text:
@misc{,
title = {{plastic AND biodegradation AND soil - Search Results - PubMed}},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=plastic+AND+biodegradation+AND+soil&filter=dates.2001-2010&size=200},
urldate = {2021-08-08}
}
@article{Aboughalma2008,
abstract = {The use of a combination of electrokinetic remediation and phytoremediation to decontaminate soil polluted with heavy metals has been demonstrated in a laboratory-scale experiment. Potato tubers were planted in plastic vessels filled with Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd contaminated soil and grown in a greenhouse. Three of these vessels were treated with direct current electric field (DC), three with alternative current (AC) and three remained untreated as control vessels. The soil pH varied from anode to cathode with a minimum of pH 3 near the anode and a maximum of pH 8 near the cathode in the DC treated soil profile. There was an accumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd at about 12 cm distance from anode when soil pH was 5 in the DC treated soil profile. There was no significant metal redistribution and pH variation between anode and cathode in the AC soil profile. The biomass production of the plants was 72% higher under AC treatment and 27% lower under DC treatment compared to the control. Metal accumulation was generally higher in the plant roots treated with electrical fields than the control. The overall metal uptake in plant shoots was lower under DC treatment compared to AC treatment and control, although there was a higher accumulation of Zn and Cu in the plant roots treated with electrical fields. The Zn uptake in plant shoots under AC treatment was higher compared to the control and DC treatment. Zn and Cu accumulation in the plant roots under AC and DC treatment was similar, and both were higher comparing to control. Cd content in plant roots under all three treatments was found to be higher than that in the soil. The Pb accumulation in the roots and the uptake into the shoots was lower compared to its content in the soil. Copyright {\textcopyright} Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.},
author = {Aboughalma, Hanssan and Bi, Ran and Schlaak, Michael},
doi = {10.1080/10934520801974459},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering},
keywords = {Cadmium,Contaminated soil,Electrokinetic,Heavy metals,Lead,Phytoremediation,Potato plant,Zinc},
number = {8},
pages = {926--933},
title = {{Electrokinetic enhancement on phytoremediation in Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd contaminated soil using potato plants}},
volume = {43},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Agamuthu2005,
abstract = {Plastic waste constitutes the third largest waste volume in Malaysian municipal solid waste (MSW), next to putrescible waste and paper. The plastic component in MSW from Kuala Lumpur averages 24% (by weight), whereas the national mean is about 15%. The 144 waste dumps in the country receive about 95% of the MSW, including plastic waste. The useful life of the landfills is fast diminishing as the plastic waste stays un-degraded for more than 50 years. In this study the compostability of polyethylene and pro-oxidant additive-based environmentally degradable plastics (EDP) was investigated. Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) samples exposed hydrolytically or oxidatively at 60°C showed that the abiotic degradation path was oxidative rather than hydrolytic. There was a weight loss of 8% and the plastic has been oxidized as shown by the additional carbonyl group exhibited in the Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) Spectrum. Oxidation rate seemed to be influenced by the amount of pro-oxidant additive, the chemical structure and morphology of the plastic samples, and the surface area. Composting studies during a 45-day experiment showed that the percentage elongation (reduction) was 20% for McD samples [high-density polyethylene, (HDPE) with 3% additive] and LL samples (LLDPE with 7% additive) and 18% reduction for totally degradable plastic (TDP) samples (HDPE with 3% additive). Lastly, microbial experiments using Pseudomonas aeroginosa on carbon-free media with degradable plastic samples as the sole carbon source, showed confirmatory results. A positive bacterial growth and a weight loss of 2.2% for degraded polyethylene samples were evident to show that the degradable plastic is biodegradable. Copyright {\textcopyright} ISWA 2005.},
author = {Agamuthu, P. and Faizura, Putri Nadzrul},
doi = {10.1177/0734242X05051045},
journal = {Waste Management and Research},
keywords = {Biodegradation,Degradable plastic,Fourier transform infra red,Hydrolytically,Oxidatively,Pro-oxidant,Wmr 800-3},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {95--100},
title = {{Biodegradability of degradable plastic waste}},
volume = {23},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Aguirrezabal2006,
abstract = {Genetic variability in the plasticity of leaf area expansion in response to water deficit has been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, the objective was to identify the underlying dynamic and cellular processes involved in this variability. Twenty-five accessions were subjected to identical soil water deficit treatments. In all accessions, the plasticity of leaf production was low compared with that of individual leaf expansion. A subset of accessions was selected for further dissection of individual leaf expansion into its underlying variables: the rate and duration of leaf expansion and epidermal cell number and area. In all accessions, water deficit had opposite effects on the rate and duration of leaf expansion. The accumulation of these effects was reflected in changes in final leaf area. At the cellular level, moderate water deficits had opposite effects on cell number and cell size, but more severe ones reduced both variables. The importance of these opposing effects is highlighted by the behaviour of the accession An-1, for which the compensation between the decrease in leaf expansion rate and the increase in the duration of expansion is total. This dynamic plasticity in response to water deficit is not detectable when only final measurements are done. {\textcopyright} 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},
author = {Aguirrezabal, Luis and Bouchier-Combaud, Sandrine and Radziejwoski, Amandine and Dauzat, Myriam and Cookson, Sarah Jane and Granier, Christine},
doi = {10.1111/J.1365-3040.2006.01595.X},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Aguirrezabal et al. - 2006 - Plasticity to soil water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana Dissection of leaf development into underlying gro.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Plant, Cell and Environment},
keywords = {Automatic processing,Cell division,Leaf expansion,Phenotypic analysis,Water deficit},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {2216--2227},
title = {{Plasticity to soil water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana: Dissection of leaf development into underlying growth dynamic and cellular variables reveals invisible phenotypes}},
volume = {29},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Akhtar2009,
abstract = {Phosphorus (P) starvation is highly notorious for limiting plant growth around the globe. To combat P-starvation, plants constantly sense the changes in their environment, and elicit an elegant myriad of plastic responses and rescue strategies to enhance P-solublization and acquisition from bound soil P-forms. Relative growth responses, P-solublization and P-acquisition ability of 14 diverse Brassica cultivars grown with sparingly soluble P-sources (Rock-P (RP) and Ca3(PO4)2 (TCP)) were evaluated in a solution culture experiment. Cultivars showed considerable genetic diversity in terms of biomass accumulation, concentration and contents of P and Ca in shoots and roots, P-stress factor (PSF) and P use efficiency. Cultivars showed variable P-stress tolerance, and cultivars depicting low PSF and high P-efficiency values were better adaptable to P-starvation. In experiment 2, after initial feeding on optimum nutrition for 12 d after transplanting (DAT), class-I (low P-tolerant (Oscar and Con-II)) and class-II (low P-sensitive (Gold Rush and RL-18)) cultivars were exposed to P-free environment for 25 d. All of the cultivars remobilized P from above ground parts to their roots during growth in P-free environment, the magnitude of which was variable in tested cultivars. P-concentrations ([P]s) at 37 DAT were higher in developing compared with developed leaves. Translocation of absorbed P from metabolically inactive to active sites in P-stressed plants may have helped class-I cultivars to establish a better rooting system, which provided a basis for enhanced P-utilization efficiency (PUE) and tolerance against P-stress. By supplying TCP and RP spatially separated from other nutrients in split root study, class-I cultivars were still able to mobilize RP and TCP more efficiently compared with class-II cultivars. To compare the growth behavior under P-stress, cultivars were grown in pots for 41 d after sowing, using a soil low in P (NaHCO3-extractable P = 3.97 mg/kg, Mehlich-III-extractable P = 6.13 mg/kg) with (+P = 60 mg P/kg soil) or without P addition (0P) in study 4. Tested cultivars showed genetic diversity in PUE, P-efficiency (PE), P-efficiency ratio (PER) and PSF. P-stress markedly reduced biomass and plant P contents. Cultivars that produced higher root biomass accumulated higher total P-contents (r= 0.98**), which in turn was related negatively to PSF (r=-0.95**) and positively to shoot and total biomass. PER and PE showed significant correlations with shoot P-contents and biomass. Cultivars depicting high PUE and PE, and low PSF values showed better growth behavior under low soil P-environment. Systematic analysis and deployment of the plant rescue traits underlying the nutrient acquisition, assimilation, utilization and remobilization under P-starvation will bring more sparingly soluble P into cropping systems and will help to scavenge more P from plant unavailable bound P reserves. {\textcopyright} 2009 Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences.},
author = {Akhtar, Muhammad Shahbaz and Oki, Yoko and Adachi, Tadashi},
doi = {10.1111/J.1744-7909.2009.00874.X},
journal = {Journal of Integrative Plant Biology},
keywords = {Brassica,Ca3(PO4)2,P-remobilization,P-stress,P-stress factor,P-use efficiency,Rock phosphate},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {1008--1023},
title = {{Mobilization and acquisition of sparingly soluble P-sources by Brassica cultivars under P-starved environment I. differential growth response, P-efficiency characteristics and P-remobilization}},
volume = {51},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Ali2009,
abstract = {Young seedlings of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Soland in At.) were grown in rhizoboxes using intact spodosol soil samples from the southwest of France, in Landes of Gascogne, presenting a large variation of phosphorus (P) availability. Soils were collected from a 93-year-old unfertilized stand and a 13-year-old P. pinaster stand with regular annual fertilization of either only P or P and nitrogen (N). After 6 months of culture in controlled conditions, different morphotypes of ectomycorrhiza (ECM) were used for the measurements of acid phosphatase activity and molecular identification of fungal species using amplification of the ITS region. Total biomass, N and P contents were measured in roots and shoots of plants. Bicarbonate- and NaOH-available inorganic P (Pi), organic P (Po) and ergosterol concentrations were measured in bulk and rhizosphere soil. The results showed that bulk soil from the 93-year-old forest stand presented the highest Po levels, but relatively higher bicarbonate-extractable Pi levels compared to 13-year-old unfertilized stand. Fertilizers significantly increased the concentrations of inorganic P fractions in bulk soil. Ergosterol contents in rhizosphere soil were increased by fertilizer application. The dominant fungal species was Rhizopogon luteolus forming 66.6% of analysed ECM tips. Acid phosphatase activity was highly variable and varied inversely with bicarbonate-extractable Pi levels in the rhizosphere soil. Total P or total N in plants was linearly correlated with total plant biomass, but the slope was steep only between total P and biomass in fertilized soil samples. In spite of high phosphatase activity in ECM tips, P availability remained a limiting nutrient in soil samples from unfertilized stands. Nevertheless young P. pinaster seedlings showed a high plasticity for biomass production at low P availability in soils.},
author = {Ali, M. A. and Louche, J. and Legname, E. and Duchemin, M. and Plassard, C.},
doi = {10.1093/TREEPHYS/TPP088},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ali et al. - 2009 - Pinus pinaster seedlings and their fungal symbionts show high plasticity in phosphorus acquisition in acidic soils.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Tree Physiology},
keywords = {Ectomycorrhizal morphotypes,Fertilizers application,Fungal biomass,P contents,Phosphatase activity,Plant plasticity},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {1587--1597},
title = {{Pinus pinaster seedlings and their fungal symbionts show high plasticity in phosphorus acquisition in acidic soils}},
volume = {29},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Andresen2006,
abstract = {Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers like tris-(2-chloro-, 1-methyl-ethyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris-(2-chloro-, 1-chloromethyl-ethyl)phosphate (TDCP), tris-(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tributylphosphates, triphenylphosphate (TPP), ethylhexyldiphenylphosphate (EHDPP) and tris-(butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) have been studied in diverse processes for drinking water purification. The elimination efficiency of these different treatment processes, e.g., biological active slow underground passage, soil passage and technical treatment processes such as ozonization or multilayer and activated carbon filtration have been studied in three waterworks in the catchment area of the river Ruhr. In the untreated surface water the concentrations of the chlorinated organophosphates ranged 50-150 ng L -1 TCPP, 10-130 ng L-1 TCEP and 10-40 ng L-1 TDCP. The amounts of the non-chlorinated alkylphosphates were in the same order of magnitude (40 ng L-1 of the tributylphosphates, 170 ng L -1 of TBEP and 10 ng L-1 TPP) depending on weather and water flow. EHDPP was detected in the range of 1 ng L-1. After the drinking water purification process in all waterworks in this study, the concentrations of the selected substances were below the respective limit of quantification (0.3-3 ng L-1). While activated carbon filtration as well as extended passage through soil (10-15 days residence time) were effective in eliminating all selected compounds, ozonization and multilayer filtration did not contribute to the elimination of the chlorinated compounds. The elimination effect of slow underground passage combined with soil passage concerning the halogenated compounds seemed to depend on the hydraulic residence time. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Andresen, Jens and Bester, Kai},
doi = {10.1016/J.WATRES.2005.11.022},
journal = {Water Research},
keywords = {Activated carbon filtration,Drinking water purification,Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers,Ozonization,Underground passage},
number = {3},
pages = {621--629},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Elimination of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in drinking water purification}},
volume = {40},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Arancon2006,
abstract = {The effects of applications of food waste and paper waste vermicomposts on some soil chemical and biological properties were evaluated in field plots planted with strawberries. Six-week old strawberries (Fragaria ananasa, var. Chandler) were transplanted into 4.5 m2 raised beds under a plastic tunnel structure measuring 9.14 × 14.6 × 3.6 m. Vermicompost were applied at rates of 5 or 10 t ha-1 supplemented with inorganic fertilizers to balance fertilizer recommendations for strawberries of 85-155-125 kg NPK ha-1. Effects of vermicomposts on strawberry growth and yields have been reported previously [Arancon, N.Q., Edwards C.A., Bierman P., Welch, C., Metzger, J.D., 2004. The influence of vermicompost applications to strawberries: Part 1. Effects on growth and yield. Bioresource Technology 93:145-153]. Total extractable N, NH4-N, NO3-N and orthophosphates did not differ significantly between treatments, except on the last sampling date (harvest date) in which significantly greater amounts of NH4-N, NO3-N and orthophosphates (P ≤ 0.05) were recorded in vermicompost-treated soils than in the controls. Two major results of vermicompost applications to soils were increases in dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass-N which were not dose-dependent. Increased dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass-N was correlated positively with the increased amounts of NH4-N, NO3-N and orthophosphates in the vermicompost-treated plots than in the controls. Increases in microbial populations and activities are key factors influencing rates of nutrient cycling, production of plant growth-regulating materials, and the build-up of plant resistance or tolerance to crop pathogen and nematode attacks. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Arancon, N. Q. and Edwards, C. A. and Bierman, P.},
doi = {10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2005.04.016},
journal = {Bioresource Technology},
keywords = {Dehydrogenase activity,Microbial biomass,Organic amendments,Soil biological properties,Soil chemical properties,Vermicompost},
month = {apr},
number = {6},
pages = {831--840},
title = {{Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: Part 2. Effects on soil microbiological and chemical properties}},
volume = {97},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Ardiel2010,
abstract = {This article reviews the literature on learning and memory in the soil-dwelling nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Paradigms include nonassociative learning, associative learning, and imprinting, as worms have been shown to habituate to mechanical and chemical stimuli, as well as learn the smells, tastes, temperatures, and oxygen levels that predict aversive chemicals or the presence or absence of food. In each case, the neural circuit underlying the behavior has been at least partially described, and forward and reverse genetics are being used to elucidate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Several genes have been identified with no known role other than mediating behavior plasticity. {\textcopyright} 2010 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.},
author = {Ardiel, Evan L. and Rankin, Catharine H.},
doi = {10.1101/LM.960510},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ardiel, Rankin - 2010 - An elegant mind Learning and memory in Caenorhabditis elegans.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Learning and Memory},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {191--201},
title = {{An elegant mind: Learning and memory in Caenorhabditis elegans}},
volume = {17},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Baghour2002,
abstract = {Three consecutive years of field experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of different root temperatures, induced by the application of mulches on the concentration of sulfur (S) forms (organic-S, total-S and SO42-) and Se in different organs of potato plants (roots, tubers, stems and leaves). Four different plastic covers were used (T1: transparent polyethylene; T2: white polyethylene; T3: white and black coextruded polyethylene, and T4: black polyethylene), using uncovered soil as control (T0). The different treatments had a significant effect on mean root temperatures (T0 = 16°C, T1 = 20°C, T2 = 23°C, T3 = 27°C and T4 = 30°C) and induced a significantly different response in the S forms and Se concentration, showing the T3 treatment (27°C) the greatest concentration of total S and organic S in the stems and leaflets. The Se reached higher levels in the roots and tubers in T3. With regard to possibilities in phytoremediation, it is necessary to control the thermal regime of the soil to optimize the accumulation of elements.},
author = {Baghour, Mourad and Moreno, Diego A. and Hern{\'{a}}ndez, Joaquin and Castilla, Nicolas and Romero, Luis},
doi = {10.1081/ESE-120004524},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering},
keywords = {Mulch,Phytoremediation,Polyethylene,Root-zone temperature,Solanum tuberosum},
number = {6},
pages = {1075--1085},
title = {{Influence of thermal regime of soil on the sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) concentration in potato plants}},
volume = {37},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Balasubramanian2010,
abstract = {Aims: Assessment of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-degrading bacteria isolated from plastic waste dumpsites of Gulf of Mannar. Methods and Results: Rationally, 15 bacteria (GMB1-GMB15) were isolated by enrichment technique. GMB5 and GMB7 were selected for further studies based on their efficiency to degrade the HDPE and identified as Arthrobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp., respectively. Assessed weight loss of HDPE after 30 days of incubation was nearly 12% for Arthrobacter sp. and 15% for Pseudomonas sp. The bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbon (BATH) assay showed that the cell surface hydrophobicity of Pseudomonas sp. was higher than Arthrobacter sp. Both fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and protein content of the biofilm were used to test the viability and protein density of the biomass. Acute peak elevation was observed between 2 and 5 days of inoculation for both bacteria. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum showed that keto carbonyl bond index (KCBI), Ester carbonyl bond index (ECBI) and Vinyl bond index (VBI) were increased indicating changes in functional group(s) and/or side chain modification confirming the biodegradation. Conclusion: The results pose us to suggest that both Pseudomonas sp. and Arthrobacter sp. were proven efficient to degrade HDPE, albeit the former was more efficacious, yet the ability of latter cannot be neglected. Significance and Impact of the Study: Recent alarm on ecological threats to marine system is dumping plastic waste in the marine ecosystem and coastal arena by anthropogenic activity. In maintenance phase of the plastic-derived polyethylene waste, the microbial degradation plays a major role; the information accomplished in this work will be the initiating point for the degradation of polyethylene by indigenous bacterial population in the marine ecosystem and provides a novel eco-friendly solution in eco-management. {\textcopyright} 2010 The Society for Applied Microbiology.},
author = {Balasubramanian, V. and Natarajan, K. and Hemambika, B. and Ramesh, N. and Sumathi, C. S. and Kottaimuthu, R. and {Rajesh Kannan}, V.},
doi = {10.1111/J.1472-765X.2010.02883.X},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Balasubramanian et al. - 2010 - High-density polyethylene (HDPE)-degrading potential bacteria from marine ecosystem of Gulf of Mannar, I.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology},
keywords = {biodegradation,biofilm,biomass,high-density polyethylene,marine ecosystem},
number = {2},
pages = {205--211},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
title = {{High-density polyethylene (HDPE)-degrading potential bacteria from marine ecosystem of Gulf of Mannar, India}},
volume = {51},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Barratt2003,
abstract = {Aims: To investigate the relationship between soil water holding capacity (WHC) and biodegradation of polyester polyurethane (PU) and to quantify and identify the predominant degrading micro-organisms in the biofilms on plastic buried in soil. Methods and Results: High numbers of both fungi and bacteria were recovered from biofilms on soil-buried dumb-bell-shaped pieces of polyester PU after 44 days at 15-100% WHC. The tensile strength of the polyester PU was reduced by up to 60% over 20-80% soil WHC, but no reduction occurred at 15, 90 or 100% soil WHC. A PU agar clearance assay indicated that fungi, but not bacteria were, the major degrading organisms in the biofilms on polyester PU and 10-30% of all the isolated fungi were able to degrade polyester PU in this assay. A 5{\textperiodcentered}8S rDNA sequencing identifed 13 strains of fungi representing the three major colony morphology types responsible for PU degradation. Sequence homology matches identified these strains as Nectria gliocladioides (five strains), Penicillium ochrochloron (one strain) and Geomyces pannorum (seven strains). Geomyces pannorum was the predominant organism in the biofilms comprising 22-100% of the viable polyester PU degrading fungi. Conclusions: Polyester PU degradation was optimum under a wide range of soil WHC and the predominant degrading organisms were fungi. Significance and Impact of the Study: By identifying the predominant degrading fungi in soil and studying the optimum WHC conditions for degradation of PU it allows us to better understand how plastics are broken down in the environment such as in landfill sites.},
author = {Barratt, S. R. and Ennos, A. R. and Greenhalgh, M. and Robson, G. D. and Handley, P. S.},
doi = {10.1046/J.1365-2672.2003.01961.X},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Barratt et al. - 2003 - Fungi are the predominant micro-organisms responsible for degradation of soil-buried polyester polyurethane over.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology},
keywords = {Degradation,Fungi,Polyester polyurethane,Soil burial,Tensile strength,Water holding capacity},
number = {1},
pages = {78--85},
title = {{Fungi are the predominant micro-organisms responsible for degradation of soil-buried polyester polyurethane over a range of soil water holding capacities}},
volume = {95},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Bester2009,
abstract = {A technical scale (0.12 m3) activated soil filter (bio filter) has been used to eliminate diverse xenobiotics (organic micro-pollutants) such as organophosphate flame retardants, and -plasticisers, musk fragrances, DEHP, benzothiazoles and triclosan from water. Model experiments to treat combined sewer overflow, storm water and a post treatment of waste water were performed in controlled laboratory experiments. The indicator compounds were typical for waste water. Diverse chemical compound groups and a wide spectrum from the lipophilic (pKow = 5.9) to the hydrophilic (pKow = 2.6) were included. The system consisted of a layer with high organic content (with vegetation to prevent clogging), a sand filter and a gravel drainage layer. The organic layer was spiked with activated sludge to enhance biomass and biodegradation potential. Usually the elimination rates varied from 64% to 99%, with only one compound reaching as little as 17%. For a technical suitability assessment it was calculated how long these filters would be stable in eliminating organic compounds from water. The estimated operating times for such systems was found to be about 100 years for a stack height of 2 m a year in regard to most compounds in this study. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Bester, Kai and Sch{\"{a}}fer, Daniel},
doi = {10.1016/J.WATRES.2009.03.026},
journal = {Water Research},
keywords = {Bio filter,Flame retardants,Hydrophilic xenobiotic compounds,Storm water,Triclosan},
number = {10},
pages = {2639--2646},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Activated soil filters (bio filters) for the elimination of xenobiotics (micro-pollutants) from storm- and waste waters}},
volume = {43},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Bhatt2008,
abstract = {Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) and different rubbers; namely natural rubber, nitrile rubber and butadiene rubber were blended at room temperature using solution blending technique. Blends constituted 5%, 10% and 15% of mcl-PHA in different rubbers. Thermogravimetric analysis of mcl-PHA showed the melting temperature of the polymer around 50 °C. Thermal properties of the synthesized blend were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry which confirmed effective blending between the polymers. Blending of mcl-PHA with natural rubber led to the synthesis of a different polymer having the melting point of 90 °C. Degradation studies of the blends were carried out using a soil isolate, Pseudomonas sp. 202 for 30 days. Extracellular protein concentration as well as OD660 due to the growth of Pseudomonas sp. 202 was studied. The degradation of blended plastic material, as evidenced by % weight loss after degradation and increase in the growth of organism correlated with the amount of mcl-PHA present in the sample. Growth of Pseudomonas sp. 202 resulted in 14.63%, 16.12% and 3.84% weight loss of PHA:rubber blends (natural, nitrile and butadiene rubber). Scanning electron microscopic studies after 30 days of incubation further confirmed biodegradation of the films. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Bhatt, Rachana and Shah, Dishma and Patel, K. C. and Trivedi, Ujjval},
doi = {10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2007.06.054},
journal = {Bioresource Technology},
keywords = {Biodegradation,Comamonas testosteroni,DSC,PHA:rubber blends,TGA},
month = {jul},
number = {11},
pages = {4615--4620},
title = {{PHA-rubber blends: Synthesis, characterization and biodegradation}},
volume = {99},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Bogan2005,
abstract = {Studies were conducted to examine the mobility and bioavailability to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) of priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a suite of 11 soils and soil/lampblack mixtures obtained from former manufactured-gas plant sites. Contaminant mobility was assessed using XAD4 resins encapsulated in dialysis tubing, which were exposed to slurried soils for 15 d. These experiments showed that mobility of PAH in the different soils strongly correlated to the levels of volatile hydrocarbons (namely, gasoline- and diesel-range organics [GRO and DRO]) that existed in the soils as co-contaminants. Actual PAH bioavailability (as measured by earthworm PAH concentrations) also appeared to depend on GRO + DRO levels, although this was most evident at high levels of these contaminants. These findings are discussed in view of the effects of diesel-range organics on oil viscosity, assuming that the hydrocarbon contaminants in these soils exist in the form of distinct adsorbed oil phases. This study, therefore, extends correlations between carrier-oil viscosity and dissolved solute bioavailability, previously observed in a number of other in vitro and whole-organism tests (and in bacterial mutagenicity studies in soil), to multicellular organisms inhabiting contaminated-soil systems.},
author = {Bogan, Bill W. and Beardsley, Kate E. and Sullivan, Wendy R. and Hayes, Thomas D. and Soni, Bhupendra K.},
doi = {10.1897/04-150R.1},
journal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},
keywords = {Bioavailability,Diesel-range hydrocarbons,Eisenia fetida,Manufactured-gas plants,Nonaqueous phase liquids},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {181--189},
title = {{Effect of volatile hydrocarbon fractions on mobility and earthworm uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils and soil/lampblack mixtures}},
volume = {24},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Cai2008,
abstract = {Lianas differ from trees in many life history characteristics, and we predicted that they are phenotypically more responsive to environmental variation than trees. We analyzed responsiveness to light and nutrient availability of five Bauhinia species (three lianas and two trees). Seedlings were grown in a shade house in two light regimes (5 and 25% of full sunlight) and two nutrient supply regimes (field soil and N fertilization equivalent to 100 kg ha-1), and important growth-related physiological and morphological plant parameters were measured. Light availability affected most of the measured variables, whereas N addition had only weak effects. In the four light-demanding species (two lianas and two trees), relative plant biomass growth rate increased and specific leaf area (SLA) decreased with increased light availability, whereas a shade-tolerant liana did not respond. Leaf N concentration and light-saturated photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area increased in response to increased irradiance or soil N in the light-demanding tree species and the shade-tolerant liana, but not in the two light-demanding lianas. The light-demanding lianas also had higher SLA and leaf mass ratio, resulting in a higher leaf area ratio (LAR) in high light, whereas the light-demanding trees did not. Across all treatments, mean plasticity indices of physiological and morphological traits, and all traits combined were similar among the studied species. Plasticity was higher in response to light than to N, indicating that light is the main factor controlling seedling responses of the studied species. Although lianas and trees did not differ in mean plasticity in response to light and N, the light-demanding lianas were phenotypically less plastic in LAR and in photosynthetic rates and biomass allocation than the trees. Light and N interacted in their effects on most physiological variables, but the consequences for relative growth rate differed little among species. We conclude that, contrary to our predictions, lianas were no more responsive to variation in light and N availability than trees. {\textcopyright} 2008 Heron Publishing.},
author = {Cai, Z. Q. and Poorter, L. and Han, Q. and Bongers, F.},
doi = {10.1093/TREEPHYS/28.8.1277},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cai et al. - 2008 - Effects of light and nutrients on seedlings of tropical Bauhinia lianas and trees.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Tree Physiology},
keywords = {Biomass allocation,Phenotypic plasticity,Photosynthesis,Relative growth rate,Shade tolerance},
number = {8},
pages = {1277--1285},
publisher = {Heron Publishing},
title = {{Effects of light and nutrients on seedlings of tropical Bauhinia lianas and trees}},
volume = {28},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Chang2009,
abstract = {In this study, we investigated the biodegradation of the phthalate acid esters (PAEs) di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in compost and compost-amended soil. DBP (50 mg kg-1) and DEHP (50 mg kg-1) were added to the two types of compost (straw and animal manure) and subsequently added to the soil; they were tested as a single compound and in combination. Optimal PAE degradation in soil was at pH 7 and 30 °C. The degradation of PAE was enhanced when DBP and DEHP were simultaneously present in the soil. The addition of either of the two types of compost individually also improved the rate of PAE degradation. Compost samples were separated into fractions with various particle size ranges, which spanned from 0.1-0.45 to 500-2000 $\mu$m. We observed that the compost fractions with smaller particle sizes demonstrated higher PAE degradation rates. When the different compost fractions were added to soil, however, compost particle size had no significant effect on the rate of PAE degradation. {\textcopyright} 2008.},
author = {Chang, B. V. and Lu, Y. S. and Yuan, S. Y. and Tsao, T. M. and Wang, M. K.},
doi = {10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2008.10.003},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Biodegradation,Compost,Particle size,Phthalate esters,Soil},
month = {feb},
number = {6},
pages = {873--877},
title = {{Biodegradation of phthalate esters in compost-amended soil}},
volume = {74},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Chao2006,
abstract = {Twelve Gram-positive phthalate ester degraders were isolated from soil. Using Biolog GP2 plates, eight of them were identified as belonging to the Corynebacterium-Mycobacterium-Nocardia group, while the remaining four were unidentifiable. When cultured in the presence of di-butyl-phthalate (DBP) in basal salts solution, five of these isolates accomplished more than 90% of DBP degradation within 48 h (fast group), three were placed in the medium group, and the remaining four were placed in the slow group which caused less than 30% of DBP degradation within the same period of time. A 420 bp DNA fragment was amplified from six isolates and none of them fell within the slow group. When compared with the large subunit of phthalate dioxygenase gene (phtA) of Arthrobacter keyseri, 83% and 91% similarities were evident in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. However, no correlation between cell surface hydrophobicity and phthalate degradation ability was evident. Six surfactants (Brij 30, Brij 35, Tergitoltype NP-10, Triton N-101, Triton X-100 and SDS) were tested for their abilities to increase degradation rate. When added at the critical micellar concentration (CMC), they all displayed strong growth inhibition against the three bacteria tested, with Brij 30 been the least toxic to isolates G2 and G11, and Brij 35 had the least inhibitory effect for G1. When half the CMC of Brij 30 was incorporated into the basal salts, the inhibitory effect on DBP degradation remained. Soil helped to minimize surfactant toxicity of surfactant and increase the degradation potential of some of the test bacteria. When DBP-amended soil had been aged for three months, decreases in bioavailability were observed but the effect varied tremendously between different organisms. For isolates G1, G2, G5, G7 and G17 the aging effects were almost non-exist. The present study indicates that selection of a suitable degrader may minimize the undesired effect of aging on bioremediation process. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Chao, W. L. and Lin, C. M. and Shiung, I. I. and Kuo, Y. L.},
doi = {10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2005.09.021},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Aging,Biodegradation,Dioxygenase,Hydrophobicity,Phthalate,Surfactant},
number = {8},
pages = {1377--1383},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Degradation of di-butyl-phthalate by soil bacteria}},
volume = {63},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Chatterjee2009,
abstract = {Effective coagulation and separation of particles in a soil-washed solution is required for a successful soil washing process. The effectiveness of chitosan (CS), a polycationic biodegradable polymer, as a coagulant was compared to polyacrylamide (PAA) and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) for the coagulation of a soil suspension (5 g L-1). The effect of surfactants in the coagulation process was investigated using Triton X-100 (TX-100), a nonionic surfactant, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant. CS (5 mg L-1) removed 86% and 63% of the suspended soil in the presence of TX-100 (5 g L-1) and SDS (5 g L-1), respectively, after 30 min at a pH of 6. The results prove that coagulation in the presence of TX-100 is more effective than with SDS. CS was found to be more efficient compared to PAA and PAC under all coagulation conditions. The optimum concentration of CS required for maximum coagulation of soil suspension was 5 mg L-1. PAA and PAC could not achieve the same degree soil removal as CS even after increasing their concentrations up to 50 mg L-1. Maximum levels of 50% and 60% soil removal were achieved using PAA (50 mg L-1) and PAC (50 mg L-1), respectively, after 30 min from a 5 g L-1 suspension containing TX-100 (5 g L-1). The soil coagulation process was found to decrease with an increase in the pH of the suspension, and maximum coagulation was achieved with an acidic pH. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Chatterjee, Tania and Chatterjee, Sudipta and Lee, Dae S. and Lee, Min W. and Woo, Seung Han},
doi = {10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2009.03.012},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Chitosan,Coagulation,Separation,Soil washing,Surfactant},
number = {10},
pages = {1307--1314},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Coagulation of soil suspensions containing nonionic or anionic surfactants using chitosan, polyacrylamide, and polyaluminium chloride}},
volume = {75},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Chen2010,
abstract = {The genus Populus has a wide distribution in different climatic zones. Besides its economic and ecological relevance, Populus also serves as a model for elucidating physiological and molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance in tree species. In this review, adaptation strategies of poplars to excess soil salinity are addressed at different scales, from the cellular to the whole-plant level. Striking differences in salt tolerance exist among different poplar species and ecotypes, with Populus euphratica being outstanding in this respect. Key mechanisms identified in this species to mediate salt tolerance are compartmentalisation of Cl- in the vacuoles of the root cortex cells, diminished xylem loading of NaCl, activation of Na+ extrusion into the soil solution under stress, together with simultaneously avoiding excessive K+ loss by regulation of depolarisation-activated cation channels. This leads to improved maintenance of the K+/Na+ balance, a crucial precondition for survival under salt stress. Leaf cells of this species are able to compartmentalise Na+ preferentially in the apoplast, whereas in susceptible poplar species, as well as in crop plants, vacuolar Na+ deposition precedes apoplastic transport. ABA, Ca2+and ROS are involved in stress sensing, with higher or faster activation of defences in tolerant than in susceptible poplar species. P. euphratica develops leaf succulence after prolonged salt exposure as a plastic morphological adaptation that leads to salt dilution. Transgenic approaches to improve salt tolerance by transformation of candidate genes have had limited success, since salt tolerance is a multigenic trait. In future attempts towards increased salt resistance, barriers between different poplar sections must be overcome and application of novel biotechnological tools, such as gene stacking, are recommended. {\textcopyright} 2009 German Botanical Society and The Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands.},
author = {Chen, S. and Polle, A.},
doi = {10.1111/J.1438-8677.2009.00301.X},
journal = {Plant Biology},
keywords = {Gene transformation,Ion relations,NaCl,Osmoregulation,Potassium transporter and channel,ROS homeostasis,Salt stress signalling,Sodium proton antiporter},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {317--333},
title = {{Salinity tolerance of Populus}},
volume = {12},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Chiu2009,
abstract = {Two batches of oil-contaminated soil collected from an industrial area and one pile of oil-contaminated soil in a power plant were treated by the spent compost of mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (SMC). SMC contained macronutrients for biostimulation, possessed 1.0-1.5 U mg-1 laccase and 0.8-0.9 U mg-1 manganese peroxidase for biodegradation and harboured (11 ± 3) × 107 cfu g-1 bacteria and (56 ± 9) × 104 cfu g-1 fungi for bioaugmentation. In off-site ex situ bioremediation, the industrial area soil was contaminated with organic 5.4-6.9 g kg-1 total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), 14.5-19.0 g kg-1 oil and grease and 95-99 mg kg-1 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and inorganic 104-136 mg kg-1 Cu, 430-691 mg kg-1 Pb and 477-578 mg kg-1 Zn. The removal by 3% SMC amendment applied twice accounted for 56-64%, 31-33% and 51-54% disappearance of the TPH, oil and grease and DEHP contaminants, respectively. For the latter soil, one 0.3% SMC application removed 40-45% of the initial 1.2 ± 0.2 g kg-1 TPH and 4.0 ± 0.6 g kg-1 oil and grease in 22 d. Further using four bacteria and four fungi inoculated onto the sterilized soil samples, samples with greater removal of the pollutants bore larger microbial populations. Thus SMC simultaneously degrades petroleum residues and reduces toxicity in less than a month. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Chiu, Siu Wai and Gao, Ting and Chan, Cissy Sze Sze and Ho, Carmen Kar Man},
doi = {10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2008.12.044},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Biodegradation,Bioremediation,Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP),Lignolytic enzymes,Spent mushroom compost (SMC),Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)},
month = {may},
number = {6},
pages = {837--842},
title = {{Removal of spilled petroleum in industrial soils by spent compost of mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius}},
volume = {75},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Cosgrove2010,
abstract = {This work investigated biostimulation and bioaugmentation as strategies for removing polyurethane (PU) waste in soil. Soil microcosms were biostimulated with the PU dispersion agent "Impranil" and/or yeast extract or were bioaugmented with PU-degrading fungi, and the degradation of subsequently buried PU was determined. Fungal communities in the soil and colonizing buried PU were enumerated on solid media and were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Biostimulation with yeast extract alone or in conjunction with Impranil increased PU degradation 62% compared to the degradation in untreated control soil and was associated with a 45% increase in putative PU degraders colonizing PU. Specific fungi were enriched in soil following biostimulation; however, few of these fungi colonized the surface of buried PU. Fungi used for soil bioaugmentation were cultivated on the surface of sterile wheat to form a mycelium-rich inoculum. Wheat, when added alone to soil, increased PU degradation by 28%, suggesting that wheat biomass had a biostimulating effect. Addition of wheat colonized with Nectria haematococca, Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium ochrochloron, or an unidentified Mucormycotina sp. increased PU degradation a further 30 to 70%, suggesting that biostimulation and bioaugmentation were operating in concert to enhance PU degradation. Interestingly, few of the inoculated fungi could be detected by DGGE in the soil or on the surface of the PU 4 weeks after inoculation. Bioaugmentation did, however, increase the numbers of indigenous PU-degrading fungi and caused an inoculum-dependent change in the composition of the native fungal populations, which may explain the increased degradation observed. These results demonstrate that both biostimulation and bioaugmentation may be viable tools for the remediation of environments contaminated with polyurethane waste. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.},
author = {Cosgrove, L. and McGeechan, P. L. and Handley, P. S. and Robson, G. D.},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.00534-09},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cosgrove et al. - 2010 - Effect of biostimulation and bioaugmentation on degradation of polyurethane buried in soil.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
month = {feb},
number = {3},
pages = {810--819},
title = {{Effect of biostimulation and bioaugmentation on degradation of polyurethane buried in soil}},
volume = {76},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Cosgrove2007,
abstract = {Soil fungal communities involved in the biodegradation of polyester polyurethane (PU) were investigated. PU coupons were buried in two sandy loam soils with different levels of organic carbon: one was acidic (pH 5.5), and the other was more neutral (pH 6.7). After 5 months of burial, the fungal communities on the surface of the PU were compared with the native soil communities using culture-based and molecular techniques. Putative PU-degrading fungi were common in both soils, as <45% of the fungal colonies cleared the colloidal PU dispersion Impranil on solid medium. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that fungal communities on the PU were less diverse than in the soil, and only a few species in the PU communities were detectable in the soil, indicating that only a small subset of the soil fungal communities colonized the PU. Soil type influenced the composition of the PU fungal communities. Geomyces pannorum and a Phoma sp. were the dominant species recovered by culturing from the PU buried in the acidic and neutral soils, respectively. Both fungi degraded Impranil and represented >80% of cultivable colonies from each plastic. However, PU was highly susceptible to degradation in both soils, losing up to 95% of its tensile strength. Therefore, different fungi are associated with PU degradation in different soils but the physical process is independent of soil type. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.},
author = {Cosgrove, Lee and McGeechan, Paula L. and Robson, Geoff D. and Handley, Pauline S.},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.01083-07},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cosgrove et al. - 2007 - Fungal communities associated with degradation of polyester polyurethane in soil.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
month = {sep},
number = {18},
pages = {5817--5824},
title = {{Fungal communities associated with degradation of polyester polyurethane in soil}},
volume = {73},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Cullen2011,
abstract = {The effects of nano-scale and micro-scale zerovalent iron (nZVI and mZVI) particles on general (dehydrogenase and hydrolase) and specific (ammonia oxidation potential, AOP) activities mediated by the microbial community in an uncontaminated soil were examined. nZVI (diameter 12.5nm; 10mgg-1 soil) apparently inhibited AOP and nZVI and mZVI apparently stimulated dehydrogenase activity but had minimal influence on hydrolase activity. Sterile experiments revealed that the apparent inhibition of AOP could not be interpreted as such due to the confounding action of the particles, whereas, the nZVI-enhanced dehydrogenase activity could represent the genuine response of a stimulated microbial population or an artifact of ZVI reactivity. Overall, there was no evidence for negative effects of nZVI or mZVI on the processes studied. When examining the impact of redox active particles such as ZVI on microbial oxidation-reduction reactions, potential confounding effects of the test particles on assay conditions should be considered. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Cullen, Laurence G. and Tilston, Emma L. and Mitchell, Geoff R. and Collins, Chris D. and Shaw, Liz J.},
doi = {10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2010.11.009},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Enzyme activity,Nano,Nitrification,Polyacrylic acid,Zerovalent iron},
number = {11},
pages = {1675--1682},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Assessing the impact of nano- and micro-scale zerovalent iron particles on soil microbial activities: Particle reactivity interferes with assay conditions and interpretation of genuine microbial effects}},
volume = {82},
year = {2011}
}
@article{DeSmet2006,
abstract = {The continuous formation of lateral roots is a vital part of establishing a root system and enables plants to react with developmental plasticity to changing soil conditions. Evidence is accumulating that abscisic acid (ABA), which is known to be involved in stress responses, has an important role in lateral root formation. An ABA receptor mutant, fca-1, shows an altered response to ABA during lateral root formation. Interestingly, ABA seems to have distinct roles at different stages in lateral root development. The emerging role of ABA in lateral root development fits well with its general functional properties as a stress hormone, including its role in dormancy. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {{De Smet}, Ive and Zhang, Hanma and Inz{\'{e}}, Dirk and Beeckman, Tom},
doi = {10.1016/J.TPLANTS.2006.07.003},
journal = {Trends in Plant Science},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {434--439},
title = {{A novel role for abscisic acid emerges from underground}},
volume = {11},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Domenek2004,
abstract = {A large variety of wheat gluten based bioplastics, which were plasticized with glycerol, were subjected to biodegradation. The materials covered the total range available for the biochemical control parameter Fi, which expresses the percentage of aggregated proteins. This quantity can be related to the density of covalent crosslinks in the wheat gluten network, which are induced by technological treatments. The biodegradability tests were performed in liquid medium (modified Sturm test) and in farmland soil. All gluten materials were fully degraded after 36 days in aerobic fermentation and within 50 days in farmland soil. No significant differences were observed between the samples. The mineralization half-life time of 3.8 days in the modified Sturm test situated gluten materials among fast degrading polymers. The tests of microbial inhibition experiments revealed no toxic effects of the modified gluten or of its metabolites. Thus, the protein bulk of wheat gluten materials is non-toxic and fully biodegradable, whatever the technological process applied. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Domenek, Sandra and Feuilloley, Pierre and Gratraud, Jean and Morel, Marie H{\'{e}}l{\`{e}}ne and Guilbert, St{\'{e}}phane},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00760-4},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Biodegradable polymer,Farmland soil,Microbial inhibition,Protein network,Rheology Sturm test},
number = {4},
pages = {551--559},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Biodegradability of wheat gluten based bioplastics}},
volume = {54},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Dong2008,
abstract = {In a compartmented cultivation system, white clover (Trifolium repens Linn.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), with their roots freely intermingled, or separated by 37 $\mu$m nylon mesh or plastic board, were grown together in an arsenic (As) contaminated soil. The influence of AM inoculation on plant growth, As uptake, phosphorus (P) nutrition, and plant competitions were investigated. Results showed that both plant species highly depended on mycorrhizas for surviving the As contamination. Mycorrhizal inoculation substantially improved plant P nutrition, and in contrast markedly decreased root to shoot As translocation and shoot As concentrations. It also showed that mycorrhizas affected the competition between the two co-existing plant species, preferentially benefiting the clover plants in term of nutrient acquisition and biomass production. Based on the present study, the role of AM fungi in plant adaptation to As contamination, and their potential use for ecological restoration of As contaminated soils are discussed. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Dong, Yan and Zhu, Yong Guan and Smith, F. Andrew and Wang, Youshan and Chen, Baodong},
doi = {10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2007.10.023},
journal = {Environmental Pollution},
keywords = {Arbuscular mycorrhiza,Arsenic,Clover,Compartmented cultivation system,Ryegrass},
month = {sep},
number = {1},
pages = {174--181},
title = {{Arbuscular mycorrhiza enhanced arsenic resistance of both white clover (Trifolium repens Linn.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants in an arsenic-contaminated soil}},
volume = {155},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Du2010,
abstract = {Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) concentrations in the atmosphere and in four vegetable crops including Brassica chinensis L. (bok choy), Brassica campestris L. (field mustard), Vigna unguiculata Walp. (cowpea), and Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) cultivated on land surrounding a plastic production factory were determined. The air DEHP concentrations (means) at the sites 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 km away from the plastic production building were about 9.4-12.8, 5.8-9.6, 1.6-5.0, and 0.04-0.27 $\mu$g m-3 dry weight (DW), respectively. Wind direction is a key factor influencing the measurable DEHP concentration of the air, which was highest in the downwind direction and lowest in the upwind direction, and thus the vegetables accumulated the highest DEHP contents in the downwind direction and the lowest quantities in the upwind direction. The highest DEHP accumulations content of bok choy, field mustard, eggplant, and cowpea were 52.0 ± 3.1, 43.1 ± 2.2, 36.2 ± 2.8, and 19.4 ± 0.47 mg kg-1 DW, respectively. Safety estimation on the basis of the daily intake limit referenced by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) led to the conclusion that eating vegetables cultivated 0.2 km away from the plastic production building is not a food safety problem under normal conditions. A strong positive linear correlation between atmospheric DEHP concentration and DEHP content of the vegetable crops was found. The limits for air DEHP concentration for safe vegetable cultivation are 24.0, 34.8, 40.8, and 82.8 $\mu$g m-3 for bok choy, field mustard, cowpea, and eggplant, respectively, by calculating from the equation of linear regression between air DEHP concentration and vegetable DEHP content. {\textcopyright} 2010 Taylor & Francis.},
author = {Du, Q. Z. and Wang, J. W. and Fu, X. W. and Xia, H. L.},
doi = {10.1080/19440041003793306},
journal = {Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment},
keywords = {Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS),Phthalates,Vegetables},
number = {8},
pages = {1186--1192},
publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},
title = {{Diffusion and accumulation in cultivated vegetable plants of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from a plastic production factory}},
volume = {27},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Eggemeyer2009,
abstract = {We used the natural abundance of stable isotopic ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in soil (0.053 m depth), plant xylem and precipitation to determine the seasonal changes in sources of soil water uptake by two native encroaching woody species (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson, Juniperus virginiana L.), and two C4 grasses (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, Panicum virgatum L.), in the semiarid Sandhills grasslands of Nebraska. Grass species extracted most of their water from the upper soil profile (0.050.5 m). Soil water uptake from below 0.5 m depth increased under drought, but appeared to be minimal in relation to the total water use of these species. The grasses senesced in late August in response to drought conditions. In contrast to grasses, P. ponderosa and J. virginiana trees exhibited significant plasticity in sources of water uptake. In winter, tree species extracted a large fraction of their soil water from below 0.9 m depth. In spring when shallow soil water was available, tree species used water from the upper soil profile (0.050.5 m) and relied little on water from below 0.5 m depth. During the growing season (May-August) significant differences between the patterns of tree species water uptake emerged. Pinus ponderosa acquired a large fraction of its water from the 0.050.5 and 0.50.9 m soil profiles. Compared with P. ponderosa, J. virginiana acquired water from the 0.050.5 m profile during the early growing season but the amount extracted from this profile progressively declined between May and August and was mirrored by a progressive increase in the fraction taken up from 0.50.9 m depth, showing plasticity in tracking the general increase in soil water content within the 0.50.9 m profile, and being less responsive to growing season precipitation events. In September, soil water content declined to its minimum, and both tree species shifted soil water uptake to below 0.9 m. Tree transpiration rates (E) and water potentials ($\Psi$) indicated that deep water sources did not maintain E which sharply declined in September, but played an important role in the recovery of tree $\Psi$. Differences in sources of water uptake among these species and their ecological implications on treegrass dynamics and soil water in semiarid environments are discussed.},
author = {Eggemeyer, Kathleen D. and Awada, Tala and Harvey, F. Edwin and Wedin, David A. and Zhou, Xinhua and Zanner, C. William},
doi = {10.1093/TREEPHYS/TPN019},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eggemeyer et al. - 2009 - Seasonal changes in depth of water uptake for encroaching trees Juniperus virginiana and Pinus ponderosa and t.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Tree Physiology},
keywords = {Great Plains,Nebraska Sandhills,Panicum virgatum,Schizachyrium scoparium,Stable isotopes,Water potential},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {157--169},
title = {{Seasonal changes in depth of water uptake for encroaching trees Juniperus virginiana and Pinus ponderosa and two dominant C4 grasses in a semiarid grassland}},
volume = {29},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Fent2003,
abstract = {Bisphenol A (BPA; 2,2-(4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl)propane) is predominantly used as an intermediate in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Traces of BPA released into the environment can reach the soil via application of sewage sludge from wastewater treatment systems that receive wastewaters containing BPA, or from leachate from uncontrolled landfills. The biodegradability of BPA has been previously investigated in several studies designed to simulate surface waters and biological wastewater treatment systems. However, there is little information available about the fate of BPA in soil. Therefore, laboratory soil degradation and batch adsorption studies were conducted with 14C-BPA and four soils according to international guidelines. The soils represented a broad range of physico-chemical properties. An important result of the degradation study was that, independent of the soil type, 14C-BPA was rapidly dissipated and not detectable in soil extracts following 3 days of incubation. Based on this result, a dissipation half-life of less than 3 days was estimated. The major route of dissipation of 14C-BPA in soil was the formation of bound residues that could not be recovered by exhaustive Soxhlet extraction. 14C-BPA was also shown to be transiently converted to up to five metabolites, but within 3 days, neither 14C-BPA nor 14C-metabolites were detectable in the soils. After 120 days incubation, significant amounts (up to 20% of the radioactivity applied) of the parent compound were recovered as 14CO2. Soil adsorption experiments indicated that the distribution coefficients (Koc) were between 636 and 931, classifying BPA as having low mobility for all tested soils. From the results of this study, it was concluded that if BPA reaches the soil compartment, it is not expected to be stable, mobile, or bioavailable. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Fent, Gunnar and Hein, Werner J. and Moendel, Martin J. and Kubiak, Roland},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00100-0},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Bisphenol A,Degradation,Soil,Sorption,Transformation},
number = {8},
pages = {735--746},
title = {{Fate of 14C-bisphenol A in soils}},
volume = {51},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Fujishige2006,
abstract = {The development of nitrogen-fixing nodules of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, especially the early stages of root hair deformation and curling, infection thread formation, and nodule initiation, has been well studied from a genetic standpoint. In contrast, the factors important for the colonization of surfaces by rhizobia, including roots-an important prerequisite for nodule formation-have not been as thoroughly investigated. We developed conditions for analyzing the ability of two fast-growing rhizobia, Sinorhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, to produce biofilms on abiotic surfaces such as glass, plastic microtiter plates, sand and soil as a prelude to characterizing the genes important for aggregation and attachment. Factors involved in adherence to abiotic surfaces are likely to be used in rhizobial attachment to legume root cells. In this report, we show that S. meliloti exopolysaccharide-deficient mutants as well as exopolysaccharide overproducers exhibit reduced biofilm phenotypes that show parallels with their nodulation abilities. We also investigated two flagella-less S. meliloti mutants and found them to have reduced biofilming capabilities. To investigate whether there was a symbiotic phenotype, we tested one of the Fla- mutants on two different S. meliloti hosts, alfalfa and white sweetclover, and found that nodule formation was significantly delayed on the latter. {\textcopyright} 2005 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Fujishige, Nancy A. and Kapadia, Neel N. and {De Hoff}, Peter L. and Hirsch, Ann M.},
doi = {10.1111/J.1574-6941.2005.00044.X},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fujishige et al. - 2006 - Investigations of Rhizobium biofilm formation.pdf:pdf},
journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
keywords = {Attachment,Biofilm,Exopolysaccharide (EPSI),Flagella,Rhizobia},
month = {may},
number = {2},
pages = {195--206},
title = {{Investigations of Rhizobium biofilm formation}},
volume = {56},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Glynn2007,
abstract = {• Here, the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH) was tested by quantifying temporal variation in the relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and phenylpropanoid concentrations of two willow species (Salix sericea and Salix eriocephala) across five fertility levels. • Initially, RGR increased and total phenylpropanoids declined (although every individual phenolic did not) as fertility increased, but NAR was unaffected. Subsequently, NAR and phenylpropanoids declined in the low fertility treatment, generating a quadratic response of secondary metabolism across the nutrient gradient. As above- and below-ground growth rates equilibrated, NAR and phenylpropanoids increased in the low fertility treatment, re-establishing a negative linear effect of fertility on secondary metabolism. • A transient quadratic response of secondary metabolism is predicted when GDBH is integrated with models of optimal phenotypic plasticity, occurring when low NAR imposes carbon constraints on secondary metabolism in low nutrient environments. Once plants acclimate to nutrient limitation, the equilibrium allocation state is predicted to be a negative correlation between growth and secondary metabolism. • Although both willow species generally responded according to GDBH, the complexity observed suggests that prediction of the effects of nutrient availability on secondary metabolism (and other plastic responses) in specific cases requires a priori knowledge of the physiological status of the plant and soil nutrient availability. {\textcopyright} The Authors (2007).},
author = {Glynn, Carolyn and Herms, Daniel A. and Orians, Colin M. and Hansen, Robert C. and Larsson, Stig},
doi = {10.1111/J.1469-8137.2007.02203.X},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Glynn et al. - 2007 - Testing the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis Dynamic responses of willows to nutrient availability.pdf:pdf},
journal = {New Phytologist},
keywords = {Condensed tannins,Growth-differentiation balance hypothesis,Optimality theory,Phenolic glycosides,Phenotypic plasticity,Salix eriocephala,Salix sericea,Secondary metabolism},
month = {nov},
number = {3},
pages = {623--634},
title = {{Testing the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis: Dynamic responses of willows to nutrient availability}},
volume = {176},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Gross2004,
abstract = {The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites, and other wastewater-derived contaminants in surface waters is a potential environmental concern, especially since the discovery of contaminants with endocrine-disrupting properties. The present study investigated the discharge of emerging contaminants into the Santa Ana River (CA, USA) and their attenuation during river transport and passage through a constructed wetland. Contaminants studied included pharmaceuticals (gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, and carbamazepine) and their metabolites, hormones, the metabolites of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEMs), N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS), and chlorinated tris-propylphosphates (TCPPs). The APEMs included alkylphenols (APs), short-chain AP polyethoxylates (APEOs), AP polyethoxycarboxylates (APECs), and carboxylated APECs (CAPECs). In wastewater treatment plant effluent, APECs and CAPECs represented the dominant APEM fraction (1.8-18.7 $\mu$g/L), whereas APEOs and APs contributed only small amounts to the overall APEM concentrations (0.10-0.92 and ≤0.1 $\mu$g/L, respectively) except where the effluent was infiltrated into soil (5.2 $\mu$g/L). In effluents, ibuprofen and its metabolites, TCPPs, and NBBS were detected regularly (<0.5 $\mu$g/L), and the other pharmaceuticals were detected occasionally. Transport in the Santa Ana River for 11 km resulted in the significant attenuation of all contaminants, from 67% for gemfibrozil to 100% for others. Wetland treatment (residence time, 2-4 d) resulted in partial removal of ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, and TCPPs and transformed APEOs to APECs.},
author = {Gross, Birgit and Montgomery-Brown, John and Naumann, Anneke and Reinhard, Martin},
doi = {10.1897/03-606},
journal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},
keywords = {Emerging contaminants,Endocrine disruptors,Pharmaceuticals,River transport,Wetland},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {2074--2083},
title = {{Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in an effluent-dominated river and wetland}},
volume = {23},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Guiwei2010,
abstract = {Contamination of soils with cadmium (Cd) is a serious global issue due to its high mobility and toxicity. We investigated the application of insoluble polyacrylate polymers to improve soil and plant health. Sorghum was grown in a Cd-contaminated sandy soil. Polyacrylate polymers at 0.2% (w/w) were added to half of the soil. Control soil without plants was also included in the experiment. Growth of sorghum was stimulated in the polymer-amended soil. The concentration of Cd in the shoots, and the activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase decreased in plants from polymer-amended soil compared with unamended control. The amount of CaCl2-extractable Cd in the polymer-amended soil was 55% of that in the unamended soil. The Cd extracted in sorghum shoots was 0.19 mg per plant grown on soil without polymer and 0.41 mg per plant grown on polymer-amended soil. The total amount of Cd removed from each pot corresponded to 1.5 and more than 6% of soil CaCl2-extractable Cd in unamended and polymer-amended soil, respectively. The activities of soil acid phosphatase, $\beta$-glucosidase, urease, protease and cellulase were greatest in polymer-amended soil with sorghum. In conclusion, the application of polyacrylate polymers to reduce the bioavailable Cd pool seems a promising method to enhance productivity and health of plants grown on Cd-contaminated soils. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Guiwei, Q. and de Varennes, A. and Martins, L. L. and Mourato, M. P. and Cardoso, A. I. and Mota, A. M. and Pinto, A. P. and Gon{\c{c}}alves, M. L.},
doi = {10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2009.08.124},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
keywords = {Cadmium,Enzymatic activities,Oxidative stress,Polyacrylate polymers,Sorghum},
month = {jan},
number = {1-3},
pages = {570--575},
title = {{Improvement in soil and sorghum health following the application of polyacrylate polymers to a Cd-contaminated soil}},
volume = {173},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Hadad2005,
abstract = {Aim: To select a polyethylene-degrading micro-organism and to study the factors affecting its biodegrading activity. Methods and Results: A thermophilic bacterium Brevibaccillus borstelensis strain 707 (isolated from soil) utilized branched low-density polyethylene as the sole carbon source and degraded it. Incubation of polyethylene with B. borstelensis (30 days, 50°C) reduced its gravimetric and molecular weights by 11 and 30% respectively. Brevibaccillus borstelensis also degraded polyethylene in the presence of mannitol. Biodegradation of u.v. photo-oxidized polyethylene increased with increasing irradiation time. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis of photo-oxidized polyethylene revealed a reduction in carbonyl groups after incubation with the bacteria. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that polyethylene - considered to be inert - can be biodegraded if the right microbial strain is isolated. Enrichment culture methods were effective for isolating a thermophilic bacterium capable of utilizing polyethylene as the sole carbon and energy source. Maximal biodegradation was obtained in combination with photo-oxidation, which showed that carbonyl residues formed by photo-oxidation play a role in biodegradation. Brevibaccillus borstelensis also degraded the CH2 backbone of nonirradiated polyethylene. Significance and Impact of the Study: Biodegradation of polyethylene by a single bacterial strain contributes to our understanding of the process and the factors affecting polyethylene biodegradation. {\textcopyright} 2005 The Society for Applied Microbiology.},
author = {Hadad, D. and Geresh, S. and Sivan, Alex},
doi = {10.1111/J.1365-2672.2005.02553.X},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hadad, Geresh, Sivan - 2005 - Biodegradation of polyethylene by the thermophilic bacterium Brevibacillus borstelensis.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology},
keywords = {Biodegradation,Brevibacillus borstelensis,Polyethylene,Thermophilic bacteria,u.v. photo-oxidation},
number = {5},
pages = {1093--1100},
title = {{Biodegradation of polyethylene by the thermophilic bacterium Brevibacillus borstelensis}},
volume = {98},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Heerwagen2010,
abstract = {The incidence of obesity and overweight has reached epidemic levels in the United States and developed countries worldwide. Even more alarming is the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases in younger children and adolescents. Infants born to obese, overweight, and diabetic mothers (even when normal weight) have increased adiposity and are at increased risk of later metabolic disease. In addition to maternal glucose, hyperlipidemia and inflammation may contribute to the childhood obesity epidemic through fetal metabolic programming, the mechanisms of which are not well understood. Pregravid obesity, when combined with normal changes in maternal metabolism, may magnify increases in inflammation and blood lipids, which can have profound effects on the developing embryo and the fetus in utero. Fetal exposure to excess blood lipids, particularly saturated fatty acids, can activate proinflammatory pathways, which could impact substrate metabolism and mitochondrial function, as well as stem cell fate, all of which affect organ development and the response to the postnatal environment. Fetal and neonatal life are characterized by tremendous plasticity and the ability to respond to environmental factors (nutrients, oxygen, hormones) by altering gene expression levels via epigenetic modifications. Given that lipids act as both transcriptional activators and signaling molecules, excess fetal lipid exposure may regulate genes involved in lipid sensing and metabolism through epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is characterized by covalent modifications to DNA and chromatin that alter gene expression independent of gene sequence. Epigenetic modifications can be maintained through positive and negative feedback loops, thereby creating stable changes in the expression of metabolic genes and their main transcriptional regulators. The purpose of this article is to review current literature on maternal-fetal lipid metabolism and maternal obesity outcomes and to suggest some potential mechanisms for fetal metabolic programming in key organ systems that regulate postnatal energy balance, with an emphasis on epigenetics and the intrauterine environment. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010 the American Physiological Society.},
author = {Heerwagen, Margaret J.R. and Miller, Melissa R. and Barbour, Linda A. and Friedman, Jacob E.},
doi = {10.1152/AJPREGU.00310.2010},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Heerwagen et al. - 2010 - Maternal obesity and fetal metabolic programming A fertile epigenetic soil.pdf:pdf},
journal = {American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology},
keywords = {Diabetes,Epigenetics,Inflammation,Lipids,Nutrition,Pregnancy},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
title = {{Maternal obesity and fetal metabolic programming: A fertile epigenetic soil}},
volume = {299},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Hodge2006,
abstract = {Soil nutrients are distributed in a non-uniform or 'patchy' manner. It is well established that the modular nature of root systems allows them to show both morphological and/or physiological plasticity upon encountering nutrient-rich patches. These plastic responses are widely believed to be foraging mechanisms by the plant to enhance nutrient resource capture. Although morphological plasticity has traditionally been viewed as the more expensive option as it requires new root construction, more recent evidence suggests this may not necessarily be the case. Moreover, plants may be able to recapture most of the initial outlay involved in new root construction, again lowering the overall cost to the plant. Under natural conditions the roots of most plant species have an additional nutrient acquisition mechanism namely mycorrhizal symbiosis. However, the impact of these important symbiotic associations upon the host plant's response to nutrient patches has received relatively little attention. The mycorrhizal fungal symbiont should, in theory, be better able to compete directly with the rest of the microbial community for the nutrients in the patch. This could potentially be important to the host plant, as generally, root proliferation responses are more important for interspecific plant, than plant-microbial, competition. {\textcopyright} The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved.},
author = {Hodge, A.},
doi = {10.1093/JXB/ERI280},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hodge - 2006 - Plastic plants and patchy soils.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
keywords = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis,Nitrogen,Nutrient competition,Root physiological and morphological plasticity},
month = {jan},
number = {2 SPEC. ISS.},
pages = {401--411},
title = {{Plastic plants and patchy soils}},
volume = {57},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Holden2004,
abstract = {Burkholderia pseudomallei is a recognized biothreat agent and the causative agent of melioidosis. This Gram-negative bacterium exists as a soil saprophyte in melioidosis-endemic areas of the world and accounts for 20% of community-acquired septicaemias in northeastern Thailand where half of those affected die. Here we report the complete genome of B. pseudomallei, which is composed of two chromosomes of 4.07 megabase pairs and 3.17 megabase pairs, showing significant functional partitioning of genes between them. The large chromosome encodes many of the core functions associated with central metabolism and cell growth, whereas the small chromosome carries more accessory functions associated with adaptation and survival in different niches. Genomic comparisons with closely and more distantly related bacteria revealed a greater level of gene order conservation and a greater number of orthologous genes on the large chromosome, suggesting that the two replicons have distinct evolutionary origins. A striking feature of the genome was the presence of 16 genomic islands (GIs) that together made up 6.1% of the genome. Further analysis revealed these islands to be variably present in a collection of invasive and soil isolates but entirely absent from the clonally related organism B. mallei. We propose that variable horizontal gene acquisition by $\beta$. pseudomallei is an important feature of recent genetic evolution and that this has resulted in a genetically diverse pathogenic species.},
author = {Holden, Matthew T.G. and Titball, Richard W. and Peacock, Sharon J. and Cerde{\~{n}}o-T{\'{a}}rraga, Ana M. and Atkins, Timothy and Crossman, Lisa C. and Pitt, Tyrone and Churcher, Carol and Mungall, Karen and Bentley, Stephen D. and Sebaihia, Mohammed and Thomson, Nicholas R. and Bason, Mathalie and Beacham, Ifor R. and Brooks, Karen and Brown, Katherine A. and Brown, Nat F. and Challis, Greg L. and Cherevach, Inna and Chillingworth, Tracy and Cronin, Ann and Crossett, Ben and Davis, Paul and DeShazer, David and Feltwell, Theresa and Fraser, Audrey and Hance, Zahra and Hauser, Heidi and Holroyd, Simon and Jagels, Kay and Keith, Karen E. and Maddison, Mark and Moule, Sharon and Price, Claire and Quail, Michael A. and Rabbinowitsch, Ester and Rutherford, Kim and Sanders, Mandy and Simmonds, Mark and Songsivilai, Sirirurg and Stevens, Kim and Tumapa, Sarinna and Vesaratchavest, Monkgol and Whitehead, Sally and Yeats, Corin and Barrell, Bart G. and Oyston, Petra C.F. and Parkhill, Julian},
doi = {10.1073/PNAS.0403302101},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Holden et al. - 2004 - Genomic plasticity of the causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
month = {sep},
number = {39},
pages = {14240--14245},
title = {{Genomic plasticity of the causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei}},
volume = {101},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Hotta2010,
abstract = {The bacteria Sphingomonas sp. strain BSN22, isolated from bean fields, degraded octylphenol polyethoxylates (OPEOn) to octylphenol (OP) under aerobic conditions. This biodegradation mechanism proceeded by the following two-step degradation process: (1) degradation of OPEOn to octylphenol triethoxylate (OPEO3), (2) degradation from OPEO 3 to OP via octylphenoxy acetic acid (OPEC1). The chemical structure of OPEC1 was confirmed by analysis using 18O-labeled water. Quantitative studies revealed that magnesium (Mg2+) and calcium (Ca2+) ions were essential for the biodegradation of OPEOn. Furthermore, the rate of biodegradation was especially accelerated by ferric ions (Fe3+), and the accumulated amounts of endocrine active chemicals, such as OP, OPEO1, and OPEC1, significantly increased to the concentration of 22.8, 221.7, and 961.1 $\mu$M in the presence of 37.0 $\mu$M Fe3+, respectively. This suggests that environmental elements significantly influence the resultant ecotoxicity as well as the rate of their biodegradation in the environment. This study on the mechanism of OPEOn biodegradation may play an important role in understanding and managing environmental safety, including drinking water safety. {\textcopyright} 2009 American Chemical Society.},
author = {Hotta, Yudai and Hosoda, Akifumi and Sano, Fumihiko and Wakayama, Manabu and Niwa, Katsuki and Yoshikawa, Hiromichi and Tamura, Hiroto},
doi = {10.1021/JF902772M},
journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
keywords = {Alkylphenol polyethoxylate,Ecotoxicity,Endocrine disruptors,Ferric ion,Nonylphenol,Octylphenol},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {1062--1067},
title = {{Ecotoxicity by the biodegradation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates depends on the effect of trace elements}},
volume = {58},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Hranueli2005,
abstract = {Streptomyces is a genus of soil dwelling bacteria with the ability to produce natural products that have found widespread use in medicine. Annotation of Streptomyces genome sequences has revealed far more biosynthetic gene clusters than previously imagined, offering exciting possibilities for future combinatorial biosynthesis. Experiments to manipulate modular biosynthetic clusters to create novel chemistries often result in no detectable product or product yield is extremely low. Understanding the coupling between components in these hybrid enzymes will be crucial for efficient synthesis of new compounds. We are using new algebraic approaches to predict protein properties, and homologous recombination to exploit natural evolutionary constraints to generate novel functional enzymes. The methods and techniques developed could easily be adapted to study modular, multi-interacting complex systems where appreciable biochemical and comparative sequence data are available, for example, clinically significant non-ribosomally synthesised peptides and polyketides.},
author = {Hranueli, Daslav and Cullum, John and Basrak, Bojan and Goldstein, Pavle and Long, Paul},
doi = {10.2174/0929867054367176},
journal = {Current Medicinal Chemistry},
month = {jul},
number = {14},
pages = {1697--1704},
publisher = {Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.},
title = {{Plasticity of the Streptomyces Genome-Evolution and Engineering of New Antibiotics}},
volume = {12},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Janzen2009,
abstract = {A technical scale activated soil filter has been used to study the elimination rates of diverse environmentally relevant micro pollutants from storm and waste water. The filter was made of layers of peat, sand and gravel. The upper (organic) layer was planted with reed (phragmites australis) to prevent clogging and was spiked with activated sludge to enhance microbial biomass and biodegradation potential. Compounds used as UV filters, antioxidants or plasticizers, namely 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DTB-1,4-BQ), 1,1-biphenyl-3,3-dimethyl (1,1-BP-3,3-DM) and dibenzyl (DB) have been included in this study. The chemical characteristics of these compounds ranged from the hydrophilic (pKOW 2.6) to the lipophilic (pKOW 5) properties. For the elimination studies, synthetic waste water spiked to 3000 ng L-1 with the selected compounds was used. Elimination rates with low hydraulic load (61 L m-2 d-1, water retention time: 2 d) were higher than 96%. During a storm water simulation experiment (hydraulic load: 255 L m-2, water retention time: <1 h), the elimination rates of the most analytes decreased to 79-96%. The elimination performance of the hydrophilic compound NBBS declined to 21%. Balancing studies including the soil of the filter system revealed that degradation or transformation were both relevant elimination mechanism. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Janzen, Niklas and Banzhaf, Stefan and Scheytt, Traugott and Bester, Kai},
doi = {10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2009.09.024},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Activated biofilter,Reed bed,Storm water treatment,Tertiary waste water treatment,UV filter,Xenobiotics},
number = {10},
pages = {1358--1365},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Vertical flow soil filter for the elimination of micro pollutants from storm and waste water}},
volume = {77},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Jiang2010,
abstract = {Use of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to control phosphorus (P) losses from a Chinese purple soil was studied in both a laboratory soil column experiment and a field plot experiment on a steep slope (27%). Treatments in the column study were a control, and PAM mixed uniformly into the soil at rates of 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.20%. We found that PAM had an important inhibitory effect on vertical P transport in the soil columns, with the 0.20% PAM treatment having the greatest significant reduction in leachate soluble P concentrations and losses resulting from nine leaching periods. Field experiments were conducted on 5m wide by 21m long natural rainfall plots, that allowed collection of both surface runoff and subsurface drainage water. Wheat was planted and grown on all plots with typical fertilizer applied. Treatments included a control, dry PAM at 3.9kgha-1, dry PAM at 3.9kgha-1 applied together with lime (CaCO3 at 4.9tha-1), and dry PAM at 3.9kgha-1 applied together with gypsum (CaSO4{\textperiodcentered}2H2O at 4tha-1). Results from the field plot experiment in which 5 rainfall events resulted in measurable runoff and leachate showed that all PAM treatments significantly reduced runoff volume and total P losses in surface runoff compared to the control. The PAM treatments also all significantly reduced water volume leached to the tile drain. However, total P losses in the leachate water were not significantly different due to the treatments, perhaps due to the low PAM soil surface application rate and/or high experimental variability. The PAM alone treatment resulted in the greatest wheat growth as indicated by the plant growth indexes of wheat plant height, leaf length, leaf width, grain number per head, and dried grain mass. Growth indexes of the PAM with Calcium treatments were significantly lesser. These results indicate that the selection and use of soil amendments need to be carefully determined based upon the most important management goal at a particular site (runoff/nutrient loss control, enhanced plant growth, or a combination). {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Jiang, Tao and Teng, Lingling and Wei, Shiqiang and Deng, Lili and Luo, Zaibo and Chen, Yupeng and Flanagan, Dennis C.},
doi = {10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2010.02.006},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1437--1445},
title = {{Application of polyacrylamide to reduce phosphorus losses from a Chinese purple soil: A laboratory and field investigation}},
volume = {91},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Kale2007,
abstract = {Packaging waste accounted for 78.81 million tons or 31.6% of the total municipal solid waste (MSW) in 2003 in the USA, 56.3 million tons or 25% of the MSW in 2005 in Europe, and 3.3 million tons or 10% of the MSW in 2004 in Australia. Currently, in the USA the dominant method of packaging waste disposal is landfill, followed by recycling, incineration, and composting. Since landfill occupies valuable space and results in the generation of greenhouse gases and contaminants, recovery methods such as reuse, recycling and/or composting are encouraged as a way of reducing packaging waste disposal. Most of the common materials used in packaging (i.e., steel, aluminum, glass, paper, paperboard, plastics, and wood) can be efficiently recovered by recycling; however, if packaging materials are soiled with foods or other biological substances, physical recycling of these materials may be impractical. Therefore, composting some of these packaging materials is a promising way to reduce MSW. As biopolymers are developed and increasingly used in applications such as food, pharmaceutical, and consumer goods packaging, composting could become one of the prevailing methods for disposal of packaging waste provided that industry, governments, and consumers encourage and embrace this alternative. The main objective of this article is to provide an overview of the current situation of packaging compostability, to describe the main mechanisms that make a biopolymer compostable, to delineate the main methods to compost these biomaterials, and to explain the main standards for assessing compostability, and the current status of biopolymer labeling. Biopolymers such as polylactide and poly(hydroxybutyrate) are increasingly becoming available for use in food, medical, and consumer goods packaging applications. The main claims of these new biomaterials are that they are obtained from renewable resources and that they can be biodegraded in biological environments such as soil and compost. Although recycling could be energetically more favorable than composting for these materials, it may not be practical because of excessive sorting and cleaning requirements. Therefore, the main focus is to dispose them by composting. So far, there is no formal agreement between companies, governments and consumers as to how this packaging composting will take place; therefore, the main drivers for their use have been green marketing and pseudo-environmental consciousness related to high fuel prices. Packaging compostability could be an alternative for the disposal of biobased materials as long as society as a whole is willing to formally address the challenge to clearly understand the cradle-to-grave life of a compostable package, and to include these new compostable polymers in food, manure, or yard waste composting facilities. (Figure Presented). {\textcopyright} 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.},
author = {Kale, Gaurav and Kijchavengkul, Thitisilp and Auras, Rafael and Rubino, Maria and Selke, Susan E. and Singh, Sher Paul},
doi = {10.1002/MABI.200600168},
journal = {Macromolecular Bioscience},
keywords = {Biodegradation,Biopolymers,Compostability,Degradation,Packaging},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {255--277},
title = {{Compostability of bioplastic packaging materials: An overview}},
volume = {7},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Kapri2010,
abstract = {The comparative influence of two nanoparticles [viz., superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and nanobarium titanate (NBT)] upon the in vitro and in situ low-density polyethylene (LDPE) biodegradation efficiency of a potential polymer-degrading microbial consortium was studied. Supplementation of 0.01% concentration (w/v) of the nanoparticles in minimal broth significantly re quicker with nanoparticles and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) illustrated significant changes in CH/increased the bacterial growth, along with early onset of the exponential phase. Under in vitro conditions, $\lambda$-max shifts were quicker with nanoparticles and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) illustrated significant changes in CH/CH2 vibrations, along with introduction of hydroxyl residues in the polymer backbone. Moreover, simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DTA) reported multiple-step decomposition of LDPE degraded in the presence of nanoparticles. These findings were supported by scanning electron micrographs (SEM), which revealed greater dissolution of the film surface in the presence of nanoparticles. Furthermore, progressive degradation of the film was greatly enhanced when it was incubated under soil conditions for 3 months with the nanoparticles. The study highlights the significance of bacteria-nanoparticle interactions, which can dramatically influence key metabolic processes like biodegradation. The authors also propose the exploration of nanoparticles to influence various other microbial processes for commercial viabilities. {\textcopyright} The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.},
author = {Kapri, Anil and Zaidi, M. G.H. and Goel, Reeta},
doi = {10.4014/JMB.0912.12026},
journal = {Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
keywords = {Biodegradation,FTIR,LDPE film,NBT,SPION,TG-DTG-DTA},
number = {6},
pages = {1032--1041},
publisher = {Korean Society for Microbiolog and Biotechnology},
title = {{Implications of SPION and NBT nanoparticles upon In Vitro and In Situ biodegradation of LDPE film}},
volume = {20},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Kim2003,
abstract = {A variety of biodegradable polyesters have been developed in order to obtain useful biomaterials and to reduce the impact of environmental pollution caused by the large-scale accumulation of non-degradable waste plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly($\epsilon$-caprolactone), poly(L-lactide), and both aliphatic and aromatic polyalkylene dicarboxylic acids are examples of biodegradable polyesters. In general, most aliphatic polyesters are readily mineralized by a number of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms that are widely distributed in nature. However, aromatic polyesters are more resistant to microbial attack than aliphatic polyesters. The fungal biomass in soils generally exceeds the bacterial biomass and thus it is likely that fungi may play a considerable role in degrading polyesters, just as they predominantly perform the decomposition of organic matter in the soil ecosystem. However, in contrast to bacterial polyester degradation, which has been extensively investigated, the microbiological and environmental aspects of fungal degradation of polyesters are unclear. This review reports recent advances in our knowledge of the fungal degradation of microbial and synthetic polyesters and discusses the ecological importance and contribution of fungi in the biological recycling of waste polymeric materials in the biosphere.},
author = {Kim, D. Y. and Rhee, Y. H.},
doi = {10.1007/S00253-002-1205-3},
journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology},
number = {4},
pages = {300--308},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
title = {{Biodegradation of microbial and synthetic polyesters by fungi}},
volume = {61},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Kim2009,
abstract = {Amphiphilic polyurethane (APU) nano-particle enhanced the mobilization of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MNPT) in soil. Significant increase in the solubility of 2-MNPT was achieved. The molar solubilization ratio was 0.4 (mole 2-MNPT/mole APU). Simple precipitation of APU particle by 2 N CaCl2 recovered 95% of APU particle and 92% of 2-MNPT simultaneously. Also, 2-MNPT, which was entrapped inside the APU particle, was directly degraded by Acinetobacter sp. as same efficiency as without APU particle. These results showed the potentials of APU particle in the mobilization and biodegradation of hydrophobic compounds from soil. {\textcopyright} 2009 Humana Press.},
author = {Kim, Young Bum and Kim, Ju Young and Kim, Eun Ki},
doi = {10.1007/S12010-009-8550-Y},
journal = {Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology},
keywords = {2-Methylnaphthalene,APU particle,Biodegradation,Polymeric surfactant,Soil washing},
month = {oct},
number = {1},
pages = {1--10},
title = {{Mobilization and biodegradation of 2-methylnaphthalene by amphiphilic polyurethane nano-particle}},
volume = {159},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Kinoshita2001,
abstract = {There is a need to develop technology to allow the remediation of soil in polar regions that have been contaminated by hydrocarbon fuel spills. Bioremediation is potentially useful for this purpose, but has not been well demonstrated in polar regions. We investigated biopiles for on-site bioremediation of soil contaminated with Arctic diesel fuel in two independent small-scale field experiments at different sites on the Arctic tundra. The results were highly consistent with one another. In biopiles at both sites, extensive hydrocarbon removal occurred after one summer. After 1 year in treatments with optimal conditions, total petroleum hydrocarbons were reduced from 196 to below 10 mg per kg of soil at one site, and from 2,109 to 195 mg per kg of soil at the other site. Addition of ammonium chloride and sodium phosphate greatly stimulated hydrocarbon removal and indicates that biodegradation was the primary mechanism by which this was achieved. Inoculation with cold-adapted, mixed microbial cultures further stimulated hydrocarbon removal during the summer immediately following inoculation. At one site, soil temperature was monitored during the summer season, and a clear plastic cover increased biopile soil temperature, measured as degree-day accumulation, by 30-49%. Our results show that on-site bioremediation of fuel-contaminated soil at Arctic tundra sites is feasible.},
author = {Kinoshita, Shinji and Mitsuoka, Takao and Katoh, Takakazu and Oyama, Yohtaro},
doi = {10.1007/S002530100713},
journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology},
number = {1-2},
pages = {242--247},
title = {{On site bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated Arctic tundra soils in inoculated biopiles}},
volume = {57},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Kumar2007,
abstract = {The diversity and load of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi associated with the mangrove soil from Suva, Fiji Islands, was determined by using the plate count method. The ability of the bacterial isolates to produce various hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase, gelatinase and lipase were determined using the plate assay. The heterotrophic bacterial load was considerably higher than the fungal load. There was a predominance of the gram positive genus, Bacillus. Other genera encountered included Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Listeria and Vibrio. Their effectiveness on the degradation of commercial polythene carry bags made of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) was studied over a period of eight weeks in the laboratory. Biodegradation was measured in terms of mean weight loss, which was nearly 5 % after a period of eight weeks. There was a significant increase in the bacterial load of the soil attached to class 2 (HDPE) polythene. After eight weeks of submergence in mangrove soil, soil attached to class 1 and class 3 polythene mostly had Bacillus (Staphylococcus predominated in class 2 polythene). While most of the isolates were capable of producing hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase and gelatinase, lipolytic activity was low. Class 2 HDPE suffered the greatest biodegradation.},
author = {Kumar, Shristi and Hatha, A. A.M. and Christi, K. S.},
doi = {10.15517/RBT.V55I3-4.5954},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kumar, Hatha, Christi - 2007 - Diversity and effectiveness of tropical mangrove soil microflora on the degradation of polythene carry ba.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Revista de Biologia Tropical},
keywords = {Biodegradation,Heterotrophic bacteria,Hydrolytic enzymes,Mangrove soil,Microbial degradation,Plastic pollution},
number = {3-4},
pages = {777--786},
publisher = {Universidad de Costa Rica},
title = {{Diversity and effectiveness of tropical mangrove soil microflora on the degradation of polythene carry bags}},
volume = {55},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Lau2009,
abstract = {Commercial composting operations generally do not accept organic wastes with plastic twines from the greenhouse vegetable industry and the bulk of the waste materials ends up in landfills. The objectives of this paper are to identify environmentally compatible substitutes that could replace the current use of petrochemically derived plastic twines in greenhouse vegetable production, thus diverting them from landfills, and to assess the extent of their degradation via composting. Physical properties of the twines, including linear density, percent weight loss and tensile strength were monitored for the biodegradation tests. A pilot-scale composting trial was conducted in an in-vessel composting system. Results showed that the three biodegradable twine materials (cotton, jute and EcoPLA) could degrade readily in a composting environment within a reasonable time frame. Specifically, at the end of 105 days of composting, 85.3%, 84.8% and 81.1% of weight loss was observed for cotton, jute and EcoPLA, respectively. Furthermore, EcoPLA exhibited a slower decline in tensile strength with time, when compared to jute and cotton. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Lau, A. K. and Cheuk, W. W. and Lo, K. V.},
doi = {10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2008.03.001},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
keywords = {Biodegradable twines,Composting,Greenhouse organic wastes,Linear density,Tensile strength,Weight loss},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {668--671},
title = {{Degradation of greenhouse twines derived from natural fibers and biodegradable polymer during composting}},
volume = {90},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Li2004,
abstract = {• Background and aims: Organic P comprises 30-80 % of the total P in most agricultural soils. It has been proven that chickpea facilitates P uptake from an organic P source by intercropped wheat. In this study, acid phosphatase excreted from chickpea roots is quantified and the contribution of acid phosphatase to the facilitation of P uptake by intercropped maize receiving phytate is examined. • Methods: For the first experiment using hydroponics, maize (Zea mays 'Zhongdan No. 2') and chickpea (Cicer arietinum 'Sona') were grown in either the same or separate containers, and P was supplied as phytate, KH2PO4 at 0.25 mmol P L-1, or not at all. The second experiment involved soil culture with three types of root separation between the two species: (1) plastic sheet, (2) nylon mesh, and (3) no barrier. Maize plants were grown in one compartment and chickpea in the other. Phosphorus was supplied as phytate, Ca(H2PO4)2 at 50 mg P kg-1, or no P added. • Key results: In the hydroponics study, the total P uptake by intercropped maize supplied with phytate was 2.1-fold greater than when it was grown as a monoculture. In the soil experiment, when supplied with phytate, total P uptake by maize with mesh barrier and without root barrier was 2.2 and 1.5 times, respectively, as much as that with solid barrier. In both experiments, roots of both maize and chickpea supplied with phytate and no P secreted more acid phosphatase than those with KH 2PO4 or Ca(H2PO4)2. However, average acid phosphatase activity of chickpea roots supplied with phytate was 2-3-fold as much as maize. Soil acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of chickpea was also significantly higher than maize regardless of P sources. • Conclusions: Chickpea can mobilize organic P in both hydroponic and soil cultures, leading to an interspecific facilitation in utilization of organic P in maize/chickpea intercropping. {\textcopyright} 2004 Annals of Botany Company.},
author = {Li, S. M. and Li, L. and Zhang, F. S. and Tang, C.},
doi = {10.1093/AOB/MCH140},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Li et al. - 2004 - Acid phosphatase role in chickpeamaize intercropping.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Annals of Botany},
keywords = {Acid phosphatase,Chickpea,Cicer arietinum,Facilitation,Intercropping,Monoculture,Phosphorus,Phytate,Root barrier,Zea mays},
number = {2},
pages = {297--303},
title = {{Acid phosphatase role in chickpea/maize intercropping}},
volume = {94},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Li2001,
abstract = {Red clover plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae were grown in a sterile pasture soil containing 50 mg Zn kg-1 in 'Plexiglas' (acrylic) containers with nylon net partitions (30 $\mu$m mesh) designed to separate the soil into a central root zone and two outer zones for hyphal growth with no root penetration. Two porous plastic soil moisture samplers were installed in each pot, one in the root compartment and the other in one of the hyphal Compartments. The soil in the outer compartments was amended with one of the four application rates of Zn (as ZnSO4) ranging from 0 to 1000 mg kg-1. Non-mycorrhizal controls were included, and there were five replicates of each treatment in a randomised block in a glasshouse. Uninoculated plants received supplementary P to avoid yield limitation due to low soil P status. Plants grew in the central compartment for nine weeks. Soil moisture samples were collected 4, 24 and 62 days after sowing to monitor changes in the Zn concentration and pH of the soil solution. At harvest, the mean mycorrhizal infection rate of inoculated plants ranged from 29% to 34% of total root length and was little affected by Zn application. Root and shoot yields were not affected by mycorrhizal infection. Plant Zn concentration and uptake were lower in mycorrhizal plants than non-mycorrhizal controls, and this effect was more pronounced with increasing Zn application rate to the soil. Soil solution Zn concentrations were lower and pH values were higher in mycorrhizal treatments than non-mycorrhizal controls and the mycorrhiza effect was more pronounced at higher Zn application rates. The proteotive effect of mycorrhiza against plant Zn uptake may have been associated with changes in Zn solubility mediated by changes in the soil solution pH, or by immobilisation of Zn in the extra-radical mycelium. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
author = {Li, Xiaolin and Christie, Peter},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00126-0},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Arbuscular mycorrhiza,Red clover,Soil pollution,Soil solution Zn,Soil solution pH},
number = {2},
pages = {201--207},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Changes in soil solution Zn and pH and uptake of Zn by arbuscular mycorrhizal red clover in Zn-contaminated soil}},
volume = {42},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Liao2010,
abstract = {This study investigated the effects of various culture treatments on di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) degradation and the survival conditions of DBP-degrading bacterial strains in a soil microcosm. In the previous study, a DBP-degrading strain was isolated from activated sludge and identified by 16S rRNA as Deinococcus radiodurans. In this study, we added D. radiodurans into a soil microcosm and analyzed the structure of the whole bacterial community of the soil using a polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique. Meanwhile, the optimal conditions for DBP degradation were assessed by varying the temperature and initial pH of the culture, and by adding yeast extract and surfactants. The results show that the optimal conditions for DBP degradation in soil are a temperature of 35°C, a pH of 7, and the addition of Triton X-100 and yeast extract. Furthermore, the addition of D. radiodurans can also enhance DBP degradation in soil. The PCR-DGGE analysis showed that D. radiodurans could survive in the soil microcosm through 24 days of incubation. We hope that these findings may provide some useful information about the remediation of DBP in our environment. {\textcopyright} Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.},
author = {Liao, Chien Sen},
doi = {10.1080/03601231003799838},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes},
keywords = {Deinococcus radiodurans,Di-n-Butyl Phthalate,PCR-DGGE,Soil microcosm},
month = {jul},
number = {5},
pages = {366--371},
title = {{Biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate in a soil microcosm}},
volume = {45},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Lin2005,
abstract = {Soil contamination by heavy metals is increasing. The biosorption process for removal of the heavy metal Cd2+ from contaminated soil is chosen for this study due to its economy, commercial applications, and because it acts without destroying soil structure. The study is divided into four parts (1) soil leaching: the relationships between the soil leaching effect and agitation rates, solvent concentrations, ratios of soil to solvent, leaching time and pH were studied to identify their optimum conditions; (2) adsorption Cd 2+ tests of immobilized Saccharomycetes pombe beads: different weight percentages of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) were added to alginate (10 wt.%) and then blended or cross-linked by epichlorohydrin (ECH) to increase their mechanical strength. Next, before blending or cross-linking, different weight percentages of S. pombe 806 or S. pombe ATCC 2476 were added to increase Cd2+ adsorption. Thus, the optimum beads (blending or cross-linking, the percentages of chitosan, PVAL and S. pombe 806 or S. pombe ATCC 2476) and the optimum adsorption conditions (agitation rate, equilibrium adsorption time, and pH in the aqueous solution) were ascertained; (3) regeneration tests of the optimum beads: the optimum beads adsorbing Cd2+ were regenerated by various concentrations of aqueous HCl solutions. The results indicate that the reuse of immobilized pombe beads was feasible; and (4) adsorption model/kinetic model/thermodynamic property: the equilibrium adsorption, kinetics, change in Gibbs free energy of adsorption of Cd2+ on optimum beads were also investigated. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Lin, Chuen Chang and Lin, Hong Long},
doi = {10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2005.02.017},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
keywords = {Cadmium,Chitosan,Immobilized Saccharomycetes pombe bead,Regeneration,Soil leaching},
month = {jun},
number = {1-2},
pages = {7--15},
title = {{Remediation of soil contaminated with the heavy metal (Cd2+)}},
volume = {122},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Liu2009,
abstract = {In response to varying nutrient availability in soil, plants display a high degree of physiological and developmental plasticity that relies on both local and systemic signaling pathways to coordinate the expression of genes involved in adaptive responses. The integration of these responses at the whole-plant level requires long-distance signaling mechanisms communicating the information between the two indispensable organs, the shoot and the root, which respectively provide photosynthates and mineral nutrients. Although such long-distance signaling is not well understood at the molecular level, several molecules, including hormones, sugars, and nutrients themselves or their metabolites, have been suggested to function as the systemic signals. Moreover, recent discoveries of the phloem-mobile microRNA399s as key components mediating the plant responses to phosphorus stress reveal a novel biological role of small RNA in the long-distance signaling of nutrient status. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Liu, Tzu Yin and Chang, Chiung Yun and Chiou, Tzyy Jen},
doi = {10.1016/J.PBI.2009.04.004},
journal = {Current Opinion in Plant Biology},
month = {jun},
number = {3},
pages = {312--319},
title = {{The long-distance signaling of mineral macronutrients}},
volume = {12},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Lu2006,
abstract = {Poly(propylene carbonate)/starch (PPC/starch) composites with different starch contents were prepared by melt compounding. The biodegradability of the composites was studied by soil burial for a period of 6 months. FTIR study, thermal analysis and morphology observation indicated clearly the changes of the buried specimens. The weight loss curves and the molecular weight changes of the specimens revealed a three-stage biodegradation, corresponding to the propagation of microorganisms, the degradation of starch and the degradation of PPC. The experimental results showed that the addition of starch accelerated the degradation of PPC. Specimens with higher starch content exhibited greater weight loss in the second stage and smaller weight loss in the third stage. {\textcopyright} 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
author = {Lu, X. L. and Du, F. G. and Ge, X. C. and Xiao, M. and Meng, Y. Z.},
doi = {10.1002/JBM.A.30664},
journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A},
keywords = {Biodegradability,Carbon dioxide,Polycarbonate,Starch},
month = {jun},
number = {4},
pages = {653--658},
title = {{Biodegradability and thermal stability of poly(propylene carbonate)/starch composites}},
volume = {77},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Ma2011,
abstract = {Technogenic activities (industrial-plastic, textiles, microelectronics, wood preservatives; mining-mine refuse, tailings, smelting; agrochemicals-chemical fertilizers, farm yard manure, pesticides; aerosols-pyrometallurgical and automobile exhausts; biosolids-sewage sludge, domestic waste; fly ash-coal combustion products) are the primary sources of heavy metal contamination and pollution in the environment in addition to geogenic sources. During the last two decades, bioremediation has emerged as a potential tool to clean up the metal-contaminated/polluted environment. Exclusively derived processes by plants alone (phytoremediation) are time-consuming. Further, high levels of pollutants pose toxicity to the remediating plants. This situation could be ameliorated and accelerated by exploring the partnership of plant-microbe, which would improve the plant growth by facilitating the sequestration of toxic heavy metals. Plants can bioconcentrate (phytoextraction) as well as bioimmobilize or inactivate (phytostabilization) toxic heavy metals through in situ rhizospheric processes. The mobility and bioavailability of heavy metal in the soil, particularly at the rhizosphere where root uptake or exclusion takes place, are critical factors that affect phytoextraction and phytostabilization. Developing new methods for either enhancing (phytoextraction) or reducing the bioavailability of metal contaminants in the rhizosphere (phytostabilization) as well as improving plant establishment, growth, and health could significantly speed up the process of bioremediation techniques. In this review, we have highlighted the role of plant growth promoting rhizo- and/or endophytic bacteria in accelerating phytoremediation derived benefits in extensive tables and elaborate schematic sketches. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Inc.},
author = {Ma, Y. and Prasad, M. N.V. and Rajkumar, M. and Freitas, H.},
doi = {10.1016/J.BIOTECHADV.2010.12.001},
journal = {Biotechnology Advances},
keywords = {Endophytes,Metabolic pathways,Phytoextraction,Phytohormones,Phytostabilization,Rhizobacteria,Toxic metals},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {248--258},
title = {{Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and endophytes accelerate phytoremediation of metalliferous soils}},
volume = {29},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Mariniello2007,
abstract = {Biodegradable, flexible, and moisture-resistant films were obtained by recycling fennel waste and adding to fennel homogenates the bean protein phaseolin that was modified or not modified by the enzyme transglutaminase. All films were analyzed for their morphology, mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, and susceptibility to biodegradation under soil-like conditions. Our experiments showed that transglutaminase treatment of the phaseolin-containing fennel waste homogenates allowed us to obtain films comparable in their mechanical properties and water vapor permeability to the commercial films Ecoflex and Mater-Bi. Furthermore, biodegradability tests demonstrated that the presence of the enzyme in the film-casting sample significantly influences the integrity of such a product that lasts longer than films obtained either with fennel waste alone or with a mixture of fennel waste and phaseolin. These findings indicate the fennel-phaseolin film prepared in the presence of transglutaminase to be a promising candidate for a new environmentally friendly mulching bioplastic. {\textcopyright} 2007 American Chemical Society.},
author = {Mariniello, Loredana and Giosafatto, C. V.L. and Moschetti, G. and Aponte, M. and Masi, P. and Sorrentino, A. and Porta, R.},
doi = {10.1021/BM0702410},
journal = {Biomacromolecules},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {3008--3014},
title = {{Fennel waste-based films suitable for protecting cultivations}},
volume = {8},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Marty2009,
abstract = {How the balance between exogenous and endogenous nitrogen for shoot growth varies with soil nitrogen availability, and its consequences on leaf life-span, have rarely been studied within a single species in the field. • In this study, we investigated two Rhododendron ferrugineum populations with contrasting leaf life-span. Soil nitrogen availability and nitrogen resorption of different leaf age classes were assessed, as were the interactions between plant compartments, using 15N labelling and sink organ suppression. • The population growing on poorer soil had a shorter leaf life-span (17.9 vs 21.5 months) and a higher net contribution of leaf reserves to shoot growth (32% vs 15%), achieved by faster nitrogen resorption and greater shedding of young nitrogen-rich leaves. For both populations, wood contributed to over 40% of shoot nitrogen demand. Both the negative relationship between current-year shoot mass and the percentage of 1-yr-old attached leaves and the delay of leaf shedding after bud removal suggest that shoot development has a strong effect on leaf life-span. • Our results suggest that, contrary to the evolutionary response, plastic response to low soil nitrogen could reduce leaf life-span in evergreen plants. In addition, leaf life-span seems to be strongly influenced by the discrepancy between shoot nitrogen demand and soil nitrogen uptake rather than nitrogen demand alone.},
author = {Marty, C. and Lamaze, T. and Pornon, A.},
doi = {10.1111/J.1469-8137.2009.02893.X},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Marty, Lamaze, Pornon - 2009 - Endogenous sink-source interactions and soil nitrogen regulate leaf life-span in an evergreen shrub.pdf:pdf},
journal = {New Phytologist},
keywords = {15N labelling,Leaf life-span,Nitrogen resorption,Nitrogen resorption efficiency,Sink-source interactions,Soil nitrogen availability},
month = {sep},
number = {4},
pages = {1114--1123},
title = {{Endogenous sink-source interactions and soil nitrogen regulate leaf life-span in an evergreen shrub}},
volume = {183},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Meade2001,
abstract = {Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that has been incorporated into many household and medical products. Bacteria with high levels of triclosan resistance were isolated from compost, water, and soil samples. Two of these bacteria, Pseudomonas putida TriRY and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans TR1, were able to use triclosan as a sole carbon source and clear particulate triclosan from agar. A decrease in triclosan concentration was measured by HPLC within 6 h of inoculation with strain TriRY and 24 h with strain TR1. Bioassays demonstrated that triclosan was inactivated in liquid cultures and/or embedded in plastic by the growth of strain TriRY and strain TR1, permitting the growth of triclosan-sensitive bacteria.},
author = {Meade, Maura J. and Waddell, Rebecca L. and Callahan, Terrence M.},
doi = {10.1111/J.1574-6968.2001.TB10860.X},
journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters},
month = {oct},
number = {1},
pages = {45--48},
publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
title = {{ Soil bacteria Pseudomonas putida and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans inactivate triclosan in liquid and solid substrates }},
volume = {204},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Mergaert2002,
abstract = {Six deep-yellow-pigmented strains were isolated from soil after enrichment on plasticized acetylated starch granules as a source of carbon. They showed very similar and unique fatty acid profiles, consisting almost exclusively of branched fatty acids. The strains consisted of small, motile rods, were oxidase- and catalase-positive, did not ferment sugars and were able to depolymerize starch and suspended acetylated starch in overlayer plates. The 16S rDNA sequence of a representative strain, strain LMG 19981T, showed 96.7% sequence similarity to that of Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus, 96.0% to that of Frateuria aurantia and less than 92% to sequences of other members of the gamma-Proteobacteria. Repetitive extragenic palindromic DNA PCR fingerprinting revealed two groups, representatives of which showed 93% DNA-DNA reassociation with each other and less than 10% with Frateuria aurantia LMG 1558T. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics and the G+C content of the DNA, the strains could be differentiated from Frateuria aurantia and Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus. The name Fulvimonas soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain LMG 19981T (= DSM 14263T).},
author = {Mergaert, Joris and Cnockaert, Margo C and Swings, Jean},
doi = {10.1099/00207713-52-4-1285},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mergaert, Cnockaert, Swings - 2002 - Fulvimonas soli gen. nov., sp. nov., a gamma-proteobacterium isolated from soil after enrichment on.pdf:pdf},
journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology},
month = {jul},
number = {4},
pages = {1285--1289},
publisher = {Microbiology Society},
title = {{Fulvimonas soli gen. nov., sp. nov., a gamma-proteobacterium isolated from soil after enrichment on acetylated starch plastic.}},
volume = {52},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Miller2008,
abstract = {Lead (Pb), depending upon the reactant surface, pH, redox potential and other factors can bind tightly to the soil with a retention time of many centuries. Soil-metal interactions by sorption, precipitation and complexation processes, and differences between plant species in metal uptake efficiency, transport, and susceptibility make a general prediction of soil metal bioavailability and risks of plant metal toxicity difficult. Moreover, the tight binding characteristic of Pb to soils and plant materials make a significant portion of Pb unavailable for uptake by plants. This experiment was conducted to determine whether the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), or acetic acid (HAc) can enhance the phytoextraction of Pb by making the Pb soluble and more bioavailable for uptake by coffeeweed (Sesbania exaltata Raf.). Also we wanted to assess the efficacy of chelates in facilitating translocation of the metal into the above-ground biomass of this plant. To test the effect of chelates on Pb solubility, 2 g of Pb-spiked soil (1000 mg Pb/kg dry soil) were added to each 15 mL centrifuge tube. Chelates (EDTA, EGTA, HAc) in a 1:1 ratio with the metal, or distilled deionized water were then added. Samples were shaken on a platform shaker then centrifuged at the end of several time periods. Supernatants were filtered with a 0.45 $\mu$m filter and quantified by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to determine soluble Pb concentrations. Results revealed that EDTA was the most effective in bringing Pb into solution, and that maximum solubility was reached 6 days after chelate amendment. Additionally, a greenhouse experiment was conducted by planting Sesbania seeds in plastic tubes containing top soil and peat (2:1, v:v) spiked with various levels (0, 1000, 2000 mg Pb/kg dry soil) of lead nitrate. At six weeks after emergence, aqueous solutions of

repository: KritiSengupta/pytag

repo_name: KritiSengupta/pytag