text:
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{25}},
Times-Cited = {{127}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{23}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{414NY}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000167674000018}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000168253300001,
Author = {Watterson, IG},
Title = {{Wind-induced rainfall and surface temperature anomalies in the
   Australian region}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{9}},
Pages = {{1901-1922}},
Abstract = {{An extended coupled atmosphere-ocean model simulation has been analyzed
   to explore the relationship between Australian rainfall and regional
   surface temperature anomalies. The interannual variability of seasonal
   rainfall in the model (which has a weak El Nino) was generally similar
   to that from a simulation by the atmospheric model with SSTs specified
   to follow a repeated annual cycle, suggesting that much of the
   variability is generated internally to the atmosphere. Given the
   expected role of winds, rotated principal component analyses of both
   January and July regional 800-hPa wind anomalies from the coupled model
   were performed. In each season, two wind patterns correlated with
   realistic rainfall patterns: a monsoon surge pattern brought rainfall to
   northern Australia in January; a northwesterly flow induced winter
   rainfall along a band extending to the southeast; and a pattern
   including northerlies along the east coast brought rainfall to eastern
   Australia, in both winter and summer. The wind patterns also induced
   significant surface temperature anomalies over both land and sea.
   Correlations between the wind-related rainfall indices and seasonal SSTs
   produced regional SST patterns with much in common to those observed. In
   particular, the northwesterly rainfall coincided with an eastern Indian
   Ocean dipole pattern. Aside from the monsoon surge, there is little
   long-term precursor to these wind anomalies in the model, however, and
   hence little predictability of the rainfall patterns via the SSTs.
   Clearly, substantial seasonal rainfall-SST relationships do not
   necessarily result from forcing of wind anomalies by SSTs, and,
   excepting El Nino, much of the Australian relationship may, evidently,
   be unforced.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Watterson, IG (Corresponding Author), CSIRO, Div Atmospher Res, 107-121 Stn St, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.
   CSIRO, Atmospher Res \& Cooperat Res Ctr So Hemisphere Me, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1901:WIRAST>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
EISSN = {{1520-0442}},
Keywords-Plus = {{ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN INTERACTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; DOUBLED CO2
   CLIMATES; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; INDIAN-OCEAN;
   TELECONNECTION PATTERNS; WINTER RAINFALL; NORTH-ATLANTIC; STORM TRACKS}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{ian.watterson@dar.csiro.au}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Watterson, Ian/A-1690-2012}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{47}},
Times-Cited = {{18}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{5}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{424UX}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168253300001}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000168253300010,
Author = {Portis, DH and Walsh, JE and El Hamly, M and Lamb, PJ},
Title = {{Seasonality of the North Atlantic oscillation}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{9}},
Pages = {{2069-2078}},
Abstract = {{Monthly sea level pressure (SLP) data from the National Centers for
   Environmental Prediction reanalysis for 1948-99 are used to develop a
   seasonally and geographically varying ``mobile'' index of the North
   Atlantic oscillation (NAOm). NAOm is defined as the difference between
   normalized SLP anomalies at the locations of maximum negative
   correlation between the subtropical and subpolar North Atlantic SLP. The
   subtropical nodal point migrates westward and slightly northward into
   the central North Atlantic from winter to summer. The NAOm index is
   robust across datasets, and correlates more highly than EOF coefficients
   with historical measures of westerly wind intensity across North
   Atlantic midlatitudes. As measured by this ``mobile index,'' the NAO's
   nodes maintain their correlation from winter to summer to a greater
   degree than traditional NAO indices based on fixed stations in the
   eastern North Atlantic (Azores, Lisbon, Iceland). When the NAOm index is
   extended back to 1873, its annual values during the late 1800s are
   strongly negative due to negative contributions from all seasons,
   amplifying fluctuations present in traditional winter-only indices. In
   contrast, after the mid-1950s, the values for different seasons
   sufficiently offset each other to make the annually averaged excursions
   of NAOm smaller than those of winter-only indices. Global teleconnection
   fields show that the wider influence of the NAO-particularly in the
   western North Atlantic, eastern North America, and Arctic-is more
   apparent during spring-summer-autumn when the NAOm is used to
   characterize the NAO. Thus, the mobile index should be useful in NAO
   investigations that involve seasonality.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Portis, DH (Corresponding Author), Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
   Moroccan Direct Meteorol Natl, Casablanca, Morocco.
   Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2069:SOTNAO>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION PATTERNS; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT;
   CLIMATE VARIATIONS; HEMISPHERE; WINTER; SEA; PRECIPITATION;
   TEMPERATURES; SIGNATURE}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{35}},
Times-Cited = {{125}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{5}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{40}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{424UX}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168253300010}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000168998800009,
Author = {Hu, Q and Feng, S},
Title = {{Variations of teleconnection of ENSO and interannual variation in summer
   rainfall in the central United States}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{11}},
Pages = {{2469-2480}},
Abstract = {{Summer rainfall in the central United States has singular interannual
   variations of a 3-6-yr period. Identifying the causes of these
   variations assures improvement in predictions of summer rainfall in the
   region.
   A review of previous studies revealed a puzzling situation: the
   outstanding interannual variations of the summer rainfall in the central
   United States showed no persistent correlations with known influential
   interannual variations in the Northern Hemisphere and the El
   Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study was undertaken to identify
   the cause of this situation and ultimately explain the causes of the
   observed interannual summer rainfall variations. Its results showed a
   teleconnection of the ENSO with the summer rainfall in the central
   United States. The intensity of which has varied over the last 125
   years. The teleconnection was active in two epochs, 1871-1916 and
   1948-78, and absent in the two epochs 1917-47 and 1979-present. This
   variation was associated with a multidecadal variation in both sea
   surface temperature and sea level pressure in the mid- and high-latitude
   North Pacific. In the epochs of active teleconnection, the circulation
   in the warm phase of ENSO favored a deformation field in the lower
   troposphere in the central United States causing wet summers and a
   reversed circulation in cold phase of ENSO yielding dry summers, a
   process that partially explains the interannual summer rainfall
   variations.
   The result also showed that the variations of the teleconnection were
   ``in phase'' with the variation in the average surface temperature of
   the Northern Hemisphere. When the ``abrupt warming'' of the surface
   temperature developed in 1917-47 and the most recent two decades, the
   teleconnection broke down. Because of the limitation in data record
   length, this observed relationship and the persistence of the variation
   in the teleconnection need further investigations when additional data
   are available.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Hu, Q (Corresponding Author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources Sci, Climate \& Bioatmospher Sci Grp, 237 LW Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources Sci, Climate \& Bioatmospher Sci Grp, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2469:VOTOEA>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; NORTH-AMERICA;
   PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY; FLOODS; MONSOON; PACIFIC; MECHANISMS;
   REANALYSIS; ANOMALIES}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{44}},
Times-Cited = {{61}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{8}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{437NY}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168998800009}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000169796600004,
Author = {Lau, NC and Nath, MJ},
Title = {{Impact of ENSO on SST variability in the North Pacific and North
   Atlantic: Seasonal dependence and role of extratropical sea-air coupling}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{13}},
Pages = {{2846-2866}},
Abstract = {{The influences of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in the
   tropical Pacific on interannual variability of the coupled
   ocean-atmosphere systems in the North Pacific and North Atlantic have
   been studied using a suite of experiments with a rhomboidal
   30-wavenumber, 14-layer general circulation model (GCM). Observed
   month-to-month fluctuations of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the
   tropical Pacific during the 1950-95 period were prescribed as the lower
   boundary condition for the GCM. The SST conditions outside of the
   tropical Pacific were predicted by a simple ocean mixed layer model with
   a constant depth. Four independent integrations under this ``Tropical
   Ocean-Global Atmosphere-Mixed Layer (TOGA-ML)'' scenario were conducted.
   Both observational and model results indicate that the imposed ENSO
   forcing during midwinter is accompanied by prominent atmospheric
   circulation changes over the North Pacific and Atlantic. These
   teleconnection patterns in turn alter the heat exchange across the local
   sea-air interface. The extratropical SST anomalies generated by this
   ``atmospheric bridge'' mechanism typically attain maximum amplitudes in
   late winter or early spring.
   Detailed diagnoses of the monthly evolution of the surface heat budget
   during ENSO episodes at selected sites have been performed. The
   simulated SST response exhibits a 1-2 month delay relative to
   temperature changes in the overlying atmosphere. This lag relationship
   is associated with a polarity change of sea-to-air gradients in
   anomalous temperature and water vapor mixing ratio in late winter. From
   late autumn through midwinter, the action of the climatological wind on
   these gradients results in enhancement of the developing SST anomalies.
   In the months thereafter, the reversed gradients lead to attenuation of
   the SST signal. Shortwave radiative fluxes associated with variations in
   cloud cover play an important role in SST variability at some of the
   subtropical sites.
   The nature of sea-air feedbacks in the extratropics has been studied by
   contrasting the output from the TOGA-ML experiment and from another
   ``TOGA'' experiment in which two-way interactions between the atmosphere
   and ocean outside of the tropical Pacific were eliminated. Incorporation
   of sea-air coupling in TOGA-ML is seen to enhance the persistence of the
   ENSO-related atmospheric anomalies in the extratropics through late
   winter and early spring. Comparison with results from previous studies
   on midlatitude sea-air interactions suggests that part of the
   atmospheric signal in TOGA-ML may be attributed to forcing from
   extratropical SST anomalies produced by the atmospheric bridge
   mechanism.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Lau, NC (Corresponding Author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
   Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2846:IOEOSV>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; ATMOSPHERE OCEAN INTERACTION;
   LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; HEAT-FLUX ANOMALIES; EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL
   VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; MODEL; CIRCULATION; GCM}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{49}},
Times-Cited = {{81}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{13}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{451HR}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000169796600004}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000169796600005,
Author = {Giannini, A and Cane, MA and Kushnir, Y},
Title = {{Interdecadal changes in the ENSO teleconnection to the Caribbean region
   and the North Atlantic oscillation}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{13}},
Pages = {{2867-2879}},
Abstract = {{The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and variability in
   the subtropical North Atlantic high sea level pressure (SLP) are known
   to affect rainfall in the Caribbean region. An El Nino event is
   associated with drier-than-average conditions during the boreal summer
   of year (0), and wetter-than-average conditions during the spring of
   year (+1). Dry conditions during the summer of year (0) of an El Nino
   are associated with the locally divergent surface circulation engendered
   by the eastward shift of deep convection in the Pacific Ocean. Wet
   conditions during the spring of year (+1) of an El Nino are associated
   with the lagged warming of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean.
   Variability in the strength of the North Atlantic high is governed
   mainly by the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) with a positive NAO phase
   implying a stronger than normal high and vice versa. The NAO is
   negatively correlated with Caribbean rainfall indirectly via anomalous
   sea surface temperatures (SST) associated with anomalies in the surface
   wind speed at tropical latitudes and directly via anomalous subsidence.
   The combined effect of the two phenomena is found to be strongest when
   the two signals interfere constructively:
   During the summer following winters characterized by the positive phase
   of the NAO, the dryness associated with a developing warm ENSO event
   adds to the dryness associated with a positive SLP anomaly in the
   subtropical North Atlantic (7 out of 11 El Ninos between 1949 and 1999
   fall in this category).
   During the spring following winters characterized by the negative phase
   of the NAO, the wetness that follows a warm ENSO event is augmented by
   the wetness associated with the warmer-than-average tropical North
   Atlantic SSTs (5 out of 11 El Ninos between 1949 and 1999 fall in this
   category).
   The coincidence in the recurrence of a positive phase of the NAO during
   the winters coinciding with peak warm ENSO conditions has increased in
   the last 20 years in comparison with the previous few decades. This
   partially explains the noticeable consistent dry signal over the
   Caribbean during the summer of year (0) of a warm ENSO event and the
   disappearance of the wet signal during the spring of year (+1) in the
   recent record.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Giannini, A (Corresponding Author), NCAR ASP, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2867:ICITET>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
EISSN = {{1520-0442}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION;
   INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; MONTHLY PRECIPITATION; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; SST
   ANOMALIES; RAINFALL; CLIMATE; OCEAN}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{alesall@ucar.edu}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Giannini, Alessandra/H-4403-2013
   Kushnir, Yochanan/B-4472-2013
   Giannini, Alessandra/F-7163-2016}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Giannini, Alessandra/0000-0001-5425-4995}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{53}},
Times-Cited = {{134}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{13}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{451HR}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000169796600005}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000169796600006,
Author = {Lau, KM and Wu, HT},
Title = {{Principal modes of rainfall-SST variability of the Asian summer monsoon:
   A reassessment of the monsoon-ENSO relationship}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{13}},
Pages = {{2880-2895}},
Abstract = {{Using global rainfall and sea surface temperature (SST) data for the
   past two decades (1979-98), the covariability of the Asian summer
   monsoon (ASM) and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was investigated.
   The findings suggest three recurring rainfall-SST coupled modes.
   Characterized by a pronounced biennial variability, the first mode is
   associated with generally depressed rainfall over the western Pacific
   and the ``Maritime Continent,'' stemming from the eastward shift of the
   Walker circulation during the growth phase of El Nino. The associated
   SST pattern consists of an east-west SST seesaw across the Pacific and
   another seesaw with opposite polarity over the Indian Ocean. The second
   mode is associated with a growing La Nino, comprising mixed, regional,
   and basin-scale rainfall and SST variability with abnormally warm water
   in the vicinity of the Maritime Continent and western Pacific. It
   possesses a pronounced low-level west Pacific anticyclone (WPA) near the
   Philippines and exhibits large subseasonal-scale variability. The third
   mode is associated with regional coupled ocean-atmosphere processes in
   the ASM region, having spatial and temporal variabilities that suggest
   extratropical linkages and interhemispheric interactions occurring on
   decadal timescales.
   Results indicate the importance of regional processes in affecting ASM
   rainfall variability. On the average, and over the ASM region as a
   whole, ENSO-related basin-scale SSTs can account for about 30\% of the
   variability, and regional processes can account for an additional 20\%.
   In individual years and over subregions, the percentages can be much
   higher or lower. In addition to the shift in the Walker circulation, it
   is found that the regional excitation of the WPA is important in
   determining the rainfall variability over south Asia and east Asia.
   Based on the results, a hypothesis is proposed that anomalous wind
   forcings derived from the WPA may be instrumental in inducing a biennial
   modulation to natural ENSO cycles. The causes of the 1997 and 1998
   rainfall anomalies over the ASM subregions are discussed in the context
   of these results and in light of recent observations of long-term
   changes in the monsoon-ENSO relationship.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Lau, KM (Corresponding Author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate \& Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate \& Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2880:PMORSV>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; 1997-98 EL-NINO; INDIAN-OCEAN; INTERANNUAL
   VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; SYSTEM;
   TELECONNECTION; ANOMALIES; CLIMATE}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Lau, William K/E-1510-2012}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Lau, William K/0000-0002-3587-3691}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{34}},
Times-Cited = {{120}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{21}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{451HR}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000169796600006}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000171134200016,
Author = {Bates, GT and Hoerling, MP and Kumar, A},
Title = {{Central US springtime precipitation extremes: Teleconnections and
   relationships with sea surface temperature}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{17}},
Pages = {{3751-3766}},
Abstract = {{Dynamical methods are used to investigate atmospheric teleconnections
   associated with extreme seasonal precipitation anomalies over the
   central United States during April-June. The importance of sea surface
   temperature (SST) anomalies in forcing atmospheric teleconnections is
   specifically addressed through analyses of atmospheric general
   circulation model (GCM) simulations forced with the monthly varying SSTs
   of the years 1950-98. The results from three different models, each run
   in ensemble mode, are compared with observations of extreme April-June
   precipitation events in the central United States during the last half
   of the twentieth century.
   Analysis of GCM simulations of April-June 1988 indicates that the
   atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with the 1988 drought were
   not forced by SST anomalies and that the coexistence of central U.S.
   drought and La Nina during that spring was coincidental. Likewise,
   composite analysis reveals no SST forcing for the teleconnections
   associated with extreme dry spring seasons over the central United
   States during the last half of the twentieth century in either
   observations or GCMs. Nonetheless, this characteristic teleconnection
   pattern of the composite analysis resembles the circulation anomalies of
   1988. The results imply that such drought events and the teleconnections
   related with them have little SST-based predictability.
   A somewhat different conclusion is drawn regarding the role of tropical
   SSTs in the occurrence of extreme wet spring seasons over the central
   United States. Simulations of the 1993 flood period exhibit skill in
   reproducing the seasonal circulation anomalies over the Pacific-North
   American region, and the ensemble mean precipitation anomalies in one
   GCM nearly replicate the observed strength and distribution of positive
   rainfall anomalies over the United States. Further composite analysis of
   extreme wet spring seasons over the last half of the twentieth century
   confirms the impression gathered from the 1993 case study, with
   observations and all three GCMs possessing positive tropical east
   Pacific SST anomalies in conjunction with extreme wet spring seasons
   over the central United States. Some SST-based potential predictability
   of extreme wet springs over the central United States consequently
   exists.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Bates, GT (Corresponding Author), NOAA, CIRES Climat Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway,R-CDC1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   NOAA, CIRES Climat Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   NOAA, NCEP, EMC, Climate Modeling Branch, Camp Springs, MD USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3751:CUSSPE>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
EISSN = {{1520-0442}},
Keywords-Plus = {{ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN INTERACTION; UNITED-STATES; 1988 DROUGHT; EL-NINO; 1993
   FLOODS; LA-NINA; ANOMALIES; VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; FIELD}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{gtb@cdc.noaa.gov}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{, AK/B-6517-2008}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{34}},
Times-Cited = {{18}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{13}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{474YH}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171134200016}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000171344200002,
Author = {Fu, R and Dickinson, RE and Chen, MX and Wang, H},
Title = {{How do tropical sea surface temperatures influence the seasonal
   distribution of precipitation in the equatorial Amazon?}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{20}},
Pages = {{4003-4026}},
Abstract = {{Although the correlation between precipitation over tropical South
   America and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the Pacific and
   Atlantic has been documented since the early twentieth century, the
   impact of each ocean on the timing and intensity of the wet season over
   tropical South America and the underlying mechanisms have remained
   unclear. Numerical experiments have been conducted using the National
   Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model Version 3 to
   explore these impacts. The results suggest the following.
   1) Seasonality of SSTs in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic has an
   important influence on precipitation in the eastern Amazon during the
   equinox seasons. The eastern side of the Amazon is influenced both by
   the direct thermal circulation of the Atlantic intertropical convergence
   zone (ITCZ) and by Rossby waves. These processes are enhanced by the
   seasonal cycles of SSTs in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific. SSTs
   affect Amazon precipitation much less during the solstice seasons and in
   the western Amazon.
   2) The seasonality of SSTs in the Atlantic more strongly affects Amazon
   rainfall than does that of the Pacific. Without the former, austral
   spring in the eastern equatorial Amazon would be a wet season, rather
   than the observed dry season. As a consequence of the lag at that time
   of the southward seasonal migration of the Atlantic SSTs behind that of
   the insolation, the Atlantic ITCZ centers itself near 10 degreesN,
   instead of at the equator, imposing subsidence and low-level
   anticyclonic flow over the eastern equatorial Amazon, thus drying the
   air above the planetary boundary layer and reducing the low-level
   moisture convergence. Consequently, convection in the eastern Amazon is
   suppressed despite strong surface heating.
   3) Seasonality of the SSTs in the tropical Pacific also tends to reduce
   precipitation in the eastern Amazon during both spring and fall. In
   spring, subsidence is enhanced not only through a zonal direct
   circulation, but also through Rossby waves propagating from the
   extratropical South Pacific to subtropical South America. This
   teleconnection strengthens the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ)
   and the Nordeste low, in both cases reducing precipitation in the
   eastern Amazon. A direct thermal response to the Pacific SSTs enhances
   lower-level divergence and reduces precipitation from the northern
   tropical Atlantic to the northeastern Amazon.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Fu, R (Corresponding Author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth \& Atmospher Sci, 221 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth \& Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4003:HDTSST>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
EISSN = {{1520-0442}},
Keywords-Plus = {{GENERAL-CIRCULATION; ATLANTIC; VARIABILITY; MODEL; CLIMATOLOGY;
   HEMISPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; DYNAMICS; RAINFALL; BASIN}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{fu@eas.gatech.edu}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Fu, Rong/B-4922-2011
   Wang, Hui/B-6516-2008}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Fu, Rong/0000-0002-4065-248X
   }},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{45}},
Times-Cited = {{96}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{18}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{478JX}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171344200002}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000171344200006,
Author = {Wang, B and Wu, RG and Lau, KM},
Title = {{Interannual variability of the Asian summer monsoon: Contrasts between
   the Indian and the western North Pacific-east Asian monsoons}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{20}},
Pages = {{4073-4090}},
Abstract = {{Analyses of 50-yr NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data reveal remarkably different
   interannual variability between the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and
   western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) in their temporal-spatial
   structures, relationships to El Nino, and teleconnections with
   midlatitude circulations. Thus, two circulation indices are necessary,
   which measure the variability of the ISM and WNPSM, respectively. A weak
   WNPSM features suppressed convection along 10 degrees -20 degreesN and
   enhanced rainfall along the mei-yu/baiu front. So the WNPSM index also
   provides a measure for the east Asian summer monsoon. An anomalous WNPSM
   exhibits a prominent meridional coupling among the Australian high,
   cross-equatorial flows, WNP monsoon trough, WNP subtropical high, east
   Asian subtropical front, and Okhotsk high. The WNP monsoon has leading
   spectral peaks at 50 and 16 months, whereas the Indian monsoon displays
   a primary peak around 30 months. The WNPSM is weak during the decay of
   an El Nino, whereas the ISM tends to abate when an El Nino develops.
   Since the late 1970s, the WNPSM has become more variable, but its
   relationship with El Nino remained steady; in contrast, the ISM has
   become less variable and its linkage with El Nino has dramatically
   declined. These contrasting features are in part attributed to the
   differing processes of monsoon-ocean interaction.
   Also found is a teleconnection between a suppressed WNPSM and deficient
   summer rainfall over the Great Plains of the United States. This boreal
   summer teleconnection is forced by the heat source fluctuation
   associated with the WNPSM and appears to be established through
   excitation of Rossby wave trains and perturbation of the jet stream that
   further excites downstream optimum unstable modes.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Wang, B (Corresponding Author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean \& Earth Sci \& Technol, Int Pacific Res Ctr, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean \& Earth Sci \& Technol, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   NASA, Climate \& Radiat Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4073:IVOTAS>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; TROPOSPHERIC BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; EL-NINO;
   EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; RAINFALL VARIABILITY; INTERDECADAL CHANGES; TROPICAL
   PACIFIC; ENSO; SYSTEM; IMPACT}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Lau, William K/E-1510-2012}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Lau, William K/0000-0002-3587-3691}},
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