text:
243326.
   Vitt DH, 2000, CAN J EARTH SCI, V37, P683, DOI 10.1139/e99-097.
   Yu ZC, 1999, GEOLOGY, V27, P263, DOI 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0263:PSFOCS>2.3.CO;2.
   Yu ZC, 2003, CAN J BOT, V81, P267, DOI {[}10.1139/b03-016, 10.1139/B03-016].
   Yu ZC, 2002, HOLOCENE, V12, P605, DOI 10.1191/0959683602hl571rp.}},
Number-of-Cited-References = {{45}},
Times-Cited = {{71}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{3}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{32}},
Journal-ISO = {{Holocene}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{731ZL}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185916300001}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000186461000007,
Author = {Jackson, RW},
Title = {{Input-output analysis: Frontiers and extensions}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{43}},
Number = {{4}},
Pages = {{791-794}},
Month = {{NOV}},
Publisher = {{WILEY}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Book Review}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Jackson, RW (Corresponding Author), W Virginia Univ, Reg Res Inst, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.
   W Virginia Univ, Reg Res Inst, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.}},
ISSN = {{0022-4146}},
EISSN = {{1467-9787}},
Research-Areas = {{Business \& Economics; Environmental Sciences \& Ecology; Public
   Administration}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Economics; Environmental Studies; Regional \& Urban Planning}},
Cited-References = {{Lahr M.L., 2001, INPUT OUTPUT ANAL FR.}},
Number-of-Cited-References = {{1}},
Times-Cited = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{1}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Reg. Sci.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{741MC}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186461000007}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000187558000023,
Author = {Widiyanto, A and Kato, S and Maruyama, N},
Title = {{Environmental impact analysis of Indonesian electric generation systems
   - (Development of a life cycle inventory of Indonesian electricity)}},
Journal = {{JSME INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL SERIES B-FLUIDS AND THERMAL ENGINEERING}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{46}},
Number = {{4}},
Pages = {{650-659}},
Month = {{NOV}},
Abstract = {{The life cycle inventory (LCI) of the electric power generation plays a
   vital role on LCIs of the industrial products. However there are no
   formal life cycle assessment (LCA) studies in Indonesia so far due to
   limited number of LCA expertise and lack of sufficient databases
   relevant to domestic conditions. The objective of this study is to
   introduce life cycle assessment (LCA) method for Indonesian electric
   power generation systems and to establish LCI for electricity grid mix
   of Indonesia. In this paper, the emissions of CO2, SO2, NOx, CO, CH4,
   NMHC, N2O, Dust (SPM), Ni, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn per kWh of electricity
   generated were estimated for the systems using a combined method of
   process analysis and input-output analysis. Additional analyses on the
   impacts of emerging and future technologies as well as the influences of
   changes of various assumptions are helpful for a better understanding.
   As the result, the LCA evaluations are discussed for further ecological
   improvement.}},
Publisher = {{JAPAN SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS}},
Address = {{SHINANOMACHI-RENGAKAN BLDG, SHINANOMACHI 35, SHINJUKU-KU, TOKYO,
   160-0016, JAPAN}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Widiyanto, A (Corresponding Author), Mie Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Energy Syst Design Lab, 1515 Kamihama Cho, Tsu, Mie 5148507, Japan.
   Mie Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Energy Syst Design Lab, Tsu, Mie 5148507, Japan.}},
DOI = {{10.1299/jsmeb.46.650}},
ISSN = {{1340-8054}},
Keywords = {{power plant; fossil fuel fired power generation; energy conversion;
   environmental impacts; life cycle assessment; life cycle inventory;
   Indonesia; electric generation systems}},
Research-Areas = {{Thermodynamics; Engineering}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Widiyanto, Anugerah/0000-0002-6172-1886}},
Cited-References = {{{*}ASEAN CTR EN, 2001, ASEAN.
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   2001, DIRECTORATE GEN ELEC.
   1993, K OTHMERS ENCY CHEM, V2, P693.}},
Number-of-Cited-References = {{13}},
Times-Cited = {{14}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{10}},
Journal-ISO = {{JSME Int. J. Ser. B-Fluids Therm. Eng.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{757HY}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000187558000023}},
OA = {{DOAJ Gold}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000186427700006,
Author = {Weickmann, K},
Title = {{Mountains, the global frictional torque, and the circulation over the
   Pacific-North American region}},
Journal = {{MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{131}},
Number = {{11}},
Pages = {{2608-2622}},
Month = {{NOV}},
Abstract = {{The global mountain (tau(M)) and frictional (tau(F)) torques are lag
   correlated within the intraseasonal band, with tau(F) leading tau(M).
   The correlation accounts for 20\%-45\% of their variance. Two basic
   feedbacks contribute to the relationship. First, the mountain torque
   forces global atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) anomalies and the
   frictional torque damps them; thus, dtau(F)/dt(proportional to) -tau(M).
   Second, frictional torque anomalies are associated with high-latitude
   sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies, which contribute to subsequent
   mountain torque anomalies; thus, dtau(M)/dtproportional to tau(F). These
   feedbacks help determine the growth and decay of global AAM anomalies on
   intraseasonal timescales.
   The low-frequency intraseasonal aspect of the relationship is studied
   for northern winter through lag regressions on tau(F). The linear
   Madden-Julian oscillation signal is first removed from tau(F) to focus
   the analysis on midlatitude dynamical processes. The decorrelation
   timescale of tau(F) is similar to that of teleconnection patterns and
   zonal index cycles, and these familiar circulation features play a
   prominent role in the regressed circulation anomalies.
   The results show that an episode of interaction between the torques is
   initiated by an amplified transport of zonal mean-zonal momentum across
   35degreesN. This drives a dipole pattern of zonal mean-zonal wind
   anomalies near 25degrees and 50degreesN, and associated SLP anomalies.
   The SLP anomalies at higher latitudes play an important role in the
   subsequent evolution. Regionally, the momentum transport is linked with
   large-scale eddies over the east Pacific and Atlantic Oceans that have
   an equivalent barotropic vertical structure. As these eddies
   persist/amplify, baroclinic wave trains disperse downstream over North
   American and east Asian topography. The wave trains interact with the
   preexisting, high-latitude SLP anomalies and drive them southward, east
   of the mountains. This initiates a large monopole mountain torque
   anomaly in the 20degrees-50degreesN latitude band. The wave trains
   associated with the mountain torque produce additional momentum flux
   convergence anomalies that 1) maintain the zonal wind anomalies forced
   by the original momentum transport anomalies and 2) help drive a global
   frictional torque anomaly that counteracts the mountain torque. Global
   AAM anomalies grow and decay over a 2-week period, on average.
   Over the Pacific-North American region, the wave trains evolve into the
   Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern whose surface wind anomalies
   produce a large portion of the compensating frictional torque anomaly.
   Case studies from two recent northern winters illustrate the
   interaction.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Weickmann, K (Corresponding Author), NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2608:MTGFTA>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0027-0644}},
EISSN = {{1520-0493}},
Keywords-Plus = {{ANGULAR-MOMENTUM; VARIABILITY; GROWTH; WAVES}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{Klaus.Weickmann@noaa.gov}},
Cited-References = {{BARNSTON AG, 1987, MON WEATHER REV, V115, P1083, DOI 10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<1083:CSAPOL>2.0.CO;2.
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{19}},
Times-Cited = {{17}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{1}},
Journal-ISO = {{Mon. Weather Rev.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{740XJ}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186427700006}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000186427700023,
Author = {Chen, WY and Van den Dool, H},
Title = {{Sensitivity of teleconnection patterns to the sign of their primary
   action center}},
Journal = {{MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{131}},
Number = {{11}},
Pages = {{2885-2899}},
Month = {{NOV}},
Abstract = {{Teleconnection patterns have been extensively investigated, mostly with
   linear analysis tools. The lesser-known asymmetric characteristics
   between positive and negative phases of prominent teleconnections are
   explored here. Substantial disparity between opposite phases can be
   found. The Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern exhibits a large
   difference in structure and statistical significance in its downstream
   action center, showing either a large impact over the U. S. southern
   third region or over the western North Atlantic Ocean. The North
   Atlantic-based patterns display significant impacts over the North
   Atlantic for large positive anomalies and even larger impacts over the
   European sector for large negative anomalies.
   The monthly variance is distributed nearly evenly over the entire North
   Atlantic basin. A teleconnection pattern based on different regions of
   the basin has been known to assume different structure and time
   variations. The extent of statistical significance is investigated for
   three typical North Atlantic-associated patterns based separately on the
   eastern (EATL), western (WATL), and southern (SATL) regions of the North
   Atlantic. The EATL teleconnection pattern is similar to the classical
   North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The WATL pattern, however, is more
   similar to the Arctic (Annular) Oscillation (AO). The sensitivity of the
   North Atlantic-based teleconnection to a slight shift in base point can
   be fairly large: the pattern can be an AO or an NAO, with distinctive
   significance structure between them. Other discernible features are also
   presented.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Chen, WY (Corresponding Author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climat Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA.
   NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2885:SOTPTT>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0027-0644}},
Keywords-Plus = {{NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; 500-MB HEIGHT FLUCTUATIONS; SHORT-TIME
   SCALES; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; HEMISPHERE WINTER; VARIABILITY;
   CIRCULATION; TEMPERATURE; INTERMEDIATE; GREENLAND}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{29}},
Times-Cited = {{33}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{7}},
Journal-ISO = {{Mon. Weather Rev.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{740XJ}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186427700023}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000186394600003,
Author = {Hsu, HH and Liu, X},
Title = {{Relationship between the Tibetan plateau heating and east Asian summer
   monsoon rainfall}},
Journal = {{GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{30}},
Number = {{20}},
Month = {{OCT 29}},
Abstract = {{{[}1] This study reveals the close correspondence between the
   interannual variability of the dominant East Asian summer rainfall
   pattern and the diabatic heating over the Tibetan Plateau in both spring
   and summer. The heating fluctuation over the Tibetan Plateau is
   associated with two wave-like circulation patterns, which bear the
   characteristics of forced Rossby wave emanating away from the deep
   heating. The wave-like pattern in turn affects the East Asian summer
   rainfall. Because of the persistent heating over the Tibetan Plateau
   from spring to summer and its possible effect on the surrounding areas,
   the heating index defined in this study can be used as a good predictor
   for the JJA heating and precipitation distributions. Evidences shown
   suggest that external conditions other than the SST anomaly must be
   considered to understand the interannual variability of the East Asian
   summer rainfall.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Hsu, HH (Corresponding Author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Taipei 10764, Taiwan.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Taipei 10764, Taiwan.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2003GL017909}},
Article-Number = {{2066}},
ISSN = {{0094-8276}},
EISSN = {{1944-8007}},
Keywords-Plus = {{TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; EL-NINO; CHINA;
   TELECONNECTION; CIRCULATION; ASSOCIATION; IMPACTS; AUGUST; TIME}},
Research-Areas = {{Geology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Geosciences, Multidisciplinary}},
Author-Email = {{hsu@atmos1.as.ntu.edu.tw}},
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   Wu G., 2002, 4 C E AS W PAC MET C, P64.}},
Number-of-Cited-References = {{20}},
Times-Cited = {{119}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{3}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{37}},
Journal-ISO = {{Geophys. Res. Lett.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{740GL}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186394600003}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000186305300020,
Author = {Wang, NL and Yao, TD and Pu, JC and Zhang, YL and Sun, WZ and Wang, YQ},
Title = {{Variations in air temperature during the last 100 years revealed by
   delta O-18 in the Malan ice core from the Tibetan Plateau}},
Journal = {{CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{48}},
Number = {{19}},
Pages = {{2134-2138}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{By comprehensive analyses, it was found that the variations in
   delta(18)O recorded in Malan ice core from the Kekexili Region on the
   Tibetan Plateau could represent the changes in air temperature during
   the summer half year (from May to October) over the Kekexili Region and
   the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The general increase trend
   in delta(18)O in this ice core during the past century indicated climate
   warming, and it was estimated that air temperature during the summer
   half-year rose about 1.2degreesC over there then. However, this ice core
   record documented that the study area has been cooling while most of the
   world has been dramatically warming since the late 1970s. A
   teleconnection was found between the variations in delta(18)O in the
   Malan ice core and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Moreover, the
   variations in delta(18)O in this ice core were similar to that in the
   summer half-year air temperature over the southern Tibetan Plateau on
   the centurial time scale, but opposite on the multidecadal time scale.}},
Publisher = {{SCIENCE PRESS}},
Address = {{16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Wang, NL (Corresponding Author), Chinese Acad Sci, Cold \& Arid Reg Environm \& Engn Res Inst, Key Lab Ice Core \& Cold Reg Environm, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Cold \& Arid Reg Environm \& Engn Res Inst, Key Lab Ice Core \& Cold Reg Environm, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China.}},
DOI = {{10.1360/02wd0539}},
ISSN = {{1001-6538}},
EISSN = {{1861-9541}},
Keywords = {{Tibetan Plateau; Malan ice core; global warming; North Atlantic
   Oscillation}},
Keywords-Plus = {{NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE;
   VARIABILITY}},
Research-Areas = {{Science \& Technology - Other Topics}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Multidisciplinary Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{23}},
Times-Cited = {{30}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{3}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{8}},
Journal-ISO = {{Chin. Sci. Bull.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{738UB}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186305300020}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000186159900001,
Author = {Dissart, JC},
Title = {{Regional economic diversity and regional economic stability: Research
   results and agenda}},
Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{26}},
Number = {{4}},
Pages = {{423-446}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{This article on regional economic diversity addresses several issues:
   (1) theoretical foundations for arguments forwarding increased economic
   diversity as a development goal, (2) common empirical measures of
   economic diversity, and (3) empirical literature on economic diversity
   and its effect on regional economic stability. This examination of the
   literature suggests four main directions in which future research on
   regional economic diversity could go. First, it is shown that research
   on the relationship between economic diversity and regional income
   distribution is scarce yet critical. Second, recent research suggests
   that applications of input-output analysis hold the potential for
   integrative research on issues related to economic diversity. Third, an
   examination of the local economic development literature indicates that
   regional scientists could use the concept of ``diversified
   specializations{''} to classify economic regions and evaluate clusters.
   Fourth, the literature on ecological diversity suggests additional ways
   to look at the issue of economic diversity-stability.}},
Publisher = {{SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC}},
Address = {{2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Dissart, JC (Corresponding Author), Inst Super Agr, Lille, France.
   Inst Super Agr, Lille, France.}},
DOI = {{10.1177/0160017603259083}},
ISSN = {{0160-0176}},
Keywords = {{economic diversity; economic stability; economic development; economic
   planning}},
Keywords-Plus = {{PORTFOLIO THEORETIC APPROACH; INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS; INDUSTRIAL
   DIVERSIFICATION; UNITED-STATES; ALTERNATIVE MEASURES; DEVELOPMENT
   POLICY; INSTABILITY; EMPLOYMENT; INCOME; GROWTH}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology; Public Administration; Urban Studies}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Environmental Studies; Regional \& Urban Planning; Urban Studies}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{77}},
Times-Cited = {{91}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{2}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{21}},
Journal-ISO = {{Int. Reg. Sci. Rev.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{736FC}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186159900001}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000185707600002,
Author = {Wu, LX and Liu, ZG},
Title = {{Decadal variability in the North Pacific: The eastern North Pacific mode}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{16}},
Number = {{19}},
Pages = {{3111-3131}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{Decadal variability in the North Pacific is studied in a series of
   coupled global ocean - atmosphere simulations using coupled modeling
   surgery - a set of modeling approaches that can be used to identify the
   origins and causes of a specific variability mode in the coupled climate
   system. Both modeling and observational studies suggest two distinctive
   internal modes in the North Pacific: the North Pacific mode (NPM) and
   the eastern North Pacific mode (ENPM). The ENPM originates from
   atmospheric stochastic forcing through spatial resonance. Both local
   ocean - atmosphere coupling and remote tropical teleconnective forcing
   can enhance the ENPM, but none of them is a necessary precondition. The
   influence of the tropical forcing in the midlatitudes is dominated by
   atmospheric teleconnection, while the oceanic teleconnection is
   negligible. The upper-ocean heat budget reveals that SST anomalies in
   the central North Pacific and the eastern North Pacific are generated by
   anomalous Ekman advection and surface heat flux, respectively. In
   contrast to the ENPM, the NPM critically depends on local ocean -
   atmosphere coupled feedback, although the atmospheric stochastic forcing
   can generate a NPM-like mode with much reduced amplitudes and no
   preferred timescale.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Wu, LX (Corresponding Author), Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Climat Res, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Climat Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3111:DVITNP>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{INTERDECADAL CLIMATE FLUCTUATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; OCEAN
   DYNAMICS; ENSO; MIDLATITUDES; TROPICS; OSCILLATION; AMERICA; ORIGINS}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{36}},
Times-Cited = {{51}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{10}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{728FX}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185707600002}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000187578000007,
Author = {Miyakoda, K and Kinter, JL and Yang, S},
Title = {{The role of ENSO in the south Asian monsoon and pre-monsoon signals over
   the Tibetan plateau}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{81}},
Number = {{5}},
Pages = {{1015-1039}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the South Asian (SA)
   summer monsoon interact with each other. In a previous paper, the
   process from the SA-monsoon to ENSO was discussed. In this paper, the
   process from ENSO to the monsoon is described.
   As the consequence of ENSO events, a set of characteristic distributions
   of the temperature, wind and moisture is formed over the central and
   eastern Pacific Ocean. The anomalies of these fields are characterized
   by a ``butterfly pattern{''} above the 500 hPa level, and a ``horseshoe
   pattern{''} below 500 hPa. The patterns begin to appear in the winter,
   and influence the SA-monsoon in the following spring and summer. The
   distinct pattern of the butterfly shape may be explained by the extended
   Matsuno-Gill type dynamics, because the Pacific sector is dominated by
   the ENSO heating.
   On the other hand, the Indian sector is characterized by the land-sea
   monsoon circulation. It is important to note that the anomaly components
   of this local circulation are controlled largely by ENSO. The air
   temperature anomaly of the layer between 200 and 500 hPa moves westward
   in the latitude belt of 20degrees-35degreesN over the Asian sector,
   which is associated with the butterfly pattern in the Pacific sector.
   During this migration, the signal provides a precursory background over
   the Tibetan Plateau in April-May-June at its peak, setting the stage for
   the initiation of the SA-monsoon. Another signal emanates also from the
   tropical Pacific to the Indian sector, in May-June-July at its peak, in
   conjunction with the horseshoe pattern of the sea surface temperature in
   particular. These signals emanate from the eastern part of the ENSO
   region, contribute to the establishment of the thermal contrast
   anomalies between land and ocean, and the anomalous wind system over the
   Indian sector, including the upward motion over the Indian subcontinent.
   The EOF (empirical orthogonal function) analysis of the sea surface
   temperature in the broader NINO3 region (15degreesN-15degreesS,
   150degreesW-90degreesW) indicates that the two leading modes well
   represent the fields of horizontal wind and temperature for the Pacific
   sector (the first mode) as well as the Indian sector (the second mode).
   Finally, the features associated with the 1976 climate shift are
   discussed. In the process from the SA-monsoon to ENSO, the mode of
   connection changed dramatically circa 1976; however, in the process from
   ENSO to the monsoon, the mode is almost the same before and after 1976.
   The reason for this asymmetry, in the change of the relationship, is
   discussed.}},
Publisher = {{METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN}},
Address = {{C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Miyakoda, K (Corresponding Author), 308 Sayre Dr, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA.}},
DOI = {{10.2151/jmsj.81.1015}},
ISSN = {{0026-1165}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; INDIAN-SUMMER MONSOON; TROPOSPHERIC BIENNIAL
   OSCILLATION; TROPICAL-WIDE TELECONNECTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL;
   EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; PACIFIC-OCEAN; NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT;
   LINEAR SIMULATION}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{miyakoda@juno.com}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Yang, Song/B-4952-2009}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{79}},
Times-Cited = {{25}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{9}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{757TR}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000187578000007}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000187578000008,
Author = {Nakaegawa, T and Sugi, M and Matsumaru, K},
Title = {{A long-term numerical study of the potential predictability of seasonal
   mean fields of water resource variables using MRI/JMA-AGCM}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{81}},
Number = {{5}},
Pages = {{1041-1056}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{Using the Meteorological Research Institute of Japan Meteorological
   Agency, atmospheric global model (MJ98), the potential predictability is
   investigated (maximum possible predictability when sea surface
   temperature (SST) is perfectly predicted) of the seasonal mean fields of
   four water resource variables, i.e. precipitation minus evaporation (P -
   E), the terrestrial water storage, snow water equivalence, and runoff.
   50-year (1949-1998) ensemble integrations are performed from six
   different initial conditions, forced with the same SST and sea ice
   cover.
   The seasonal mean field variance ratios of the SST-forced variability,
   to the total variability, are computed to measure potential
   predictability of the four variables. The variance ratios of P - E are
   generally high in the tropics, but low in the extratropics. The
   geographical pattern of potential predictability of the total
   terrestrial water storage is similar to that of P - E, since it is the
   net water flux into the ground surface. The variance ratios of snow
   water equivalence were as low in DJF as those of precipitation at high
   latitudes. However, the values in the coastal area of the Gulf of Alaska
   is high in MAM, although the other regions remained low. The
   geographical distribution of the variance ratio of runoff, has similar
   features to that of the total terrestrial water storage, but the values
   of the former are slightly lower than those of the latter.
   High variance ratios are found in some areas of the extratropics.
   Singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis suggests that the ratios of
   P - E, and snow water equivalence, are due to the teleconnection forced
   by the tropical SST, while the higher variance ratio of the total
   terrestrial water storage is due to its persistence.}},
Publisher = {{METEOROLOGICAL SOC JAPAN}},
Address = {{C/O JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO,
   100-0004, JAPAN}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Nakaegawa, T (Corresponding Author), Japan Meteorol Agcy, Meteorol Res Inst, Climate Res Dept, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan.
   Japan Meteorol Agcy, Meteorol Res Inst, Climate Res Dept, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan.
   Japan Meteorol Agcy, Climate \& Marine Dept, Climate Predict Div, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan.}},
DOI = {{10.2151/jmsj.81.1041}},
ISSN = {{0026-1165}},
EISSN = {{2186-9057}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SIMPLE BIOSPHERE MODEL; SOIL-MOISTURE;
   RAINFALL; VARIABILITY; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION; FORECASTS;
   PROSPECTS; ENSEMBLE}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{tnakaega@mri-jma.go.jp}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{sugi, masato/P-9076-2014}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{64}},
Times-Cited = {{8}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{4}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{757TR}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000187578000008}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000186445400003,
Author = {Friederichs, P and Frankignoul, C},
Title = {{Potential seasonal predictability of the observed Euro-Atlantic
   atmospheric variability using SST forced ECHAM4-T42 simulations}},
Journal = {{QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{129}},
Number = {{594, A}},
Pages = {{2879-2896}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{To estimate the potential seasonal predictability of the Euro-Atlantic
   atmospheric variability, canonical correlation analysis is used, and a
   comparison is made between the NCEP reanalysis with ensemble simulations
   of ECHAM4-T42 forced with observed sea surface temperature (SST) and
   sea-ice boundaries for 1951-94 and changing CO2 concentration. The
   method identifies those atmospheric modes of variability that have
   similar temporal evolution in the observations and the ensemble mean of
   the simulations. Signals due to long-term changes in the forcing were
   first reduced by removing a third-order polynomial from all data.
   Significant covariability in the 500 hPa geopotential height over the
   Euro-Atlantic region is found from autumn to spring. The best agreement
   between the patterns is seen in late winter, where a mixed Pacific-North
   America (PNA) and tropical/northern-hemisphere teleconnection pattern is
   the dominant signal. Although it tends to modulate the Notch Atlantic
   Oscillation (NAO), the direct influence over Europe is limited. In all
   cases, the covariabilitv seems to be due to remote forcing by tropical
   Pacific SST. However, the model response to the El Nino Southern
   Oscillation (ENSO) always shows a PNA pattern, while the related
   observed signal undergoes large seasonal changes.
   The sea level pressure (SLP) over the Euro-Atlantic region seems to be
   much less sensitive to remote ENSO forcing. although traces of its
   influence can be detected in late winter. On the other hand, a highly
   significant covariability is found between modelled and observed SLP
   anomalies in autumn, reflecting the influence of the North Atlantic SST
   on the NAO. However, the model does not reproduce the observed SLP
   structure. It is also shown that the reproducibility of the NAO in the
   undetrended ECHAM4 ensemble simulations in winter that was found by
   Latif et al. in the same simulations is related to long-term trends in
   tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean SST variability. However, its origin
   cannot be determined as the CO2 concentration was specified from the
   observations in the simulations.}},
Publisher = {{WILEY}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Friederichs, P (Corresponding Author), Univ Bonn, Inst Meteorol, Hugel 20, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, Inst Meteorol, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.}},
DOI = {{10.1256/qj.02.137}},
ISSN = {{0035-9009}},
EISSN = {{1477-870X}},
Keywords = {{canonical correlation analysis; ECHAM4}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH-ATLANTIC; SYSTEMATIC-ERROR; GCM
   SIMULATIONS; TELECONNECTIONS; ANOMALIES; PATTERNS; ENSEMBLE; RAINFALL;
   PACIFIC}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{pfried@uni-bonn.de}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Friederichs, Petra/F-3344-2011}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Friederichs, Petra/0000-0003-4566-572X}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{39}},
Times-Cited = {{5}},
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Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{2}},
Journal-ISO = {{Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.}},
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DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000185743400003,
Author = {Shabbar, A and Higuchi, K and Huang, JP},
Title = {{Boundary and initial flow induced variability over Pacific North America
   in CCC-AGCM simulations}},
Journal = {{TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY}},
Year = {{2003}},
Volume = {{55}},
Number = {{5}},
Pages = {{401-418}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{Specified time-varying sea-surface temperatures (SST) of the extreme
   phases of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), sea ice extent and
   different initial atmospheric flow configurations over the mid-latitudes
   are used in a series of general circulation model (GCM) experiments to
   analyze variability over the Pacific North American (PNA) sector. These
   experiments are performed with the second-generation Canadian Climate
   Centre atmospheric general circulation model, CCC-GCM2 (hereafter
   referred to as AGCM2). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
   Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) techniques are applied to the model
   results to assess and quantity the effects of the prescribed sea-surface
   temperatures and different initial flow regimes (zonal and meridional)
   on the modes of midlatitude variability over the PNA sector. Results
   show that the prescribed ENSO sea surface temperatures significantly
   influence the midlatitude simulated variability at 500 hPa in a form of
   the PNA teleconnection pattern. In addition, the initial flow
   configuration is seen to have a small but significant effect on
   midlatitude variability. The interaction between the ENSO effect and the
   initial flow configuration does not significantly influence the
   midlatitude atmospheric variability. This indicates the effects of the
   perturbation of the ENSO SST and the internal atmospheric dynamics on
   the total variability are additive. The contribution to the total
   variability over the PNA sector by the specification of the initial
   atmospheric flow regime also manifests itself in a PNA-like pattern.}},
Publisher = {{BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD}},
Address = {{35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Shabbar, A (Corresponding Author), Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
   Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.}},
DOI = {{10.1034/j.1600-0870.2003.00029.x}},
ISSN = {{0280-6495}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT FIELD; LOW-FREQUENCY
   VARIABILITY; EL-NINO EVENT; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GCM SIMULATIONS;
   ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CLIMATE VARIABILITY;
   HEMISPHERE WINTER}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Huang, Jianping/A-6600-2012}},
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