recommendations for interpretation of skin prick test to foods in atopic eczema, management of allergic conjunctivitis, hypertension and breastfeeding in women treated with antiepileptic drugs and healthy breakfast have been reported. Epidemiological studies have given emphasis to high incidence of autoimmune disorders in patients with Turner syndrome, increasing prevalence of celiac disease, frequency of hypertension in adolescents, incidence and risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity. Advances in prevention include elucidation of the role of probiotics in reducing occurrence of allergies and feeding intolerance, and events of foetal life that influence later onset of diseases. Mechanistic studies suggested a role for vitamin D deficiency in asthma and type 1 diabetes and for reactivation of Varicella-Zoster virus in aseptic meningitis. Regarding diagnosis, a new mean for the diagnosis of hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns, a score for recognition of impaired nutritional status and growth and criteria for early Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome have been suggested. New therapeutic approaches consist of use of etanercept for reducing insulin dose in type 1 diabetes, probiotics in atopic eczema, and melatonin in viral infections.},
   keywords = {Allergy and Immunology/trends
Cardiology/trends
Endocrinology/trends
Gastroenterology/trends
Humans
Infectious Disease Medicine/trends
Neonatology/trends
Neurology/trends
Nutritional Sciences/trends
Pediatrics/*trends
*Periodicals as Topic
Pulmonary Medicine/trends},
   ISSN = {1720-8424},
   Accession Number = {25015124},
   DOI = {10.1186/1824-7288-40-62},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Caio, G. and Volta, U. and Tovoli, F. and De Giorgio, R.},
   title = {Effect of gluten free diet on immune response to gliadin in patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   pages = {26},
   note = {1471-230x
Caio, Giacomo
Volta, Umberto
Tovoli, Francesco
De Giorgio, Roberto
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2014 Feb 13;14:26. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-14-26.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-celiac gluten sensitivity is a syndrome characterized by gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms occurring in a few hours/days after gluten and/or other wheat protein ingestion and rapidly improving after exclusion of potential dietary triggers. There are no established laboratory markers for non-celiac gluten sensitivity, although a high prevalence of first generation anti-gliadin antibodies of IgG class has been reported in this condition. This study was designed to characterize the effect of the gluten-free diet on anti-gliadin antibodies of IgG class in patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity. METHODS: Anti-gliadin antibodies of both IgG and IgA classes were assayed by ELISA in 44 non-celiac gluten sensitivity and 40 celiac disease patients after 6 months of gluten-free diet. RESULTS: The majority of non-celiac gluten sensitivity patients (93.2%) showed the disappearance of anti-gliadin antibodies of IgG class after 6 months of gluten-free diet; in contrast, 16/40 (40%) of celiac patients displayed the persistence of these antibodies after gluten withdrawal. In non-celiac gluten sensitivity patients anti-gliadin antibodies IgG persistence after gluten withdrawal was significantly correlated with the low compliance to gluten-free diet and a mild clinical response. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-gliadin antibodies of the IgG class disappear in patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity reflecting a strict compliance to the gluten-free diet and a good clinical response to gluten withdrawal.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Celiac Disease/blood
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diet therapy/immunology
Gliadin/*immunology
Glutens/immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Immunoglobulin G/*blood
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Compliance
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {24524388},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-230x-14-26},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Campolo, M. and Di Paola, R. and Impellizzeri, D. and Crupi, R. and Morittu, V. M. and Procopio, A. and Perri, E. and Britti, D. and Peli, A. and Esposito, E. and Cuzzocrea, S.},
   title = {Effects of a polyphenol present in olive oil, oleuropein aglycone, in a murine model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury},
   journal = {J Leukoc Biol},
   volume = {93},
   number = {2},
   pages = {277-87},
   note = {1938-3673
Campolo, Michela
Di Paola, Rosanna
Impellizzeri, Daniela
Crupi, Rosalia
Morittu, Valeria Maria
Procopio, Antonio
Perri, Enzo
Britti, Domenico
Peli, Angelo
Esposito, Emanuela
Cuzzocrea, Salvatore
Journal Article
United States
J Leukoc Biol. 2013 Feb;93(2):277-87. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0712317. Epub 2012 Dec 11.},
   abstract = {Dietary olive oil supplementation and more recently, olive oil phenols have been recommended as important therapeutic interventions in preventive medicine. Ole has several pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral and for these reasons, is becoming an important subject of study in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ole aglycone on the modulation of the secondary events in mice subjected to intestinal IRI. This was induced in mice by clamping the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac trunk for 30 min, followed by release of the clamp, allowing reperfusion for 1 h. After 60 min of reperfusion, animals were killed for histological examination of the ileum tissue and immunohistochemical localization of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and P-sel); moreover, by Western blot analysis, we investigated the activation of NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha. In addition, we evaluated the apoptosis process, as shown by TUNEL staining and Bax/Bcl-2 expressions. The results obtained by the histological and molecular examinations showed in Ole aglycone-treated mice, a decrease of inflammation and apoptosis pathway versus SAO-shocked mice. In conclusion, we propose that the olive oil compounds, in particular, the Ole aglycone, could represent a possible treatment against secondary events of intestinal IRI.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
Antioxidants/pharmacology
Apoptosis/drug effects/physiology
Blotting, Western
Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
Cytokines/biosynthesis
Disease Models, Animal
Immunohistochemistry
In Situ Nick-End Labeling
Intestinal Diseases/*drug therapy
Iridoids
Male
Mice
Olive Oil
Plant Oils/*chemistry
Polyphenols/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Pyrans/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Reperfusion Injury/*drug therapy},
   ISSN = {0741-5400},
   Accession Number = {23233730},
   DOI = {10.1189/jlb.0712317},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cano-Sancho, G. and Sanchis, V. and Marin, S. and Ramos, A. J.},
   title = {Occurrence and exposure assessment of aflatoxins in Catalonia (Spain)},
   journal = {Food Chem Toxicol},
   volume = {51},
   pages = {188-93},
   note = {1873-6351
Cano-Sancho, G
Sanchis, V
Marin, S
Ramos, A J
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Jan;51:188-93. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.032. Epub 2012 Oct 6.},
   abstract = {The main objective of this study was to assess the exposure of Catalonian (Spain) population to AFs. Thus, two sub-objectives were considered: (1) to assess the occurrence of AFs in food marketed in Catalonia, and (2) to assess the consumption of those foods susceptible to AFs contamination by Catalonian population. AFs were analysed in a total of 603 samples considering special commodities as free-gluten, ethnic or baby foods. Analytical method consisted of an extraction and clean-up of aflatoxins step using immunoaffinity columns, and determination by HPLC with post-column photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection. Food dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, administered to 1387 individuals by trained interviewers. Contamination and consumption raw datasets were combined by means of a direct method and a stochastic method, building the pseudo-parametric bootstrap confidence intervals of the main outputs. Margins of exposure (MoE) and cancer incidence were estimated for the different collectives. The highest percentages of positive samples were found in red pepper, pistachios and peanuts. Considering our results, the most exposed group was the celiac sufferer collective followed by the adolescents; however health concern should not be expected in the population groups.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aflatoxins/*analysis/*toxicity
Aged
Child
Child, Preschool
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
Diet
Environmental Exposure
Female
Food Contamination/*analysis
Humans
Infant
Infant Food
Male
Middle Aged
Risk Assessment
Spain
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0278-6915},
   Accession Number = {23046858},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.032},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cappa, C. and Lucisano, M. and Mariotti, M.},
   title = {Influence of Psyllium, sugar beet fibre and water on gluten-free dough properties and bread quality},
   journal = {Carbohydr Polym},
   volume = {98},
   number = {2},
   pages = {1657-66},
   note = {1879-1344
Cappa, Carola
Lucisano, Mara
Mariotti, Manuela
Journal Article
England
Carbohydr Pol

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag