text:
@article{
   author = {Alastair, F. and Emma, G. and Emma, P.},
   title = {Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr},
   volume = {35},
   number = {5},
   pages = {571-80},
   note = {Alastair, Forbes
Emma, Goldesgeyme
Emma, Paulon
Journal Article
Review
United States
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011 Sep;35(5):571-80. doi: 10.1177/0148607111413599. Epub 2011 Aug 8.},
   abstract = {The diet of industrialized nations may contribute to the pathogenesis of both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD). Malnutrition is relatively unusual in UC, but in CD, which often affects the small intestine, it is frequent and may be severe. Nutrition support is therefore frequently indicated. First principles of artificial nutrition can be applied effectively using the gut whenever possible. Parenteral nutrition is generally required only in those with short bowel syndrome. An increasing literature (especially in pediatrics) favors the use of defined exclusive enteral nutrition (EN) in the primary treatment of active CD. Controlled trials are, however, lacking, and recommendations are accordingly not of the highest rank. It appears that in this context, simple polymeric regimens are usually sufficient, and there is currently insufficient evidence to make a strong recommendation for disease-specific feeds. In the maintenance of remission in CD, controlled data demonstrate that defined EN reduces the risk of relapse requiring steroid treatment. There are no data in support of primary nutrition therapy in UC either in management of the acute flare or in maintenance. In conclusion, nutrition therapy in adults with inflammatory bowel disease is probably both undervalued and underused, but the evidence base needs to be strengthened to confirm its efficacy, determine better those patients most likely to benefit, and optimize the regimens to be employed.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/*diet therapy
Crohn Disease/complications/*diet therapy
Enteral Nutrition/methods
Humans
Malnutrition/*diet therapy/etiology
Parenteral Nutrition/methods
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
   ISSN = {0148-6071 (Print)
0148-6071},
   Accession Number = {21825089},
   DOI = {10.1177/0148607111413599},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ananthakrishnan, A. N. and Khalili, H. and Higuchi, L. M. and Bao, Y. and Korzenik, J. R. and Giovannucci, E. L. and Richter, J. M. and Fuchs, C. S. and Chan, A. T.},
   title = {Higher predicted vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of Crohn's disease},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {142},
   number = {3},
   pages = {482-9},
   note = {1528-0012
Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N
Khalili, Hamed
Higuchi, Leslie M
Bao, Ying
Korzenik, Joshua R
Giovannucci, Edward L
Richter, James M
Fuchs, Charles S
Chan, Andrew T
P01 CA087969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 CA137178/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
P01 CA87969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
K08 DK064256/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Video-Audio Media
United States
Gastroenterology. 2012 Mar;142(3):482-9. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.040. Epub 2011 Dec 9.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Vitamin D influences innate immunity, which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). However, data examining vitamin D status in relation to risk of CD and UC are lacking. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 72,719 women (age, 40-73 y) enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study. In 1986, women completed an assessment of diet and lifestyle, from which a 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] prediction score was developed and validated against directly measured levels of plasma 25(OH)D. Through 2008, we confirmed reported diagnoses of incident CD or UC through medical record review. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to examine the hazard ratio (HR) for incident CD or UC after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: During 1,492,811 person-years of follow-up evaluation, we documented 122 incident cases of CD and 123 cases of UC. The median predicted 25(OH)D level was 22.3 ng/mL in the lowest and 32.2 ng/mL in the highest quartiles. Compared with the lowest quartile, the multivariate-adjusted HR associated with the highest quartile of vitamin D was 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-.99) for CD (P(trend) = .02) and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.34-1.25) for UC (P(trend) = .17). Compared with women with a predicted 25(OH)D level less than 20 ng/mL, the multivariate-adjusted HR was 0.38 (95% CI, 0.15-0.97) for CD and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.19-1.70) for UC for women with a predicted 25(OH)D level greater than 30 ng/mL. There was a significant inverse association between dietary and supplemental vitamin D and UC, and a nonsignificant reduction in CD risk. CONCLUSIONS: Higher predicted plasma levels of 25(OH)D significantly reduce the risk for incident CD and nonsignificantly reduce the risk for UC in women.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Biomarkers/blood
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/*epidemiology/immunology
Crohn Disease/blood/*epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control
Female
Health Surveys
Humans
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
Proportional Hazards Models
Prospective Studies
Risk Assessment
Risk Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
Time Factors
United States/epidemiology
Vitamin D/*analogs & derivatives/blood
Vitamin D Deficiency/blood/*epidemiology/immunology},
   ISSN = {0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {22155183},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.040},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Andersen, V. and Olsen, A. and Carbonnel, F. and Tjonneland, A. and Vogel, U.},
   title = {Diet and risk of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {44},
   number = {3},
   pages = {185-94},
   note = {1878-3562
Andersen, Vibeke
Olsen, Anja
Carbonnel, Franck
Tjonneland, Anne
Vogel, Ulla
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2012 Mar;44(3):185-94. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.10.001. Epub 2011 Nov 3.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: A better understanding of the environmental factors leading to inflammatory bowel disease should help to prevent occurrence of the disease and its relapses. AIM: To review current knowledge on dietary risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: The PubMed, Medline and Cochrane Library were searched for studies on diet and risk of inflammatory bowel disease. RESULTS: Established non-diet risk factors include family predisposition, smoking, appendectomy, and antibiotics. Retrospective case-control studies are encumbered with methodological problems. Prospective studies on European cohorts, mainly including middle-aged adults, suggest that a diet high in protein from meat and fish is associated with a higher risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Intake of the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid may confer risk of ulcerative colitis, whereas n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be protective. No effect was found of intake of dietary fibres, sugar, macronutrients, total energy, vitamin C, D, E, Carotene, or Retinol (vitamin A) on risk of ulcerative colitis. No prospective data was found on risk related to intake of fruits, vegetables or food microparticles (titanium dioxide and aluminium silicate). CONCLUSIONS: A diet high in protein, particular animal protein, may be associated with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease and relapses. N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids may predispose to ulcerative colitis whilst n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid may protect. These results should be confirmed in other countries and in younger subjects before dietary counselling is recommended in high risk subjects.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*epidemiology/*etiology
Crohn Disease/*epidemiology/*etiology
Diet/adverse effects
Dietary Proteins/adverse effects
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/adverse effects
Food/*adverse effects
Humans
Incidence
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {22055893},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2011.10.001},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bodger, K.},
   title = {Cost effectiveness of treatments for inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Pharmacoeconomics},
   volume = {29},
   number = {5},
   pages = {387-401},
   note = {1179-2027
Bodger, Keith
Journal Article
Review
New Zealand
Pharmacoeconomics. 2011 May;29(5):387-401. doi: 10.2165/11584820-000000000-00000.},
   abstract = {Traditionally, half of the direct costs associated with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) [Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)] have related to hospital inpatient treatment for a sub-group of more severely affected, often therapy-resistant individuals. The advent of effective but relatively expensive biological agents has increased the contribution of drugs to overall medical care costs. This has focussed interest on the relative cost effectiveness of rival therapies for IBD and, in particular, on the affordability of long-term biological therapy. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature on this topic and to identify areas for future research. Head-to-head trials of competing treatment options are uncommon and clinical trials have seldom addressed cost effectiveness. In UC, models have explored the cost utility of 'high-' versus 'standard-' dose 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) therapy and the theoretical impact of improved adherence with once-daily formulations. In CD, cost-utility models for anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) drugs versus standard care have suggested consistently that incremental benefits are achieved at increased overall cost. However, studies of varying design have produced a wide spectrum of incremental cost-effectiveness ratio estimates, which highlights the challenges and limitations of existing modelling techniques.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage/economics/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration &
dosage/economics/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/economics/therapeutic use
Chronic Disease
Clinical Trials as Topic
Colonoscopy/economics
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Diet Therapy/economics
*Health Care Costs
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*economics/*therapy
Mesalamine/administration & dosage/economics/therapeutic use
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors},
   ISSN = {1170-7690},
   Accession Number = {21271748},
   DOI = {10.2165/11584820-000000000-00000},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bowie, R. V. and Donatello, S. and Lyes, C. and Owens, M. B. and Babina, I. S. and Hudson, L. and Walsh, S. V. and O'Donoghue, D. P. and Amu, S. and Barry, S. P. and Fallon, P. G. and Hopkins, A. M.},
   title = {Lipid rafts are disrupted in mildly inflamed intestinal microenvironments without overt disruption of the epithelial barrier},
   journal = {Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol},
   volume = {302},
   number = {8},
   pages = {G781-93},
   note = {1522-1547
Bowie, Rachel V
Donatello, Simona
Lyes, Cliona
Owens, Mark B
Babina, Irina S
Hudson, Lance
Walsh, Shaun V
O'Donoghue, Diarmuid P
Amu, Sylvie
Barry, Sean P
Fallon, Padraic G
Hopkins, Ann M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012 Apr 15;302(8):G781-93. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00002.2011. Epub 2012 Jan 12.},
   abstract = {Intestinal epithelial barrier disruption is a feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but whether barrier disruption precedes or merely accompanies inflammation remains controversial. Tight junction (TJ) adhesion complexes control epithelial barrier integrity. Since some TJ proteins reside in cholesterol-enriched regions of the cell membrane termed lipid rafts, we sought to elucidate the relationship between rafts and intestinal epithelial barrier function. Lipid rafts were isolated from Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells primed with the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or treated with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a positive control for raft disruption. Rafts were also isolated from the ilea of mice in which colitis had been induced in conjunction with in vivo intestinal permeability measurements, and lastly from intestinal biopsies of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with predominantly mild or quiescent disease. Raft distribution was analyzed by measuring activity of the raft-associated enzyme alkaline phosphatase and by performing Western blot analysis for flotillin-1. Epithelial barrier integrity was estimated by measuring transepithelial resistance in cytokine-treated cells or in vivo permeability to fluorescent dextran in colitic mice. Raft and nonraft fractions were analyzed by Western blotting for the TJ proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Our results revealed that lipid rafts were disrupted in IFN-gamma-treated cells, in the ilea of mice with subclinical colitis, and in UC patients with quiescent inflammation. This was not associated with a clear pattern of occludin or ZO-1 relocalization from raft to nonraft fractions. Significantly, a time-course study in colitic mice revealed that disruption of lipid rafts preceded the onset of increased intestinal permeability. Our data suggest for the first time that lipid raft disruption occurs early in the inflammatory cascade in murine and human colitis and, we speculate, may contribute to subsequent disruption of epithelial barrier function.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Animals
Biopsy
Blotting, Western
Caco-2 Cells
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
Diet
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Enteritis/chemically induced/genetics/*pathology
Female
Humans
Interleukin-10/genetics
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Intestines/*pathology
Lipid Metabolism
Male
Membrane Microdomains/*pathology
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mice, Knockout
Microscopy, Confocal
Middle Aged
Permeability
Tight Junctions/pathology},
   ISSN = {0193-1857},
   Accession Number = {22241861},
   DOI = {10.1152/ajpgi.00002.2011},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Branning, C. E. and Nyman, M. E.},
   title = {Malt in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus increases concentrations of butyric acid in the distal colon and serum in rats compared with other barley products but decreases viable counts of cecal bifidobacteria},
   journal = {J Nutr},
   volume = {141},
   number = {1},
   pages = {101-7},
   note = {1541-6100
Branning, Camilla E
Nyman, Margareta E
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Nutr. 2011 Jan;141(1):101-7. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.122226. Epub 2010 Nov 24.},
   abstract = {Several substances, including glutamine and propionic acid but in particular butyric acid, have been proposed to be important for colonic health. beta-Glucans lead to the formation of comparatively high amounts of butyric acid, and germinated barley foodstuff obtained from brewer's spent grain (BSG), containing high amounts of beta-glucans and glutamine, has been reported to reduce the inflammatory response in the colon of patients with ulcerative colitis. The present study examines how 3 barley products, whole grain barley, malt, and BSG, affect SCFA in the hindgut and serum of rats and whether the addition of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 271 to each of these diets would have further effects. Amino acids in plasma and the cecal composition of the microbiota were also analyzed. The butyric acid concentration in the distal colon and serum was higher in the malt groups than in the other groups as was the serum concentration of propionic acid. The concentrations of propionic and butyric acids were higher in the cecum and serum of rats given L. rhamnosus than in those not given this strain. The proportion of plasma glutamine and the cecal number of bifidobacteria were lower in the malt groups than in the other groups. L. rhamnosus decreased the number of cecal bifidobacteria, whereas plasma glutamine was unaffected. We conclude that malt together with L. rhamnosus 271 had greater effects on propionic and butyric acid concentrations in rats than the other barley products. This is interesting when developing food with effects on colonic health.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bifidobacterium/*isolation & purification
Butyric Acid/*analysis/blood
Cecum/*microbiology
Colon/*chemistry
Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage
*Edible Grain
Fatty Acids, Volatile/blood
*Hordeum
*Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Male
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/blood
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Weight Gain},
   ISSN = {0022-3166},
   Accession Number = {21106924},
   DOI = {10.3945/jn.110.122226},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Braun, S. and Budak, K. and Vavricka, S.},
   title = {[Probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases]},
   journal = {Praxis (Bern 1994)},
   volume = {101},
   number = {17},
   pages = {1077-85},
   note = {Braun, S
Budak, K
Vavricka, S
Case Reports
Journal Article
Switzerland
Praxis (Bern 1994). 2012 Aug 22;101(17):1077-85. doi: 10.1024/1661-8157/a001041.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology/therapy
Combined Modality Therapy
Cooperative Behavior
Diarrhea/etiology/therapy
*Dietary Supplements
Drug Substitution
Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology/*therapy
Humans
Interdisciplinary Communication
Male
Medication Adherence
Mesalamine/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Probiotics
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1661-8157 (Print)
1661-8157},
   Accession Number = {22915509},
   DOI = {10.1024/1661-8157/a001041},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brown, A. C. and Rampertab, S. D. and Mullin, G. E.},
   title = {Existing dietary guidelines for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {3},
   pages = {411-25},
   note = {1747-4132
Brown, Amy C
Rampertab, S Devi
Mullin, Gerard E
Journal Article
Review
England
Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jun;5(3):411-25. doi: 10.1586/egh.11.29.},
   abstract = {Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often question their doctors about diet. The objectives of this article are to provide clinicians with existing dietary advice by presenting the dietary information proposed by medical societies in the form of clinical practice guidelines as it relates to IBD; listing dietary guidelines from patient-centered IBD-related organizations; and creating a new 'global practice guideline' that attempts to consolidate the existing information regarding diet and IBD. The dietary suggestions derived from sources found in this article include nutritional deficiency screening, avoiding foods that worsen symptoms, eating smaller meals at more frequent intervals, drinking adequate fluids, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, taking vitamin/mineral supplementation, eliminating dairy if lactose intolerant, limiting excess fat, reducing carbohydrates and reducing high-fiber foods during flares. Mixed advice exists regarding probiotics. Enteral nutrition is recommended for Crohn's disease patients in Japan, which differs from practices in the USA.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/diet therapy/*therapy
Crohn Disease/diet therapy/*therapy
Diet/*adverse effects
Enteral Nutrition
Evidence-Based Medicine
Humans
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Recurrence
Remission Induction
Societies, Medical
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1747-4124},
   Accession Number = {21651358},
   DOI = {10.1586/egh.11.29},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brown, J. and Meyer, F. and Klapproth, J. M.},
   title = {Aspects in the interdisciplinary decision-making for surgical intervention in ulcerative colitis and its complications},
   journal = {Z Gastroenterol},
   volume = {50},
   number = {5},
   pages = {468-74},
   note = {1439-7803
Brown, J
Meyer, F
Klapproth, J-M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Review
Germany
Z Gastroenterol. 2012 May;50(5):468-74. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1299467. Epub 2012 May 11.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammation of the large bowel, predominantly affecting young adults of 20 to 30 years of age. Even though the majority of patients with limited and extensive UC can be managed medically, 20 to 30 % will require surgical intervention at some point in their life to gain control of the inflammatory process. The most common reason for urgent and emergency surgery is a lack of response to maximal medical inpatient therapy after five to ten days. Other indications include hemorrhage, free perforation, sepsis, and toxic megacolon. Procedure of choice for the majority of surgeons is open or laparoscopic subtotal colectomy and end ileostomy, with or without exteriorization of the rectal stump. The laparoscopic approach requires more time, but allows for faster return of bowel function and discharge from the hospital. Creation of a definite restoration in form of a J pouch should be delayed for at least three months. Indications for elective surgical intervention include cancer, dysplasia associated lesion or mass, and stricture. Preferably, the J pouch and Brooke ileostomy are performed in two stages, with a takedown of the ileostomy several months later. A single-stage operation is associated with increased anastomotic dehiscence, sepsis, and long-term pouch failure. The laparoscopic creation of a J pouch is largely dependent on the surgeon's experience, but results in a number of advantages, including faster return of bowel function, tolerance of diet, and discharge. Regardless of emergency, urgent, or elective surgical intervention, early involvement of a team of gastroenterologist, surgeon, nutritionist, and stoma nurse is essential in the management of severe UC to maximize a satisfactory patient outcome.},
   keywords = {Adult
Colectomy/*adverse effects/*methods
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/*surgery
*Decision Support Techniques
Humans
*Patient Care Team},
   ISSN = {0044-2771},
   Accession Number = {22581702},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0031-1299467},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brown, K. and DeCoffe, D. and Molcan, E. and Gibson, D. L.},
   title = {Diet-induced dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and the effects on immunity and disease},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {4},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1095-119},
   note = {2072-6643
Brown, Kirsty
DeCoffe, Daniella
Molcan, Erin
Gibson, Deanna L
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2012 Aug;4(8):1095-119. Epub 2012 Aug 21.},
   abstract = {The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is the collection of microbes which reside in the GI tract and represents the largest source of non-self antigens in the human body. The GI tract functions as a major immunological organ as it must maintain tolerance to commensal and dietary antigens while remaining responsive to pathogenic stimuli. If this balance is disrupted, inappropriate inflammatory processes can result, leading to host cell damage and/or autoimmunity. Evidence suggests that the composition of the intestinal microbiota can influence susceptibility to chronic disease of the intestinal tract including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome, as well as more systemic diseases such as obesity, type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, a considerable shift in diet has coincided with increased incidence of many of these inflammatory diseases. It was originally believed that the composition of the intestinal microbiota was relatively stable from early childhood; however, recent evidence suggests that diet can cause dysbiosis, an alteration in the composition of the microbiota, which could lead to aberrant immune responses. The role of the microbiota and the potential for diet-induced dysbiosis in inflammatory conditions of the GI tract and systemic diseases will be discussed.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/*classification
Celiac Disease/microbiology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/microbiology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology
*Diet
Food Hypersensitivity
Homeostasis
Humans
Inflammation
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology
Intestines/*microbiology
Metabolic Syndrome X/microbiology
Obesity/microbiology
*disease susceptibility
*inflammation
*intestinal microbiota
*nutrition},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {23016134},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu4081095},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brownawell, A. M. and Caers, W. and Gibson, G. R. and Kendall, C. W. and Lewis, K. D. and Ringel, Y. and Slavin, J. L.},
   title = {Prebiotics and the health benefits of fiber: current regulatory status, future research, and goals},
   journal = {J Nutr},
   volume = {142},
   number = {5},
   pages = {962-74},
   note = {1541-6100
Brownawell, Amy M
Caers, Wim
Gibson, Glenn R
Kendall, Cyril W C
Lewis, Kara D
Ringel, Yehuda
Slavin, Joanne L
Journal Article
United States
J Nutr. 2012 May;142(5):962-74. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.158147. Epub 2012 Mar 28.},
   abstract = {First defined in the mid-1990s, prebiotics, which alter the composition and activity of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota to improve health and well-being, have generated scientific and consumer interest and regulatory debate. The Life Sciences Research Organization, Inc. (LSRO) held a workshop, Prebiotics and the Health Benefits of Fiber: Future Research and Goals, in February 2011 to assess the current state of the science and the international regulatory environment for prebiotics, identify research gaps, and create a strategy for future research. A developing body of evidence supports a role for prebiotics in reducing the risk and severity of GI infection and inflammation, including diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, and ulcerative colitis as well as bowel function disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome. Prebiotics also increase the bioavailability and uptake of minerals and data suggest that they reduce the risk of obesity by promoting satiety and weight loss. Additional research is needed to define the relationship between the consumption of different prebiotics and improvement of human health. New information derived from the characterization of the composition and function of different prebiotics as well as the interactions among and between gut microbiota and the human host would improve our understanding of the effects of prebiotics on health and disease and could assist in surmounting regulatory issues related to prebiotic use.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/metabolism
Colonic Neoplasms/diet therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control
Diarrhea/diet therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control
Dietary Fiber/*therapeutic use
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/diet therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Functional Food
Gastroenteritis/diet therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control
Global Health
Goals
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diet therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Intestinal Diseases/diet therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control
Intestines/metabolism/microbiology
Obesity/diet therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Prebiotics
Public Health
Risk Factors
Risk Reduction Behavior},
   ISSN = {0022-3166},
   Accession Number = {22457389},
   DOI = {10.3945/jn.112.158147},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cabre, E. and Domenech, E.},
   title = {Impact of environmental and dietary factors on the course of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {18},
   number = {29},
   pages = {3814-22},
   note = {2219-2840
Cabre, Eduard
Domenech, Eugeni
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Aug 7;18(29):3814-22. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3814.},
   abstract = {Besides their possible effects on the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), some environmental factors can modulate the clinical course of both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). This review is mainly devoted to describing the current knowledge of the impact of some of these factors on the outcome of IBD, with special emphasis on smoking and diet. Although the impact of smoking on the susceptibility to develop CD and UC is firmly established, its influence on the clinical course of both diseases is still debatable. In CD, active smoking is a risk factor for postoperative recurrence. Beyond this clinical setting, smoking cessation seems to be advantageous in those CD patients who were smokers at disease diagnosis, while smoking resumption may be of benefit in ex-smokers with resistant UC. The role of dietary habits on the development of IBD is far from being well established. Also, food intolerances are very frequent, but usually inconsistent among IBD patients, and therefore no general dietary recommendations can be made in these patients. In general, IBD patients should eat a diet as varied as possible. Regarding the possible therapeutic role of some dietary components in IBD, lessons should be drawn from the investigation of the primary therapeutic effect of enteral nutrition in CD. Low-fat diets seem to be particularly useful. Also, some lipid sources, such as olive oil, medium-chain triglycerides, and perhaps omega-3 fatty acids, might have a therapeutic effect. Fermentable fiber may have a role in preventing relapses in inactive UC.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
Colitis, Ulcerative/etiology
Crohn Disease/etiology
Diet/adverse effects
Humans
Infection/complications
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diet therapy/*etiology
Intestinal Diseases/complications
Risk Factors
Smoking/adverse effects
Dietary factors
Environmental factors
Infections
Inflammatory bowel disease
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Smoking},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {22876032},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3814},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cabre, E. and Manosa, M. and Gassull, M. A.},
   title = {Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory bowel diseases - a systematic review},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {107 Suppl 2},
   pages = {S240-52},
   note = {1475-2662
Cabre, Eduard
Manosa, Miriam
Gassull, Miquel A
Journal Article
Review
England
Br J Nutr. 2012 Jun;107 Suppl 2:S240-52. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512001626.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIM: Despite their well known anti-inflammatory actions, the clinical usefulness of omega-3 PUFA in inflammatory bowel disease is controversial. We aimed to systematically review the available data on the performance of omega-3 PUFA as therapeutic agents in these patients. METHODS: Electronic databases were systematically searched for RCT of fish oil or omega-3 PUFA therapy in both active and inactive ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, without limitation on either the length of therapy or the form it was given, including nutritional supplements and enteral formula diets. Eligible articles were assessed for methodological quality on the basis of the adequacy of the randomisation process, concealment of allocation, blinding of intervention and outcome, possible biases, and completeness of follow-up. The five-point Oxford quality score was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 19 RCT were finally selected for this review. Overall, available data do not allow to support the use of omega-3 PUFA supplementation for the treatment of both active and inactive inflammatory bowel disease. Negative results are quite consistent in trials assessing the use of omega-3 PUFA to maintain disease remission, particularly ulcerative colitis, and to a lesser extent Crohn's disease. Trials on their use in active disease do not allow to draw firm conclusions mainly because the heterogeneity of design (ulcerative colitis) or their short number (Crohn's disease). In most trials, the appropriateness of the selected placebo is questionable. CONCLUSION: The present systematic review does not allow to make firm recommendations about the usefulness of omega-3 PUFA in inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Crohn Disease/*drug therapy
*Dietary Supplements
Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*therapeutic use
Humans},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {22591898},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114512001626},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cabrera-Acosta, G. A. and Milke-Garcia, M. P. and Ramirez-Iglesias, M. T. and Uscanga, L.},
   title = {[Deficient lactose digestion and intolerance in a group of patients with chronic nonspecific ulcerative colitis: a controlled, double-blind, cross-over clinical trial]},
   journal = {Rev Gastroenterol Mex},
   volume = {77},
   number = {1},
   pages = {26-30},
   note = {Cabrera-Acosta, G A
Milke-Garcia, M P
Ramirez-Iglesias, M T
Uscanga, L
English Abstract
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Mexico
Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2012 Jan-Mar;77(1):26-30.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Despite the fact that the frequency of hypolactasia and lactose intolerance is similar in both chronic idiopathic ulcerative colitis patients and the general population, the elimination of dairy products from the patient's diet is a habitual recommendation. Hypolactasia is common in Mexico, but its relation to chronic idiopathic ulcerative colitis has not been established. AIMS: To evaluate lactose digestion and lactose intolerance in persons with chronic idiopathic ulcerative colitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with confirmed chronic idiopathic ulcerative colitis diagnosis were included in the study (mean: 31 years, range: 15 to 38). Twenty-two patients presented with rectosigmoid involvement and the remaining patients with pancolitis. No patient showed inflammatory activity according to the Truelove-Witts criteria and all consumed dairy products before diagnosis. A prospective, controlled, double-blind, cross-over study was designed. Patients randomly received 12.5 g of lactose or maltose in 250 cc water- each test 72 hours apart - and ydrogen was measured in exhaled air before disaccharide ingestion and then every 30 minutes for 3 hours. Digestion was considered deficient when there was an increase in hydrogen of at least 20 ppm. Symptom intensities were evaluated by Visual Analog Scales before, during, and after the hydrogen test. Differences between the groups were contrasted with the Mann-Whitney U and the Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: Eighteen patients (46%) presented with deficient lactose digestion. No significant differences were found in the symptoms, extension, or progression of chronic idiopathic ulcerative colitis between patients that could digest and those that could not digest lactose. No patient had symptom exacerbation with the disaccharides used. CONCLUSIONS: Lactose digestion deficiency frequency is similar in subjects with chronic idiopathic ulcerative colitis and in healthy individuals in Mexico. We do not know whether higher doses could have some effect, but symptoms in patients with inactive chronic idiopathic ulcerative colitis were not modified using 12.5 g of lactose/day.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Chronic Disease
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/*metabolism
Cross-Over Studies
Double-Blind Method
Female
Humans
Lactose/*metabolism
Lactose Intolerance/*complications
Male
Prospective Studies
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0375-0906 (Print)
0375-0906},
   Accession Number = {22450017},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cekic, C. and Unsal, B.},
   title = {Ulcerative colitis and diet},
   journal = {Turk J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {23 Suppl 2},
   pages = {3-6},
   note = {2148-5607
Cekic, Cem
Unsal, Belkis
Journal Article
Review
Turkey
Turk J Gastroenterol. 2012;23 Suppl 2:3-6.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*diet therapy/epidemiology/*etiology
*Feeding Behavior
*Food
Humans
Prevalence},
   ISSN = {1300-4948},
   Accession Number = {23576082},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chen, M. and Peyrin-Biroulet, L. and George, A. and Coste, F. and Bressenot, A. and Bossenmeyer-Pourie, C. and Alberto, J. M. and Xia, B. and Namour, B. and Gueant, J. L.},
   title = {Methyl deficient diet aggravates experimental colitis in rats},
   journal = {J Cell Mol Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2486-97},
   note = {1582-4934
Chen, Min
Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent
George, Amandine
Coste, Florence
Bressenot, Aude
Bossenmeyer-Pourie, Carine
Alberto, Jean-Marc
Xia, Bing
Namour, Bernard
Gueant, Jean-Louis
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Cell Mol Med. 2011 Nov;15(11):2486-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01252.x.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) result from complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Low blood levels of vitamin B12 and folate and genetic variants of related target enzymes are associated with IBD risk, in population studies. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we evaluated the effects of a methyl-deficient diet (MDD, folate, vitamin B12 and choline) in an experimental model of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS), in rat pups from dams subjected to the MDD during gestation and lactation. Four groups were considered (n = 12-16 per group): C DSS(-) (control/DSS(-)), D DSS(-) (deficient/DSS(-)), C DSS(+) (control/DSS(+)) and D DSS(+) (deficient/DSS(+)). Changes in apoptosis, oxidant stress and pro-inflammatory pathways were studied within colonic mucosa. In rat pups, the MDD produced a decreased plasma concentration of vitamin B12 and folate and an increased homocysteine (7.8 +/- 0.9 versus 22.6 +/- 1.2 mumol/l, P < 0.001). The DSS-induced colitis was dramatically more severe in the D DSS(+) group compared with each other group, with no change in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, but decreased expression of caspase-3 and Bax, and increased Bcl-2 levels. The mRNA levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and protein levels of p38, cytosolic phospolipase A2 and cyclooxygenase 2 were significantly increased in the D DSS(+) pups and were accompanied by a decrease in the protein level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)3, a negative regulator of TNF-alpha. MDD may cause an overexpression of pro-inflammatory pathways, indicating an aggravating effect of folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiency in experimental IBD. These findings suggest paying attention to vitamin B12 and folate deficits, frequently reported in IBD patients.},
   keywords = {Animals
Apoptosis/drug effects
Caspase 3/biosynthesis
*Choline Deficiency
*Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/metabolism/pathology
Colon/drug effects
Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis
Dextran Sulfate/pharmacology
Diet
Folic Acid/blood
*Folic Acid Deficiency
Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism
Homocysteine/blood
Oxidative Stress/drug effects
Phospholipases A2/biosynthesis
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3/biosynthesis
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
Vitamin B 12/blood
*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
bcl-2-Associated X Protein/biosynthesis
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/biosynthesis},
   ISSN = {1582-1838},
   Accession Number = {21199330},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01252.x},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chiba, M. and Ono, I. and Wakamatsu, H. and Wada, I. and Suzuki, K.},
   title = {Diffuse gastroduodenitis associated with ulcerative colitis: treatment by infliximab},
   journal = {Dig Endosc},
   volume = {25},
   number = {6},
   pages = {622-5},
   note = {1443-1661
Chiba, Mitsuro
Ono, Iwao
Wakamatsu, Hideki
Wada, Isao
Suzuki, Katsuhiko
Case Reports
Journal Article
Australia
Dig Endosc. 2013 Nov;25(6):622-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2012.01398.x. Epub 2012 Nov 21.},
   abstract = {Diffuse gastroduodenitis resembling ulcerative colitis in respect to macro- and microscopic findings occurs in ulcerative colitis, although it is rare. Reports of gastroduodenitis associated with ulcerative colitis treated with infliximab are rare. A 58-year-old man had tarry stool in March 2011. He had a history of ulcerative colitis that was diagnosed in 1984. He underwent subtotal colectomy in 1991. Endoscopy and radiography revealed diffuse friable mucosa throughout the duodenum and an ulcer in the middle of the descending portion, resulting in a narrow portion.In the stomach, numerous small aphthae were observed in the antrum. Biopsy specimens of the duodenum and antrum showed marked inflammatory cell infiltration in both areas and cryptitis in the duodenum. Standard induction therapy of infliximab was started in April. The ulcer in the descending portion became a scar without diffuse mucosal friability in September 2011.},
   keywords = {Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Biopsy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Duodenal Ulcer/complications/diagnosis
Duodenitis/diet therapy/*drug therapy/etiology
Endoscopy, Digestive System
Gastritis/*drug therapy/etiology
Gastrointestinal Agents/*therapeutic use
Humans
Infliximab
Male
Middle Aged
Remission Induction
complication
duodenitis
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0915-5635},
   Accession Number = {24164601},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1443-1661.2012.01398.x},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Claes, I. J. and De Keersmaecker, S. C. and Vanderleyden, J. and Lebeer, S.},
   title = {Lessons from probiotic-host interaction studies in murine models of experimental colitis},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {55},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1441-53},
   note = {1613-4133
Claes, Ingmar J J
De Keersmaecker, Sigrid C J
Vanderleyden, Jos
Lebeer, Sarah
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 Oct;55(10):1441-53. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100139. Epub 2011 Jul 28.},
   abstract = {In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), it is known that besides genetic and environmental factors (e.g. diet, drugs, stress), the microbiota play an important role in the pathogenesis. Patients with IBD have an altered microbiota (dysbiosis) and therefore, probiotics, defined as 'live micro-organisms that when administered in adequate amounts can confer a health benefit on the host', have been suggested as nutritional supplements to restore these imbalances. The best response on probiotics among the different types of IBD appears to be in the case of ulcerative colitis. Although probiotics show promise in IBD in both clinical and animal studies, further mechanistic studies are necessary to optimize the use of probiotics as supporting therapy in IBD. Murine models of experimental colitis have been used for decades to study this pathology, and these models have been proven useful to search for new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this review is to summarize probiotic-host interaction studies in murine models of experimental colitis and to evaluate how these models can further help in understanding these complex interactions. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects will assist in better and possibly more efficient probiotic formulations.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis/chemically induced/*drug therapy/*microbiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/microbiology
Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
*Disease Models, Animal
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy/microbiology
Interleukin-10/genetics
Mice
Mice, Inbred Strains
Mice, Mutant Strains
Probiotics/*pharmacology
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid/toxicity},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {21796777},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.201100139},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Click, R. E.},
   title = {Alteration of GI symptoms in a cow with Johne disease by the dietary organosulfur, 2-mercaptoethanol},
   journal = {Virulence},
   volume = {3},
   number = {6},
   pages = {543-5},
   note = {2150-5608
Click, Robert E
R01AI019643/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Case Reports
Letter
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Virulence. 2012 Oct 1;3(6):543-5. doi: 10.4161/viru.22090. Epub 2012 Oct 1.},
   abstract = {Sub-phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis and some cases of irritable bowel syndrome-are generally considered a consequence of gastrointestinal inflammation of unknown etiology. Conventional therapy and more recently biologic agents, all with varying degrees of drawbacks, have resulted in improved control of these diseases. However, as the incidence and prevalence continue to rise, needs for prevention, permanent remission and cures remain unmet, plus there still remain needs for improved control of symptoms, such as pain and diarrhea. The case report herein describes a serendipitous, novel means for curtailing these symptoms associated with a bovine gastrointestinal disease that may have applicability for patients with diseases characterized by abdominal-visceral pain and diarrhea.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Cattle
Cattle Diseases/*drug therapy/microbiology
Dietary Supplements
Gastroenteritis/drug therapy/microbiology/*veterinary
Mercaptoethanol/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/drug effects
Paratuberculosis/*drug therapy/microbiology},
   ISSN = {2150-5594},
   Accession Number = {23076275},
   DOI = {10.4161/viru.22090},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Coburn, L. A. and Gong, X. and Singh, K. and Asim, M. and Scull, B. P. and Allaman, M. M. and Williams, C. S. and Rosen, M. J. and Washington, M. K. and Barry, D. P. and Piazuelo, M. B. and Casero, R. A., Jr. and Chaturvedi, R. and Zhao, Z. and Wilson, K. T.},
   title = {L-arginine supplementation improves responses to injury and inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium colitis},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {7},
   number = {3},
   pages = {e33546},
   note = {1932-6203
Coburn, Lori A
Gong, Xue
Singh, Kshipra
Asim, Mohammad
Scull, Brooks P
Allaman, Margaret M
Williams, Christopher S
Rosen, Michael J
Washington, M Kay
Barry, Daniel P
Piazuelo, M Blanca
Casero, Robert A Jr
Chaturvedi, Rupesh
Zhao, Zhongming
Wilson, Keith T
P01CA116087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK053620/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P01 CA028842/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
T32 DK007673/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P60 DK020593/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30CA68485/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
T32DK007673/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01AT004821/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
R01 CA051085/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
R01 CA098454/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK058404/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 AT004821/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
R01AT004821-S1/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
K08 DK080221/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01CA098454/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
P60DK020593/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P01 CA116087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
I01 BX001453/BX/BLRD VA/United States
P30 CA068485/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
P30DK058404/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30DK58404/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01DK053620/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01CA051085/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
P01CA028842/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
United States
PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33546. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033546. Epub 2012 Mar 12.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), results in substantial morbidity and is difficult to treat. New strategies for adjunct therapies are needed. One candidate is the semi-essential amino acid, L-arginine (L-Arg), a complementary medicine purported to be an enhancer of immunity and vitality in the lay media. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) as a murine colonic injury and repair model with similarities to human UC, we assessed the effect of L-Arg, as DSS induced increases in colonic expression of the y(+) cationic amino acid transporter 2 (CAT2) and L-Arg uptake. L-Arg supplementation improved the clinical parameters of survival, body weight loss, and colon weight, and reduced colonic permeability and the number of myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils in DSS colitis. Luminex-based multi-analyte profiling demonstrated that there was a marked reduction in proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression with L-Arg treatment. Genomic analysis by microarray demonstrated that DSS-treated mice supplemented with L-Arg clustered more closely with mice not exposed to DSS than to those receiving DSS alone, and revealed that multiple genes that were upregulated or downregulated with DSS alone exhibited normalization of expression with L-Arg supplementation. Additionally, L-Arg treatment of mice with DSS colitis resulted in increased ex vivo migration of colonic epithelial cells, suggestive of increased capacity for wound repair. Because CAT2 induction was sustained during L-Arg treatment and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) requires uptake of L-Arg for generation of NO, we tested the effect of L-Arg in iNOS(-/-) mice and found that its benefits in DSS colitis were eliminated. These preclinical studies indicate that L-Arg supplementation could be a potential therapy for IBD, and that one mechanism of action may be functional enhancement of iNOS activity.},
   keywords = {Amino Acids/blood/metabolism
Animals
Arginine/*pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Blotting, Western
Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2/metabolism
Cell Movement/drug effects
Chemokines/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/*chemically induced/*drug therapy/pathology
Cytokines/metabolism
DNA Primers/genetics
Dextran Sulfate/*toxicity
Dietary Supplements
Epithelial Cells/drug effects
Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects/physiology
Immunohistochemistry
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mice, Knockout
Microarray Analysis
Neutrophils/drug effects
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
Organ Size/drug effects
Permeability/drug effects
Weight Loss/drug effects},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {22428068},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0033546},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {El-Tawil, A. M.},
   title = {High carbohydrates consumption and inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {87-90},
   note = {El-Tawil, A M
Journal Article
Italy
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Jan;15(1):87-90.},
   abstract = {High consumption of potatoes, soft drinks, cornflakes, chocolates, mushrooms and other common examples of complex carbohydrates in the western side of the globe is significant. Similarly, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) are also prevalent in these regions. Evidence exists to support that factors, such as lack of zinc (it is common in patients with IBD, in particular Crohn's patients) may significantly affect the activity of some enzymes, such as, disaccharidases and other digesting enzymes of carbohydrates and that would lead to the recruitment of incompletely digested carbohydrates to the terminal ileum and continual stimulation of the immune-response accordingly. This concept may explain the observation of the existence of higher significant percentage of severe disease in Caucasian patients with IBD comparable with the respected Asian patients who consume less.},
   keywords = {Aged
Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology/immunology
Lymphocytes/immunology
Middle Aged},
   ISSN = {1128-3602 (Print)
1128-3602},
   Accession Number = {21381503},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Faghfoori, Z. and Navai, L. and Shakerhosseini, R. and Somi, M. H. and Nikniaz, Z. and Norouzi, M. F.},
   title = {Effects of an oral supplementation of germinated barley foodstuff on serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and -8 in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Ann Clin Biochem},
   volume = {48},
   number = {Pt 3},
   pages = {233-7},
   note = {1758-1001
Faghfoori, Zeinab
Navai, Lida
Shakerhosseini, Rahebeh
Somi, Mohammad Hossein
Nikniaz, Zeinab
Norouzi, Mohammad Fahmideh
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Ann Clin Biochem. 2011 May;48(Pt 3):233-7. doi: 10.1258/acb.2010.010093. Epub 2011 Mar 2.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The efficacy of germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) on tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and -8 (IL-8) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) has not yet been examined. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of administration of GBF on serum TNF-alpha, IL-6 and -8 levels in UC patients in remission. METHODS: Forty-one patients with UC were divided into two groups, namely control and GBF group. Twenty-one patients in the control group received standard treatment while 20 patients in the GBF group received 30 g of GBF daily by oral administration during two months of the study along with standard drug therapy. RESULTS: Levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and -8 all decreased in the GBF group compared with baseline during the two-month study, while in the control group all values rose. For IL-6 and -8 this effect was significant, P = 0.034 and 0.013, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study showed that the consumption of GBF may reduce the level of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6 and -8 in patients with UC. This investigation was designed as a pilot study and the results may provide a basis for more future clinical trials.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Adult
Colitis, Ulcerative/*blood/therapy
*Dietary Supplements
Female
*Germination
Hordeum/*metabolism
Humans
Interleukin-6/*blood
Interleukin-8/*blood
Male
Prebiotics
Recurrence
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*blood},
   ISSN = {0004-5632},
   Accession Number = {21367884},
   DOI = {10.1258/acb.2010.010093},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Fichera, A. and Zoccali, M.},
   title = {Single-incision laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for refractory ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Surg Endosc},
   volume = {26},
   number = {3},
   pages = {862-8},
   note = {1432-2218
Fichera, Alessandro
Zoccali, Marco
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Video-Audio Media
Germany
Surg Endosc. 2012 Mar;26(3):862-8. doi: 10.1007/s00464-011-1925-5. Epub 2011 Sep 30.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: A three-stage restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the treatment of choice for the particularly debilitated patient with medically refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). Laparoscopic surgery has been shown to offer several advantages over the open approach in this setting. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery is an emerging minimally invasive strategy representing a truly scarless procedure for the first surgical step, namely, the total abdominal colectomy (TAC). METHODS: Nine consecutive patients with medically refractory UC underwent a single-incision laparoscopic TAC between May and October 2010. All patients were on aggressive medical therapy with corticosteroids or immunosuppressors and were selected for this approach on the basis of their body habitus and the absence of relevant comorbidities. The whole operation was performed through a single access to the abdominal cavity, placed at the ostomy site marked preoperatively. RESULTS: Mean operating time was 142 +/- 23 min, with an estimate blood loss of 108 +/- 125 ml. No intraoperative complications or conversions to conventional laparoscopy or open surgery occurred. In all cases the postoperative course was uneventful. The return of bowel function was observed on postoperative day 1.7 +/- 0.7, and patients could tolerate a solid diet on postoperative day 3 +/- 0.5. The mean postoperative length of stay was 5.2 +/- 1.3 days. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, a single-incision laparoscopic approach to total abdominal colectomy for refractory ulcerative colitis has been shown to be safe and feasible. Initial results suggest that this technique can lead to improvements in short-term outcomes in selected patients.},
   keywords = {Adult
Blood Loss, Surgical
Chronic Disease
Colectomy/*methods
Colitis, Ulcerative/*surgery
Feasibility Studies
Female
Humans
Laparoscopy/*methods
Length of Stay
Male
Preoperative Care/methods
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0930-2794},
   Accession Number = {21959686},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00464-011-1925-5},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Fichera, A. and Zoccali, M. and Felice, C. and Rubin, D. T.},
   title = {Total abdominal colectomy for refractory ulcerative colitis. Surgical treatment in evolution},
   journal = {J Gastrointest Surg},
   volume = {15},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1909-16},
   note = {1873-4626
Fichera, Alessandro
Zoccali, Marco
Felice, Carla
Rubin, David T
Journal Article
United States
J Gastrointest Surg. 2011 Nov;15(11):1909-16. doi: 10.1007/s11605-011-1666-8. Epub 2011 Sep 10.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Total abdominal colectomy is the procedure of choice for debilitated patients with acute, medical refractory ulcerative colitis in our practice. A laparoscopic approach has been previously shown to be safe and effective, and has become our preferred strategy. This study illustrates the laparoscopic evolution towards a truly minimally invasive approach comparing three phases of a single colorectal surgeon experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In May 2010 single incision laparoscopy was introduced in our practice and has become our preferred approach. Ten consecutive ulcerative colitis patients were case matched and compared with 10 previous laparoscopic-assisted (Feb 2003-Jan 2007) and 10 hand-assisted (Feb 2006-Apr 2010) total abdominal colectomies. Patient, disease and surgery-related factors were analyzed and short-term outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Given the study design, there were no differences in demographics, smoking history, disease duration and severity, nutritional and inflammatory parameters, and indication for surgery between groups. Single incision patients were more likely to have received immunosuppressive therapy within 30 days of the surgery (p = 0.016). In the single incision group we noticed significantly shorter duration of surgery (p < 0.001) and faster resumption of solid diet (p = 0.019) compared to the other groups. Other short-term outcomes did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: Single incision laparoscopy offers a safe alternative to other laparoscopic approaches. Despite the higher technical complexity, the duration of surgery is shorter with faster resumption of oral intake. Studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up will be required to confirm the benefits of this approach.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
*Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/*surgery
Eating
Female
Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy
Humans
Laparoscopy/*methods
Length of Stay
Male
Middle Aged
Recovery of Function
Time Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1091-255x},
   Accession Number = {21909842},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11605-011-1666-8},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gash, K. J. and Goede, A. C. and Chambers, W. and Greenslade, G. L. and Dixon, A. R.},
   title = {Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery is feasible in complex colorectal resections and could enable day case colectomy},
   journal = {Surg Endosc},
   volume = {25},
   number = {3},
   pages = {835-40},
   note = {1432-2218
Gash, K J
Goede, A C
Chambers, W
Greenslade, G L
Dixon, A R
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Surg Endosc. 2011 Mar;25(3):835-40. doi: 10.1007/s00464-010-1275-8. Epub 2010 Aug 24.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fast-track surgery accelerates recovery, reduces morbidity, and shortens hospital stay. However, the benefits of laparoscopic versus open surgery remain unproven within a fast-track program. Case reports of laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) colectomies are appearing with claims of cosmetic advantage and decreased parietal trauma. This report describes the largest case series of LESS colorectal surgery and its effects on recovery. METHODS: In this series, 20 consecutive unselected patients underwent LESS colorectal surgery including right hemicolectomy (n = 3), extended right hemicolectomy, high anterior resection (n = 2), low anterior resection involving total mesorectal excision (TME; n = 3), ileocolic anastomosis (n = 2, including 1 redo surgery), colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis (n = 4, including 1 with ventral mesh rectopexy), panproctocolectomy (n = 2), proctocolectomy and ileoanal pouch (n = 2) and an abdominoperineal excision of rectum. Single-port conventional instrumentation and transversus abdominus plane (TAP) block analgesia were used. The indications included cancer (n = 8), Crohn's disease (n = 4), ulcerative colitis (n = 3) complicated diverticulosis (n = 2), and slow-transit constipation (n = 3). Eight of the patients had undergone previous surgery. RESULTS: Most of the cases (90%) were managed successfully using the LESS technique and conventional instrumentation. Two operations (10%) were converted to standard laparoscopy, due to insufficient theater time and an unstable port. The operative time ranged from 45 to 240 min (median, 110 min). A normal diet was tolerated within 6 h by 7 patients and in 12 to 16 h (overnight) by 11 patients. Complications included anastomotic bleed (n = 1), ileus (n = 2), acute renal failure secondary to hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia (n = 1), urine retention (n = 1), and wound infection (n = 1). The median hospital stay was 46 h (range, 7-384 h). Eight patients were discharged within 24 h. There was one readmission (5%). CONCLUSION: Laparoendoscopic single-site colorectal resection using conventional instrumentation is feasible and safe when performed by an experienced team. The LESS approach may have advantages in terms of minimal pain, cosmesis, lower costs, and faster recovery. A randomized trial is required to confirm whether LESS offers a true patient benefit over standard laparoscopic resection.},
   keywords = {Adenocarcinoma/*surgery
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures/*methods
Colectomy/*methods
Colorectal Neoplasms/*surgery
Constipation/*surgery
Diverticulum, Colon/*surgery
Equipment Design
Feasibility Studies
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*surgery
Laparoscopes
Laparoscopy/*methods
Length of Stay
Male
Middle Aged
Postoperative Complications/prevention & control
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0930-2794},
   Accession Number = {20734083},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00464-010-1275-8},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gash, K. J. and Goede, A. C. and Kaldowski, B. and Vestweber, B. and Dixon, A. R.},
   title = {Single incision laparoscopic (SILS) restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis},
   journal = {Surg Endosc},
   volume = {25},
   number = {12},
   pages = {3877-80},
   note = {1432-2218
Gash, K J
Goede, A C
Kaldowski, B
Vestweber, B
Dixon, A R
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Germany
Surg Endosc. 2011 Dec;25(12):3877-80. doi: 10.1007/s00464-011-1814-y. Epub 2011 Jul 15.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Restorative proctocolectomy with ileoanal pouch is the definitive procedure in ulcerative colitis. The potential benefits afforded by a single incision laparoscopic (SILS) approach make it appropriate to consider. METHODS: Electronic data were prospectively collected from all patients who underwent SILS restorative proctocolectomy (SILS-RPC) between June 2009 and June 2010. RESULTS: Ten consecutive patients (4 male), with median BMI = 22 (range = 20-28 kg/m(2)) underwent SILS-LRPC over a 1-year period. Three had undergone a previous emergency laparoscopic colectomy. A single-port device (Covidien SILS or Olympus TriPort) was positioned at the site of the existing or proposed temporary ileostomy (2.5-cm incision). The colon and rectum were extracted through the SILS site (n = 8) or transanally following a mucosectomy (n = 2). A 20-cm J pouch was constructed extracorporeally and returned via the ileostomy site. Pouch-anal anastomosis was performed intracorporeally (n = 8) or hand-sutured (n = 2) and a diverting loop ileostomy was created at the SILS port site. The median operation time was 185 min (range = 100-381). There were no conversions or additional ports required. Median time to full diet was 36 h (range = 4-48 h) with a median hospital stay of 3 days (range = 2-8 days). There were no 30-day readmissions. Complications included surgical emphysema with temperature and a panic attack. Nine stomas have been closed. All patients have spontaneity of defecation, with a median pouch frequency of four per day, including once at night. All are fully continent and able to defer during the day. One reported a dry ejaculate for 10 weeks. CONCLUSION: SILS restorative proctocolectomy is safe with good early functional outcomes when performed by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon.},
   keywords = {Adult
Colitis, Ulcerative/*surgery
Colonic Pouches
Female
Humans
Laparoscopy/*methods
Length of Stay
Male
Middle Aged
Postoperative Care/methods
Proctocolectomy, Restorative/*methods
Prospective Studies
Treatment Outcome
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0930-2794},
   Accession Number = {21761270},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00464-011-1814-y},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gentschew, L. and Ferguson, L. R.},
   title = {Role of nutrition and microbiota in susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {56},
   number = {4},
   pages = {524-35},
   note = {1613-4133
Gentschew, Liljana
Ferguson, Lynnette R
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 Apr;56(4):524-35. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100630.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory conditions, which are increasing in incidence, prevalence, and severity, in many countries. While there is genetic susceptibility to IBD, the probability of disease development is modified by diet, lifestyle, and endogenous factors, including the gut microbiota. For example, high intakes of mono- and disaccharides, and total fats consistently increases the risk developing both forms of IBD. High vegetable intake reduces the risk of UC, whereas increased fruit and/or dietary fiber intake appears protective against CD. Low levels of certain micronutrients, especially vitamin D, may increase the risk of both diseases. Dietary patterns may be even more important to disease susceptibility than the levels of individual foods or nutrients. Various dietary regimes may modify disease symptoms, in part through their actions on the host microbiota. Both probiotics and prebiotics may modulate the microflora, and reduce the likelihood of IBD regression. However, other dietary factors affect the microbiota in different ways. Distinguishing cause from effect, and characterizing the relative roles of human and microbial genes, diet, age of onset, gender, life style, smoking history, ethnic background, environmental exposures, and medications, will require innovative and internationally integrated approaches.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/etiology/*physiopathology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology
*Diet
Disease Susceptibility
*Feeding Behavior
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
Humans
Life Style
Malnutrition/complications/physiopathology
*Metagenome
Micronutrients/physiology
*Nutritional Status
Prebiotics
Probiotics
Risk Factors
Vitamin D/physiology},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {22495981},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.201100630},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ghishan, F. K. and Kiela, P. R.},
   title = {Advances in the understanding of mineral and bone metabolism in inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol},
   volume = {300},
   number = {2},
   pages = {G191-201},
   note = {1522-1547
Ghishan, Fayez K
Kiela, Pawel R
R37 DK033209/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
3R37DK033209-27S1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
5R37DK033209/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Review
United States
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011 Feb;300(2):G191-201. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00496.2010. Epub 2010 Nov 18.},
   abstract = {Chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) affect bone metabolism and are frequently associated with the presence of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and increased risk of fractures. Although several mechanisms may contribute to skeletal abnormalities in IBD patients, inflammation and inflammatory mediators such as TNF, IL-1beta, and IL-6 may be the most critical. It is not clear whether the changes in bone metabolism leading to decreased mineral density are the result of decreased bone formation, increased bone resorption, or both, with varying results reported in experimental models of IBD and in pediatric and adult IBD patients. New data, including our own, challenge the conventional views, and contributes to the unraveling of an increasingly complex network of interactions leading to the inflammation-associated bone loss. Since nutritional interventions (dietary calcium and vitamin D supplementation) are of limited efficacy in IBD patients, understanding the pathophysiology of osteopenia and osteoporosis in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is critical for the correct choice of available treatments or the development of new targeted therapies. In this review, we discuss current concepts explaining the effects of inflammation, inflammatory mediators and their signaling effectors on calcium and phosphate homeostasis, osteoblast and osteoclast function, and the potential limitations of vitamin D used as an immunomodulator and anabolic hormone in IBD.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology
*Calcification, Physiologic
Calcium/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/drug therapy/*metabolism/pathology
Crohn Disease/complications/drug therapy/*metabolism/pathology
Gastroenterology/*trends
Homeostasis
Hormones/metabolism
Humans
Immunologic Factors/metabolism
Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
Metabolism
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteoporosis/etiology
Phosphates/metabolism
Signal Transduction
Vitamin D/metabolism/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0193-1857},
   Accession Number = {21088237},
   DOI = {10.1152/ajpgi.00496.2010},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Goede, A. C. and Reeves, A. and Dixon, A. R.},
   title = {Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy: a 10-year experience of an evolving technique},
   journal = {Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {13},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1153-7},
   note = {1463-1318
Goede, A C
Reeves, A
Dixon, A R
Journal Article
England
Colorectal Dis. 2011 Oct;13(10):1153-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02443.x.},
   abstract = {AIM: Restorative proctocolectomy is the definitive procedure for ulcerative colitis. The potential benefits of a minimal invasive approach make it appropriate to consider this approach provided that there are no adverse effects. The aim of the present study was to report our experience of laparoscopic assisted and 'total' laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy (LRPC) and to highlight the difficulties encountered and the functional results obtained. METHOD: Electronic data were prospectively collected from all patients who underwent laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy (LRPC) from October 1999 to April 2010. RESULTS: Seventy-two (40 male) patients [median body mass index 24 (19-48) kg/m(2) ] underwent LRPC over 10 years. Three had cancer. Forty-two had undergone a previous colectomy (laparoscopic in 38). There were 40 W- and 32 J-pouch reconstructions; seven were single-port procedures. The median operation time was 210 (75-330) min. There were five (7%) conversions, one of which resulted in immediate pouch failure. The median time to full diet was 36 (4-168) h, with a median hospital stay of 7 (2-64) days. There were seven (10%) readmissions. Complications were immediate (3%), early (22%) and long term (11%). The incidence of failure (excision or indefinite diversion) was 2.7%. The stoma has been closed in 67 patients. Median frequency of defaecation was 4/24 h, with normal continence in 90% and the ability to defer during the day in 98%. There was no new case of impotence or dyspareunia. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy is safe and gives good results when performed by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*surgery
Female
Humans
Intraoperative Complications
Laparoscopy/*methods
Male
Middle Aged
Postoperative Care
Postoperative Complications
Proctocolectomy, Restorative/*methods
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1462-8910},
   Accession Number = {20955508},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02443.x},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gomollon, F.},
   title = {[The future of inflammatory bowel disease from the perspective of Digestive Disease Week 2012]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {35 Suppl 1},
   pages = {43-50},
   note = {Gomollon, Fernando
English Abstract
Journal Article
Spain
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Sep;35 Suppl 1:43-50. doi: 10.1016/S0210-5705(12)70033-X.},
   abstract = {The new information presented in Digestive Disease Week has allowed us to speculate on the future of inflammatory bowel disease. Manipulation of diet and the microbioma will probably play an increasingly important role in the treatment of this disease and, in the long term, in its prevention. Biological agents will probably be used earlier and more widely; new information on levels of biological agents, mucosal healing and new comparative studies will also allow these agents to be used in a more precise and personalized way. In addition to infliximab, adalimumab, natalizumab and certolizumab, other biological agents will be employed; among the first of these to be used will be ustekinumab, golimumab and vedolizumab. In the near future, biological agents will be used as frequently in ulcerative colitis as in Crohn's disease. New healthcare models will be developed that will progressively include greater participation among patients and nurses. The ability to predict new diagnostic and prognostic models will allow decisions to be more individualized.},
   keywords = {Biological Products/therapeutic use
Congresses as Topic
Diet
Forecasting
Humans
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/etiology/microbiology/therapy
Metagenome},
   ISSN = {0210-5705 (Print)
0210-5705},
   Accession Number = {23018007},
   DOI = {10.1016/s0210-5705(12)70033-x},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Goodhand, J. R. and Kamperidis, N. and Rao, A. and Laskaratos, F. and McDermott, A. and Wahed, M. and Naik, S. and Croft, N. M. and Lindsay, J. O. and Sanderson, I. R. and Rampton, D. S.},
   title = {Prevalence and management of anemia in children, adolescents, and adults with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {18},
   number = {3},
   pages = {513-9},
   note = {1536-4844
Goodhand, James R
Kamperidis, Nikolasos
Rao, Arati
Laskaratos, Faiden
McDermott, Adam
Wahed, Mahmood
Naik, Sandhia
Croft, Nick M
Lindsay, James O
Sanderson, Ian R
Rampton, David S
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Mar;18(3):513-9. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21740. Epub 2011 May 20.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are more likely to have Crohn's disease (CD) than ulcerative colitis (UC) and their disease tends to be more extensive and severe than in adults. We hypothesized that the prevalence of anemia would therefore be greater in children and adolescents than in adults attending IBD outpatient clinics. METHODS: Using the WHO age-adjusted definitions of anemia we assessed the prevalence, severity, type, and response to treatment of anemia in patients attending pediatric, adolescent, and adult IBD clinics at our hospital. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was 70% (41/59) in children, 42% (24/54) in adolescents, and 40% (49/124) in adults (P < 0.01). Overall, children (88% [36/41]) and adolescents (83% [20/24]) were more often iron-deficient than adults (55% [27/49]) (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression showed that both active disease (odds ratio [OR], 4.7 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5, 8.8) and attending the pediatric clinic (OR 3.7; 95% CI, 1.6, 8.4) but not the adolescent clinic predicted iron deficiency anemia. Fewer iron-deficient children (13% [5/36]) than adolescents (30% [6/20]) or adults (48% [13/27]) had been given oral iron (P < 0.05); none had received intravenous iron compared with 30% (6/20) adolescents and 41% (11/27) adults (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is even more common in children than in older IBD patients. Oral iron was given to half of adolescents and adults but, despite similar tolerance and efficacy, only a quarter of children with iron-deficient anemia. Reasons for the apparent underutilization of iron therapy include a perceived lack of benefit and concerns about side effects, including worsening of IBD activity.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/*drug therapy/*etiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Confidence Intervals
Crohn Disease/*complications
Cross-Sectional Studies
Dietary Supplements/utilization
Female
Humans
Iron/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
Odds Ratio
Retrospective Studies
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {21604328},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.21740},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Grimstad, T. and Berge, R. K. and Bohov, P. and Skorve, J. and Goransson, L. and Omdal, R. and Aasprong, O. G. and Haugen, M. and Meltzer, H. M. and Hausken, T.},
   title = {Salmon diet in patients with active ulcerative colitis reduced the simple clinical colitis activity index and increased the anti-inflammatory fatty acid index--a pilot study},
   journal = {Scand J Clin Lab Invest},
   volume = {71},
   number = {1},
   pages = {68-73},
   note = {1502-7686
Grimstad, Tore
Berge, Rolf K
Bohov, Pavol
Skorve, Jon
Goransson, Lasse
Omdal, Roald
Aasprong, Ole G
Haugen, Margaretha
Meltzer, Helle M
Hausken, Trygve
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2011 Feb;71(1):68-73. doi: 10.3109/00365513.2010.542484. Epub 2010 Dec 8.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Data concerning the anti-inflammatory effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are inconsistent. Salmon fillet contains n-3 PUFAs and bioactive peptides that may improve its effects compared to fish oil alone. We assessed the efficacy of a salmon-rich diet in patients with mild ulcerative colitis. METHODS: An 8-week intervention pilot study was designed to assess the effects of 600 grams Atlantic salmon consumption weekly in 12 UC patients. Simple clinical colitis activity index (SCCAI), a dietary questionnaire, sigmoidoscopy, selected serum inflammatory markers, fecal calprotectin, and plasma and rectal biopsy fatty acid profiles were assessed before and after intervention. RESULTS: The levels of C20:4n-6 arachidonic acid in biopsies after dietary intervention were correlated with histology and endoscopy scores. The concentrations of n-3 PUFAs, C20:5n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, C22:6n-3 docosahexaenoic acid, and the n-3/n-6 ratio increased in plasma and rectal biopsies. The anti-inflammatory fatty acid index (AIFAI) increased both in biopsies and plasma accompanied with a significantly reduced SCCAI. CONCLUSION: Based on evidence of SCCAI and AIFAI and a tendency of decreased levels of CRP and homocysteine, intake of Atlantic salmon may have beneficial effects on disease activity in patients with mild ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*blood
Colitis, Ulcerative/*blood/*diet therapy/pathology
*Diet
Fatty Acids/*blood
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/therapeutic use
Female
Humans
Inflammation/pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Pilot Projects
Rectum/metabolism/pathology
*Salmon
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0036-5513},
   Accession Number = {21142420},
   DOI = {10.3109/00365513.2010.542484},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Grimstad, T. and Bjorndal, B. and Cacabelos, D. and Aasprong, O. G. and Janssen, E. A. and Omdal, R. and Svardal, A. and Hausken, T. and Bohov, P. and Portero-Otin, M. and Pamplona, R. and Berge, R. K.},
   title = {Dietary supplementation of krill oil attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental ulcerative colitis in rats},
   journal = {Scand J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {47},
   number = {1},
   pages = {49-58},
   note = {1502-7708
Grimstad, Tore
Bjorndal, Bodil
Cacabelos, Daniel
Aasprong, Ole Gunnar
Janssen, Emiel A M
Omdal, Roald
Svardal, Asbjorn
Hausken, Trygve
Bohov, Pavol
Portero-Otin, Manuel
Pamplona, Reinald
Berge, Rolf K
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jan;47(1):49-58. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2011.634025. Epub 2011 Nov 30.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of krill oil (KO) on inflammation and redox status in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control, DSS, and DSS + KO 5% in a 4-week diet study. Colitis was induced by 5% DSS in the drinking water the last week of the experiment. Weight and disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histological combined score (HCS), colon levels of selected cytokines and prostaglandins, markers of protein oxidative damage, fatty acid profile, and expression of selected genes were measured. RESULTS: Rats in the DSS group increased their DAI and HCS compared with healthy controls. The colon length was significantly preserved after KO diet. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta were elevated in the DSS group compared with controls. Cytokines and HCS were nonsignificantly lower in the KO versus the DSS group. Prostaglandin (PG)E(3) increased significantly in the KO versus the other groups. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma expression was nonsignificantly increased while PPAR-gamma coactivator 1alpha (Pparg1alpha) expression increased significantly after KO. The levels of protein oxidation markers decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: KO showed protective potential against DSS colitis based on the preservation of colon length, reduction of oxidative markers and the consistent beneficial changes of HCS, cytokine, and (PG)E(3) levels, as well as PPAR-gamma and Pparg1alpha expression compared with DSS alone. These findings indicate an anti-inflammatory and a protein antioxidant effect of KO.},
   keywords = {Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
Animals
Chemokine CXCL1/drug effects/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/*drug therapy/metabolism/*pathology
Colon/*pathology
Dextran Sulfate
*Dietary Supplements
Euphausiacea
Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*pharmacology
Interleukin-1beta/drug effects/metabolism
Male
Organ Size
Oxidative Stress/drug effects
PPAR gamma/drug effects/metabolism
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
RNA-Binding Proteins/drug effects/metabolism
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Transcription Factors/drug effects/metabolism
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/drug effects/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0036-5521},
   Accession Number = {22126533},
   DOI = {10.3109/00365521.2011.634025},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gruber, L. and Lichti, P. and Rath, E. and Haller, D.},
   title = {Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {46},
   number = {9},
   pages = {735-47},
   note = {1539-2031
Gruber, Lisa
Lichti, Pia
Rath, Eva
Haller, Dirk
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct;46(9):735-47. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31825ca21a.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronically relapsing, immune-mediated disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. A major challenge in the treatment of IBD is the heterogenous nature of these pathologies. Both, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are of multifactorial etiology and feature a complex interaction of host genetic susceptibility and environmental factors such as diet and gut microbiota. Genome-wide association studies identified disease-relevant single-nucleotide polymorphisms in approximately 100 genes, but at the same time twin studies also clearly indicated a strong environmental impact in disease development. However, attempts to link dietary factors to the risk of developing IBD, based on epidemiological observations showed controversial outcomes. Yet, emerging high-throughput technologies implying complete biological systems might allow taking nutrient-gene interactions into account for a better classification of patient subsets in the future. In this context, 2 new scientific fields, "nutrigenetics" and "nutrigenomics" have been established. "Nutrigenetics," studying the effect of genetic variations on nutrient-gene interactions and "Nutrigenomics," describing the impact of nutrition on physiology and health status on the level of gene transcription, protein expression, and metabolism. It is hoped that the integration of both research areas will promote the understanding of the complex gene-environment interaction in IBD etiology and in the long-term will lead to personalized nutrition for disease prevention and treatment. This review briefly summarizes data on the impact of nutrients on intestinal inflammation, highlights nutrient-gene interactions, and addresses the potential of applying "omic" technologies in the context of IBD.},
   keywords = {Diet
*Gene-Environment Interaction
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*genetics/microbiology/therapy
Intestines/microbiology
*Nutrigenomics},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {22941427},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e31825ca21a},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hansen, T. S. and Jess, T. and Vind, I. and Elkjaer, M. and Nielsen, M. F. and Gamborg, M. and Munkholm, P.},
   title = {Environmental factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study based on a Danish inception cohort},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {5},
   number = {6},
   pages = {577-84},
   note = {1876-4479
Hansen, Tanja Stenbaek
Jess, Tine
Vind, Ida
Elkjaer, Margarita
Nielsen, Malene Fey
Gamborg, Michael
Munkholm, Pia
Journal Article
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2011 Dec;5(6):577-84. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.05.010. Epub 2011 Jun 28.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The role of environmental factors in development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains uncertain. The aim of the present study was to assess a number of formerly suggested environmental factors in a case-control study of an unselected and recently diagnosed group of patients with IBD and a control group of orthopaedic patients. METHODS: A total of 123 patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD) and 144 with ulcerative colitis (UC) in Copenhagen (2003-2004) were matched 1:1 on age and gender to 267 orthopaedic controls. Participants received a questionnaire with 87 questions concerning environmental factors prior to IBD/orthopaedic admission. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression. RESULTS: Being breastfed >6 months (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.23-1.11) and undergoing tonsillectomy (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.31-0.78) decreased the odds for IBD, whereas appendectomy decreased the odds for UC only (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.12-0.71). Vaccination against pertussis (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.07-4.03) and polio (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.04-5.43) increased the odds for IBD, whereas measles infection increased the odds for UC (OR, 3.50; 95% CI, 1.15-10.6). Low consumption of fibres and high consumption of sugar were significantly associated with development of CD and UC. Smoking increased the risk for CD and protected against UC. CONCLUSION: Among Danish patients with CD and UC belonging to an unselected cohort, disease occurrence was found to be associated both with well-known factors such as smoking and appendectomy, and with more debated factors including breastfeeding, tonsillectomy, childhood vaccinations, childhood infections, and dietary intake of fibres and sugar.},
   keywords = {Appendectomy/adverse effects
Breast Feeding/adverse effects
Case-Control Studies
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology/*etiology
Crohn Disease/epidemiology/*etiology
Denmark/epidemiology
Dietary Fiber/adverse effects
Dietary Sucrose/adverse effects
Environment
Humans
Logistic Models
Measles/epidemiology
Odds Ratio
Pertussis Vaccine/adverse effects
Poliovirus Vaccines/adverse effects
Risk Factors
Smoking/adverse effects
Surveys and Questionnaires
Tonsillectomy/adverse effects},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {22115378},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2011.05.010},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Heikens, J. T. and Gooszen, H. G. and Teepen, J. L. and Hueting, W. E. and Oostvogel, H. J. and van Vroonhoven, T. J. and van Krieken, J. H. and van Laarhoven, C. J.},
   title = {The ileo neo rectal anastomosis: long-term results of surgical innovation in patients after ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis},
   journal = {Int J Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {28},
   number = {1},
   pages = {111-8},
   note = {1432-1262
Heikens, Joost T
Gooszen, Hein G
Teepen, Johannes L J M
Hueting, Willem E
Oostvogel, Henk J
van Vroonhoven, Theo J M V
van Krieken, J Han J M
van Laarhoven, Cees J H M
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Germany
Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013 Jan;28(1):111-8. doi: 10.1007/s00384-012-1545-0. Epub 2012 Aug 12.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Restorative proctocolectomy with ileo neo rectal anastomosis (INRA) combines cure of ulcerative colitis (UC) or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) with restoration of intestinal continuity. Evaluation of long-term results was needed to determine if there is a place for INRA in the armamentarium of a surgeon besides the ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA). METHODS: All patients with INRA were included in the analysis. Patient demographics and clinical and follow-up data (morbidity, dietary problems, defecation frequency, fecal continence, anal and neorectal physiology, and neorectal mucosa assessment) were registered prospectively. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients were enrolled, and in 58 patients (50 UC, 8 FAP), INRA was successful. In 21 patients, intraoperative conversion to IPAA was needed. In 49 patients with INRA, a functional reservoir was achieved. No pelvic sepsis or bladder or sexual dysfunction occurred. Thirteen patients experienced episodes of reservoir inflammation. Median bowel movements of six (5, 8) with a nocturnal defecation frequency of one were recorded with fecal continence or minor incontinence. Anal manometry and neorectal physiology showed a decrease in resting pressure and an increase in squeeze pressure and maximum tolerated volume. The median follow-up was 8.1 years (6.7, 10.1). CONCLUSIONS: This is an example of a surgical innovation with a theoretical potential to be superior to the current technique. This potential was not confirmed in short- and long-term evaluations. Hence, IPAA is currently the best available alternative to a conventional ileostomy.},
   keywords = {Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/*surgery
Adult
Anastomosis, Surgical
Colitis, Ulcerative/*surgery
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Ileum/*surgery
Male
Postoperative Complications/epidemiology
Proctocolectomy, Restorative/*methods
Prospective Studies
Rectum/*surgery
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0179-1958},
   Accession Number = {22885881},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00384-012-1545-0},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Herrerias-Gutierrez, J. M. and Arguelles-Arias, F. and Caunedo-Alvarez, A. and San-Juan-Acosta, M. and Romero-Vazquez, J. and Garcia-Montes, J. M. and Pellicer-Bautista, F.},
   title = {PillCamColon Capsule for the study of colonic pathology in clinical practice. Study of agreement with colonoscopy},
   journal = {Rev Esp Enferm Dig},
   volume = {103},
   number = {2},
   pages = {69-75},
   note = {Herrerias-Gutierrez, J M
Arguelles-Arias, F
Caunedo-Alvarez, A
San-Juan-Acosta, M
Romero-Vazquez, J
Garcia-Montes, J M
Pellicer-Bautista, F
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Spain
Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2011 Feb;103(2):69-75.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: several studies have pointed out the effectiveness of the PillCam colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) compared with the colonoscopy in the study of the colonic pathology. AIMS AND METHODS: the objective of our study was to assess the agreement in the diagnosis of CCE with conventional colonoscopy as well as its sensitivity and specificity, and to describe the findings of the CCE in our clinical practice. Consecutive patients with abdominal symptoms were included in the study. The CCE was performed as previously reported (with PEG and sodium phosphate as laxative agents). The nature and location of the findings, colonic transit time, complications, cleanliness degree and consistency with diagnostic colonoscopy, when performed, were analyzed. RESULTS: a total of 144 subjects (67 women and 77 men); (52.17 +/- 16.71 years) with the following indications were included: screening of Colorectal cancer (88 patients), control after polipectomy (24), incomplete colonoscopy (7), rectal bleeding (10), anemia (8), diarrhea (7). The CCE exploration was complete in 134/144 cases (93%), with no case of retention. The preparation was good-very good in 88/134 (65,6%), fair in 26/134 (19,4%) and poor in 20/134 (15%) of the cases. The average colonic transit was of 140.76 min (9-603). Any adverse effect was notified.In 44 cases a colonoscopy was carried out after CCE (results were hidden from another endoscopist). Compared to colonoscopy, the rate of agreement was 75,6%, the sensitivity was 84% and the specificity 62,5%, PPV was 77,7% and NPV was 71,4%.The colonic findings in 134 CCE were: in 34 cases CCE it did not show lesions, diverticulosis in 63 explorations, polyps in 43, angiodysplasias in 15, Crohn's Disease in 9 and ulcerative colitis in other 8 cases. CONCLUSIONS: the CCE is an effective and reliable technique for the detection of lesions in colon, and because of its high agreement with the colonoscopy, it could be useful in clinical practice. Further studies with large seria and cost-effectiveness analysis are needed to confirm these data.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Capsule Endoscopes
Capsule Endoscopy/*methods
Colon/*pathology
Colonic Diseases/diagnosis/pathology
Colonoscopy/*methods
Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis/pathology
Diet
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1130-0108 (Print)
1130-0108},
   Accession Number = {21366367},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hill, R. J. and Lewindon, P. J. and Withers, G. D. and Connor, F. L. and Ee, L. C. and Cleghorn, G. J. and Davies, P. S.},
   title = {Ability of commonly used prediction equations to predict resting energy expenditure in children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {17},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1587-93},
   note = {1536-4844
Hill, Rebecca J
Lewindon, Peter J
Withers, Geoffrey D
Connor, Frances L
Ee, Looi C
Cleghorn, Geoffrey J
Davies, Peter S W
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Jul;17(7):1587-93. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21518. Epub 2010 Nov 4.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Paediatric onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may cause alterations in energy requirements and invalidate the use of standard prediction equations. Our aim was to evaluate four commonly used prediction equations for resting energy expenditure (REE) in children with IBD. METHODS: Sixty-three children had repeated measurements of REE as part of a longitudinal research study yielding a total of 243 measurements. These were compared with predicted REE from Schofield, Oxford, FAO/WHO/UNU, and Harris-Benedict equations using the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SD) age of the patients was 14.2 (2.4) years. Mean measured REE was 1566 (336) kcal per day compared with 1491 (236), 1441 (255), 1481 (232), and 1435 (212) kcal per day calculated from Schofield, Oxford, FAO/WHO/UNU, and Harris-Benedict, respectively. While the Schofield equation demonstrated the least difference between measured and predicted REE, it, along with the other equations tested, did not perform uniformly across all subjects, indicating greater errors at either end of the spectrum of energy expenditure. Smaller differences were found for all prediction equations for Crohn's disease compared with ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS: Of the commonly used equations, the equation of Schofield should be used in pediatric patients with IBD when measured values are not able to be obtained.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Basal Metabolism/*physiology
Calorimetry, Indirect
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/*psychology
Crohn Disease/*complications/*psychology
Energy Intake
Energy Metabolism/*physiology
Female
Humans
Male
Mathematics
Nutrition Assessment
Predictive Value of Tests},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {21674716},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.21518},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hoensch, H. and Oertel, R.},
   title = {[Anti-inflammatory effects of tea-flavonoids]},
   journal = {Dtsch Med Wochenschr},
   volume = {137},
   number = {51-52},
   pages = {2738-40},
   note = {1439-4413
Hoensch, H
Oertel, R
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2012 Dec;137(51-52):2738-40. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1327348. Epub 2012 Dec 11.},
   abstract = {Tea flavonoids belong to the large group of polyphenols and display antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic activities. These phytochemicals are xenobiotics and are synthesized by tea plants such as Camellia sinensis and Camomilla recucita. These botanicals exhibit in vivo activities similar to that of biologicals which are widely used for chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease). Epigallocathechin gallate and apigenin from these plants inhibit cytokines, chemokines and activated immune cells in vivo and in vitro. Clinical disorders with induced inflammatory pathways could benefit from flavonoid treatment. Dietary supplementation with specific tea-flavonoids could be used for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Suppression of cytokine production could ultimately lead to inhibition of carcinogenesis. This mechanism could explain why flavonoids are effective in the prevention of intestinal neoplasia. This innovative new form of therapy should be tested in controlled, randomized clinical studies.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysis
Antioxidants/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysis
*Beverages/adverse effects/analysis
*Camellia sinensis/chemistry
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/immunology
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/immunology
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Flavonoids/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysis
Humans
Inflammation/*drug therapy/immunology
Inflammation Mediators/blood
Intestinal Neoplasms/immunology/prevention & control
*Phytotherapy
Rheumatic Diseases/drug therapy/immunology},
   ISSN = {0012-0472},
   Accession Number = {23233307},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0032-1327348},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hontecillas, R. and Bassaganya-Riera, J.},
   title = {Expression of PPAR gamma in intestinal epithelial cells is dispensable for the prevention of colitis by dietary abscisic acid},
   journal = {Espen j},
   volume = {7},
   number = {5},
   pages = {e189-e195},
   note = {Hontecillas, Raquel
Bassaganya-Riera, Josep
R01 AT004308/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
England
ESPEN J. 2012 Oct 1;7(5):e189-e195.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Dietary abscisic acid (ABA) has shown efficacy in ameliorating experimental IBD in mice through mechanisms requiring expression of peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) in immune cells. The goal of this study was to determine whether PPAR gamma expression in colonic epithelial cells is required for the anti-inflammatory actions of ABA. METHODS: Conditional knockout mice expressing a transgenic recombinase in intestinal epithelial cells under the control of a villin promoter (PPAR gamma flfl; Villin Cre+ or VC+) with defective expression of PPAR gamma in intestinal cells (IEC) and PPAR gamma-expressing wild type (PPAR gamma flfl; Villin Cre- or VC-) mice in a C57BL/6 background were fed diets with and without ABA (0.1 g/kg) for 35 days and challenged with 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in the drinking water for 7 days. Clinical disease severity was assessed daily and colonic lesions on day 7 through macroscopic and histopathological examination. Immune cell phenotypes were examined systemically and at the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Epithelial gene expression was assayed in the colon. RESULTS: Dietary ABA-supplementation prevented colitis, reduced disease severity, improved colonic histopathology, and upregulated epithelial lanthionine synthetase C-like protein 2 (LANCL2) expression in VC+ mice. Dietary ABA significantly increased the percentages of MLN CD4+IL-10+ T cells, and blood CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells and CD8+IL-10+ T cells. CONCLUSION: Expression of PPAR gamma in IECs was not required for the anti-inflammatory efficacy of ABA in IBD. LANCL2 in IECs and T cell-derived IL-10 may be implicated in the mechanism underlying ABA's immune modulatory activity in IBD.},
   keywords = {Crohn's disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
PPARgamma
abscisic acid
intestinal epithelial cells
lanthionine synthetase C-like protein 2
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {2212-8263 (Print)
2212-8263},
   Accession Number = {23814701},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.clnme.2012.07.002},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hou, J. K. and Abraham, B. and El-Serag, H.},
   title = {Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {106},
   number = {4},
   pages = {563-73},
   note = {1572-0241
Hou, Jason K
Abraham, Bincy
El-Serag, Hashem
P30 DK56338/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr;106(4):563-73. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2011.44.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing. Dietary factors such as the spread of the "Western" diet, high in fat and protein but low in fruits and vegetables, may be associated with the increase. Although many studies have evaluated the association between diet and IBD risk, there has been no systematic review. METHODS: We performed a systematic review using guideline-recommended methodology to evaluate the association between pre-illness intake of nutrients (fats, carbohydrates, protein) and food groups (fruits, vegetables, meats) and the risk of subsequent IBD diagnosis. Eligible studies were identified via structured keyword searches in PubMed and Google Scholar and manual searches. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included, encompassing 2,609 IBD patients (1,269 Crohn's disease (CD) and 1,340 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients) and over 4,000 controls. Studies reported a positive association between high intake of saturated fats, monounsaturated fatty acids, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), total omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, mono- and disaccharides, and meat and increased subsequent CD risk. Studies reported a negative association between dietary fiber and fruits and subsequent CD risk. High intakes of total fats, total PUFAs, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat were associated with an increased risk of UC. High vegetable intake was associated with a decreased risk of UC. CONCLUSIONS: High dietary intakes of total fats, PUFAs, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat were associated with an increased risk of CD and UC. High fiber and fruit intakes were associated with decreased CD risk, and high vegetable intake was associated with decreased UC risk.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/etiology
Crohn Disease/etiology
Diet/*adverse effects
Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage/adverse effects
Dietary Fats/adverse effects
Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage
Dietary Proteins
Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
Fruit
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology/prevention & control
Meat/adverse effects
Risk Assessment
Vegetables},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {21468064},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2011.44},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jackson, E. L. and Hamlin, P. J. and Ford, A. C.},
   title = {VSL#3 and remission in active ulcerative colitis: larger studies required},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {106},
   number = {3},
   pages = {547; author reply 547-8},
   note = {1572-0241
Jackson, Emma L
Hamlin, P John
Ford, Alexander C
Comment
Letter
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Mar;106(3):547; author reply 547-8. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.451.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
Azathioprine/therapeutic use
Bifidobacterium
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
*Diet
Drug Therapy, Combination
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Lactobacillus
Mesalamine/therapeutic use
Methotrexate/therapeutic use
Probiotics/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Remission Induction
Reproducibility of Results
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {21378771},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2010.451},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jadhav, S. R. and Shandilya, U. K. and Kansal, V. K.},
   title = {Immunoprotective Effect of Probiotic Dahi Containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice},
   journal = {Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins},
   volume = {4},
   number = {1},
   pages = {21-6},
   note = {Jadhav, Sagar R
Shandilya, Umesh Kr
Kansal, Vinod K
Journal Article
United States
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2012 Mar;4(1):21-6. doi: 10.1007/s12602-011-9087-2.},
   abstract = {In the present study, probiotic Dahi (LaBb Dahi) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus LaVK2 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BbVK3 was selected as a probiotic therapy to investigate its protective effect on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis model in mice that mimics the picture in human. LaBb Dahi was prepared by co-culturing Dahi bacteria (Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris NCDC-86 and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar diacetylactis NCDC-60) along with selected strain of L. acidophilus LaVK2 and B. bifidum BbVK3 in buffalo milk (3% fat). Four groups of swiss albino male mice (12 each) were fed buffalo milk (3% fat), buffalo milk (3% fat) plus DSS, Dahi plus DSS, and LaBb Dahi plus DSS, respectively, for 17 days with basal diet. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon (IFN-gamma) were assessed as inflammatory markers, and the histopathological picture of the colon of mice was studied. DSS-induced colitis appeared to induce significant increase in MPO activity, levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma. Feeding with LaBb Dahi offered significant reduction in MPO activity, levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma when compared to either buffalo milk group or group III (Dahi). The present study suggests that LaBb probiotic Dahi can be used to combat DSS-induced biochemical and histological changes and to achieve more effective treatment for ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {B. bifidum
Dextran sodium sulfate
L. acidophilus
LaBb Dahi
Myeloperoxidase
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1867-1306 (Print)
1867-1306},
   Accession Number = {26781733},
   DOI = {10.1007/s12602-011-9087-2},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jakobsen, C. and Paerregaard, A. and Munkholm, P. and Wewer, V.},
   title = {Environmental factors and risk of developing paediatric inflammatory bowel disease -- a population based study 2007-2009},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {7},
   number = {1},
   pages = {79-88},
   note = {1876-4479
Jakobsen, Christian
Paerregaard, Anders
Munkholm, Pia
Wewer, Vibeke
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Feb;7(1):79-88. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.05.024. Epub 2012 Jun 29.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To identify environmental risk factors for developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children <15 years of age. METHODS: IBD patients and randomly selected healthy controls from a well defined geographical area in Denmark were prospectively recruited in the period 1.1.2007-31.12.2009. Data regarding socioeconomic status, area of residence, living conditions, infections and diet were obtained by a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 118 IBD patients (59 Crohn's disease (CD), 56 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 3 IBD unclassified (IBDU)) and 477 healthy controls filled out the questionnaire. The response rates were 91

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag