text:
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{72}},
Times-Cited = {{88}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{33}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{870ZT}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225099000008}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000225099000010,
Author = {Quadrelli, R and Wallace, JM},
Title = {{Varied expressions of the hemispheric circulation observed in
   association with contrasting Polarities of prescribed patterns of
   variability}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{17}},
Number = {{21}},
Pages = {{4245-4253}},
Month = {{NOV}},
Abstract = {{The low-frequency (>day period) variability observed within four
   different subsets of the climatology (H1, L1, H2, and L2) as defined by
   the high and low index polarities of the two leading principal
   components (PCs) of the sea level pressure field is compared, with
   emphasis on distinctive flow configurations and teleconnection patterns.
   The analysis is based on wintertime 500-hPa height, sea level pressure,
   and 1000-500-hPa thickness fields derived from the NCEP-NCAR reanalyses
   for the period of record, 1958-99.
   ``Spaghetti diagrams'' display specified contours for ensembles of
   individual 10-day mean charts extracted from the four different subsets
   of the climatology. In L1, 10-day mean maps (weak zonal flow at
   latitudes similar to55degreesN) exhibit larger undulations in the
   barotropic component of the flow than those in H1, implying larger
   particle displacements and deeper penetration of Arctic air masses,
   particularly into Europe and the eastern United States. Maps in H2 and
   L2, separated in accordance with the Pacific-North American (PNA)-like
   second mode, exhibit quite different kinds of planetary wave patterns.
   The L2 subset (characterized by a retracted Pacific jet) exhibits
   greater variability over the Gulf of Alaska and over northern Europe.
   Cold air outbreaks in Europe occur more frequently in L1 than H1, and
   over western North America, they occur more frequently in L2 than H2.
   The cold anomalies associated with low polarities of both PCs are
   observed more frequently than expected based on linear correlation;
   within the individual subsets of the climatology there are suggestions
   of multiple circulation regimes; teleconnection patterns for the subsets
   of the climatology are also discernibly different. These results
   constitute evidence of nonnormal or nonlinear behavior of 5- and 10-day
   mean fields and provide indications of how the intraseasonal variability
   depends on the mean state of the flow in which it is embedded.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Quadrelli, R (Corresponding Author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, JISAO, Box 354235, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/JCLI3196.1}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
EISSN = {{1520-0442}},
Keywords-Plus = {{GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; ANNULAR MODE; WINTER; IMPACTS}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{roberta@atmos.washington.edu}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{20}},
Times-Cited = {{11}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{1}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{870ZT}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225099000010}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000225385900008,
Author = {Robertson, AW and Kirshner, S and Smyth, P},
Title = {{Downscaling of daily rainfall occurrence over northeast Brazil using a
   hidden Markov model}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{17}},
Number = {{22}},
Pages = {{4407-4424}},
Month = {{NOV}},
Abstract = {{A hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to describe daily rainfall
   occurrence at 10 gauge stations in the state of Ceara in northeast
   Brazil during the February-April wet season 1975-2002. The model assumes
   that rainfall occurrence is governed by a few discrete states, with
   Markovian daily transitions between them. Four ``hidden{''} rainfall
   states are identified. One pair of the states represents wet-versus-dry
   conditions at all stations, while a second pair of states represents
   north-south gradients in rainfall occurrence. The estimated daily
   state-sequence is characterized by a systematic seasonal evolution,
   together with considerable variability on intraseasonal, interannual,
   and longer time scales. The first pair of states are shown to be
   associated with large-scale displacements of the tropical convergence
   zones, and with teleconnections typical of the El Nino-Southern
   Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation.
   A nonhomogeneous HMM (NHMM) is then used to downscale daily
   precipitation occurrence at the 10 stations, using general circulation
   model (GCM) simulations of seasonal-mean large-scale precipitation,
   obtained with historical sea surface temperatures prescribed globally.
   Interannual variability of the GCM's large-scale precipitation
   simulation is well correlated with seasonal- and spatial-averaged
   station rainfall-occurrence data. Simulations from the NHMM are found to
   be able to reproduce this relationship. The GCM-NHMM simulations are
   also able to capture quite well interannual changes in daily rainfall
   occurrence and 10-day dry spell frequencies at some individual stations.
   It is suggested that the NHMM provides a useful tool (a) to understand
   the statistics of daily rainfall occurrence at the station level in
   terms of large-scale atmospheric patterns, and (b) to produce
   station-scale daily rainfall sequence scenarios for input into crop
   models, etc.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Robertson, AW (Corresponding Author), IRI Monell 230,61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Int Res Inst Climate Predict, Palisades, NY USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Informat \& Comp Sci, Irvine, CA USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/JCLI-3216.1}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SYNOPTIC ATMOSPHERIC PATTERNS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; PRECIPITATION
   OCCURRENCE; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; SEASONAL CLIMATE; CONVERGENCE ZONE;
   SOUTH-AMERICA; VARIABILITY; WEATHER; TELECONNECTION}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{awr@iri.columbia.edu}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Robertson, Andrew W/H-7138-2015}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{37}},
Times-Cited = {{126}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{10}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{874YF}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225385900008}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000224875700005,
Author = {Kodera, K and Kuroda, Y},
Title = {{Two teleconnection patterns involved in the North Atlantic/Arctic
   Oscillation}},
Journal = {{GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{31}},
Number = {{20}},
Month = {{OCT 20}},
Abstract = {{The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) are
   known as phenomena influencing the weather and climate of the
   Euro-Atlantic region. Often, however, they are treated together. In this
   study, two indices representing two independent teleconnection patterns
   in the sea level pressure are introduced to characterize their
   differences. One is a seesaw between the Azores and Iceland ( AI), and
   the other is that between the Polar and Mediterranean ( PM) regions. The
   result of our study shows that differences in the NAO/AO indices mainly
   arise from the inclusion of different portions of the AI and PM, and the
   NAO/AO indices can be reproduced by a linear combination of the AI and
   PM indices.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Kodera, K (Corresponding Author), Meteorol Res Inst, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan.
   Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2004GL020933}},
Article-Number = {{L20201}},
ISSN = {{0094-8276}},
EISSN = {{1944-8007}},
Keywords-Plus = {{CIRCULATION}},
Research-Areas = {{Geology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Geosciences, Multidisciplinary}},
Author-Email = {{kodera@mri-jma.go.jp}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{12}},
Times-Cited = {{11}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{7}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{10}},
Journal-ISO = {{Geophys. Res. Lett.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{867XI}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224875700005}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000226124400009,
Author = {Thompson, R and Green, DN},
Title = {{Mediterranean precipitation and its relationship with sea level pressure
   patterns}},
Journal = {{ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{47}},
Number = {{5}},
Pages = {{1617-1633}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{The relationship between Mediterranean precipitation and North Atlantic
   and European sea level pressure fields has been studied using
   statistical techniques to investigate the variability within the data. A
   principal component analysis shows the major winter precipitation
   variability is described by a see-saw fluctuation between the Western
   and Eastern Mediterranean. The pressure-precipitation relationships
   indicate that a highly variable, pressure region situated to the south
   of Britain dominates this major precipitation pattern. The large-scale
   pressure fields which facilitate the precipitation patterns have been
   isolated using a canonical correlation analysis. Although the well-known
   major pressure centres of action in the North Atlantic are important,
   pressure changes in the east are found to also control the transport of
   moisture across the Mediterranean to a large degree, as the presence of
   a large high over Kazakhstan causes meridonial flow and impedes the
   passage of moisture across the Mediterranean. The pressure-precipitation
   relationships are found to be very consistent over multi-decadal,
   seasonal, monthly and daily time-scales with trajectory analysis
   confirming many of the features of the average seasonal pressure charts.
   This steadiness and regularity indicates that the Mediterranean
   precipitation teleconnection is a robust phenomenon that is affected by
   large-scale pressure changes to both the east and west.}},
Publisher = {{IST NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA}},
Address = {{VIA VIGNA MURATA 605, ROME, 00143, ITALY}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Thompson, R (Corresponding Author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Grant Inst, Kings Bldg,W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Grant Inst, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland.}},
ISSN = {{1593-5213}},
EISSN = {{2037-416X}},
Keywords = {{Mediterranean; precipitation; principal component; canonical
   correlation; trajectory}},
Keywords-Plus = {{NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; CIRCULATION;
   RAINFALL; ISRAEL; WINTER; PORTUGAL; AREA; NCP}},
Research-Areas = {{Geochemistry \& Geophysics}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Geochemistry \& Geophysics}},
Author-Email = {{roy@ed.ac.uk}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{36}},
Times-Cited = {{7}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{4}},
Journal-ISO = {{Ann. Geophys.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{884ZE}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000226124400009}},
OA = {{DOAJ Gold}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000223824600007,
Author = {Coates, D and Humphreys, BR and Kane, J and Vachris, MA},
Title = {{``No significant distance{''} between face-to-face and online
   instruction: evidence from principles of economics}},
Journal = {{ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION REVIEW}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{23}},
Number = {{5}},
Pages = {{533-546}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Note = {{Annual Meeting of the Allied-Social-Science-Association, NEW ORLEANS,
   LA, JAN 05-07, 2001}},
Organization = {{Allied Soc Sci Assoc}},
Abstract = {{This paper describes an experiment focused on measuring and explaining
   differences in students learning between online and face-to-face modes
   of instruction in college level principles of economics courses. Our
   results indicate that students in face-to-face sections scored better on
   the Test of Understanding College Economics (TUCE) than students in
   online sections. We find that failure to account for the self-selection
   of students into online or face-to-face sections biases toward zero the
   differential in TUCE scores between online and face-to-face students.
   Online students score a statistically significant 3-6 fewer correct
   answers, out of 33 questions, than face-to-face students in the
   selection-corrected model. However, an endogenous switching model finds
   that students who select into the online classes perform better than
   they would, all other things constant, in a face-to-face class. Other
   results suggest caution in using the web to teach underclassmen. (C)
   2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}},
Publisher = {{PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD}},
Address = {{THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND}},
Type = {{Article; Proceedings Paper}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Coates, D (Corresponding Author), UMBC, Dept Econ, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA.
   UMBC, Dept Econ, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA.
   SUNY Coll Oswego, Dept Econ, Oswego, NY 13126 USA.
   Christopher Newport Univ, Dept Management \& Econ, Newport News, VA 23606 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.02.002}},
ISSN = {{0272-7757}},
Keywords = {{educational economics; input output analysis}},
Keywords-Plus = {{COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION; INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS; TEACHING
   ECONOMICS; SAMPLE SELECTION; INTERNET; EDUCATION; CLASSROOM; CHALK; TALK}},
Research-Areas = {{Business \& Economics; Education \& Educational Research}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Economics; Education \& Educational Research}},
Author-Email = {{coates@umbc.edu}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Humphreys, Brad R/P-3340-2019
   Coates, Dennis C/A-4588-2014}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Humphreys, Brad R/0000-0003-0099-7237
   Coates, Dennis C/0000-0003-3708-2137}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{43}},
Times-Cited = {{73}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{3}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{24}},
Journal-ISO = {{Econ. Educ. Rev.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{853JW}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000223824600007}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000224713700004,
Author = {Mwale, D and Gan, TY and Shen, SSP},
Title = {{A new analysis of variability and predictability of seasonal rainfall of
   central southern Africa for 1950-94}},
Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{24}},
Number = {{12}},
Pages = {{1509-1530}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{Using wavelet analysis and wavelet-based empirical orthogonal function
   analysis on scale-averaged-wavelet power and individual scale power, we
   identified the non-stationary sea-surface temperature (SST) fields of
   the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans that are associated with coherent
   regions of rainfall variability in central southern Africa (CSA). The
   dominant mode of CSA rainfall is out of phase between the coastal areas
   and the centre of CSA and has been decreasing consistently since 1970.
   The frequencies associated with this mode are between 2-2.4 and 5.6-8
   years. The Benguela ocean current SSTs form the dominant spatial pattern
   of the South Atlantic Ocean, and the Brazil and Guinea ocean current
   SSTs form the second leading mode. The Benguela spatial patterns were
   found to migrate seasonally between Africa's west coast and South
   America's east coast. The northern Indian Ocean SST forms the leading
   mode of variability, followed by the south Indian Ocean SST. Using
   predictor fields identified from both oceans, we achieved encouraging
   results of predicted CSA rainfall using a non-linear statistical
   teleconnection artificial neural network-genetic algorithm model. At 3
   month lead time, correlations of between 0.8 and 0.9, root-mean-square
   errors of between 0.4 and 0.9 and Hansen Kuipers skill scores of between
   0.4 and 0.8 were obtained between observed and predicted CSA rainfall.
   Copyright (C) 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.}},
Publisher = {{WILEY}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Gan, TY (Corresponding Author), Univ Alberta, Dept Civil \& Environm Engn, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Civil Engn, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Math, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada.}},
DOI = {{10.1002/joc.1062}},
ISSN = {{0899-8418}},
EISSN = {{1097-0088}},
Keywords = {{wavelet empirical orthogonal function analysis; scale-averaged wavelet
   power; seasonal rainfall; central southern Africa; sea surface
   temperature; Indian Ocean; Atlantic Ocean; genetic algorithm-neural
   network}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SUMMER RAINFALL; INDIAN-OCEAN; WAVELET
   ANALYSIS; PREDICTION; FORECASTS; NAMIBIA; ATLANTIC; EQUATOR; REGION}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{tgan@ualberta.ca}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Gan, Thian Yew/0000-0002-5196-2846}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{37}},
Times-Cited = {{26}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{4}},
Journal-ISO = {{Int. J. Climatol.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{865OZ}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224713700004}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000224588000017,
Author = {Anderson, BT},
Title = {{Investigation of a large-scale mode of ocean-atmosphere variability and
   its relation to tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{17}},
Number = {{20}},
Pages = {{4089-4098}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{By examining the linearly coupled atmospheric and oceanic signals
   related to interannual variability in sea surface temperatures and
   upper-air wind fields, a hemispheric-scale ocean-atmosphere
   teleconnection mode is isolated that is significantly correlated with
   equatorial Pacific SSTs 12 months later. The interannual component of
   this teleconnection mode is related to a basin-scale dipole in the
   upper-air wind fields stretching across the extratropical Pacific, with
   additional anomalies extending from the eastern tropical Pacific over
   North America and into the Atlantic basin. In addition, it is related to
   variability in the SST field with warm anomalies found over the
   tropical/subtropical western Pacific as well as the equatorial eastern
   Pacific; also, there are related cold anomalies over the extratropical
   central North Pacific that extend down into the central
   subtropical/tropical Pacific. Diagnostic studies investigating the
   ocean-atmosphere structure for this mode of variability indicate that
   the large-scale variations in the upper-air circulation patterns are
   associated with anomalous equatorward propagation of transient and
   stationary wave activity over the North Pacific. In addition, they are
   characterized by vertical circulation patterns over both the subtropical
   and extratropical Pacific, which are collocated with variations in
   surface pressure and wind stress fields over the central subtropical and
   tropical North Pacific. Previous research has shown that modifications
   of these two fields are significantly related to the evolution of
   equatorial Pacific SSTs and may provide the dynamic mechanism whereby
   the ocean-atmosphere teleconnection mode described here influences the
   development of the ENSO system. This influence appears to be related to
   a modification of the basin-scale heat content over the central and
   eastern tropical Pacific; however, significant discussion is provided
   concerning alternative hypotheses.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Anderson, BT (Corresponding Author), Boston Univ, Dept Geog, 675 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<4089:IOALMO>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
EISSN = {{1520-0442}},
Keywords-Plus = {{NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; WESTERLY WIND BURSTS; SEASONAL FOOTPRINTING
   MECHANISM; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINTER; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC;
   3-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT;
   PHASE-TRANSITION}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{brucea@bu.edu}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{60}},
Times-Cited = {{39}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{10}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{863UE}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224588000017}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000224961700006,
Author = {Frederiksen, JS and Collier, MA and Watkins, AB},
Title = {{Ensemble prediction of blocking regime transitions}},
Journal = {{TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{56}},
Number = {{5}},
Pages = {{485-500}},
Month = {{OCT}},
Abstract = {{The skill of ensemble prediction during blocking regime transitions is
   examined for Northern Hemisphere flows within two atmospheric models. An
   ensemble prediction scheme based on fast growing perturbations has been
   implemented for conformal-cubic and spectral general circulation models.
   The methodology uses a breeding method, based on an implicit
   linearization of the models, in which perturbations likened to leading
   Lyapunov vectors are obtained and used to perturb the initial
   conditions. Detailed comparisons of the skill of ensemble mean forecasts
   with control forecasts have been carried out for Northern Hemisphere
   initial conditions in October and November 1979. A particular focus has
   been the variability of forecast skill during the development,
   maturation and decay of the large-scale blocking dipoles that occurred
   in the major blocking regions over Europe, over the Gulf of Alaska, over
   the North Atlantic and as well over North America. On average, the
   ensemble mean forecast performs better than the control forecast for
   forecast times longer than three or four days. Average error growth
   curves in the two models are quite similar with the conformal-cubic
   model ensemble generally performing slightly better than for the
   lower-resolution spectral model. Both ensemble and control forecasts
   initiated twice daily exhibit considerable variability in forecast skill
   that is shown to be related to instability regimes of particular
   synoptic events. At a given forecast lead time, errors tend to be larger
   for forecasts validating when blocks are developing or decaying and
   smaller for mature blocks. The spread of ensemble member forecasts has
   been studied and related to likely forecast skill. Comparison of results
   from the conformal-cubic and spectral models initialized with two
   different analysis data sets has allowed the determination of the
   robustness of our findings relating error growth to instability regimes.}},
Publisher = {{BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD}},
Address = {{35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Frederiksen, JS (Corresponding Author), CSIRO Atmospher Res, PMB 1, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.
   CSIRO Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.
   Australian Bur Meteorol, Natl Climate Ctr, Hobart, Tas, Australia.}},
DOI = {{10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00075.x}},
ISSN = {{0280-6495}},
Keywords-Plus = {{3-DIMENSIONAL INSTABILITY THEORY; GLOBAL SPECTRAL MODEL;
   NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; ERROR GROWTH; TELECONNECTION PATTERNS; ADJOINT
   SENSITIVITY; SINGULAR VECTORS; PERTURBATIONS; ONSET; FORECASTS}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography}},
Author-Email = {{jorgen.frederiksen@csiro.au}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Collier, Mark/D-2663-2013
   }},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Collier, Mark/0000-0003-1391-9473
   Frederiksen, Jorgen/0000-0001-9449-0968}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{48}},
Times-Cited = {{25}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{0}},
Journal-ISO = {{Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{869CT}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224961700006}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000224126000005,
Author = {Dery, SJ and Wood, EF},
Title = {{Teleconnection between the Arctic Oscillation and Hudson Bay river
   discharge}},
Journal = {{GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{31}},
Number = {{18}},
Month = {{SEP 23}},
Abstract = {{Rising surface air temperatures in response to anthropogenic forcing are
   intensifying the global hydrologic cycle. Some of the more dramatic
   signs of climate change are increasing precipitation, evaporation, and
   freshwater discharge in continental river basins draining to
   high-latitude oceans. At regional scales, however, an acceleration of
   the hydrologic cycle is not always detected. In contrast to its major
   Eurasian counterparts, the North American Hudson Bay Basin experienced a
   15\% decline in river runoff between 1964 and 1994. It is shown that the
   Arctic Oscillation explains with statistical significance up to 90\% of
   the recent variability in Hudson Bay river discharge. This study reveals
   the important role of large-scale atmospheric phenomena such as the
   Arctic Oscillation in regulating the terrestrial hydrologic budget. The
   ability of weather and climate models to represent these interannual to
   decadal scale phenomena governs their predictions of the surface water
   budget's future state in a changing climate.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Dery, SJ (Corresponding Author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher \& Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher \& Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Civil \& Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2004GL020729}},
Article-Number = {{L18205}},
ISSN = {{0094-8276}},
EISSN = {{1944-8007}},
Keywords-Plus = {{CLIMATE; TEMPERATURE; PERMAFROST; IMPACTS}},
Research-Areas = {{Geology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Geosciences, Multidisciplinary}},
Author-Email = {{sdery@princeton.edu}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{22}},
Times-Cited = {{68}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{8}},
Journal-ISO = {{Geophys. Res. Lett.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{857OB}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224126000005}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000224125200001,
Author = {Dugdale, RC and Lyle, M and Wilkerson, FP and Chai, F and Barber, RT and
   Peng, TH},
Title = {{Influence of equatorial diatom processes on Si deposition and
   atmospheric CO2 cycles at glacial/interglacial timescales}},
Journal = {{PALEOCEANOGRAPHY}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{19}},
Number = {{3}},
Month = {{SEP 16}},
Abstract = {{{[}1] The causes of the glacial cycle remain unknown, although the
   primary driver is changes in atmospheric CO2, likely controlled by the
   biological pump and biogeochemical cycles. The two most important
   regions of the ocean for exchange of CO2 with the atmosphere are the
   equatorial Pacific and the Southern Ocean ( SO), the former a net source
   and the latter a net sink under present conditions. The equatorial
   Pacific has been shown to be a Si(OH)(4)-limited ecosystem, a
   consequence of the low source Si(OH)(4) concentrations in upwelled water
   that has its origin in the SO. This teleconnection for nutrients between
   the two regions suggests an oscillatory relationship that may influence
   or control glacial cycles. Opal mass accumulation rate (MAR) data and
   delta(15)N measurements in equatorial cores are interpreted with
   predictions from a one- dimensional Si(OH)(4)-limited ecosystem model
   (CoSINE) for the equatorial Pacific. The results suggest that equatorial
   Pacific surface CO2 processes are in opposite phase to that of the
   global atmosphere, providing a negative feedback to the glacial cycle.
   This negative feedback is implemented through the effect of the SO on
   the equatorial Si(OH)(4) supply. An alternative hypothesis, that the
   whole ocean becomes Si(OH)(4) poor during cooling periods, is suggested
   by low opal MAR in cores from both equatorial and Antarctic regions,
   perhaps as a result of low river input. terminations in this scenario
   would result from blooms of coccolithophorids triggered by low Si(OH)(4)
   concentrations.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Dugdale, RC (Corresponding Author), San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, 3152 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA.
   San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA.
   Boise State Univ, Ctr Geophys Invest Shallow Subsurface, Boise, ID 83725 USA.
   Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Duke Univ, NSOE Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA.
   NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog \& Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2003PA000929}},
Article-Number = {{PA3011}},
ISSN = {{0883-8305}},
EISSN = {{1944-9186}},
Keywords = {{diatoms; CO2; silicate}},
Keywords-Plus = {{DIMENSIONAL ECOSYSTEM MODEL; PACIFIC UPWELLING SYSTEM; PRIMARY
   PRODUCTIVITY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; SILICATE; NUTRIENT;
   NITROGEN; FLUX; VARIABILITY}},
Research-Areas = {{Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology}},
Author-Email = {{rdugdale@sfsu.edu
   mlyle@boisestate.edu
   fwilkers@sfsu.edu
   fchai@maine.edu
   rbarber@duke.edu
   peng@aoml.noaa.gov}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{56}},
Times-Cited = {{16}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{10}},
Journal-ISO = {{Paleoceanography}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{857NU}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224125200001}},
OA = {{Green Published}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000223938500021,
Author = {Ukidwe, NU and Bakshi, BR},
Title = {{Thermodynamic accounting of ecosystem contribution to economic sectors
   with application to 1992 US economy}},
Journal = {{ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE \& TECHNOLOGY}},
Year = {{2004}},
Volume = {{38}},
Number = {{18}},
Pages = {{4810-4827}},
Month = {{SEP 15}},
Abstract = {{Incorporation of ecological considerations in decision-making is
   essential for sustainable development, but is hindered by inadequate
   appreciation of the role of ecosystems, and lack of scientifically
   rigorous techniques for including their contribution. This paper
   develops a novel thermodynamic accounting framework for including the
   contribution of natural capital via thermodynamic input-output analysis.
   This framework is applied to the 1992 US economy comprising 91 industry
   sectors, resulting in delineation of the myriad ways in which sectors of
   the US economy rely on ecosystem products and services. The contribution
   of ecosystems is represented via the concept of ecological cumulative
   energy consumption (ECEC), which is related to emergy analysis but
   avoids any of its controversial assumptions and claims. The use of
   thermodynamics permits representation of all kinds of inputs and outputs
   in consistent units, facilitating the definition of aggregate metrics.
   Total ECEC requirement indicates the extent to which each economic
   sector relies directly and indirectly on ecological inputs. The
   ECEC/money ratio indicates the relative monetary versus ecological
   throughputs in each sector, and indicates the relationship between the
   thermodynamic work needed to produce a product or service and the
   corresponding economic activity. This ratio is found to decrease along
   economic supply chains, indicating industries that are higher up in the
   economic food chain price ecosystem contribution more than the basic
   infrastructure industries such as mining and manufacturing. The ratio of
   CEC with and without inclusion of ecosystems indicates the extent to
   which conventional thermoeconomic analysis underestimates the
   contribution of ecosystems. Such ratios, made available for the first
   time, provide unique insight into the importance of natural capital, and
   are especially useful in hybrid thermodynamic life cycle analysis of
   industrial systems. The approach, data compiled in this work, and the
   resulting insight provide a more ecologically conscious tool for
   environmental decision-making, and has potential applications at micro
   as well as macro scales.}},
Publisher = {{AMER CHEMICAL SOC}},
Address = {{1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Bakshi, BR (Corresponding Author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1021/es035367t}},
ISSN = {{0013-936X}},
EISSN = {{1520-5851}},
Keywords-Plus = {{EMBODIED ENERGY; EXERGY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMS; SUSTAINABILITY; CONVERSION}},
Research-Areas = {{Engineering; Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{bakshi.2@osu.edu}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Bakshi, Bhavik/G-3878-2012
   }},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Bakshi, Bhavik/0000-0002-6604-8408}},
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