text:
ia
	yields evidence of enhanced frequency where the forest had been cleared.
	The survey covers one dry-season month from 1988. It employs a threshold
	algorithm to construct an image of cumulus cloud cover from sets
	of geostationary satellite visible-infrared image pairs. Cumulus
	images were constructed for two times. The morning image shows no
	association of the cumulus index with cultural features. However,
	in the afternoon image a patch of high index values coincides with
	deforestation along highway BR-364 in the state of Rondonia.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0003-0007},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {ENHANCEMENT OF CUMULUS CLOUDS OVER DEFORESTED LANDS IN AMAZONIA},
  timestamp = {2012.10.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995TB58600006 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0477%281995%29076%3C1801%3AEOCCOD%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@ARTICLE{DAlmeida2007,
  author = {D'Almeida, C. and Vorosmarty, C. J. and Hurtt, G. C. and Marengo,
	J. A. and Dingman, S. L. and Keim, B. D.},
  title = {{T}he effects of deforestation on the hydrological cycle in {A}mazonia:
	{A} review on scale and resolution},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {633-647},
  number = {5},
  abstract = {This paper reviews the effects of deforestation on the hydrological
	cycle in Amazonia according to recent modeling and observational
	studies performed within different spatial scales and resolutions.
	The predictions that follow from future scenarios of a complete deforestation
	in the region point to a restrained water cycle, while the simulated
	effects of small, disturbed areas show a contrasting tendency. Differences
	between coarsely spatially averaged observations and finely sampled
	data sets have also been encountered. These contrasts are only partially
	explained by the different spatial resolutions among models and observations,
	since they seem to be further associated with the weakening of precipitation
	recycling under scenarios of extensive deforestation and with the
	potential intensification of convection over areas of land-surface
	heterogeneity. Therefore, intrinsic and interrelated scale and heterogeneity
	dependencies on the impact of deforestation in Amazonia on the hydrological
	cycle are revealed and the acknowledgement of the relevance of these
	dependencies sets a few challenges for the future. Copyright (c)
	2007 Royal Meteorological Society.},
  comment = {dalmeida07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The effects of deforestation on the hydrological cycle in Amazonia:
	a review on scale and resolution},
  timestamp = {2012.12.13},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000246381000006 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/joc.1475/asset/1475_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=h8o3y5hv&s=e82b019430b2b6c65a354c0ee01d0436534dfc6c}
}

@ARTICLE{DAndrea2006,
  author = {D'Andrea, F. and Provenzale, A. and Vautard, R. and De Noblet-Decoudré,
	N.},
  title = {{H}ot and cool summers: {M}ultiple equilibria of the continental
	water cycle},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {33},
  number = {24},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Hot and cool summers: Multiple equilibria of the continental water
	cycle},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30}
}

@ARTICLE{DOdorico2007,
  author = {D'Odorico, P. and Caylor, K. and Okin, G.S. and Scanlon, T.M.},
  title = {{O}n soil moisture-vegetation feedbacks and their possible effects
	on the dynamics of dryland ecosystems},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {112},
  number = {G04},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {On soil moisture-vegetation feedbacks and their possible effects on
	the dynamics of dryland ecosystems},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{DOdorico2004,
  author = {D'Odorico, P. and Porporato, A.},
  title = {Preferential states in soil moisture and climate dynamics},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
	of America},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {8848-8851},
  number = {24},
  month = {Jun 15},
  abstract = {Summer precipitation in continental midlatitude regions is significantly
	contributed by local recycling, i.e., by moisture returning to the
	atmosphere through evapotranspiration from the same region. On the
	other hand, reduced soil moisture availability may limit evapotranspiration
	rates with effects on the planetary boundary layer dynamics through
	the partitioning between sensible and latent heat fluxes. Thus, a
	dependence may exist between precipitation and antecedent soil moisture
	conditions. Here we provide theoretical and experimental evidence
	in support of the hypothesis that in continental regions summer soil
	moisture anomalies affect the probability of occurrence of subsequent
	precipitation. Owing to these feedbacks, two preferential states
	may arise in summer soil moisture dynamics, which thus tend to remain
	locked either in a "dry" or a "wet" state, whereas intermediate conditions
	have low probability of occurrence. In this manner, such land-atmosphere
	interactions would explain the possible persistence of summer droughts
	sustained by positive feedbacks in response to initial (spring) surface
	moisture anomalies.},
  comment = {dodorico04},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0027-8424},
  keywords = {boundary layer interactions north-american drought atmospheric controls
	rainfall feedback water-balance united-states part i precipitation
	variability persistence},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Preferential states in soil moisture and climate dynamics},
  timestamp = {2013.08.19},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000222104900005}
}

@ARTICLE{Dai2004,
  author = {Dai, Aiguo and Lamb, Peter J. and Trenberth, Kevin E. and Hulme,
	Mike and Jones, Philip D. and Xie, Pingping},
  title = {{T}he recent {S}ahel drought is real},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {1323-1331},
  number = {11},
  abstract = {Using station rainfall data extracted from two comprehensive data
	sets, we show that large decreasing rainfall trends were widespread
	in the Sahel (10-20°N and 18°W-20°E) from the late 1950s to the late
	1980s. Thereafter, Sahel rainfall has recovered somewhat through
	2003, although the drought conditions have not ended in the region.
	These results confirm the findings of many previous studies. We also
	found that large multi-year oscillations appear to be more frequent
	and extreme after the late 1980s than previously. Analyses of Sahel
	regional rainfall time series derived from a fixed subset of stations
	and from all available stations show that the decreasing trend in
	Sahel rainfall is not an artifact of changing station networks. The
	rainfall model used by Chappell and Agnew (2004 International Journal
	of Climatology24: 547-554) is incorrect and their modelled rainfall
	time series is totally unrepresentative of Sahel average rainfall.
	Their conclusion about the Sahel rainfall trends being an artifact
	of changing station locations is emphatically wrong and their speculative
	statements about the implications of their results for other studies
	and other regions of the world are completely unfounded. Copyright
	© 2004 Royal Meteorological Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1097-0088},
  keywords = {Sahel drought rainfall precipitation},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  shorttitle = {The recent Sahel drought is real},
  timestamp = {2012.10.16},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1083}
}

@ARTICLE{Dallmeyer2011,
  author = {Dallmeyer, A. and Claussen, M.},
  title = {{T}he influence of land cover change in the {A}sian monsoon region
	on present-day and mid-{H}olocene climate},
  journal = {Biogeosciences},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {1499-1519},
  number = {6},
  abstract = {Using the general circulation model ECHAM5/JSBACH, we investigate
	the biogeophysical effect of large-scale afforestation and deforestation
	in the Asian monsoon domain on present-day and mid-Holocene climate.
	We demonstrate that the applied land cover change does not only modify
	the local climate but also change the climate in North Africa and
	the Middle East via teleconnections. Deforestation in the Asian monsoon
	domain enhances the rainfall in North Africa. In parts of the Sahara
	summer precipitation is more than doubled. In contrast, afforestation
	strongly decreases summer rainfall in the Middle East and even leads
	to the cessation of the rainfall-activity in some parts of this region.
	Regarding the local climate, deforestation results in a reduction
	of precipitation and a cooler climate as grass mostly has a higher
	albedo than forests. However, in the core region of the Asian monsoon
	the decrease in evaporative cooling in the monsoon season overcompensates
	this signal and results in a net warming. Afforestation has mainly
	the opposite effect, although the pattern of change is less clear.
	It leads to more precipitation in most parts of the Asian monsoon
	domain and a warmer climate except for the southern regions where
	a stronger evaporation decreases near-surface temperatures in the
	monsoon season. When prescribing mid-Holocene insolation, the pattern
	of local precipitation change differs. Afforestation particularly
	increases monsoon rainfall in the region along the Yellow River which
	was the settlement area of major prehistoric cultures. In this region,
	the effect of land cover change on precipitation is half as large
	as the orbitally-induced precipitation change. Thus, our model results
	reveal that mid-tolate-Holocene land cover change could strongly
	have contributed to the decreasing Asian monsoon precipitation during
	the Holocene known from reconstructions.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1726-4170},
  keywords = {Afforestation Deforestation model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The influence of land cover change in the Asian monsoon region on
	present-day and mid-Holocene climate},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Daly2004,
  author = {Daly, E. and Porporato, A. and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I.},
  title = {{C}oupled dynamics of photosynthesis, transpiration, and soil water
	balance. {P}art {I}: {U}pscaling from hourly to daily level},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {546-558},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1525-7541},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Coupled dynamics of photosynthesis, transpiration, and soil water
	balance. Part I: Upscaling from hourly to daily level},
  timestamp = {2012.12.16}
}

@MISC{Dalziel1998,
  author = {Dalziel, Stuart},
  title = {First order ordinary differential equations},
  howpublished = {University of Cambridge, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical
	Physics},
  year = {1998},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {First order ordinary differential equations},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/lab/people/sd/lectures/nummeth98/index.htm#L_1_Title_Page}
}

@ARTICLE{Darbyshire2003,
  author = {Darbyshire, I. and Lamb, H. and Umer, M.},
  title = {{F}orest clearance and regrowth in northern {E}thiopia during the
	last 3000 years},
  journal = {Holocene},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {537-546},
  number = {4},
  month = {Jul},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0959-6836},
  keywords = {pollen vegetation history forest clearance forest regrowth lake sediments
	human impact ethiopia africa late holocene lake-sediments human impact
	charcoal pollen africa vegetation rainfall hayq},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Forest clearance and regrowth in northern Ethiopia during the last
	3000 years},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000183579300008}
}

@ARTICLE{Davidowitz2002,
  author = {Davidowitz, G.},
  title = {{D}oes precipitation variability increase from mesic to xeric biomes?},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {143-154},
  number = {2},
  month = {Mar},
  abstract = {Desert precipitation is often characterized as more variable than
	precipitation in nondesert biomes. However, empirical support for
	this generalization is lacking. I analysed precipitation variability
	in five desert and four nondesert biomes that represent a xeric to
	mesic gradient in the South-western United States, using data from
	328 weather stations, for a total of 18 337 station-years. I examined
	precipitation variability at two temporal scales: among years and
	among months, within years. Each of these scales was analysed for
	annual precipitation, summer precipitation and winter precipitation
	for a total of 18 separate analyses. Overall, precipitation variability
	does increase as precipitation decreases. However, I found little
	support for the generalization that desert precipitation is more
	variable than precipitation in nondeserts. At most time scales, many
	south-western American desert biomes are no more variable than nondesert
	biomes. The level of variability is highly dependent on which desert
	biome is under study, where in the biome a particular site is located,
	and what time scale is used to measure variability. Certain desert
	sites are in fact more variable than nondesert sites, in some cases
	by as much as fivefold. However, and perhaps more importantly, each
	desert biome includes many sites that are no more variable, across
	many or all time scales, than sites in the grassland or pine forest
	biomes. These results emphasize the importance of measuring variability
	for each study site of interest and caution against extrapolating
	from a few sites to biomes or gradients in general. Implications
	for the study of adaptations to environmental variability are discussed.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0960-7447},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Does precipitation variability increase from mesic to xeric biomes?},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000174711600005 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00271.x/asset/j.1466-822X.2002.00271.x.pdf?v=1&t=gv1g52ww&s=db14e24c2a7e7cb5ed2f55a992d37c7cdbd3958d}
}

@ARTICLE{Davin2012,
  author = {Davin, E. L. and Seneviratne, S. I.},
  title = {{R}ole of land surface processes and diffuse/direct radiation partitioning
	in simulating the {E}uropean climate},
  journal = {Biogeosciences},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1695-1707},
  number = {5},
  abstract = {The influence of land processes and in particular of diffuse/direct
	radiation partitioning on surface fluxes and associated regional-scale
	climate feedbacks is investigated using ERA-40 driven simulations
	over Europe performed with the COSMO-CLM2 Regional Climate Model
	(RCM). Two alternative Land Surface Models (LSMs), a 2nd generation
	LSM (TERRA_ML) and a more advanced 3rd generation LSM (Community
	Land Model version 3.5), and two versions of the atmospheric component
	are tested, as well as a revised coupling procedure allowing for
	variations in diffuse/direct light partitioning at the surface, and
	their accounting by the land surface component. Overall, the RCM
	performance for various variables (e.g., surface fluxes, temperature
	and precipitation) is improved when using the more advanced 3rd generation
	LSM. These improvements are of the same order of magnitude as those
	arising from a new version of the atmospheric component, demonstrating
	the benefit of using a realistic representation of land surface processes
	for regional climate simulations. Taking into account the variability
	in diffuse/direct light partitioning at the surface further improves
	the model performance in terms of summer temperature variability
	at the monthly and daily time scales. Comparisons with observations
	show that the RCM realistically captures temporal variations in diffuse/direct
	light partitioning as well as the evapotranspiration sensitivity
	to these variations. Our results suggest that a modest but consistent
	fraction (up to 3 %) of the overall variability in summer temperature
	can be explained by variations in the diffuse to direct ratio.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1726-4170},
  keywords = {land surface scheme model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Role of land surface processes and diffuse/direct radiation partitioning
	in simulating the European climate},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{DeAngelis2010,
  author = {DeAngelis, A. and Dominguez, F. and Fan, Y. and Robock, A. and Kustu,
	M. D. and Robinson, D.},
  title = {{E}vidence of enhanced precipitation due to irrigation over the {G}reat
	{P}lains of the {U}nited {S}tates},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {115},
  number = {D15},
  month = {Aug},
  abstract = {At the end of World War II, there was a rapid increase in irrigation
	over the Ogallala Aquifer in the Great Plains of the United States
	via groundwater withdrawal, and we hypothesize that this disruption
	of the local hydrological cycle has enhanced the regional precipitation.
	We examined station and gridded precipitation observations for the
	warm season months over and downwind of the Ogallala over the 20th
	century. Increases in precipitation of 15-30% were detected during
	July from the easternmost part of the aquifer to as far downwind
	as Indiana. The timing (1940s, July) and spatial pattern of the precipitation
	increase are consistent with the history of Ogallala irrigation and
	mechanisms by which increases in evapotranspiration can affect convection.
	Additionally, we conducted a vapor tracking analysis and found that
	evapotranspiration over the Ogallala Aquifer contributes to downwind
	precipitation and that the contribution is greater when the evapotranspiration
	is higher. This makes it hydrologically possible that the irrigation
	development was associated with the observed precipitation increases.
	Finally, there is no clear evidence that atmospheric circulation
	changes or modes of internal climate variability increased the July
	precipitation. Further analysis of the influence of Ogallala irrigation
	on precipitation will include the controlled analysis of climate
	model simulations that explicitly include irrigation.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Evidence of enhanced precipitation due to irrigation over the Great
	Plains of the United States},
  timestamp = {2012.10.16},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000280956300009 http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/jd1015/2010JD013892/2010JD013892.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{DeLuis2000,
  author = {De Luis, M. and Raventos, J. and Gonzalez-Hidalgo, J. C. and Sanchez,
	J. R. and Cortina, J.},
  title = {{S}patial analysis of rainfall trends in the region of {V}alencia
	({E}ast {S}pain)},
  journal = {International journal of climatology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {1451-1469},
  number = {12},
  month = {Oct},
  abstract = {This paper examines the spatial and temporal rainfall characteristics
	of the region of Valencia, Western Mediterranean Basin least Spain),
	during the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) normal period
	1961-1990. The study used a dense and homogeneous daily precipitation
	database comprising 97 rain-gauge stations. Total and monthly rainfall
	concentrations have been studied in the context of their mean values,
	interannual variability and spatial diversification. Trends have
	been analysed using both parametric and non-parametric tests. In
	order to establish the spatial distribution of rainfall patterns
	and to detect homogeneous areas with similar rainfall evolution,
	a statistic based on the Cramer-von Mises test is proposed. The kriging
	interpolation methods for characterizing the magnitude of observed
	changes is used. Areas with contrasting rainfall evolution are identified.
	In more humid areas, a significant decrease in annual rainfall associated
	with significant increases in interannual rainfall variability is
	observed. In inland zones, decreases in total annual rainfall and
	increases in interannual variability are less clear, but there are
	indications of an increase in monthly rainfall concentration. In
	these inland zones, where more forest and woodland areas are located
	and forest fires are frequent, the observed trends could greatly
	affect desertification through changes in the disturbance regime.
	In more arid areas, local variability in rainfall evolution is higher
	and no significant changes can be defined. Copyright (C) 2000 Royal
	Meteorological Society.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Spatial analysis of rainfall trends in the region of Valencia (East
	Spain)},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000090065300004 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/1097-0088(200010)20:12<1451::AID-JOC547>3.0.CO;2-0/asset/547_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=gv1g5o82&s=e539594f79e578e0092e137ccf6ac0e0e846655a}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Deo2009,
  author = {Deo, RC and Syktus, JI and McAlpine, CA and Wong, KK},
  title = {The simulated impact of land cover change on climate extremes in
	eastern Australia},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International
	Congress on Modelling and Simulation},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {2035--2041},
  organization = {Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand Inc.
	and International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.26}
}

@ARTICLE{Deo2009a,
  author = {Deo, R. C. and Syktus, J. I. and McAlpine, C. A. and Lawrence, P.
	J. and McGowan, H. A. and Phinn, S. R.},
  title = {{I}mpact of historical land cover change on daily indices of climate
	extremes including droughts in eastern {A}ustralia},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {36},
  number = {8},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {CSIRO AGCM drought eastern Australia LCC model precipitation},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of historical land cover change on daily indices of climate
	extremes including droughts in eastern Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30}
}

@ARTICLE{Depaiva1995,
  author = {Depaiva, Emcd and Clarke, R. T.},
  title = {{T}ime trends in rainfall records in {A}mazonia},
  journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {76},
  pages = {2203-2209},
  number = {11},
  month = {Nov},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0003-0007},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {TIME TRENDS IN RAINFALL RECORDS IN AMAZONIA},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995TH34300006}
}

@MISC{DCCEE2012,
  author = {{Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency}},
  title = {Climate change in the future},
  year = {2012},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://www.climatechange.gov.au/climate-change/future.aspx},
	viewed on 10/08/2012},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@TECHREPORT{SLATS2017,
  author = {{Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation}},
  title = {{L}and cover change in {Q}ueensland 2015-2016: {A} statewide landcover
	and trees study ({SLATS}) report},
  institution = {Department of  Science, Information Technology and Innovation},
  year = {2017},
  address = {Brisbane},
  note = {2011},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Land cover change in Queensland 2015-2016: a statewide landcover and
	trees study (SLATS) report},
  timestamp = {2012.06.28}
}

@TECHREPORT{SLATS2003,
  author = {{Department of Natural Resources and Mines}},
  title = {{L}and cover change in {Q}ueensland 2003-2004: {A} statewide landcover
	and trees study ({SLATS}) report},
  institution = {Department of Natural Resources and Mines},
  year = {2006},
  address = {Brisbane},
  note = {{F}eb, 2006},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Land cover change in Queensland 2004-2005: a statewide landcover and
	trees study (SLATS) report},
  timestamp = {2012.06.28}
}

@TECHREPORT{SLATS2001,
  author = {{Department of Natural Resources and Mines}},
  title = {{L}and cover change in {Q}ueensland 2001-2003, incorporating 2001-2002
	adn 2002-2003 change periods: {A} statewide landcover and trees study
	({SLATS}) report},
  institution = {Department of Natural Resources and Mines},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Brisbane},
  note = {{F}eb, 2005},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Land cover change in Queensland 2004-2005: a statewide landcover and
	trees study (SLATS) report},
  timestamp = {2012.06.28}
}

@TECHREPORT{SLATS1999,
  author = {{Department of Natural Resources and Mines}},
  title = {{L}and cover change in {Q}ueensland, {A} statewide landcover and
	trees study report ({SLATS})},
  institution = {Department of Environment and Resource Management},
  year = {2003},
  address = {Brisbane},
  note = {{J}an 2003},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Land cover change in Queensland 2004-2005: a statewide landcover and
	trees study (SLATS) report},
  timestamp = {2012.06.28}
}

@TECHREPORT{SLATS2005,
  author = {{Department of Natural Resources and Water}},
  title = {{L}and cover change in {Q}ueensland 2005-06: {A} statewide landcover
	and trees study ({SLATS}) report},
  institution = {Department of Natural Resources and Water},
  year = {2008},
  address = {Brisbane},
  note = {{F}eb, 2008},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Land cover change in Queensland 2004-2005: a statewide landcover and
	trees study (SLATS) report},
  timestamp = {2012.06.28}
}

@TECHREPORT{SLATS2004,
  author = {{Department of Natural Resources and Water}},
  title = {{L}and cover change in {Q}ueensland 2004-2005: {A} statewide landcover
	and trees study ({SLATS}) report},
  institution = {Department of Natural Resources and Water},
  year = {2007},
  address = {Brisbane},
  note = {{F}eb, 2007},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Land cover change in Queensland 2004-2005: a statewide landcover and
	trees study (SLATS) report},
  timestamp = {2012.06.28}
}

@ARTICLE{DeRidder1997,
  author = {De Ridder, K.},
  title = {{L}and surface processes and the potential for convective precipitation},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {102},
  pages = {30085-30090},
  number = {D25},
  abstract = {The impact of the land surface on the potential for precipitating
	convection is examined. To do so, an analytical expression that relates
	boundary layer equivalent potential temperature to the surface evaporative
	fraction is derived by means of the slab model of the convective
	boundary layer. Analysis of the resulting expression shows that the
	equivalent potential temperature increases with the evaporative fraction
	under most circumstances, except for very dry atmospheres, and that
	this increase is enhanced in the presence of a low-level moist layer.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0747-7309},
  keywords = {convective precipitation model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Land surface processes and the potential for convective precipitation},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30}
}

@ARTICLE{DeRidder1998,
  author = {De Ridder, K. and Gallee, H.},
  title = {{L}and surface-induced regional climate change in southern {I}srael},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {1470-1485},
  number = {11},
  abstract = {Since the mid-1960s, the southern part of Israel has experienced major
	land use changes following the start of the irrigation scheme and
	the subsequent intensification of agricultural practice. Several
	studies, mainly based on the analysis of climatic time series, have
	shown that this has been followed by a significant change of the
	focal climate, especially during the summer and early fall. They
	indicate a reduced diurnal amplitude of surface air temperature and
	wind speed, and a threefold increase of the October (early wet season)
	convective precipitation. In this paper, these phenomena are investigated
	by simulating the influence of the land surface on local meteorological
	variables with a two-dimensional version of a mesoscale atmospheric
	model containing a detailed land surface scheme. Particular attention
	is given to the correct estimation of land surface parameters from
	soil and vegetation maps and remote sensing data. The simulations
	confirm the observed reduction of the diurnal amplitude of temperature
	and wind speed when replacing a semiarid surface by a partly irrigated
	one. Furthermore, it is shown that the potential for moist convection
	increases with the surface moisture availability and is rather insensitive
	to the surface roughness.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8763},
  keywords = {Israel model September summer},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Land surface-induced regional climate change in southern Israel},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30}
}

@BOOK{Dessler2010,
  title = {{T}he {S}cience and {P}olitics of {G}lobal {C}limate {C}hange: {A}
	{G}uide to the {D}ebate},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2010},
  author = {Dessler, A.E. and Parson, E.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9780521737401},
  keywords = {climate change cause policy ozone fossil fuel},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the
	Debate},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Pvq4-5EdkW8C}
}

@ARTICLE{Diaz2007,
  author = {Diaz, M. F. and Bigelow, S. and Armesto, J. J.},
  title = {{A}lteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing and its
	consequences for rainforest succession},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {244},
  pages = {32-40},
  number = {1-3},
  abstract = {Since the 19th century, 41% of the land on Chilo6 Island (41 degrees
	50'S, 73 degrees 40'W) in Chile was cleared. Following clearing and
	burning, much of the converted land remains in sparse shrub cover.
	We hypothesized that the arrested conversion back to forests may
	reflect a nearly permanent condition associated with a rise in the
	water table. To evaluate this possibility we acquired data from a
	60-year old evergreen forest and an area in shrub cover to parameterize
	two hydrologic models; one that accounts for hourly interception
	losses and predicts net precipitation (Gash model), the other that
	calculates hourly transpiration from both overstory and understory
	components as well as evaporation from the soil (a modified Penman-Monteith
	model). In addition, standpipes were installed to record water table
	levels over 18 months. The fraction of a total annual precipitation
	(similar to 2100 mm) transpired by shrub and forest cover differed
	(8% versus 22%) roughly in proportion to differences in the leaf
	area index (2.2 versus 5.0). Although whole canopy (stomatal) conductances
	were similar, the aerodynamic conductance was more than three-fold
	higher for forests compared with shrub cover (similar to 12 mol m(-2)
	s(-1) versus 3 mol m(-2) s(-1)). The frequent wetting of tree canopies,
	combined with an average wind speed of 0.74 m s(-1), resulted in
	similar to 30% interception losses from forests compared with 1%
	of annual precipitation lost through this pathway from shrub cover.
	As a result of these differences, only about half of the precipitation
	enters the ground under forest cover compared to 90% under shrub
	cover. This difference in canopy interception losses accounts for
	a rise in the water table from an average of 45-10 cm. The high water
	table prevents normal tree regeneration. This condition is stable
	unless an effort is made to provide an elevated substrate for tree
	seedlings to become established. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights
	reserved.},
  comment = {diaz07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing and its
	consequences for rainforest succession},
  timestamp = {2012.12.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000247214000004}
}

@ARTICLE{Dickinson1992,
  author = {Dickinson, R. E. and Kennedy, P.},
  title = {IMPACTS ON REGIONAL CLIMATE OF {A}MAZON DEFORESTATION},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {1947-1950},
  number = {19},
  abstract = {A simulation of the climate response to Amazon deforestation has been
	carried out. Precipitation is decreased on the average by 25% or
	1.4 mm/day, with ET and runoff both decreasing by 0.7 mm/day. Modifications
	of surface energy balance through change of albedo and roughness
	are complicated by cloud feedbacks. The initial decrease of the absorption
	of solar radiation by higher surface albedos is largely cancelled
	by a reduction in cloud cover, but consequent reduction in downward
	longwave has a substantial impact on surface energy balance. Smoke
	aerosols might have an effect comparable to deforestation during
	burning season.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {Albedo effect Amazon cloud feedback Deforestation Evapotranspiration
	model precipitation roughness length South America},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {IMPACTS ON REGIONAL CLIMATE OF AMAZON DEFORESTATION},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Diem2005,
  author = {Diem, J. E. and Mote, T. L.},
  title = {{I}nterepochal changes in summer precipitation in the southeastern
	{U}nited {S}tates: {E}vidence of possible urban effects near {A}tlanta,
	{G}eorgia},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {717-730},
  number = {5},
  month = {May},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8763},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Interepochal changes in summer precipitation in the southeastern United
	States: Evidence of possible urban effects near Atlanta, Georgia},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000230003400012 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JAM2221.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Dijk2007,
  author = {van Dijk, Aijm and Keenan, R. J.},
  title = {{P}lanted forests and water in perspective},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {251},
  pages = {1-9},
  abstract = {Afforestation is increasingly considered as a land use activity that
	threatens water resources security. At the same time, it is advocated
	for a wide range of other water-related benefits. We review the contributions
	to this special issue and the wider literature, intended as a contribution
	towards a framework for predicting the impact on water resources
	and other water-related issues of afforestation in agricultural landscapes.
	Current evidence suggests that afforestation will typically reduce
	local average water yield as well as low flows. Downstream effects
	on water resources security and river ecosystem health are generally
	likely to be small unless the area afforested is large. In some cases,
	afforestation may increase groundwater recharge and low flows due
	to improved infiltration. Depending on the level of degradation of
	agricultural land, well designed, located and managed forestry can
	reduce the volume of sediment, nutrients and salt volumes transported
	into river systems, although not necessarily their concentrations.
	Afforestation is not likely to reduce major large-scale flooding
	or deep-seated land slides, but may reduce shallow land slides and
	local 'flash' floods. The influence of afforestation on global precipitation
	patterns is complex and land use change would need to occur on a
	large scale to have a discernible influence. Afforestation may influence
	precipitation patterns at local to regional scales by changing surface-
	atmosphere transfers of heat and moisture. Factors determining afforestation
	impacts on water resources security include: (i) plantation characteristics
	that affect forest hydrology (differences in tree physiology, plantation
	design and management, forestry operations), (ii) the benchmark (current
	agricultural use or historic native vegetation) against which changes
	are assessed and (iii) the water system configuration (scale of afforestation,
	timing of impacts, location in the system and internal system losses).
	Similar factors confound the impact of afforestation on other water-related
	issues. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  comment = {dijk07a},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Planted forests and water in perspective},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000250802500001}
}

@ARTICLE{Dijk2007a,
  author = {van Dijk, A. U. M. and Hairsine, P. B. and Pena Arancibia, J. and
	Dowling, T. I.},
  title = {Reforestation, water availability and stream salinity: A multi-scale
	analysis in the {M}urray-{D}arling {B}asin, {A}ustralia},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {251},
  pages = {94-109},
  number = {1-2},
  abstract = {There is much debate about the role of plantation forestry in southeast
	Australia in helping control stream salinity and in exacerbating
	stream flow reductions. We reviewed modelling tools developed to
	plan forestry for surface water and salinity outcomes and tested
	three of these in a multi-scale study within the Murray-Darling Basin,
	to assess the impact of plantation forestry on water availability;
	whether these impacts are counterbalanced by stream salinity benefits;
	and to what extent spatial planning can optimise this trade-off.
	Comparison with stream flow data suggested that in medium rainfall
	areas (600-1000 mm year(-1)) runoff generation from agricultural
	land is very similar to that of forested land, implying that reforestation
	in these regions would have a limited stream flow impact. The estimated
	reduction in total surface water resources across the basin due to
	future plantation expansion was estimated at <0.3% by 2020. Plantation
	expansion was not predicted to alter flow regime in large catchments,
	but may do so in catchments smaller than similar to 2000 km(2). Spatial
	planning is likely to increase the effectiveness of reforestation
	against stream salinity by more than seven times. The limited availability
	of suitable areas and the relatively small impact per hectare planted
	appear to rule reforestation out as an effective way to reduce stream
	salinity in the Murray River. Reforestation can help to reduce stream
	salt exports from smaller catchments, but reductions in both average
	stream salinity and high salinity events may be difficult to achieve.
	The available models generally allow us to arrive at these conclusions
	with a reasonable degree of confidence, but the cause(s) of the lower
	than expected runoff generation on agricultural land remains an outstanding
	question. ((C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  comment = {dijk07b},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Reforestation, water availability and stream salinity: A multi-scale
	analysis in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia},
  timestamp = {2013.08.19},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000250802500009}
}

@ARTICLE{Dimov2010,
  author = {Dimov, I. and Georgieva, R.},
  title = {Monte Carlo algorithms for evaluating Sobol’ sensitivity indices},
  journal = {Mathematics and Computers in Simulation},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {506-514},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {Sensitivity analysis is a powerful technique used to determine robustness,
	reliability and efficiency of a model. The main problem in this procedure
	is the evaluating total sensitivity indices that measure a parameter’s
	main effect and all the interactions involving that parameter. From
	a mathematical point of view this problem is presented by a set of
	multidimensional integrals. In this work a simple adaptive Monte
	Carlo technique for evaluating Sobol’ sensitivity indices is developed.
	A comparison of accuracy and complexity of plain Monte Carlo and
	adaptive Monte Carlo algorithms is presented. Numerical experiments
	for evaluating integrals of different dimensions are performed.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0378-4754},
  keywords = {Sensitivity analysis Global sensitivity indices Multidimensional numerical
	integration Adaptive Monte Carlo algorithm},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Monte Carlo algorithms for evaluating Sobol’ sensitivity indices},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378475409002936}
}

@BOOK{Dingman2008,
  title = {{P}hysical {H}ydrology},
  publisher = {Waveland Press},
  year = {2008},
  author = {Dingman, S.L.},
  edition = {2nd},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9781577665618},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Physical Hydrology},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=PR6fPwAACAAJ}
}

@ARTICLE{Dirmeyer2009,
  author = {Dirmeyer, P. A. and Brubaker, K. L. and DelSole, T.},
  title = {{I}mport and export of atmospheric water vapor between nations},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {365},
  pages = {11-22},
  number = {1-2},
  month = {Feb},
  abstract = {We have applied a methodology for estimating the source regions of
	evaporation supplying precipitation over specific regions to the
	areas of most of the nations of the world. The methodology has been
	used in the past to estimate recycling ratios and the surface sources
	of moisture supplying rainfall over specific river basins. Extension
	to nations is straightforward, and we have incorporated other demographic
	information to gain a new viewpoint on the linkages between nations
	through the atmospheric branch of the hydrologic cycle. We find that
	nations with the highest recycling ratio, when scaled to a common
	area, have a combination of mountainous terrain, humid climate, or
	are at high latitudes. Nations with the lowest scaled recycling ratio
	are usually and or semi-arid and on the coast. Small landlocked nations
	are most likely to receive most of their precipitation from the evaporation
	of the territories of other nations. "Moisture independence" is greatest
	for large isolated nations. Nations that import a majority of their
	precipitating moisture from other countries who rank lower in terms
	per capita precipitation, i.e., more "water-poor" nations, tend not
	to be economically rich themselves, but are often also poor nations
	possessing lower population densities than their neighbors. (C) 2008
	Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  comment = {dirmeyer09},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  keywords = {Water cycle Recycling Water vapor International Precipitation Evaporation
	GLOBAL PRECIPITATION},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Import and export of atmospheric water vapor between nations},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000263575600003}
}

@ARTICLE{Dirmeyer1994,
  author = {Dirmeyer, P. A. and Shukla, J.},
  title = {ALBEDO AS A MODULATOR OF CLIMATE RESPONSE TO TROPICAL DEFORESTATION},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {20863-20877},
  number = {D10},
  abstract = {An atmospheric general circulation model with land surface properties
	represented by the simplified Simple Biosphere model is used to investigate
	the effects on local climate due to tropical deforestation for the
	Amazon basin. One control and three anomaly integrations of 4 years'
	duration are performed. In the anomaly integrations, rain forest
	in South America is replaced by degraded grassland. The anomaly integrations
	differ only in the optical properties of the grassland vegetation,
	with net surface albedos ranging from the same as to 0.09 lighter
	than that of rain forest. It is found that the change in climate,
	particularly rainfall, is strongly dependent on the change in surface
	albedo that accompanies deforestation. Replacement of forest by grass
	causes a reduction in transpiration and reduces frictional convergence
	by decreasing surface roughness. However, precipitation averaged
	over the deforested area is not necessarily reduced. Average precipitation
	decreases when the increase in albedo is greater than 0.03. If surface
	albedo is not increased appreciably as a result of deforestation,
	moisture flux convergence driven by the increase in surface temperature
	can offset the other effects, and average precipitation increases.
	As albedo is increased, surface temperature does not change, but
	surface latent and sensible heat flux decreases due to reduced radiational
	energy absorbed at the surface, resulting in a reduction in convection
	and precipitation. A change in the distribution of precipitation
	due to deforestation that appears to be independent of the albedo
	is observed.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {Albedo effect coupled GCM-SBM land surface model Deforestation model
	precipitation South America},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {ALBEDO AS A MODULATOR OF CLIMATE RESPONSE TO TROPICAL DEFORESTATION},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Douglas2009,
  author = {Douglas, E. M. and Beltrán-Przekurat, A. and Niyogi, D. and Pielke
	Sr, R. A. and Vörösmarty, C. J.},
  title = {{T}he impact of agricultural intensification and irrigation on land-atmosphere
	interactions and {I}ndian monsoon precipitation -- {A} mesoscale
	modeling perspective},
  journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {117-128},
  number = {1-2},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0921-8181},
  keywords = {irrigation Indian monsoon Regional Atmospheric Modeling System agriculture
	Land Use Land Cover Change},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {The impact of agricultural intensification and irrigation on land-atmosphere
	interactions and Indian monsoon precipitation -- A mesoscale modeling
	perspective},
  timestamp = {2011.07.27},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818108002087}
}

@ARTICLE{Dubreuil2012,
  author = {Dubreuil, Vincent and Debortoli, Nathan and Funatsu, Beatriz and
	Nedelec, Vincent and Durieux, Laurent},
  title = {{I}mpact of land-cover change in the {S}outhern {A}mazonia climate:
	{A} case study for the region of {A}lta {F}loresta, {M}ato {G}rosso,
	{B}razil},
  journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {184},
  pages = {877-891},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {The transformation of forest into pastures in the Brazilian Amazon
	leads to significant consequences to climate at local scale. In the
	region of Alta Floresta (Mato Grosso, Brazil), deforestation has
	been intense with over half the forests being cut since 1970. This
	article first examines the evolution of precipitation observed in
	this region and shows a significant trend in the decrease in total
	precipitation especially at the end of the dry season and at the
	beginning of the rainy season. The study then compares the temperatures
	measured in cleared and forested sectors within a reserve in the
	area of Alta Floresta (Mato Grosso, Brazil) between 2006 and 2007.
	The cleared sector was always hotter and drier (from 5% to 10%) than
	the forested area. This difference was not only especially marked
	during the day when it reached on average 2A degrees C but also seemed
	to increase during the night with the onset of the dry season (+0.5A
	degrees C). The Urban Heat Island effect is also evident especially
	during the night and in the dry season.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0167-6369},
  keywords = {Amazon compare different LC Deforestation observation precipitation
	South America Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of land-cover change in the Southern Amazonia climate: a case
	study for the region of Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Duchon2006,
  author = {Duchon, C. E. and Hamm, K. G.},
  title = {{B}roadband albedo observations in the southern {G}reat {P}lains},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {210-235},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Time series of daily broadband surface albedo for 1998 and 1999 have
	been analyzed from six locations in the network of 22 Atmospheric
	Radiation Measurement Program Solar-Infrared Radiation Stations distributed
	from central Kansas to central Oklahoma. Two of the stations are
	in Kansas, and four are in Oklahoma; together they reasonably encompass
	the variation in geography in the southern Great Plains. Daily precipitation
	totals locally measured or obtained from nearby Oklahoma Mesonet
	stations and time series of biweekly maximum normalized difference
	vegetation index obtained from NOAA's Advanced Very High Resolution
	Radiometer were used to determine linkages between surface albedo
	and amount of precipitation and degree of green vegetation. As part
	of this determination, daily albedo was categorized according to
	sky condition, that is, clear, partly cloudy, or overcast, with appropriate
	boundaries for each category. The more notable results are the following:
	1) 2-yr mean annual albedos varied by more than 20% among the six
	sites, the lowest albedo being 0.18 and the highest albedo being
	0.22; 2) the numerical difference was about 4 times the maximum interannual
	mean difference among the six stations, indicating the importance
	of geographic location; 3) for sites with a large amount of bare
	soil, a systematic decrease in albedo in response to rainfall events
	and a systematic increase in albedo as the soil dried were observed;
	4) at the one site with total vegetation cover, that is, no bare
	soil, albedo response to precipitation events was suppressed; 5)
	no relation was found between mean annual albedo and annual precipitation;
	6) whether days were classified as clear or partly cloudy had little
	influence on daily albedo, but overcast days typically reduced albedo,
	sometimes substantially; and 7) the main contributor to low albedos
	on overcast days with rain was the wet surface; the contribution
	by the overcast sky was secondary. Â© 2006 American Meteorological
	Society.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Broadband albedo observations in the southern Great Plains},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646566326&partnerID=40&md5=4b843e132f95287d8c83d293afb60530}
}

@ARTICLE{Durieux2003,
  author = {Durieux, Laurent and Machado, Luiz Augusto Toledo and Laurent, Henri},
  title = {{T}he impact of deforestation on cloud cover over the {A}mazon arc
	of deforestation},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {86},
  pages = {132-140},
  number = {1},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0034-4257},
  keywords = {Land-atmosphere interaction Climate change Amazonian deforestation
	Cloud cover dynamics},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {The impact of deforestation on cloud cover over the Amazon arc of
	deforestation},
  timestamp = {2011.10.20},
}

@BOOK{Duursma2011,
  title = {{R}ooting depth explains [{CO}2] x drought interaction in {E}ucalyptus
	saligna},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2011},
  author = {Duursma, Remko A. and Barton, Craig V.M. and Eamus, Derek and Medlyn,
	Belinda E. and Ellsworth, David S. and Forster, Michael A. and Tissue,
	David T. and Linder, Sune and McMurtrie, Ross E.},
  month = {May 12, 2011},
  abstract = {Elevated atmospheric [CO2] (eCa) often decreases stomatal conductance,
	which may delay the start of drought, as well as alleviate the effect
	of dry soil on plant water use and carbon uptake. We studied the
	interaction between drought and eCa in a whole-tree chamber experiment
	with Eucalyptus saligna. Trees were grown for 18 months in their
	Ca treatments before a 4-month dry-down. Trees grown in eCa were
	smaller than those grown in ambient Ca (aCa) due to an early growth
	setback that was maintained throughout the duration of the experiment.
	Pre-dawn leaf water potentials were not different between Ca treatments,
	but were lower in the drought treatment than the irrigated control.
	Counter to expectations, the drought treatment caused a larger reduction
	in canopy-average transpiration rates for trees in the eCa treatment
	compared with aCa. Total tree transpiration over the dry-down was
	positively correlated with the decrease in soil water storage, measured
	in the top 1.5 m, over the drying cycle; however, we could not close
	the water budget especially for the larger trees, suggesting soil
	water uptake below 1.5 m depth. Using neutron probe soil water measurements,
	we estimated fractional water uptake to a depth of 4.5 m and found
	that larger trees were able to extract more water from deep soil
	layers. These results highlight the interaction between rooting depth
	and response of tree water use to drought. The responses of tree
	water use to eCa involve interactions between tree size, root distribution
	and soil moisture availability that may override the expected direct
	effects of eCa. It is essential that these interactions be considered
	when interpreting experimental results.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  journal = {Tree Physiology},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Rooting depth explains [CO2]â€‰Ã—â€‰drought interaction in Eucalyptus
	saligna},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://treephys.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/05/12/treephys.tpr030.abstract}
}

@ARTICLE{Ebert2007,
  author = {Ebert, Elizabeth E. and Janowiak, John E. and Kidd, Chris},
  title = {Comparison of Near-Real-Time Precipitation Estimates from Satellite
	Observations and Numerical Models},
  journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {47-64},
  number = {1},
  month = {2007/01/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0003-0007},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {Comparison of Near-Real-Time Precipitation Estimates from Satellite
	Observations and Numerical Models},
  timestamp = {2014.05.29},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-1-47}
}

@ARTICLE{Elliott2010,
  author = {Elliott, M. and Fisher, C. T. and Nelson, B. A. and Garza, R. S.
	M. and Collins, S. K. and Pearsall, D. M.},
  title = {{C}limate, agriculture, and cycles of human occupation over the last
	4000 yr in southern {Z}acatecas, {M}exico},
  journal = {Quaternary Research},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {74},
  pages = {26-35},
  number = {1},
  month = {Jul},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0033-5894},
  keywords = {mesoamerica zacatecas paleoecology archeology phytoliths environmental
	magnetism late holocene climatic change malpaso valley maya civilization
	quemada basin},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Climate, agriculture, and cycles of human occupation over the last
	4000 yr in southern Zacatecas, Mexico},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000279758300005}
}

@ARTICLE{Elmqvist2007,
  author = {Elmqvist, T. and Pyykonen, M. and Tengo, M. and Rakotondrasoa, F.
	and Rabakonandrianina, E. and Radimilahy, C.},
  title = {{P}atterns of Loss and Regeneration of Tropical Dry Forest in {M}adagascar:
	{T}he Social Institutional Context},
  journal = {Plos One},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  month = {May 2},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Patterns of Loss and Regeneration of Tropical Dry Forest in Madagascar:
	The Social Institutional Context},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000207445700004}
}

@ARTICLE{Eltahir1996,
  author = {Eltahir, E. A. B. and Bras, R. L.},
  title = {{P}recipitation recycling},
  journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {367-378},
  number = {3},
  month = {Aug},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {8755-1209},
  key = {eltahir96},
  keywords = {amazonian deforestation tropical atmosphere hydrological cycle regional
	climate mechanism moisture impact branch},
  shorttitle = {Precipitation recycling},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VD58700003}
}

@ARTICLE{Eltahir1994,
  author = {Eltahir, E. A. B. and Bras, R. L.},
  title = {{P}recipitation recycling in the {A}mazon basin},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {120},
  pages = {861-880},
  number = {518},
  abstract = {Precipitation recycling is the contribution of evaporation within
	a region to precipitation in that same region. The recycling rate
	is a diagnostic measure of the potential for interactions between
	land surface hydrology and regional climate. In this paper we present
	a model for describing the seasonal and spatial variability of the
	recycling process. The precipitation recycling ratio, rho, is the
	basic variable in describing the recycling process, rho is the fraction
	of precipitation at a certain location and time which is contributed
	by evaporation within the region under study. The recycling model
	is applied in studying the hydrologic cycle in the Amazon basin.
	It is estimated that about 25% of all the rain that falls in the
	Amazon basin is contributed by evaporation within the basin. This
	estimate is based on analysis of a data set supplied by the European
	Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. The same analysis is repeated
	using a different data set from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.
	Based on this data set, the recycling ratio is estimated to be 35%.
	The seasonal variability of the recycling ratio is small compared
	with the yearly average. The new estimates of the recycling ratio
	are compared with results of previous studies, and the differences
	are explained.},
  comment = {eltahir94},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1477-870X},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Precipitation recycling in the Amazon basin},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712051806}
}

@ARTICLE{Eltahir1994a,
  author = {Eltahir, E. A. B. and Bras, R. L.},
  title = {{SENSITIVITY} {OF} {REGIONAL} {CLIMATE} {TO} {DEFORESTATION} {IN}
	{THE} {AMAZON} {BASIN}},
  journal = {Advances in Water Resources},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {101-115},
  number = {1-2},
  abstract = {Deforestation results in several adverse effects on the natural environment.
	The focus of this paper is on the effects of deforestation on land-surface
	processes and regional climate of the Amazon basin. In general, the
	effects of deforestation on climate are likely to depend on the scale
	of the deforested area. In this study, we are interested in the effects
	due to deforestation of areas with a scale of about 250 km. Hence,
	a meso-scale climate model is used in performing numerical experiments
	on the sensitivity of regional climate to deforestation of areas
	with that size. It is found that deforestation results in less net
	surface radiation, less evaporation, less rainfall, and warmer surface
	temperature. The magnitude of the change in temperature is of the
	order of 0.5-degrees-C, the magnitudes of the changes in the other
	variables are of the order of 10%. In order to verify some of the
	results of the numerical experiments, the model simulations of net
	surface radiation are compared to recent observations of net radiation
	over cleared and undisturbed forest in the Amazon. The results of
	the model and the observations agree in the following conclusion:
	the difference in net surface radiation between cleared and undisturbed
	forest is, almost, equally partitioned between net solar radiation
	and net long-wave radiation. This finding contributes to our understanding
	of the basic physics in the deforestation problem.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0309-1708},
  keywords = {Amazon model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {SENSITIVITY OF REGIONAL CLIMATE TO DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON BASIN},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Eltahir1998,
  author = {Eltahir, E. A. B. and Humphries, E. J.},
  title = {{T}he role of clouds in the surface energy balance over the {A}mazon
	forest},
  journal = {International journal of climatology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {1575-1591},
  number = {14},
  month = {Nov},
  abstract = {Deforestation in the Amazon region will initially impact the energy
	balance at the land surface through changes in land cover and surface
	hydrology. However, continuation of this human activity will eventually
	lead to atmospheric feedbacks, including changes in cloudiness which
	may play an important role in the final equilibrium of solar and
	terrestrial radiation at the surface. In this study, the different
	components of surface radiation over an undisturbed forest in the
	Amazon region are computed using data from the Amazon region micrometerological
	experiment (ARME). Several measures of cloudiness are defined: two
	estimated from the terrestrial radiation measurements, and one from
	the solar radiation measurements. The sensitivity of the surface
	fluxes of solar and terrestrial radiation to natural variability
	in cloudiness is investigated to infer the potential role of the
	cloudiness feedback in the surface energy balance. The results of
	this analysis indicate that a 1% decrease in cloudiness would increase
	net solar radiation by ca. 1.6 W/m(2). However, the overall magnitude
	of this feedback, due to total deforestation of the Amazon forest,
	is likely to be of the same order as the magnitude of the decrease
	in net solar radiation due to the observed increase in surface albedo
	following deforestation. Hence, the total change in net solar radiation
	is likely to have a negligible magnitude. In contrast to this conclusion,
	we find that terrestrial radiation is likely to be more strongly
	affected; reduced cloudiness will decrease net terrestrial radiation;
	a 1% decrease in cloudiness induces a reduction in net terrestrial
	radiation of ca. 0.7 W/m(2); this process augments the similar effects
	of the predicted warming and drying in the boundary layer. Due to
	the cloudiness feedback, the most significant effect of large-scale
	deforestation on the surface energy balance is likely to be in the
	modification of the terrestrial radiation field rather than the classical
	albedo effect on solar radiation fields. The net effect of clouds
	is to reduce net radiation; a 1% increase in cloudiness induces a
	reduction in net radiation of ca. 1 W/m(2). The implications of this
	negative feedback on large-scale land-atmosphere interactions over
	rainforests are discussed. (C) 1998 Royal Meteorological Society.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The role of clouds in the surface energy balance over the Amazon forest},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000077286500004 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19981130)18:14<1575::AID-JOC316>3.0.CO;2-U/asset/316_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=gv1g5bf4&s=4a01d90a4d5ffcf1d0c3ae29b6469cca24cf9be5}
}

@ARTICLE{Entekhabi1992,
  author = {Entekhabi, Dara and Rodriguez-Iturbe, Ignacio and Bras, Rafael L.},
  title = {Variability in Large-Scale Water Balance with Land Surface-Atmosphere
	Interaction},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {798-813},
  number = {8},
  month = {August 01, 1992},
  abstract = {Persistent and prolonged periods of dry or moist conditions are often
	evident in the interannual variability of continental-type climates
	This variability appears as fluctuations around several distinct
	and preferred moisture states. These fluctuations and transitions
	between the preferred states are commonly attributed to large-scale
	changes in atmospheric circulation patterns possibly caused by oceanic
	influence. This paper argues that a major contributing factor to
	the persistent dry or moist behavior could be due to feedback and
	nonlinear interaction between the components of the hydrologic cycle
	in both the land and the atmosphere. A model that couples the water
	balance of continental landmasses and the overlying atmosphere is
	presented. The large-scale variabilities in atmospheric circulation
	are introduced by way of simple randomness in key forcing parameters.
	The result is a multiplicative-noise stochastic differential equation
	for the water balance dynamics of continental-type climates that
	includes land surface-atmosphere interaction. The solution to this
	differential equation exhibits a bimodal probability distribution
	function for soil moisture and precipitation. Extended periods of
	anomalous dry conditions (drought) or alternatively wet conditions
	(pluvial), with abrupt transitions between them, are present in the
	model. The statistics of persistent anomalous conditions are analyzed
	for two climatic classifications. The probability distribution function
	for transitions out of droughts are developed for the modeled climates.},
  comment = {entekhabi92},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Variability in Large-Scale Water Balance with Land Surface-Atmosphere
	Interaction},
  timestamp = {2013.08.14},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%281992%29005%3C0798%3AVILSWB%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@ARTICLE{Esau2002,
  author = {Esau, I. N. and Lyons, T. J.},
  title = {Effect of sharp vegetation boundary on the convective atmospheric
	boundary layer},
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {114},
  pages = {3-13},
  number = {1-2},
  abstract = {An abrupt change of turbulent fluxes and cloud formation were found
	during the Bunny Fence experiment in the southwestern Australia at
	a sharp boundary between agricultural and native vegetation. It is
	suggested that this is a direct consequence of distinct coherent
	structures formed within atmospheric sheared convective boundary
	layers. Using large-eddy simulations (LES), it was found that a boundary-attached
	roll circulation appears at the sharp vegetation boundary. Model
	calculations revealed significant horizontal heat and moisture flux
	from the agricultural to the native vegetation area. The additional
	moisture flux may explain the observed increased cloud formation
	over the native vegetation as well as contribute to increased rainfall
	over the native vegetation.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  keywords = {Atmospheric convective layer Atmosphere-vegetation interaction Large-eddy
	simulation Turbulence coherent structures},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Effect of sharp vegetation boundary on the convective atmospheric
	boundary layer},
  timestamp = {2013.08.14},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192302001545}
}

@ARTICLE{Evans2011,
  author = {Evans, Jason P. and Pitman, Andy J. and Cruz, Faye T.},
  title = {Coupled atmospheric and land surface dynamics over southeast Australia:
	{A} review, analysis and identification of future research priorities},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {1758-1772},
  number = {12},
  abstract = {The southeastern Australian climate and climate variability is driven
	primarily by large-scale climate dynamics. How these dynamics translate
	into local effects is influenced by the nature of the landscape,
	the vegetation, soil moisture, fire, snow, irrigation and orography.
	This local land-atmosphere coupling can enhance or moderate the large-scale
	dynamics and have significant influences locally and regionally.
	This paper reviews the state of knowledge of the coupled land-atmosphere
	dynamics over southeast Australia and identifies the challenges for
	future research. Relevant processes are investigated and if possible
	their importance to regional climate is identified. Many coupled
	land-atmosphere dynamic processes, identified as important in the
	Northern Hemisphere studies, remain to be studied in southeast Australia.
	This represents an important priority for Australian research because
	this will establish their role in future changes in regional climate
	over Australia. However, this also represents a significant international
	priority because the very high natural climate variability in the
	region provides a laboratory to examine how coupled land-atmosphere
	dynamic processes may change in other regions if global warming increases
	the range of natural variability. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological
	Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1097-0088},
  keywords = {land-atmosphere coupling regional climate southeast Australia soil
	moisture vegetation fire snow irrigation},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  shorttitle = {Coupled atmospheric and land surface dynamics over southeast Australia:
	a review, analysis and identification of future research priorities},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2206}
}

@ARTICLE{Evrard2010,
  author = {Evrard, O. and Nord, G. and Cerdan, O. and Souchere, V. and Le Bissonnais,
	Y. and Bonte, P.},
  title = {{M}odelling the impact of land use change and rainfall seasonality
	on sediment export from an agricultural catchment of the northwestern
	{E}uropean loess belt},
  journal = {Agriculture Ecosystems \& Environment},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {138},
  pages = {83-94},
  number = {1-2},
  month = {Jun},
  abstract = {Soil erosion leads to important environmental problems (e.g. muddy
	floods, reservoir sedimentation) in cultivated areas of the European
	loess belt. This study aimed to determine the impact of rainfall
	seasonality and land use change on soil erosion over the last 40
	years in a 94-ha cultivated catchment of Normandy (France). To this
	end, scenarios representative of the different land use conditions
	were simulated using the STREAM expert-based erosion model. A 13
	years long sequence of rainfall events was run with this model. Results
	showed that erosion increased dramatically after land consolidation
	(+168% on average). Interannual variability of erosion is important.
	After land consolidation, 79% of erosion was observed in summer and
	autumn, even though these seasons only accounted for 58% of annual
	rainfall kinetic energy. The bulk of erosion was hence produced by
	a few intense thunderstorms during this period. Thunderstorms correspond
	to 5% of rainfall events and to 15% of the total rainfall depth,
	but they generate 51% of total annual erosion after land consolidation
	(and up to 57% of erosion before land consolidation). Confrontation
	of the STREAM model outputs with the erosion rates modelled based
	on Cs-137 measurements suggested that soil redistribution within
	the catchment was very high but that sediment exports from the catchment
	remained limited (sediment delivery ratio between 1% and 10%). Local
	erosion rates derived from Cs-137 measurements showed an important
	and organised spatial variability, but erosion rates integrated over
	larger areas remained in the same order of magnitude as those simulated
	by the STREAM model or were slightly higher. Water erosion would
	hence not be the only process generating erosion within this catchment.
	In this context, our results show that tillage erosion cannot be
	neglected to calculate the sediment budget over several decades.
	(C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0167-8809},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Modelling the impact of land use change and rainfall seasonality on
	sediment export from an agricultural catchment of the northwestern
	European loess belt},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000279193700011}
}

