text:
mutually different flower
   colors. However, such color dispersion is not ubiquitous, suggesting a
   variable selection across communities and existence of some opposing
   factors. We conducted a 30-week study in a plant community and measured
   the floral reflectances of 244 species. The reflectances were evaluated
   in insect color spaces (bees, swallowtails, and flies), and the
   dispersion was compared with random expectations. We found that
   co-existing colors were overdispersed for each analyzed pollinator type,
   and this overdispersion was statistically significant for bees.
   Furthermore, we showed that exclusion of 32 aliens from the analysis
   significantly increased the color dispersion of native flowers in every
   color space. This result indicated that aliens disturbed a native
   plant-pollinator network via similarly colored flowers. Our results
   demonstrate the masking effects of aliens in the detection of color
   dispersion of native flowers and that variations in pollinator vision
   yield different outcomes. Our results also support the hypothesis that
   co-flowering species are one of the drivers of color diversification and
   affect the community assembly.}},
Publisher = {{PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE}},
Address = {{1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Makino, TT (Corresponding Author), Yamagata Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa, Yamagata 990, Japan.
   Makino, Takashi T.; Yokoyama, Jun, Yamagata Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Yamagata 990, Japan.
   Yokoyama, Jun, Yamagata Univ, Inst Reg Innovat, Yamagata 990, Japan.}},
DOI = {{10.1371/journal.pone.0143443}},
Article-Number = {{e0143443}},
ISSN = {{1932-6203}},
Keywords-Plus = {{POLLINATION SYSTEMS; BOMBUS-TERRESTRIS; FLORAL COLOR; CHARACTER
   DISPLACEMENT; INSECT POLLINATORS; VISION; DISCRIMINATION; COMPETITION;
   HUMMINGBIRD; MIMICRY}},
Research-Areas = {{Science \& Technology - Other Topics}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Multidisciplinary Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{mkntkst@gmail.com}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Sasakawa Scientific Research {[}25-503]; JSPS KAKENHI GrantMinistry of
   Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan
   Society for the Promotion of ScienceGrants-in-Aid for Scientific
   Research (KAKENHI) {[}26840139, 26291076]}},
Funding-Text = {{This work was supported by The Sasakawa Scientific Research (No. 25-503)
   to TTM, http://www.jss.or.jp/ikusei/sasakawa/; a JSPS KAKENHI Grant (No.
   26840139) to TTM, http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/index.html; and a JSPS
   KAKENHI Grant (No. 26291076) to JY,
   http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/index.html.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{58}},
Times-Cited = {{10}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{35}},
Journal-ISO = {{PLoS One}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{CZ1YX}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000366903300018}},
OA = {{DOAJ Gold, Green Published}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000370892600011,
Author = {Schlueter, Mark A. and Stewart, Nicholas G.},
Title = {{Native Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) Abundance and Diversity in North
   Georgia Apple Orchards throughout the 2010 Growing Season (March to
   October)}},
Journal = {{SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{4}},
Pages = {{721-739}},
Month = {{DEC}},
Abstract = {{Bees play a key role in agriculture, directly affecting the production
   of over one-third of the human food supply. Apis mellifera (Honey Bee),
   the chief pollinator used in commercial agriculture, has been in
   decline. Reliance on a single species for the pollination of a
   significant portion of commercial agriculture can be dangerous. One
   alternative to using Honey Bees as the main commercial pollinator is
   native bees. In this study, we document native bee species diversity and
   abundance throughout the 2010 growing season (March through October) at
   4 North Georgia Malus domestica (Apple) orchards. The 4 study sites
   included 2 large-scale orchards (Mercier Orchards and Hillside Orchards)
   and 2 smallscale orchards (Mountain View Orchards and Tiger Mountain
   Orchards). A comprehensive sampling methodology using pan-traps,
   vane-traps, malaise traps, and sweep-netting was performed at each
   orchard on 8 separate collection days. A total of 1817 bees were
   identified to species. These bees comprised 128 species in 28 genera in
   5 families. Several native bee species were quite common and widespread
   at all 4 orchards. These native bee species included: Andrena crataegi,
   A. perplexa, Lasioglossum imitatum, L. pilosum, and Xylocopa virginica
   (Eastern Carpenter Bee). Andrena crataegi was identified as the best
   native bee candidate for Apple pollination in North Georgia due to its
   abundance, wide-spread distribution in Georgia Apple orchards, and its
   life-history characteristics.}},
Publisher = {{HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST}},
Address = {{PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Schlueter, MA (Corresponding Author), Georgia Gwinnett Coll, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA.
   Schlueter, Mark A.; Stewart, Nicholas G., Georgia Gwinnett Coll, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1656/058.014.0416}},
ISSN = {{1528-7092}},
EISSN = {{1938-5412}},
Keywords-Plus = {{LASIOGLOSSUM DIALICTUS; POLLINATORS; HONEY; HALICTIDAE; REVISION}},
Research-Areas = {{Biodiversity \& Conservation; Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology}},
Author-Email = {{mschluet@ggc.edu}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{USDA-NIFA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) grant
   {[}OS-11-061]}},
Funding-Text = {{The authors would like to thank the Apple farmers (Joe Dickey, Tim
   Mercier, Robert Mitchum Sr., and Robert Massee) who participated in the
   study. We are grateful to Sam Droege (US Native Bee Lab, US Geological
   Survey, Patuxent Research Center) for his aid in the identification of
   rare and difficult to identify bee species. Catherine Schlueter, Mehul
   Desai, and Peter Schlueter participated in the collection and sorting of
   bees. Sarah Schlueter helped prepare the manuscript and assisted with
   various aspects of the project. Richard Brown gave his significant
   feedback, which improved the usefulness of the manuscript. Funding for
   this study was provided by a USDA-NIFA Sustainable Agriculture Research
   and Education (SARE) grant OS-11-061.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{25}},
Times-Cited = {{4}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{32}},
Journal-ISO = {{Southeast. Nat.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{DE8NL}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000370892600011}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000369017900016,
Author = {Straub, Lars and Williams, Geoffrey R. and Pettis, Jeff and Fries,
   Ingemar and Neumann, Peter},
Title = {{Superorganism resilience: eusociality and susceptibility of ecosystem
   service providing insects to stressors}},
Journal = {{CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{12}},
Pages = {{109-112}},
Month = {{DEC}},
Abstract = {{Insects provide crucial ecosystem services for human food security and
   maintenance of biodiversity. It is therefore not surprising that major
   declines in wild insects, combined with losses of managed bees, have
   raised great concern. Recent data suggest that honey bees appear to be
   less susceptible to stressors compared to other species. Here we argue
   that eusociality plays a key role for the susceptibility of insects to
   environmental stressors due to what we call superorganism resilience,
   which can be defined as the ability to tolerate the loss of somatic
   cells (=workers) as long as the germ line (=reproduction) is maintained.
   Life history and colony size appear critical for such resilience. Future
   conservation efforts should take superorganism resilience into account
   to safeguard ecosystem services by insects.}},
Publisher = {{ELSEVIER}},
Address = {{RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Straub, L (Corresponding Author), Univ Bern, Vetsuisse Fac, Inst Bee Hlth, Bern, Switzerland.
   Straub, Lars; Williams, Geoffrey R.; Neumann, Peter, Univ Bern, Vetsuisse Fac, Inst Bee Hlth, Bern, Switzerland.
   Straub, Lars; Williams, Geoffrey R.; Neumann, Peter, Agroscope, Swiss Bee Res Ctr, Bern, Switzerland.
   Pettis, Jeff, ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD USA.
   Fries, Ingemar, Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.}},
DOI = {{10.1016/j.cois.2015.10.010}},
ISSN = {{2214-5745}},
EISSN = {{2214-5753}},
Keywords-Plus = {{AETHIOPICUS SMITH HYMENOPTERA; NEONICOTINOID PESTICIDES; POPULATION
   DECLINES; ANT; CONSERVATION; INCREASES; EVOLUTION; IMPACTS; HEALTH;
   TRENDS}},
Research-Areas = {{Life Sciences \& Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences \&
   Ecology; Entomology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Biology; Ecology; Entomology}},
Author-Email = {{lars.straub@vetsuisse.unibe.ch}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Straub, Lars/AAP-2820-2020
   Neumann, Peter/C-9964-2015
   Williams, Geoffrey/C-9637-2015}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Neumann, Peter/0000-0001-5163-5215
   Williams, Geoffrey/0000-0002-0093-1126}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Bundesamt fur Umwelt (BAFU); Agroscope; Vinetum Foundation}},
Funding-Text = {{Financial support was granted to LS, GW, and PN by the Bundesamt fur
   Umwelt (BAFU), by Agroscope to GW and by the Vinetum Foundation to PN.
   Sincere thanks to the reviewers who provided valuable suggestions.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{41}},
Times-Cited = {{40}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{60}},
Journal-ISO = {{Curr. Opin. Insect Sci.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{DC1ZV}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000369017900016}},
OA = {{Other Gold, Green Published}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000368444200011,
Author = {Bozek, Malgorzata and Strzalkowska-Abramek, Monika and Denisow, Bozena},
Title = {{NECTAR AND POLLEN PRODUCTION AND INSECT VISITATION ON ORNAMENTALS FROM
   THE GENUS HOSTA Tratt. (ASPARAGACEAE)}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL SCIENCE}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{59}},
Number = {{2}},
Pages = {{115-125}},
Month = {{DEC}},
Abstract = {{Properly arranged ornamental gardens in both urban and agricultural
   landscapes can be of a benefit to bees. In this study, we observed the
   flowering phenology, nectar, and pollen production of the ornamental
   Hosta species and varieties (H. sieboldiana Engler, H. capitata Nakai,
   H. crispula Maekawa, H. fluctuans Maekawa, syn. H. sieboldiana var.
   fluctuans hort., H. undulata var. univittata Miquel (Hylander), syn. H.
   univittata). Our experiment was conducted in the 2012 - 2014 time
   period, at the UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin, Poland (51 degrees 14'
   N, 21 degrees 34' E). The total sugar yield varied almost 5-fold among
   Hosta ornamentals; the lowest amount was calculated for H. fluctuans
   (2.31 g per 10 m(2)) and the highest for H. capitata (11.80 g per 10
   m(2)). The average pollen yield was from 0.24 g per 10 m(2) (H. undulata
   var. univittata) to 9.53 g per 10 m(2) (H. capitata). Pollen grains were
   bilaterally symmetrical, and large-sized. In polar view, they were
   prolatum (shape index 1.33 - 1.61), while in equatorial view, oblatum
   (shape index 0.5 - 0.7). Hosta species can complete the summer pasture
   mainly for bumblebees. In four of the five Hosta representatives,
   bumblebees accounted for 60 - 70\% of the total visits. The honeybee
   predominated only on the flowers of H. capitata (54 - 71\%). Solitary
   bees were rarely observed (3 - 9\% of visits). The phenotypic traits of
   Hosta flowers (the accumulation of nectar in the deep and narrow
   perianth tube) reduced the access to nectar reward and restricted an
   array of insect visitors.}},
Publisher = {{RESEARCH INST POMOLOGY FLORICULTURE, DIV APICULTURE}},
Address = {{UL KAZIMIERSKA 2, PULAWY, 24-100, POLAND}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Denisow, B (Corresponding Author), Univ Life Sci Lublin, Dept Bot, 15 Akad St, PL-20950 Lublin, Poland.
   Bozek, Malgorzata; Strzalkowska-Abramek, Monika; Denisow, Bozena, Univ Life Sci Lublin, Dept Bot, PL-20950 Lublin, Poland.}},
DOI = {{10.1515/JAS-2015-0021}},
ISSN = {{1643-4439}},
EISSN = {{2299-4831}},
Keywords = {{bee pasture; bumblebees; honeybees; Hosta; nectar; pollen}},
Keywords-Plus = {{POLLINATION; FLOWERS; BEES; MORPHOLOGY; DYNAMICS; GARDENS; L.}},
Research-Areas = {{Entomology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Entomology}},
Author-Email = {{bozena.denisow@up.lublin.pl}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Bozek, Malgorzata/0000-0001-9937-0500
   Strzalkowska-Abramek, Monika/0000-0002-6900-6975
   Denisow, Bozena/0000-0001-6718-7496}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland as a part of the
   Department of Botany, the University of Life Sciences, in Lublin
   {[}OKB/DS/2]}},
Funding-Text = {{This research was supported financially by the Ministry of Science and
   Higher Education of Poland (project OKB/DS/2) as a part of statutory
   activities of the Department of Botany, the University of Life Sciences,
   in Lublin. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their valuable
   comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Our thanks also go to
   Dr. hab. Anna Wroblewska, Prof. UP and to Dr. Ernest Stawiarz for making
   the microphotographic documentation possible. We thank Jacek Jachula and
   Paula Poleszak for assistance with the field observations.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{35}},
Times-Cited = {{6}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{15}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Apic. Sci.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{DB3WO}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000368444200011}},
OA = {{DOAJ Gold}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000368144700008,
Author = {Shen, Z. -W. and Matthew, C. and Nan, Z. -B. and Wang, Y. -R.},
Title = {{Fruit set in perennial vetch (Vicia unijuga): reproductive system and
   insect role in pollination}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{139}},
Number = {{10}},
Pages = {{791-799}},
Month = {{DEC}},
Abstract = {{Perennial vetch (Vicia unijuga) is a wild plant found in parts of East
   Asia and potentially valuable as a forage species for more extreme
   environments. Information on its reproductive system and pollination
   biology is needed for progress in domestication of the species. We
   characterized the reproductive system of perennial vetch as facultative
   xenogamy (i.e. it is largely cross-pollinated by insects but is also
   self-compatible and can selfpollinate). There was no significant
   difference (P > 0.05) in the fruit set ratio between insect
   cross-pollination and artificial cross-pollination at the seed
   maturation stage, but natural self-pollination was inefficient. In our
   study conducted on the Tibetan plateau, eight insect species (especially
   certain bumble bees) are identified as potential pollinators, and four
   other insect species belonging to the Lepidoptera and Diptera visited
   flowers but are unlikely to be pollinators. The flower visitation rate
   of wild bumble bees was 1.6-3.3 times higher than domestic honeybees,
   with Bombus lepidus having the highest visitation rate of 15.7
   florets/min. The diurnal floret opening rhythm of perennial vetch was
   synchronized with diurnal activity of potential pollinators. Optimal
   pollination of perennial vetch would likely be achieved using wild bees,
   as they have behaviour characteristics and flower tripping ability
   necessary, and are present in sufficient numbers to be efficient
   pollinators of this crop. However, even with sufficiency of pollination,
   there remains a fundamental problem with low fruit set which requires
   further investigation from a plant biology perspective.}},
Publisher = {{WILEY}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Nan, ZB (Corresponding Author), Lanzhou Univ, Coll Pastoral Agr Sci \& Technol, POB 61, Lanzhou 730020, Peoples R China.
   Shen, Z. -W.; Nan, Z. -B.; Wang, Y. -R., Lanzhou Univ, Coll Pastoral Agr Sci \& Technol, Lanzhou 730020, Peoples R China.
   Matthew, C., Massey Univ, Inst Agr \& Environm PN433, Palmerston North, New Zealand.}},
DOI = {{10.1111/jen.12217}},
ISSN = {{0931-2048}},
EISSN = {{1439-0418}},
Keywords = {{alpine habitats; breeding system; pod set; pollination activity; Vicia
   unijuga; wild bumble bees}},
Keywords-Plus = {{POLEMONIUM-VISCOSUM; SEED ABORTION; HONEYBEES; POPULATION; DIVERSITY;
   BEHAVIOR}},
Research-Areas = {{Entomology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Entomology}},
Author-Email = {{zhibiao@lzu.edu.cn}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)National Basic
   Research Program of China {[}2007CB108902]}},
Funding-Text = {{This study was supported by National Basic Research Program of China
   (973 Program) (2007CB108902). We thank Prof. Ting Lu (Gansu Agricultural
   University, China) for assistance with insect identification and Prof.
   Benjian Chen (Gansu Agricultural University, China) for assistance with
   flowering plant identification.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{44}},
Times-Cited = {{5}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{25}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Appl. Entomol.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{DA9QN}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000368144700008}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000367669000014,
Author = {McLennan, Matthew R.},
Title = {{Is Honey a Fallback Food for Wild Chimpanzees or Just a Sweet Treat?}},
Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{158}},
Number = {{4}},
Pages = {{685-695}},
Month = {{DEC}},
Abstract = {{Objectives: Honey is a highly nutritious resource for any primate able
   to exploit it. Wild chimpanzees exploit nests of honey-making bees
   (Apini and Meliponini) for honey and brood, typically using tools to
   overcome the bees' defences. The universality of honey-gathering among
   modern human foragers in tropical climates and chimpanzees suggests
   energy-rich honey, acquired with tools, was likely a regular food for
   ancestral hominins. However, few studies have assessed its role in
   seasonal foraging strategies of chimpanzees. This study asks whether
   honey serves as a high-quality fallback food for chimpanzees at Bulindi,
   Uganda.
   Materials and Methods: Honey consumption was investigated via fecal
   analysis over 22 months during two studies (Study 1: 2007-2008; Study 2:
   2012-2014). Additionally, flower and fruit phenology was measured during
   Study 1; peak flowering intensity was expected to facilitate increased
   honey and/or brood production by bees.
   Results: Chimpanzees consumed honey (and/or brood) at low frequencies
   year-round, but bees/beeswax appeared in feces at higher frequencies
   with decreasing fruit availability (Study 1). Honey consumption was
   unrelated to flowering and chimpanzees did not consume honey more
   frequently during the ``honey season{''} when local people harvest
   beehives. Moreover, consumption was inversely related to fruit intake
   (both study periods).
   Discussion: Although honey fits the functional definition of a filler
   fallback food at Bulindi, the chimpanzees unlikely depend on honey to
   replace nutrients provided by fruit. Overall, honey best qualifies as an
   energy-dense ``treat{''} during low fruiting months. The data lend
   support to the hypothesis that tools can facilitate chimpanzees' access
   to high-quality fallbacks including insect foods when fruit availability
   is low. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}},
Publisher = {{WILEY}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{McLennan, MR (Corresponding Author), Oxford Brookes Univ, Fac Humanities \& Social Sci, Oxford OX3 0BP, England.
   McLennan, Matthew R., Oxford Brookes Univ, Anthropol Ctr Conservat Environm \& Dev, Oxford OX3 0BP, England.}},
DOI = {{10.1002/ajpa.22824}},
ISSN = {{0002-9483}},
EISSN = {{1096-8644}},
Keywords = {{extractive foraging; insectivory; Pan troglodytes; seasonality; tool use}},
Keywords-Plus = {{IMPENETRABLE NATIONAL-PARK; PAN-T-TROGLODYTES; TOOL-USE; LOPE-RESERVE;
   FEEDING ECOLOGY; FRUIT SCARCITY; APIS-MELLIFERA; FOREST; UGANDA;
   RESPONSES}},
Research-Areas = {{Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology}},
Author-Email = {{mmclennan@brookes.ac.uk}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{McLennan, Matthew/0000-0002-5925-1483}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Leverhulme TrustLeverhulme Trust; Economic and Social Research Council
   (ESRC)Economic \& Social Research Council (ESRC); Natural Environment
   Research Council (NERC)NERC Natural Environment Research Council;
   Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT)Portuguese Foundation for
   Science and Technology}},
Funding-Text = {{Grant sponsor: The Leverhulme Trust, The Economic and Social Research
   Council (ESRC), The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC),
   Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT).}},
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   Yamagiwa J, 2009, AM J PHYS ANTHROPOL, V140, P739, DOI 10.1002/ajpa.21102.
   Yamakoshi G, 1998, AM J PHYS ANTHROPOL, V106, P283, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199807)106:3<283::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-O.}},
Number-of-Cited-References = {{89}},
Times-Cited = {{4}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{17}},
Journal-ISO = {{Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{DA3AT}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000367669000014}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000367825700014,
Author = {Costa, L. M. and Grella, T. C. and Barbosa, R. A. and Malaspina, O. and
   Nocelli, R. C. F.},
Title = {{Determination of acute lethal doses (LD50 and LC50) of imidacloprid for
   the native bee Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera:
   Apidae)}},
Journal = {{SOCIOBIOLOGY}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{62}},
Number = {{4}},
Pages = {{578-582}},
Month = {{DEC}},
Abstract = {{The bee species Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera:
   Apidae) is native to Brazil and, stingless. In Brazil, stingless bees
   are responsible for 40\% to 90\% of tree species pollination, depending
   on the considered ecosystem. However, their survival has been threatened
   since the country has been standing out as a big consumer of pesticides.
   Many of the pesticides used are considered toxic to bees, including
   imidacloprid. Although the bees are not the target of these substances,
   they are highly vulnerable to contamination. Thereby, the objective of
   this study was to establish the mean lethal dose (LD50) and the mean
   lethal concentration (LC50) of imidacloprid for the M. scutellaris. In
   order to carry out this experiment, bees were collected and the test was
   performed according to OECD's protocol (1998a, 1998b), developed for A.
   mellifera. For the determination of LD50 and LC50, data was analyzed
   through the Probit method. The topical LD50 established in this study
   was 2.41 ng/ bee for 24 hours and 1.29 ng/bee for 48 hours. The oral
   LC50 was 2.01 ng i.a./mu L for 24 hours and 0.81 ng i.a./mu L for 48
   hours. Thus, it is important to establish management methods which take
   this higher susceptibility into account to protect native species.}},
Publisher = {{UNIV ESTADUAL FEIRA SANTANA}},
Address = {{AV TRANSORDESTINA S N NOVO HORIZONTE, FEIRA DE SANTANA, BAHAI
   CEP44036-900, BRAZIL}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Costa, LM (Corresponding Author), Fed Univ Sao Carlos UFSCar, Ctr Agr Sci, Anhanguera Rd,Km 174, BR-13600970 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Costa, L. M.; Grella, T. C.; Nocelli, R. C. F., Fed Univ Sao Carlos UFSCar, Campus Araras, SP, Brazil.
   Barbosa, R. A.; Malaspina, O., Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Campus Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.}},
ISSN = {{0361-6525}},
Keywords = {{Stingless bee; neonicotinoid; toxicity}},
Keywords-Plus = {{HONEY-BEE; TOXICITY; FIPRONIL; METABOLITES; INSECTICIDE; PESTICIDES}},
Research-Areas = {{Entomology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Entomology}},
Author-Email = {{costa.l.mariano@gmail.com}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Nocelli, Roberta/AAE-7402-2020
   Nocelli, Roberta/E-7354-2012}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Nocelli, Roberta/0000-0003-2900-6310}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de
   Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) {[}2013/20666-3];
   {[}2012/50197-2]}},
Funding-Text = {{The authors thank to Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao
   Paulo (FAPESP) for the scholarship (Process no. 2013/20666-3) and
   financial support (Process no. 2012/50197-2).}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{27}},
Times-Cited = {{14}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{28}},
Journal-ISO = {{Sociobiology}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{DA5EN}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000367825700014}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000367182600012,
Author = {Sampson, B. J. and Rinehart, T. A. and Kirker, G. T. and Stringer, S. J.
   and Werle, C. T.},
Title = {{Phenotypic Variation in Fitness Traits of a Managed Solitary Bee, Osmia
   ribifloris (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{108}},
Number = {{6}},
Pages = {{2589-2598}},
Month = {{DEC}},
Abstract = {{We investigated fitness in natural populations of a managed solitary bee
   Osmia ribifloris Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from sites
   separated from 400 to 2,700 km. Parental wild bees originated in central
   Texas (TX), central-northern Utah (UT), and central California (CA).
   They were then intercrossed and raised inside a mesh enclosure in
   southern Mississippi (MS). Females from all possible mated pairs of O.
   ribifloris produced F-1 broods with 30-40\% female cocoons and
   outcrossed progeny were 30\% heavier. Mitochondrial (COI) genomes of the
   four populations revealed three distinct clades, a TX-CA clade, a UT
   clade, and an MS clade, the latter (MS) representing captive progeny of
   CA and UT bees. Although classified as separate subspecies, TX and CA
   populations from 30A degrees N to 38A degrees N latitude shared 98\%
   similarity in COI genomes and the greatest brood biomass per nest straw
   (600- to 700-mg brood). Thus, TX and CA bees show greater adaptation for
   southern U.S. sites. In contrast, UT-sourced bees were more distantly
   related to TX and CA bees and also produced similar to 50\% fewer brood.
   These results, taken together, confirm that adult O. ribifloris from all
   trap-nest sites are genetically compatible, but some phenotypic
   variation exists that could affect this species performance as a
   commercial blueberry pollinator. Males, their sperm, or perhaps a
   substance in their sperm helped stabilize our captive bee population by
   promoting legitimate nesting over nest usurpation. Otherwise, without
   insemination, 50\% fewer females nested (they nested 14 d late) and 20\%
   usurped nests, killing 33-67\% of brood in affected nests.}},
Publisher = {{OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC}},
Address = {{JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Sampson, BJ (Corresponding Author), USDA ARS, Thad Cochran Southern Hort Lab, 810 Hwy 26 West, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA.
   Sampson, B. J.; Rinehart, T. A.; Stringer, S. J.; Werle, C. T., USDA ARS, Thad Cochran Southern Hort Lab, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA.
   Kirker, G. T., USDA FS Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53726 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1093/jee/tov233}},
ISSN = {{0022-0493}},
EISSN = {{1938-291X}},
Keywords = {{mtDNA; conservation; usurpation; captivity; pollination}},
Keywords-Plus = {{INBREEDING DEPRESSION; ROTUNDATA HYMENOPTERA; ECOLOGICAL GENETICS;
   NESTING SUCCESS; LEAFCUTTER BEE; MASON BEE; BODY-SIZE; SEX-RATIO;
   LIGNARIA; CONSERVATION}},
Research-Areas = {{Entomology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Entomology}},
Author-Email = {{blair.sampson@ars.usda.gov}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
   CRISUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
   {[}6404-21430-001-00D]}},
Funding-Text = {{We are grateful to Jim Cane and Jack Neff for providing bees and Ray
   Langlois for field assistance. We also thank anonymous reviewers for
   greatly improving the manuscript. This research was funded by the United
   States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service CRIS
   Project number 6404-21430-001-00D.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{60}},
Times-Cited = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{16}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Econ. Entomol.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{CZ6AD}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000367182600012}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000367210700005,
Author = {Williams, Neal M. and Ward, Kimiora L. and Pope, Nathaniel and Isaacs,
   Rufus and Wilson, Julianna and May, Emily A. and Ellis, Jamie and
   Daniels, Jaret and Pence, Akers and Ullmann, Katharina and Peters, Jeff},
Title = {{Native wildflower plantings support wild bee abundance and diversity in
   agricultural landscapes across the United States}},
Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{25}},
Number = {{8}},
Pages = {{2119-2131}},
Month = {{DEC}},
Abstract = {{Global trends in pollinator-dependent crops have raised awareness of the
   need to support managed and wild bee populations to ensure sustainable
   crop production. Provision of sufficient forage resources is a key
   element for promoting bee populations within human impacted landscapes,
   particularly those in agricultural lands where demand for pollination
   service is high and land use and management practices have reduced
   available flowering resources. Recent government incentives in North
   America and Europe support the planting of wildflowers to benefit
   pollinators; surprisingly, in North America there has been almost no
   rigorous testing of the performance of wildflower mixes, or their
   ability to support wild bee abundance and diversity. We tested different
   wildflower mixes in a spatially replicated, multiyear study in three
   regions of North America where production of pollinator-dependent crops
   is high: Florida, Michigan, and California. In each region, we
   quantified flowering among wildflower mixes composed of annual and
   perennial species, and with high and low relative diversity. We measured
   the abundance and species richness of wild bees, honey bees, and syrphid
   flies at each mix over two seasons. In each region, some but not all
   wildflower mixes provided significantly greater floral display area than
   unmanaged weedy control plots. Mixes also attracted greater abundance
   and richness of wild bees, although the identity of best mixes varied
   among regions. By partitioning floral display size from mix identity we
   show the importance of display size for attracting abundant and diverse
   wild bees. Season-long monitoring also revealed that designing mixes to
   provide continuous bloom throughout the growing season is critical to
   supporting the greatest pollinator species richness. Contrary to
   expectation, perennials bloomed in their first season, and
   complementarity in attraction of pollinators among annuals and
   perennials suggests that inclusion of functionally diverse species may
   provide the greatest benefit. Wildflower mixes may be particularly
   important for providing resources for some taxa, such as bumble bees,
   which are known to be in decline in several regions of North America. No
   mix consistently attained the full diversity that was planted. Further
   study is needed on how to achieve the desired floral display and
   diversity from seed mixes.}},
Publisher = {{ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER}},
Address = {{1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Williams, NM (Corresponding Author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol \& Nematol, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Williams, Neal M.; Ward, Kimiora L.; Ullmann, Katharina, Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol \& Nematol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Pope, Nathaniel, Univ Texas Austin, Dept Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Isaacs, Rufus; Wilson, Julianna; May, Emily A., Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Ellis, Jamie; Daniels, Jaret; Pence, Akers, Univ Florida, Dept Entomol \& Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Daniels, Jaret, Univ Florida, McGuire Ctr Lepidoptera \& Biodivers, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Peters, Jeff, Syngenta Crop Protect LLC, Greensboro, NC 27419 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1890/14-1748.1.sm}},
ISSN = {{1051-0761}},
EISSN = {{1939-5582}},
Keywords = {{agricultural landscapes; attractiveness; bees; biodiversity; floral
   resources; habitat enhancement; native plants; pollinator diversity;
   syrphids; wildflowers}},
Keywords-Plus = {{AGRI-ENVIRONMENT SCHEMES; FORAGING RANGE; OILSEED RAPE; LAND-USE;
   CONSERVATION; POLLINATORS; BUMBLEBEES; BIODIVERSITY; DENSITY; SCALE}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Ecology; Environmental Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{nmwilliams@ucdavis.edu}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Isaacs, Rufus/AAF-4646-2019
   Jaret, Daniels/AAY-2404-2020
   Ellis, James/L-7985-2013
   }},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Isaacs, Rufus/0000-0001-7523-4643
   Wilson, Julianna K/0000-0003-0807-5421}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{National Fish and Wildlife Foundation as part of Syngenta Operation
   Pollinator(C); NSF Predoctoral FellowshipNational Science Foundation
   (NSF)}},
Funding-Text = {{This project was supported by grants from the National Fish and Wildlife
   Foundation as part of Syngenta Operation Pollinator(C) to N. M.
   Williams, R. Isaacs, J. Ellis, and J. Daniels, and an NSF Predoctoral
   Fellowship to N. Pope. Robbin Thorp (UC Davis Entomology) provided final
   identification of species for California and J. Gibbs assisted with bee
   identifications in Michigan and Florida. We also thank J. Anderson, M.
   Vanhorn, and I. Herrera (California); K. Mason, J. Wise, M. Daly, J.
   Seward, J. Skeltis, and B. Klein (Michigan) for invaluable help in
   setting up plots. Our thanks to K. Ellis, R. Glaeser, M. Knoderbane, B.
   Ansaldi, A. Rich, K. Aho, E. Weber, L. Rilko, A. Leach, H. Burke, K.
   Buckley, P. Herrera, J. Graham, J. Klopchin, and J. Aris for their help
   with field collection and their sorting and curation of specimens.
   Author contributions: NMW, KLW, RI, NP, JE, and JD wrote the paper. NMW,
   RI, JE, and JD designed the experiment and prepared the funding proposal
   with input from JP. NMW, KLW, and NP designed analysis, which was
   completed by NP and NMW. KLW, NP, KU, AP, JW, EM, NMW, RI, JE, and JD
   coordinated and carried out fieldwork.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{54}},
Times-Cited = {{90}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{13}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{253}},
Journal-ISO = {{Ecol. Appl.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{CZ6KR}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000367210700005}},
OA = {{Other Gold}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000366540600037,
Author = {Ramirez-Valiente, J. A. and Robledo-Arnuncio, J. J.},
Title = {{Exotic gene flow affects fitness trait values but not levels of
   heritable trait variation in the southernmost population of Scots pine
   (Pinus sylvestris L. var. nevadensis)}},
Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{192}},
Pages = {{331-342}},
Month = {{DEC}},
Abstract = {{Large-scale human-mediated translocation of plants is a widespread
   phenomenon throughout the world. In this study, we examine the extent to
   which exotic gene flow from conspecific plantations of mesic origin
   impacts pre- and post-dispersal fitness, seedling phenotype, and
   quantitative genetic variation of the relict southernmost native
   population of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. nevadensis Christ). For
   this purpose, we conducted controlled pollinations to obtain native,
   exotic and intraspecific hybrid progenies for testing seed viability and
   seedling performance under experimental common-garden conditions
   mimicking the severe summer drought in the native population's
   environment. Proportion of aborted seeds was markedly higher in exotic
   (>60\%) than in intraspecific hybrid (similar to 24\%) and native (18\%)
   progenies. Seed germination time and rate were similar across genetic
   crosses. Hybrid and exotic seedlings died on average 1.2 and 0.8 days
   earlier than local progenies when exposed to the drought treatment.
   Cumulative mortality rate was positively associated to biomass
   allocation in needles, suggesting that higher investment in needles is
   maladaptive in dry environments for P. sylvestris, probably because of
   increased total transpiration. Native progenies harbored higher genetic
   variation than exotic progenies, but similar to hybrids for most
   phenotypic traits, suggesting low impact of exotic gene flow on the
   levels of heritable genetic variation of the relict population. To the
   extent that our results held in natural conditions, they suggest that
   natural selection in the relict's dry natural environment could
   potentially hamper the effective establishment of exotic genes via seed
   and pollen dispersal from the plantations, and that exotic hybridization
   would not significantly affect the potential of early recruits in
   response to selection. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}},
Publisher = {{ELSEVIER SCI LTD}},
Address = {{THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Ramirez-Valiente, JA (Corresponding Author), EBD CSIC, Conservat \& Evolutionary Genet Grp, Dept Integrat Ecol, Donana Biol Stn, Avda Americo Vespucio S-N, Seville 41092, Spain.
   Ramirez-Valiente, J. A.; Robledo-Arnuncio, J. J., INIA CIFOR, Dept Forest Ecol \& Genet, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.}},
DOI = {{10.1016/j.biocon.2015.10.011}},
ISSN = {{0006-3207}},
EISSN = {{1873-2917}},
Keywords = {{Conservation genetics; Genetic variation; Heritability; Hybridization;
   Introgression; Translocations}},
Keywords-Plus = {{OUTBREEDING DEPRESSION; ESTABLISHMENT SUCCESS; POSTGLACIAL HISTORY;
   QUANTITATIVE TRAIT; MARITIME PINE; HYBRIDIZATION; DROUGHT; DETERMINES;
   DISPERSAL; PATTERNS}},
Research-Areas = {{Biodiversity \& Conservation; Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{josealberto.ramirezvaliente@gmail.com}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Robledo-Arnuncio, Juan J./G-6792-2012}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Robledo-Arnuncio, Juan J./0000-0002-3909-8928}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness {[}CGL2009-09428]}},
Funding-Text = {{We thank Fernando del Cano and Diana Barba for their help in the
   controlled pollinations, seed sowing and seedling harvest. We also thank
   Sergio San Segundo for his help in preparing the samples for biochemical
   analyses and Jose Maria Climent, Ricardo Alia and Regina Chambel for
   productive discussions about the experimental design. We are also
   grateful to Mario Sanchez for the technical assistance in the greenhouse
   and the editor and two reviewers for their constructive comments. This
   study was funded by CGL2009-09428 project from the Spanish Ministry of
   Economy and Competitiveness.}},
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