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Number-of-Cited-References = {{72}},
Times-Cited = {{37}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{8}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{195}},
Journal-ISO = {{Landsc. Urban Plan.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{AF1MC}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000334477000016}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000332923500019,
Author = {Aslan, Clare E. and Zavaleta, Erika S. and Tershy, Bernie and Croll, Don
   and Robichaux, Robert H.},
Title = {{Imperfect Replacement of Native Species by Non-Native Species as
   Pollinators of Endemic Hawaiian Plants}},
Journal = {{CONSERVATION BIOLOGY}},
Year = {{2014}},
Volume = {{28}},
Number = {{2}},
Pages = {{478-488}},
Month = {{APR}},
Abstract = {{Native plant species that have lost their mutualist partners may require
   non-native pollinators or seed dispersers to maintain reproduction. When
   natives are highly specialized, however, it appears doubtful that
   introduced generalists will partner effectively with them. We used
   visitation observations and pollination treatments (experimental
   manipulations of pollen transfer) to examine relationships between the
   introduced, generalist Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus) and 3
   endemic Hawaiian plant species (Clermontia parviflora, C. montis-loa,
   and C. hawaiiensis). These plants are characterized by curved, tubular
   flowers, apparently adapted for pollination by curve-billed Hawaiian
   honeycreepers. Z. japonicus were responsible for over 80\% of visits to
   flowers of the small-flowered C. parviflora and the midsize-flowered C.
   montis-loa. Z. japonicus-visited flowers set significantly more seed
   than did bagged flowers. Z. japonicus also demonstrated the potential to
   act as an occasional Clermontia seed disperser, although ground-based
   frugivory by non-native mammals likely dominates seed dispersal. The
   large-flowered C. hawaiiensis received no visitation by any birds during
   observations. Unmanipulated and bagged C. hawaiiensis flowers set
   similar numbers of seeds. Direct examination of Z. japonicus and
   Clermontia morphologies suggests a mismatch between Z. japonicus bill
   morphology and C. hawaiiensis flower morphology. In combination, our
   results suggest that Z. japonicus has established an effective
   pollination relationship with C. parviflora and C. montis-loa and that
   the large flowers of C. hawaiiensis preclude effective visitation by Z.
   japonicus. Remplazo Imperfecto de Especies Nativas por Especies
   No-Nativas como Polinizadores de Plantas Endemicas de Hawaii
   Resumen Las especies nativas de plantas que han perdido a sus companeros
   mutualistas pueden requerir de polinizadores no-nativos o dispersores de
   semillas para mantener su reproduccion. Sin embargo cuando las especies
   nativas estan altamente especializadas, parece dudoso que especies
   generalistas introducidas se acoplaran efectivamente con ellas. Usamos
   observaciones de visita y tratamientos de polinizacion (manipulaciones
   experimentales de transferencia de polen) para examinar las relaciones
   entre la introducida y generalista Zosterops japonicus y tres especies
   de plantas endemicas de Hawaii (Clermontia parviflora, C. montis-loa y
   C. hawaiiensis). Estas plantas se caracterizan por sus flores curveadas
   y tubulares, adaptadas aparentemente a la polinizacion por mieleros
   hawaianos de pico curvo. Zosterops japonicus fue responsable de mas del
   80\% de visitas a flores de C. parviflora, de flores pequenas, y de C.
   montis-loa, de flores mediadas. Las flores visitadas por Zosterops
   japonicus establecieron significativamente mas semillas que aquellas
   flores embolsadas. Zosterops japonicus tambien demostro el potencial
   para fungir como dispersor ocasional de semillas de Clermontia, aunque
   la frugivoria terrestre de mamiferos no-nativos probablemente domine la
   dispersion de semillas. C. hawaiiensis, de flores grandes, no fue
   visitada por aves durante las observaciones. Ejemplares de C.
   hawaiiensis sin manipular y embolsadas establecieron un numero similar
   de semillas. La examinacion directa de las morfologias de Z. japonicus y
   Clermontia sugieren un desajuste entre la morfologia del pico de Z.