@ARTICLE{Fairman2011,
  author = {Fairman, Jonathan G. and Nair, Udaysankar S. and Christopher, Sundar
	A. and Moelg, Thomas},
  title = {{L}and use change impacts on regional climate over {K}ilimanjaro},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {116},
  number = {D3},
  abstract = {Glacier recession on Kilimanjaro has been linked to reduction in precipitation
	and cloudiness largely because of large-scale changes in tropical
	climate. Prior studies show that local changes in land cover can
	also impact orographic cloudiness, precipitation, and terrain-generated
	circulation patterns. This study uses the Regional Atmospheric Modeling
	System to simulate dry season orographic cloudiness, rainfall, and
	orographic flow patterns over Kilimanjaro for current deforested
	and reforested land cover scenarios. The simulations for current
	land cover show satisfactory performance compared to surface meteorology
	and satellite-observed cloudiness. Clouds occur less frequently in
	response to deforestation, with the magnitude of decrease increasing
	with deforestation. On the windward side, cloud liquid water path
	(LWP) and precipitation both show decreases at lower elevations (similar
	to 1000-2000 m) and increases at higher elevations (2000-4000 m)
	in response to deforestation. This pattern is caused by decreased
	aerodynamic resistance, leading to enhanced wind speeds and convergence
	at higher elevations. On the lee regions, LWP deficits found in deforested
	simulations coincide with regions of reduced moisture while precipitation
	increased slightly at lower elevations (1000-1800 m) and decreased
	at higher elevations (1800-4000 m). Kilimanjaro offers less obstruction
	to background airflow, and reduced moisture transport to the lee
	side is found for deforested conditions, causing reduced LWP and
	rainfall. However, land use change has little effect on cloudiness
	and rainfall at elevations in excess of 4000 m and is not expected
	to impact glaciers in the summit zone of Kilimanjaro during the dry
	season. The effect in other seasons requires further investigation.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {Africa model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Land use change impacts on regional climate over Kilimanjaro},
  timestamp = {2012.12.08}
}

@ARTICLE{Falk2005,
  author = {Falk, U. and Ibrom, A. and Oltchev, A. and Kreilein, H. and June,
	T. and Rauf, A. and Merklein, J. and Gravenhorst, G.},
  title = {{E}nergy and water fluxes above a cacao agroforestry system in {C}entral
	{S}ulawesi, {I}ndonesia, indicate effects of land-use change on local
	climate},
  journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {219-225},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {Rapid conversion of tropical rainforests to agricultural land-use
	types occurs throughout Indonesia and South-East Asia. We hypothesize
	that these changes in land-use affect the turbulent heat exchange
	processes between vegetation and the atmosphere, and the radiative
	properties of the surface, and therefore, induce an impact on local
	climate and water flows. As part of the international research project
	(SFB 552, Stability of Rainforest Margins in Indonesia, STORMA) the
	turbulent heat fluxes over a cacao agroforestry system (AFS) were
	investigated, using the eddy covariance technique. These first heat
	flux observations above a cacao AFS showed an unexpectedly large
	contribution of the sensible heat flux to the total turbulent heat
	transport, resulting in an averaged day-time Bowen ratio of beta
	= H/lambda E approximate to 1. Seasonality of beta did mainly coincide
	with the seasonal course of precipitation, which amounted to 1970
	mm yr(-1) during the investigated period. The findings are compared
	to invastigations at four neotropical rain forests where daytime
	beta were substantially smaller than 1. All discussed sites received
	similar incident short wave radiation, however, precipitation at
	the neotropical sites was much higher. Our first observations in
	a nearby Indonesian upland rain forest where precipitation was comparable
	to that at the cacao AFS showed an intermediate behaviour. Differences
	in beta between the cacao AFS and the tropical forests are discussed
	as a consequence of differing precipitation amounts, and albedo.
	From these comparisons we conclude that conversion from tropical
	forests to cacao AFS affects the energy fluxes towards increased
	heating of the day-time convective boundary-layer.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0941-2948},
  keywords = {asia},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Energy and water fluxes above a cacao agroforestry system in Central
	Sulawesi, Indonesia, indicate effects of land-use change on local
	climate},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000230043300018}
}

@MISC{FAO2010,
  author = {FAO},
  title = {{G}lobal {F}orest {R}esources {A}ssessment 2010},
  howpublished = {Food and Agricultrue Organization of the United Nations},
  year = {2010},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010},
  timestamp = {2011.10.19}
}

@ARTICLE{Farley2005,
  author = {Farley, K. A. and Jobbagy, E. G. and Jackson, R. B.},
  title = {{E}ffects of afforestation on water yield: a global synthesis with
	implications for policy},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {1565-1576},
  number = {10},
  abstract = {Carbon sequestration programs, including afforestation and reforestation,
	are gaining attention globally and will alter many ecosystem processes,
	including water yield. Some previous analyses have addressed deforestation
	and water yield, while the effects of afforestation on water yield
	have been considered for some regions. However, to our knowledge
	no systematic global analysis of the effects of afforestation on
	water yield has been undertaken. To assess and predict these effects
	globally, we analyzed 26 catchment data sets with 504 observations,
	including annual runoff and low flow. We examined changes in the
	context of several variables, including original vegetation type,
	plantation species, plantation age, and mean annual precipitation
	(MAP). All of these variables should be useful for understanding
	and modeling the effects of afforestation on water yield. We found
	that annual runoff was reduced on average by 44% (+/- 3%) and 31%
	(+/- 2%) when grasslands and shrublands were afforested, respectively.
	Eucalypts had a larger impact than other tree species in afforested
	grasslands (P=0.002), reducing runoff (90) by 75% (+/- 10%), compared
	with a 40% (+/- 3%) average decrease with pines. Runoff losses increased
	significantly with plantation age for at least 20 years after planting,
	whether expressed as absolute changes (mm) or as a proportion of
	predicted runoff (%) (P < 0.001). For grasslands, absolute reductions
	in annual runoff were greatest at wetter sites, but proportional
	reductions were significantly larger in drier sites (P < 0.01 and
	P < 0.001, respectively). Afforestation effects on low flow were
	similar to those on total annual flow, but proportional reductions
	were even larger for low flow (P < 0.001). These results clearly
	demonstrate that reductions in runoff can be expected following afforestation
	of grasslands and shrublands and may be most severe in drier regions.
	Our results suggest that, in a region where natural runoff is less
	than 10% of MAP, afforestation should result in a complete loss of
	runoff; where natural runoff is 30% of precipitation, it will likely
	be cut by half or more when trees are planted. The possibility that
	afforestation could cause or intensify water shortages in many locations
	is a tradeoff that should be explicitly addressed in carbon sequestration
	programs.},
  comment = {farley05},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1354-1013},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Effects of afforestation on water yield: a global synthesis with implications
	for policy},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118710654/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 <Go to ISI>://WOS:000232390200002}
}

@ARTICLE{Farquhar2003,
  author = {Farquhar, G. D. and Sharkey, T. D.},
  title = {{S}tomatal {C}onductance and {P}hotosynthesis},
  journal = {Annual Review of Plant Physiology},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {317-345},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {null},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0066-4294},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Annual Reviews},
  shorttitle = {Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthesis},
  timestamp = {2012.12.16},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.33.060182.001533}
}

@ARTICLE{Favreau2009,
  author = {Favreau, G. and Cappelaere, B. and Massuel, S. and Leblanc, M. and
	Boucher, M. and Boulain, N. and Leduc, C.},
  title = {{L}and clearing, climate variability, and water resources increase
	in semiarid southwest {N}iger: {A} review},
  journal = {Water Resources Research},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {45},
  abstract = { The water table in southwestern Niger has been rising continuously
	for the past decades (4 m rise from 1963 to 2007), despite a Ã¢Ë†Â¼23%
	deficit in monsoonal rainfall from 1970 to 1998. This paradoxical
	phenomenon has been linked with a change in land use from natural
	savannah to millet crops that have expanded in area sixfold since
	1950 and have caused soil crusting on slopes that has, in turn, enhanced
	Hortonian runoff. Runoff concentrates in closed ponds and then recharges
	the aquifer; therefore, higher runoff increases aquifer recharge.
	At the local scale (2 km2), a physically based, distributed hydrological
	model showed that land clearing increased runoff threefold, whereas
	the rainfall deficit decreased runoff by a factor of 2. At a larger
	scale (500 km2, 1950Ã¢â‚¬â€œ1992 period), historical aerial photographs
	showed a 2.5-fold increase in the density of gullies, in response
	to an 80% decrease in perennial vegetation. At the scale of the entire
	study area (5000 km2), analytical modeling of groundwater radioisotope
	data (3H and 14C) showed that the recharge rate prior to land clearing
	(1950s) was about 2 mm aÃ¢Ë†â€™1; postclearing recharge, estimated
	from groundwater level fluctuations and constrained by subsurface
	geophysical surveys, was estimated to be 25 Ã‚Â± 7 mm aÃ¢Ë†â€™1.
	This order of magnitude increase in groundwater fluxes has also impacted
	groundwater quality near ponds, as shown by a rising trend in groundwater
	nitrate concentrations of natural origin (75% of ÃŽÂ´15N values in
	the range +4 to +8Ã¢â‚¬Â°). In this well-documented region of semiarid
	Africa, the indirect impacts of land use change on water quantity
	and quality are much greater than the direct influence of climate
	variability.},
  comment = {favreau09},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  keywords = {Sahel groundwater recharge nitrate rainfall variability Hortonian
	runoff land use 1632 Global Change: Land cover change 1830 Hydrology:
	Groundwater/surface water interaction 0469 Biogeosciences: Nitrogen
	cycling 1835 Hydrology: Hydrogeophysics},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  shorttitle = {Land clearing, climate variability, and water resources increase in
	semiarid southwest Niger: A review},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006785}
}

@ARTICLE{Feddema2005,
  author = {Feddema, J. J. and Oleson, K. W. and Bonan, G. B. and Mearns, L.
	O. and Buja, L. E. and Meehl, G. A. and Washington, W. M.},
  title = {{T}he importance of land-cover change in simulating future climates},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {310},
  pages = {1674-1678},
  number = {5754},
  abstract = {Adding the effects of changes in land cover to the A2 and B1 transient
	climate simulations described in the Special Report on Emissions
	Scenarios (SRES) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
	leads to significantly different regional climates in 2100 as compared
	with climates resulting from atmospheric SRES forcings alone. Agricultural
	expansion in the A2 scenario results in significant additional warming
	over the Amazon and cooling of the upper air column and nearby oceans.
	These and other influences on the Hadley and monsoon circulations
	affect extratropical climates. Agricultural expansion in the mid-latitudes
	produces cooling and decreases in the mean daily temperature range
	over many areas. The A2 scenario results in more significant change,
	often of opposite sign, than does the B1 scenario.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  keywords = {future climate model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The importance of land-cover change in simulating future climates},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Fensham2003,
  author = {Fensham, R. J. and Fairfax, R. J. and Butler, D. W. and Bowman, D.
	M. J. S.},
  title = {{E}ffects of fire and drought in a tropical eucalypt savanna colonized
	by rain forest},
  journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1405-1414},
  number = {9},
  abstract = {Aim This study documents the effects of multiple fires and drought
	on the woody structure of a north Australian savanna never grazed
	by domestic stock. Location The study was conducted in a 500Â ha
	pocket of Eucalyptus-dominated savanna surrounded by a late Quaternary
	lava flow. The flow is known as the Great Basalt Wall, located c.
	50Â km northeast of Charters Towers in semi-arid north-eastern Australia.
	This region was exposed to the largest 5-year rainfall deficit on
	record between 1992 and 1996. Methods All individual woody plants
	were tagged within a 1.56Â ha plot. Species were segregated into
	their habitat affinities (rain forest, ecotone, savanna) and regeneration
	strategy (resprouter, seeder). The survivorship of plants within
	these categories was analysed in relation to fire intensity from
	the first fire, and to each of four fires lit between 1996 and 2001.
	Results Before the first fire, the plot contained thirty-one tree
	species including twenty-one typical of the surrounding dry rain
	forest. These rain forest species were represented by small individuals
	and constituted <1% of the total basal area of woody plants. The
	basal area of savanna trees was 7.5Â m2Â haâˆ’1 at the commencement
	of monitoring, although 31% had recently died and others had major
	crown damage. Further death of the drought debilitated savanna trees
	was substantial during the first year of monitoring and the basal
	area of live savanna trees declined to 1.1Â m2Â haâˆ’1 after 5Â years.
	Most species from both rain forest and savanna were classified as
	resprouters and are capable of regenerating from underground organs
	after fire. Species without this ability (rain forest seeders and
	ecotone seeders) were mostly eliminated after the first two consecutive
	fires. Among resprouters, survivorship declined as fire intensity
	increased and this was more pronounced for rain forest than for savanna
	species. Repeated burning produced a cumulative effect of decreasing
	survivorship for rain forest resprouters relative to savanna resprouters.
	Main conclusions The study provides evidence that savanna and rain
	forest trees differ in fire susceptibility and that recurrent fire
	can explain the restricted distribution of rain forest in the seasonally
	arid Australian tropics. The time of death of the savanna trees is
	consistent with the regional pattern after severe drought, and highlights
	the importance of medium term climate cycles for the population dynamics
	of savanna tree species and structure of Australian savannas.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1365-2699},
  keywords = {Australia dieback drought dry rain forest eucalypt savanna fire},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Blackwell Science Ltd},
  shorttitle = {Effects of fire and drought in a tropical eucalypt savanna colonized
	by rain forest},
  timestamp = {2012.07.17},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00934.x}
}

@ARTICLE{Findell2009,
  author = {Findell, K. L. and Pitman, A. J. and England, M. H. and Pegion, P.
	J.},
  title = {{R}egional and Global Impacts of Land Cover Change and Sea Surface
	Temperature Anomalies},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {3248-3269},
  number = {12},
  month = {Jun},
  abstract = {The atmospheric and land components of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
	Laboratory's (GFDL's) Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) is used with
	climatological sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to investigate the
	relative climatic impacts of historical anthropogenic land cover
	change (LCC) and realistic SST anomalies. The SST forcing anomalies
	used are analogous to signals induced by El Nino-Southern Oscillation
	(ENSO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the background
	global warming trend. Coherent areas of LCC are represented throughout
	much of central and eastern Europe, northern India, southeastern
	China, and on either side of the ridge of the Appalachian Mountains
	in North America. Smaller areas of change are present in various
	tropical regions. The land cover changes in the model are almost
	exclusively a conversion of forests to grasslands. Model results
	show that, at the global scale, the physical impacts of LCC on temperature
	and rainfall are less important than large-scale SST anomalies, particularly
	those due to ENSO. However, in the regions where the land surface
	has been altered, the impact of LCC can be equally or more important
	than the SST forcing patterns in determining the seasonal cycle of
	the surface water and energy balance. Thus, this work provides a
	context for the impacts of LCC on climate: namely, strong regional-scale
	impacts that can significantly change globally averaged fields but
	that rarely propagate beyond the disturbed regions. This suggests
	that proper representation of land cover conditions is essential
	in the design of climate model experiments, particularly if results
	are to be used for regional-scale assessments of climate change impacts.},
  comment = {findell09},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {TROPICAL DEFORESTATION PART I CARBON-DIOXIDE CLIMATE MODEL ATMOSPHERE
	PRECIPITATION CIRCULATION VEGETATION PARAMETERIZATION SENSITIVITY},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Regional and Global Impacts of Land Cover Change and Sea Surface Temperature
	Anomalies},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000268126300005}
}

@ARTICLE{Findell2007,
  author = {Findell, Kirsten L. and Shevliakova, Elena and Milly, P. C. D. and
	Stouffer, Ronald J.},
  title = {{M}odeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change on climate},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {3621-3634},
  number = {14},
  abstract = {Equilibrium experiments with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's
	climate model are used to investigate the impact of anthropogenic
	land cover change on climate. Regions of altered land cover include
	large portions of Europe, India, eastern China, and the eastern United
	States. Smaller areas of change are present in various tropical regions.
	This study focuses on the impacts of biophysical changes associated
	with the land cover change (albedo, root and stomatal properties,
	roughness length), which is almost exclusively a conversion from
	forest to grassland in the model; the effects of irrigation or other
	water management practices and the effects of atmospheric carbon
	dioxide changes associated with land cover conversion are not included
	in these experiments. The model suggests that observed land cover
	changes have little or no impact on globally averaged climatic variables
	(e.g., 2-m air temperature is 0.008 K warmer in a simulation with
	1990 land cover compared to a simulation with potential natural vegetation
	cover). Differences in the annual mean climatic fields analyzed did
	not exhibit global field significance. Within some of the regions
	of land cover change, however, there are relatively large changes
	of many surface climatic variables. These changes are highly significant
	locally in the annual mean and in most months of the year in eastern
	Europe and northern India. They can be explained mainly as direct
	and indirect consequences of model-prescribed increases in surface
	albedo, decreases in rooting depth, and changes of stomatal control
	that accompany deforestation.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Modeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change on climate},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Fisch2004,
  author = {Fisch, G. and Tota, J. and Machado, L. A. T. and Dias, Mafs and Lyra,
	R. F. D. and Nobre, C. A. and Dolman, A. J. and Gash, J. H. C.},
  title = {{T}he convective boundary layer over pasture and forest in {A}mazonia},
  journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {78},
  pages = {47-59},
  number = {1-3},
  month = {Jun},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-798X},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {The convective boundary layer over pasture and forest in Amazonia},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000222024700005 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3y0xjm0cjchv55m/fulltext.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Fischer2007,
  author = {Fischer, E. M. and Seneviratne, S. I. and Vidale, P. L. and Lüthi,
	D. and Schär, C.},
  title = {Soil moisture-Atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer
	heat wave},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {5081-5099},
  number = {20},
  abstract = {The role of land surface-related processes and feedbacks during the
	record-breaking 2003 European summer heat wave is explored with a
	regional climate model. All simulations are driven by lateral boundary
	conditions and sea surface temperatures from the ECMWF operational
	analysis and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis ( ERA-40), thereby prescribing
	the large-scale circulation. In particular, the contribution of soil
	moisture anomalies and their interactions with the atmosphere through
	latent and sensible heat fluxes is investigated. Sensitivity experiments
	are performed by perturbing spring soil moisture in order to determine
	its influence on the formation of the heat wave. A multiyear regional
	climate simulation for 1970-2000 using a fixed model setup is used
	as the reference period. A large precipitation deficit together with
	early vegetation green-up and strong positive radiative anomalies
	in the months preceding the extreme summer event contributed to an
	early and rapid loss of soil moisture, which exceeded the multiyear
	average by far. The exceptionally high temperature anomalies, most
	pronounced in June and August 2003, were initiated by persistent
	anticyclonic circulation anomalies that enabled a dominance of the
	local heat balance. In this experiment the hottest phase in early
	August is realistically simulated despite the absence of an anomaly
	in total surface net radiation. This indicates an important role
	of the partitioning of net radiation in latent and sensible heat
	fluxes, which is to a large extent controlled by soil moisture. The
	lack of soil moisture strongly reduced latent cooling and thereby
	amplified the surface temperature anomalies. The evaluation of the
	experiments with perturbed spring soil moisture shows that this quantity
	is an important parameter for the evolution of European heat waves.
	Simulations indicate that without soil moisture anomalies the summer
	heat anomalies could have been reduced by around 40% in some regions.
	Moreover, drought conditions are revealed to influence the tropospheric
	circulation by producing a surface heat low and enhanced ridging
	in the midtroposphere. This suggests a positive feedback mechanism
	between soil moisture, continental-scale circulation, and temperature.},
  comment = {fischer07a},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Soil moisture - Atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer
	heat wave},
  timestamp = {2013.06.11},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000250105900004}
}

@ARTICLE{Foken2008,
  author = {Foken, T.},
  title = {{T}he energy balance closure problem: {A}n overview},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {1351-1367},
  number = {6},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {The energy balance closure problem: An overview},
  timestamp = {2012.07.18}
}

@ARTICLE{Fowler2005,
  author = {Fowler, HJ and Kilsby, CG and O'connell, PE and Burton, A},
  title = {A weather-type conditioned multi-site stochastic rainfall model for
	the generation of scenarios of climatic variability and change},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {308},
  pages = {50-66},
  number = {1},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A weather-type conditioned multi-site stochastic rainfall model for
	the generation of scenarios of climatic variability and change},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Friend2005,
  author = {Friend, A. D. and Kiang, N. Y.},
  title = {{L}and surface model development for the {GISS} {GCM}: {E}ffects
	of improved canopy physiology on simulated climate},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {2883-2902},
  number = {15},
  abstract = {A new physiology-based model of canopy stomatal conductance and photosynthesis
	is described and included in the latest version of the Goddard Institute
	for Space Studies (GISS) GCM, ModelE1. The submodel includes responses
	to atmospheric humidity and CO2 concentration, responses missing
	from previous GISS GCM land surface schemes. Measurements of moisture,
	energy, and CO2 fluxes over four vegetation types are used to test
	and calibrate the submodel. Photosynthetic leaf N is calibrated for
	each vegetation type from the flux measurements. The new submodel
	results in surface cooling over many regions previously too warm.
	Some warm biases of over 2 degrees C are cooled by more than 0.5
	degrees C, including over central Eurasia, South America, the western
	United States, and Australia. In addition, some regions that were
	previously too cool are warmed, such as northern Eurasia and the
	Tibetan Plateau. A number of precipitation biases are also reduced,
	particularly over South America (by up to 1 mm day(-1)) and the oceanic
	ITCZs (by over +/- 1 mm day(-1)); coastal west Africa becomes significantly
	wetter. Cloud cover increases over many land areas previously too
	clear. Higher absolute canopy conductances, and positive feedbacks
	with atmospheric humidity, are largely responsible for the simulated
	vegetation influence on the atmosphere. High-latitude climate changes
	through remote effects of increased tropical latent beating, resulting
	directly from improved characterization of tropical forest canopy
	conductance. Realistic representation of the stomatal control on
	land evaporation is critical for accurate simulation of atmospheric
	dynamics in the GISS GCM.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {land surface scheme model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Land surface model development for the GISS GCM: Effects of improved
	canopy physiology on simulated climate},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Fuller2002,
  author = {Fuller, Douglas and Ottke, Christian},
  title = {{L}and cover, rainfall and land-surface albedo in {W}est {A}frica},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {181-204},
  number = {1-2},
  abstract = { Fuller and Ottke studied albedo time series and their relationships
	with rainfall, land cover, and population in West Africa. Land surface
	albedo is an important variable in General Circulation Models (GCMs).
	When land cover is modified through anthropogenic land use, changes
	in land-surface albedo may produce atmospheric subsidence and reduction
	of rainfall. In this study we examined albedo time series and their
	relationships with rainfall, land cover, and population in West Africa.
	This particular region was selected because it has become a focal
	point in debates over biophysical impacts of desertification and
	deforestation. Our analyses revealed that albedo and rainfall were
	related only modestly at short time scales (monthly and annual) and
	that mean annual albedo values remained relatively stable from 1982-1989
	over a widerange of climatic and vegetation zones in West Africa.
	The relationship between long-term mean rainfall and mean albedo
	was strong and curvilinear(r2 = 0.802). The same was true for the
	relationship betweenpercent tree cover and mean albedo (r2 = 0.659).
	These results suggest that long-term climate patterns, which control
	vegetation type and canopy structure, have greater influence on albedo
	than short-term fluctuations in rainfall. Our results reinforce other
	recent studies based on satellite data that have questioned the extent
	and pervasiveness of desertification in West Africa.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {01650009},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media},
  shorttitle = {Land cover, rainfall and land-surface albedo in West Africa},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {http://ezproxy.library.usyd.edu.au/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/198525576?accountid=14757 http://www.springerlink.com/content/jf2b23t3c4jb037d/fulltext.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Gaertner2001,
  author = {Gaertner, M. A. and Christensen, O. B. and Prego, J. A. and Polcher,
	J. and Gallardo, C. and Castro, M.},
  title = {{T}he impact of deforestation on the hydrological cycle in the western
	{M}editerranean: {A}n ensemble study with two regional climate models},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {857-873},
  number = {11},
  abstract = {A deforestation experiment is performed over the western Mediterranean,
	applying two different RCMs with differing domains and an ensemble
	technique to obtain a measure of their internal variability. The
	internal variability is used to assign statistical significance to
	the results, and also to discuss whether the models are sufficiently
	free to develop internal mesoscale processes. Considerable internal
	variability values found for hydrological variables even in autumn
	and winter seem to support the assumption that the models are free
	enough to be applied to such a sensitivity study. The combined use
	of two models, with strongly differing domains, and significance
	assigned through the use of internal variability should highlight
	responses to deforestation which are of physical origin and not a
	result dependent on one particular model. The overall significant
	response from both RCMs to deforestation is a reduction of evaporation
	(spring and summer, extending over the whole deforested zone) and
	a decrease in precipitation (late spring and summer, over some regions).
	A detailed analysis over subzones shows remarkable agreement between
	the two models ever some of these subzones, showing non-local effects
	in precipitation response.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  keywords = {Evapotranspiration model precipitation RCM},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The impact of deforestation on the hydrological cycle in the western
	Mediterranean: an ensemble study with two regional climate models},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Gallant2007,
  author = {Gallant, Ailie J. E. and Hennessy, Kevin J. and Risbey, James},
  title = {{T}rends in rainfall indices for six {A}ustralian regions: 1910 -
	2005},
  journal = {Australian Meteorological Magazine},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {223 - 239},
  comment = {gallant07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Trends in rainfall indices for six Australian regions: 1910 - 2005},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Galos2011,
  author = {Galos, Borbala and Matyas, Csaba and Jacob, Daniela},
  title = {{R}egional characteristics of climate change altering effects of
	afforestation},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {Climatic effects of forest cover change have been investigated for
	Hungary. For the time period 2071-100 we have analyzed whether the
	climate change signal for summer precipitation and the probability
	of droughts can be reduced assuming maximal afforestation for the
	entire country (forests covering all vegetated areas). The biogeophysical
	effects of land cover change have been assessed using the results
	of an A1B IPCC-SRES emission scenario from REMO (regional climate
	model at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg). The
	simulation results indicate that afforestation may reduce the projected
	climate change through higher evapotranspiration and precipitation
	as well as lower surface temperature for the entire summer period.
	The magnitude of the feedback of the forest cover increase on precipitation
	differs among regions. The strongest effects are visible in the northeastern
	part of the country. Here, half of the projected precipitation decrease
	can be relieved and the total number of drought events can be reduced,
	assuming maximal afforestation. Afforestation brings about the smallest
	climatic effect in the southwestern region, in the area that shows
	the strongest climate change. The results can help to identify areas
	where forest cover increase should most effectively support the alleviation
	of climate change effects.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  keywords = {Afforestation Europe hungary model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Regional characteristics of climate change altering effects of afforestation},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@BOOK{Gao2010,
  title = {Cloud-Resolving Modeling of Convective Processes},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2010},
  author = {Gao, S. and Li, X.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9781402082764},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Cloud-Resolving Modeling of Convective Processes},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=HgTLhPX0skgC}
}

@ARTICLE{Gao2006,
  author = {Gao, Shouting and Ping, Fan and Li, Xiaofan},
  title = {{C}loud microphysical processes associated with the diurnal variations
	of tropical convection: {A} 2{D} cloud resolving modeling study},
  journal = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {91},
  pages = {9-16},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Cloud microphysical processes associated with the diurnal variations
	of tropical convection are investigated based on hourly data from
	a 2D coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere simulation. The model
	is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity and zonal wind derived
	from TOGA COARE for a 50-day period. The diurnal composites are carried
	out in weak diurnal SST variations (case W) and strong diurnal SST
	signals (case S). The ice water path is larger than the liquid water
	path in case W than it is in case S. The difference is enhanced in
	the morning in case W and in the early afternoon in case S when the
	surface rain rates reach their peaks. Further comparison of cloud
	microphysics budgets, associated with rainfall peaks, between cases
	S and W shows that solar heating in case S warms air to reduce the
	contribution of vapor deposition to cloud growth, which decreases
	ice water path compared to those in case W. While the collection
	of cloud water by rain is a major contributor to the surface precipitation
	in both cases, the melting of precipitation ice (sum of snow and
	graupel) contributes less to the rainfall in case S than in case
	W.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-7971},
  keywords = {Physics and Astronomy},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Springer Wien},
  shorttitle = {Cloud microphysical processes associated with the diurnal variations
	of tropical convection: A 2D cloud resolving modeling study},
  timestamp = {2012.12.08},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0108-5}
}

@ARTICLE{Gao2003,
  author = {Gao, X. J. and Luo, Y. and Lin, W. T. and Zhao, Z. C. and Giorgi,
	F.},
  title = {{S}imulation of effects of land use change on climate in {C}hina
	by a regional climate model},
  journal = {Advances in Atmospheric Sciences},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {583-592},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {Climate effects of land use change in China as simulated by a regional
	climate model (RegCM2) are investigated. The model is nested in one-way
	mode within a global coupled atmosphere-ocean model (CSIRO R21L9
	AOGCM). Two multi-year simulations, one with current land use and
	the other with potential vegetation cover, are conducted. Statistically
	significant changes of precipitation, surface air temperature, and
	daily maximum and daily minimum temperature are analyzed based on
	the difference between the two simulations. The simulated effects
	of land use change over China include a decrease of mean annual precipitation
	over Northwest China, a region with a prevalence of and and semi-arid
	areas; an increase of mean annual surface air temperature over some
	areas, and a decrease of temperature along coastal areas. Summer
	mean daily maximum temperature increases in many locations, while
	winter mean daily minimum temperature decreases in East China and
	increases in Northwest China. The upper soil moisture decreases significantly
	across China. The results indicate that the same land use change
	may cause different climate effects in different regions depending
	on the surrounding environment and climate characteristics.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0256-1530},
  keywords = {China model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Simulation of effects of land use change on climate in China by a
	regional climate model},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Garcia-Carreras2011,
  author = {Garcia-Carreras, L. and Parker, D. J.},
  title = {{H}ow does local tropical deforestation affect rainfall?},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {38},
  number = {19},
  month = {Oct},
  abstract = {The aim of this study is to investigate the potential impacts of vegetation-breezes
	on locally-generated rainfall and its distribution on the mesoscale.
	Ensembles of simulations with a 2D large-eddy model were performed
	using various heterogeneous land surfaces. Rainfall was found to
	be 4-6 times higher over warmer surface anomalies, associated with
	cropland, compared to a homogeneous surface, but rainfall was reduced
	to half or less over the forest. While the suppression of rainfall
	tended to occur throughout the forest with an intensity comparable
	to the surface anomaly, the exact location of the maximum in rainfall
	was less predictable. The location of peak rainfall depended on an
	interplay between the size of the heat flux gradient (governing the
	vegetation-breeze strength), the size of the anomaly (as vegetation-breezes
	organize in certain preferential length-scales), and the distance
	to other anomalies (since convection in one location could suppress
	it elsewhere). The presence of surface heterogeneity also increased
	the total rainfall in the domain by 13% on average, with higher increases
	in the presence of more intense surface variabilities. Citation:
	Garcia-Carreras, L., and D. J. Parker (2011), How does local tropical
	deforestation affect rainfall?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L19802,
	doi:10.1029/2011GL049099.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {How does local tropical deforestation affect rainfall?},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000295801700005}
}

@ARTICLE{Garrigues2008,
  author = {Garrigues, S. and Lacaze, R. and Baret, F. and Morisette, JT and
	Weiss, M. and Nickeson, JE and Fernandes, R. and Plummer, S. and
	Shabanov, NV and Myneni, RB},
  title = {Validation and intercomparison of global Leaf Area Index products
	derived from remote sensing data},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {113},
  pages = {G02028},
  number = {G2},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Validation and intercomparison of global Leaf Area Index products
	derived from remote sensing data},
  timestamp = {2012.12.22}
}

@ARTICLE{Gascoin2009,
  author = {Gascoin, S. and Ducharne, A. and Ribstein, P. and Lejeune, Y. and
	Wagnon, P.},
  title = {{D}ependence of bare soil albedo on soil moisture on the moraine
	of the {Z}ongo glacier ({B}olivia): {I}mplications for land surface
	modeling},
  journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {114},
  pages = {D19102},
  number = {D19},
  abstract = {Although the dependence of bare soil albedo on soil moisture is a
	familiar observation, it is not commonly represented in climate modeling.
	We investigate the impact of this dependence in a land surface model
	using meteorological data collected on the moraine of a Bolivian
	glacier. The relationship which is implemented to simulate albedo
	variations with soil moisture is deduced from a previous field study.
	The model is set up at the scale of the meteorological station plot
	to have the most accurate control on the model calibration and validation.
	A snow parameter is modified to account for the fact that the model
	was designed for larger cell sizes. Water content measurements are
	used to calibrate the parameter controlling the vertical water fluxes
	within the soil surface layer. This allows us to enhance the model's
	ability to capture the fast changes in surface soil moisture. The
	comparison of simulated ground heat flux and outgoing longwave radiations
	with observations shows that the model performs well despite the
	fact that all other parameters are set a priori on the basis of local
	properties of the surface. The results show that the dependence of
	bare soil albedo on soil moisture, which causes an increase in the
	net radiation, importantly influences the turbulent fluxes at the
	annual and monthly time scales. The mean annual evaporation is increased
	by 12%. As a consequence, this parameterization modifies the computed
	runoff, which is reduced by more than 5% during the rainy season

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib