text:
regions converge
	toward desert (and semi-desert) regions, causing areas with high
	vegetation cover to become gradually more arid. Furthermore, land
	surface changes in Northwest China are responsible for a decrease
	in total cloud cover, a decline in the fraction of low and middle
	clouds, an increase in high cloud cover (due to thermodynamic activity)
	and other regional climatic adaptations. It is proposed that, beginning
	in 1995, these cloud cover changes contributed to a "greenhouse"
	effect, leading to the rapid air temperature increases and other
	regional climate impacts that have been observed over Northwest China.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0256-1530},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The influence of land surface changes on regional climate in northwest
	China},
  timestamp = {2012.10.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000246566200015 http://www.springerlink.com/content/f411h48vx0v5414v/fulltext.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Xue1991,
  author = {Xue, Y. and Sellers, P. J. and Kinter, J. L. and Shukla, J.},
  title = {{A} Simplified Biosphere Model for Global Climate Studies},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {345-364},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {A Simplified Biosphere Model for Global Climate Studies},
  timestamp = {2012.11.12}
}

@ARTICLE{Xue1996,
  author = {Xue, Y. K. and Shukla, J.},
  title = {{T}he influence of land surface properties on {S}ahel climate .2.
	{A}fforestation},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {3260-3275},
  number = {12},
  abstract = {A numerical experiment was performed to explore the nature of and
	mechanisms for the effect of large-scale afforestation in the sub-Saharan
	area on the climate. This sensitivity study, which consists of several
	short-term integrations of a climate model, suggests that afforestation
	would enhance the rainfall in the region and would have the largest
	impact during dry years. While the rainfall increased in the afforestation
	area, it decreased to the south of that region. It was found that
	this land surface change altered the surface energy balance and induced
	a circulation change that led to a change in rainfall. The influences
	of different vegetation species and the extent of the afforestation
	area on the rainfall were tested and are discussed. Reducing the
	afforestation area by about 50% still resulted in a positive simulated
	rainfall anomaly. A detailed analysis of the surface energy balance
	is presented. A comparison between the effects of afforestation and
	desertification is also made.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {Afforestation model Sahel},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The influence of land surface properties on sahel climate .2. Afforestation},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Xue1993,
  author = {Xue, Y. K. and Shukla, J.},
  title = {THE INFLUENCE OF LAND-SURFACE PROPERTIES ON {S}AHEL CLIMATE .1. {D}ESERTIFICATION},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {2232-2245},
  number = {12},
  abstract = {This is a general circulation model sensitivity study of the physical
	mechanisms of the effects of desertification on the Sahel drought.
	The model vegetation types were changed in the prescribed desertification
	area, which led to changes in the surface characteristics. The model
	was integrated for three months (June, July, August) with climatological
	surface conditions (control) and desertification conditions (anomaly)
	to examine the summer season response to the changed surface conditions.
	The control and anomaly experiments consisted of five pairs of integrations
	with different initial conditions and/or sea surface temperature
	boundary conditions. In the desertification experiment, the moisture
	flux convergence and rainfall were reduced in the test area and increased
	to the immediate south of this area. The simulated anomaly dipole
	pattern was similar to the observed African drought patterns in which
	the axis ofthe maximum rainfall shifts to the south. The circulation
	changes in the desertification experiment were consistent with those
	observed during sub-Saharan dry years. The tropical easterly jet
	was weaker and the African easterly jet was stronger than normal.
	Further, in agreement with the observations, the easterly wave disturbances
	were reduced in intensity but not in number. Descending motion dominated
	the desertification area. The surface energy budget and hydrological
	cycle were also changed substantially in the anomaly experiment.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {desertification model Sahel},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {THE INFLUENCE OF LAND-SURFACE PROPERTIES ON SAHEL CLIMATE .1. DESERTIFICATION},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Yang1995,
  author = {Yang, Z. L.},
  title = {{INVESTIGATING} {IMPACTS} {OF} {ANOMALOUS} {LAND}-{SURFACE} {CONDITIONS}
	{ON} {AUSTRALIAN} {CLIMATE} {WITH} {AN} {ADVANCED} {LAND}-{SURFACE}
	{MODEL} {COUPLED} {WITH} {THE} {BMRC} {GCM}},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {137-174},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {A new and complex land-surface model, the bare essentials of surface
	transfer (BEST), has been incorporated into the Australian Bureau
	of Meteorology Research Centre (BMRC) atmospheric general circulation
	model (GCM). A series of experiments with anomalous land-surface
	conditions using the BEST-GCM were conducted. Three sets of conditions
	were used for the winter, two of which were related to the soil moisture
	conditions. The soil over the entire Australian continent was saturated
	(hereafter WET) and dried (hereafter DRY) on the first time step
	of 4 July, and then allowed to evolve normally. In another experiment,
	values of all the 15 BEST parameters over the continent were set
	to those at a point in the Great Desert and kept unaltered throughout
	the integration period (hereafter DESERT). Two additional WET and
	DRY experiments were carried out for the summer, from 6 January for
	60 days. The results of these experiments differ significantly from
	those conducted with bucket-type land-surface parameterization schemes
	in that: (i) WET or DRY anomalies evolve differently in specific
	regions. The geographical distributions of responses are more disorganized,
	possibly because of the inclusion of vegetation, which may enhance
	the regional features and the non-linear treatment of soil moisture
	content and surface wetness. (ii) Magnitude of responses are larger
	because of the greater number of feedback mechanisms. For example,
	when the feedback of soil moisture and surface albedo is allowed,
	the increase of soil moisture leads to an increase of evaporation.
	The increase of soil moisture results in a decrease in albedo which
	in turn leads to an increase of absorbed solar radiation available
	for evaporation. (iii) Time-scales of adjustment are different for
	DRY and WET anomalies. WET anomalies persist much longer, have stronger
	responses and are more organized than DRY anomalies. (iv) The summer
	WET or DRY anomalies have larger responses than the corresponding
	winter anomalies. These results are physically interpreted and their
	implication in seasonal precipitation forecasting is discussed.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  keywords = {AGCM albedo Australia model Soil moisture},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {INVESTIGATING IMPACTS OF ANOMALOUS LAND-SURFACE CONDITIONS ON AUSTRALIAN
	CLIMATE WITH AN ADVANCED LAND-SURFACE MODEL COUPLED WITH THE BMRC
	GCM},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Yang1996,
  author = {Yang, Zong-Liang and Dickinson, Robert E.},
  title = {{D}escription of the {B}iosphere-{A}tmosphere {T}ransfer {S}cheme
	({BATS}) for the {S}oil {M}oisture {W}orkshop and evaluation of its
	performance},
  journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {117-134},
  number = {1-4},
  abstract = {This paper has two major emphases. First, a concise description of
	the framework of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS)
	is given to help better understand the results of research including
	BATS. Focus is put on the formulations of drag coefficients, soil
	surface evaporation, infiltration, surface runoff, drainage, soil
	internal water fluxes, canopy interception loss and transpiration,
	and soil water budgets. Secondly, the simulations from BATS using
	the default parameters are compared with those using the parameters
	provided during the workshop, as well as with observations. The simulations
	of soil moisture content from these two sets of parameters are similar,
	and are both in agreement with observations. In particular, the model
	results are discussed in the context of the applicability of the
	demand-supply approach. We have examined the model's sensitivity
	to the parameters in the formulations of runoff components. The excessive
	surface runoff can be fixed using a modified scheme for surface runoff.
	When the averaged soil moisture threshold is close to field capacity,
	the modified surface runoff scheme produces results essentially identical
	to the default scheme. With the modified scheme, in which the averaged
	soil moisture threshold is set to unity, the best simulation of annual
	evaporation and runoff components has to be obtained at the expense
	of the soil moisture content in the bottom layer.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0921-8181},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Description of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for
	the Soil Moisture Workshop and evaluation of its performance},
  timestamp = {2012.11.12},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0921818195000410}
}

@ARTICLE{Yu2010,
  author = {Yu, Z. and Wang, G. X. and Wang, Y. B.},
  title = {{R}esponse of biomass spatial pattern of alpine vegetation to climate
	change in permafrost region of the {Q}inghai-{T}ibet {P}lateau, {C}hina},
  journal = {Journal of Mountain Science},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {301-314},
  number = {4},
  month = {Dec},
  abstract = {Alpine ecosystems in permafrost region are extremely sensitive to
	climate changes. To determine spatial pattern variations in alpine
	meadow and alpine steppe biomass dynamics in the permafrost region
	of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, calibrated with historical datasets
	of above-ground biomass production within the permafrost region's
	two main ecosystems, an ecosystem-biomass model was developed by
	employing empirical spatialdistribution models of the study region's
	precipitation, air temperature and soil temperature. This model was
	then successfully used to simulate the spatio-temporal variations
	in annual alpine ecosystem biomass production under climate change.
	For a 0.44A degrees C decade-1 rise in air temperature, the model
	predicted that the biomasses of alpine meadow and alpine steppe remained
	roughly the same if annual precipitation increased by 8 mm per decade(-1),
	but the biomasses were decreased by 2.7% and 2.4%, respectively if
	precipitation was constant. For a 2.2A degrees C decade(-1) rise
	in air temperature coupled with a 12 mm decade(-1) rise in precipitation,
	the model predicted that the biomass of alpine meadow was unchanged
	or slightly increased, while that of alpine steppe was increased
	by 5.2%. However, in the absence of any rise in precipitation, the
	model predicted 6.8% and 4.6% declines in alpine meadow and alpine
	steppe biomasses, respectively. The response of alpine steppe biomass
	to the rising air temperatures and precipitation was significantly
	lesser and greater, respectively than that of alpine meadow biomass.
	A better understanding of the difference in alpine ecosystem biomass
	production under climate change is greatly significant with respect
	to the influence of climate change on the carbon and water cycles
	in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1672-6316},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Response of biomass spatial pattern of alpine vegetation to climate
	change in permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000284074700001}
}

@ARTICLE{Zabel2012,
  author = {Zabel, F. and Mauser, W. and Marke, T. and Pfeiffer, A. and Zaengl,
	G. and Wastl, C.},
  title = {{I}nter-comparison of two land-surface models applied at different
	scales and their feedbacks while coupled with a regional climate
	model},
  journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {1017-1031},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {Downstream models are often used in order to study regional impacts
	of climate and climate change on the land surface. For this purpose,
	they are usually driven offline (i.e., 1-way) with results from regional
	climate models (RCMs). However, the offline approach does not allow
	for feedbacks between these models. Thereby, the land surface of
	the downstream model is usually completely different to the land
	surface which is used within the RCM. Thus, this study aims at investigating
	the inconsistencies that arise when driving a downstream model offline
	instead of interactively coupled with the RCM, due to different feedbacks
	from the use of different land surface models (LSM). Therefore, two
	physically based LSMs which developed from different disciplinary
	backgrounds are compared in our study: while the NOAH-LSM was developed
	for the use within RCMs, PROMET was originally developed to answer
	hydrological questions on the local to regional scale. Thereby, the
	models use different physical formulations on different spatial scales
	and different parameterizations of the same land surface processes
	that lead to inconsistencies when driving PROMET offline with RCM
	output. Processes that contribute to these inconsistencies are, as
	described in this study, net radiation due to land use related albedo
	and emissivity differences, the redistribution of this net radiation
	over sensible and latent heat, for example, due to different assumptions
	about land use impermeability or soil hydraulic reasons caused by
	different plant and soil parameterizations. As a result, simulated
	evapotranspiration, e.g., shows considerable differences of max.
	280 mm yr(-1). For a full interactive coupling (i.e., 2-way) between
	PROMET and the atmospheric part of the RCM, PROMET returns the land
	surface energy fluxes to the RCM and, thus, provides the lower boundary
	conditions for the RCM subsequently. Accordingly, the RCM responses
	to the replacement of the LSM with overall increased annual mean
	near surface air temperature (+1 K) and less annual precipitation
	(-56 mm) with different spatial and temporal behaviour. Finally,
	feedbacks can set up positive and negative effects on simulated evapotranspiration,
	resulting in a decrease of evapotranspiration South of the Alps a
	moderate increase North of the Alps. The inconsistencies are quantified
	and account for up to 30% from July to Semptember when focused to
	an area around Milan, Italy.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1027-5606},
  keywords = {Albedo effect Europe Evapotranspiration model regional model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Inter-comparison of two land-surface models applied at different scales
	and their feedbacks while coupled with a regional climate model},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Zak2004,
  author = {Zak, M. R. and Cabido, M. and Hodgson, J. G.},
  title = {{D}o subtropical seasonal forests in the {G}ran {C}haco, {A}rgentina,
	have a future?},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {120},
  pages = {589-598},
  number = {4},
  month = {Dec},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  keywords = {agricultural expansion deforestation historical map landsat tm land
	use change land-use change tropical deforestation human disturbance
	satellite data cover changes vegetation biodiversity fragmentation
	ecosystems habitat},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Do subtropical seasonal forests in the Gran Chaco, Argentina, have
	a future?},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000224014100014}
}

@ARTICLE{Zanchettin2008,
  author = {Zanchettin, Davide and Franks, Stewart W. and Traverso, Pietro and
	Tomasino, Mario},
  title = {On ENSO impacts on European wintertime rainfalls and their modulation
	by the NAO and the Pacific multi-decadal variability described through
	the PDO index},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {995-1006},
  number = {8},
  __markedentry = {[Sue:6]},
  abstract = {While strong relationships have previously been established between
	the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and climate variability in
	many parts of the world, previous analyses of ENSO impacts on European
	rainfalls have been variable and inconclusive. In this paper, the
	role and apparent interactions of a range of known teleconnections
	are assessed. It is shown that ENSO events do indeed appear to impact
	European rainfalls and that these impacts are likely to also depend
	on the concurrent state of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and
	the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In particular, it is demonstrated
	that ENSO impacts most significantly on European wintertime rainfalls
	during positive (warm) phases of the PDO. Copyright © 2007 Royal
	Meteorological Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1097-0088},
  keywords = {ENSO NAO European wintertime rainfalls PDO},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  shorttitle = {On ENSO impacts on European wintertime rainfalls and their modulation
	by the NAO and the Pacific multi-decadal variability described through
	the PDO index},
  timestamp = {2014.07.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1601}
}

@ARTICLE{Zeng2003,
  author = {Zeng, Ning},
  title = {{D}rought in the {S}ahel},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {302},
  pages = {999-1000},
  number = {5647},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {00368075},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  shorttitle = {Drought in the Sahel},
  timestamp = {2012.10.16},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3835653}
}

@ARTICLE{Zeng2009,
  author = {Zeng, N. and Yoon, J.},
  title = {{E}xpansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback
	under global warming},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {L17401},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback
	under global warming},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Zeng2010,
  author = {Zeng, Xinmin and Liu, Jinbo and Ma, Zhuguo and Song, Shuai and Xi,
	Chaoli and Wang, Hanjie},
  title = {{S}tudy on the effects of land surface heterogeneities in temperature
	and moisture on annual scale regional climate simulation},
  journal = {Advances in Atmospheric Sciences},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {151-163},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {The "combined approach", which is suitable to represent subgrid land
	surface heterogeneity in both interpatch and intra-patch variabilities,
	is employed in the Biosphere / Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS)
	as a land surface component of the regional climate model RegCM3
	to consider the heterogeneities in temperature and moisture at the
	land surface, and then annual-scale simulations for 5 years (1988-1992)
	were conducted. Results showed that on the annual scale, the model's
	response to the heterogeneities is quite sensitive, and that the
	effect of the temperature heterogeneity (TH) is more pronounced than
	the moisture heterogeneity (MH). On the intraannual scale, TH may
	lead to more (less) precipitation in warm (cold) seasons, and hence
	lead to larger intraannual variability in precipitation; the major
	MH effects may be lagged by about 1 month during the warm, rainy
	seasons, inducing similar to 6% more precipitation for some sub-regions.
	Additionally, the modeled climate for the northern sub-regions shows
	larger sensitivities to the land surface heterogeneities than those
	for the southern sub-regions. Since state-of-art land surface models
	seldom account for surface intra-patch variabilities, this study
	emphasizes the importance of including this kind of variability in
	the land surface models.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0256-1530},
  keywords = {model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Study on the effects of land surface heterogeneities in temperature
	and moisture on annual scale regional climate simulation},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24},
  url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/910/art%253A10.1007%252Fs00376-009-8117-4.pdf?auth66=1352338006_31865dd8d37998a2c364ddc2735085f0&ext=.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Zeng2012,
  author = {Zeng, X. M. and Wu, Z. H. and Song, S. and Xiong, S. Y. and Zheng,
	Y. Q. and Zhou, Z. G. and Liu, H. Q.},
  title = {{E}ffects of land surface schemes on the simulation of a heavy rainfall
	event by {WRF}},
  journal = {Chinese Journal of Geophysics-Chinese Edition},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {16-28},
  number = {1},
  month = {Jan},
  abstract = {The simulation of a heavy rainfall event occurring in the Yangtze-Huaihe
	valley and the south of China during late June, 2003 was conducted
	to examine the effects of different land surface schemes on simulated
	precipitations using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF)
	Version 3. 1 and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)
	analysis. The simulation was performed in the short-range mode for
	24-h integrations. The results showed that, generally, the simulated
	heavy rainfall event is sensitive to different land surface schemes,
	the scheme-induced difference of threat score becomes larger as the
	level of rainfall gets higher within the relatively large study subarea,
	where the scheme-induced relative difference of precipitation can
	amount up to 30% with an average of 7%, while the maximum values
	of daily precipitation differences can be as large as 100%-150%,
	and different schemes lead to simulated systematic differences in
	averaged sensible and latent heat fluxes that are characterized by
	regional distributions. Finally, the land surface schemes show to
	substantially affect the simulated precipitations via two mechanisms,
	i. e., by affecting land surface evaporation, and low-level atmospheric
	circulation and water vapor convergence, the schemes exert great
	influences, respectively, on the simulated rainfall over a relatively
	large area of model domain (e. g., with an average difference of
	7% and a maximum difference of 30%), and on the simulated heavy rainfalls
	within small areas including rainfall centers (e. g., up to differences
	within 100% 150%). All these suggest that different land surfaces
	affect heavy rainfall weather at different spatial scales and to
	different extents, and that improving the land surface schemes can
	lead to better simulation of the weather with the WRF model.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0001-5733},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Effects of land surface schemes on the simulation of a heavy rainfall
	event by WRF},
  timestamp = {2012.07.09},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000300129300002}
}

@ARTICLE{Zeng2002,
  author = {Zeng, X. M. and Zhao, M. and Su, B. K. and Tang, J. P. and Zheng,
	Y. Q. and Zhang, Y. J. and Chen, J.},
  title = {{T}he effects of land-surface heterogeneities on regional climate:
	{A} sensitivity study},
  journal = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {67-83},
  number = {1-2},
  abstract = {In order to further understand the land-atmosphere interactions and
	increase the predictability of climate models, it is very important
	to investigate the effects of land-surface heterogeneities. In this
	paper, we considered roughness-length and stomatal-resistance heterogeneities
	in the regional climate model RegCM2 (Giorgi et al, 1993) that employs
	BATS (Dickinson et al, 1993) as the land surface scheme. In representing
	the subgrid heterogeneities, a computationally efficient method,
	which is a combination of the mosaic approach and the analytical
	type of the statistical-dynamical approach, is applied. The method
	is also characterized by converting the probability distribution
	of fundamental variables to probability distributions of derived
	quantities. By using the 3-month observational data of 1991 Meiyu
	season over China, we conducted coupled-model experiments, and found
	that: (i) For the whole model domain, the consideration of the two
	heterogeneities, in which intrapatch variability plays a very important
	role, greatly affects the simulations for the surface flux, wind,
	temperature and precipitation fields. (ii) The temperature and heat
	fluxes are quite sensitive to the heterogeneities, which displays
	the following rule: for a sub-region, the mean sensible heat flux
	decreases, the mean latent heat flux increases, and the mean surface
	temperature decreases with the increase of the heterogeneities. Furthermore,
	the mean latent heat flux is more sensitive to the heterogeneities
	than the mean sensible heat flux. (iii) It seems that the influence
	of stomatal-resistance heterogeneity on the latent heat flux is greater
	than that of roughness-length heterogeneity. Therefore, it is necessary
	to appropriately represent subgrid land-surface heterogeneities so
	as to improve regional climate modeling.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-7971},
  keywords = {climate RCM Model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The effects of land-surface heterogeneities on regional climate: A
	sensitivity study},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang2011,
  author = {Zhang, Chao and Xue, Sha and Liu, Guo-Bin and Song, Zi-Lin},
  title = {A comparison of soil qualities of different revegetation types in
	the Loess Plateau, China},
  journal = {Plant and Soil},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {347},
  pages = {163-178},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Serious soil erosion has resulted in widespread land degradation in
	the Loess Plateau of China. In the past two decades, great efforts
	have been made to restore degraded soil such as reconverting croplands
	into forestlands or grasslands. A comparison of soil qualities of
	different revegetation types has important implications in soil reclamation.
	Our study investigated the effect of different revegetation types
	on the physicochemical and microbial soil properties in the Loess
	Plateau, with the aim of determining which revegetation type has
	the best capacity for soil recovery. The vegetation types included
	two shrublands ( Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides ),
	two grasslands ( Astragalus adsurgens and Panicum virgatum ), and
	two species from croplands that were abandoned for natural recovery
	( Artemisia capillaries and Heteropappus altaicus ). Among the plants
	studied, H. altaicus and A. capillaries had the highest values of
	soil organic C, total N, total P, available N, available P, moisture
	content, microbial biomass C (MBC), substrate-induced respiration,
	saccharase, urease, catalase, and peroxidase. Soil sampled from the
	A. adsurgens plot had the highest bulk density and microbial biomass
	N, and soil from the H. rhamnoides plot had the highest metabolic
	quotient (basal respiration / MBC). The soil quality index, which
	was obtained based on the available N, metabolic quotient, MBC, urease,
	polyphenol oxidase, and bulk density, shows that the abandoned cropland
	for natural recovery had the highest soil quality, followed by grassland,
	and then shrubland. Vegetation types affect the physicochemical and
	microbial properties of soils in arid climatic conditions. Abandoned
	cropland for natural recovery has the best capacity for improving
	soil quality in the Loess Plateau among all studied revegetation
	types. Our study suggests that in the Loess Plateau, natural recovery
	is the best choice for soil revegetation of sloping croplands.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0032-079X},
  keywords = {Biomedical and Life Sciences},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  shorttitle = {A comparison of soil qualities of different revegetation types in
	the Loess Plateau, China},
  timestamp = {2013.08.19},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0836-5}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang2009,
  author = {Zhang, C. L. and Chen, F. and Miao, S. G. and Li, Q. C. and Xia,
	X. A. and Xuan, C. Y.},
  title = {{I}mpacts of urban expansion and future green planting on summer
	precipitation in the {B}eijing metropolitan area},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {114},
  number = {D2},
  month = {Jan},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Impacts of urban expansion and future green planting on summer precipitation
	in the Beijing metropolitan area},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000262982500001 http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/jd0902/2008JD010328/2008JD010328.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang2009b,
  author = {Zhang, Huqiang and Gao, Xuejie and Li, Yaohui},
  title = {{C}limate impacts of land-use change in {C}hina and its uncertainty
	in a global model simulation},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {473-494},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {Results from a series of Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research
	Centre (BMRC) model simulations are analysed to explore the impacts
	of land-use vegetation change (LUC) in China on surface climate.
	Extensive model experiments are conducted to explore uncertainties
	in the modelling results caused by land-surface modelling and the
	model intrinsic noise. Results show moderate but statistically significant
	local impacts by LUC, with significantly different surface temperature
	responses in winter and summer due to two regimes dominating surface
	energy balance in the region. In winter, the model shows consistent
	patterns of a reduction of precipitation in its south/southeast region
	and a cooling in large parts of the country. The cooling is primarily
	attributed to the increase in surface albedo while the rainfall reduction
	is associated with circulation change due to reduced surface roughness.
	In summer, it reveals moderate impacts with a 10-20% rainfall reduction
	and above 0.5A degrees C warming in the south/southeast region. The
	warming is largely the results of reductions in surface evaporation
	and rainfall simulated in the model. Spatially averaged results are
	analysed so as to explicitly characterise the model uncertainties.
	Results suggest that the model-simulated impacts of LUC are not significantly
	affected by complexity in its land-surface parameterisation, with
	the scatter between the runs using different surface complexity modes
	similar to that from a set of the model ensemble runs with different
	initial conditions. This is largely due to the fact that fundamental
	processes affected by LUC, including changes in surface albedo and
	roughness length, are similarly represented in these complexity modes,
	while weak land-air coupling in the model may also contribute to
	such results. Further analysis shows that the model LUC signal is
	much larger than its internal noise derived from ensemble runs and
	detailed analysis of responses in the model physics and dynamics
	is to be documented in another manuscript.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  keywords = {Albedo effect China Evapotranspiration effect model precipitation
	surface roughness effect Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climate impacts of land-use change in China and its uncertainty in
	a global model simulation},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang2001,
  author = {Zhang, H. and Henderson-Sellers, A. and McGuffie, K.},
  title = {{T}he compounding effects of tropical deforestation and greenhouse
	warming on climate},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {309-338},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {This study reports the first assessment of the compounding effects
	of land-use change and greenhouse gas warming effects on our understanding
	of projections of future climate. An AGCM simulation of the potential
	impacts of tropical deforestation and greenhouse warming on climate,
	employing a version of NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1-Oz), is
	presented. The joint impacts of tropical deforestation and greenhouse
	warming are assessed by an experiment in which removal of tropical
	rainforests is imposed into a greenhouse-warmed climate. Results
	show that the joint climate changes over tropical rainforest regions
	comprise large reductions in surface evapotranspiration (by about
	-180 mm yr(-1)) and precipitation (by about -312 mm yr(-1)) over
	the Amazon Basin, along with an increase of surface temperature by
	+3.0 K. Over Southeast Asia, similar but weaker changes are found
	in this study. Precipitation is decreased by -172 mm yr(-1), together
	with the surface warming of 2.1 K. Over tropical Africa, changes
	in regional climate is much weaker and with some different features,
	such as the increase of precipitation by 25 mm yr(-1). Energy budget
	analyses demonstrates that the large increase of surface temperature
	in the joint experiment is not solely produced by the increase of
	CO2 concentration, but is a joint effect of the reduction of surface
	evaporation (due to deforestation) and the increase of downward atmospheric
	longwave radiation (due to the doubling of CO2 concentration). Furthermore,
	impacts of tropical deforestation on the greenhouse-warmed climate
	are estimated by comparing a pair of tropical deforestation simulations.
	It is found that in CCM1-Oz, deforestation has very similar impacts
	on greenhouse-warmed regional climates as on current climates over
	tropical rainforest regions. The extra-tropical climatic response
	to tropical deforestation is identified in both sets of tropical
	deforestation experiments. Statistically significant responses are
	seen in the large-scale atmospheric circulation such as changes in
	the velocity potential and vertically integrated kinetic and potential
	energy fields. Wave propagation patterns are identified in the large-scale
	circulation anomalies, which provides a mechanism for interpreting
	the model responses in the extra-tropics. In addition, this study
	suggests that land-use change such as tropical deforestation may
	affect projections of future climate.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0165-0009},
  keywords = {AGCM model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The compounding effects of tropical deforestation and greenhouse warming
	on climate},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang2009a,
  author = {Zhang, H. Q. and Li, Y. H. and Gao, X. J.},
  title = {{P}otential Impacts of Land-Use on Climate Variability and Extremes},
  journal = {Advances in Atmospheric Sciences},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {840-854},
  number = {5},
  month = {Sep},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0256-1530},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Potential Impacts of Land-Use on Climate Variability and Extremes},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000269640900002}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang2005,
  author = {Zhang, J. Y. and Dong, W. J. and Fu, C. B.},
  title = {{I}mpact of land surface degradation in northern {C}hina and southern
	{M}ongolia on regional climate},
  journal = {Chinese Science Bulletin},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {75-81},
  number = {1},
  month = {Jan},
  abstract = {Clear evidence provided by the singular value decomposition (SVD)
	analysis to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and
	precipitation data identifies that there exists a sensitive region
	of vegetation-climate interaction located in the transitional zone
	over northern China and its surrounding areas, where the vegetation
	cover change has the most significant influence on summer precipitation
	over China., Comparison of reanalysis data with station data provides
	a good method to assess the impacts of land use change on surface
	temperature, and the most obvious contribution of land use change
	may be to lead to notable warming over northern China in the interdecadal
	time scale. Based on the new statistical results, a high-resolution
	regional integrated environmental model system (RIEMS) is employed
	to investigate the effects of land surface degradation over the transitional
	zone and its surrounding areas (northern China and southern Mongolia)
	on the regional climate. Land degradation results in the decreases
	in precipitation over northern and southern China, and the increase
	in between, and increased and decreased temperature over vegetation
	change areas and the adjacent area to the south, respectively. Not
	only would it change the surface climate, but also bring the significant
	influence on the atmospheric circulation. Both the surface climate
	and circulation changes generally agree to the observed interdecadal
	anomalies over the last five decades. These integrated statistical
	and simulated results imply that land surface degradation over the
	transitional zone in northern China and its surrounding areas could
	be one of the main causes responsible for the climate anomalies over
	China, especially the drought over northern China.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1001-6538},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of land surface degradation in northern China and southern
	Mongolia on regional climate},
  timestamp = {2012.10.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000227798200013}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang2003,
  author = {Zhang, J. Y. and Dong, W. J. and Fu, C. B. and Wu, L. Y.},
  title = {{T}he influence of vegetation cover on summer precipitation in {C}hina:
	a statistical analysis of {NDVI} and climate data},
  journal = {Advances in Atmospheric Sciences},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {1002-1006},
  number = {6},
  month = {Nov},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0256-1530},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {The influence of vegetation cover on summer precipitation in China:
	a statistical analysis of NDVI and climate data},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000187229600015 http://www.springerlink.com/content/3j3660q2448987u4/fulltext.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang2003a,
  author = {Zhang, J. Y. and Dong, W. J. and Ye, D. Z. and Fu, C. B.},
  title = {{N}ew evidence for effects of land cover in {C}hina on summer climate},
  journal = {Chinese Science Bulletin},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {401-405},
  number = {4},
  month = {Feb},
  abstract = {The effects of land cover in different regions of China on summer
	climate are studied by lagged correlation analysis using NOAA/AVHRR
	normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data for the period
	of 1981-1994 and temperature, precipitation data of 160 meteorological
	stations in China. The results show that the correlation coefficients
	between NDVI in previous season and summer precipitation are positive
	in most regions of China, and the lagged correlations show a significant
	difference between regions. The stronger correlations between NDVI
	in previous winter and precipitation in summer occur in Central China
	and the Tibetan Plateau, and the correlations between spring NDVI
	and summer precipitation in the eastern arid/semi-arid region and
	the Tibetan Plateau are more significant. Vegetation changes have
	more sensitive feedback effects on climate in the three regions (eastern
	arid/semi-arid region, Central China and Tibetan Plateau). The lagged
	correlations between NDVI and precipitation suggest that, on interannual
	time scales, land cover affects summer precipitation to a certain
	extent. The correlations between NDVI in previous season and summer
	temperature show more complex, and the lagged responses of temperature
	to vegetation are weaker compared with precipitation, and they are
	possibly related to the global warming which partly cover up the
	correlations.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1001-6538},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {New evidence for effects of land cover in China on summer climate},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000181441800020}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang2008,
  author = {Zhang, J. Y. and Wang, W. C. and Wei, J. F.},
  title = {{A}ssessing land-atmosphere coupling using soil moisture from the
	{G}lobal {L}and {D}ata {A}ssimilation {S}ystem and observational
	precipitation},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {113},
  number = {D17},
  month = {Sep},
  abstract = {Precipitation analysis and soil moisture from the Global Land Data
	Assimilation System (GLDAS) are used to assess the land-atmosphere
	coupling in boreal summer. Correlations between antecedent soil moisture
	and precipitation suggest that regions of strong land-atmosphere
	coupling lie mainly in arid to semiarid transition zones or in semihumid
	forest to grassland transition zones. They consist of central Eurasia,
	the region from Mongolia to northern China, southwest China, the
	Sahel, the northern continental United States, and southern Europe.
	It is found that over these regions, positive soil moisture feedback
	accounts for typically 10-20% of the variance of monthly precipitation
	anomalies with the feedback efficiency of the order of 0.3-0.9 mm
	month(-1) (0.1 standardized soil moisture)(-1). While soil moisture
	feedback is dominated by the positive sign, negative feedback may
	exist in some areas, such as India and the western part and Quebec
	province of Canada. Generally, the land-atmosphere coupling strength
	estimated from the GLDAS data agrees well with those from the observational
	soil moisture in Illinois and the European Centre for Medium-Range
	Weather Forecasts 40-year reanalysis (ERA-40) soil moisture product.
	Physical mechanisms responsible for the findings are further discussed.
	This study provides a Northern Hemisphere distribution of the land-atmosphere
	coupling strength, which can be used to test the model simulations
	on monthly to seasonal time scales.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {asia},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Assessing land-atmosphere coupling using soil moisture from the Global
	Land Data Assimilation System and observational precipitation},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000259200700005 http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/jd0817/2008JD009807/2008JD009807.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhao2002,
  author = {Zhao, M. and Pitman, A. J.},
  title = {{T}he impact of land cover change and increasing carbon dioxide on
	the extreme and frequency of maximum temperature and convective precipitation},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {29},
  number = {6},
  month = {Mar},
  abstract = {[1] The impact on the extreme and frequency distribution of maximum
	temperature and convective precipitation resulting from a change
	in land cover is compared to the impact of an increase in CO2. Simulations
	using estimates of natural and current land cover at 280, 355, 430
	and 505 ppmv were performed to explore the relationship between land
	cover change and CO2 level. We analyzed the return values of the
	annual daily maximum temperature and the seasonal changes of frequency
	in daily maximum temperature and convective precipitation over Europe
	and China. Our results confirm that increasing CO2 leads to increases
	in maximum temperatures and changes in rainfall intensity. We show
	that land cover change can cause similar impacts. Depending on the
	nature of the land cover changes, rainfall intensity and maximum
	temperatures can changed by amounts similar to those caused by increased
	CO2. In effect, the distribution of land cover can affect the climate's
	sensitivity to increasing CO2.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The impact of land cover change and increasing carbon dioxide on the
	extreme and frequency of maximum temperature and convective precipitation},
  timestamp = {2012.12.08},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000178886600019}
}

@ARTICLE{Zimmermann2006,
  author = {Zimmermann, B. and Elsenbeer, H. and De Moraes, J. M.},
  title = {{T}he influence of land-use changes on soil hydraulic properties:
	{I}mplications for runoff generation},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {222},
  pages = {29-38},
  number = {1-3},
  abstract = {Many modem landscapes in the humid tropics appear as a mosaic of primary
	forest, agricultural land and abandoned areas at various stages of
	regrowth. Whereas the hydrological functioning of primary forest
	and agricultural ecosystems is known to some degree, the impact of
	secondary forests on the hydrological cycle has yet to receive the
	same attention; this is particularly true for the effects of forest
	regrowth on soil hydrology. We investigated the effects of land-use
	and land-cover types representative of largely deforested areas of
	the Amazon basin on soil hydrological flowpaths by quantifying infiltrability
	and field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) at two depths (12.5
	and 20 cm) under primary forest, recently cleared secondary forest
	(prepasture), teak (Tectona grandis), pasture and secondary forests
	originating from a former banana-cacao plantation (banana) and from
	pasture (capoeira). We further inferred potential changes in the
	hydrological flowpath regime by comparing our results with prevailing
	rainfall intensities. Infiltrability varied (alpha = 0.05) among
	the cover types according to: {forest} > {banana, capoeira, teak}
	> {pasture}, with prepasture overlapping with forest, banana and
	capoeira. Although the infiltrability of pasture is lower by an order
	of magnitude in comparison to the other cover types, this decrease
	does not affect flowpath patterns as infiltrability still exceeds
	even the highest short-term, such as 5 min, rainfall intensities.
	Ksat at the 12.5 cm depth varies as follows: {forest, banana, capoeira}
	> {teak} > {pasture}, with prepasture being undistinguishable from
	the first group. Under teak and pasture, Ksat is lower than prevailing
	rainfall intensities, which implies the possible generation of a
	perched water table at a shallow depth and hence the generation of
	saturation overland flow. The impact of 13 years of cattle grazing
	prior to planting teak is still measurable even after 10 years of
	growth. At the 20 cm depth, the differences in Ksat among the land
	uses are minor compared to prevailing rainfall intensities, i.e.,
	the vertical flow of water is impeded regardless of land use. We
	conclude that there is a considerable memory effect; hence, any assessment
	of the hydrological functioning of secondary forests, quasi-natural
	or man-made, must take into account the kind, intensity and duration
	of land use prior to regrowth. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights
	reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0378-1127},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The influence of land-use changes on soil hydraulic properties: Implications
	for runoff generation},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000235599700004}
}

@ARTICLE{Zribi2010,
  author = {Zribi, M. and Anguela, T.P. and Duchemin, B. and Lili, Z. and Wagner,
	W. and Hasenauer, S. and Chehbouni, A.},
  title = {Relationship between soil moisture and vegetation in the Kairouan
	plain region of Tunisia using low spatial resolution satellite data},
  journal = {Water Resources Research},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {W06508},
  abstract = {The present paper proposes an empirical approach for the modeling
	of vegetation development, using moisture measurements only. The
	study is based simply on the use of two databases: one containing
	soil moisture products derived from ERS scatterometer data over the
	period 1991-2006 and the other containing normalized difference vegetation
	indices (NDVI) derived from advanced very high resolution radiometer
	over the period 1991-2000. The study is applied over the Kairouan
	plain, the central semiarid region of Tunisia (North Africa). Soil
	moisture products were first validated on the basis of comparisons
	with Global Soil Wetness Project, Phase 2 Data, outputs and rainfall
	events. The soil moisture distribution during the rainy period between
	October and May is described and is found to be correlated with the
	vegetation dynamics estimated using the NDVI products. Finally, a
	semiempirical model is proposed, based on satellite moisture and
	NDVI products, which allows the NDVI value to be estimated for a
	period of 1 month during the rainy season as a function of the moisture
	profile estimations obtained during the previous months. This approach
	could prove very useful and provide a simple tool for the modeling
	of vegetation dynamics during rainy seasons in semiarid regions.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Relationship between soil moisture and vegetation in the Kairouan
	plain region of Tunisia using low spatial resolution satellite data},
  timestamp = {2013.02.01}
}

@article{pitman_scale_2016,
	title = {Scale dependence of the simulated impact of {Amazonian} deforestation on regional climate},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/11/i=9/a=094025},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094025},
	abstract = {Using a global climate model, Amazonian deforestation experiments are conducted perturbing 1, 9, 25, 81 and 121 grid points, each with 5 ensemble members. All experiments show warming and drying over Amazonia. The impact of deforestation on temperature, averaged either over the affected area or a wider area, decreases by a factor of two as the scale of the perturbation increases from 1 to 121 grid points. This is associated with changes in the surface energy balance and consequential impacts on the atmosphere above the regions deforested. For precipitation, as the scale of deforestation increases from 9 to 121 grid points, the reduction in rainfall over the perturbed area decreases from ∼1.5 to ∼1 mm d −1 . However, if the surrounding area is considered and large deforestation perturbations made, compensatory increases in precipitation occur such that there is little net change. This is largely associated with changes in horizontal advection of moisture. Disagreements between climate model experiments on how Amazonian deforestation affects precipitation and temperature are, at least in part, due to the spatial scale of the region deforested, differences in the areas used to calculate averages and whether areas surrounding deforestation are included in the overall averages.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2017-04-20},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	author = {Pitman, A. J. and Lorenz, R.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {094025},
	file = {IOP Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\rver4657\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\tshe6ezx.default\\zotero\\storage\\668G2U6H\\Pitman and Lorenz - 2016 - Scale dependence of the simulated impact of Amazon.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kucharski_further_2013,
	title = {A further assessment of vegetation feedback on decadal {Sahel} rainfall variability},
	volume = {40},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-012-1397-x},
	number = {5-6},
	urldate = {2017-04-20},
	journal = {Climate dynamics},
	author = {Kucharski, Fred and Zeng, Ning and Kalnay, Eugenia},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1453--1466},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\rver4657\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\tshe6ezx.default\\zotero\\storage\\BD6HUNK5\\s00382-012-1397-x.html:text/html}
}

@article{karoly_climate_2014,
	title = {Climate change: {Human}-induced rainfall changes},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {Copyright Nature Publishing Group Aug 2014},
	issn = {17520894},
	shorttitle = {Climate change},
	url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1656589632/citation/8DB40BDF8E794FC4PQ/1},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2207},
	language = {English},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2017-09-14},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience; London},
	author = {Karoly, David J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Earth Sciences--Geology},
	pages = {551--552},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\rver4657\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\tshe6ezx.default\\zotero\\storage\\9JMDNGVF\\Karoly - 2014 - Climate change Human-induced rainfall changes.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{delworth_regional_2014,
	title = {Regional rainfall decline in {Australia} attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse gases and ozone levels},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {© 2014 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1752-0894},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n8/full/ngeo2201.html?foxtrotcallback=true},
	doi = {10.1038/ngeo2201},
	abstract = {Precipitation in austral autumn and winter has declined over parts of southern and especially southwestern Australia in the past few decades. According to observations and climate models, at least part of this decline is associated with changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation, including a poleward movement of the westerly winds and increasing atmospheric surface pressure over parts of southern Australia. Here we use a high-resolution global climate model to analyse the causes of this rainfall decline. In our simulations, many aspects of the observed regional rainfall decline over southern and southwest Australia are reproduced in response to anthropogenic changes in levels of greenhouse gases and ozone in the atmosphere, whereas anthropogenic aerosols do not contribute to the simulated precipitation decline. Simulations of future climate with this model suggest amplified winter drying over most parts of southern Australia in the coming decades in response to a high-end scenario of changes in radiative forcing. The drying is most pronounced over southwest Australia, with total reductions in austral autumn and winter precipitation of approximately 40\% by the late twenty-first century.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2017-09-14},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	author = {Delworth, Thomas L. and Zeng, Fanrong},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Atmospheric dynamics, Hydrology, Projection and prediction},
	pages = {583--587},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\rver4657\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\tshe6ezx.default\\zotero\\storage\\E827HQHR\\Delworth and Zeng - 2014 - Regional rainfall decline in Australia attributed .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\rver4657\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\tshe6ezx.default\\zotero\\storage\\N2BXM9VH\\ngeo2201.html:text/html}
}

@article{cai_did_2014,
	title = {Did {Climate} {Change}-{Induced} {Rainfall} {Trends} {Contribute} to the {Australian} {Millennium} {Drought}?},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0894-8755},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00322.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00322.1},
	abstract = {The Australian decade-long “Millennium Drought” broke in the summer of 2010/11 and was considered the most severe drought since instrumental records began in the 1900s. A crucial question is whether climate change played a role in inducing the rainfall deficit. The climate modes in question include the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD), affecting southern Australia in winter and spring; the southern annular mode (SAM) with an opposing influence on southern Australia in winter to that in spring; and El Niño-Southern Oscillation, affecting northern and eastern Australia in most seasons and southeastern Australia in spring through its coherence with the IOD. Furthermore, the poleward edge of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell, which indicates the position of the subtropical dry zone, has possible implications for recent rainfall declines in autumn. Using observations and simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), it is shown that the drought over southwest Western Australia is partly attributable to a long-term upward SAM trend, which contributed to half of the winter rainfall reduction in this region. For southeast Australia, models simulate weak trends in the pertinent climate modes. In particular, they severely underestimate the observed poleward expansion of the subtropical dry zone and associated impacts. Thus, although climate models generally suggest that Australia’s Millennium Drought was mostly due to multidecadal variability, some late-twentieth-century changes in climate modes that influence regional rainfall are partially attributable to anthropogenic greenhouse warming.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2017-09-14},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Cai, Wenju and Purich, Ariaan and Cowan, Tim and van Rensch, Peter and Weller, Evan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3145--3168},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\rver4657\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\tshe6ezx.default\\zotero\\storage\\RWRWV8TK\\Cai et al. - 2014 - Did Climate Change-Induced Rainfall Trends Contrib.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\rver4657\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\tshe6ezx.default\\zotero\\storage\\GJZPWAB9\\JCLI-D-13-00322.html:text/html}
}

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	author = {Peter Cebon and James Risbey},
	keywords = {Regional analysis, Modelling, Climate change}
}

@article{Gowen2016,
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		issm = {},
		doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ15084},
		author = {Gowen, Rebecca and Bray, Steven G.},
		keywords = {brigalow, beef production, climate change mitigation, greenhouse gas emissions, options modelling, sequestration}
}

@article{Kuzcera1987,
	title = {Prediction of water yield reductions following a bushfire in ash-mixed species eucalypt forest},
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	author = {Kuczera, George},
	keywords = {}
}

@article{vanDijk2013,
	title = {The Millennium Drought in southeast Australia (2001–2009): Natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society},
	journal= {Water Resources Research},
	volume= {49},
	number= {2},
	pages= {1040-1057},
	year= {2013},
	issn = {1944-7973},
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	ulr = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20123},
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	keywords = {drought, Australia, water scarcity, drought propagation}
}

@article{Koutsoyiannis2007,
   author = {Koutsoyiannis, Demetris},
   title = {Nonstationarity versus scaling in hydrology},
   journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
   volume = {324},
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   pages = {239-254},
   url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6C-4HP6GJ9-1/2/67dcc2e8f8e75b7abb918617f5a79a37 },
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@inproceedings{Beesley2009,
   author = {Tozer, C. R. and Kiem, A. S. and Verdon-Kidd, D. C.},
   title = {On the uncertainties associated with using gridded rainfall data as a proxy for observed},
   pages = {3886-3892},
   editor = {Anderssen, R.S. and Braddock, R.D. and Newham,  L.T.H.},
   booktitle = {18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation.},
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   url = {http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim09/I13/beesley.pdf },
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}

@article{Tozer2012,
   author = {Tozer, C. R. and Kiem, A. S. and Verdon-Kidd, D. C.},
   title = {On the uncertainties associated with using gridded rainfall data as a proxy for observed},
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   volume = {16},
   number = {5},
   pages = {1481-1499},
   ISSN = {1607-7938},
   DOI = {10.5194/hess-16-1481-2012},
   url = {http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/16/1481/2012/},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{SILO2001,
   author = {Jeffrey, Stephen J. and Carter, John O. and Moodie, Keith B. and Beswick, Alan R.},
   title = {Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data},
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   volume = {16},
   number = {4 SU  -},
   pages = {309-330},
   url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VHC-42SXF8F-2/2/b5c0a24b85149f40ba5d2419ddc0999c},
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@article{serinaldi2018,
   author = {Serinaldi, Francesco and Kilsby, Chris G. and Lombardo, Federico},
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   journal = {Advances in Water Resources},
   volume = {111},
   pages = {132-155},
   ISSN = {0309-1708},
   DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.10.015},
   url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0309170817305845},
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}

@article{buckley2012,
   author = {Buckley, ThomasN and Turnbull, TarrynL and Pfautsch, Sebastian and Gharun, Mana and Adams, MarkA},
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   year = {2012},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

repository: WillemVervoort/RainfallLandcover

repo_name: WillemVervoort/RainfallLandcover

gha_language: PostScript


text:
@inproceedings{yan-etal-2021-large,
    title = "Large-Scale Relation Learning for Question Answering over Knowledge Bases with Pre-trained Language Models",
    author = "Yan, Yuanmeng  and
      Li, Rumei  and
      Wang, Sirui  and
      Zhang, Hongzhi  and
      Daoguang, Zan  and
      Zhang, Fuzheng  and
      Wu, Wei  and
      Xu, Weiran",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2021",
    address = "Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.emnlp-main.296",
    pages = "3653--3660",
    abstract = "The key challenge of question answering over knowledge bases (KBQA) is the inconsistency between the natural language questions and the reasoning paths in the knowledge base (KB). Recent graph-based KBQA methods are good at grasping the topological structure of the graph but often ignore the textual information carried by the nodes and edges. Meanwhile, pre-trained language models learn massive open-world knowledge from the large corpus, but it is in the natural language form and not structured. To bridge the gap between the natural language and the structured KB, we propose three relation learning tasks for BERT-based KBQA, including relation extraction, relation matching, and relation reasoning. By relation-augmented training, the model learns to align the natural language expressions to the relations in the KB as well as reason over the missing connections in the KB. Experiments on WebQSP show that our method consistently outperforms other baselines, especially when the KB is incomplete.",
}

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib


text:
inherit pypi setuptools3
require python-importlib-metadata.inc

RDEPENDS_${PN}_append_class-target = " python3-misc"
RDEPENDS_${PN}_append_class-nativesdk = " python3-misc"

gha_license_id: MIT

extension: bb


text:
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	address={New York, NY, USA}
}

license: MIT


text:
@inproceedings{S14-1001,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Johannsen, Anders  and  Hovy, Dirk  and  Mart\'{i}nez Alonso, H\'{e}ctor  and  Plank, Barbara  and  S{\o}gaard, Anders},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {1--11},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {More or less supervised supersense tagging of Twitter},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1002,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Bandhakavi, Anil  and  Wiratunga, Nirmalie  and  P, Deepak  and  Massie, Stewart},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {12--21},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Generating a Word-Emotion Lexicon from \#Emotional Tweets},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1003,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Kramer, Jared  and  Gordon, Clara},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {22--29},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Improvement of a Naive Bayes Sentiment Classifier Using MRS-Based Features},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1004,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Erbs, Nicolai  and  Gurevych, Iryna  and  Zesch, Torsten},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {30--39},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Sense and Similarity: A Study of Sense-level Similarity Measures},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1005,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Manion, Steve L.  and  Sainudiin, Raazesh},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {40--50},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {An Iterative `Sudoku Style' Approach to Subgraph-based Word Sense Disambiguation},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1006,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Aggarwal, Nitish  and  Asooja, Kartik  and  Buitelaar, Paul},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {51--56},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Exploring ESA to Improve Word Relatedness},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1007,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {57--62},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Identifying semantic relations in a specialized corpus through distributional analysis of a cooccurrence tensor},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1008,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Dahlmeier, Daniel},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {63--68},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Learning the Peculiar Value of Actions},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1009,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Eichler, Kathrin  and  Gabryszak, Aleksandra  and  Neumann, G\"{u}nter},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {69--74},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {An analysis of textual inference in German customer emails},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1010,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Gupta, Anand  and  Kaur, Manpreet  and  Mirkin, Shachar  and  Singh, Adarsh  and  Goyal, Aseem},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {75--80},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Text Summarization through Entailment-based Minimum Vertex Cover},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1011,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Jaworski, Wojciech  and  Przepi\'{o}rkowski, Adam},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {81--86},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Semantic Roles in Grammar Engineering},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1012,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Kaljahi, Rasoul  and  Foster, Jennifer  and  Roturier, Johann},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {87--92},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Semantic Role Labelling with minimal resources: Experiments with French},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1013,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Pham, Nghia The  and  Ferrone, Lorenzo  and  Zanzotto, Fabio Massimo},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {93--98},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Compositional Distributional Semantics Models in Chunk-based Smoothed Tree Kernels},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1014,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Pustejovsky, James  and  Krishnaswamy, Nikhil},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {99--109},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Generating Simulations of Motion Events from Verbal Descriptions},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1015,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Yatskar, Mark  and  Galley, Michel  and  Vanderwende, Lucy  and  Zettlemoyer, Luke},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {110--120},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {See No Evil, Say No Evil: Description Generation from Densely Labeled Images},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1016,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Tran, Anh  and  Surdeanu, Mihai  and  Cohen, Paul},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {121--131},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Extracting Latent Attributes from Video Scenes Using Text as Background Knowledge},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1017,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {\"{O}zmen, Can  and  Streicher, Alexander  and  Zielinski, Andrea},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {132--140},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Using Text Segmentation Algorithms for the Automatic Generation of E-Learning Courses},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1018,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Schuler, William  and  Wheeler, Adam},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {141--150},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Cognitive Compositional Semantics using Continuation Dependencies},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1019,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Fernandez, Raquel  and  Larsson, Staffan},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {151--159},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Vagueness and Learning: A Type-Theoretic Approach},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1020,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Lapesa, Gabriella  and  Evert, Stefan  and  Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {160--170},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Contrasting Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations: Insights from Distributional Semantic Models},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1021,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Kruszewski, Germ\'{a}n  and  Baroni, Marco},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {171--181},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Dead parrots make bad pets: Exploring modifier effects in noun phrases},
 year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{S14-1022,
 address = {Dublin, Ireland},
 author = {Bott, Stefan  and  Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2014)},
 month = {August},
 pages = {182--192},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University},
 title = {Syntactic Transfer Patterns of German Particle Verbs and their Impact on Lexical Semantics},
 year = {2014}
}


text:
@misc{pant-2019,
  annote = {Time series models have a special structure that requires a special type of neural network. This article gives an overview of this network.},
  author = {Pant, Neelabh},
  mendeley-tags = {Big data},
  title = {A Guide For Time Series Prediction Using Recurrent Neural Networks (LSTMs)},
  url = {https://blog.statsbot.co/time-series-prediction-using-recurrent-neural-networks-lstms-807fa6ca7f},
  urldate = {2019-12-12},
  source = {19/12/pant-2019},
  journal={Stats and Bots blog},
  year={2017-09-07}
}

repository: pmean/build-website

repo_name: pmean/build-website


text:
@ARTICLE{9782734,
  author={Anzalone, Luca and Barra, Paola and Barra, Silvio and Castiglione, Aniello and Nappi, Michele},
  journal={IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems},
  title={An End-to-End Curriculum Learning Approach for Autonomous Driving Scenarios},
  year={2022},
  volume={23},
  number={10},
  pages={19817-19826},
  doi={10.1109/TITS.2022.3160673}}


text:
@article{eusebi2017genome,
 author = {Eusebi, PG and González-Prendes, R and Quintanilla, R and Tibau, J and Cardoso, TF and Clop, A and Amills, M},
 journal = {Animal genetics},
 number = {4},
 pages = {466--469},
 title = {A genome-wide association analysis for carcass traits in a commercial Duroc pig population},
 volume = {48},
 year = {2017}
}

repository: rprendes/starter-academic-rayner

repo_name: rprendes/starter-academic-rayner


text:
/* 顶部导航 */

nav {
    width: 100%;
    height: 40px;
    line-height: 40px;
    background: black;
    position: fixed;
    top: 0;
    z-index: 9;
    font-size: 14px;
}

nav a {
    color: white;
}

nav .left li {
    float: left;
    margin-right: 20px;
}

nav .right li {
    float: right;
    margin-left: 20px;
}

/* 防止顶部固定定位造成的塌陷 */

.back {
    width: 100%;
    height: 40px;
}

/* 导航2 */

.nav2 {
    height: 120px;
    padding-top: 30px;
    border-bottom: 1px solid black;
    position: relative;
}

.nav2 .box1 {
    height: 36px;
    line-height: 36px;
}

.nav2 .box1 img {
    width: 180px;
    height: 36px;
    margin-right: 20px;
}

.nav2 .box1 li {
    float: left;
    margin-left: 30px;
    font-size: 20px;
}

.nav2 .box1 a {
    color: black;
}

.nav2 .box1 .search {
    width: 370px;
    height: 34px;
    border-radius: 17px;
    padding-left: 30px;
    border: 1px solid lightgrey;
    padding-right: 10px;
}

.nav2 .box1 .search i {
    font-size: 20px;
}

.nav2 .box1 .search input {
    width: 340px;
    height: 20px;
    border: none;
}

.nav2 .box2 {
    height: 36px;
    line-height: 36px;
}

.nav2 .box2 ul {
    margin-right: 50px;
}

.nav2 .box2 li {
    float: right;
    margin-left: 20px;
}

.nav2 .box2 a {
    color: gray;
    font-size: 13px;
}

/* 全部分类 */

.all {
    width: 230px;
    height: 50px;
    background: #333;
    bottom: -48px;
    position: absolute;
    text-align: center;
}

.all a {
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 50px;
    color: #fff;
}

/* 全部分类下的菜单 */

.list {
    width: 230px;
    height: 480px;
    font-size: 16px;
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    display: none;
    z-index: 999;
}

.list li {
    height: 48px;
    line-height: 48px;
}

.list ul a {
    color: white;
    display: block;
    padding-left: 40px;
}

.menu {
    width: 930px;
    height: 480px;
    position: absolute;
    top: 0px;
    left: 230px;
    padding-top: 50px;
    padding-left: 50px;
    display: none;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.96);
    z-index: 99;
}

.menu .title {
    float: left;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: #666;
    width: 70px;
    height: 24px;
    border-right: 1px solid black;
    margin-top: 20px;
    margin-right: 20px;
}

.menu .title:hover {
    color: #aaa;
}

.menu .menu3 {
    float: left;
    width: 770px;
}

.menu .menu3 a {
    width: 30%;
    height: 65px;
    display: inline-block;
}

.menu .menu3 a img {
    width: 65px;
    height: 65px;
    float: left;
}

.menu .menu3 a .title2 {
    height: 65px;
    line-height: 65px;
    display: block;
    float: left;
    color: #666;
}

.menu .menu3 a .title2:hover {
    color: #aaa;
}

.menu .item {
    /* display: none; */
}

/* 商品详情图 */

.list-main {
    position: relative;
}

.product {
    height: 700px;
    padding-top: 40px;
}

.spic {
    width: 480px;
    height: 480px;
    background: #fff;
    border: 1px solid transparent;
    position: relative;
}

.spic:hover {
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
}

.sf {
    width: 298px;
    height: 298px;
    background: #FEDE4F;
    opacity: .5;
    cursor: move;
    position: absolute;
    left: 0;
    top: 0;
    display: none;
}

.bf {
    width: 510px;
    height: 510px;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 500px;
    overflow: hidden;
    display: none;
}

.bpic {
    width: 816px;
    height: 816px;
}

/* 右侧详细信息 */

.product-info {
    width: 678px;
    height: 480px;
}

.info-title {
    font-size: 18px;
    font-weight: 400;
    line-height: 25px;
}

.info-subtitle p {
    color: #F33;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 400;
    line-height: 20px;
    margin-top: 7px;
}

.info-subtitle a {
    color: #2661B2;
    margin-right: 5px;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

/* 右侧第二块、价格、领券、促销 */

.info-wrap {
    width: 678px;
    height: 160px;
    color: #666;
    background: #FAFAFA;
    margin-top: 11px;
}

.info-wrap .line {
    background: #F0F0F0;
    height: 5px;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
}

.info-price,
.info-coupon,
.info-sale {
    width: 643px;
    height: 32px;
    padding: 13px 20px 0 15px;
}

.info-wrap .title {
    width: 45px;
    height: 24px;
}

.info-price .price {
    color: #fa5437;
    font-weight: 600;
}

/* 领券 */

.info-coupon .coupon {
    width: 100px;
    height: 18px;
    line-height: 16px;
    background: #FFEBE9;
    border: 1px solid #F33;
    color: #F33;
    font-size: 12px;
    font-weight: 400;
    padding-left: 8px;
    cursor: pointer;
}

/* 促销 */

.info-sale .down {
    background: #FFEBE9;
    border-radius: 15px;
    color: #F33;
    display: inline-block;
    font-size: 12px;
    font-weight: 400;
    line-height: 18px;
    padding: 0 8px;
    margin-right: 10px;
}

/* 公告条 */

.notice {
    background: url(https://p.ssl.qhimg.com/t0162338fb79bf00d67.png) #FFEBC6 no-repeat 8px center;
    background-size: 19px 19px;
    padding-left: 35px;
    border-radius: 5px;
    color: #F33;
    font-size: 12px;
    margin: 10px 0;
    max-height: 28px;
    overflow: hidden;
    padding: 8px 8px 8px 33px;
    text-align: left;
}

/* 分类 */

.sort,
.num,
.integral {
    width: 643px;
    height: 32px;
    padding: 13px 20px 0 15px;
}

.info-box .title {
    width: 45px;
    height: 24px;
    color: #999;
}

.sort a {
    width: 28px;
    height: 26px;
    line-height: 26px;
    padding: 0 20px;
    border-color: #F33;
    border-radius: 4px;
    border: 1px solid #DDD;
    color: #333;
}

.sort .active {
    background: #FFEBE9;
    border-color: #F33;
}

/* 数量 */

.num a {
    width: 26px;
    height: 26px;
    line-height: 26px;
    text-align: center;
    font-size: 16px;
    display: inline-block;
}

.num .reduce {
    background: #fff;
    color: #ddd;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    cursor: not-allowed;
}

.num .add {
    background: #F6F6F6;
    color: #333;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    margin-left: -5px;
}

.num input {
    width: 40px;
    height: 26px;
    line-height: 26px;
    background: #fff;
    color: #999;
    font-size: 14px;
    text-align: center;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    margin-left: -5px;
    margin-top: -4px;
    vertical-align: middle;
}

/* 积分 */

.integral-info {
    color: #333;
}

/* 按钮 */

/* 立即购买 */

.btn-box a {
    display: inline-block;
    text-align: center;
}

.buy {
    width: 200px;
    height: 38px;
    line-height: 38px;
    background: #FFEBE9;
    border: 1px solid #F33;
    color: #F33;
    margin-right: 16px;
    border-radius: 6px;
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 400;
}

/* 加入购物车 */

.add-cart {
    width: 200px;
    height: 38px;
    line-height: 38px;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, red 0, #F33 100%);
    border: 1px solid #F33;
    color: #fff;
    margin-right: 16px;
    border-radius: 6px;
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 400;
}

/* 喜欢 */

.like {
    width: 80px;
    height: 38px;
    line-height: 38px;
    background: #FAFAFA;
    border-radius: 6px;
    border: 1px solid #E7E7E7;
}

.like .iconfont {
    font-size: 20px;
    color: #F33;
}

/* 放大镜下面的图片列表 */

.pic-list {
    width: 510px;
    height: 92px;
    margin-top: 10px;
    position: relative;
}

/* 左右箭头 */

.pic-list .pre,
.pic-list .next {
    width: 15px;
    height: 88px;
    line-height: 90px;
    background: #FAFAFA;
    cursor: pointer;
    position: absolute;
}

/* 左箭头 */

.pic-list .pre {
    top: 0;
    left: -3px;
}

/* 右箭头 */

.pic-list .next {
    top: 0;
    right: 0;
}

.pic-list ul {
    width: 480px;
    height: 92px;
    position: absolute;
    left: 20px;
}

.pic-list li {
    width: 88px;
    height: 88px;
    display: inline-block;
    border: 1px solid #ccc;
}

.pic-list img {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
}

/* 加入购物车成功 */

.success {
    width: 150px;
    height: 40px;
    line-height: 40px;
    text-align: center;
    color: #fff;
    background: rgba(25, 25, 25, 0.7);
    position: fixed;
    top: 50%;
    left: 50%;
}

extension: css


text:
html {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 100%;
}
body {
  /* Margin bottom by footer height */
  margin-bottom: 60px;
  /* background-color:#2f202d; */

}
p{
	font-size:14px;
	font-family:Gruppo;
	color:black;
}

@media (min-width: 1200px) {
    div.form-label {
        text-align: right;
    }
}
#emailform{
	margin-top:20px;
}
#pimage{
	max-height:550px;
	max-width:500px;
	cursor: pointer;
    transition: -webkit-transform 0.25s ease;
    transition: transform 0.25s ease;
}
#pimage:active{
	-webkit-transform: scale(1.5);
    -ms-transform: scale(1.5);
}
#cimage{
	max-height:450px;
}
#main{
	/*border: 12px solid;*/
	border-radius: 10px;
	margin-top: 15px;
	margin-bottom: 15px;
	/* background-color:#ebeee5; */
}
#row{
	/*border: 12px solid; */
	border-radius: 10px;

}
h1{ font-family:Gruppo;

}
h2{ font-family:Gruppo;

}
#front{
	width:250px;
}

path: /Website with database/styles/main.css