text:
applications include research and operational numerical
	weather prediction (NWP), data assimilation and parameterized-physics
	research, downscaling climate simulations, driving air quality models,
	atmosphere-ocean coupling, and idealized simulations (e.g boundary-layer
	eddies, convection, baroclinic waves). },
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2},
  timestamp = {2012.11.18}
}

@ARTICLE{Smith2012,
  author = {Smith, Ian N. and Timbal, Bertrand},
  title = {{L}inks between tropical indices and southern {A}ustralian rainfall},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {33-40},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Links between southern Australian rainfall totals and tropical indices
	are investigated with the aim of identifying potential explanations
	for observed trends over the period 1950-2008. We find that, as has
	been noted in many previous studies, fluctuations in Indian Ocean
	sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies do not explain significantly
	more of interannual rainfall fluctuations than other indices which
	are dominated by El Nino Southern Oscillation events. It is proposed
	that a composite index, capturing SST variations in the Indian Ocean,
	the seas to the north of Australia, and the Pacific Ocean may be
	more useful in studying interannual variability. We also find that,
	while most indices can be significantly linked to rainfall fluctuations
	on interannual time scales, these links do not adequately describe
	the long-term trends. This suggests that the drivers of long-term
	trends in southern Australian rainfall do not involve the tropical
	oceans so much as changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {08998418},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Links between tropical indices and southern Australian rainfall},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Snyder2010,
  author = {Snyder, Peter K.},
  title = {{T}he Influence of Tropical deforestation on the northern hemisphere
	climate by atmospheric teleconnections},
  journal = {Earth Interactions},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {14},
  abstract = {Numerous studies have identified the regional-scale climate response
	to tropical deforestation through changes to water, energy, and momentum
	fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere. There has been
	little research, however, on the role of tropical deforestation on
	the global climate. Previous studies have focused on the climate
	response in the extratropics with little analysis of the mechanisms
	responsible for propagating the signal out of the tropics. A climate
	modeling study is presented of the physical processes that are important
	in transmitting a deforestation signal out of the tropics to the
	Northern Hemisphere extratropics in boreal winter. Using the Community
	Climate System Model, version 3 Integrated Biosphere Simulator (CCM3-IBIS)
	climate model and by imposing an exaggerated land surface forcing
	of complete tropical forest removal, the thermodynamic and dynamical
	atmospheric response is evaluated regionally within the tropics,
	globally as the climate signal propagates to the Northern Hemisphere,
	and then regionally in Eurasia where land-atmosphere feedbacks contribute
	to amplifying the climate signal and warming the surface and lower
	troposphere by 1-4 K. Model results indicate that removal of the
	tropical forests causes weakening of deep tropical convection that
	excites a Rossby wave train emanating northeastward away from the
	South American continent. Changes in European storm-track activity
	cause an intensification and northward shift in the Ferrel cell that
	leads to anomalous adiabatic warming over a broad region of Eurasia.
	Regional-scale land-atmosphere feedbacks are found to amplify the
	warming. While hypothetical, this approach illustrates the atmospheric
	mechanisms linking the tropics with Eurasia that may otherwise not
	be detectable with more realistic land-use change simulations.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1087-3562},
  keywords = {model tropical},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The Influence of Tropical Deforestation on the Northern Hemisphere
	Climate by Atmospheric Teleconnections},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Sobol2001,
  author = {Sobol', I.M},
  title = {Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and
	their Monte Carlo estimates},
  journal = {Mathematics and Computers in Simulation},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {271-280},
  number = {1-3},
  abstract = {Global sensitivity indices for rather complex mathematical models
	can be efficiently computed by Monte Carlo (or quasi-Monte Carlo)
	methods. These indices are used for estimating the influence of individual
	variables or groups of variables on the model output.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0378-4754},
  keywords = {Sensitivity analysis Monte Carlo method Quasi-Monte Carlo method Mathematical
	modelling},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and their
	Monte Carlo estimates},
  timestamp = {2013.01.02},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378475400002706}
}

@ARTICLE{Sobol1990,
  author = {Sobol', I. M.},
  title = {On sensitivity estimation for nonlinear mathematical models},
  journal = {Matematicheskoe Modelirovanie},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {112-118},
  number = {1},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {On sensitivity estimation for nonlinear mathematical models},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17}
}

@ARTICLE{Sobol2007,
  author = {Sobol’, I. M. and Tarantola, S. and Gatelli, D. and Kucherenko, S.
	S. and Mauntz, W.},
  title = {Estimating the approximation error when fixing unessential factors
	in global sensitivity analysis},
  journal = {Reliability Engineering \& System Safety},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {92},
  pages = {957-960},
  number = {7},
  abstract = {One of the major settings of global sensitivity analysis is that of
	fixing non-influential factors, in order to reduce the dimensionality
	of a model. However, this is often done without knowing the magnitude
	of the approximation error being produced. This paper presents a
	new theorem for the estimation of the average approximation error
	generated when fixing a group of non-influential factors. A simple
	function where analytical solutions are available is used to illustrate
	the theorem. The numerical estimation of small sensitivity indices
	is discussed.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0951-8320},
  keywords = {Sobol’ method Approximation error Sensitivity analysis by groups Sensitivity
	indices},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Estimating the approximation error when fixing unessential factors
	in global sensitivity analysis},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951832006001499}
}

@ARTICLE{Song2009,
  author = {Song, L. and MA, X. and WEI, Y. and MA, Z. and MA, F. and WANG, J.},
  title = {{C}auses and countermeasures of degradation and desertification of
	natural meadow in {H}aibei {D}istrict of {Q}inghai {P}rovince [{J}]},
  journal = {Pratacultural Science},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {7},
  abstract = {The natural meadow resources were abundant in Haibei district,but
	the desertification and degeneration became serious gradually with
	the continuous stockbreeding development for many years.According
	to the fact of natural meadow deterioration and desertification in
	Haibei district,this paper analyzed the harm of meadow deterioration
	and desertification,expatiated emphatically the multi-layers causes,and
	put forward corresponding countermeasure and suggestions.The result
	showed that the direct causes of meadow deterioration and desertification
	in Haibei were overloading,overgrazing and the break of biological
	chain;the indirect causes were population increment and livestock
	technical application,the fundamental causes were frangibility of
	meadow ecosystem environment induced by alpine-cold climate characteristic
	and complicated geography.Finally,three strategies were put forward,including
	encouraging family planning,increasing education investment,controlling
	and reducing the husbandry population,implementing modern and efficient
	stockbreeding development mode,developing artificial grassland,determining
	domestic animal number according to forge production,building the
	protection consciousness,and developing finite governance of natural
	meadow.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Causes and countermeasures of degradation and desertification of natural
	meadow in Haibei District of Qinghai Province [J]},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Souza2000,
  author = {Souza, E. P. and Renno, N. O. and Dias, Mafs},
  title = {{C}onvective circulations induced by surface heterogeneities},
  journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {2915-2922},
  number = {17},
  month = {Sep},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-4928},
  keywords = {theory},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Convective circulations induced by surface heterogeneities},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000089229100009 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0469%282000%29057%3C2915%3ACCIBSH%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@ARTICLE{Speer2011,
  author = {Speer, Milton and Leslie, Lance and Fierro, Alexandre},
  title = {{A}ustralian east coast rainfall decline related to large scale climate
	drivers},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {1419-1429},
  number = {7},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  keywords = {Earth and Environmental Science},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Australian east coast rainfall decline related to large scale climate
	drivers},
  timestamp = {2012.01.27},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0726-1}
}

@ARTICLE{Speer2008,
  author = {Speer, Milton S.},
  title = {{O}n the late twentieth century decrease in {A}ustralian east coast
	rainfall extremes},
  journal = {Atmospheric Science Letters},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {160-170},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {A change from negative to positive circulation anomalies over New
	South Wales (NSW) during the 1970s resulted in a decrease in east
	coastal low-pressure systems and accompanying rain. Negative pressure
	anomalies over eastern Australia, anomalous onshore low-level winds
	and larger NSW rainfall totals since 1950, occur in the cool phase
	of the IPO rather than the warm phase (post-1976). Larger NSW extreme
	annual rainfall totals occurred prior to 1977 and were characterized
	by negative mean sea level pressure (MSLP) anomalies over eastern
	Australia. In contrast, extreme annual rainfall totals from 1977
	were smaller and characterized by positive MSLP anomalies. Copyright
	© 2008 Royal Meteorological Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1530-261X},
  keywords = {circulation anomalies rainfall extremes NSW IPO},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  shorttitle = {On the late twentieth century decrease in Australian east coast rainfall
	extremes},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asl.191}
}

@ARTICLE{Spracklen2012,
  author = {Spracklen, DV and Arnold, SR and Taylor, CM},
  title = {{O}bservations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage
	over forests},
  journal = {Nature},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {489},
  pages = {282-285},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Observations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage
	over forests},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Stevens2004,
  author = {Stevens, B.},
  title = {{A}tmospheric moist convection},
  journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {605},
  number = {1},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Atmospheric moist convection},
  timestamp = {2012.11.12}
}

@ARTICLE{Stott2010,
  author = {Stott, Peter A. and Gillett, Nathan P. and Hegerl, Gabriele C. and
	Karoly, David J. and Stone, DÃ¡ithÃ A. and Zhang, Xuebin and Zwiers,
	Francis},
  title = {{D}etection and attribution of climate change: a regional perspective},
  journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {192-211},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report,
	published in 2007 came to a more confident assessment of the causes
	of global temperature change than previous reports and concluded
	that â€˜it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic
	warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except
	Antarctica.â€™ Since then, warming over Antarctica has also been
	attributed to human influence, and further evidence has accumulated
	attributing a much wider range of climate changes to human activities.
	Such changes are broadly consistent with theoretical understanding,
	and climate model simulations, of how the planet is expected to respond.
	This paper reviews this evidence from a regional perspective to reflect
	a growing interest in understanding the regional effects of climate
	change, which can differ markedly across the globe. We set out the
	methodological basis for detection and attribution and discuss the
	spatial scales on which it is possible to make robust attribution
	statements. We review the evidence showing significant human-induced
	changes in regional temperatures, and for the effects of external
	forcings on changes in the hydrological cycle, the cryosphere, circulation
	changes, oceanic changes, and changes in extremes. We then discuss
	future challenges for the science of attribution. To better assess
	the pace of change, and to understand more about the regional changes
	to which societies need to adapt, we will need to refine our understanding
	of the effects of external forcing and internal variability. Copyright
	Â© 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to
	this article, please visit the WIREs website},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1757-7799},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
  shorttitle = {Detection and attribution of climate change: a regional perspective},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.34}
}

@BOOK{Strangeways2007,
  title = {{P}recipitation: {T}heory, {M}easurement and {D}istribution},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2007},
  author = {Strangeways, I.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Precipitation: theory, measurement and distribution},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kJIpAQAAMAAJ}
}

@ARTICLE{Strengers2010,
  author = {Strengers, Bart J. and Mueller, Christoph and Schaeffer, Michiel
	and Haarsma, Reindert J. and Severijns, Camiel and Gerten, Dieter
	and Schaphoff, Sibyll and van den Houdt, Roy and Oostenrijk, Rineke},
  title = {{A}ssessing 20th century climate-vegetation feedbacks of land-use
	change and natural vegetation dynamics in a fully coupled vegetation-climate
	model},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {2055-2065},
  number = {13},
  abstract = {This study describes the coupling of the dynamic global vegetation
	model (DGVM), Lund-Potsdam-Jena Model for managed land (LPJmL), with
	the general circulation model (GCM), Simplified Parameterizations
	primitivE Equation DYnamics model (SPEEDY), to study the feedbacks
	between land-use change and natural vegetation dynamics and climate
	during the 20th century. We show that anthropogenic land-use change
	had a stronger effect on climate than the natural vegetation's response
	to climate change (e.g. boreal greening). Changes in surface albedo
	are an important driver of the climate's response; but, especially
	in the (sub) tropics, changes in evapotranspiration and the corresponding
	changes in latent heat flux and cloud formation can be of equal importance
	in the opposite direction. Our study emphasizes that implementing
	dynamic vegetation into climate models is essential, especially at
	regional scales: the dynamic response of natural vegetation significantly
	alters the climate change that is driven by increased atmospheric
	greenhouse gas concentrations and anthropogenic land-use change.
	Copyright (C) 2010 Royal Meteorological Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  keywords = {albedo coupled GCM with land surface model Evapotranspiration further
	information land use change model Tropics},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Assessing 20th century climate-vegetation feedbacks of land-use change
	and natural vegetation dynamics in a fully coupled vegetation-climate
	model},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/joc.2132/asset/2132_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=h9972yiq&s=e9376630649a9f082db744a9073d7822c2acd1a4}
}

@BOOK{Stull1988,
  title = {{A}n {I}ntroduction to {B}oundary {L}ayer {M}eteorology},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1988},
  author = {Stull, R.B.},
  address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9789027727688},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {An introduction to boundary layer meteorology},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=BK8P9rl-CB4C}
}

@ARTICLE{Sud2001,
  author = {Sud, Y. C. and Mocko, D. M. and Walker, G. K. and Kosgter, R. D.},
  title = {{I}nfluence of land surface fluxes on precipitation: {I}nferences
	from simulations forced with four {ARM}-{CART} {SCM} datasets},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {3666-3691},
  number = {17},
  abstract = {Four different Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud and
	Radiation Test Bed (ARM-CART) Single-Column Model (SCM) datasets
	were used to force an SCM in a number of simulations performed to
	study the influence of land surface fluxes on precipitation. The
	SCM employed Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-2) GCM physics,
	which includes a recent version of prognostic cloud scheme (Microphysics
	of Clouds with Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert), and a land model (Simplified
	Simple Biosphere Model) coupled to a highly resolved soil hydrological
	description in the vertical. The four ARM-CART datasets employed
	in these studies are referred as case 1, case 3, case 4, and case
	8. The SCM simulation results broadly confirm the previous findings
	that an increase in the solar absorption and surface evaporation
	helps to increase the local rainfall, but they also reveal that the
	magnitude of the rainfall increase is strongly affected by the ability
	of the background circulation to promote moist convection. The simulated
	precipitation increase was as large as 50% of the evapotranspiration
	increase for case 1 that covered a relatively wet period. It was
	substantially reduced for cases 3 and 4 covering a normal rainfall
	period and became negligible for case 8, a dry case. A part of evaporation
	increase became horizontal divergence of water vapor; this would
	have the potential of increasing the precipitation downstream of
	the test region. For a particular background circulation, it was
	found that the evaporation-precipitation relationship, often defined
	as recycling ratio, is remarkably robust even for a large range of
	vegetation covers, soil types, and initial soil moistures. Notwithstanding
	the limitations of only one-way interaction (i.e., the large scale
	influencing the regional physics and not vice versa), the current
	SCM simulations show that recycling ratio is a function of the background
	circulation and not a regional and/or seasonal feature. Indeed, a
	vigorous biosphere can help to produce more rainfall under wet conditions
	but may do little to dislodge a large-scale drought. It is pointed
	out that even though these inferences are robust, they are prone
	to weaknesses of the SCM physics as well as the assumption of the
	large scale remaining unaffected by changes of moist processes.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Influence of land surface fluxes on precipitation: Inferences from
	simulations forced with four ARM-CART SCM datasets},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000171134200011}
}

@ARTICLE{Sud1996,
  author = {Sud, Y. C. and Yang, R. and Walker, G. K.},
  title = {{I}mpact of in situ deforestation in {A}mazonia on the regional climate:
	{G}eneral circulation model simulation study},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {7095-7109},
  number = {D3},
  month = {Mar},
  abstract = {Two sets of 5-year long integrations were performed with the GLA GCM
	with a simple biosphere model (SiB) to delineate the influence of
	Amazonian deforestation on the local as well as basinwide circulation
	and rainfall. The control case invoked a normally forested Amazonia,
	while the deforestation case distinguished the partially deforested
	Amazonia (until the year 1988) as savanna. Except for this one difference,
	all other initial and the prescribed boundary conditions were identical
	in both integrations. A differential analysis of these two simulations
	revealed the following. (1) There was a large decrease in evapotranspiration
	(1.15 mm d(-1), roughly 33%) in the deforested region, while the
	basinwide decrease was only 0.24 mm d(-1) (roughly 8%). (2) The associated
	decrease of precipitation in the deforested (basinwide) regions was
	about 0.30 (0.168) mm d(-1). A precipitation decrease that is smaller
	than evapotranspiration decrease reflects a mitigating influence
	of increased moisture convergence, particularly within the boundary
	layer that gets warmed by the increased surface fluxes of sensible
	heat and longwave radiation. This implies that precipitation decrease
	in response to the 1988-level of Amazonian deforestation could be
	reversed, i.e., reforestation is likely to emerge if the anthropogenic
	pressures were eliminated and deforestation were forestalled. (3)
	The changes in the surface wind and rainfall patterns together with
	increased runoff and surface temperature indicate potential hydrological
	as well as ecological consequences of deforestation. In our simulations,
	only small regions of the Amazon basin produced precipitation and
	circulation changes at 90% or better statistical significance level.
	This is a consequence of a more realistic deforestation in Amazonia
	as compared to the total deforestation scenario used in previous
	studies.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of in situ deforestation in Amazonia on the regional climate:
	General circulation model simulation study},
  timestamp = {2012.12.08},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996UB98600032}
}

@BOOK{Sumner1988,
  title = {{P}recipitation: process and analysis},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {1988},
  author = {Sumner, G.N.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9780471905349},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Precipitation: process and analysis},
  timestamp = {2012.07.18},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hjRRAAAAMAAJ}
}

@ARTICLE{Sun2008,
  author = {Sun, G. and Zuo, C. Q. and Liu, S. Y. and Liu, M. L. and McNulty,
	S. G. and Vose, J. M.},
  title = {WATERSHED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION INCREASED DUE TO CHANGES INVEGETATION
	COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE UNDER A SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE},
  journal = {Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {1164-1175},
  number = {5},
  month = {Oct},
  abstract = {Natural forests in southern China have been severely logged due to
	high human demand for timber, food, and fuels during the past century,
	but are recovering in the past decade. The objective of this study
	was to investigate how vegetation cover changes in composition and
	structure affected the water budgets of a 9.6-km(2) Dakeng watershed
	located in a humid subtropical mountainous region in southern China.
	We analyzed 27 years (i.e., 1967-1993) of streamflow and climate
	data and associated vegetation cover change in the watershed. Land
	use /land cover census and Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index
	(NDVI) data derived from remote sensing were used to construct historic
	land cover change patterns. We found that over the period of record,
	annual streamflow (Q) and runoff /precipitation ratio did not change
	significantly, nor did the climatic variables, including air temperature,
	Hamon's potential evapotranspiration (ET), pan evaporation, sunshine
	hours, and radiation. However, annual ET estimated as the differences
	between P and Q showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
	Overall, the NDVI of the watershed had a significant increasing trend
	in the peak spring growing season. This study concluded that watershed
	ecosystem ET increased as the vegetation cover shifted from low stock
	forests to shrub and grasslands that had higher ET rates. A conceptual
	model was developed for the study watershed to describe the vegetation
	cover-streamflow relationships during a 50-year time frame. This
	paper highlighted the importance of eco-physiologically based studies
	in understanding transitory, nonstationary effects of deforestation
	or forestation on watershed water balances.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1093-474X},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {WATERSHED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION INCREASED DUE TO CHANGES INVEGETATION
	COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE UNDER A SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE},
  timestamp = {2012.10.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000259865100011 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00241.x/asset/j.1752-1688.2008.00241.x.pdf?v=1&t=guyyy015&s=6acac0a859e45dca17170a52822d40c27d75393d}
}

@ARTICLE{Swann2012,
  author = {Swann, Abigail L. S. and Fung, Inez Y. and Chiang, John C. H.},
  title = {{M}id-latitude afforestation shifts general circulation and tropical
	precipitation},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
	of America},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {712-716},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {We show in climate model experiments that large-scale afforestation
	in northern mid-latitudes warms the Northern Hemisphere and alters
	global circulation patterns. An expansion of dark forests increases
	the absorption of solar energy and increases surface temperature,
	particularly in regions where the land surface is unable to compensate
	with latent heat flux due to water limitation. Atmospheric circulation
	redistributes the anomalous energy absorbed in the northern hemisphere,
	in particular toward the south, through altering the Hadley circulation,
	resulting in the northward displacement of the tropical rain bands.
	Precipitation decreases over parts of the Amazon basin affecting
	productivity and increases over the Sahel and Sahara regions in Africa.
	We find that the response of climate to afforestation in mid-latitudes
	is determined by the amount of soil moisture available to plants
	with the greatest warming found in water-limited regions. Mid-latitude
	afforestation is found to have a small impact on modeled global temperatures
	and on global CO(2), but regional heating from the increase in forest
	cover is capable of driving unintended changes in circulation and
	precipitation. The ability of vegetation to affect remote circulation
	has implications for strategies for climate mitigation.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0027-8424},
  keywords = {model precipitation},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Mid-latitude afforestation shifts general circulation and tropical
	precipitation},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24},
  url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/109/3/712.full.pdf}
}

@BOOK{Syktus2007,
  title = {{I}mpact of {L}and {C}over {C}hange on {C}limate and {E}l {N}ino
	in {A}ustralia},
  year = {2007},
  editor = {Oxley, L. and Kulasiri, D.},
  author = {Syktus, J. and Deo, R. C. and McAlpine, C. A. and McGowan, H. A.
	and Phinn, S.},
  series = {Modsim 2007: International Congress on Modelling and Simulation:
	Land, Water and Environmental Management: Integrated Systems for
	Sustainability},
  abstract = {Climate impacts of land cover change (LCC) are still a subject of
	discussion despite growing evidence that LCC affects global and regional
	climates (Zhao et al. 2001; Timbal and Arblaster 2006; Pielke et
	al. 2002; Narisma and Pitman 2003). To investigate the climate impacts
	of LCC, this paper presents results for two sets of 10 member ensemble
	experiments using CSIRO atmospheric GCM. The CSIRO climate model
	is a fully coupled atmosphere, land surface, sea ice and ocean model,
	with a model horizontal resolution of similar to 1.8 degrees grid
	increment and 18 vertical levels. In this study, we used the uncoupled
	version where ocean and sea ice components were represented by observed
	seasonally varying sea surface temperatures and sea ice data. We
	quantified changes in land surface parameters and impacts on mean
	climate from the pre-European (1788) to modern day (1990) land covers
	and impact of ENSO on the strength of surface temperature anomalies
	during second half of 20(th) century. Pre-clearing land surface parameters
	were generated by extrapolating modern-day values of remnant native
	vegetation to the pre-European extents of each land cover class.
	The extrapolation was performed for Australian continent at 8 km
	spatial resolution and the fine scale parameters then aggregated
	using Shuttleworth's (1991) approach to coarse resolution aggregated
	for model. The largest differences between pre-European and modern
	day surface parameters were in eastern Queensland, southwest Western
	Australia, and New South Wales/Victoria. In eastern Queensland, vegetation
	fraction and leaf area index during the summer decreased by 14% and
	20% respectively. This corresponded to a surface albedo increase
	of 4%. Stomatal resistance increased by 3% and surface roughness
	decreased by 54%. In New South Wales/Victoria, similarly large decreases
	in vegetation fraction (19%) and LAI (23%) caused an albedo increase
	of 7%, while there was a corresponding 46% reduction in surface roughness.
	In southwest Western Australia, replacement of native woodlands with
	predominantly winter grains and crops resulted in a modest decrease
	in vegetation fraction (5%) and LAI (2%) during winter, while stomatal
	resistance decreased by 15%. However, surface albedo increased by
	14% due to higher reflectance of sandy soils. Overall, the largest
	impact of land cover change on land surface parameters occurred in
	eastern Australia. Our results showed that modification of vegetation
	in eastern Queensland and New South Wales/Victoria contributed to
	increases in area-averaged surface temperatures of 0.19 degrees C
	and 0.63 degrees C in the present-day compared to the pre-European
	values. In New South Wales/Victoria, area-averaged total rainfall
	decreased by 2.5%, while in eastern Queensland there was a rainfall
	decrease of 5.2%. The impact of LCC on the winter climate of southwest
	Western Australia was a cooling of 0.14 degrees C, even though albedo
	increased. This coincided with a small increase in winter rainfall
	by 0.6% and soil moisture by about 12%. Our winter response of increased
	rainfall is at odds with Pitman et al (2004) and Timbal and Arblaster
	(2006) although annual average rainfall, showing a decline of 0.24%,
	is consistent with their results. Nevertheless, even this decline
	is too small to be attributable to the influence of LCC. Further
	studies are needed to address the exact cause of this discrepancy.
	Composites of summer surface temperatures during the five strongest
	El Nino and La Nina episodes from 1950-2003 showed significant warming
	under present-day land cover conditions. However, increases in surface
	temperatures in eastern Australia were the highest during both episodes.
	On average, the strongest warming (approximate to 3.6 degrees C)
	occurred during 1982/1983 El Nino in eastern Australia and southwest
	Western Australia, the regions of largest land cover change. The
	surface temperature were similar for 1997/98 and 2002/2003 El Nino
	years, indicating the land surface forcings act to amplify the effect
	of El Nino on the surface climate of Australia. The findings indicate
	that replacing the native woody vegetation with crops and grazing
	has resulted in significant changes in regional climates, with a
	shift to warmer and drier conditions, especially in eastern Australia,
	the nation's major agricultural production zone.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {978-0-9758400-4-7},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of Land Cover Change on Climate and El Nino in Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000290030700092}
}

@ARTICLE{Takahashi2010,
  author = {Takahashi, H. G. and Yoshikane, T. and Hara, M. and Takata, K. and
	Yasunari, T.},
  title = {{H}igh-resolution modelling of the potential impact of land surface
	conditions on regional climate over {I}ndochina associated with the
	diurnal precipitation cycle},
  journal = {International journal of climatology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {2004-2020},
  number = {13},
  month = {Nov},
  abstract = {This study examined the impact of changes in land surface conditions
	on regional climate over Indochina using a high-resolution regional
	climate model. Anthropogenically induced land surface changes are
	going on in this part of tropical Southeast Asia. Because a previous
	study suggested that deforestation in this area affected September
	precipitation, we chose September as the study period. We performed
	a control simulation (CTL) driven by reanalysis data combined with
	current land use and predicted soil moisture data. The CTL reproduced
	the spatial distribution of total precipitation well. In addition,
	it also simulated a distinct diurnal cycle of precipitation that
	was previously reported in observational studies. Two sensitivity
	experiments, assuming wetter and drier land surface conditions over
	the Khorat Plateau (northeast Thailand) compared with the current
	land surface condition, were conducted and examined the impact of
	land surface changes on precipitation. The results indicated that
	drier land surface conditions increased precipitation over the disturbed
	region. A pronounced increase in precipitation was found only during
	nighttime, which coincided with the peak in the climatological diurnal
	precipitation cycle. Climatologically, the diurnal peak in precipitation
	occurs from evening to early morning over the Khorat Plateau. Drier
	conditions intensified the diurnal variation of precipitable water
	associated with the thermally induced local circulation responsible
	for a horizontal gradient of near-surface temperature. The effects
	of land use and land cover changes in the tropics are shown to be
	strongly related to the diurnal precipitation cycle. Copyright (C)
	2010 Royal Meteorological Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {High-resolution modelling of the potential impact of land surface
	conditions on regional climate over Indochina associated with the
	diurnal precipitation cycle},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000284211300010}
}

@ARTICLE{Tawfik2011,
  author = {Tawfik, Ahmed B. and Steiner, Allison L.},
  title = {{T}he role of soil ice in land-atmosphere coupling over the {U}nited
	{S}tates: {A} soil moisture-precipitation winter feedback mechanism},
  journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {116},
  pages = {D02113},
  number = {D2},
  abstract = {We perform two 23 year simulations using a regional climate model
	coupled with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community
	Land Model version 3.5 (RegCM-CLM) to investigate land-atmosphere
	coupling in the continental United States during the cold season
	(October–April) and the role of soil water phase. One simulation
	allows the land surface to interact freely (RunI) while the other
	simulation uses monthly climatological soil moisture (soil liquid
	plus soil ice) to represent an uncoupled land surface (RunC). A winter
	land-atmosphere coupling signal occurs slightly south of the freezing
	line, indicating that the freezing line could be regarded as a temporally
	varying transition zone similar to the dry-to-wet transition zone
	identified in prior studies during boreal summer. Warmer soil temperatures
	in RunI translate into additional available surface energy (sum of
	latent and sensible heat) producing locally elevated moist static
	energy in the atmosphere. Additionally, warmer temperatures and greater
	moist static energy increase both large-scale (6–30% increase,
	March) and convective precipitation (>100% increase, April). As
	a result of the increased liquid precipitation during transition
	months, soil liquid water increases thereby warming winter ground
	and air temperatures in the interactive run and enhancing the potential
	for subsequent liquid precipitation. While RunC includes more persistent
	soil ice than is likely present in the real land-atmosphere system,
	this precipitation-soil moisture feedback underscores the role of
	soil moisture phase and variability as an important surface parameter
	in the winter months.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {soil ice feedback winter 1843 Hydrology: Land/atmosphere interactions
	3355 Atmospheric Processes: Regional modeling 3322 Atmospheric Processes:
	Land/atmosphere interactions 1866 Hydrology: Soil moisture 1823 Hydrology:
	Frozen ground},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {The role of soil ice in land-atmosphere coupling over the United States:
	A soil moisture-precipitation winter feedback mechanism},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014333}
}

@ARTICLE{Taylor2010,
  author = {Taylor, C. M. and Harris, P. P. and Parker, D. J.},
  title = {Impact of soil moisture on the development of a Sahelian mesoscale
	convective system: A case-study from the AMMA Special Observing Period},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {136},
  pages = {456-470},
  month = {Jan},
  note = {Suppl. 1 Sp. Iss. SI 585EE Times Cited:15 Cited References Count:49},
  abstract = {Interactions between the land and atmosphere play an important role
	in the precipitation of the Sahel The African Monsoon Multidisciplinary
	Analysis Special Observing Period provided observations with which
	to illuminate potential feedback mechanisms This case-study highlights
	a major storm which developed over northern Mali in an area where
	a research aircraft was surveying the atmospheric response to sod
	moisture features Soil moisture variability is characterized using
	satellite land-surface temperature data whilst cloud images illustrate
	the evolution of the storm and its relationship to the surface Measurements
	in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) indicate mesoscale variations
	in pre-storm humidity and temperature consistent with high evaporation
	from wet soils The storm developed above a dry surface within a wetter
	region with cells first appearing along a wet dry soil boundary This
	suggests that the storm was triggered in association with low-level
	convergence driven by the soil moisture pattern A gravity wave propagating
	away from a remote mature storm also appears to have played an important
	role in the initiation. though only in the region of the soil moisture
	contrast did deep convection become established Once organised into
	a Mesoscale Convective System. convection developed over wet areas
	as well as dry. and indeed at this stage. convection became more
	intense over wetter soils This behaviour is consistent with the large
	tu admits in PBL. humidity The study illustrates the complexity of
	soil moisture convection feedback loops and highlights the mechanisms
	which may operate at different stages of a storm's life cycle Copyright
	(C) 2009 Royal Meteorological Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0035-9009},
  keywords = {land-atmosphere feedback rainfall convective initiation monsoon multidisciplinary
	analysis west-african monsoon land-surface squall lines rainfall
	variability precipitation climate deforestation circulations},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of soil moisture on the development of a Sahelian mesoscale
	convective system: A case-study from the AMMA Special Observing Period},
  timestamp = {2014.07.03},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000276806300029}
}

@ARTICLE{Taylor2012,
  author = {Taylor, Christopher M and de Jeu, Richard AM and Guichard, Françoise
	and Harris, Phil P and Dorigo, Wouter A},
  title = {Afternoon rain more likely over drier soils},
  journal = {Nature},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {489},
  pages = {423-426},
  number = {7416},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Afternoon rain more likely over drier soils},
  timestamp = {2013.07.20}
}

@ARTICLE{Taylor2002,
  author = {Taylor, C. M. and Lambin, E. F. and Stephenne, N. and Harding, R.
	J. and Essery, R. L. H.},
  title = {{T}he influence of land use change on climate in the {S}ahel},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {3615-3629},
  number = {24},
  abstract = {A number of general circulation model (GCM) experiments have shown
	that changes in vegetation in the Sahel can cause substantial reductions
	in rainfall. In some studies, the climate sensitivity is large enough
	to trigger drought of the severity observed since the late 1960s.
	The extent and intensity of vegetation changes are crucial in determining
	the magnitude of the atmospheric response in the models. However,
	there is no accurate historical record of regional vegetation changes
	extending back to before the drought began. One important driver
	of vegetation change is land use practice. In this paper the hypothesis
	that recent changes in land use have been large enough to cause the
	observed drought is tested. Results from a detailed land use model
	are used to generate realistic maps of vegetation changes linked
	to land use. The land use model suggests that cropland coverage in
	the Sahel has risen from 5% to 14% in the 35 yr prior to 1996. It
	is estimated that this process of agricultural extensification, coupled
	with deforestation and other land use changes, translates to a conversion
	of 4% of the land from tree cover to bare soil over this period.
	The model predicts further changes in the composition of the land
	surface by 2015 based on changes in human population (rural and urban),
	livestock population, rainfall, cereals imports, and farming systems.
	The impact of land use change on Sahelian climate is assessed using
	a GCM, forced by the estimates of land use in 1961, 1996, and 2015.
	Relative to 1961 conditions, simulated rainfall decreases by 4.6%
	(1996) and 8.7% (2015). The decreases are closely linked to a later
	onset of the wet season core during July. Once the wet season is
	well developed, however, the sensitivity of total rainfall to the
	land surface is greatly reduced, and depends on the sensitivity of
	synoptic disturbances to the land surface. The results suggest that
	while the climate of the region is rather sensitive to small changes
	in albedo and leaf area index, recent historical land use changes
	are not large enough to have been the principal cause of the Sahel
	drought. However, the climatic impacts of land use change in the
	region are likely to increase rapidly in the coming years.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {model Sahel},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The influence of land use change on climate in the Sahel},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Taylor2005,
  author = {Taylor, J. and Webb, R.},
  title = {{M}eteorological aspects of the {J}anuary 2003 south-eastern {A}ustralian
	bushfire outbreak},
  journal = {Australian Forestry},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {68},
  pages = {94-103},
  number = {2},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Meteorological aspects of the January 2003 south-eastern Australian
	bushfire outbreak},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Teuling2008,
  author = {Teuling, AJ and Seneviratne, SI},
  title = {{C}ontrasting spectral changes limit albedo impact on land-atmosphere
	coupling during the 2003 {E}uropean heat wave},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {L03401},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Contrasting spectral changes limit albedo impact on land-atmosphere
	coupling during the 2003 European heat wave},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Teuling2010,
  author = {Teuling, Adriaan J. and Seneviratne, Sonia I. and Stockli, Reto and
	Reichstein, Markus and Moors, Eddy and Ciais, Philippe and Luyssaert,
	Sebastiaan and van den Hurk, Bart and Ammann, Christof and Bernhofer,
	Christian and Dellwik, Ebba and Gianelle, Damiano and Gielen, Bert
	and Grunwald, Thomas and Klumpp, Katja and Montagnani, Leonardo and
	Moureaux, Christine and Sottocornola, Matteo and Wohlfahrt, Georg},
  title = {{C}ontrasting response of {E}uropean forest and grassland energy
	exchange to heatwaves},
  journal = {Nature Geoscience},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {722-727},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1752-0908},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  shorttitle = {Contrasting response of European forest and grassland energy exchange
	to heatwaves},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo950}
}

@ARTICLE{Teuling2005a,
  author = {Teuling, Adriaan J. and Troch, Peter A.},
  title = {Improved understanding of soil moisture variability dynamics},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {L05404},
  number = {5},
  abstract = {Different trends of soil moisture variability with mean moisture content
	have been reported from field observations. Here we explain these
	trends for three different data sets by showing how vegetation, soil
	and topography controls interact to either create or destroy spatial
	variance. Improved understanding of these processes is needed for
	the transformation of point-scale measurements and parameterizations
	to scales required for climate studies, operational weather forecasting,
	and large scale hydrological modeling.},
  comment = {teuling05},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {1866 Hydrology: Soil moisture 1839 Hydrology: Hydrologic scaling 1869
	Hydrology: Stochastic hydrology 1852 Hydrology: Plant uptake 1865
	Hydrology: Soils},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {Improved understanding of soil moisture variability dynamics},
  timestamp = {2013.08.19},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021935}
}

@ARTICLE{Teuling2006,
  author = {Teuling, A. J. and Uijlenhoet, R. and Hupet, F. and Troch, P. A.},
  title = {{I}mpact of plant water uptake strategy on soil moisture and evapotranspiration
	dynamics during drydown},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {33},
  number = {3},
  month = {Feb},
  abstract = {Experiments have shown that plants can compensate for water stress
	in the upper, more densely rooted, soil layers by increasing the
	water uptake from deeper layers. By adapting root water uptake to
	water availability, plants are able to extend the period of unstressed
	transpiration. This strategy conflicts with the approach in many
	land surface schemes, where plant water uptake is treated as a static
	process. Here we derive expressions for the typical drydown trajectories
	of evapotranspiration and soil moisture for both strategies. We show
	that the maximum difference in evapotranspiration between the two
	strategies during drydown can exceed 50%. This in turn leads to a
	difference in root zone soil moisture of up to 25%. The results stress
	the importance of incorporating realistic root water uptake concepts
	in land surface schemes.},
  comment = {teuling06},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of plant water uptake strategy on soil moisture and evapotranspiration
	dynamics during drydown},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000235156600004 http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2005GL025019.shtml}
}

@ARTICLE{Teuling2005,
  author = {Teuling, A. J. and Uijlenhoet, R. and Troch, P. A.},
  title = {{O}n bimodality in warm season soil moisture observations},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {32},
  number = {13},
  month = {Jul 8},
  abstract = { It has recently been suggested that the bimodality in warm season
	soil moisture observations in Illinois is evidence of a soil moisture-precipitation
	feedback. Other studies however provide little evidence for a strong
	feedback in this region. Here we show that seasonality in the meteorological
	conditions in combination with the non-linearity of the soil moisture
	response alone can induce this bimodality. The existence of preferred
	wet and dry soil moisture states may have implications for the understanding
	and modeling of soil moisture dynamics in mid-latitude regions.},
  comment = {teuling05},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {land-atmosphere interactions leaf-area index united-states precipitation
	dynamics drought climate transpiration feedbacks rainfall},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {On bimodality in warm season soil moisture observations},
  timestamp = {2012.12.16},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000230639600010}
}

@MISC{Fire2011,
  author = {{The State Government of Victoria}},
  title = {Bushfire history},
  year = {2011},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/fire-and-other-emergencies/

	major-bushfires-in-victoria}, viewed on 12/12/2011},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Thunis1996,
  author = {Thunis, P. and Bornstein, R.},
  title = {{H}ierarchy of Mesoscale Flow Assumptions and Equations},
  journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {380-397},
  number = {3},
  month = {February 01, 1996},
  abstract = {The present research proposes a standard nomenclature for mesoscale
	meteorological concepts and integrates existing concepts of atmospheric
	space scales, flow assumptions, governing equations, and resulting
	motions into a hierarchy useful in categorization of mesoscale models.
	New dynamically based mesoscale time- and space-scale boundaries
	are proposed, consistent with the importance of the Coriolis force.
	In the proposed flow-class classification, the starting point is
	the complete (no approximations) set of mesoscale equations for non-Boussinesq
	flows. In the subsequent scale analysis. the deep and shallow Boussinesq
	flow divisions of Dutton and Fichtl are kept, as is the shallow-flow
	subdivisions of Mahrt In addition, the scale analysis approach of
	Mahrt is extended to deep Boussinesq motions. Limits of applicability
	of each derived flow-class equation set (with respect to atmospheric
	phenomena that can be simulated) are also discussed. The proposed
	hierarchy of atmospheric motions is organized into hydrostatic versus
	nonhydrostatic flow types and then into non-Boussinesq, deep, and
	shallow Boussinesq motions. Criteria used to differentiate each resulting
	flow class are discussed, while resulting governing thermodynamic
	and dynamic equations for each motion type are given. Separate graphical
	representations during stable and unstable conditions of the spatial
	limits of each Boussinesq mesoscale flow subclass are constructed
	from order of magnitude estimates for the various length and flow-class
	separation criteria. A summary of the consensus in the literature
	concerning the equation sets necessary to reproduce characteristics
	associated with specific atmospheric flow phenomenon is given. Comparative
	modeling studies are required to test the quantitative aspects of
	many of the ideas put forth in this paper.},
  comment = {thunis96},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Hierarchy of Mesoscale Flow Assumptions and Equations},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281996%29053%3C0380%3AHOMFAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@ARTICLE{Timbal2009,
  author = {Timbal, Bertrand},
  title = {The continuing decline in south-east Australian rainfall—Update to
	May 2009},
  journal = {CAWCR Research Letters},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4-11},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The continuing decline in south-east Australian rainfall—Update to
	May 2009},
  timestamp = {2013.08.12}
}

@ARTICLE{Timbal2006,
  author = {Timbal, B. and Arblaster, J.M.},
  title = {{L}and cover change as an additional forcing to explain the rainfall
	decline in the south west of {A}ustralia},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {L07717},
  number = {7},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Land cover change as an additional forcing to explain the rainfall
	decline in the south west of Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.01.11}
}

@TECHREPORT{Timbal2007,
  author = {Timbal, B. and Murphy, B. and Braganza, K. and Hendon, H. and Wheeler,
	M. and Rakich, M.C.},
  title = {Comparing documented climate changes with those attributable to specific
	causes},
  institution = {South Eastern Australian Climate Initiative},
  year = {2007},
  address = {CSIRO},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Comparing documented climate changes with those attributable to specific
	causes},
  timestamp = {2013.08.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Tobon2011,
  author = {Tobón, C and Köhler, L and Frumau, KFA and Bruijnzeel, LA and Burkard,
	R and Schmid, S},
  title = {Water dynamics of epiphytic vegetation in a lower montane cloud forest:
	fog interception, storage, and evaporation},
  journal = {Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and Management},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {261},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0521760356},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Water dynamics of epiphytic vegetation in a lower montane cloud forest:
	fog interception, storage, and evaporation},
  timestamp = {2013.08.12}
}

@MISC{Townshend2011,
  author = {Townshend, J.R.G. and Carroll, M. and Dimiceli, C. and Sohlberg,
	R. and Hansen, M. and DeFries, R.},
  title = {{V}egetation continuous fields {MOD}44{B}, 2001 {P}ercent tree cover,
	{C}ollection 5},
  howpublished = {University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 2001},
  year = {2011},
  note = {digital data accessed on 10/02/2012 from \url{https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/modis_products_table/vegetation_continuous_fields/yearly_l3_global_500m/mod44b}},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Vegetation continuous fields MOD44B, 2001 Percent tree cover, Collection
	5},
  timestamp = {2012.03.12}
}

@ARTICLE{Trenberth1999,
  author = {Trenberth, K. E.},
  title = {{A}tmospheric moisture recycling: {R}ole of advection and local evaporation},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {1368-1381},
  number = {5},
  month = {May},
  abstract = {An approximate formulation of how much moisture that precipitates
	out comes from local evaporation versus horizontal transport, referred
	to as "recycling," has allowed new estimates of recycling, to be
	mapped globally as a function of length scale. The recycling is formulated
	in terms of the "intensity of the hydrological cycle" I, which is
	alternatively referred to as a "precipitation efficiency" as it denotes
	the fraction of moisture flowing through a region that is precipitated
	out, and a "moistening efficiency," M, which is defined as the fraction
	of moisture evaporated from a region to that flowing through. While
	datasets of the pertinent quantities have improved, they still contain
	uncertainties. Results show that often the intensity is not greatest
	at times of greatest precipitation because moisture transport into
	the region is also a maximum, especially in the monsoonal regions.
	The annual cycle variations of I are fairly small over North America
	and Europe while large seasonal variations in M occur in most places.
	Seasonal mean maps of precipitation, evaporation (E), and atmospheric
	moisture transport are presented and discussed along with the seasonal
	and annual means of derived precipitation and moisture efficiencies
	and the recycling Fraction. The recycling results depend greatly
	on the scale of the domain under consideration and global maps of
	the recycling for seasonal and annual means are produced for 500-
	and 1000-km scales that therefore allow the heterogeneity of the
	fields across river basins to be captured. Global annual mean recycling
	for 500-km scales is 9.6%, consisting of 8.9% over land and 9.9%
	over the oceans. Even for 1000-km scales, less than 20% of the annual
	precipitation typically comes from evaporation within that domain.
	Over the Amazon, strong advection of moisture dominates the supply
	of atmospheric moisture over much of the river basin but local evaporation
	is much more prominent over the southern parts, and, for the annual
	cycle as a whole, about 34% of the moisture is recycled. Over the
	Mississippi Basin, the recycling is about 21%. The smaller number
	mostly reflects the smaller domain size. Relatively high annual values
	of recycling (>20%) occur in the subtropical highs. where E is high
	and the advective moisture flux is small, and in convergence zones
	where, again, the advective moisture flux is small. Low annual values
	occur over the southern oceans, the North Pacific, and the eastern
	equatorial Pacific, where the moisture flux is at a maximum.},
  comment = {trenberth99},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {precipitation climatology project global precipitation gauge observations
	dataset recycling},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Atmospheric moisture recycling: Role of advection and local evaporation},
  timestamp = {2012.06.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000080145700002}
}

@ARTICLE{Trenberth2009,
  author = {Trenberth, Kevin E. and Fasullo, John T. and Kiehl, Jeffrey},
  title = {Earth's Global Energy Budget},
  journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {90},
  pages = {311-323},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Earth's Global Energy Budget},
  timestamp = {2012.12.22},
  url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Tryhorn2008,
  author = {Tryhorn, L. and Lynch, A. and Abramson, R. and Parkyn, K.},
  title = {{O}n the meteorological mechanisms driving postfire flash floods:
	a case study},
  journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {136},
  pages = {1778-1791},
  number = {5},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1520-0493},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {On the meteorological mechanisms driving postfire flash floods: a
	case study},
  timestamp = {2012.07.09}
}

@ARTICLE{Tsoularis2002,
  author = {Tsoularis, A. and Wallace, J.},
  title = {{A}nalysis of logistic growth models},
  journal = {Mathematical Biosciences},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {179},
  pages = {21-55},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {A variety of growth curves have been developed to model both unpredated,
	intraspecific population dynamics and more general biological growth.
	Most predictive models are shown to be based on variations of the
	classical Verhulst logistic growth equation. We review and compare
	several such models and analyse properties of interest for these.
	We also identify and detail several associated limitations and restrictions.
	A generalized form of the logistic growth curve is introduced which
	incorporates these models as special cases. Several properties of
	the generalized growth are also presented. We furthermore prove that
	the new growth form incorporates additional growth models which are
	markedly different from the logistic growth and its variants, at
	least in their mathematical representation. Finally, we give a brief
	outline of how the new curve could be used for curve-fitting.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0025-5564},
  keywords = {Biological growth dynamics Logistic growth Generalized logistic growth
	Inflection point Incomplete beta function Beta function Gamma function
	Mimimax Saddle curve Finite difference method},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Analysis of logistic growth models},
  timestamp = {2012.12.13},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025556402000962}
}

@ARTICLE{Ummenhofer2008,
  author = {Ummenhofer, Caroline C. and Sen Gupta, Alexander and Pook, Michael
	J. and England, Matthew H.},
  title = {{A}nomalous Rainfall over Southwest {W}estern {A}ustralia Forced
	by {I}ndian {O}cean Sea Surface Temperatures},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {5113-5134},
  number = {19},
  month = {2008/10/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {Anomalous Rainfall over Southwest Western Australia Forced by Indian
	Ocean Sea Surface Temperatures},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2227.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Verburg2006,
  author = {Verburg, Peter H. and Schulp, C. J. E. and Witte, N. and Veldkamp,
	A.},
  title = {{D}ownscaling of land use change scenarios to assess the dynamics
	of {E}uropean landscapes},
  journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems \& Environment},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {114},
  pages = {39-56},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Europe's rural areas are expected to witness massive and rapid changes
	in land use due to changes in demography, global trade, technology
	and enlargement of the European Union. Changes in demand for agricultural
	products and agrarian structure are likely to have a large impact
	on landscape quality and the value of natural areas. A spatially
	explicit, dynamic, land use change model has been used to translate
	European level scenarios into a high resolution assessment of changes
	in land use for the 25 countries of the European Union. Scenarios
	differ in worldview, ranging from enhanced global cooperation towards
	strong regionalisation on one hand and strong to weak government
	intervention on the other. Global economic and integrated assessment
	models were used to calculate changes in demand for agricultural
	area at country level while a spatially explicit land use change
	model was used to downscale these demands to land use patterns at
	1 km2 resolution. The land use model explicitly accounts for the
	variation in driving factors among countries and the path dependence
	in land use change trajectories. Results indicate the large impact
	abandonment of agricultural land and urbanization has on European
	landscapes and the different scenarios indicate that spatial policies
	can make an important contribution to preserve landscapes containing
	high natural and/or historic values. Furthermore, the dynamic simulations
	indicate that the trajectory of land use change has an important
	impact on resulting landscape patterns as a result of the path-dependence
	in land use change processes. The results are intended to support
	discussions on the future of the rural area and identify hotspots
	of landscape change that need specific consideration.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0167-8809},
  keywords = {Europe Downscaling Land use change Scenarios Landscape},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Downscaling of land use change scenarios to assess the dynamics of
	European landscapes},
  timestamp = {2012.10.16},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880905005335}
}

@ARTICLE{Verdon2004,
  author = {Verdon, Danielle C. and Wyatt, Adam M. and Kiem, Anthony S. and Franks,
	Stewart W.},
  title = {{M}ultidecadal variability of rainfall and streamflow: {E}astern
	{A}ustralia},
  journal = {Water Resources Research},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {W10201},
  number = {10},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0043-1397},
  keywords = {El Niño&#8211 Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
	(IPO) Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) rainfall streamflow climate
	variability 4215 Oceanography: General: Climate and interannual variability
	4522 Oceanography: Physical: El Nino 1854 Hydrology: Precipitation
	1860 Hydrology: Runoff and streamflow},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Multidecadal variability of rainfall and streamflow: Eastern Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.01.27},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003234}
}

@ARTICLE{Verseghy1996,
  author = {Verseghy, D. L.},
  title = {{L}ocal climates simulated by two generations of {C}anadian {GCM}
	land surface schemes},
  journal = {Atmosphere-Ocean},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {435-456},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {The performance of two Canadian land surface schemes of widely differing
	complexity is compared and contrasted in a pair of year-long simulations
	using the GCM developed at Atmospheric Environment Service Canada.
	The old land surface model incorporates the force-restore method
	for soil temperatures and the bucket approximation for soil moisture;
	the new model, CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme) features three
	soil layers, an explicitly modelled snow layer, a thermally separate
	vegetation canopy, and physically-based calculations of heat and
	moisture transfers between all of the land surface components and
	the atmosphere. It was reported in previous papers that compared
	with observations, the old scheme tends to generate a climate which
	is characterized by anomalously high precipitation rates and cold
	temperatures over land In this paper, by reference to field measurements
	and to the energy fluxes and temperatures generated by the two models
	at local scales, the hypotheses earlier postulated as to the underlying
	reasons for this are validated. The main factor contributing to the
	climate anomalies observed with the old scheme is found to be its
	generation of excessive evaporation rates; this is caused by the
	fact that the evaporation rate is never directly energy-limited the
	fact that the scaling of the evaporation rate with decreasing soil
	moisture content underestimates the effect of vegetation stomatal
	resistance, and the fact that the evaporation rate over bare soil
	depends not on the surface soil moisture, but on the moisture content
	of whole modelled soil column. The cold surface temperatures are
	additionally attributed to systematic errors incurred by the forward-stepping
	temperature scheme, and to the fact that soils subjected to subzero
	temperature forcing in the winter are modelling as freezing completely.
	Finally, the inability of the old scheme to simulate partially frozen
	soils means that it proves unable to handle either shallow frost
	penetration at temperature latitudes, or the development of an active
	layer in permafrost.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0705-5900},
  keywords = {land surface scheme model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Local climates simulated by two generations of Canadian GCM land surface
	schemes},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Vervoort2009,
  author = {Vervoort, R. Willem and van der Zee, Sjoerd E. A. T. M.},
  title = {Stochastic soil water dynamics of phreatophyte vegetation with dimorphic
	root systems},
  journal = {Water Resources Research},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {45},
  comment = {vervoort09},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  keywords = {stochastic water balance model ecohydrology groundwater-dependent
	vegetation semiarid vegetation dimorphic root systems groundwater
	uptake 1813 Hydrology: Eco-hydrology 1830 Hydrology: Groundwater/surface
	water interaction 1631 Global Change: Land/atmosphere interactions
	1852 Hydrology: Plant uptake},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  shorttitle = {Stochastic soil water dynamics of phreatophyte vegetation with dimorphic
	root systems},
  timestamp = {2012.12.22},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007245}
}

@ARTICLE{Vervoort2008,
  author = {Vervoort, R. W. and van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M.},
  title = {{S}imulating the effect of capillary flux on the soil water balance
	in a stochastic ecohydrological framework},
  journal = {Water Resources Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {44},
  number = {8},
  month = {Aug 19},
  abstract = {Groundwater uptake can play a major role in the survival of vegetation
	in semiarid areas, but this has not yet been included in an earlier
	developed ecohydrological stochastic framework. In this paper we
	provide a piecewise linear equation which includes capillary fluxes
	from shallow groundwater in the loss function of the ecohydrological
	stochastic model. The results indicate that this model is able to
	simulate the capillary fluxes, and the model also reflects the impact
	of the fluxes on the soil moisture balance. In addition, the results
	are analytically tractable and allow calculation of the probability
	density functions of soil water saturation and water stress for different
	groundwater depths below the root zone.},
  comment = {vervoort08},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0043-1397},
  keywords = {eucalyptus-camaldulensis controlled ecosystems hydrologic processes
	active-role moisture vegetation plants evaporation movement climate},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Simulating the effect of capillary flux on the soil water balance
	in a stochastic ecohydrological framework},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000258651400002}
}

@ARTICLE{Villar2009,
  author = {Villar, J. C. E. and Ronchail, J. and Guyot, J. L. and Cochonneau,
	G. and Naziano, F. and Lavado, W. and De Oliveira, E. and Pombosa,
	R. and Vauchel, P.},
  title = {{S}patio-temporal rainfall variability in the {A}mazon basin countries
	({B}razil, {P}eru, {B}olivia, {C}olombia, and {E}cuador)},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {1574-1594},
  number = {11},
  month = {Sep},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  keywords = {rainfall variability rainfall regimes Amazon basin Andes South American
	climate Peru Ecuador Bolivia Colombia ENSO PDO LLJ southeastern south-america
	sea-surface temperatures climate-change interannual variability tropical
	deforestation regional climate atlantic oceans summer monsoon water-vapor
	precipitation},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Spatio-temporal rainfall variability in the Amazon basin countries
	(Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador)},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000270006500005}
}

@ARTICLE{Voldoire2005,
  author = {Voldoire, A. and Royer, J. F.},
  title = {{C}limate sensitivity to tropical land surface changes with coupled
	versus prescribed {SST}s},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {843-862},
  number = {7-8},
  month = {Jun},
  abstract = {Tropical land cover change experiments with fixed sea-surface temperatures
	(SSTs) and with an interactive ocean are compared to assess the relevance
	of including the ocean system in sensitivity studies to land surface
	conditions. The results show that the local response to deforestation
	is similar with fixed and simulated SSTs. Over Amazonia, all experiments
	simulate a comparable decrease in precipitation and no change in
	moisture convergence, implying that there is only a change in local
	water recycling. Over Africa, the impact on precipitation is not
	identical for all experiments; however, the signal is smaller than
	over Amazonia and simulations of more than 50 years would be necessary
	to statistically discriminate the precipitation change. We observe
	small but significant changes in SSTs in the coupled simulation in
	the tropical oceans surrounding the deforested regions. Impacts on
	mid and high latitudes SSTs are also possible. As remote impacts
	to deforestation are weak, it has not been possible to establish
	possible oceanic feedbacks to the atmosphere. Overall, this study
	indicates that the oceanic feedback to land surface sensitivity studies
	is of second importance, and that the inclusion of the oceanic system
	will require ensembles of long climate simulations to properly take
	into account the low frequency variability of the ocean.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climate sensitivity to tropical land surface changes with coupled
	versus prescribed SSTs},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000230431200013}
}

@ARTICLE{Voldoire2004,
  author = {Voldoire, A. and Royer, J. F.},
  title = {{T}ropical deforestation and climate variability},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {857-874},
  number = {8},
  abstract = {A new tropical deforestation experiment has been performed, with the
	ARPEGE-Climat atmospheric global circulation model associated with
	the ISBA land surface scheme. Simulations are forced with observed
	monthly mean sea surface temperatures and thus inter-annual variability
	of the ocean system is taken into account. The local mean response
	to deforestation over Amazonia and Africa is relatively weak compared
	with most published studies and compensation effects are particularly
	important. However, a large increase in daily maximum temperatures
	is obtained during the dry season when soil water stress dominates.
	The analysis of daily variability shows that the distributions of
	daily minimum and maximum temperatures are noticeably modified with
	an increase in extreme temperatures. Daily precipitation amounts
	also indicate a weakening of the convective activity. Conditions
	for the onset of convection are less frequently gathered, particularly
	over southern Amazonia and western equatorial Africa. At the same
	time, the intensity of convective events is reduced, especially over
	equatorial deforested regions. The inter-annual variability is also
	enhanced. For instance, El Nino events generally induce a large drying
	over northern Amazonia, which is well reproduced in the control simulation.
	In the deforested experiment, a positive feedback effect leads to
	a strong intensification of this drying and a subsequent increase
	in surface temperature. The change in variability as a response to
	deforestation can be more crucial than the change of the mean climate
	since more intense extremes could be more detrimental for agriculture
	than an increase in mean temperatures.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  keywords = {model tropical},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Tropical deforestation and climate variability},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@BOOK{Wainwright2005,
  title = {Environmental Modelling: Finding Simplicity in Complexity},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
  year = {2005},
  author = {Wainwright, J. and Mulligan, M.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9780470091548},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Environmental Modelling: Finding Simplicity in Complexity},
  timestamp = {2013.08.20},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=VpaL2gguvGgC}
}

@ARTICLE{Walker1995,
  author = {Walker, G. K. and Sud, Y. C. and Atlas, R.},
  title = {Impact of the ongoing {A}mazonian deforestation on local precipitation
	- {A} {GCM} simulation study},
  journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {76},
  pages = {346-361},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {Numerical simulation experiments were conducted to delineate the influence
	of in situ deforestation data on episodic rainfall by comparing two
	ensembles of five 5-day integrations performed with a recent version
	of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres GCM that has a simple biosphere
	model (SiB). The first set, called control cases, used the standard
	SiB vegetation cover (comprising 12 biomes) and assumed a fully forested
	Amazonia, while the second set, called deforestation cases, distinguished
	the partially deforested regions of Amazonia as savanna. Except for
	this difference, all other initial and prescribed boundary conditions
	were kept identical in both sets of integrations. The differential
	analyses of these five cases show the following local effects of
	deforestation. 1) A discernible decrease in evapotranspiration of
	about 0.80 mm d(-1) (roughly 18%) that is quite robust in the averages
	for 1-, 2-, and 5-day forecasts. 2) A decrease in precipitation of
	about 1.18 mm d(-1) (roughly 8%) that begins to emerge even in 1-2-day
	averages and exhibits complex evolution that extends downstream with
	the winds. A larger decrease in precipitation as compared to evapotranspiration
	produces some drying and warming. The precipitation differences are
	consistent with the decrease in atmospheric moisture flux convergence
	and are consistent with earlier simulation studies of local climate
	change due to large-scale deforestation. 3) A significant decrease
	in the surface drag force (as a consequence of reduced surface roughness
	of deforested regions) that, in turn, affects the dynamical structure
	of moisture convergence and circulation. The surface winds increase
	significantly during the first day, and thereafter the increase is
	well maintained even in the 2- and 5-day averages.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0003-0007},
  keywords = {Amazon couple GCM and biosphere model Deforestation Evapotranspiration
	model moisture convergence precipitation South America Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {IMPACT OF THE ONGOING AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION ON LOCAL PRECIPITATION
	- A GCM SIMULATION STUDY},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@TECHREPORT{Walker2006,
  author = {Walker, J. and Merlin, O. and Panciera, R.},
  title = {{N}ational airborne field experiment 2006 ({NAFE}'06, {E}xperiment
	{P}lan)},
  institution = {University of Melbourne, Australia},
  year = {2006},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {National airborne field experiment 2006 (NAFE'06, Experiment Plan)},
  timestamp = {2012.12.08}
}

@ARTICLE{Wallace2008,
  author = {Wallace, Jim and McJannet, Dave},
  title = {Modelling interception in coastal and montane rainforests in northern
	{Q}ueensland, {A}ustralia},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {348},
  pages = {480-495},
  number = {3-4},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  keywords = {Rainforest Rainfall rates Interception Canopy storage Evaporation
	rates Advected energy},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Modelling interception in coastal and montane rainforests in northern
	Queensland, Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.12.22},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169407006105}
}

@ARTICLE{Wallace2006,
  author = {Wallace, Jim and McJannet, Dave},
  title = {On interception modelling of a lowland coastal rainforest in northern
	{Q}ueensland, {A}ustralia},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {329},
  pages = {477-488},
  number = {3-4},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  keywords = {Rainforest Interception Canopy storage Advected energy},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {On interception modelling of a lowland coastal rainforest in northern
	Queensland, Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.12.22},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169406001284}
}

@MISC{Wallace2009,
  author = {Wallace, J. and Shuttleworth, W. J.},
  title = {{A} new ``one step" method for calculationg irrigated crop evaporation},
  howpublished = {CRC for Irrigation Futures, Transactions of the ASABE},
  year = {2009},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A new "one step" method for calculationg irrigated crop evaporation},
  timestamp = {2012.12.16}
}

@ARTICLE{Wang2009,
  author = {Wang, Jingfeng and Chagnon, Frederic and Williams, Earle and Betts,
	Alan and Renno, Nilton and Machado, Luiz and Bisht, Gautam and Knox,
	Ryan and Bras, Rafael},
  title = {{I}mpact of deforestation in the {A}mazon basin on cloud climatology},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
	of America},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {106},
  pages = {3670},
  number = {10},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {00278424},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Impact of deforestation in the Amazon basin on cloud climatology},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
}

@ARTICLE{Wang2000,
  author = {Wang, J. F. and Bras, R. L. and Eltahir, E. A. B.},
  title = {{T}he impact of observed deforestation on the mesoscale distribution
	of rainfall and clouds in {A}mazonia},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {267-286},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {A numerical mesoscale model has been used to investigate the impact
	of mesoscale circulations on the distribution of precipitation and
	cloudiness over a deforested area in Amazonia. Observed patterns
	of deforestation in Rondonia, Amazonia, with scales on the order
	of 10 km were used in this study to describe land surface conditions.
	Various simulations have been performed to identify the conditions
	under which the mesoscale circulations induced by the heterogeneous
	land surface could enhance cloudiness and local rainfall. The simulation
	results suggest that the synoptic forcing, in terms of atmospheric
	stability and background horizontal wind, dominates during the rainy
	season; synoptic conditions were so favorable to moist convection
	that the added effect of surface heterogeneity was negligible. During
	the dry season, a noticeable impact of mesoscale circulations resulting
	in enhancement of shallow clouds was simulated; the mesoscale circulations
	also triggered scattered deep convection that altered the spatial
	distribution of precipitation. During the break period, the transition
	from the rainy season to the dry season, the impact of mesoscale
	circulations on low-level clouds was evident only after reducing
	the magnitude of the background wind.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1525-755X},
  keywords = {Amazon model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The impact of observed deforestation on the mesoscale distribution
	of rainfall and clouds in Amazonia},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Wardle2004,
  author = {Wardle, Richard and Smith, Ian},
  title = {Modeled response of the {A}ustralian monsoon to changes in land surface
	temperatures},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {L16205},
  number = {16},
  abstract = {Observations indicate that over the past several decades much of Australia
	has been getting wetter during summer, while the continent as a whole
	has been warming. This is consistent with a strengthening of the
	Australian monsoon. Here we model the climatic response to a reduction
	in land albedos with the aim of investigating the impacts on the
	monsoon of changes in land surface temperatures. Changes in the modeled
	surface energy budget strengthen the monsoon and increase rainfall
	over the entire continent. Modeled surface temperatures increase
	in the southern, climatologically drier, regions but decrease in
	the north. The degree of similarity with the observed rainfall and
	temperature trends suggests that the strengthening of the monsoon,
	is independent of changes over the ocean but may be due to changes
	over the land, highlighting potential sensitivity to changes in climate.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1944-8007},
  keywords = {1610 Atmosphere 1620 Climate dynamics 3354 Meteorology and Atmospheric
	Dynamics: Precipitation},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Modeled response of the Australian monsoon to changes in land surface
	temperatures},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020157}
}

@ARTICLE{Waring2011,
  author = {Waring, RH and Landsberg, JJ},
  title = {Generalizing plant-water relations to landscapes},
  journal = {Journal of Plant Ecology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {101},
  number = {1-2},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1752-9921},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Generalizing plant-water relations to landscapes},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/1-2/101.full.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Webb2005,
  author = {Webb, T. J. and Woodward, F. I. and Hannah, L. and Gaston, K. J.},
  title = {{F}orest cover-rainfall relationships in a biodiversity hotspot:
	{T}he {A}tlantic forest of {B}razil},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {1968-1983},
  number = {6},
  month = {Dec},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Forest cover-rainfall relationships in a biodiversity hotspot: The
	Atlantic forest of Brazil},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000233858900011 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/04-1675}
}

@ARTICLE{Weber2011,
  author = {Weber, Elke U. and Stern, Paul C.},
  title = {{P}ublic understanding of climate change in the {U}nited {S}tates},
  journal = {American Psychologist},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {315-28},
  number = {4},
  month = {May-Jun},
  abstract = {This article considers scientific and public understandings of climate
	change and addresses the following question: Why is it that while
	scientific evidence has accumulated to document global climate change
	and scientific opinion has solidified about its existence and causes,
	U.S. public opinion has not and has instead become more polarized?
	Our review supports a constructivist account of human judgment. Public
	understanding is affected by the inherent difficulty of understanding
	climate change, the mismatch between people's usual modes of understanding
	and the task, and, particularly in the United States, a continuing
	societal struggle to shape the frames and mental models people use
	to understand the phenomena. We conclude by discussing ways in which
	psychology can help to improve public understanding of climate change
	and link a better understanding to action. (PsycINFO Database Record
	(c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved).},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1935-990X (Electronic) 0003-066X (Linking)},
  keywords = {*Attitude Climate *Climate Change *Comprehension Humans Public Health
	Risk Science United States},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Public understanding of climate change in the United States},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21553956}
}

@ARTICLE{Wei2008,
  author = {Wei, Jiangfeng and Dickinson, Robert E. and Chen, Haishan},
  title = {{A} {N}egative {S}oil {M}oisture - {P}recipitation {R}elationship
	and {I}ts {C}auses},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1364-1376},
  number = {6},
  month = {2008/12/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1525-755X},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {A Negative Soil Moistureâ€“Precipitation Relationship and Its Causes},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JHM955.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Weiss2008,
  author = {Wei{\ss}, M. and Menzel, L.},
  title = {{A} global comparison of four potential evapotranspiration equations
	and their relevance to stream flow modelling in semi-arid environments},
  journal = {Advances in Geosciences},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {15-23},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1680-7340},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Copernicus Publications},
  shorttitle = {A global comparison of four potential evapotranspiration equations
	and their relevance to stream flow modelling in semi-arid environments},
  timestamp = {2012.12.13},
  url = {http://www.adv-geosci.net/18/15/2008/ http://www.adv-geosci.net/18/15/2008/adgeo-18-15-2008.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Werf2009,
  author = {van der Werf, G. R. and Morton, D. C. and DeFries, R. S. and Olivier,
	J. G. J. and Kasibhatla, P. S. and Jackson, R. B. and Collatz, G.
	J. and Randerson, J. T.},
  title = {{CO}2 emissions from forest loss},
  journal = {Nature Geoscience},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {737-738},
  number = {11},
  abstract = {Deforestation is the second largest anthropogenic source of carbon
	dioxide to the atmosphere, after fossil fuel combustion. Following
	a budget reanalysis, the contribution from deforestation is revised
	downwards, but tropical peatlands emerge as a notable carbon dioxide
	source.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1752-0894},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  shorttitle = {CO2 emissions from forest loss},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo671}
}

@ARTICLE{Westra2013,
  author = {Westra, Seth and Alexander, Lisa V. and Zwiers, Francis W.},
  title = {Global Increasing Trends in Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {3904-3918},
  number = {11},
  month = {2013/06/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {Global Increasing Trends in Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00502.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Westra2010,
  author = {Westra, Seth and Sharma, Ashish},
  title = {{A}n Upper Limit to Seasonal Rainfall Predictability?},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {3332-3351},
  number = {12},
  abstract = {The asymptotic predictability of global land surface precipitation
	is estimated empirically at the seasonal time scale with lead times
	from 0 to 12 months. Predictability is defined as the unbiased estimate
	of predictive skill using a given model structure assuming that all
	relevant predictors are included, thus representing an upper bound
	to the predictive skill for seasonal forecasting applications. To
	estimate predictability, a simple linear regression model is formulated
	based on the assumption that land surface precipitation variability
	can be divided into a component forced by low-frequency variability
	in the global sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) field and that
	can theoretically be predicted one or more seasons into the future,
	and a 'weather noise' component that originates from nonlinear dynamical
	instabilities in the atmosphere and is not predictable beyond ~10
	days. Asymptotic predictability of global precipitation was found
	to be 14.7% of total precipitation variance using 1900-2007 data,
	with only minor increases in predictability using shorter and presumably
	less error-prone records. This estimate was derived based on concurrent
	SSTA-precipitation relationships and therefore constitutes the maximum
	skill achievable assuming perfect forecasts of the evolution of the
	SSTA field. Imparting lags on the SSTA-precipitation relationship,
	the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month predictability of global precipitation
	was estimated to be 7.3%, 5.4%, 4.2%, and 3.7%, respectively, demonstrating
	the comparative gains that can be achieved by developing improved
	SSTA forecasts compared to developing improved SSTA-precipitation
	relationships. Finally, the actual average cross-validated predictive
	skill was found to be 2.1% of the total precipitation variance using
	the full 1900-2007 dataset and was dominated by the El Nino-Southern
	Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. This indicates that there is still
	significant potential for increases in predictive skill through improved
	parameter estimates, the use of longer and/or more reliable datasets,
	and the use of larger spatial fields to substitute for limited temporal
	records.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {An Upper Limit to Seasonal Rainfall Predictability?},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
}

@ARTICLE{Whitehead2004,
  author = {Whitehead, D. and Beadle, C.L.},
  title = {{P}hysiological regulation of productivity and water use in {E}ucalyptus:
	{A} review},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {193},
  pages = {113-140},
  number = {1-2},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Physiological regulation of productivity and water use in Eucalyptus:
	a review},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30}
}

@ARTICLE{Whitley2002,
  author = {Whitley, Elise and Ball, Jonathan},
  title = {Statistics review 6: Nonparametric methods},
  journal = {Critical Care, London},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {509-513},
  number = {6},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1364-8535},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Statistics review 6: Nonparametric methods},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Whitley2008,
  author = {Whitley, Rhys and Zeppel, Melanie and Armstrong, Nicholas and Macinnis-Ng,
	Catriona and Yunusa, Isa and Eamus, Derek},
  title = {{A} modified {J}arvis-{S}tewart model for predicting stand-scale
	transpiration of an {A}ustralian native forest},
  journal = {Plant and Soil},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {305},
  pages = {35-47},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Rates of water uptake by individual trees in a native Australian forest
	were measured on the Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, Australia,
	using sapflow sensors. These rates were up-scaled to stand transpiration
	rate (expressed per unit ground area) using sapwood area as the scalar,
	and these estimates were compared with modelled stand transpiration.
	A modified Jarvis-Stewart modelling approach (Jarvis 1976 ), previously
	used to calculate canopy conductance, was used to calculate stand
	transpiration rate. Three environmental variables, namely solar radiation,
	vapour pressure deficit and soil moisture content, plus leaf area
	index, were used to calculate stand transpiration, using measured
	rates of tree water use to parameterise the model. Functional forms
	for the model were derived by use of a weighted non-linear least
	squares fitting procedure. The model was able to give comparable
	estimates of stand transpiration to those derived from a second set
	of sapflow measurements. It is suggested that short-term, intensive
	field campaigns where sapflow, weather and soil water content variables
	are measured could be used to estimate annual patterns of stand transpiration
	using daily variation in these three environmental variables. Such
	a methodology will find application in the forestry, mining and water
	resource management industries where long-term intensive data sets
	are frequently unavailable.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0032-079X},
  keywords = {Biomedical and Life Sciences},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  shorttitle = {A modified Jarvis-Stewart model for predicting stand-scale transpiration
	of an Australian native forest},
  timestamp = {2012.12.16},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9399-x}
}

@ARTICLE{Wichansky2008,
  author = {Wichansky, Paul S. and Steyaert, Louis T. and Walko, Robert L. and
	Weaver, Christopher P.},
  title = {{E}valuating the effects of historical land cover change on summertime
	weather and climate in {N}ew {J}ersey: {L}and cover and surface energy
	budget changes},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {113},
  number = {D10},
  abstract = {The 19th-century agrarian landscape of New Jersey (NJ) and the surrounding
	region has been extensively transformed to the present-day land cover
	by urbanization, reforestation, and localized areas of deforestation.
	This study used a mesoscale atmospheric numerical model to investigate
	the sensitivity of the warm season climate of NJ to these land cover
	changes. Reconstructed 1880s-era and present-day land cover data
	sets were used as surface boundary conditions for a set of simulations
	performed with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Three-member
	ensembles with historical and present-day land cover were compared
	to examine the sensitivity of surface air and dew point temperatures,
	rainfall, and the individual components of the surface energy budget
	to these land cover changes. Mean temperatures for the present-day
	landscape were 0.3-0.6 degrees C warmer than for the historical landscape
	over a considerable portion of NJ and the surrounding region, with
	daily maximum temperatures at least 1.0 degrees C warmer over some
	of the highly urbanized locations. Reforested regions, however, were
	slightly cooler. Dew point temperatures decreased by 0.3-0.6 degrees
	C, suggesting drier, less humid near-surface air for the present-day
	landscape. Surface warming was generally associated with repartitioning
	of net radiation from latent to sensible heat flux, and conversely
	for cooling. While urbanization was accompanied by strong surface
	albedo decreases and increases in net shortwave radiation, reforestation
	and potential changes in forest composition have generally increased
	albedos and also enhanced landscape heterogeneity. The increased
	deciduousness of forests may have further reduced net downward longwave
	radiation.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {albedo model New Jersey North America RAMS Reforestation Temperature
	Urbanization},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Evaluating the effects of historical land cover change on summertime
	weather and climate in New Jersey: Land cover and surface energy
	budget changes},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@MISC{WSI2011,
  author = {{Wilderness Society Inc}},
  title = {Land Clearing in {Q}ueensland},
  year = {2011},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/land-clearing/land-clearing-in-queensland/qld_landclearing},
	viewed on 03/06/2011},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Wilks1997,
  author = {Wilks, DS},
  title = {Resampling hypothesis tests for autocorrelated fields},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {65-82},
  number = {1},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1520-0442},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Resampling hypothesis tests for autocorrelated fields},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Wilks2006,
  author = {Wilks, D. S.},
  title = {On "Field Significance" and the False Discovery Rate},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {1181-1189},
  number = {9},
  month = {Sep 2006},
  abstract = {The conventional approach to evaluating the joint statistical significance
	of multiple hypothesis tests (i.e., "field," or "global," significance)
	in meteorology and climatology is to count the number of individual
	(or "local") tests yielding nominally significant results and then
	to judge the unusualness of this integer value in the context of
	the distribution of such counts that would occur if all local null
	hypotheses were true. The sensitivity (i.e., statistical power) of
	this approach is potentially compromised both by the discrete nature
	of the test statistic and by the fact that the approach ignores the
	confidence with which locally significant tests reject their null
	hypotheses. An alternative global test statistic that has neither
	of these problems is the minimum p value among all of the local tests.
	Evaluation of field significance using the minimum local p value
	as the global test statistic, which is also known as the Walker test,
	has strong connections to the joint evaluation of multiple tests
	in a way that controls the "false discovery rate" (FDR, or the expected
	fraction of local null hypothesis rejections that are incorrect).
	In particular, using the minimum local p value to evaluate field
	significance at a level α^sub global^ is nearly equivalent to the
	slightly more powerful global test based on the FDR criterion. An
	additional advantage shared by Walker's test and the FDR approach
	is that both are robust to spatial dependence within the field of
	tests. The FDR method not only provides a more broadly applicable
	and generally more powerful field significance test than the conventional
	counting procedure but also allows better identification of locations
	with significant differences, because fewer than α^sub global^ ×
	100% (on average) of apparently significant local tests will have
	resulted from local null hypotheses that are true. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {15588424},
  keywords = {Meteorology Studies Hypotheses Testing},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {On "Field Significance" and the False Discovery Rate},
  timestamp = {2014.07.04},
}

@ARTICLE{Williams2012,
  author = {Williams, C. J. R. and Kniveton, D. R.},
  title = {{A}tmosphere-land surface interactions and their influence on extreme
	rainfall and potential abrupt climate change over southern {A}frica},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {112},
  pages = {981-996},
  number = {3-4},
  abstract = {In a changing climate, changes in rainfall variability and, in particular,
	extreme rainfall events are likely to be highly significant for environmentally
	vulnerable regions such as southern Africa. It is generally accepted
	that sea-surface temperatures play an important role in modulating
	rainfall variability, thus the majority work to date has focused
	on these mechanisms. However past research suggests that land surface
	processes are also critical for rainfall variability. In particular,
	work has suggested that the atmosphere-land surface feedback has
	been important for past abrupt climate changes, such as those which
	occurred over the Sahara during the mid-Holocene or, more recently,
	the prolonged Sahelian drought. Therefore the primary aim of this
	work is to undertake idealised experiments using both a regional
	and global climate model, to test the sensitivity of rainfall variability
	to land surface changes over a location where such abrupt climate
	changes are projected to occur in the future, namely southern Africa.
	In one experiment, the desert conditions currently observed over
	southwestern Africa were extended to cover the entire subcontinent.
	This is based on past research which suggests a remobilisation of
	sand dune activity and spatial extent under various scenarios of
	future anthropogenic global warming. In the second experiment, savanna
	conditions were imposed over all of southern Africa, representing
	an increase in vegetation for most areas except the equatorial regions.
	The results suggest that a decrease in rainfall occurs in the desert
	run, up to 27% of total rainfall in the regional model (relative
	to the control), due to a reduction in available moisture, less evaporation,
	less vertical uplift and therefore higher near surface pressure.
	This result is consistent across both the regional and global model
	experiments. Conversely an increase in rainfall occurs in the savanna
	run, because of an increase in available moisture giving an increase
	in latent heat and therefore surface temperature, increasing vertical
	uplift and lowering near surface pressure. These experiments, however,
	are only preliminary, and form the first stage of a wider study into
	how the atmosphere-land surface feedback influences rainfall extremes
	over southern Africa in the past (when surface i.e. vegetation conditions
	were very different) and in the future under various scenarios of
	future climate change. Future work will examine how other climate
	models simulate the atmosphere-land surface feedback, using more
	realistic vegetation types based on past and future surface conditions.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0165-0009},
  keywords = {compare different LC model Rainfall region & global model south africa},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Atmosphere-land surface interactions and their influence on extreme
	rainfall and potential abrupt climate change over southern Africa},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24},
  url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/854/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10584-011-0266-7.pdf?auth66=1352338101_3810aed839243532a0a791dddb6087fa&ext=.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Wilson2002,
  author = {Wilson, Kell and Goldstein, Allen and Falge, Eva and Aubinet, Marc
	and Baldocchi, Dennis and Berbigier, Paul and Bernhofer, Christian
	and Ceulemans, Reinhart and Dolman, Han and Field, Chris and Grelle,
	Achim and Ibrom, Andreas and Law, B. E. and Kowalski, Andy and Meyers,
	Tilden and Moncrieff, John and Monson, Russ and Oechel, Walter and
	Tenhunen, John and Valentini, Riccardo and Verma, Shashi},
  title = {{E}nergy balance closure at {FLUXNET} sites},
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {113},
  pages = {223-243},
  number = {1-4},
  abstract = {A comprehensive evaluation of energy balance closure is performed
	across 22 sites and 50 site-years in FLUXNET, a network of eddy covariance
	sites measuring long-term carbon and energy fluxes in contrasting
	ecosystems and climates. Energy balance closure was evaluated by
	statistical regression of turbulent energy fluxes (sensible and latent
	heat (LE)) against available energy (net radiation, less the energy
	stored) and by solving for the energy balance ratio, the ratio of
	turbulent energy fluxes to available energy. These methods indicate
	a general lack of closure at most sites, with a mean imbalance in
	the order of 20%. The imbalance was prevalent in all measured vegetation
	types and in climates ranging from Mediterranean to temperate and
	arctic. There were no clear differences between sites using open
	and closed path infrared gas analyzers. At a majority of sites closure
	improved with turbulent intensity (friction velocity), but lack of
	total closure was still prevalent under most conditions. The imbalance
	was greatest during nocturnal periods. The results suggest that estimates
	of the scalar turbulent fluxes of sensible and LE are underestimated
	and/or that available energy is overestimated. The implications on
	interpreting long-term CO2 fluxes at FLUXNET sites depends on whether
	the imbalance results primarily from general errors associated with
	the eddy covariance technique or from errors in calculating the available
	energy terms. Although it was not entirely possible to critically
	evaluate all the possible sources of the imbalance, circumstantial
	evidence suggested a link between the imbalance and CO2 fluxes. For
	a given value of photosynthetically active radiation, the magnitude
	of CO2 uptake was less when the energy imbalance was greater. Similarly,
	respiration (estimated by nocturnal CO2 release to the atmosphere)
	was significantly less when the energy imbalance was greater.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  keywords = {Energy balance FLUXNET Eddy covariance technique},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites},
  timestamp = {2012.07.18},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192302001090}
}

@ARTICLE{Wolter1998,
  author = {Wolter, K. and Timlin, M.S.},
  title = {{M}easuring the strength of {ENSO} events: {H}ow does 1997/98 rank?},
  journal = {WEATHER-LONDON-},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {315-323},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0043-1656},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Measuring the strength of ENSO events: How does 1997/98 rank?},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Wood2011,
  author = {Wood, S. N.},
  title = {{F}ast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood
	estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models},
  journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (B)},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {3-36},
  number = {1},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {GAM},
  timestamp = {2012.03.28}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Wrachien2006,
  author = {de Wrachien, D. and Ragab, R. and Giordano, A.},
  title = {{C}limate change, land degradation, and desertification in the {M}editerranean
	environment},
  booktitle = {Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A Security Issue},
  year = {2006},
  editor = {Kepner, W. G. and Rubio, J. L. and Mouat, D. A. and Pedrazzini, F.},
  volume = {3},
  series = {Nato Science for Peace and Security Series C - Environmental Security},
  pages = {353-371},
  abstract = {Until the early seventies land degradation and desertification were
	not considered a major issue in most Mediterranean regions. Traditional
	agricultural systems were believed to be able to keep those processes
	in check. Thus low priority was assigned to research programmes and
	projects on soil erosion and conservation, preference being given
	to the impact of farm machinery on soil structure and compaction
	along with the role of organic matter in the soil. In the eighties
	and early nineties the agricultural practices introduced in sloping
	land under cultivation in the Mediterranean in previous decades were
	identified as a major contributor to soil degradation. The unprecedented
	efforts to increase crop yields and maximize profit, made possible
	by the technological revolution in agriculture, had triggered in
	the agricultural ecosystem the onset of soil degradation due to hydrological
	phenomena that proved detrimental both to soil fertility and to the
	landscape causing devastating and permanent damage. In addition,
	it was recognized that research activities were too fragmentary to
	be able to cope with the demands of implementing sound soil conservation
	measures. The Mediterranean climate is characterised by hot dry summers
	and mild wet winters. The region frequently suffers from years of
	scant rainfall and many areas are afflicted by severe drought. The
	UK Hadley Centre's global climate model has been run on a monthly
	basis for the Mediterranean countries to predict the percent variation
	in rainfall and temperature with respect to mean monthly values.
	Scenarios developed using the model show that for the wet season
	(October-March), by the year 2050 rainfall could increase in central
	and eastern Spain, northern France, northern Italy and the Alps by
	up to 15%, against a decrease of about 10% to 15% in the southern
	Mediterranean. For the same period, the temperature in the northern
	Mediterranean is predicted to increase by 1.25 degrees to 2.25 degrees
	C, compared to an increase of between 1.5 degrees and 2.5 degrees
	C in the southern Mediterranean. The projections also show that for
	the dry season (April to September), by the year 2050 rainfall is
	likely to decrease over much of the Basin. Decreased precipitation
	is predicted to be accompanied by a rise in temperature of between
	1.5 and 2.75 degrees C in the northern regions and 1.75 degrees and
	3.0 degrees C in the southern Mediterranean. Reduced precipitation
	during the summer has a major impact on irrigation and tourism, which
	both increase the pressure on water supplies during the dry period.
	To combat these problems, the European Community (EC), in collaboration
	with other international organizations, has funded various programmes
	and projects for mitigating drought and assessing and preventing
	land degradation and desertification. In this context, the paper
	describes the main features and characteristics of some of these
	programmes and projects and proposes new approaches to environmental
	policies, in order to: assess, forecast and mitigate adverse impacts
	of drought; better understand soil erosion, land degradation and
	desertification processes; identify preventive, protective and remedial
	measures; address quantity and quality of natural resources in an
	integrated context; support innovation and participatory strategies.
	The importance and role of institutional strengthening, sound financial
	and managerial frameworks, availability of human resources involved,
	research thrust, technology transfer and networking improvement are
	also highlighted.},
  endnotereftype = {Book Section},
  isbn = {1871-4668 1-4020-3758-9},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climate change, land degradation, and desertification in the Mediterranean
	environment},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000235906500016}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Xia2007,
  author = {Xia, K. and Zhang, L. and Yang, J.},
  title = {{C}orrelation analysis between band cover change and climate change
	in {Z}hejiang {P}rovince - art. no. 6753339},
  booktitle = {Geoinformatics 2007: Geospatial Information Science, Pts 1 and 2},
  year = {2007},
  editor = {Chen, J.},
  volume = {6753},
  series = {Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
	(Spie)},
  endnotereftype = {Book Section},
  isbn = {0277-786X 978-0-8194-6913-7},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Correlation analysis between band cover change and climate change
	in Zhejiang Province - art. no. 6753339},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000251055500116}
}

@ARTICLE{Xu2007,
  author = {Xu, X. K. and Zhang, F. and Levy, J. K.},
  title = {{T}he influence of land surface changes on regional climate in northwest
	{C}hina},
  journal = {Advances in Atmospheric Sciences},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {527-537},
  number = {3},
  month = {May},
  abstract = {Land surface changes effect the regional climate due to the complex
	coupling of land-atmosphere interactions. From 1995 to 2000, a decrease
	in the vegetation density and an increase in ground-level thermodynamic
	activity has been documented by multiple data sources in Northwest
	China, including meteorological, reanalysis from European Centre
	for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), National Oceanic and
	Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution
	Radiometer (AVHRR) and TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS)
	satellite remote sensing data. As the ground-level thermodynamic
	activity increases, humid air from the surrounding

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib