text:
9559137},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jada.2009.04.012},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Houghton, L. A. and Brown, H. and Atkinson, W. and Morris, J. and Fell, C. and Whorwell, P. J. and Lockhart, S. and Keevil, B.},
   title = {5-hydroxytryptamine signalling in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea: effects of gender and menstrual status},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {30},
   number = {9},
   pages = {919-29},
   note = {1365-2036
Houghton, L A
Brown, H
Atkinson, W
Morris, J
Fell, C
Whorwell, P J
Lockhart, S
Keevil, B
Journal Article
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Nov 1;30(9):919-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04121.x. Epub 2009 Aug 18.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Symptomatology and physiology differ between men and women and across the menstrual cycle in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Ovarian hormones influence 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), an amine known to play a role in gut motor-sensory function. AIM: To assess the effects of gender and menstrual status on platelet-depleted plasma (PDP) 5-HT concentration in IBS patients with diarrhoea (IBS-D) patients compared with healthy volunteers (HV). METHODS: Platelet-depleted plasma 5-HT concentrations were assessed under fasting and fed conditions in 73 IBS-D patients (aged 18-58 years; 18 men) and 64 HV (aged 18-50 years; 24 men). Women were divided into those with low or high progesterone/oestrogen (P/O) levels. RESULTS: Irritable bowel syndrome patients with diarrhoea had higher PDP 5-HT concentrations than HV under fasting (P = 0.002) and fed (P = 0.049) conditions. This was particularly related to IBS-D men having higher PDP 5-HT concentrations than healthy controls (P = 0.002). Moreover, PDP 5-HT concentrations in IBS-D women with low P/O levels were similar to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to IBS-D women with high P/O levels, IBS-D men also have raised PDP 5-HT concentrations. 5-HT concentration normalizes at menses in IBS-D women, suggesting a shift in the mechanisms responsible for abnormal 5-HT signalling in these patients.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Blood Platelets/*metabolism
Case-Control Studies
Diarrhea/complications/*physiopathology
Eating/physiology
Estrogens/metabolism
Fasting/physiology
Female
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/complications/*physiopathology
Male
Menstrual Cycle/*physiology
Middle Aged
Progesterone/metabolism
Serotonin/*metabolism
Sex Factors
Signal Transduction/physiology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {19691669},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04121.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hu, R. and Tang, F.},
   title = {[Effect of Weichang Anwan on NO and 5-HT in blood serum, SP and MC in colon in IBS-D rats]},
   journal = {Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi},
   volume = {34},
   number = {23},
   pages = {3073-7},
   note = {Hu, Rui
Tang, Fang
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
China
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2009 Dec;34(23):3073-7.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of Weichang Anwan on the treatment of IBS-D in model rats. METHOD: Animal model of compound diarrhea was induced by a lactose enriched diet in the Wistar rat, combining with restraint stress. At first, the best cycle of taking medicine was tested. In order to decide the best cycle of taking medicine, 24 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group and 60 mg x kg(1) x d(-1) weichangan group. The rate of weight increase, the rate of diarrhea, the incubation period of diarrhea and the diarrhea index were observed. And then 45 female Wistar rats randomly divided into five groups: normal control group, model group and Weichang Anwan groups of high, medium and low doses( 80, 60, 40 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). The mast cells in mucous membrane were observed by light microscope. The level of NO in blood serum was checked by the method of nitrate reductase. 5-HT in blood serum was detected by fluorimetry. The level of SP in colon was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULT: After taking Weichang Anwan for 4 days, the rate of weight increase in Weichangan group was higher than the model group's. And the rate of diarrhea was lower significantly. So the best cycle of taking medicine was 4 days. The levels of NO and 5-HT in blood serum decreased remarkably in the model group than those of the normal control group. At the same time, the amount of the mast cells and the level of SP in colon significantly increased. Compared with the model group, the levels of NO and 5-HT in blood serum increased remarkably in the groups of high doses and medium doses. Meanwhile, the amount of the mast cells and the level of SP in colon decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: Weichang Anwan has the effect of antidiarrhea. It can adjust the levels of NO and 5-HT in blood serum and can inhibit the expression of SP in colon which can active the mast cell. Weichangan can also decrease the amount of the mast cells directly.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colon/drug effects/immunology/*metabolism
Disease Models, Animal
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*administration & dosage
Female
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*drug therapy/immunology/metabolism
Mast Cells/*immunology
Nitric Oxide/*blood
Random Allocation
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Serotonin/*blood
Substance P/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {1001-5302 (Print)
1001-5302},
   Accession Number = {20222427},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hu, R. and Zhang, T. and Tang, F.},
   title = {[Effect of Weichang'an pill on intestinal digestion enzymes and the AQP4 concentration in proximal colon in IBS-D rats]},
   journal = {Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi},
   volume = {35},
   number = {21},
   pages = {2899-903},
   note = {Hu, Rui
Zhang, Tongmao
Tang, Fang
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
China
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2010 Nov;35(21):2899-903.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of Weichang'an pill on the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) in model rats. METHOD: Animal model of compound diarrhea was induced by a lactose enriched diet in the Wistar rat, combining with restraint stress. Twenty four female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group and 60 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) Weichang'an pill group. The rate of weight increase, the incubation period of diarrhea and the diarrhea index were observed. Then 45 female Wistar rats randomly divided into five groups: control group, model group and Weichang'an pill groups of high, medium and low doses (80, 60, 40 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). The indexes of thymus and spleen were calculated. The activities of LDH, MDH and disaccharidase in intestinal organization were inspected. Serum D-xylose content and the AQP4 concentration in proximal colon were detected. RESULT: After taking Weichang'an pill for 4 days, the rate of weight increase in Weichang'an pill group was higher than the model group's. While the rate of diarrhea was lower significantly. So the best cycle of taking medicine was 4 days. The indexes of thymus and spleen of model group were decreased than that of control group. And the activities of LDH, MDH and disaccharidase in intestinal organization were also decreased. But the AQP4 concentration in proximal colon was increased. Compared with the model group, the indexes of thymus and spleen increased remarkably in the group of medium doses. Meanwhile, the activities of LDH, MDH and disaccharidase increased. But the AQP4 concentration didn't change. CONCLUSION: Weichang'an pill has the effect of antidiarrhea. It can adjust the sugar's catabolism through increasing the activity of intestinal digestive ferment.},
   keywords = {Animals
Aquaporin 4/genetics/metabolism
Colon/drug effects/*metabolism
Disaccharidases/genetics/metabolism
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*administration & dosage
Female
Humans
Intestines/drug effects/*enzymology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*drug therapy/enzymology/genetics/metabolism
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/genetics/metabolism
Malate Dehydrogenase/genetics/metabolism
Random Allocation
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Spleen/drug effects/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1001-5302 (Print)
1001-5302},
   Accession Number = {21322955},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Huertas-Ceballos, A. A. and Logan, S. and Bennett, C. and Macarthur, C.},
   title = {Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in childhood},
   journal = {Cochrane Database Syst Rev},
   number = {1},
   pages = {Cd003019},
   note = {1469-493x
Huertas-Ceballos, Angela A
Logan, Stuart
Bennett, Cathy
Macarthur, Colin
Journal Article
Review
England
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD003019. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003019.pub3.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Between 4% and 25% of school-age children complain of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) of sufficient severity to interfere with daily activities. It is unclear whether the diagnosis includes children with different aetiologies for their pain. For the majority no organic cause for their pain can be found on physical examination or investigation. Although most children are likely managed by reassurance and simple measures, a large range of interventions have been recommended. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in school-age children. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) 2006 (Issue 4), MEDLINE (1966 to Dec 2006), EMBASE (1980 to Dec 2006), CINAHL (1982 to Dec 2007), ERIC (1966 to Dec 2006), PsycINFO (1872 to Dec 2006), LILACS (1982 to Dec 2006), SIGLE (1980 to March 2005), and JICST (1985 to 06/2000) were searched . Where appropriate, search filters were employed. Researchers working in this area were asked to identify relevant studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised studies of any dietary treatment versus placebo or no treatment in school-age children with a diagnosis of RAP or functional gastrointestinal disorder based on the Rome II criteria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, assessed quality and extracted data. Where appropriate studies were pooled using a random effects meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: Seven trials were included in this review. Two trials, including 83 participants, compared fibre supplements with placebo (Christensen 1982, Feldman 1985), with data from one study reported in two papers (Christensen 1982, Christensen 1986). The pooled odds ratio for improvement in the frequency of abdominal pain was 1.26 (0.25, 6.29). Two trials, including 90 participants (Lebenthal 1981, Dearlove 1983) compared lactose-containing with lactose-free diets. Neither reported data in a form which could be used in the meta-analysis and the former trial had a loss to follow-up of 45%. We were not able to obtain further data for either trial. Three trials (Bausserman 2005, Gavronska 2007, Young 1997) comparing supplementation with Lactobacillus with placebo met the inclusion criteria but only two (Bausserman 2005, Gavronska 2007), including a total of 168 children, provided analysable data. The pooled odds ratio for improvement of symptoms was 1.17 (95% CI 0.62, 2.21). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of high quality evidence on the effectiveness of dietary interventions. This review provides no evidence that fibre supplements, lactose free diets or lactobacillus supplementation are effective in the management of children with RAP.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/*diet therapy
Child
Dietary Fiber/therapeutic use
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diet therapy
Lactobacillus
Lactose/administration & dosage
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Recurrence},
   ISSN = {1361-6137},
   Accession Number = {19160214},
   DOI = {10.1002/14651858.CD003019.pub3},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hutyra, T. and Iwanczak, B.},
   title = {[Determination of milk and diary products consumption and their connection with lactose malabsorption or lactose intolerance in selected disorders of the alimentary tract in children]},
   journal = {Pol Merkur Lekarski},
   volume = {26},
   number = {152},
   pages = {110-6},
   note = {Hutyra, Tomasz
Iwanczak, Barbara
English Abstract
Journal Article
Poland
Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2009 Feb;26(152):110-6.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: Lactose stimulates proliferation and colonization of acidophilic bacteria, which due to fermentation processes lower colonic pH and simplified absorption of some microelements from the intestine. However, the common problem in children is intolerance of this carbohydrate. Treatment, quite simple, is based on partial or total elimination of lactose from diet. Some substitutional products with equivalent nutritional value should be introduced to prevent deficiencies symptoms during lactose-free diet. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY: Determination of milk and dairy products consumption and their connection with lactose malabsorption or lactose intolerance in children above 5 years of age in selected disorders of the alimentary tract: food allergy, celiac disease, secondary enteropathy, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and deficiency of body weight and height. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The number of 301 patients above 5 years of age (135 boys and 166 girls; mean age 11.5 years) were included into the study. Milk and dairy products consumption habits, lactose intolerance symptoms, hydrogen breath test, activity of lactase and villous atrophy were investigated. RESULTS: Decreased sweet milk consumption from, 33.33% in children with food allergy to 55.38% in children with functional indigestion was observed, in spite of gastrointestinal complaints after ingestion of milk. The biggest lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance frequency was observed in children with decreased sweet milk consumption due to complaints after ingestion of milk and in children who didn't drink milk. There were no statistically significant difference between frequency of lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance symptoms in children with different dairy products consumption habits. There were no statistically significant difference between frequency of hypolactasia in children with different sweet milk or dairy products consumption habits. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent (33-55%) decreased sweet milk consumption in children in spite of clinical symptoms after ingestion of milk was observed. The biggest lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance symptoms frequency was observed in children who didn't drink milk and in children with decreased consumption of sweet milk due to complaints after ingestion of milk. There were no statistically significant difference between frequency of lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance in children with different dairy products consumption habits.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Animals
Cattle
Causality
Child
Child, Preschool
Dairy Products/*utilization
Digestive System Diseases/epidemiology
Drinking
Eating
Female
Humans
Lactose Intolerance/*epidemiology
Male
Milk/*utilization
Poland/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1426-9686 (Print)
1426-9686},
   Accession Number = {19388514},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jia, W. and Whitehead, R. N. and Griffiths, L. and Dawson, C. and Waring, R. H. and Ramsden, D. B. and Hunter, J. O. and Cole, J. A.},
   title = {Is the abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii relevant to Crohn's disease?},
   journal = {FEMS Microbiol Lett},
   volume = {310},
   number = {2},
   pages = {138-44},
   note = {1574-6968
Jia, Wenjing
Whitehead, Rebekah N
Griffiths, Lesley
Dawson, Claire
Waring, Rosemary H
Ramsden, David B
Hunter, John O
Cole, Jeffrey A
WT080238MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2010 Sep 1;310(2):138-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02057.x. Epub 2010 Jul 8.},
   abstract = {Reports that bacteria within the Firmicutes phylum, especially the species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, are less abundant in Crohn's disease (CD) patients and supernatants from cultures of this bacterium are anti-inflammatory prompted the investigation of the possible correlations between the abundance of F. prausnitzii and the response to treatment in patients with gut diseases and healthy controls. In a randomized, double-blind trial, faeces were collected from healthy volunteers, and from patients with active CD, ulcerative colitis (UC) and irritable bowel syndrome before and after treatment. The levels of F. prausnitzii DNA in faecal suspensions were determined by PCR. Treatment by an elemental diet was effective, resulting in decreases in both the Harvey and Bradshaw index (P<0.001) and the concentrations of serum C-reactive protein (P<0.05). The total levels of F. prausnitzii in faecal samples from CD patients at presentation were lower than those in the other groups both before and after the treatment. There was no correlation between F. prausnitzii abundance and the severity of CD before treatment. Clinical improvement unexpectedly correlated with a significant decrease in the abundance of F. prausnitzii, especially the A2-165 subgroup (P<0.05). Our data suggest that a paucity of F. prausnitzii in the gastrointestinal microbial communities is likely to be a minor aetiological factor in CD: recovery following elemental diet is attributed to lower levels of gut flora.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology
Crohn Disease/*diet therapy/*microbiology
Feces/microbiology
*Food, Formulated
Gram-Positive Bacteria/genetics/*physiology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/microbiology
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0378-1097},
   Accession Number = {20695899},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02057.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kanauchi, O. and Mitsuyama, K. and Komiyama, Y. and Yagi, M. and Andoh, A. and Sata, M.},
   title = {Preventive effects of enzyme-treated rice fiber in a restraint stress-induced irritable bowel syndrome model},
   journal = {Int J Mol Med},
   volume = {25},
   number = {4},
   pages = {547-55},
   note = {1791-244x
Kanauchi, Osamu
Mitsuyama, Keiichi
Komiyama, Yutaka
Yagi, Minoru
Andoh, Akira
Sata, Michio
Journal Article
Greece
Int J Mol Med. 2010 Apr;25(4):547-55.},
   abstract = {Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common health issue that is characterized by abdominal pain, abnormal bowel movements, altered visceral perception, and abnormal metabolism of 5-hydroxy triptamine (serotonin; 5HT). The use of prebiotics or probiotics treatment for IBS has become increasingly important as an adjunct to pharmaceutical options. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of enzyme-treated rice fiber (ERF) on an IBS model. We obtained a new prebiotic from defatted rice bran that was developed as an insoluble dietary fiber through amylase and hemicellulase treatment followed by removal of the soluble fraction. Containing approximately 70% hemicellulose, ERF is utilized by lactobacilli and subsequently converted to butyrate using Eubacterium limosum. We employed a restraint stress IBS model which involved the continuous application of stress for 4 h per day for 3 days. Polycarbophil Ca (PC) (500 mg/kg body weight) was used as a positive control and ERF was added to the diet at 4% in diet. During restraint stress, ERF significantly attenuated urgent fecal excretion, colonic mucosal 5HT secretion, and hyperalgesthesia compared with the control. ERF also significantly increased cecal butyrate production as well as total organic acid content. PC was only effective in regard to preventing increases in 5HT levels. Furthermore, there were no significant levels of pro-inflammatory markers CINC-1 and TNF-alpha among the groups. Although more detailed studies are needed, the ERF prebiotic demonstrated potency in attenuating major symptoms of IBS.},
   keywords = {Amylases/*metabolism
Animals
Body Weight
Carboxylic Acids/metabolism
Chemokine CXCL1/metabolism
Dietary Fiber/*metabolism
Disease Models, Animal
Feces
Feeding Behavior
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/pathology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/pathology/*prevention & control
Male
Oryza/*metabolism
Pain Threshold
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Restraint, Physical
Serotonin/metabolism
Solubility
*Stress, Physiological
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1107-3756},
   Accession Number = {20198303},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Keller, J. and Layer, P.},
   title = {Intestinal and anorectal motility and functional disorders},
   journal = {Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {23},
   number = {3},
   pages = {407-23},
   note = {1532-1916
Keller, Jutta
Layer, Peter
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;23(3):407-23. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2009.02.012.},
   abstract = {Motility and functional disorders of the small intestine, the colon and the anorectum can induce or contribute to symptoms such as diarrhoea, constipation and abdominal pain and may impair nutrient absorption in severe cases. Acute affections of intestinal functions e.g. during gastrointestinal infections usually need no functional diagnostics but resolve spontaneously or with adequate therapy of the underlying disease. By contrast, chronic disturbances of small intestinal, colonic and anorectal motility and/or sensitivity are subject to gastrointestinal function tests. The role of these tests for diagnosis and therapeutic handling of severe intestinal dysmotility/chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, severe constipation, diarrhoea, fecal incontinence and irritable bowel syndrome will be discussed in this review that mainly focuses on adults.},
   keywords = {Algorithms
Chronic Disease
Constipation/*physiopathology
Defecation/physiology
Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism
Fecal Incontinence/physiopathology
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*diagnosis/*physiopathology
*Gastrointestinal Motility/physiology
Gastrointestinal Transit
Gastroparesis/diagnosis/physiopathology
Hirschsprung Disease/diagnosis/physiopathology
Humans
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction/physiopathology
Intestine, Small/microbiology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/physiopathology
Malabsorption Syndromes/diagnosis
Manometry
Muscle Contraction/physiology
Rectum/*physiopathology
Viscera/innervation/physiopathology},
   ISSN = {1521-6918},
   Accession Number = {19505668},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.bpg.2009.02.012},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kelly, G.},
   title = {Inulin-type prebiotics: a review. (Part 2)},
   journal = {Altern Med Rev},
   volume = {14},
   number = {1},
   pages = {36-55},
   note = {Kelly, Greg
Journal Article
Review
United States
Altern Med Rev. 2009 Mar;14(1):36-55.},
   abstract = {This is part 2 of a two-part review of inulin-type prebiotics. This article discusses the clinical research on inulin-type prebiotics, including effects on infant nutrition, gastrointestinal health, colon cancer prevention, blood sugar and lipid metabolism, bone mineralization, fatty liver disease, obesity, and immunity. Gastrointestinal side effects and dosage recommendations are also considered.},
   keywords = {Blood Glucose/metabolism
Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control
Constipation/drug therapy
*Dietary Supplements/classification
Fatty Liver/drug therapy/enzymology
Gastrointestinal Transit/drug effects
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy
Inulin/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/drug therapy
Lipids/blood
Male
Minerals/metabolism
Terminology as Topic},
   ISSN = {1089-5159 (Print)
1089-5159},
   Accession Number = {19364192},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Khan, S. and Chang, L.},
   title = {Diagnosis and management of IBS},
   journal = {Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {7},
   number = {10},
   pages = {565-81},
   note = {1759-5053
Khan, Sarah
Chang, Lin
Journal Article
Review
England
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Oct;7(10):565-81. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.137.},
   abstract = {IBS is a common gastrointestinal condition characterized by chronic or recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel habits. IBS is considered a functional bowel disorder (that is, not defined by structural or biochemical abnormalities) and is diagnosed using symptom-based criteria. Limited and judicious use of diagnostic testing is recommended, particularly in patients with typical symptoms of IBS without alarm signs and symptoms. Management of IBS is based on a multifactorial approach and includes establishment of an effective patient-provider relationship, education, reassurance, dietary alterations, pharmacotherapy, behavioral and psychological treatment. Patient-centered care is recommended, in which management is focused on the patient's most bothersome and impactful symptoms, their preferences and previous experiences with treatment, and addressing factors associated with the onset and exacerbation of symptoms. Pharmacotherapy is typically targeted against the predominant symptom. This Review discusses the current evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of IBS. An improved understanding of the recommended diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for IBS will lead to greater patient satisfaction, as well as reduced health-care costs.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Antidiarrheals/therapeutic use
Behavior Therapy
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diagnosis/psychology/*therapy
Laxatives/therapeutic use
Probiotics/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1759-5045},
   Accession Number = {20890316},
   DOI = {10.1038/nrgastro.2010.137},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Korkut, E. and Bektas, M. and Oztas, E. and Kurt, M. and Cetinkaya, H. and Ozden, A.},
   title = {The prevalence of celiac disease in patients fulfilling Rome III criteria for irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Eur J Intern Med},
   volume = {21},
   number = {5},
   pages = {389-92},
   note = {1879-0828
Korkut, Esin
Bektas, Mehmet
Oztas, Erkin
Kurt, Mevlut
Cetinkaya, Hulya
Ozden, Ali
Journal Article
Netherlands
Eur J Intern Med. 2010 Oct;21(5):389-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.06.004. Epub 2010 Jul 14.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Celiac disease shares several symptoms which constitute some of the ROME criteria used for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and as such many patients with underlying Celiac disease may be mistakenly diagnosed as having IBS. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Celiac disease in patients with IBS fulfilling ROME III criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who fulfilled ROME III criteria for irritable bowel syndrome were screened for Celiac disease using the Biocard(TM) Celiac Disease Stick test, and patients who tested positive had their serum samples analyzed for antigliadin IgA and IgG, and anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies. Patients with detectable antibody levels underwent endoscopic duodenal biopsy to confirm a diagnosis of Celiac disease. RESULTS: Two of 100 patients who were diagnosed as having irritable bowel syndrome as per the Roma III criteria were found to have elevated levels of serum antigliadin IgA and IgG, and anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies, with histological evidence of Celiac disease on examination of duodenal biopsy. Both patients were started on a gluten-free diet, showing significant improvement in their symptoms on follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Celiac disease is a common finding among patients labeled as IBS. Celiac disease must be considered in differential diagnosis of IBS especially in the therapy refractory group.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/diagnosis/epidemiology