   japonicus y la morfologia floral de C. hawaiiensis. Combinados, nuestros
   resultados sugieren que Z. japonicus ha establecido una relacion
   efectiva de polinizacion con C. parviflora y C. montis-loa y que las
   flores grandes de C. hawaiiensis evitan las visitas efectivas de Z.
   japonicus.}},
Publisher = {{WILEY}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Aslan, CE (Corresponding Author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Aslan, Clare E.; Zavaleta, Erika S., Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Aslan, Clare E., Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, Conservat Educ \& Sci Dept, Tucson, AZ 85743 USA.
   Tershy, Bernie; Croll, Don, Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol \& Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Robichaux, Robert H., Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol \& Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Robichaux, Robert H., Hawaiian Silversword Fdn, Volcano, HI 96785 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1111/cobi.12193}},
ISSN = {{0888-8892}},
EISSN = {{1523-1739}},
Keywords = {{biological invasions; Clermontia; mutualism disruption; novel mutualism;
   pollinator loss; Zosterops japonicus; Clermontia; disrupcion del
   mutualismo; invasiones biologicas; mutualismo novel; perdida de
   polinizadores; Zosterops japonicus}},
Keywords-Plus = {{JAPANESE WHITE-EYES; SEED DISPERSAL; EXTINCTION; BIRDS; AVIFAUNA;
   FLOWERS; MUTUALISMS; LOBELIAD; PATTERNS; ISLAND}},
Research-Areas = {{Biodiversity \& Conservation; Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{caslan@desertmuseum.org}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{David H. Smith Conservation Research Fellowship}},
Funding-Text = {{All work was performed in accordance with IACUC permit number Zavae1104.
   C. E. A. was funded by a David H. Smith Conservation Research
   Fellowship. We are grateful to K. Bio, J. Johansen, D. LaPointe, R. Loh,
   L. Pratt, B. Gagne, S. Bergfeld, P. Moriyasu, R. Pender, D. Drake, J.
   Price, P. Hart, and T. Tunison for offering invaluable advice and
   guidance. We thank P. Conant, S. Conant, W. Gilmartin, F. Box, J.
   Lipscomb, P. Lipscomb, Hawaii Natural Area Reserves System, Hawaii
   Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and
   Kamehameha Schools for permission to conduct field observations on their
   lands. We also thank M. Dombeck and S. Foster for logistical support, A.
   Aslan, A. Aslan, and E. Aslan for field assistance, and 2 anonymous
   reviewers for critical manuscript improvements. We consulted with the
   following organizations and agencies in developing this paper: Volcano
   Rare Plant Facility of the University of Hawaii, Hawaii Plant Extinction
   Prevention Program, Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii
   Natural Area Reserves System, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hakalau
   Forest National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
   Kamehameha Schools, Three Mountain Alliance, and Hawaiian Silversword
   Foundation.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{50}},
Times-Cited = {{34}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{2}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{102}},
Journal-ISO = {{Conserv. Biol.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{AD0KS}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000332923500019}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000332777500004,
Author = {Kaltenpoth, Martin and Engl, Tobias},
Title = {{Defensive microbial symbionts in Hymenoptera}},
Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}},
Year = {{2014}},
Volume = {{28}},
Number = {{2, SI}},
Pages = {{315-327}},
Month = {{APR}},
Abstract = {{1. In all stages of their life cycle, insects are threatened by a
   multitude of predators, parasites, parasitoids and pathogens. The
   lifestyles and feeding ecologies of some hymenopteran taxa render them
   especially vulnerable to pathogen infestation. Specifically, development
   in subterranean brood cells, mass provisioning of resources for the
   offspring and the life of social insects in large communities can
   enhance the risk of pathogen infestation and/or the spread of disease
   among conspecifics.
   2. To counteract these threats, insects have evolved mechanical,
   chemical and behavioural defences as well as a complex immune system. In
   addition to the host's own defences, some Hymenoptera are associated
   with protective symbionts. Leaf-cutting ants, solitary digger wasps,
   bees and bumblebees engage in symbiotic interactions with bacteria that
   protect the adult host, the developing offspring or the food resources
   against microbial infections. In the well-studied cases of ants and
   wasps, the protective activity is mediated by the production of
   antimicrobial secondary metabolites. In other symbiotic interactions,
   however, competitive exclusion and immune priming may also play an
   important role in enhancing protection. Phylogenetic studies indicate
   that the defensive associations in Hymenoptera are generally more
   dynamic than the intimate nutritional mutualisms, with horizontal
   transfer or de novo uptake of the symbionts from the environment
   occurring frequently.
   3. Mutualistic micro-organisms can also significantly influence the
   outcome of host-parasitoid interactions. Some insects are protected by
   symbiont-produced toxins against parasitic wasps. Ichneumonid and
   braconid parasitoids, on the other hand, are associated with symbiotic
   viruses that are injected into the caterpillar host during oviposition
   and suppress its immune system to the advantage of the parasitoid.
   4. The increasing affordability of next-generation sequencing
   technologies will greatly facilitate the analysis of insect-associated
   microbial communities and undoubtedly uncover a plethora of as yet
   unknown protective symbioses. However, a detailed understanding of the
   host's natural history is indispensable for elucidating the fitness
   benefits of the symbionts and the molecular basis of symbiont-conferred
   protection.}},
Publisher = {{WILEY}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Kaltenpoth, M (Corresponding Author), Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, Insect Symbiosis Res Grp, Hans Knoell Str 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Kaltenpoth, Martin; Engl, Tobias, Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, Insect Symbiosis Res Grp, D-07745 Jena, Germany.}},
DOI = {{10.1111/1365-2435.12089}},
ISSN = {{0269-8463}},
EISSN = {{1365-2435}},
Keywords = {{Actinobacteria; beewolf; defensive mutualism; honeybee; immune system;
   leaf-cutting ants; parasitoid; pathogen defence; polydnavirus;
   protective symbiosis}},
Keywords-Plus = {{ANT-ASSOCIATED PSEUDONOCARDIA; FUNGUS-GROWING ANTS; HONEY-BEE; PEDERIN
   BIOSYNTHESIS; PARASITOID WASP; ACTINOMYCETE BACTERIA; EVOLUTIONARY
   ECOLOGY; MUTUALISTIC BACTERIA; POSTPHARYNGEAL GLAND; TRIPARTITE
   MUTUALISM}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Ecology}},
Author-Email = {{mkaltenpoth@ice.mpg.de}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kaltenpoth, Martin/M-8475-2014
   Engl, Tobias/E-4527-2018}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Engl, Tobias/0000-0002-2200-2678}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Max Planck SocietyMax Planck SocietyFoundation CELLEX; German Science
   FoundationGerman Research Foundation (DFG) {[}DFG KA2846/2-1]}},
Funding-Text = {{We would like to thank Erhard Strohm and Michael Poulsen for critical
   comments on the manuscript, and Michael Strand and Michael Poulsen for
   providing the pictures of Microplitis demolitor and Acromyrmex
   octospinosus, respectively. We gratefully acknowledge financial support
   from the Max Planck Society and the German Science Foundation (MK, DFG
   KA2846/2-1).}},
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Times-Cited = {{72}},
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Journal-ISO = {{Funct. Ecol.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{AC8IU}},
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@article{ ISI:000332835600018,
Author = {Fauser-Misslin, Aline and Sadd, Ben M. and Neumann, Peter and Sandrock,
   Christoph},
Title = {{Influence of combined pesticide and parasite exposure on bumblebee
   colony traits in the laboratory}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY}},
Year = {{2014}},
Volume = {{51}},
Number = {{2}},
Pages = {{450-459}},
Month = {{APR}},
Abstract = {{Pollinating insects provide vital ecosystem services of enormous
   importance for economies and biodiversity. Yet, there is a concerning
   global trend of pollinator declines. Parasites and pesticides are among
   the suspected principle drivers of these declines. However, especially
   in the case of key wild pollinators, there are insufficient data on the
   relative impact of these individual environmental stressors and whether
   they interact to increase detrimental effects. Using a fully crossed
   factorial design, we investigated how laboratory exposure to
   neonicotinoid insecticides, thiamethoxam and clothianidin, over a 9-week
   period and a prevalent trypanosome gut parasite Crithidia bombi affects
   various crucial colony traits of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. We
   show that chronic dietary exposure from an early stage of colony
   development to doses of thiamethoxam and clothianidin that could be
   encountered in the field truncated worker production, reduced worker
   longevity and decreased overall colony reproductive success. Further, we
   demonstrate a significant interaction between neonicotinoid exposure and
   parasite infection on mother queen survival. The fate of the mother
   queen is intrinsically linked to colony success, and under combined
   pressure of parasite infection and neonicotinoid exposure, mother queen
   survival was lowest. This indicates increased detrimental effects of
   combined exposure on this crucial colony trait. Combined effects may be
   exacerbated in stressful natural environments where more pronounced
   parasite virulence is expected. Synthesis and applications. Our findings
   reiterate that dietary exposure to neonicotinoids can impact on
   bumblebee colony performance and fitness. The indication of combined
   negative effects of ecologically relevant pressures suggests additional
   adverse consequences for long-term population dynamics under complex
   field conditions. To help safeguard pollinator health, whole life-cycle
   fitness assessments, particularly for non-Apis bees, stringently
   incorporating chronic and sublethal side effects of pesticides, as well
   as interactions with common natural stressors, such as prevalent
   parasites, should be considered in the corresponding test guidelines.}},
Publisher = {{WILEY}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Sandrock, C (Corresponding Author), Agroscope Liebefeld Posieux ALP, Swiss Bee Res Ctr, Schwarzenburgstr 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.
   Fauser-Misslin, Aline; Neumann, Peter, Univ Bern, Vetsuisse Fac, Inst Bee Hlth, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
   Fauser-Misslin, Aline; Neumann, Peter, Univ Bern, Fac Med, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
   Sadd, Ben M., Illinois State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Normal, IL 61790 USA.
   Sandrock, Christoph, Agroscope Liebefeld Posieux ALP, Swiss Bee Res Ctr, Schwarzenburgstr 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.}},
DOI = {{10.1111/1365-2664.12188}},
ISSN = {{0021-8901}},
EISSN = {{1365-2664}},
Keywords = {{Bombus; Crithidia; environmental interactions; fitness; neonicotinoid;
   pesticide risk assessment; pollinator; reproductive success; sublethal
   effect}},
Keywords-Plus = {{BOMBUS-TERRESTRIS; NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDES; HONEY-BEES; POLLINATORS;
   DECLINES; CROPS; SUCCESS; TRENDS; GROWTH; THIAMETHOXAM}},
Research-Areas = {{Biodiversity \& Conservation; Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology}},
Author-Email = {{ch.sandrock@gmail.com}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Neumann, Peter/C-9964-2015
   Serrano, Jose/A-2854-2009
   }},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Neumann, Peter/0000-0001-5163-5215
   Serrano, Jose/0000-0002-1565-5216
   Sadd, Ben/0000-0003-3136-5144
   Sandrock, Christoph/0000-0002-2054-2216}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{European UnionEuropean Union (EU) {[}244090]; Ricola Foundation - Nature
   and Culture}},
Funding-Text = {{We thank Regula and Paul Schmid-Hempel for providing advice and
   infrastructure at the ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Miguel Jales Hon, Roland
   Loosli and Guillaume Fauser-Misslin gave practical and technical help.
   The manuscript profited from constructive comments by Juliet Osborne,
   James Cresswell, Dave Goulson and three anonymous reviewers. Research
   was funded by grants to P.N. from the European Union Framework 7
   {[}grant agreement no. 244090 (CP-FP) Status and Trends in European
   Pollinators (STEP)] and the Ricola Foundation - Nature and Culture.}},
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Journal-ISO = {{J. Appl. Ecol.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{AC9DX}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000332835600018}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000332150800031,
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Title = {{Commercial bumblebee hives to assess an anthropogenic environment for
   pollinator support: a case study in the region of Ghent (Belgium)}},
Journal = {{ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}},
Year = {{2014}},
Volume = {{186}},
Number = {{4}},
Pages = {{2357-2367}},
Month = {{APR}},
Abstract = {{Anthropogenic changes of the environment influence the distribution and
   abundance of pollinators such as bumblebees and have been proposed as
   one of the main causes in their worldwide decline. In order to evaluate
   the impact of expanding anthropogenic landscapes on supporting
   pollinator potential, reliable tools are needed. Bombus terrestris is
   one of the most abundant bumblebee species in Europe, and these
   bumblebees are known as generalist pollinators of not only wild flowers
   in nature but also of crops in agriculture. For more than two decades,
   these bumblebees have been commercially mass reared for biological
   pollination in greenhouses. In this project, we placed commercial hives
   of the bumblebee B. terrestris containing one queen and 40 workers, in
   three different locations in the region of Ghent (Belgium), and the
   performance of these hives was followed during a 4-week period in spring
   2012. In parallel, we determined the floral richness and diversity index
   in the chosen study sites. The sites consisted of a rich urban
   environment with patchy green areas opposed to an urban environment with
   poor landscape metrics; a third rural study site showed average positive
   landscape metrics. The results demonstrated that the hive biomass and
   numbers of workers increased significantly in the rich compared to the
   poor environment, providing a mechanism to discriminate between study
   sites. In addition, the bumblebee-collected pollen showed that the
   flowering plants Salix spp. and Rosaceae/Prunus spp. are dominant food
   sources in all anthropogenic environments during early spring. Finally,
   the results are discussed in relation to the optimization of the
   experimental setup and to the use of commercial bumblebee hives in
   assessing local pollinator support within any given environment.}},
Publisher = {{SPRINGER}},
Address = {{VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Smagghe, G (Corresponding Author), Univ Ghent, Dept Crop Protect, Fac Biosci Engn, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Parmentier, Laurian; Meeus, Ivan; Cheroutre, Lore; Mommaerts, Veerle; Smagghe, Guy, Univ Ghent, Dept Crop Protect, Fac Biosci Engn, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Louwye, Stephen, Univ Ghent, Res Unit Palaeontol, Dept Geol \& Soil Sci, Fac Sci, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.}},
DOI = {{10.1007/s10661-013-3543-2}},
ISSN = {{0167-6369}},
EISSN = {{1573-2959}},
Keywords = {{Bombus terrestris; Anthropogenic environment; Spatial-temporal
   screening; Pollen analysis; Pollinator support; Standardized hives;
   Bioassay}},
Keywords-Plus = {{BOMBUS-TERRESTRIS; COLONY GROWTH; NEST DENSITY; BEES; DECLINE; POLLEN;
   RISK; HONEYBEES; PLANTS; URBAN}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Environmental Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{guy.smagghe@ugent.be}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Louwye, Stephen/D-3856-2012
   Smagghe, Guy/AAE-8914-2019}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Louwye, Stephen/0000-0003-4814-4313
   Smagghe, Guy/0000-0001-8334-3313}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen)FWO}},
Funding-Text = {{The authors thank Dr. Mark Brown (School of Biological Sciences, Royal
   Holloway, University of London, UK) for the careful editing of this
   manuscript and acknowledge the gifts of bumblebees by Biobest (Westerlo,
   Belgium). This study was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research
   Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen).}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{40}},
Times-Cited = {{14}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{2}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{102}},
Journal-ISO = {{Environ. Monit. Assess.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{AB9YE}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000332150800031}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000333249000005,
Author = {Hanley, Mick E. and Awbi, Amanda J. and Franco, Miguel},
Title = {{Going native? Flower use by bumblebees in English urban gardens}},
Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}},
Year = {{2014}},
Volume = {{113}},
Number = {{5}},
Pages = {{799-806}},
Month = {{APR}},
Abstract = {{Although urban gardens provide opportunities for pollinators in an
   otherwise inhospitable environment, most garden plants are not native to
   the recipient biogeographical region and their value to local
   pollinators is disputed. This study tested the hypothesis that
   bumblebees foraging in English urban gardens preferentially visited
   sympatric Palaearctic-range plants over species originating outside
   their native range.
   Twenty-seven surveys of flower availability and bumblebee visitation
   (Bombus spp.) were conducted over a 3-month summer period. Plants were
   categorized according to whether they were native British, Palaearctic
   or non-Palaearctic in origin. A phylogeny of the 119 plant species
   recorded was constructed and the relationship between floral abundance
   and the frequency of pollinator visits investigated by means of
   phylogenetically independent contrasts. Differentiation in utilization
   of plant species by the five bumblebee species encountered was
   investigated using niche overlap analyses.
   There was conflicting evidence for preferential use of native-range
   Palaearctic plant species by bumblebees depending on which plants were
   included in the analysis. Evidence was also found for niche partitioning
   between species based on respective preferences for native and
   non-native biogeographical range plants. Two bumblebees (Bombus
   terrestris and B. pratorum) concentrated their foraging activity on
   non-Palaearctic plants, while two others (B. hortorum and B. pascourum)
   preferred Palaearctic species.
   The long-running debate about the value of native and non-native garden
   plants to pollinators probably stems from a failure to properly consider
   biogeographical overlap between plant and pollinator ranges. Gardeners
   can encourage pollinators without consideration of plant origin or bias
   towards local biogeographical species. However, dietary specialist
   bumblebees seem to prefer plants sympatric with their own
   biogeographical range and, in addition to the cultivation of these
   species in gardens, provision of native non-horticultural (weed) species
   may also be important for pollinator conservation.}},
Publisher = {{OXFORD UNIV PRESS}},
Address = {{GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Hanley, ME (Corresponding Author), Univ Plymouth, Sch Biol Sci, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.
   Hanley, Mick E.; Awbi, Amanda J.; Franco, Miguel, Univ Plymouth, Sch Biol Sci, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.}},
DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcu006}},
ISSN = {{0305-7364}},
EISSN = {{1095-8290}},
Keywords = {{Biogeographical range; bumblebee; Bombus; exotic plants; foraging;
   horticulture; niche differentiation; pollinators; urban conservation;
   wildlife gardening}},
Keywords-Plus = {{DIET BREADTH; HYMENOPTERA; PLANTS; BEES; ABUNDANCE; CHOICE; RARITY;
   FAUNA; SCALE}},
Research-Areas = {{Plant Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Plant Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{mehanley@plymouth.ac.uk}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Franco, Miguel/A-4671-2008}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Franco, Miguel/0000-0002-7249-4981}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{35}},
Times-Cited = {{33}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{2}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{142}},
Journal-ISO = {{Ann. Bot.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{AD4VI}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000333249000005}},
OA = {{Green Published, Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000333127600002,
Author = {Arena, Maria and Sgolastra, Fabio},
Title = {{A meta-analysis comparing the sensitivity of bees to pesticides}},
Journal = {{ECOTOXICOLOGY}},
Year = {{2014}},
Volume = {{23}},
Number = {{3}},
Pages = {{324-334}},
Month = {{APR}},
Abstract = {{The honey bee Apis mellifera, the test species used in the current
   environmental risk assessment procedure, is generally considered as
   extremely sensitive to pesticides when compared to other bee species,
   although a quantitative approach for comparing the difference in
   sensitivity among bees has not yet been reported. A systematic review of
   the relevant literature on the topic followed by a meta-analysis has
   been performed. Both the contact and oral acute LD50 and the chronic
   LC50 reported in laboratory studies for as many substances as possible
   have been extracted from the papers in order to compare the sensitivity
   to pesticides of honey bees and other bee species (Apiformes). The
   sensitivity ratio R between the endpoint for the species a (A.
   mellifera) and the species s (bees other than A. mellifera) was
   calculated for a total of 150 case studies including 19 bee species. A
   ratio higher than 1 indicated that the species s was more sensitive to
   pesticides than honey bees. The meta-analysis showed a high variability
   of sensitivity among bee species (R from 0.001 to 2085.7), however, in
   approximately 95 \% of the cases the sensitivity ratio was below 10. The
   effect of pesticides in domestic and wild bees is dependent on the
   intrinsic sensitivity of single bee species as well as their specific
   life cycle, nesting activity and foraging behaviour. Current data
   indicates a need for more comparative information between honey bees and
   non-Apis bees as well as separate pesticide risk assessment procedures
   for non-Apis bees.}},
Publisher = {{SPRINGER}},
Address = {{VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Sgolastra, F (Corresponding Author), Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Sci Agr, Area Entomol, Viale G Fanin 42, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
   Arena, Maria, European Food Safety Author, Pesticides Unit, I-43126 Parma, Italy.
   Sgolastra, Fabio, Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Sci Agr, Area Entomol, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
   Sgolastra, Fabio, Consiglio Ric \& Sperimentaz Ar, Unita Ric Apicoltura Bachicoltura CRA API, I-40128 Bologna, Italy.}},
DOI = {{10.1007/s10646-014-1190-1}},
ISSN = {{0963-9292}},
EISSN = {{1573-3017}},
Keywords = {{Toxicity; Environmental risk assessment; Apis mellifera; Apiformes;
   Pollinators; Comparative ecotoxicology}},
Keywords-Plus = {{APIS-MELLIFERA; HONEY-BEES; INSECTICIDES; TOXICITY; POLLINATORS;
   HYMENOPTERA; BUMBLEBEES; DECLINES; POLLEN}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology; Toxicology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology}},
Author-Email = {{fabio.sgolastra2@unibo.it}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Sgolastra, Fabio/AAG-2839-2019}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Sgolastra, Fabio/0000-0002-2845-8297}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{45}},
Times-Cited = {{121}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{7}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{225}},
Journal-ISO = {{Ecotoxicology}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{AD3GZ}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000333127600002}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000332835600019,
Author = {Baron, Gemma L. and Raine, Nigel E. and Brown, Mark J. F.},
Title = {{Impact of chronic exposure to a pyrethroid pesticide on bumblebees and
   interactions with a trypanosome parasite}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY}},
Year = {{2014}},
Volume = {{51}},
Number = {{2}},
Pages = {{460-469}},
Month = {{APR}},
Abstract = {{<list list-type={''}1{''} id={''}jpe12205-list-0001{''}>
   Bees are exposed to pesticides when foraging in agricultural areas and
   growing evidence suggests that such compounds can be harmful to managed
   and wild populations. Given the economic and ecological importance of
   bees, and the evidence of widespread population declines, the full
   impacts of pesticides and their interactions with other stressors in the
   environment need to be investigated.
   Here, we focus on the impacts of chronic exposure to the commonly used
   pyrethroid pesticide lambda ()-cyhalothrin on the bumblebee Bombus
   terrestris at both the individual and colony level. Furthermore, we
   investigated the interactions of pesticide exposure with a highly
   prevalent trypanosome parasite Crithidia bombi. Colonies were exposed to
   -cyhalothrin in the laboratory, and colony growth and reproductive
   output were monitored for up to 14weeks. The potential interactions
   between the pesticide and C.bombi were investigated by quantifying the
   impact of pesticide treatment on susceptibility to, and success of
   experimental infections, as well as the survival of workers. Male
   survival after larval pesticide exposure was also monitored.
   Pesticide-treated colonies produced workers with a significantly lower
   body mass. However, out of the twelve variables of colony development
   measured, this was the only metric that was significantly affected by
   pesticide treatment and there was no subsequent significant impact on
   the reproductive output of colonies.
   Lambda-cyhalothrin had no significant impact on the susceptibility of
   workers to C.bombi, or intensity of parasitic infection.
   Pesticide exposure did not cause differential survival in workers or
   males, even when workers were additionally challenged with C.bombi.
   Synthesis and applications. Chronic exposure to -cyhalothrin has a
   significant impact on worker size, a key aspect of bumblebee colony
   function, particularly under conditions of limited food resources. This
   could indicate that under times of resource limitation, colonies exposed
   to this pesticide in the field may fail. However, the lack of other
   impacts found in this study indicate that further field trials are
   needed to elucidate this.
   Chronic exposure to -cyhalothrin has a significant impact on worker
   size, a key aspect of bumblebee colony function, particularly under
   conditions of limited food resources. This could indicate that under
   times of resource limitation, colonies exposed to this pesticide in the
   field may fail. However, the lack of other impacts found in this study
   indicate that further field trials are needed to elucidate this.}},
Publisher = {{WILEY-BLACKWELL}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Baron, GL (Corresponding Author), Royal Holloway Univ London, Sch Biol Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
   Baron, Gemma L.; Raine, Nigel E.; Brown, Mark J. F., Royal Holloway Univ London, Sch Biol Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.}},
DOI = {{10.1111/1365-2664.12205}},
ISSN = {{0021-8901}},
EISSN = {{1365-2664}},
Keywords = {{agrochemicals; beneficial insects; bumble bees; colony success;
   ecosystem services; insecticide; neonicotinoid; parasite-pesticide
   interactions; pollinator; pollinator decline}},
Keywords-Plus = {{BEES BOMBUS LATR; HONEY-BEE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; CRITHIDIA-BOMBI; HOST;
   POLLINATORS; DECLINES; COLONY; TERRESTRIS; INSECT}},
Research-Areas = {{Biodiversity \& Conservation; Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology}},
Author-Email = {{gemma.baron.2011@live.rhul.ac.uk}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Raine, Nigel/AAK-6425-2020}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Raine, Nigel/0000-0001-6343-2829}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{BBSRCBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
   {[}BB/I000178/1, BB/1000151/1]; DefraDepartment for Environment, Food \&
   Rural Affairs (DEFRA) {[}BB/I000178/1, BB/1000151/1]; NERCNERC Natural
   Environment Research Council {[}BB/I000178/1, BB/1000151/1]; Scottish
   Government {[}BB/I000178/1, BB/1000151/1]; Wellcome Trust, under the
   Insect Pollinators InitiativeWellcome Trust {[}BB/I000178/1,
   BB/1000151/1]; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research
   CouncilBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
   {[}BB/I000178/1, BB/I000100/1, BB/I000151/1] Funding Source:
   Researchfish; Natural Environment Research CouncilNERC Natural
   Environment Research Council {[}1185056] Funding Source: Researchfish}},
Funding-Text = {{We thank Lisa Evans, Matthias Furst, Dave Garthwaite, Richard Gill,
   Andrew Jackson, Ainsley Jones, Catherine Jones, Tammy Mak Tin-Mei, Inti
   Pedroso, Oscar Ramos-Rodriguez and Karen Smith for comments and
   technical assistance, The Crown Estate for permission to collect wild
   bumblebees at Windsor Great Park, Syngenta Bioline Bees for supplying
   colonies and the Editor and three anonymous reviewers for additional
   comments. The study was funded jointly by two Grants (BB/I000178/1 and
   BB/1000151/1) from BBSRC, Defra, NERC, the Scottish Government and the
   Wellcome Trust, under the Insect Pollinators Initiative, and a NERC
   studentship to GB.}},
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