Adult
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*epidemiology/*pathology
Constipation/diagnosis/epidemiology
Diarrhea/diagnosis/epidemiology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diagnosis/*epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Reagent Kits, Diagnostic},
   ISSN = {0953-6205},
   Accession Number = {20816591},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ejim.2010.06.004},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kotze, L. M. and Brambila Rodrigues, A. P. and Kotze, L. R. and Nisihara, R. M.},
   title = {A Brazilian experience of the self transglutaminase-based test for celiac disease case finding and diet monitoring},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {15},
   number = {35},
   pages = {4423-8},
   note = {2219-2840
Kotze, Lorete Maria da Silva
Brambila Rodrigues, Ana Paula
Kotze, Luiz Roberto
Nisihara, Renato Mitsunori
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Sep 21;15(35):4423-8.},
   abstract = {AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of a rapid and easy fingertip whole blood point-of-care test for celiac disease (CD) case finding and diet monitoring. METHODS: Three hundred individuals, 206 females (68.7%) and 94 males (31.3%), were submitted to a rapid and easy immunoglobulin-A-class fingertip whole blood point-of-care test in the doctor's office in order to make immediate clinical decisions: 13 healthy controls, 6 with CD suspicion, 46 treated celiacs, 84 relatives of the celiac patients, 69 patients with dyspepsia, 64 with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 8 with Crohn's disease and 9 with other causes of diarrhea. RESULTS: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with duodenal biopsies was performed in patients with CD suspicion and in individuals with positive test outcome: in 83.3% (5/6) of the patients with CD suspicion, in 100% of the patients that admitted gluten-free diet transgressions (6/6), in 3.8% of first-degree relatives (3/79) and in 2.9% of patients with dyspepsia (2/69). In all these individuals duodenal biopsies confirmed CD (Marsh's histological classification). The studied test showed good correlation with serologic antibodies, endoscopic and histological findings. CONCLUSION: The point-of-care test was as reliable as conventional serological tests in detecting CD cases and in CD diet monitoring.},
   keywords = {Antibodies/*blood
Brazil
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/diet therapy/immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free/*adverse effects
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Family
Female
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Male
Middle Aged
Point-of-Care Systems/standards
Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
Transglutaminases/*blood/immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {19764094},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lacy, B. E. and Weiser, K. and De Lee, R.},
   title = {The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Therap Adv Gastroenterol},
   volume = {2},
   number = {4},
   pages = {221-38},
   note = {1756-2848
Lacy, Brian E
Weiser, Kirsten
De Lee, Ryan
Journal Article
England
Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2009 Jul;2(4):221-38. doi: 10.1177/1756283X09104794.},
   abstract = {Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent functional bowel disorder routinely encountered by healthcare providers. Although not life-threatening, this chronic disorder reduces patients' quality of life and imposes a significant economic burden to the healthcare system. IBS is no longer considered a diagnosis of exclusion that can only be made after performing a battery of expensive diagnostic tests. Rather, IBS should be confidently diagnosed in the clinic at the time of the first visit using the Rome III criteria and a careful history and physical examination. Treatment options for IBS have increased in number in the past decade and clinicians should not be limited to using only fiber supplements and smooth muscle relaxants. Although all patients with IBS have symptoms of abdominal pain and disordered defecation, treatment needs to be individualized and should focus on the predominant symptom. This paper will review therapeutic options for the treatment of IBS using a tailored approach based on the predominant symptom. Abdominal pain, bloating, constipation and diarrhea are the four main symptoms that can be addressed using a combination of dietary interventions and medications. Treatment options include probiotics, antibiotics, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and agents that modulate chloride channels and serotonin. Each class of agent will be reviewed using the latest data from the literature.},
   keywords = {abdominal pain
alosetron
bloating
constipation
diarrhea
irritable bowel syndrome
lubiprostone
probiotics
tegaserod
tricyclic antidepressants},
   ISSN = {1756-283x},
   Accession Number = {21180545},
   DOI = {10.1177/1756283x09104794},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lembcke, B.},
   title = {[Irritable bowel disease with flatulence: is the breath test for carbohydrate malabsorption obligatory? Contra]},
   journal = {Dtsch Med Wochenschr},
   volume = {134},
   number = {37},
   pages = {1829},
   note = {1439-4413
Lembcke, B
Comment
Journal Article
Germany
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2009 Sep;134(37):1829. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1237520. Epub 2009 Sep 2.},
   keywords = {Breath Tests
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
False Positive Reactions
Flatulence/diagnosis/*etiology
Fructose/*metabolism
Humans
Hydrogen/analysis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/complications/*diagnosis
Lactose Intolerance/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Reproducibility of Results},
   ISSN = {0012-0472},
   Accession Number = {19728253},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0029-1237520},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Li, B. U.},
   title = {Functional abdominal pain in children: new understanding, diagnostic criteria, and treatment approaches},
   journal = {Pediatr Ann},
   volume = {38},
   number = {5},
   pages = {241-2},
   note = {Li, B U K
Editorial
Introductory Journal Article
United States
Pediatr Ann. 2009 May;38(5):241-2.},
   abstract = {From the array of articles, one can readily see the clinical and scientific progress made in symptom-based diagnosis and management of functional abdominal pain disorders over the past 5 years. We have provided a series of useful tools to approach these patients. We have provided the symptom-based diagnostic criteria plus the red flags to help you avoid missing an organic diagnosis. We have placed these disorders squarely within the complex biopsychosocial framework by identifying early life stress and many environmental factors that are key factors in the development of pain. We have identified the role of psychological comorbidities of anxiety and depression and the need to address them directly in order to rehabilitate a disabled child. Finally, pharmacologic, psychological, dietary, and complementary approaches are reviewed and recommended as empiric therapy in functional abdominal pain, functional dyspepsia, and irritable bowel syndrome. Use these new tools well.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*rehabilitation
Anxiety, Separation/diagnosis/epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Comorbidity
Diagnosis, Differential
Dyspepsia/diagnosis
Evidence-Based Medicine
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy
Migraine Disorders/diagnosis
Models, Biological
Models, Psychological
Pediatrics/methods
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Recurrence
Stress, Psychological/diagnosis/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0090-4481 (Print)
0090-4481},
   Accession Number = {19476294},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ligaarden, S. C. and Axelsson, L. and Naterstad, K. and Lydersen, S. and Farup, P. G.},
   title = {A candidate probiotic with unfavourable effects in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised controlled trial},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {10},
   pages = {16},
   note = {1471-230x
Ligaarden, Solveig C
Axelsson, Lars
Naterstad, Kristine
Lydersen, Stian
Farup, Per G
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2010 Feb 10;10:16. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-10-16.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Some probiotics have shown efficacy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum MF1298 was found to have the best in vitro probiotic properties of 22 strains of lactobacilli. The aim of this study was to investigate the symptomatic effect of L. plantarum MF1298 in subjects with IBS. Primary outcome was treatment preference and secondary outcomes were number of weeks with satisfactory relief of symptoms and IBS sum score. METHODS: The design was a randomised double blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. 16 subjects with IBS underwent two three-week periods of daily intake of one capsule of 10(10) CFU L. plantarum MF 1298 or placebo separated by a four-week washout period. RESULTS: Thirteen participants (81%; 95% CI 57% to 93%; P = 0.012) preferred placebo to L. plantarum MF1298 treatment. The mean (SD) number of weeks with satisfactory relief of symptoms in the periods with L. plantarum MF1298 and placebo were 0.50 (0.89) and 1.44 (1.26), respectively (P = 0.006). IBS sum score was 6.44 (1.81) in the period with L. plantarum MF1298 treatment compared with 5.35 (1.77) in the period with placebo (P = 0.010). With a clinically significant difference in the IBS sum score of 2 in disfavour of active treatment, the number needed to harm was 3.7, 95% CI 2.3 to 10.9. CONCLUSIONS: This trial shows for the first time an unfavourable effect on symptoms in subjects with IBS after intake of a potential probiotic.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Adult
Aged
Constipation/etiology
Diarrhea/etiology
Feces/microbiology
Female
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diet therapy
*Lactobacillus plantarum/isolation & purification/pathogenicity
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Satisfaction
Probiotics/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
Species Specificity},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {20144246},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-230x-10-16},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lillestol, K. and Berstad, A. and Lind, R. and Florvaag, E. and Arslan Lied, G. and Tangen, T.},
   title = {Anxiety and depression in patients with self-reported food hypersensitivity},
   journal = {Gen Hosp Psychiatry},
   volume = {32},
   number = {1},
   pages = {42-8},
   note = {1873-7714
Lillestol, Kristine
Berstad, Arnold
Lind, Ragna
Florvaag, Erik
Arslan Lied, Gulen
Tangen, Tone
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010 Jan-Feb;32(1):42-8. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.08.006. Epub 2009 Oct 1.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Self-reported food hypersensitivity (SFH) is common. Psychological factors are assumed to be associated. We assessed anxiety and depression in SFH patients, using both questionnaires and interview. METHODS: Consecutive patients (n=130) and randomly selected healthy volunteers (n=75) completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-N) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Seventy-six of the patients were also interviewed by use of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Montgomery-Aasberg Depression Rating Scale. All patients underwent extensive allergological, gastroenterological and dietary examinations. RESULTS: According to interviews, 57% of patients fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder. Anxiety disorders (34%) and depression (16%) predominated. According to questionnaires, patients scored significantly higher than controls on all psychometric scales except for depression (HADS). We also found an underreporting of depression in HADS compared with interviews (2.5% vs. 16%, P=.001). Food hypersensitivity was rarely confirmed by provocation tests (8%). Eighty-nine percent of the patients had irritable bowel syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety and depression are common in patients with IBS-like complaints self-attributed to food hypersensitivity. Anxiety disorders predominate. In this setting, depression may be underreported by HADS.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
*Anxiety/epidemiology
*Depression/epidemiology
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*psychology
Humans
Interviews as Topic
Male
Middle Aged
Norway/epidemiology
Psychometrics
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0163-8343},
   Accession Number = {20114127},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.08.006},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lu, Z. Y. and Chen, W. L. and Chen, H. C. and Ou, M.},
   title = {Irritable bowel syndrome: the bodily experiences of Taiwanese women},
   journal = {J Nurs Res},
   volume = {17},
   number = {1},
   pages = {42-51},
   note = {Lu, Zxy-Yann Jane
Chen, Wil-Lie
Chen, Hai-Chiao
Ou, Meei
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
China (Republic : 1949- )
J Nurs Res. 2009 Mar;17(1):42-51. doi: 10.1097/JNR.0b013e3181999d88.},
   abstract = {Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) results in a poor quality of life and absenteeism due to unpredictable abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloating. IBS has prevalence rates of approximately 6% to 22% in various countries, and more women than men are diagnosed with this disorder. This study explored how Taiwanese women with IBS gain knowledge about the disorder and studied their experiences in using alternative remedies. An ethnographic study design involving interviews and Internet online discussions was used. Women (18-45 years) either diagnosed with IBS or with self-reported symptoms that met the Rome II criteria were included. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by the constant comparison method. Results showed that symptom pattern recognition was used most often by participants to interpret symptoms. The bodily practices of the IBS women followed Taiwanese gender norms, with bodily experiences being represented as a dialogue between the disordered body and the social body. Linking diarrhea with social norms of female slenderness, IBS women applied cultural strategies to manage symptoms. The findings facilitate a partnership between healthcare professionals and IBS women, which can facilitate the development of an appropriate self-management manual, self-help groups, and Internet discussion groups to facilitate symptom management. It is hoped that this study will enhance nurse understanding of the traditional Chinese view of the body and the corresponding dietary practices used to harmonize the body's yin and yang. Although Asian women may resist Western medications due to their side effects, study results provide nurses with information on alternative therapies that may be more acceptable in the Asian context. In conclusion, the bodily experiences and practices of women with IBS are developed from personal cultural views of the body and gender norms.},
   keywords = {Adult
Body Image
Cultural Characteristics
Female
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*physiopathology/psychology
Taiwan},
   ISSN = {1682-3141 (Print)
1682-3141},
   Accession Number = {19352228},
   DOI = {10.1097/JNR.0b013e3181999d88},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lyra, A. and Krogius-Kurikka, L. and Nikkila, J. and Malinen, E. and Kajander, K. and Kurikka, K. and Korpela, R. and Palva, A.},
   title = {Effect of a multispecies probiotic supplement on quantity of irritable bowel syndrome-related intestinal microbial phylotypes},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {10},
   pages = {110},
   note = {1471-230x
Lyra, Anna
Krogius-Kurikka, Lotta
Nikkila, Janne
Malinen, Erja
Kajander, Kajsa
Kurikka, Kyosti
Korpela, Riitta
Palva, Airi
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep 19;10:110. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-10-110.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Probiotics can alleviate the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), possibly by stabilizing the intestinal microbiota. Our aim was to determine whether IBS-associated bacterial alterations were reduced during multispecies probiotic intervention consisting of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus Lc705, Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and Bifidobacterium breve Bb99. The intervention has previously been shown to successfully alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms of IBS. METHODS: The faecal microbiotas of 42 IBS subjects participating in a placebo-controlled double-blind multispecies probiotic intervention were analysed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Eight bacterial targets within the gastrointestinal microbiota with a putative IBS association were measured. RESULTS: A phylotype with 94% similarity to Ruminococcus torques remained abundant in the placebo group, but was decreased in the probiotic group during the intervention (P = 0.02 at 6 months). In addition, the clostridial phylotype, Clostridium thermosuccinogenes 85%, was stably elevated during the intervention (P = 0.00 and P = 0.02 at 3 and 6 months, respectively). The bacterial alterations detected were in accordance with previously discovered alleviation of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The probiotic supplement was thus shown to exert specific alterations in the IBS-associated microbiota towards the bacterial 16S rDNA phylotype quantities described previously for subjects free of IBS. These changes may have value as non-invasive biomarkers in probiotic intervention studies.},
   keywords = {Adult
Bacteria/*genetics/isolation & purification
DNA, Bacterial/*analysis
*Dietary Supplements
Double-Blind Method
Feces/microbiology
Female
Humans
Intestines/*microbiology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*drug therapy/microbiology
Male
Middle Aged
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Probiotics/*administration & dosage
Treatment Outcome
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {20849659},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-230x-10-110},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Marciani, L. and Cox, E. F. and Hoad, C. L. and Pritchard, S. and Totman, J. J. and Foley, S. and Mistry, A. and Evans, S. and Gowland, P. A. and Spiller, R. C.},
   title = {Postprandial changes in small bowel water content in healthy subjects and patients with irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {138},
   number = {2},
   pages = {469-77, 477.e1},
   note = {1528-0012
Marciani, Luca
Cox, Eleanor F
Hoad, Caroline L
Pritchard, Susan
Totman, John J
Foley, Steve
Mistry, Amisha
Evans, Steven
Gowland, Penny A
Spiller, Robin C
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Gastroenterology. 2010 Feb;138(2):469-77, 477.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.10.055. Epub 2009 Nov 10.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Postprandial symptoms are common in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) and could be diet related. We studied postprandial changes in distribution of water in the upper gastrointestinal tract of healthy volunteers (HVs) and patients with IBS-D after contrasting meals. METHODS: In study 1, 11 HVs consumed 350-mL test meals with 5% mannitol (unabsorbable) or 5% glucose (readily absorbed). In study 2, 17 HVs consumed a 331-kcal meal, with or without 15 g bran. In study 3, 26 patients with IBS-D consumed the study 2 diet with bran meal. All subjects underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging analysis. RESULTS: In study 1, subjects' small bowel water content (SBWC) increased after the mannitol but not glucose meals, reaching 381 mL (interquartile range, 343-491 mL) and 47 mL (18-78 mL), respectively, 40 minutes after eating (P < .001). In study 2, SBWC initially decreased after both meal types and then increased, plateauing at 180-405 minutes and was greater after the bran meal (P = .02). In study 3, fasting and postprandial SBWC was lower in IBS-D than in HVs (P < .05 and P < .0001, respectively). Patients with IBS-D had faster orocecal transit times (135 minutes; 90-180 minutes) compared with HVs (225 minutes; 203-293 minutes; P < .0001) and reduced terminal ileum diameter (P < .003). CONCLUSIONS: Postprandial SBWC initially decreases, because of rapid, nutrient-driven fluid absorption, and then increases after a mixed liquid/solid meal. Patients with IBS-D have reduced fasting and postprandial SBWC with faster transit, possibly indicating increased small intestinal tone.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Cross-Over Studies
Dietary Fiber/metabolism
Female
Gastrointestinal Motility/physiology
Glucose/metabolism
Humans
Intestinal Absorption/*physiology
Intestine, Small/*metabolism
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*physiopathology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Mannitol/metabolism
Middle Aged
Postprandial Period/*physiology
Water/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {19909743},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2009.10.055},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Marciani, L. and Wright, J. and Foley, S. and Hoad, C. L. and Totman, J. J. and Bush, D. and Hartley, C. and Armstrong, A. and Manby, P. and Blackshaw, E. and Perkins, A. C. and Gowland, P. A. and Spiller, R. C.},
   title = {Effects of a 5-HT(3) antagonist, ondansetron, on fasting and postprandial small bowel water content assessed by magnetic resonance imaging},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {32},
   number = {5},
   pages = {655-63},
   note = {1365-2036
Marciani, L
Wright, J
Foley, S
Hoad, C L
Totman, J J
Bush, D
Hartley, C
Armstrong, A
Manby, P
Blackshaw, E
Perkins, A C
Gowland, P A
Spiller, R C
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Sep;32(5):655-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04395.x.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: 5-HT(3) antagonists have been shown to be effective in relieving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS-D). Using a recently validated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method, we have demonstrated reduced fasting small bowel water content (SBWC) in IBS-D associated with accelerated small bowel transit. We hypothesized that slowing of transit with ondansetron would lead to an increase in SBWC by inhibiting fasting motility. AIM: To assess the effects of ondansetron compared with placebo in healthy volunteers on SBWC and motility in two different groups of subjects, one studied using MRI and another using manometry. METHODS: Healthy volunteers were given either a placebo or ondansetron on the day prior to and on the study day. Sixteen volunteers underwent baseline fasting and postprandial MRI scans for 270 min. In a second study, a separate group of n = 18 volunteers were intubated and overnight migrating motor complex (MMC) recorded. Baseline MRI scans were carried out after the tube was removed. RESULTS: Fasting SBWC was markedly increased by ondansetron (P < 0.0007). Ondansetron reduced the overall antroduodenal Motility Index (P < 0.04). The subjects who were intubated had significantly lower fasting SBWC (P < 0.0002) compared with the group of subjects who were not intubated. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-HT(3) receptor antagonism increased fasting small bowel water. This was associated with reduced fasting antroduodenal Motility Index which may explain the clinical benefit of such drugs.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Diarrhea/*drug therapy
Fasting
Female
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*drug therapy
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Manometry
Middle Aged
Ondansetron/*therapeutic use
Postprandial Period
Serotonin Antagonists/*therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {20626735},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04395.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mathew, P. and Bhatia, S. J.},
   title = {Pathogenesis and management of irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Trop Gastroenterol},
   volume = {30},
   number = {1},
   pages = {19-25},
   note = {Mathew, Praveen
Bhatia, Shobna J
Journal Article
Review
India
Trop Gastroenterol. 2009 Jan-Mar;30(1):19-25.},
   abstract = {The exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not known. Multiple factors, like genetic, gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, psychosocial factors and immune-mediated factors, are thought to contribute to the symptom complex of IBS. Till date an 'IBS gene' has not been defined, and there is a need for further studies. The concept that IBS as a diagnosis of exclusion is not acceptable any more. The treatment of IBS is targeted at the management of constipation, diarrhoea and abdominal pain and includes pharmacotherapy with tegaserod, alosetron and lubiprostone. Cognitive behavioral therapy is very beneficial.},
   keywords = {Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
Animals
Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
Carbolines/therapeutic use
Dietary Fiber/therapeutic use
Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use
Gastrointestinal Motility
Humans
Hyperalgesia/complications
Indoles/therapeutic use
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*etiology/genetics/psychology/*therapy
Loperamide/therapeutic use
Lubiprostone
Parasympatholytics/therapeutic use
Pedigree
Psychotherapy
Serotonin Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0250-636X (Print)
0250-636x},
   Accession Number = {19624083},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mearin, F. and Guarner, F. and Verdu, E.},
   title = {[Probiotics and the digestive system. Current evidence]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {32 Suppl 1},
   pages = {1-14},
   note = {Mearin, Fermin
Guarner, Francisco
Verdu, Elena
Congresses
Spain
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 May;32 Suppl 1:1-14. doi: 10.1016/S0210-5705(09)71003-9.},
   keywords = {Animals
Digestive System Diseases/*diet therapy
Evidence-Based Medicine
Humans
Intestines/microbiology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diet therapy
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0210-5705 (Print)
0210-5705},
   Accession Number = {19524118},
   DOI = {10.1016/s0210-5705(09)71003-9},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Meier, R.},
   title = {Probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Ann Nutr Metab},
   volume = {57 Suppl},
   pages = {12-3},
   note = {1421-9697
Meier, Remy
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;57 Suppl:12-3. doi: 10.1159/000309017. Epub 2010 Sep 8.},
   keywords = {Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diet therapy/immunology
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0250-6807},
   Accession Number = {20829586},
   DOI = {10.1159/000309017},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Monnikes, H. and Schmidtmann, M.},
   title = {[Irritable bowel disease with flatulence: is the breath test for carbohydrate malabsorption obligatory? Pro]},
   journal = {Dtsch Med Wochenschr},
   volume = {134},
   number = {37},
   pages = {1828},
   note = {1439-4413
Monnikes, H
Schmidtmann, M
Journal Article
Germany
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2009 Sep;134(37):1828. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1237519. Epub 2009 Sep 2.},
   keywords = {Breath Tests
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Flatulence/diagnosis/*etiology
Fructose/*metabolism
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/complications/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Lactose Intolerance/*diagnosis/diet therapy},
   ISSN = {0012-0472},
   Accession Number = {19728252},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0029-1237519},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Morcos, A. and Dinan, T. and Quigley, E. M.},
   title = {Irritable bowel syndrome: role of food in pathogenesis and management},
   journal = {J Dig Dis},
   volume = {10},
   number = {4},
   pages = {237-46},
   note = {1751-2980
Morcos, Ashraf
Dinan, Ted
Quigley, Eamonn M M
Journal Article
Review
Australia
J Dig Dis. 2009 Nov;10(4):237-46. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2009.00392.x.},
   abstract = {Patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) commonly report the precipitation of symptoms on food ingestion. Though the role of dietary constituents in IBS has not been extensively studied, food could contribute to symptom onset or even the causation of IBS through a number of mechanisms. First, the physiological response of the intestine to food ingestion could precipitate symptoms in predisposed individuals; second, there is some evidence that allergy or intolerance to a particular food can produce IBS-like symptoms, third, certain foods may alter the composition of the luminal milieu, either directly or indirectly through effects on bacterial metabolism, and thus induce symptoms and, finally, IBS may develop following exposure to food-borne pathogens. Anticipatory, psychological factors generated by previous negative experiences with food ingestion or other factors may also contribute though their contribution has been scarcely quantified. Not surprisingly, there is considerable interest in the potential roles of diet and food supplements in the therapy of IBS; for the most part, the evidence base for such recommendations remains slim though certain probiotics show considerable promise.},
   keywords = {*Dietary Supplements
*Enteritis/diet therapy/etiology/microbiology
Food/*adverse effects
Humans
*Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diet therapy/etiology/microbiology
*Probiotics},
   ISSN = {1751-2972},
   Accession Number = {19906102},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1751-2980.2009.00392.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ong, D. K. and Mitchell, S. B. and Barrett, J. S. and Shepherd, S. J. and Irving, P. M. and Biesiekierski, J. R. and Smith, S. and Gibson, P. R. and Muir, J. G.},
   title = {Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {25},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1366-73},
   note = {1440-1746
Ong, Derrick K
Mitchell, Shaylyn B
Barrett, Jacqueline S
Shepherd, Sue J
Irving, Peter M
Biesiekierski, Jessica R
Smith, Stuart
Gibson, Peter R
Muir, Jane G
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Australia
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Aug;25(8):1366-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06370.x.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: Reduction of short-chain poorly absorbed carbohydrates (FODMAPs) in the diet reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In the present study, we aimed to compare the patterns of breath hydrogen and methane and symptoms produced in response to diets that differed only in FODMAP content. METHODS: Fifteen healthy subjects and 15 with IBS (Rome III criteria) undertook a single-blind, crossover intervention trial involving consuming provided diets that were either low (9 g/day) or high (50 g/day) in FODMAPs for 2 days. Food and gastrointestinal symptom diaries were kept and breath samples collected hourly over 14 h on day 2 of each diet. RESULTS: Higher levels of breath hydrogen were produced over the entire day with the high FODMAP diet for healthy volunteers (181 +/- 77 ppm.14 h vs 43 +/- 18; mean +/- SD P < 0.0001) and patients with IBS (242 +/- 79 vs 62 +/- 23; P < 0.0001), who had higher levels during each dietary period than the controls (P < 0.05). Breath methane, produced by 10 subjects within each group, was reduced with the high FODMAP intake in healthy subjects (47 +/- 29 vs 109 +/- 77; P = 0.043), but was not different in patients with IBS (126 +/- 153 vs 86 +/- 72). Gastrointestinal symptoms and lethargy were significantly induced by the high FODMAP diet in patients with IBS, while only increased flatus production was reported by healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary FODMAPs induce prolonged hydrogen production in the intestine that is greater in IBS, influence the amount of methane produced, and induce gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms experienced by patients with IBS. The results offer mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the low FODMAP diet in IBS.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology/prevention & control
Adult
Aged
Breath Tests
Cross-Over Studies
Diet Records
*Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/metabolism
Exhalation
Female
Fermentation
Flatulence/etiology/metabolism/physiopathology/*prevention & control
Humans
Hydrogen/metabolism
Intestines/*metabolism/physiopathology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/complications/*diet therapy/metabolism/physiopathology
Lethargy/etiology/prevention & control
Male
Methane/metabolism
Middle Aged
Single-Blind Method
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome
Victoria
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0815-9319},
   Accession Number = {20659225},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06370.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ono, K. and Kawasaki, M. and Tanaka, R. and Segawa, T. and Matsuo, H. and Watanabe, S. and Takemura, G. and Minatoguchi, S.},
   title = {Integrated backscatter and intima-media thickness of the thoracic aorta evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography in hypercholesterolemic patients: effect of pitavastatin therapy},
   journal = {Ultrasound Med Biol},
   volume = {35},
   number = {2},
   pages = {193-200},
   note = {1879-291x
Ono, Koji
Kawasaki, Masanori
Tanaka, Ryuhei
Segawa, Tomonori
Matsuo, Hitoshi
Watanabe, Sachiro
Takemura, Genzou
Minatoguchi, Shinya
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
England
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2009 Feb;35(2):193-200. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.08.011. Epub 2008 Oct 31.},
   abstract = {The effect of a strong, lipophilic statin (pitavastatin) on the thoracic aorta has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of pitavastatin (P) therapy on plaque components and morphology in the thoracic aorta by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and clarify the impact of the therapy on media and intima in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Sixty-four media and 64 intima of the thoracic aorta were investigated in 32 patients with hypercholesterolemia. The corrected integrated backscatter (c-IBS) values in the thoracic aortic wall and intima-media thickness (IMT) at the same site were measured before and after P therapy or diet (D) for 7 mo. Moreover, c-IBS values in media were measured in 168 patients without hypercholesterolemia to estimate age-dependent changes. C-IBS values in media were correlated with age (r = 0.84, p < 0.001). C-IBS and IMT of media in the P group significantly decreased from -17.8 +/- 2.4 to -20.1 +/- 3.7 dB and from 1.7 +/- 0.3 to 1.5 +/- 0.3 mm, respectively (p < 0.001), whereas those in the D group significantly increased from -18.3 +/- 2.0 to -16.7 +/- 2.1 dB and from 1.6 +/- 0.3 to 1.7 +/- 0.2 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). IMT in intima in the P group significantly decreased from 3.7 +/- 0.4 to 3.3 +/- 0.4 mm (p < 0.001). C-IBS in intima in the P group significantly increased from -10.2 +/- 2.2 to -6.9 +/- 1.7 dB, which indicated plaque stabilization. Pitavastatin improved the atherosis measured by IMT and sclerosis measured by c-IBS values in the media and induced stabilization and regression of plaques in the intima of the thoracic aorta.},
   keywords = {Aged
Aorta, Thoracic/*diagnostic imaging
Atherosclerosis/complications/diagnostic imaging/therapy
Atrial Fibrillation/complications/diagnostic imaging/therapy
Diet
*Echocardiography, Transesophageal
Humans
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/*therapeutic use
Hypercholesterolemia/complications/*diagnostic imaging/therapy
Middle Aged
Observer Variation
Prospective Studies
Quinolines/*therapeutic use
Scattering, Radiation
Treatment Outcome
Tunica Intima/diagnostic imaging
Tunica Media/diagnostic imaging},
   ISSN = {0301-5629},
   Accession Number = {18977068},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.08.011},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Painsipp, E. and Shahbazian, A. and Holzer, P.},
   title = {Alosetron, cilansetron and tegaserod modify mesenteric but not colonic blood flow in rats},
   journal = {Br J Pharmacol},
   volume = {158},
   number = {5},
   pages = {1210-26},
   note = {1476-5381
Painsipp, Evelin
Shahbazian, Anaid
Holzer, Peter
L 25/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Nov;158(5):1210-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00392.x. Epub 2009 Sep 25.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: As the use of the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist alosetron (GlaxoSmithKline) and the 5-HT(4) receptor agonist tegaserod (Novartis) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome has been associated with cases of ischaemic colitis, the effects of alosetron, cilansetron (Solvay) and tegaserod on the rat splanchnic circulation were evaluated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Phenobarbital-anaesthetised rats were instrumented to record blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery and transverse colon and to calculate mesenteric and colonic vascular conductance. KEY RESULTS: Intravenous alosetron (0.03-0.3 mg.kg(-1)) did not alter blood pressure or heart rate but reduced mesenteric blood flow and vascular conductance by 15-20%. This activity profile was also seen after intraduodenal alosetron and shared by the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist cilansetron. In contrast, blood flow, vascular conductance and intraluminal pressure in the colon were not modified by alosetron and cilansetron. Intravenous or intraduodenal tegaserod (0.3-1.0 mg.kg(-1)) had no inhibitory effect on mesenteric and colonic blood flow. Peroral treatment of rats with alosetron or tegaserod for 7 days did not modify mesenteric haemodynamics at baseline and after blockade of nitric oxide synthesis. Mild inflammation induced by dextran sulphate sodium failed to provoke a vasoconstrictor effect of cilansetron in the colon. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Alosetron and cilansetron, not tegaserod, caused a small and transient constriction of the rat mesenteric vascular bed, whereas blood flow in the colon remained unaltered. The relevance of these findings to the treatment-associated occurrence of ischaemic colitis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome remains open.},
   keywords = {Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
Animals
Blood Pressure/drug effects
Carbazoles/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
Carbolines/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
Clonidine/pharmacology
Colitis/physiopathology
Colon/blood supply/*drug effects
Fasting
Female
Heart Rate/drug effects
Indoles/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
Mesenteric Artery, Superior/drug effects/physiology
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
Pyridines/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Regional Blood Flow/drug effects
*Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists
*Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists
Splanchnic Circulation/*drug effects
Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology},
   ISSN = {0007-1188},
   Accession Number = {19785647},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00392.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Park, H. J. and Jarrett, M. and Heitkemper, M.},
   title = {Quality of life and sugar and fiber intake in women with irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {West J Nurs Res},
   volume = {32},
   number = {2},
   pages = {218-32},
   note = {1552-8456
Park, Hyo Jung
Jarrett, Monica
Heitkemper, Margaret
NR01094/NR/NINR NIH HHS/United States
P30-NR04001/NR/NINR NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
West J Nurs Res. 2010 Mar;32(2):218-32. doi: 10.1177/0193945909349116. Epub 2009 Dec 29.},
   abstract = {The purpose of this study is to examine quality of life (QOL) and dietary constituents in three subgroups of women with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) based on the severity of their bloating symptoms. A secondary analysis of data from two studies of women with IBS (n = 183), ages 18 to 48, is performed. Measures include the Modified Flanagan Quality of Life Scale and a 3-day food record ( n = 95) and a daily symptom diary completed over a month. There are no differences in QOL and few differences in dietary intake, although women with the most severe bloating report less dietary intake of fructose ( p = .035) as compared with the women with less severe bloating symptoms. The findings suggest that women with IBS who experience moderate to severe bloating symptoms may not reduce their dietary intake except fructose.},
   keywords = {Adult
Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage
Dietary Sucrose/*administration & dosage
Female
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*physiopathology
*Quality of Life},
   ISSN = {0193-9459},
   Accession Number = {20040735},
   DOI = {10.1177/0193945909349116},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pedersen, S. M. and Nielsen, N. C. and Andersen, H. J. and Olsson, J. and Simren, M. and Ohman, L. and Svensson, U. and Malmendal, A. and Bertram, H. C.},
   title = {The serum metabolite response to diet intervention with probiotic acidified milk in irritable bowel syndrome patients is indistinguishable from that of non-probiotic acidified milk by 1H NMR-based metabonomic analysis},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {2},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1141-55},
   note = {2072-6643
Pedersen, Simon M M
Nielsen, Niels Chr
Andersen, Henrik J
Olsson, Johan
Simren, Magnus
Ohman, Lena
Svensson, Ulla
Malmendal, Anders
Bertram, Hanne C
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2010 Nov;2(11):1141-55. doi: 10.3390/nu2111141. Epub 2010 Nov 23.},
   abstract = {The effects of a probiotic acidified milk product on the blood serum metabolite profile of patients suffering from Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) compared to a non-probiotic acidified milk product was investigated using (1)H NMR metabonomics. For eight weeks, IBS patients consumed 0.4 L per day of a probiotic fermented milk product or non-probiotic acidified milk. Both diets resulted in elevated levels of blood serum L-lactate and 3-hydroxybutyrate. Our results showed identical effects of acidified milk consumption independent of probiotic addition. A similar result was previously obtained in a questionnaire-based evaluation of symptom relief. A specific probiotic effect is thus absent both in the patient subjective symptom evaluations and at the blood serum metabolite level. However, there was no correspondence between symptom relief and metabolite response on the patient level.},
   keywords = {3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/*blood
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Animals
Biomarkers/blood
Female
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/blood/*diet therapy
Lactic Acid/*blood
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods
Male
Middle Aged
Milk/*chemistry
Probiotics/*administration & dosage
Young Adult
* metabonomics
*1H-NMR spectroscopy
*Irritable Bowel Syndrome
*acidified milk products
*lactate
*multivariate data analysis
*probiotics},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {22254002},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu2111141},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Perona, M.},
   title = {[Does fiber improve or aggravate irritable bowel sindrome?]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {32},
   number = {2},
   pages = {118-9},
   note = {Perona, Monica
Journal Article
Spain
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Feb;32(2):118-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2008.11.003. Epub 2009 Feb 5.},
   keywords = {Constipation/drug therapy
Dietary Fiber/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diet therapy/etiology
Solubility
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0210-5705 (Print)
0210-5705},
   Accession Number = {19231686},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.gastrohep.2008.11.003},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pilipenko, V. I. and Burliaeva, E. A. and Shakhovskaia, A. K. and Isakov, V. A.},
   title = {[Efficacy of using inulin fortified fermented milk products in patients with functional constipation]},
   journal = {Vopr Pitan},
   volume = {78},
   number = {3},
   pages = {56-61},
   note = {Pilipenko, V I
Burliaeva, E A
Shakhovskaia, A K
Isakov, V A
English Abstract
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Russia (Federation)
Vopr Pitan. 2009;78(3):56-61.},
   abstract = {The research involved 76 patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Introduction of fermented milk products--inulin fortified spoon yoghurt, drinking, yoghurt, kefir drink--into a standard ration exerted influence upon dynamics of basis manifestations of illness and made for increase of indices, which characterize patients' quality of life. The biggest was marked upon use of spoon yoghurt and kefir drink. After use of drinking yoghurt, dyspeptic effects were observed in a third part of patients.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Constipation/complications/*diet therapy/physiopathology
*Cultured Milk Products
*Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage
Female
Gastrointestinal Motility
Humans
*Inulin/administration & dosage
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/complications/*diet therapy/physiopathology
Male
Middle Aged
Nutritive Value
Probiotics
Quality of Life
Treatment Outcome
Yogurt
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0042-8833 (Print)
0042-8833},
   Accession Number = {19663305},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pirotta, M.},
   title = {Irritable bowel syndrome - The role of complementary medicines in treatment},
   journal = {Aust Fam Physician},
   volume = {38},
   number = {12},
   pages = {966-8},
   note = {Pirotta, Marie
Journal Article
Australia
Aust Fam Physician. 2009 Dec;38(12):966-8.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gut problem that interferes with many people's enjoyment of life. OBJECTIVE: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gut problem that interferes with many people's enjoyment of life. DISCUSSION: The underlying pathophysiology of IBS is not yet fully understood. People's experience of IBS can fluctuate over time and various bowel symptoms may predominate. Many complementary medicines are used to treat IBS symptoms. Currently there is good evidence to recommend the use of probiotics, peppermint oil capsules and psyllium. Other therapies such as Chinese and Ayuvedic herbs and psychological techniques look promising, but further high quality trials are required before these approaches can be recommended.},
   keywords = {Complementary Therapies/*methods
Dietary Supplements
Gastrointestinal Agents
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/physiopathology/*therapy
Plant Oils/*therapeutic use
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0300-8495 (Print)
0300-8495},
   Accession Number = {20369148},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Prescha, A. and Pieczynska, J. and Ilow, R. and Poreba, J. and Neubauer, K. and Smereka, A. and Grajeta, H. and Biernat, J. and Paradowski, L.},
   title = {Assessment of dietary intake of patients with irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig},
   volume = {60},
   number = {2},
   pages = {185-9},
   note = {Prescha, Anna
Pieczynska, Joanna
Ilow, Rafal
Poreba, Joanna
Neubauer, Katarzyna
Smereka, Adam
Grajeta, Halina
Biernat, Jadwiga
Paradowski, Leszek
Journal Article
Poland
Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2009;60(2):185-9.},
   abstract = {The dietary intake of patients with irritable bowel syndrome was assessed using 24-h dietary recall. The energy value and nutrient contents in the daily food rations were calculated by Nutritionist IV computer program with the Polish database. Differentiations in the Polish RDA coverage for energy and nutrients were observed in the studied group. Fat, saturated fatty acid, phosphorus and also vitamin A, E and C contents were above the RDA in the patients' daily food ration. The majority of IBS individuals did not meet recommendations for carbohydrate intake. Calcium and cooper intake was below the Polish RDA. The insufficient vitamin B2 intake and excessive Fe supply have been shown in the male patients.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage
*Eating
Energy Intake
Feeding Behavior/*classification
Female
Food/classification
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*etiology
Male
Middle Aged
Nutrition Policy
Poland
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0035-7715 (Print)
0035-7715},
   Accession Number = {19803452},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Quera, R. and Heine, T. C. and A, O. Brien and Contreras, L.},
   title = {[Celiac disease presenting as an intestinal intussusception: report of one case]},
   journal = {Rev Med Chil},
   volume = {138},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1276-80},
   note = {Quera, Rodrigo
Heine T, Claudio
O Brien, Andres
Contreras, Luis
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article
Chile
Rev Med Chil. 2010 Oct;138(10):1276-80. doi: /S0034-98872010001100011. Epub 2011 Jan 10.},
   abstract = {Acute abdominal pain caused by perforation, intestinal lymphoma or intussusception is an uncommon manifestation in adult celiac disease. We report a 49 year-old female with history of irritable bowel syndrome and osteoporosis consulting for acute abdominal pain and severe abdominal distention. Abdominal CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed a jejunal intussusception and other radiological alterations that suggested the possibility of celiac disease. Serological antibodies (endomysial and transglutaminase antibodies), endoscopy and the pathological study of duodenal biopsies confirmed the diagnosis. With a gluten free diet, the patient remains asymptomatic.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*complications
Female
Humans
Intussusception/*etiology
Jejunal Diseases/*etiology
Middle Aged},
   ISSN = {0034-9887 (Print)
0034-9887},
   Accession Number = {21279275},
   DOI = {/S0034-98872010001100011},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Quigley, E. M.},
   title = {Prebiotics and probiotics; modifying and mining the microbiota},
   journal = {Pharmacol Res},
   volume = {61},
   number = {3},
   pages = {213-8},
   note = {1096-1186
Quigley, Eamonn M M
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Pharmacol Res. 2010 Mar;61(3):213-8. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.01.004. Epub 2010 Jan 18.},
   abstract = {A new era in medical science has dawned with the realization of the critical role of the "forgotten organ", the enteric microbiota, in generating a variety of functions which sustain health and, when disrupted, lead to disease. Central to this beneficial interaction between the microbiota and man is the manner in which the bacteria contained within the gut "talk" to the immune system and, in particular, the immune system that is so widespread within the gut itself, the gut-associated (or mucosa-associated) lymphoid system. Into this landscape come two new players: probiotics and prebiotics. While many products have masqueraded as probiotics, only those which truly and reproducibly contain live organisms and which have been shown, in high quality human studies, to confer a health benefit can actually claim this title. Several human disease states have benefited from the use of probiotics, most notably, diarrheal illnesses, some inflammatory bowel diseases, certain infectious disorders and, most recently, irritable bowel syndrome. Prebiotics promote the growth of "good" bacteria and, while a variety of health benefits have been attributed to their use, prebiotics have been subjected to few large scale clinical trials.},
   keywords = {Animals
Gastrointestinal Diseases/diet therapy/microbiology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/microbiology
Metagenome/*physiology
*Prebiotics
Probiotics/*administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {1043-6618},
   Accession Number = {20080184},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.phrs.2010.01.004},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ramakrishna, B. S.},
   title = {Probiotic-induced changes in the intestinal epithelium: implications in gastrointestinal disease},
   journal = {Trop Gastroenterol},
   volume = {30},
   number = {2},
   pages = {76-85},
   note = {Ramakrishna, B S
Journal Article
Review
India
Trop Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr-Jun;30(2):76-85.},
   abstract = {There is resurgent interest in the use of probiotics to maintain gastrointestinal and systemic health, driven by recent advances in knowledge of bacterial interactions with the epithelium and innate immune system of the intestine. The effects of probiotic bacteria on the intestinal epithelium and their downstream consequences are reviewed. Probiotics prevent pathogen adherence and invasion of the epithelium, partly by blocking adherence sites but also by upregulating gene expression of MUC2 and of antimicrobial peptides. Metabolic effects of probiotics on the intestinal epithelium include production of short chain fatty acids which influence epithelial cell metabolism, turnover and apoptosis. Bacterial metabolism of unabsorbed dietary constituents with production of free radicals and phenolic metabolites can lead to DNA damage and cancer; probiotics restore eubiosis and potentially prevent this. Probiotics alter expression and redistribution of tight junction proteins and reduce intestinal permeability limiting absorption of noxious molecules from the gut lumen. Most studied are the effects of probiotics on epithelial cells which are the first line of innate immune-capable cells that encounter luminal flora. Probiotics, through secreted molecules, influence the innate inflammatory response of epithelial cells to stimuli from the gut lumen, and reduce mucosal inflammation. Through effects on dendritic, and possibly epithelial, cells they influence naive T cells in the lamina propria of the gut and thus influence adaptive immunity. These varied effects of probiotics have implications for the treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases including antibiotic-associated colitis, acute gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, and irritable bowel syndrome.},
   keywords = {Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology/pathology/*prevention & control
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0250-636X (Print)
0250-636x},
   Accession Number = {19760989},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rangnekar, A. S. and Chey, W. D.},
   title = {The FODMAP diet for irritable bowel syndrome: food fad or roadmap to a new treatment paradigm?},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {137},
   number = {1},
   pages = {383-6},
   note = {1528-0012
Rangnekar, Amol S
Chey, William D
Comment
Journal Article
United States
Gastroenterology. 2009 Jul;137(1):383-6. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.05.023. Epub 2009 May 29.},
   ISSN = {0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {19482108},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2009.05.023},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rapin, J. R. and Wiernsperger, N.},
   title = {Possible links between intestinal permeability and food processing: A potential therapeutic niche for glutamine},
   journal = {Clinics (Sao Paulo)},
   volume = {65},
   number = {6},
   pages = {635-43},
   note = {1980-5322
Rapin, Jean Robert
Wiernsperger, Nicolas
Journal Article
Review
Brazil
Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010 Jun;65(6):635-43. doi: 10.1590/S1807-59322010000600012.},
   abstract = {Increased intestinal permeability is a likely cause of various pathologies, such as allergies and metabolic or even cardiovascular disturbances. Intestinal permeability is found in many severe clinical situations and in common disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. In these conditions, substances that are normally unable to cross the epithelial barrier gain access to the systemic circulation. To illustrate the potential harmfulness of leaky gut, we present an argument based on examples linked to protein or lipid glycation induced by modern food processing. Increased intestinal permeability should be largely improved by dietary addition of compounds, such as glutamine or curcumin, which both have the mechanistic potential to inhibit the inflammation and oxidative stress linked to tight junction opening. This brief review aims to increase physician awareness of this common, albeit largely unrecognized, pathology, which may be easily prevented or improved by means of simple nutritional changes.},
   keywords = {Curcumin/therapeutic use
Diet/*adverse effects
Dietary Supplements/*adverse effects
*Food Handling
Food Hypersensitivity/*etiology
Gastrointestinal Motility/*physiology
Glutamine/therapeutic use
Glycosylation End Products, Advanced/adverse effects/pharmacokinetics
Humans
Inflammation/metabolism
Intestinal Absorption/*physiology
Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
Permeability
Allergy
Curcumin
Glutamine
Glycation
Intestinal permeability
Metabolic syndrome},
   ISSN = {1807-5932},
   Accession Number = {20613941},
   DOI = {10.1590/s1807-59322010000600012},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rey, E. and Talley, N. J.},
   title = {Irritable bowel syndrome: novel views on the epidemiology and potential risk factors},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {41},
   number = {11},
   pages = {772-80},
   note = {1878-3562
Rey, E
Talley, N J
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2009 Nov;41(11):772-80. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.07.005. Epub 2009 Aug 8.},
   abstract = {Symptoms consistent with the irritable bowel syndrome are remarkably frequent around the world. Irritable bowel syndrome prevalence ranges from 2.1% to 22%, depending on criteria used. Women are more frequently affected than men, but the reasons remain obscure; irritable bowel syndrome occurs in all age groups but there appears to be a modest decline in prevalence with advancing age again for unknown reasons. The incidence of irritable bowel syndrome per year has been estimated at approximately 1.5% in community subjects; annually only 0.2% of population will be diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome. The natural history of irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by symptomatic flare ups and by a high rate of transition to other functional gastrointestinal diseases over the long term. Well recognized risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome include psychological distress and gastroenteritis. However, the association of psychological distress in some cases may reflect confounding factors and might be explained at least in part by cytokine production. Familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome occurs, and while the environment is key, twin studies generally support a genetic component in irritable bowel syndrome explaining up to 20% of the variability. Prior surgery may increase risk of irritable bowel syndrome. Early childhood trauma may be important; a low birth weight, nasogastric suction at birth, childhood abuse, and low socioeconomic status may carry an increased risk of suffering with irritable bowel syndrome as an adult. The role of diet remains uncertain but under-studied.},
   keywords = {*Adult Survivors of Child Abuse
Female
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Incidence
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/epidemiology/*genetics/*psychology
Male
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Sex Distribution},
   ISSN = {1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {19665952},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2009.07.005},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Roberfroid, M. and Gibson, G. R. and Hoyles, L. and McCartney, A. L. and Rastall, R. and Rowland, I. and Wolvers, D. and Watzl, B. and Szajewska, H. and Stahl, B. and Guarner, F. and Respondek, F. and Whelan, K. and Coxam, V. and Davicco, M. J. and Leotoing, L. and Wittrant, Y. and Delzenne, N. M. and Cani, P. D. and Neyrinck, A. M. and Meheust, A.},
   title = {Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {104 Suppl 2},
   pages = {S1-63},
   note = {1475-2662
Roberfroid, Marcel
Gibson, Glenn R
Hoyles, Lesley
McCartney, Anne L
Rastall, Robert
Rowland, Ian
Wolvers, Danielle
Watzl, Bernhard
Szajewska, Hania
Stahl, Bernd
Guarner, Francisco
Respondek, Frederique
Whelan, Kevin
Coxam, Veronique
Davicco, Marie-Jeanne
Leotoing, Laurent
Wittrant, Yohann
Delzenne, Nathalie M
Cani, Patrice D
Neyrinck, Audrey M
Meheust, Agnes
Journal Article
Review
England
Br J Nutr. 2010 Aug;104 Suppl 2:S1-63. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510003363.},
   abstract = {The different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract are inhabited by populations of micro-organisms. By far the most important predominant populations are in the colon where a true symbiosis with the host exists that is a key for well-being and health. For such a microbiota, 'normobiosis' characterises a composition of the gut 'ecosystem' in which micro-organisms with potential health benefits predominate in number over potentially harmful ones, in contrast to 'dysbiosis', in which one or a few potentially harmful micro-organisms are dominant, thus creating a disease-prone situation. The present document has been written by a group of both academic and industry experts (in the ILSI Europe Prebiotic Expert Group and Prebiotic Task Force, respectively). It does not aim to propose a new definition of a prebiotic nor to identify which food products are classified as prebiotic but rather to validate and expand the original idea of the prebiotic concept (that can be translated in 'prebiotic effects'), defined as: 'The selective stimulation of growth and/or activity(ies) of one or a limited number of microbial genus(era)/species in the gut microbiota that confer(s) health benefits to the host.' Thanks to the methodological and fundamental research of microbiologists, immense progress has very recently been made in our understanding of the gut microbiota. A large number of human intervention studies have been performed that have demonstrated that dietary consumption of certain food products can result in statistically significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota in line with the prebiotic concept. Thus the prebiotic effect is now a well-established scientific fact. The more data are accumulating, the more it will be recognised that such changes in the microbiota's composition, especially increase in bifidobacteria, can be regarded as a marker of intestinal health. The review is divided in chapters that cover the major areas of nutrition research where a prebiotic effect has tentatively been investigated for potential health benefits. The prebiotic effect has been shown to associate with modulation of biomarkers and activity(ies) of the immune system. Confirming the studies in adults, it has been demonstrated that, in infant nutrition, the prebiotic effect includes a significant change of gut microbiota composition, especially an increase of faecal concentrations of bifidobacteria. This concomitantly improves stool quality (pH, SCFA, frequency and consistency), reduces the risk of gastroenteritis and infections, improves general well-being and reduces the incidence of allergic symptoms such as atopic eczema. Changes in the gut microbiota composition are classically considered as one of the many factors involved in the pathogenesis of either inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. The use of particular food products with a prebiotic effect has thus been tested in clinical trials with the objective to improve the clinical activity and well-being of patients with such disorders. Promising beneficial effects have been demonstrated in some preliminary studies, including changes in gut microbiota composition (especially increase in bifidobacteria concentration). Often associated with toxic load and/or miscellaneous risk factors, colon cancer is another pathology for which a possible role of gut microbiota composition has been hypothesised. Numerous experimental studies have reported reduction in incidence of tumours and cancers after feeding specific food products with a prebiotic effect. Some of these studies (including one human trial) have also reported that, in such conditions, gut microbiota composition was modified (especially due to increased concentration of bifidobacteria). Dietary intake of particular food products with a prebiotic effect has been shown, especially in adolescents, but also tentatively in postmenopausal women, to increase Ca absorption as well as bone Ca accretion and bone mineral density. Recent data, both from experimental models and from human studies, support the beneficial effects of particular food products with prebiotic properties on energy homaeostasis, satiety regulation and body weight gain. Together, with data in obese animals and patients, these studies support the hypothesis that gut microbiota composition (especially the number of bifidobacteria) may contribute to modulate metabolic processes associated with syndrome X, especially obesity and diabetes type 2. It is plausible, even though not exclusive, that these effects are linked to the microbiota-induced changes and it is feasible to conclude that their mechanisms fit into the prebiotic effect. However, the role of such changes in these health benefits remains to be definitively proven. As a result of the research activity that followed the publication of the prebiotic concept 15 years ago, it has become clear that products that cause a selective modification in the gut microbiota's composition and/or activity(ies) and thus strengthens normobiosis could either induce beneficial physiological effects in the colon and also in extra-intestinal compartments or contribute towards reducing the risk of dysbiosis and associated intestinal and systemic pathologies.},
   keywords = {Animals
Fermentation
Gastrointestinal Diseases/prevention & control
Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology
Humans
Immune System/physiology
Intestinal Absorption
Minerals/metabolism
Neoplasms/prevention & control
Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*drug effects
*Nutritive Value
Obesity/prevention & control
*Prebiotics},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {20920376},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114510003363},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rowland, I. and Capurso, L. and Collins, K. and Cummings, J. and Delzenne, N. and Goulet, O. and Guarner, F. and Marteau, P. and Meier, R.},
   title = {Current level of consensus on probiotic science--report of an expert meeting--London, 23 November 2009},
   journal = {Gut Microbes},
   volume = {1},
   number = {6},
   pages = {436-9},
   note = {1949-0984
Rowland, Ian
Capurso, Lucio
Collins, Kevin
Cummings, John
Delzenne, Nathalie
Goulet, Olivier
Guarner, Francisco
Marteau, Philippe
Meier, Remy
Consensus Development Conference
Journal Article
United States
Gut Microbes. 2010 Nov-Dec;1(6):436-9. doi: 10.4161/gmic.1.6.13610.},
   abstract = {The present paper summarizes the consensus views of a group of 9 European clinicians and scientists on the current state of scientific knowledge on probiotics, covering those areas where there is substantial evidence for beneficial effects and those where the evidence base is poor or inconsistent. There was general agreement that probiotic effects were species and often strain specific. The experts agreed that some probiotics were effective in reducing the incidence and duration of rotavirus diarrhoea in infants, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in adults and, for certain probiotics, Clostridium difficile infections. Some probiotics are associated with symptomatic improvements in irritable bowel syndrome and alleviation of digestive discomfort. Probiotics can reduce the frequency and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants and have been shown to regulate intestinal immunity. Several other clinical effects of probiotics, including their role in inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, respiratory or genito-urinary infections or H.pylori adjuvant treatment were thought promising but inconsistent.},
   keywords = {Adult
Bacteria/*immunology/*metabolism
Clostridium Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control/therapy
Diarrhea/epidemiology/prevention & control/therapy
Diet/*methods
Dyspepsia/therapy
Humans
Immunity, Mucosal
Incidence
Infant
Intestines/immunology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/therapy
Probiotics/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control/therapy
Treatment Outcome
diarrhea
expert consensus
gut immunity
gut microbiota
inflammatory bowel diseases
irritable bowel syndrome
probiotics
strain specificity},
   ISSN = {1949-0976},
   Accession Number = {21637035},
   DOI = {10.4161/gmic.1.6.13610},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Schneider, M. A. and Jamieson, A. and Fletcher, P. C.},
   title = {'One sip won't do any harm . . .': temptation among women with inflammatory bowel disease/irritable bowel syndrome to engage in negative dietary behaviours, despite the consequences to their health},
   journal = {Int J Nurs Pract},
   volume = {15},
   number = {2},
   pages = {80-90},
   note = {1440-172x
Schneider, Margaret A
Jamieson, Anne
Fletcher, Paula C
Journal Article
Australia
Int J Nurs Pract. 2009 Apr;15(2):80-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01729.x.},
   abstract = {The purpose of this research was to explore the dietary lived experiences of university-aged women suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This paper will address the decision-making process used by these women when contemplating the consumption of dietary temptations, despite the associated negative consequences. This phenomenological study was guided by heuristic inquiry. A purposive sample of eight women, between the ages of 18 and 23 years, who were living with IBD or IBS were recruited via postings and word-of-mouth. The findings indicate that these women occasionally felt compelled to give into dietary temptations, despite the consequences to their health. The decision-making process they used when considering these negative health behaviours involved three personally controlled parameters. These three parameters included: assessing the cost-benefit relationship before engaging in these behaviours; having a physical and/or psychological reliance on medications to treat resulting symptoms; and through controlling the timing and surroundings in which they indulged in these negative dietary behaviours. The practical implications for health-care professionals treating patients with IBD or IBS are discussed.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
*Attitude to Health
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/*psychology
*Feeding Behavior
Female
*Health Status
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*psychology
*Risk-Taking
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1322-7114},
   Accession Number = {19335525},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01729.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shen, Y. H. and Nahas, R.},
   title = {Complementary and alternative medicine for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Can Fam Physician},
   volume = {55},
   number = {2},
   pages = {143-8},
   note = {1715-5258
Shen, Yi-Hao A
Nahas, Richard
Journal Article
Review
Canada
Can Fam Physician. 2009 Feb;55(2):143-8.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence supporting selected complementary and alternative medicine approaches used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: MEDLINE (from January 1966), EMBASE (from January 1980), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched until March 2008, combining the terms irritable bowel syndrome or irritable colon with complementary therapies, alternative medicine, acupuncture, fiber, peppermint oil, herbal, traditional, yoga, massage, meditation, mind, relaxation, probiotic, hypnotherapy, psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, or behavior therapy. Results were screened to include only clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Level I evidence was available for most interventions. MAIN MESSAGE: Soluble fibre improves constipation and global IBS symptoms. Peppermint oil alleviates IBS symptoms, including abdominal pain. Probiotic trials show overall benefit for IBS but there is little evidence supporting the use of any specific strain. Hypnotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy are also effective therapeutic options for appropriate patients. Certain herbal formulas are supported by limited evidence, but safety is a potential concern. All interventions are supported by systematic reviews or meta-analyses. CONCLUSION: Several complementary and alternative therapies can be recommended as part of an evidence-based approach to the treatment of IBS; these might provide patients with satisfactory relief and improve the therapeutic alliance.},
   keywords = {Complementary Therapies/*methods/utilization
Dietary Supplements
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Hypnosis/methods
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diagnosis/*therapy
Male
Ontario
Patient Satisfaction
Phytotherapy/methods
Probiotics/therapeutic use
*Quality of Life
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Risk Assessment
Sensitivity and Specificity
Sickness Impact Profile
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0008-350x},
   Accession Number = {19221071},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Silk, D. B. and Davis, A. and Vulevic, J. and Tzortzis, G. and Gibson, G. R.},
   title = {Clinical trial: the effects of a trans-galactooligosaccharide prebiotic on faecal microbiota and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {29},
   number = {5},
   pages = {508-18},
   note = {1365-2036
Silk, D B A
Davis, A
Vulevic, J
Tzortzis, G
Gibson, G R
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Mar 1;29(5):508-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03911.x. Epub 2008 Dec 2.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gut microflora-mucosal interactions may be involved in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). AIM: To investigate the efficacy of a novel prebiotic trans-galactooligosaccharide in changing the colonic microflora and improve the symptoms in IBS sufferers. METHODS: In all, 44 patients with Rome II positive IBS completed a 12-week single centre parallel crossover controlled clinical trial. Patients were randomized to receive either 3.5 g/d prebiotic, 7 g/d prebiotic or 7 g/d placebo. IBS symptoms were monitored weekly and scored according to a 7-point Likert scale. Changes in faecal microflora, stool frequency and form (Bristol stool scale) subjective global assessment (SGA), anxiety and depression and QOL scores were also monitored. RESULTS: The prebiotic significantly enhanced faecal bifidobacteria (3.5 g/d P < 0.005; 7 g/d P < 0.001). Placebo was without effect on the clinical parameters monitored, while the prebiotic at 3.5 g/d significantly changed stool consistency (P < 0.05), improved flatulence (P < 0.05) bloating (P < 0.05), composite score of symptoms (P < 0.05) and SGA (P < 0.05). The prebiotic at 7 g/d significantly improved SGA (P < 0.05) and anxiety scores (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The galactooligosaccharide acted as a prebiotic in specifically stimulating gut bifidobacteria in IBS patients and is effective in alleviating symptoms. These findings suggest that the prebiotic has potential as a therapeutic agent in IBS.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Bifidobacterium/*drug effects/growth & development
Colony Count, Microbial
Feces/*microbiology
Female
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diet therapy
Male
Middle Aged
Oligosaccharides/*administration & dosage/metabolism
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Quality of Life
Statistics as Topic
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {19053980},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03911.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Simren, M. and Ohman, L. and Olsson, J. and Svensson, U. and Ohlson, K. and Posserud, I. and Strid, H.},
   title = {Clinical trial: the effects of a fermented milk containing three probiotic bacteria in patients with irritable bowel syndrome - a randomized, double-blind, controlled study},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {31},
   number = {2},
   pages = {218-27},
   note = {1365-2036
Simren, M
Ohman, L
Olsson, J
Svensson, U
Ohlson, K
Posserud, I
Strid, H
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jan 15;31(2):218-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04183.x. Epub 2009 Oct 26.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The effects of probiotic bacteria in IBS remain controversial. AIM: To study the effects of a probiotic product on IBS symptoms. METHODS: We randomized 74 IBS patients to receive 8 weeks of daily treatment with 400 mL milk fermented with the yoghurt bacteria and containing Lactobacillus paracasei, ssp. paracasei F19, Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Cultura; active) or acidified milk without these bacteria (control). The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects reporting adequate relief of their IBS symptoms at least 50% of the weeks. IBS symptom severity, psychological symptoms and quality of life were assessed. RESULTS: The proportion of responders was 38% (14/37 patients) in the active group and 27% (10/37 patients) in the control group (P = 0.3). IBS symptom severity improved significantly in both groups during the treatment period. This change was greater in the active group during the first 2 weeks, but thereafter, no significant group differences were seen. CONCLUSIONS: We could not detect a clearly positive effect of fermented milk containing three probiotic bacteria on GI symptoms in IBS patients compared with the control treatment. However, a trend towards a more favourable effect during the first weeks was seen in the active group.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Animals
Double-Blind Method
Female
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diet therapy/psychology
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Male
Middle Aged
Milk/*microbiology
Patient Compliance
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Quality of Life/psychology
Surveys and Questionnaires
Treatment Outcome
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {19863495},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04183.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sjolund, K. and Ekman, R. and Wierup, N.},
   title = {Covariation of plasma ghrelin and motilin in irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Peptides},
   volume = {31},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1109-12},
   note = {1873-5169
Sjolund, Kristina
Ekman, Rolf
Wierup, Nils
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Peptides. 2010 Jun;31(6):1109-12. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.03.021. Epub 2010 Mar 23.},
   abstract = {We have previously shown that ghrelin is mainly localized to the stomach but also occurs, together with the prokinetic hormone motilin, in endocrine cells in the proximal small intestine. This study explored ghrelin and motilin concentrations in plasma in relation to gastrointestinal motility and whether plasma ghrelin is changed in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Nine patients with severe IBS and 10 healthy subjects underwent stationary antro-duodeni-jejunal manometry; blood was sampled during similar motility phases in the two groups. The motility phases were monitored and blood samples were collected during fasting and after food intake. Plasma was analyzed for two forms of ghrelin (octanylated and desoctanylated) as well as for motilin. In IBS patients circulating motilin levels covaried with total ghrelin levels (r=0.90; p<0.004), octanylated ghrelin (r=0.77; p<0.02) and desoctanylated ghrelin (r=0.69; p<0.04). No such correlations were seen in the control group. Octanylated ghrelin comprised 35.3+/-3.9% (mean+/-SEM) of the total circulating ghrelin in the IBS patients compared to 40.4+/-4.5% (mean+/-SEM) in the control group (NS). Ghrelin covaried with motilin in plasma in IBS but not in plasma from healthy subjects. This suggests the two peptides act together in IBS.},
   keywords = {Eating
Fasting/blood
Ghrelin/*blood
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*blood/physiopathology
Manometry
Motilin/*blood
Myoelectric Complex, Migrating},
   ISSN = {0196-9781},
   Accession Number = {20338210},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.peptides.2010.03.021},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Son, Y. J. and Jun, E. Y. and Park, J. H.},
   title = {Prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome in Korean adolescent girls: a school-based study},
   journal = {Int J Nurs Stud},
   volume = {46},
   number = {1},
   pages = {76-84},
   note = {1873-491x
Son, Youn-Jung
Jun, Eun-Young
Park, Jin Hee
Journal Article
England
Int J Nurs Stud. 2009 Jan;46(1):76-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.07.006. Epub 2008 Aug 22.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders, with a strong female predominance. When compared to the vast knowledge pertaining to adults with IBS, very little is known about IBS in the adolescent population. In Korea, the field of adolescent health with IBS is just beginning to develop, so there is still a lack of information concerning the prevalence of IBS in adolescent groups. OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to explore the prevalence of IBS among Korean adolescent girls, and identify the risk factors affecting IBS occurrence. DESIGN: This study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive design using the self-reported questionnaire. METHODS: A total of 405 adolescent females were recruited from 5 academic high schools in Korea in August and September of 2007. IBS was diagnosed based on the Rome II criteria. For the evaluation of risk factors on the IBS, we investigated dietary habit, life style, stress, anxiety, depression, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). RESULTS: The prevalence of IBS according to Rome II criteria was 25.7% in the subjects. The multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that higher stress (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.13-4.48), anxiety (OR 4.27, 95% CI 1.09-16.71), and depression (OR 10.87, 95% CI 1.14-103.81) were independently associated with increased IBS occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of IBS in female adolescent students from this study was higher compared with those reported in the Western countries. This study provides much need information about the relatively unstudied Korean female adolescents in terms of IBS issues and aspects of psychological attributes to IBS. This study has the potential to influence the development of better promotion programs for adolescents and women's health.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Attitude to Health
Case-Control Studies
Chi-Square Distribution
Cross-Sectional Studies
Feeding Behavior/psychology
Female
Health Surveys
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*etiology/psychology
Korea/epidemiology
Life Style
Logistic Models
Multivariate Analysis
Population Surveillance
Premenstrual Syndrome/complications
Prevalence
Psychology, Adolescent
Quality of Life/psychology
Risk Factors
Stress, Psychological/complications
Students/psychology
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0020-7489},
   Accession Number = {18722617},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.07.006},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sood, M. R.},
   title = {Treatment approaches to irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Pediatr Ann},
   volume = {38},
   number = {5},
   pages = {272-6},
   note = {Sood, Manu R
Journal Article
United States
Pediatr Ann. 2009 May;38(5):272-6.},
   keywords = {Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/therapeutic use
Behavior Therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
Clinical Trials as Topic
Cognitive Therapy
Dietary Fiber/therapeutic use
Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/*therapy
Loperamide/therapeutic use
Lubiprostone
Melatonin/therapeutic use
Parasympatholytics/therapeutic use
Pediatrics/methods
Physician's Role
Primary Health Care/methods
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0090-4481 (Print)
0090-4481

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib