text:
@article{Winklehner2011,
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prospectively, in patients undergoing body CTA, the radiation dose saving potential of raw data-based iterative reconstruction as compared to filtered back projection (FBP). METHODS: Twenty-five patients underwent thoraco-abdominal CTA with 128-slice dual-source CT, operating both tubes at 120 kV. Full-dose (FD) images were reconstructed with FBP and were compared to half-dose (HD) images with FBP and HD-images with sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE), both reconstructed using data from only one tube-detector-system. Image quality and sharpness of the aortic contour were assessed. Vessel attenuation and noise were measured, contrast-to-noise-ratio was calculated. RESULTS: Noise as image quality deteriorating artefact occurred in 24/25 (96\%) HD-FBP but not in FD-FBP and HD-raw data-based iterative reconstruction datasets (p < 0.001). Other artefacts occurred with similar prevalence among the datasets. Sharpness of the aortic contour was higher for FD-FBP and HD-raw data-based iterative reconstruction as compared to HD-FBP (p < 0.001). Aortoiliac attenuation was similar among all datasets (p > 0.05). Lowest noise was found for HD-raw data-based iterative reconstruction (7.23HU), being 9.4\% lower than that in FD-FBP (7.98HU, p < 0.05) and 30.8\% lower than in HD-FBP images (10.44HU, p < 0.001). Contrast-to-noise-ratio was lower in HD-FBP (p < 0.001) and higher in HD-raw data-based iterative reconstruction (p < 0.001) as compared to FD-FBP. CONCLUSION: Intra-individual comparisons of image quality of body CTA suggest that raw data-based iterative reconstruction allows for dose reduction >50\% while maintaining image quality. Key Points • Raw data-based iterative reconstruction reduces image noise and improves image quality as compared to filtered back projection • At a similar radiation dose, raw data-based iterative reconstruction improves the sharpness of vessel contours • In body CTA a dose reduction of >50\% might be possible when using raw data-based iterative reconstructions, while image quality can be maintained.},
author = {Winklehner, Anna and Karlo, Christoph and Puippe, Gilbert and Schmidt, Bernhard and Flohr, Thomas and Goetti, Robert and Pfammatter, Thomas and Frauenfelder, Thomas and Alkadhi, Hatem},
doi = {10.1007/s00330-011-2227-y},
issn = {09387994},
journal = {European Radiology},
keywords = {Angiography,Computed tomography,Image quality,Iterative reconstruction,Radiation dose,Raw data},
number = {12},
pages = {2521--2526},
title = {{Raw data-based iterative reconstruction in body CTA: Evaluation of radiation dose saving potential}},
volume = {21},
year = {2011}
}
@misc{EnviroVisionSolutions,
author = {{EnviroVision Solutions}},
title = {{EVS - EnviroVision Solutions}},
url = {http://evsolutions.biz/Default.aspx},
urldate = {2016-05-10}
}
@article{EuropeanComission2012,
author = {{European Comission}},
file = {::},
title = {{Catalogue of EU funded projects in Environmental research}},
volume = {0},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Brook2008,
abstract = {Air pollution is a heterogeneous mixture of gases, liquids and PM (particulate matter). In the modern urban world, PM is principally derived from fossil fuel combustion with individual constituents varying in size from a few nanometres to 10 $\mu$m in diameter. In addition to the ambient concentration, the pollution source and chemical composition may play roles in determining the biological toxicity and subsequent health effects. Nevertheless, studies from across the world have consistently shown that both short- and long-term exposures to PM are associated with a host of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischaemia and infarctions, heart failure, arrhythmias, strokes and increased cardiovascular mortality. Evidence from cellular/toxicological experiments, controlled animal and human exposures and human panel studies have demonstrated several mechanisms by which particle exposure may both trigger acute events as well as prompt the chronic development of cardiovascular diseases. PM inhaled into the pulmonary tree may instigate remote cardiovascular health effects via three general pathways: instigation of systemic inflammation and/or oxidative stress, alterations in autonomic balance, and potentially by direct actions upon the vasculature of particle constituents capable of reaching the systemic circulation. In turn, these responses have been shown to trigger acute arterial vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, arrhythmias and pro-coagulant/thrombotic actions. Finally, long-term exposure has been shown to enhance the chronic genesis of atherosclerosis. Although the risk to one individual at any single time point is small, given the prodigious number of people continuously exposed, PM air pollution imparts a tremendous burden to the global public health, ranking it as the 13th leading cause of morality (approx. 800000 annual deaths). {\textcopyright} The Authors.},
author = {Brook, Robert D.},
doi = {10.1042/CS20070444},
issn = {01435221},
journal = {Clinical Science},
keywords = {Air pollution,Cardiovascular disease,Inflammation,Oxidative stress,Particulate matter,Pulmonary tree},
number = {5-6},
pages = {175--187},
pmid = {18691154},
title = {{Cardiovascular effects of air pollution}},
volume = {115},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Pundt2006a,
author = {Pundt, Irene},
doi = {10.1007/s00216-005-0205-4},
issn = {1618-2642},
journal = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
month = {apr},
number = {1},
pages = {18--21},
title = {{DOAS tomography for the localisation and quantification of anthropogenic air pollution}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-005-0205-4},
volume = {385},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Honninger2004,
abstract = {Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spec- troscopy (MAX-DOAS) in the atmosphere is a novel mea- surement technique that represents a significant advance on the well-established zenith scattered sunlight DOAS instru- ments which are mainly sensitive to stratospheric absorbers. MAX-DOAS utilizes scattered sunlight received from mul- tiple viewing directions. The spatial distribution of various trace gases close to the instrument can be derived by combin- ing several viewing directions. Ground based MAX-DOAS is highly sensitive to absorbers in the lowest few kilome- tres of the atmosphere and vertical profile information can be retrieved by combining the measurements with Radia- tive Transfer Model (RTM) calculations. The potential of the technique for a wide variety of studies of tropospheric trace species and its (few) limitations are discussed. AMonte Carlo RTM is applied to calculate Airmass Factors (AMF) for the various viewing geometries ofMAX-DOAS. Airmass Factors can be used to quantify the light path length within the absorber layers. The airmass factor dependencies on the viewing direction and the influence of several parameters (trace gas profile, ground albedo, aerosol profile and type, solar zenith and azimuth angles) are investigated. In addition we give a brief description of the instrumental MAX-DOAS systems realised and deployed so far. The results of the RTM studies are compared to several examples of recent MAX- DOAS field experiments and an outlook for future possible applications is given.},
author = {H{\"{o}}nninger, G. and von Friedeburg, C. and Platt, U.},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
number = {4},
pages = {231--254},
title = {{Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS)}},
url = {www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/4/231/},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Carugno2016a,
abstract = {Background: The Lombardy region in northern Italy ranks among the most air polluted areas of Europe. Previous studies showed air pollution short-term effects on all-cause mortality. We examine here the effects of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 $\mu$m (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure on deaths and hospitalizations from specific causes, including cardiac, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases. Methods: We considered air pollution, mortality and hospitalization data for a non-opportunistic sample of 18 highly polluted and most densely populated areas of the region in the years 2003-2006. We obtained area-specific effect estimates for PM10 and NO2 from a Poisson regression model on the daily number of total deaths or cause-specific hospitalizations and then combined them in a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. For cause-specific mortality, we applied a case-crossover analysis. Age- and season-specific analyses were also performed. Effect estimates were expressed as percent variation in mortality or hospitalizations associated with a 10 $\mu$g/m3 increase in PM10 or NO2 concentration. Results: Natural mortality was positively associated with both pollutants (0.30\%, 90\% Credibility Interval [CrI]: -0.31; 0.78 for PM10; 0.70\%, 90\%CrI: 0.10; 1.27 for NO2). Cardiovascular deaths showed a higher percent variation in association with NO2 (1.12\%, 90\% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.14; 2.11), while the percent variation for respiratory mortality was highest in association with PM10 (1.64\%, 90\%CI: 0.35; 2.93). The effect of both pollutants was more evident in the summer season. Air pollution was also associated to hospitalizations, the highest variations being 0.77\% (90\%CrI: 0.22; 1.43) for PM10 and respiratory diseases, and 1.70\% (90\%CrI: 0.39; 2.84) for NO2 and cerebrovascular diseases. The effect of PM10 on respiratory hospital admissions appeared to increase with age. For both pollutants, effects on cerebrovascular hospitalizations were more evident in subjects aged less than 75 years. Conclusions: Our study provided a sound characterization of air pollution exposure and its potential effects on human health in the most polluted, and also most populated and productive, Italian region, further documenting the need for effective public health policies.},
author = {Carugno, Michele and Consonni, Dario and Randi, Giorgia and Catelan, Dolores and Grisotto, Laura and Bertazzi, Pier Alberto and Biggeri, Annibale and Baccini, Michela},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.003},
issn = {10960953},
journal = {Environmental Research},
keywords = {Air pollution,Bayesian analysis,Hospital admissions,Mortality,Nitrogen dioxide,Particulate matter},
pages = {415--424},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Air pollution exposure, cause-specific deaths and hospitalizations in a highly polluted italian region}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.003},
volume = {147},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Jing,
abstract = {—A full computer-controlled multiple light paths differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) apparatus are applied for air pollution monitoring in the suburb of NanJing. Two optical paths have been installed in the DOAS system (OPSIS AB, Sweden), which is operating since September 2007, and both are controlled with the same main unit, and so only one analyzer system studies the light received. A beam-finding servosystem and automatic gain control permit unattended long-time monitoring. The concentrations and standard deviations of a wide number of pollutants, along with light levels in the system are stored in the central unit computer. Being able to monitor a range of user-specified compounds continuously in real time with a single system, the OPSIS instruments offer high levels of accuracy, reliability and data capture. The first results obtained with the DOAS system are presented in this work; comparisons between pollutant data obtained along the two optical paths (and relations between different pollutant concentrations) have been carried out.},
author = {Jing, Wang and Bin, Zhu and Shengjie, Niu},
file = {::},
keywords = {Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Syste},
title = {{Differential optical absorption spectroscopy system for suburb of NanJing atmospheric pollution monitoring}}
}
@article{Verkruysse2005,
abstract = {Numerical studies were performed to evaluate a new air monitoring method for reconstructing chemical exposures and source emissions, based upon optical remote sensing (ORS) and computed tomography (CT). With an ORS-CT system, two-dimensional maps of chemical concentrations can be created that have good spatial and temporal resolution. The mathematical algorithm used to compute the distribution is critical for accurate and useable reconstructions of the concentrations. In this research, a novel reconstruction method was tested that uses maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) combined with two techniques called grid-translation and multi-grid (GT-MG). To evaluate this method, computer simulations were performed using 120 test maps of varying complexity and a simulated ORS system with four instruments and a total of 40 path-integrated measurements. The results were quantitatively compared with two previously used reconstruction methods (single-grid and grid-translation). Results using the GT-MG method were dramatically improved over previously used methods. Quantitatively, peak exposure errors were reduced by up to 85\% and artifacts were dramatically minimized.},
annote = {NULL},
author = {Verkruysse, Wim and Todd, Lori A.},
doi = {10.1021/es035231v},
file = {::},
isbn = {0013-936X},
issn = {0013936X},
journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
number = {7},
pages = {2247--2254},
pmid = {15871260},
title = {{Novel algorithm for tomographic reconstruction of atmospheric chemicals with sparse sampling}},
volume = {39},
year = {2005}
}
@article{WorldHealthOrganisationEurope2004,
abstract = {This report summarizes the most recent information on the health effects of air pollution. It is based on the results of a comprehensive review of scientific evidence organized by the World Health Organization in support of air pollution policy development in Europe, and in particular the European Commission's Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme. The review indicates that air pollution at current levels still poses a considerable burden on health in Europe. Many different adverse effects have been linked to exposure to air pollution, including an increased risk of cardiopulmonary disease and a reduction in life expectancy of a year or more for people living in European cities. Some of these effects occur at very low concentrations that were previously considered safe. Taken together, the evidence is sufficient to strongly recommend further policy action to reduce levels of air pollutants, including particulates, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. It is reasonable to assume that a reduction in air pollution will lead to considerable health benefits},
author = {{World Health Organisation Europe}},
journal = {World Health},
pages = {30},
title = {{Health Aspects of Air Pollution Results from the WHO Project "Systematic Review of Health Aspects of Air Pollution in Europe"}},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Bruyant2002a,
abstract = {Images of the inside of the human body can be obtained noninvasively using tomographic acquisition and processing techniques. In particular, these techniques are commonly used to obtain images of a gamma-emitter distribution after its administration in the human body. The reconstructed images are obtained given a set of their projections, acquired using rotating gamma cameras. A general overview of analytic and iterative methods of reconstruction in SPECT is presented with a special focus on filter backprojection (FBP), conjugate gradient, maximum likelihood expectation maximization, and maximum a posteriori expectation maximization algorithms. The FBP algorithm is faster than iterative algorithms, with the latter providing a framework for accurately modeling the emission and detection processes.},
author = {Bruyant, Philippe P},
journal = {Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine},
number = {10},
pages = {1343--58},
pmid = {12368373},
title = {{Analytic and iterative reconstruction algorithms in SPECT.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12368373},
volume = {43},
year = {2002}
}
@techreport{Lanzi2016,
abstract = {This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic consequences of outdoor air pollution in the coming decades, focusing on the impacts on mortality, morbidity, and changes in crop yields as caused by high concentrations of pollutants. Unless more stringent policies are adopted, findings point to a significant increase in global emissions and concentrations of air pollutants, with severe impacts on human health and the environment. The market impacts of outdoor air pollution are projected to lead to significant economic costs, which are illustrated at the regional and sectoral levels, and to substantial annual global welfare costs.},
address = {Paris},
author = {Lanzi, Elisa and Dellink, Rob},
booktitle = {OECD (2016), The economic consequences of outdoor air pollution},
doi = {10.1016/0013-9327(78)90018-6},
institution = {OECD},
issn = {00139327},
title = {{The economic consequences of air pollution}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Sahin2007,
abstract = {This paper proposes a mobile biological sensor system that can assist in early detection of forest fires one of the most dreaded natural disasters on the earth. The main idea presented in this paper is to utilize animals with sensors as Mobile Biological Sensors (MBS). The devices used in this system are animals which are native animals living in forests, sensors (thermo and radiation sensors with GPS features) that measure the temperature and transmit the location of the MBS, access points for wireless communication and a central computer system which classifies of animal actions. The system offers two different methods, firstly: access points continuously receive data about animals' location using GPS at certain time intervals and the gathered data is then classified and checked to see if there is a sudden movement (panic) of the animal groups: this method is called animal behavior classification (ABC). The second method can be defined as thermal detection (TD): the access points get the temperature values from the MBS devices and send the data to a central computer to check for instant changes in the temperatures. This system may be used for many purposes other than fire detection, namely animal tracking, poaching prevention and detecting instantaneous animal death.},
author = {Sahin, Yasar Guneri},
doi = {10.3390/s7123084},
file = {::},
isbn = {1424-8220},
issn = {1424-8220},
journal = {Sensors},
keywords = {Animal tracking,Biological sensors,Forest fire detection,Mobile sensors,animal tracking,biological sensors,forest fire detection,mobile sensors},
pages = {3084--3099},
title = {{Animals as Mobile Biological Sensors for Forest Fire Detection}},
volume = {7},
year = {2007}
}
@inproceedings{Li2016,
address = {Washington, D.C.},
author = {suwen Li},
booktitle = {Light, Energy and the Environment},
doi = {10.1364/FTS.2016.JW4A.24},
isbn = {978-0-9600380-4-6},
pages = {JW4A.24},
publisher = {OSA},
title = {{Reconstruction of NO_2 spatial distributions basing on scaning multi-axis DOAS tomography}},
url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=FTS-2016-JW4A.24},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Tang2004,
abstract = {In this paper, we developed an analytical fan-beam reconstruction algorithm that compensates for uniform attenuation in SPECT. The new fan-beam algorithm is in the form of backprojection first, then filtering, and is mathematically exact. The algorithm is based on three components. The first one is the established generalized central-slice theorem, which relates the 1D Fourier transform of a set of arbitrary data and the 2D Fourier transform of the backprojected image. The second one is the fact that the backprojection of the fan-beam measurements is identical to the backprojection of the parallel measurements of the same object with the same attenuator. The third one is the stable analytical reconstruction algorithm for uniformly attenuated Radon data, developed by Metz and Pan. The fan-beam algorithm is then extended into a cone-beam reconstruction algorithm, where the orbit of the focal point of the cone-beam imaging geometry is a circle. This orbit geometry does not satisfy Tuy's condition and the obtained cone-beam algorithm is an approximation. In the cone-beam algorithm, the cone-beam data are first backprojected into the 3D image volume; then a slice-by-slice filtering is performed. This slice-by-slice filtering procedure is identical to that of the fan-beam algorithm. Both the fan-beam and cone-beam algorithms are efficient, and computer simulations are presented. The new cone-beam algorithm is compared with Bronnikov's cone-beam algorithm, and it is shown to have better performance with noisy projections.},
author = {Tang, Qiulin and Zeng, Gengsheng L. and Gullberg, Grant T.},
doi = {10.1088/0031-9155/50/13/013},
issn = {10957863},
journal = {IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record},
pages = {3546--3550},
title = {{Analytical fan-beam and cone-beam reconstruction algorithms with uniform attenuation correction}},
volume = {6},
year = {2004}
}
@book{Barrett2012,
abstract = {Radiological Imaging: The Theory of Image Formation, Detection, and Processing is intended to prepare the student to do research in radiological imaging, to teach general image science within a radiographic context, and to help the student gain fluency with the essential analytical tools of linear systems theory and the theory of stochastic processes that are applicable to any imaging system. The book contains chapters devoted to the discussion of linear systems, Poisson processes, analysis of radiographic systems, radiographic image detectors, and the various aspects of three-dimensional or tomographic imaging. Computed tomography, psychophysics, and scattered radiation and its effect on image are also elucidated. Radiology technicians will find the book very invaluable.},
author = {Barrett, Harrison H. and Swindell, William},
booktitle = {Radiological Imaging: The Theory of Image Formation, Detection, and Processing},
doi = {10.1016/C2009-0-02376-9},
isbn = {9780120796038},
pages = {1--683},
title = {{Radiological Imaging: The Theory of Image Formation, Detection, and Processing}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Casaballe2017,
author = {Casaballe, Nicol{\'{a}}s and Osorio, Mat{\'{i}}as and {Di Martino}, Mat{\'{i}}as and Frins, Erna},
doi = {10.1002/2017EA000341},
issn = {23335084},
journal = {Earth and Space Science},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {723--736},
title = {{Comparison Between Regularized Optimization Algorithms for Tomographic Reconstruction of Plume Cross Sections in the Atmosphere}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2017EA000341},
volume = {4},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{Application2008,
abstract = {The present invention relates to a system for detection of forest fires, based on the chemical analysis of the atmosphere through optic spectroscopy. The Smoke originated from a fire has a chemical composition different from that of a normal atmosphere. This chemical composition is determined by the analysis of light absorption, which passes through the Smoke, in its different wavelengths, carried out by a spectrometer. In this case, the spectrometer is associated to a telescope and Solar light is used as the light Source allowing the detection of Smoke originated from a fire in a specific area of the horizon. The maximum distance from which the Smoke can be detected depends only on the potency of the telescope and may be of many kilometers. The installation of the system on a rotating Support and the use of computational logarithms makes the detection in any point of the horizon possible, a completely autonomous way.},
author = {Vieira, Pedro and Matos, Jo{\~{a}}o},
number = {19},
pages = {19--22},
title = {{System for Automatic Detection of Forest Fires Through Optical Spectroscopy}},
volume = {1},
year = {2008}
}
@misc{BNHCRC2016,
author = {BNHCRC},
title = {{Bushfire \& Natural Hazards CRC}},
url = {http://www.bnhcrc.com.au/home},
urldate = {2016-05-10},
year = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{Zhou2003,
author = {Zhou, Bin and Chen, Limin and Pundt, Irene and Liu, Wenqing and Yu, Qi and Xie, Pinhua and Li, Zhenbi and Mettendorf, Kai U.},
doi = {10.1117/12.465860},
editor = {Huang, Hung-Lung and Lu, Daren and Sasano, Yasuhiro},
month = {apr},
pages = {272},
title = {{Developing of DOAS in China}},
url = {http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?doi=10.1117/12.465860},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Kampa2008,
author = {Kampa, Marilena and Castanas, Elias},
doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.012},
issn = {02697491},
journal = {Environmental Pollution},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {362--367},
title = {{Human health effects of air pollution}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0269749107002849},
volume = {151},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Vandaele2002,
author = {Vandaele, A. C.},
doi = {10.1029/2001JD000971},
issn = {0148-0227},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
number = {D18},
pages = {4348},
title = {{High-resolution Fourier transform measurement of the NO 2 visible and near-infrared absorption cross sections: Temperature and pressure effects}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2001JD000971},
volume = {107},
year = {2002}
}
@misc{Simon2013,
author = {Simon, Stacy},
title = {{World Health Organization: Outdoor Air Pollution Causes Cancer}},
url = {https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/world-health-organization-outdoor-air-pollution-causes-cancer.html},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Pundt2005c,
abstract = {The Tomographic Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Tom-DOAS) technique and results from a first application are presented. This novel technique serves to measure 2-3-dimensional concentration fields of different trace gases (e.g. NO 2, SO 2, ozone) in the planetary boundary layer on a small scale (100-10 000 m) by the use of multiple light paths. Ways to use telescopes, lamps, retroreflector arrays and spectrometers for the simultaneous measurement of many light-paths are proposed. The results from a first Long-path Tom-DOAS experiment next to a German motorway, which was part of the BAB II campaign April/May 2001 [Edition of the Institut f{\"{u}}r Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe/Universit{\"{a}}t Karlsruhe, pp. 45, 2001), are presented. From the measurements along 16 different light paths vertical profiles on both sides of the motorway as well as a two-dimensional map of the NO 2 vehicle emission plume are derived. The concentration distributions agree qualitatively with model simulations of an earlier campaign. {\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Pundt, I. and Mettendorf, K.-U. and Laepple, T. and Knab, V. and Xie, P. and L{\"{o}}sch, J. and Friedeburg, C.v. and Platt, U. and Wagner, T.},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.07.035},
file = {::},
isbn = {1352-2310},
issn = {13522310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
keywords = {DOAS,NO 2,Tomography,Vehicle emission},
month = {feb},
number = {5},
pages = {967--975},
title = {{Measurements of trace gas distributions using Long-path DOAS-Tomography during the motorway campaign BAB II: experimental setup and results for NO2}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231004009628},
volume = {39},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Stutz1996,
abstract = {Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) has become a widely used method to measure trace gases in the atmosphere. Their concentration is retrieved by a numerical analysis of the atmospheric absorption spectra, which often are a combination of overlapping absorption structures of several trace gases. A new analysis procedure was developed, modeling atmospheric spectra with the absorption structures of the individual trace gases, to determine their concentrations. The procedure also corrects differences in the wavelength-pixel mapping of these spectra. A new method to estimate the error of the concentrations considers the uncertainty of this correction and the influence of random residual structures in the absorption spectra.},
author = {Stutz, Jochen and Platt, Ulrich},
doi = {10.1364/ao.35.006041},
issn = {0003-6935},
journal = {Applied Optics},
keywords = {absorption spectroscopy,differential optical absorption spec-,measurement techniques},
number = {30},
pages = {6041},
title = {{Numerical analysis and estimation of the statistical error of differential optical absorption spectroscopy measurements with least-squares methods}},
volume = {35},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Ramos2011,
author = {Ramos, Javier A and Frins, Erna},
doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/274/1/012090},
issn = {1742-6596},
journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
month = {jan},
pages = {012090},
title = {{Development of a DOAS System for ToTAL-DOAS Applications with Temperature Control}},
url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1742-6596/274/i=1/a=012090?key=crossref.812c1c58ee8aa3593592c0f082ad7b83},
volume = {274},
year = {2011}
}
@article{TheEuropeanUnion2014,
author = {{The European Union}},
file = {::},
title = {{Uniting the front against forest fires}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Olsson2013,
abstract = {Objectives: Our aim was to study the possible associations between exposure to elevated levels of air pollution, ozone (O3) and vehicle exhaust (NOx), during early gestation, and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-eclampsia, preterm birth and small for gestational age. Design: Prospective register-based cohort study. Setting: The Swedish Medical Birth Register includes data on all deliveries during 1998 to 2006 in Greater Stockholm, Sweden. The national Patient Register and the Prescribed Drug Register were used to collect information on maternal asthma. Participants: All singleton pregnancies, conceived at the earliest in August 1997 and at the latest in February 2006, were included, n=120 755. Outcome measures: We studied preterm birth, small for gestational age and pre-eclampsia. Results: 4.4\% of pregnancies resulted in a preterm birth. The prevalence of pre-eclampsia was 2.7\%. We observed an association between first trimester O3 and preterm birth (OR 1.04, 95\% CI 1.01 to 1.08) as well as an association with pre-eclampsia (OR 1.04, 95\% CI 1.01 to 1.08), per 10 $\mu$g/m3 increase in O3. We observed no association between first trimester NOx and adverse pregnancy outcomes. No associations were observed between any of the air pollutants and small for gestational age. Conclusions: Increased levels of O3 during the first trimester increased the risk of pre-eclampsia and preterm birth. Air pollutants did not exhibit any effects on fetal growth restriction. We estimated 1 in every 20 cases of pre-eclampsia to be associated with O3 exposure.},
author = {Olsson, David and Mogren, Ingrid and Forsberg, Bertil},
doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001955},
isbn = {2012001955},
issn = {20446055},
journal = {BMJ Open},
number = {2},
pages = {1--8},
title = {{Air pollution exposure in early pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A register-based cohort study}},
volume = {3},
year = {2013}
}
@misc{Office2019,
author = {Office, Met},
title = {{The Great Smog of 1952}},
url = {https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/case-studies/great-smog},
urldate = {2019-09-23},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Bouabdellah2013,
abstract = {The improvement of the level of modernization of forest fires monitoring using information and communication technologies has strategic significance for many countries where forest fires occur frequently. Compared with the traditional techniques of forest fires detection, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology is a very promising green technology for the future in detecting efficiently the forest fires. In this paper we propose a comparative study between two forest fires detection methods (Canadian and Korean) using a real experimental approach. The methodology adopted for this study is provided. The related hardware schemes and implemented algorithms are given in detail for both methods. Through the preliminaries results, we conclude the effectiveness of the Canadian approach in terms of energy consumption and execution speed, and its suitability to the context of our country.},
author = {Bouabdellah, Kechar and Noureddine, Houache and Larbi, Sekhri},
doi = {10.1016/j.procs.2013.06.104},
file = {::},
isbn = {1877-0509},
issn = {18770509},
journal = {Procedia Computer Science},
keywords = {Forest fires detection,Korean approch,WSN,canadian Approach,experimental study},
number = {Seit},
pages = {794--801},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Using Wireless Sensor Networks for Reliable Forest Fires Detection}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050913007126},
volume = {19},
year = {2013}
}
@book{Guerreiro2019,
abstract = {This report presents an updated overview and analysis of air quality in Europe from 2000 to 2017. It reviews the progress made towards meeting the air quality standards established in the two EU Ambient Air Quality Directives and towards the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines (AQGs). It also presents the latest findings and estimates of population and ecosystem exposure to the air pollutants with the greatest impacts. The evaluation of the status of air quality is based mainly onreported ambient air measurements, in conjunction with modelling data and data on anthropogenic emissions and the trends they exhibit over time.},
address = {Luxembourg},
author = {Guerreiro, Cristina and Soares, Joana and Ortiz, Alberto Gonz{\'{a}}lez},
booktitle = {Report},
doi = {10.2800/822355},
isbn = {9789294800886},
issn = {1977-8449},
number = {5},
publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
title = {{Air quality in Europe — 2019 report}},
url = {papers2://publication/uuid/1D25F41B-C673-4FDA-AB71-CC5A2AD97FDD},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{EEA2019,
author = {EEA},
title = {{European Environmental Agency}},
url = {https://www.eea.europa.eu},
urldate = {2019-09-23},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{Agriculture2012,
author = {of Agriculture, United States Department},
title = {{Early History of the NCRS}},
url = {https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/about/history/?cid=stelprdb1049437},
urldate = {2020-04-11},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Stutz2016,
author = {Stutz, Jochen and Hurlock, Stephen C. and Colosimo, Santo F. and Tsai, Catalina and Cheung, Ross and Festa, James and Pikelnaya, Olga and Alvarez, Sergio and Flynn, James H. and Erickson, Matthew H. and Olaguer, Eduardo P.},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.054},
issn = {13522310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
month = {dec},
pages = {121--132},
title = {{A novel dual-LED based long-path DOAS instrument for the measurement of aromatic hydrocarbons}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231016307713},
volume = {147},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ghorani-Azam2016a,
abstract = {Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, six major air pollutants include particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long-term chronic diseases such as cancer. Several reports have revealed the direct association between exposure to the poor air quality and increasing rate of morbidity and mortality mostly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight. In this review article, we aimed to discuss toxicology of major air pollutants, sources of emission, and their impact on human health. We have also proposed practical measures to reduce air pollution in Iran.},
author = {Ghorani-Azam, Adel and Riahi-Zanjani, Bamdad and Balali-Mood, Mahdi},
doi = {10.4103/1735-1995.189646},
issn = {17357136},
journal = {Journal of Research in Medical Sciences},
keywords = {Air pollution,Cardiovascular diseases,Environment,Human health,Respiratory tract diseases,Toxicology},
number = {5},
pages = {1--18},
title = {{Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran}},
volume = {21},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Kastis2012,
abstract = {An efficient, two-dimensional, analytic, Spline Reconstruction Technique (SRT) for SPECT has been presented earlier in the literature. The SRT is a reconstruction algorithm based on an analytic formula of the inverse Attenuated Radon Transform which results from the approximation of the sinogram in terms of cubic splines. The algorithm incorporates the attenuation map obtained by a CT scan, to provide attenuation corrected images. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the SRT algorithm, using phantoms and real SPECT/CT data, by comparing it with two commonly used reconstruction algorithms: FBP and OSEM. The uniformity and resolution limitations of the analytic SRT algorithm is assessed in simulation studies by using a Uniformity phantom, a slice of the Hoffman brain phantom, and two slices of the NCAT human torso phantom. Appropriate attenuation maps are used for each image. Reconstructed images are obtained for 60, 90, 120, and 180 projections over 360 degrees. Furthermore, real SPECT sinograms and their corresponding CT images are acquired from a clinical SPECT/CT system, and then reconstructed employing the SRT algorithm. The reconstructed images obtained via the SRT algorithm are compared to those produced by FBP and OSEM. Several profiles are presented which illustrate the ability of SRT algorithm to correct for attenuation. The SRT reconstructions from clinical data are also compared with the OSEM reconstructions provided by the commercial system. Comparisons between fused images are also presented. Our preliminary results suggest that SRT appears to provide better reconstructed images than FBP at least for the cases when no attenuation correction is applied to FBP. The reconstruction time for SRT was about 2 sec which is comparable to that of FBP and faster than OSEM. Regarding reconstructions for the data obtained from the clinical system, SRT appears to provide comparable quality images with the OSEM reconstructions processed by the comme- cial system. However, further evaluation of SRT is needed to substantiate this claim. It is also important to note that SRT suffers from striking artifacts, due to angular under-sampling, which become worse at low number of projection angles.},
author = {Kastis, George A. and Gaitanis, Anastasios and Skouras, Theodoros and Fokas, Athanassios S.},
doi = {10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6153751},
file = {::},
isbn = {9781467301183},
issn = {10957863},
journal = {IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record},
pages = {3950--3954},
title = {{Evaluation of a spline reconstruction technique for SPECT: Comparison with FBP and OSEM}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Bogumil2003,
author = {Bogumil, K and Orphal, J and Homann, T and Voigt, S and Spietz, P and Fleischmann, O.C and Vogel, A and Hartmann, M and Kromminga, H and Bovensmann, H and Frerick, J and Burrows, J.P},
doi = {10.1016/S1010-6030(03)00062-5},
issn = {10106030},
journal = {Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry},
month = {may},
number = {2-3},
pages = {167--184},
title = {{Measurements of molecular absorption spectra with the SCIAMACHY pre-flight model: instrument characterization and reference data for atmospheric remote-sensing in the 230–2380 nm region}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1010603003000625},
volume = {157},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Perner1976,
author = {Perner, D. and Ehhalt, D. H. and P{\"{a}}tz, H. W. and Platt, U. and R{\"{o}}th, E. P. and Volz, A.},
doi = {10.1029/GL003i008p00466},
issn = {00948276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {466--468},
title = {{OH - Radicals in the lower troposphere}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/GL003i008p00466},
volume = {3},
year = {1976}
}
@book{Bevington2003,
author = {Bevington, Philip R. and Robinson, D. Keith},
isbn = {0-07-247227-8},
title = {{Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences}},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Laepple2004,
abstract = {This paper presents a procedure for performing and optimizing inversions for DOAS tomography and its ap-plication to measurement data. DOAS tomography is a new technique to determine 2-and 3-dimensional concentration fields of air pollutants or other trace gases by combining dif-ferential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) with tomo-graphic inversion techniques. Due to the limited amount of measured data, the resulting concentration fields are sensitive to the inversion process. Therefore detailed error estimations are needed to determine the quality of the reconstruction. In this paper we compare different row acting methods for the inversion, present a procedure for optimizing the parameters of the reconstruction process and propose a way to estimate the error-fields by numerical studies. The procedure was ap-plied to data from the motorway emission campaign BAB II. Two dimensional NO 2 cross sections at right angles to the motorway could be reconstructed qualitatively well at differ-ent meteorological situations. Additionally we present error fields for the reconstructions which show the problems and skills of the used measurement setup. Numerical studies on an improved setup for future motorway campaigns show, that DOAS tomography is able to produce high quality concentra-tion maps.},
author = {Laepple, T and Knab, V and Mettendorf, K.-U and Pundt, I},
doi = {10.5194/acpd-4-2435-2004},
file = {::},
issn = {1680-7375},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {2435--2484},
title = {{Longpath DOAS tomography on a motorway exhaust gas plume: numerical studies and application to data from the BAB II campaign}},
url = {www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/4/1323/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/4/2435/2004/},
volume = {4},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Herman1995,
abstract = {This article covers the problem of reconstruction of structures from data collected based on transmitted or emitted radiation. The problem occurs in a wide range of areas, such as X-ray CT, emission tomography, photon migration imaging, electron microscopic reconstruction, etc. The article addresses the design, implementation, evaluation, and application of computer algorithms for solving the reconstruction problem in various biomedical areas and emphasizes the essential role of computers, which is due to the fact that the underlying biomedical problems result in mathematical problems in which the number of unknowns is in the millions. {\textcopyright} 1995 Academic Press. All rights reserved.},
annote = {NULL},
author = {Herman, G. T.},
doi = {10.1006/rtim.1995.1002},
file = {::},
isbn = {1077-2014},
issn = {10772014},
journal = {Real-Time Imaging},
number = {1},
pages = {3--18},
pmid = {1162324},
title = {{Image Reconstruction From Projections}},
volume = {1},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Wang2012,
author = {Wang, Yang and Li, Ang and Xie, Pin-Hua and Zeng, Yi and Wang, Rui-Bin and Chen, Hao and Pei, Xian and Liu, Jian-Guo and Liu, Wen-Qing},
doi = {10.1088/1674-1056/21/11/114211},
issn = {1674-1056},
journal = {Chinese Physics B},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {114211},
title = {{Measurements of NO 2 mixing ratios with topographic target light scattering-differential optical absorption spectroscopy system and comparisons to point monitoring technique}},
url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1674-1056/21/i=11/a=114211?key=crossref.7c8644b2ecde5cc5ceff76df3e9d4940},
volume = {21},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Franklin2019,
abstract = {There is a growing body of research on the association between ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes. However, people in high income countries spend most of their time indoors. Pregnant women spend much of that time at home. The aim of this study was to investigate if indoor air pollutants were associated with poor birth outcomes. Pregnant women were recruited prior to 18 weeks gestation. They completed a housing questionnaire and household chemical use survey. Indoor pollutants, formaldehyde (HCHO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), were monitored in the women's homes at 34 weeks gestation. Gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW) and length (BL) and head circumference (HC) were collected from birth records. The associations between measured pollutants, and pollution surrogates, were analysed using general linear models, controlling for maternal age, parity, maternal health, and season of birth. Only HCHO was associated with any of the birth outcomes. There was a 0.044 decrease in BW z-score (p = 0.033) and 0.05 decrease in HC z-score (p = 0.06) for each unit increase in HCHO. Although HCHO concentrations were very low, this finding is consistent with other studies of formaldehyde and poor birth outcomes.},
author = {Franklin, Peter and Tan, Mark and Hemy, Naomi and Hall, Graham L.},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph16081364},
issn = {16604601},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
keywords = {Birth outcomes,Formaldehyde,Indoor air pollution,Pregnancy},
number = {8},
title = {{Maternal exposure to indoor air pollution and birth outcomes}},
volume = {16},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Corsmeier2005,
author = {Corsmeier, U. and Kohler, M. and Vogel, B. and Vogel, H. and Fiedler, F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.056},
issn = {13522310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
month = {oct},
number = {31},
pages = {5627--5641},
title = {{BAB II: a project to evaluate the accuracy of real-world traffic emissions for a motorway}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231004010866},
volume = {39},
year = {2005}
}
@book{Vallero2007,
abstract = {Fundamentals of Air Pollution is an important and widely used textbook in the environmental science and engineering community. Written shortly after the passage of the seminal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the third edition was quite timely. Surprisingly, the text has remained relevant for university professors, engineers, scientists, policy makers and students up to recent years. However, in light of the transition in the last five years from predominantly technology-based standards (maximum achievable control technologies or MACTs) to risk-based regulations and air quality standards, the text must be updated significantly. The fourth edition will be updated to include numerous MACTs which were not foreseen during the writing of the third edition, such as secondary lead (Pb) smelting, petroleum refining, aerospace manufacturing, marine vessel loading, ship building, printing and publishing, elastomer production, offsite waste operations, and polyethylene terephthalate polymer and styrene-based thermoplastic polymers production. Overall, revisions will reflect the numerous changes in the understanding of air pollution and the development of new technologies that has occurred in the past twelve years. * Focuses on the process of risk assessment, management and communication, the key to the study of air pollution. * Provides the latest information on the technological breakthroughs in environmental engineering since last edition * Updated inforamtion on computational and diagnostic and operational tools that have emerged in recent years. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
address = {Oxford, UK},
author = {Vallero, Daniel A.},
booktitle = {Fundamentals of Air Pollution},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-373615-4.X5000-6},
edition = {4},
isbn = {9780123736154},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Fundamentals of Air Pollution}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123736154X50006},
year = {2008}
}
@techreport{Tans,
address = {Mauna Loa, Hawaii, USA},
author = {Tans, Pieter and Keeling, Ralph and Walker, S. J. and Piper, S. C. and Bollenbacher, A. F.},
institution = {NOAA/ESRL and Scripps Institution of Oceanography},
title = {{Atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ppm) derived from in situ air measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii}},
url = {ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/products/trends/co2/co2_annmean_mlo.txt}
}
@inproceedings{Ramos2014,
author = {Ramos, Javier A. and Osorio, Matias and Belsterli, Gaston and Frins, Erna and Barreto, Miguel},
booktitle = {2014 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC) Proceedings},
doi = {10.1109/I2MTC.2014.6860932},
isbn = {978-1-4673-6386-0},
month = {may},
pages = {1193--1196},
publisher = {IEEE},
title = {{Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy system for multi purpose applications}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6860932/},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Perner1979,
author = {Perner, D. and Platt, U.},
doi = {10.1029/GL006i012p00917},
issn = {00948276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {917--920},
title = {{Detection of nitrous acid in the atmosphere by differential optical absorption}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/GL006i012p00917},
volume = {6},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Stipanicev2006,
abstract = {Forest fires represent a constant threat to ecological systems, infrastructure and human lives. The only effective way to minimize damage caused by forest fires is their early detection and fast reaction, apart from preventive measures. Great efforts are therefore made to achieve early forest fire detection, which is traditionally based on human surveillance. There are two types of human surveillance – direct human observation by observers located on monitoring spots and distant human observation based on video surveillance systems. More advanced approach is automatic surveillance and automatic early forest fire detection. Today there are several different approaches but the most feasible is the system based on video cameras sensible in visible spectra. In almost every country which encounters high risk of forest fires at least one such system was developed and proposed. Some of them are on the market under various commercial names. Croatia also has its own system called Integral Forest Fire Monitoring System (in Croatian IPNAS) developed at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture University of Split. The system was experimentally tested during 2005 and 2006 fire seasons on three locations in Split and Dalmatia County (Marjan Split Vidova gora Bra{\v{c}} and faculty building Split) but it is also in everyday use in National Park Paklenica from June 2006. This paper describes the main idea behind the Croatian system IPNAS and discusses our experiences during its field tests period in 2005 and 2006.},
author = {Stipani{\v{c}}ev, Darko and Vuko, Tomislav and Kristini{\'{c}}, Damir and {\v{S}}tula, Maja and Bodro{\v{z}}i{\'{c}}, Ljiljana},
file = {::},
journal = {Third TIEMS Workshop: Improvement of Disaster Management System},
keywords = {AWFDSs,Croatia,Fire detection,risk identification},
pages = {10},
title = {{Forest Fire Protection by Advanced Video Detection System - Croatian Experiences}},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Gelman2003,
abstract = {Incorporating new and updated information, this second edition of THE bestselling text in Bayesian data analysis continues to emphasize practice over theory, describing how to conceptualize, perform, and critique statistical analyses from a Bayesian perspective. Its world-class authors provide guidance on all aspects of Bayesian data analysis and include examples of real statistical analyses, based on their own research, that demonstrate how to solve complicated problems. Changes in the new edition include: Stronger focus on MCMC Revision of the computational advice in Part III New chapters on nonlinear models and decision analysis Several additional applied examples from the authors' recent research Additional chapters on current models for Bayesian data analysis such as nonlinear models, generalized linear mixed models, and more Reorganization of chapters 6 and 7 on model checking and data collectionBayesian computation is currently at a stage where there are many reasonable ways to compute any given posterior distribution. However, the best approach is not always clear ahead of time. Reflecting this, the new edition offers a more pluralistic presentation, giving advice on performing computations from many perspectives while making clear the importance of being aware that there are different ways to implement any given iterative simulation computation. The new approach, additional examples, and updated information make Bayesian Data Analysis an excellent introductory text and a reference that working scientists will use throughout their professional life.},
author = {Gelman, Andrew and Carlin, John B. and Stern, Hal S. and Rubin, Donald B.},
doi = {10.1002/1521-3773(20010316)40:6<9823::AID-ANIE9823>3.3.CO;2-C},
isbn = {1420057294},
issn = {14337851},
pages = {696},
title = {{Bayesian Data Analysis, Second Edition}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Bayesian_Data_Analysis_Second_Edition.html?id=TNYhnkXQSjAC\&pgis=1},
year = {2003}
}
@misc{co2levels2020,
author = {{2 Degrees Institute}},
title = {{CO2 Levels}},
url = {https://www.co2levels.org/},
urldate = {2020-04-14},
year = {2020}
}
@misc{NGNS-IS2016,
author = {NGNS-IS, Lda},
title = {{Long range fire detection exclusive solution}},
url = {http://www.ngns-is.com/products/ngns-all-over/forest-fire-finder},
urldate = {2016-05-10},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Genc2012,
abstract = {Exposure to ambient air pollution is a serious and common public health concern associated with growing morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the last decades, the adverse effects of air pollution on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems have been well established in a series of major epidemiological and observational studies. In the recent past, air pollution has also been associated with diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and neurodevelopmental disorders. It has been demonstrated that various components of air pollution, such as nanosized particles, can easily translocate to the CNS where they can activate innate immune responses. Furthermore, systemic inflammation arising from the pulmonary or cardiovascular system can affect CNS health. Despite intense studies on the health effects of ambient air pollution, the underlying molecular mechanisms of susceptibility and disease remain largely elusive. However, emerging evidence suggests that air pollution-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, microglial activation, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and alterations in the blood-brain barrier contribute to CNS pathology. A better understanding of the mediators and mechanisms will enable the development of new strategies to protect individuals at risk and to reduce detrimental effects of air pollution on the nervous system and mental health. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2012 Sermin Genc et al.},
author = {Genc, Sermin and Zadeoglulari, Zeynep and Fuss, Stefan H. and Genc, Kursad},
doi = {10.1155/2012/782462},
issn = {16878191},
journal = {Journal of Toxicology},
title = {{The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system}},
volume = {2012},
year = {2012}
}
@misc{Glowniak,
author = {Glowniak, Jerry V. and Zak, Imad},
title = {{CT Axial Anatomy}},
url = {http://www2.med.wayne.edu/diagRadiology/Limbic System RSNA 2004/brain/BrainCT.html},
urldate = {2019-01-11}
}
@techreport{EEA2007,
author = {EEA},
booktitle = {Europe},
number = {2},
title = {{Air pollution in Europe 1990–2004}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Zuo2009,
author = {Zuo, Haoyi and Liu, Qiaojun and Wang, Jieyu and Luo, Shirong},
doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.26.001656},
issn = {0740-3224},
journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {1656},
title = {{Equiangular method: a technique of multiaxis DOAS}},
url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josab-26-8-1656},
volume = {26},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Guan2016,
abstract = {In China, where air pollution has become a major threat to public health, public awareness of the detrimental effects of air pollution on respiratory health is increasing—particularly in relation to haze days. Air pollutant emission levels in China remain substantially higher than are those in developed countries. Moreover, industry, traffic, and household biomass combustion have become major sources of air pollutant emissions, with substantial spatial and temporal variations. In this Review, we focus on the major constituents of air pollutants and their impacts on chronic respiratory diseases. We highlight targets for interventions and recommendations for pollution reduction through industrial upgrading, vehicle and fuel renovation, improvements in public transportation, lowering of personal exposure, mitigation of the direct effects of air pollution through healthy city development, intervention at population-based level (systematic health education, intensive and individualised intervention, pre-emptive measures, and rehabilitation), and improvement in air quality. The implementation of a national environmental protection policy has become urgent.},
author = {Guan, Wei Jie and Zheng, Xue Yan and Chung, Kian Fan and Zhong, Nan Shan},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31597-5},
issn = {1474547X},
journal = {The Lancet},
number = {10054},
pages = {1939--1951},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Impact of air pollution on the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China: time for urgent action}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31597-5},
volume = {388},
year = {2016}
}
@book{Press2007,
abstract = {Co-authored by four leading scientists from academia and industry, Numerical Recipes Third Edition starts with basic mathematics and computer science and proceeds to complete, working routines. Widely recognized as the most comprehensive, accessible and practical basis for scientific computing, this new edition incorporates more than 400 Numerical Recipes routines, many of them new or upgraded. The executable C++ code, now printed in color for easy reading, adopts an object-oriented style particularly suited to scientific applications. The whole book is presented in the informal, easy-to-read style that made earlier editions so popular. Please visit www.nr.com or www.cambridge.org/us/numericalrecipes for more details. New key features: 2 new chapters, 25 new sections, 25\% longer than Second Edition Thorough upgrades throughout the text Over 100 completely new routines and upgrades of many more. New Classification and Inference chapter, including Gaussian mixture models, HMMs, hierarchical clustering, Support Vector MachinesNew Computational Geometry chapter covers KD trees, quad- and octrees, Delaunay triangulation, and algorithms for lines, polygons, triangles, and spheres New sections include interior point methods for linear programming, Monte Carlo Markov Chains, spectral and pseudospectral methods for PDEs, and many new statistical distributions An expanded treatment of ODEs with completely new routines Plus comprehensive coverage of linear algebra, interpolation, special functions, random numbers, nonlinear sets of equations, optimization, eigensystems, Fourier methods and wavelets, statistical tests, ODEs and PDEs, integral equations, and inverse theory And much, much more! Visit the authors' web site for information about electronic subscriptions www.nr.com/aboutNR3book.html},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Press, William H. and Teukolsky, Saul A. and Vetterling, William T. and Flannery, Brian P.},
edition = {3rd Editio},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
file = {::},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {1098-6596},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Asl2013,
abstract = {Data collected in two-dimensional projections give planar images of object at each projection angle. To obtain information along the depth of the object, tomographic images are reconstructed using these projections. There are basically two approaches to solve the problem of reconstruction: analytical and iterative, each one presenting its own advantages and limitations. This paper provides a detailed introduction and comparison to four analytical image reconstruction methods including Fourier transformation, simple back-projection, back-projection filtering and filtered back-projection.},
author = {Asl, Mahsa Noori and Sadremomtaz, Alireza},
doi = {10.4236/jbise.2013.61013},
issn = {1937-6871},
journal = {Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering},
keywords = {and finally,back-projected,back-projection,fbp,filtered back-projection,filtered in fourier space,filtering,fourier transform,image reconstruction,method where projection,the},
number = {01},
pages = {100--107},
title = {{Analytical image reconstruction methods in emission tomography}},
volume = {06},
year = {2013}
}
@book{Borrell,
author = {Borrell, Patricia M and Cvitas, Tomislav and Kelly, Kerry and Seiler, Wolfgang},
isbn = {9783642638794},
title = {{Transport and Chemical Transformation Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH}}
}
@article{Lozano,
abstract = {This article presents the design of a system for monitoring temperature and humidity for the prevention of forest fires using wireless sensor networks. An initial study of the causes of Forest Fires, like how to prevent them is necessary have a clear idea of how to implement a valid network design that is capable of detecting possible changes in the environment, in that way we can prevent a disaster (Forest fire) that could lead to loss of a significant number of natural resources.},
author = {Lozano, C and Rodriguez, O},
file = {::},
journal = {The Online Journal on Electronics and Electrical Engineering},
keywords = {-forest fire,humidity,temperature,wireless},
number = {2},
pages = {402--405},
title = {{Design of Forest Fire Early Detection System Using Wireless Sensor Networks}},
volume = {3}
}
@misc{Gonzalez2002,
author = {Gonzalez, Rafael C.},
title = {{Digital_Image_Processing_2ndEd.pdf}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Bell2008,
abstract = {The London smog of 1952 is one of history's most important air pollution episodes in terms of its impact on science, public perception of air pollution, and government regulation. The association between health and air pollution during the episode was evident as a strong rise in air pollution levels was immediately followed by sharp increases in mortality and morbidity. However, mortality in the months after the smog was also elevated above normal levels. An initial government report proposed the hypothesis that influenza was responsible for high mortality during these months. Estimates of the number of influenza deaths were generated using multiple methods, indicating that only a fraction of the deaths in the months after the smog could be attributable to influenza. Sensitivity analysis reveals that only an extremely severe influenza epidemic could account for the majority of the excess deaths for this time period. Such an epidemic would be on the order of twice the case-fatality rate and quadruple the incidence observed in a general medical practice during the winter of 1953. These results underscore the need for diligence regarding extremely high air pollution that still exists in many parts of the world.},
author = {Bell, Micheile L. and Davis, Devra L. and Fletcher, Tony},
doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_15},
isbn = {9780387734118},
journal = {Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature},
keywords = {London,air pollution,influenza,mortality},
number = {1},
pages = {263--268},
title = {{A retrospective assessment of mortality from the london smog episode of 1952: The role of influenza and pollution}},
volume = {6},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Filonchyk2018,
abstract = {This book examines air pollution of a big city using multi-year and multi-season data from ground-based air monitoring stations and satellite sounding data, which provides more clear and detailed information on the main sources of air pollution, the long-term trend of pollution, the influence of meteorological parameters on pollution levels, and trajectories of polluted air masses. For example, the book shows that particulate matter from local sources is transported from deserts to create air quality challenges. It also analyzes the effects of desert and semi-desert landscapes on high concentrations of pollutants.},
author = {Filonchyk, Mikalai and Yan, Haowen},
booktitle = {Urban Air Pollution Monitoring by Ground-Based Stations and Satellite Data: Multi-season characteristics from Lanzhou City, China},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-78045-0},
isbn = {9783319780450},
pages = {1--148},
title = {{Urban air pollution monitoring by ground-based stations and satellite data: Multi-season characteristics from Lanzhou City, China}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Friedeburg2005,
author = {Friedeburg, Christoph v. and Pundt, Irene and Mettendorf, Kai-Uwe and Wagner, Thomas and Platt, Ulrich},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.046},
issn = {13522310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
month = {feb},
number = {5},
pages = {977--985},
title = {{Multi-axis-DOAS measurements of NO2 during the BAB II motorway emission campaign}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231004008660},
volume = {39},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Ma2013,
author = {Ma, J. Z. and Beirle, S. and Jin, J. L. and Shaiganfar, R. and Yan, P. and Wagner, T.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-13-1547-2013},
file = {::},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
number = {3},
pages = {1547--1567},
title = {{Tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> vertical column densities over Beijing: results of the first three years of ground-based MAX-DOAS measurements (2008\–2011) and satellite validation}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/1547/2013/},
volume = {13},
year = {2013}
}
@misc{OPSIS2017,
annote = {NULL},
author = {OPSIS},
title = {{Opsis}},
url = {http://www.opsis.se/Aboutus/tabid/996/Default.aspx},
urldate = {2017-01-25},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Siddon1985,
author = {Siddon, Robert L.},
doi = {10.1118/1.595715},
issn = {00942405},
journal = {Medical Physics},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {252--255},
title = {{Fast calculation of the exact radiological path for a three-dimensional CT array}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1118/1.595715},
volume = {12},
year = {1985}
}
@inproceedings{Premuda2009,
author = {Premuda, M. and Masieri, S. and Bortoli, D. and Margelli, F. and Ravegnani, F. and Petritoli, A. and Kostadinov, I. and Giovanelli, G. and Cupini, E.},
doi = {10.1117/12.830073},
editor = {Picard, Richard H. and Sch{\"{a}}fer, Klaus and Comeron, Adolfo and van Weele, Michiel},
month = {sep},
pages = {74751A},
title = {{A Monte Carlo simulation of radiative transfer in the atmosphere applied to ToTaL-DOAS}},
url = {http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?doi=10.1117/12.830073},
year = {2009}
}
@inproceedings{Hough2007,
abstract = {Geo-referenced imaging systems, (which alert the operator to smoke by day, and fire glow by night) are able to perform at higher sensitivity and over longer distances, by using 3 -D information w hich provides the distance between the camera and every ima ge pixel's line-ofsight projection to the object on the ground. A smoke event at any one of these geo -referenced locations is therefore determined when the system is installed – before the fire is detected. Unlike CCTV based surveillance, every pixel is projected to a ground position at a kno wn distance from the camera, ensuring that smoke signatures a few km from the camera are treated very differently from the equivalent smoke signature at 10 tim es the distance. Usually settings that detect far -field smoke signatures are prone to false alarms in the near -field, and settings which work well for detecting near -field smoke are not reliable when detecting smoke in the far -field. Geo-referenced imagi ng systems achieve a measure of range invariance that compensates for distance effects.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Hough, Gavin},
booktitle = {TASSIE FIRE Conference Proceedings},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
file = {::},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {1098-6596},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{Vision Systems for Wide Area Surveillance: ForestWatch - a long-range outdoor wildfire detection system}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Rozanov2002,
author = {Rozanov, V.V. and Buchwitz, M. and Eichmann, K.-U. and de Beek, R. and Burrows, J.P.},
doi = {10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00095-9},
issn = {02731177},
journal = {Advances in Space Research},
month = {jun},
number = {11},
pages = {1831--1835},
title = {{Sciatran - a new radiative transfer model for geophysical applications in the 240–2400 NM spectral region: the pseudo-spherical version}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0273117702000959},
volume = {29},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Leigh2006,
author = {Leigh, R J and Corlett, Gary K. and Frie{\ss}, U. and Monks, P S},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.007504},
journal = {Applied optics},
number = {28},
pages = {7504--7518},
title = {{Concurrent multiaxis differential optical absorption spectroscopy system for the measurement of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide}},
volume = {45},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Andersen1984a,
author = {Andersen, A},
doi = {10.1016/0161-7346(84)90008-7},
issn = {01617346},
journal = {Ultrasonic Imaging},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {81--94},
title = {{Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART): A superior implementation of the ART algorithm}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0161734684900087},
volume = {6},
year = {1984}
}
@article{ODriscoll2003,
author = {O'Driscoll, Stephen and Murphy, John G and Smith, Niall J},
doi = {10.1117/12.463985},
file = {::},
journal = {Spie},
keywords = {computed tomography,doas,pollutant mapping,street canyons},
pages = {958--967},
title = {{Computed tomography of air pollutants in street canyons}},
volume = {4876},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Jamaludin2014a,
abstract = {Tomography is a method that has been used for image reconstruction in the medical and engineering fields. Optical tomography is one of the various methods applied in tomography systems. This tomography method is widely used in the medical and processing industries fields because of its special characteristics, such as immunity to electrical noise and interference, high resolution and its hard field sensors. The basic principle of the optical tomography system in measuring an object is based on its wave and radiation source. This article is a review of the characteristics of light and its interaction with matter, the types of optical tomography system, the basic construction of an optical tomography system, types of optoelectronic sensors and image reconstruction. {\textcopyright} 2014 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved.},
author = {Jamaludin, Juliza and Rahim, Ruzairi Abdul and Rahim, Herlina Abdul and Fadzil, Naizatul Shima Mohd and Rahiman, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul and Jumaah, Mohd Fahajumi and Muji, Siti Zarina Mohd and Yunus, Mohd Amri Md},
doi = {10.11113/jt.v69.3287},
file = {::},
issn = {21803722},
journal = {Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences and Engineering)},
keywords = {Light,Optical tomography system,Optoelectronic sensor,Tomography},
number = {8},
pages = {1--6},
title = {{A Review of the Optical Tomography System}},
volume = {69},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Li2019,
abstract = {Background: Air pollution is becoming an increased burden to the world. Previous studies have confirmed its effects on adverse birth outcomes, but few associated with premature small for gestational age (SGA). We report a retrospective cohort study conducted in Changzhou city to evaluate the association between air pollutants (PM2.5, SO2 and NO2) and premature SGA during pregnancy. Methods: A total of 46,224 births were collected from January, 2013 to December, 2016, in Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, finally 2709 preterm births were admitted for study. Corresponding air monitoring data were collected from Changzhou Environmental Protection Agency. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association between these air pollutants and premature SGA controlling for individual covariates in single- and multi-pollutant models. Results: We found that, in the third trimester, every 10 $\mu$g/m3 increments in PM2.5 concentration were associated with premature SGA (OR = 1.18, 95\% CI: 1.03-2.83; OR = 1.37, 95\% CI: 1.03-3.58) in two- and three-pollutants models. In the whole gestation, a 10 $\mu$g/m3 increment in PM2.5 concentration in two- and three-pollutant models were related to premature SGA (OR = 1.53, 95\% CI: 1.38-2.47; OR = 1.73, 95\% CI: 1.18-2.57). The OR (95\% CI) of premature SGA were increasing across quintiles of PM2.5, SO2, NO2 concentrations during the whole gestation period adjusting for confounders (P for trend < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicated that pregnant women exposed to PM2.5, combined with other pollutants in the third trimester have a higher risk to deliver premature SGA babies, providing further evidence linking PM2.5 and pregnancy outcomes.},
author = {Li, Shushu and Wang, Huaiyan and Hu, Haiting and Wu, Zeying and Chen, Kejin and Mao, Zhilei},
doi = {10.1186/s12889-019-7055-z},
issn = {14712458},
journal = {BMC Public Health},
keywords = {Air pollution,Exposure windows,Premature SGA,Retrospective study},
number = {1},
pages = {1--10},
publisher = {BMC Public Health},
title = {{Effect of ambient air pollution on premature SGA in Changzhou city, 2013-2016: A retrospective study}},
volume = {19},
year = {2019}
}
@book{Kurucz1984,
address = {Sunspot, New Mexico},
author = {Kurucz, R. L. and Furenlid, I. and Brault, J. and Testerman, L.},
publisher = {National Solar Observatory},
title = {{Solar Flux Atlas from 296 to 300 nm}},
year = {1984}
}
@inproceedings{Bortoli2009,
author = {Bortoli, D. and Masieri, S. and Domingues, A. F. and Costa, M. J. and Silva, A. M. and Anton, M. and Palazzi, E.},
doi = {10.1117/12.830104},
editor = {Picard, Richard H. and Sch{\"{a}}fer, Klaus and Comeron, Adolfo and van Weele, Michiel},
month = {sep},
pages = {74751K},
title = {{Observations of tropospheric compounds at Evora station with multi-axis hyperspectral measurements}},
url = {http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?doi=10.1117/12.830104},
year = {2009}
}
@article{GRAINGER1962,
author = {GRAINGER, J. F. and RING, J.},
doi = {10.1038/193762a0},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {feb},
number = {4817},
pages = {762--762},
title = {{Anomalous Fraunhofer Line Profiles}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/193762a0},
volume = {193},
year = {1962}
}
@misc{Harzing,
author = {Harzing, A.W.},
title = {{Publish or Perish}},
url = {http://www.harzing.com/pop.htm}
}
@article{Buchwitz2000,
author = {Buchwitz, Michael and Rozanov, Vladimir V. and Burrows, John P.},
doi = {10.1029/2000JD900191},
issn = {01480227},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
month = {jun},
number = {D12},
pages = {15231--15245},
title = {{A near-infrared optimized DOAS method for the fast global retrieval of atmospheric CH 4 , CO, CO 2 , H 2 O, and N 2 O total column amounts from SCIAMACHY Envisat-1 nadir radiances}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2000JD900191},
volume = {105},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Frins2006,
abstract = {A novel experimental procedure to measure the near-surface distribution of atmospheric trace gases by using passive multiaxis differential absorption optical spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) is proposed. The procedure consists of pointing the receiving telescope of the spectrometer to nonreflecting surfaces or to bright targets placed at known distances from the measuring device, which are illuminated by sunlight. We show that the partial trace gas absorptions between the top of the atmosphere and the target can be easily removed from the measured total absorption. Thus it is possible to derive the average concentration of trace gases such as NO(2), HCHO, SO(2), H(2)O, Glyoxal, BrO, and others along the line of sight between the instrument and the target similar to the well-known long-path DOAS observations (but with much less expense). If tomographic arrangements are used, even two- or three-dimensional trace gas distributions can be retrieved. The basic assumptions of the proposed method are confirmed by test measurements taken across the city of Heidelberg.},
annote = {NULL},
author = {Frins, Erna and Bobrowski, Nicole and Platt, Ulrich and Wagner, Thomas},
doi = {10.1364/AO.45.006227},
file = {::},
isbn = {0003-6935},
issn = {0003-6935},
journal = {Appl. Opt.},
number = {24},
pages = {6227--6240},
pmid = {16892129},
title = {{Tomographic multiaxis-differential optical absorption spectroscopy observations of Sun-illuminated targets: a technique providing well-defined absorption paths in the boundary layer.}},
volume = {45},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Kollanus2016,
author = {Kollanus, Virpi and Tiittanen, Pekka and Niemi, Jarkko V. and Lanki, Timo},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.003},
issn = {00139351},
journal = {Environmental Research},
month = {nov},
pages = {351--358},
title = {{Effects of long-range transported air pollution from vegetation fires on daily mortality and hospital admissions in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001393511630353X},
volume = {151},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Pundt2005a,
author = {Pundt, Irene and Mettendorf, Kai Uwe},
doi = {10.1364/AO.44.004985},
issn = {0003-6935},
journal = {Applied Optics},
month = {aug},
number = {23},
pages = {4985},
title = {{Multibeam long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy instrument: a device for simultaneous measurements along multiple light paths}},
url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-44-23-4985},
volume = {44},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Bobrowski2006,
abstract = {Imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (IDOAS) is an optical remote-sensing method using scattered sunlight as light source. It combines a "pushbroom" imaging spectrometer with the DOAS technique and thus allows imaging two-dimensional trace gas distributions, e.g., in volcanic plumes. The highly sensitive and specific detection of many trace gases simultaneously (specific molecules, not just elements, e.g. SO2, BrO, NO2, O3, HCHO, etc.) is possible, and the temporal and spatial variation of these gases can be measured. The IDOAS system presented here enables the taking of two-dimensional images of trace gas distributions in a volcanic plume with a spatial resolution of 100 pixels horizontally × 64 pixels vertically, each with a field of view of 0.087° in horizontal and 0.208° in vertical directions. Therefore, IDOAS provides useful information about the chemical composition and chemical variability in a volcanic plume and allows studying plume dispersal and chemical transformations. The technique was applied to map the SO2 distribution in the plume of Mt. Etna volcano for the first time in October 2003. {\textcopyright} 2005 N. Bobrowski. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Bobrowski, Nicole and H{\"{o}}nninger, G. and Lohberger, F. and Platt, U.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.05.004},
isbn = {0377-0273},
issn = {03770273},
journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research},
keywords = {DOAS,Etna,Imaging,SO2},
number = {4},
pages = {329--338},
title = {{IDOAS: A new monitoring technique to study the 2D distribution of volcanic gas emissions}},
volume = {150},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Zhang2007,
author = {Zhang, Jun-Ming and An, Jianxiong},
doi = {10.1097/AIA.0b013e318034194e},
issn = {0020-5907},
journal = {International Anesthesiology Clinics},
number = {2},
pages = {27--37},
title = {{Cytokines, Inflammation, and Pain}},
url = {http://journals.lww.com/00004311-200704520-00004},
volume = {45},
year = {2007}
}
@book{IPCC2012,
abstract = {IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation},
author = {IPCC},
booktitle = {Ipcc},
doi = {10.1596/978-0-8213-8845-7},
file = {::},
isbn = {9781107607804},
issn = {16604601},
keywords = {HG,climate change,disasters,extreme events},
pages = {594},
pmid = {25522050},
title = {{Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation}},
url = {https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX_Full_Report.pdf\%5Cnpapers2://publication/uuid/41AD43FB-2529-4ACD-AD33-4C2D0AB4A0F3\%5Cnhttp://ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX/},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Bishop1996,
author = {Bishop, G. P. and Flack, J. L. E. and Campbell, M.},
isbn = {9789401065337},
title = {{Sensor Systems for Environmental Monitoring, Volume 2}},
year = {1996}
}
@misc{AmericanHeartAssociation2015,
author = {{American Heart Association}},
title = {{Air Pollution and Heart Disease, Stroke}},
url = {https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease/air-pollution-and-heart-disease-stroke},
urldate = {2020-02-12},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Hashmonay1999,
abstract = {We propose a novel application of computed tomography (CT) for path-integrated\noptical remote sensing of air pollutants. We conducted a preliminary\nstudy with data obtained from simulated scanning of non-overlapping\nradial beam segments through Gaussian test distributions and experimentally\nmeasured test maps. The smooth basis function minimization (SBFM)\nalgorithm, which �ts parametric distributions rather than �tting\nindividual pixel concentrations, was used to reconstruct two-dimensional\nconcentration maps from this beam geometry. The results show that\nquite good reconstructions are possible with this approach. In contrast\nto the complex beam geometries proposed in the past for CT, this\ntechnique could be applied directly to air monitoring data from a\nvariety of current optical sensing instruments. This development\ncould vastly broaden the application of CT to obtain rapid reconstructions\nof ambient air pollution data.},
annote = {NULL},
author = {Hashmonay, Ram a. and Yost, Michael G. and Wu, Chang-Fu},
doi = {10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00158-7},
file = {::},
isbn = {1352-2310},
issn = {13522310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
keywords = {air pollution monitoring,optical remote sensing,tomography},
number = {2},
pages = {267--274},
title = {{Computed tomography of air pollutants using radial scanning path-integrated optical remote sensing}},
volume = {33},
year = {1999}
}
@book{Torvela1994,
author = {Torvela, Heikki},
booktitle = {Measurement of Atmospheric Emissions},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4471-3482-4},
isbn = {9781447134848},
title = {{Measurement of Atmospheric Emissions}},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Schikowski2014,
abstract = {The role of air pollution in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains uncertain. The aim was to assess the impact of chronic exposure to air pollution on COPD in four cohorts using the standardised ESCAPE exposure estimates. Annual average particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO x) and road traffic exposure were assigned to home addresses using land-use regression models. COPD was defined by NHANES reference equation (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) less than the lower limit of normal) and the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criterion (FEV1/FVC <0.70) and categorised by severity in non-asthmatics. We included 6550 subjects with assigned NOx and 3692 with PM measures. COPD was not associated with NO2 or PM10 in any individual cohort. In meta-analyses only NO2, NOx, PM10 and the traffic indicators were positively, although not significantly, associated with COPD. The only statistically significant associations were seen in females (COPD prevalence using GOLD: OR 1.57, 95\% CI 1.11-2.23; and incidence: OR 1.79, 95\% CI 1.21-2.68). None of the principal results were statistically significant, the weak positive associations of exposure with COPD and the significant subgroup findings need to be evaluated in further well standardised cohorts followed up for longer time, and with time-matched exposure assignments. Copyright {\textcopyright}ERS 2014.},
author = {Schikowski, Tamara and Adam, Martin and Marcon, Alessandro and Cai, Yutong and Vierk{\"{o}}tter, Andrea and Carsin, Anne Elie and Jacquemin, Benedicte and {Al Kanani}, Zaina and Beelen, Rob and Birk, Matthias and Bridevaux, Pierre Olivier and Brunekeef, Bert and Burney, Peter and Cirach, Marta and Cyrys, Josef and {De Hoogh}, Kees and {De Marco}, Roberto and {De Nazelle}, Audrey and Declercq, Christophe and Forsberg, Bertil and Hardy, Rebecca and Heinrich, Joachim and Hoek, Gerard and Jarvis, Debbie and Keidel, Dirk and Kuh, Diane and Kuhlbusch, Thomas and Migliore, Enrica and Mosler, Gioia and Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J. and Phuleria, Harish and Rochat, Thierry and Schindler, Christian and Villani, Simona and Tsai, Ming Yi and Zemp, Elisabeth and Hansell, Anna and Kauffmann, Francine and Sunyer, Jordi and Probst-Hensch, Nicole and Kr{\"{a}}mer, Ursula and K{\"{u}}nzli, Nino},
doi = {10.1183/09031936.00132213},
issn = {13993003},
journal = {European Respiratory Journal},
number = {3},
pages = {614--626},
title = {{Association of ambient air pollution with the prevalence and incidence of COPD}},
volume = {44},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Mettendorf2005,
abstract = {In this study we validate the two-dimensional long path DOAS tomography measurement technique by means of an indoor experiment with well-known concentration distributions. The experiment was conducted over an area of 10 m {\^{A}} 15 m using one and two cylindrical polycarbonate containers of diameter 2 m, respectively, filled with NO 2 . The setup was realized with three of the multibeam instruments recently developed by Pundt and Mettendorf (Appl. Opt., 2005, in press), 1 which allow the simultaneous measurement along at least four light paths each. The configuration consisted of twelve simultaneous light beams, 39 horizontal light paths in total, and 18 different cylinder positions inside the field. It was found that for the discretization and inversion technique shown here reconstructions of the concentration distributions from experimental data agree well with simulated reconstructions. In order to draw conclusions for atmospheric applications, numerical studies including instrumental errors were carried out. It was found that with the presented measurement setup it is possible to measure and reconstruct one or two NO 2 plumes of 600 m diameter and average concentrations above 4.2 ppbv each, on a scale of 13.5 km 2 . Theoretical investigations show that it should be possible to localize and quantify 600 m diameter plumes of SO 2 4 1.5 ppbv, H 2 CO 4 6.3 ppbv, HONO 4 3.2 ppbv, and ozone 4 46.2 ppbv. Larger plumes can be measured with higher precision.},
author = {Mettendorf, K U and Hartl, A and Pundt, I},
doi = {10.1039/b511337g},
file = {::},
title = {{An indoor test campaign of the tomography long path differential optical absorption spectroscopy technique}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Byer1979,
author = {Byer, Robert L. and Shepp, Lawrence A.},
doi = {10.1364/OL.4.000075},
issn = {0146-9592},
journal = {Optics Letters},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {75},
title = {{Two-dimensional remote air-pollution monitoring via tomography}},
url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-4-3-75},
volume = {4},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Giovanelli2006,
abstract = {In the field of air quality control, optical remote sensing systems can measure the spatial distribution of gas pollu- tants, offering numerous advantages over conventional networks of in situ analysers. We propose some innovative solutions in the field of DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) remote systems, utilizing diffuse so- lar light as the radiation source. We examine the numerous potentialities of minor gas slant column calculations, applying the «off-axis» methodology for collecting the diffuse solar radiation. One of these particular approaches, using measurements along horizontal paths, has already been tested with the spectrometer installed on board the Geophysica aircraft during stratospheric flights up to altitudes of 20 km. The theoretical basis of these new meas- urement techniques using DOAS remote sensing systems are delineated to assess whether low altitude flights can provide 2D and 3D pollution tomography over metropolitan areas. The 2D or 3D trace gas total column mapping could be used to investigate: i) transport and dispersion phenomena of air pollution, ii) photochemical process rates, iii) gas plume tomography, iv) minor gas vertical profiles into the Planetary Boundary Layer and v) minor gas flux divergence over a large area.},
author = {Giovanelli, Giorgio and Palazzi, Elisa and Petritoli, Andrea and Bortoli, Daniele and Kostadinov, Ivan and Margelli, Federico and Pagnutti, Simonetta and Premuda, Margherita and Ravegnani, Fabrizio and Trivellone, Giuliano},
doi = {10.4401},
journal = {2Annals of Geophysics},
number = {1},
pages = {133--142},
title = {{Perspectives of 2D and 3D mapping of atmospheric pollutants over urban areas by means of airborne DOAS spectrometers}},
volume = {49},
year = {2006}
}
@misc{Python,
author = {Python},
title = {{Python 3 Programming Language}},
url = {https://www.python.org/}
}
@phdthesis{MartinsdeSousaeSa2017,
abstract = {The easyPET scanner has an innovative design, comprising only two array columns facing each other, and with an actuation defined by two rotation axes. Using this design, two approaches have been taken. The first concerns to a didactic PET scanner, where the arrays of detectors are comprised of only one detector each, and it is meant to be a simple 2-dimensional PET scanner for educational purposes. The second corresponds to a pre-clinical scanner, with the arrays having multiple detectors, meant to acquire 3-dimensional data. Given the geometry of the system, there is no concern with the effects of not measuring the Depth-of-Interaction (DOI), and a resolution of 1-1.5 mm is expected with the didactic system, improving with the pre-clinical. The work presented in this thesis deals with 2D image reconstruction for the easyPET scanners. The unconventional nature of the acquisition geometry, the large amount of data to be processed, the complexity of implementing a PET image reconstruction algorithm, and the implementation of data regularization methods, gaussian filtering and Median Root Prior (MRP), were addressed in this thesis. For this, the Matlab software was used to implement the ML-EM algorithm. Alongside, several optimizations were also implemented in order to convey a better computational performance to the algorithm. These optimizations refer to using geometry symmetries and fast indexing approaches. Moreover, a user interface was created so as to enhance the user experience for the didactic easyPET system. The validation of the implemented algorithm was performed using Monte Carlo simulated, and acquired data. The first results obtained indicate that the optimizations implemented on the algorithm have successfully reduced the image reconstruction time. On top of that, the system was tested according to the NEMA rules. A comparison was then made between reconstructed images produced by using Filtered Back Projection (FBP), the native ML-EM implementation, the ML-EM algorithm using inter- iteration gaussian filtering, and the ML-EM algorithm implemented with the MRP. This comparison was made through the calculation of FWHM, FWTM, and SNR, at different spatial positions. The results obtained reveal an approximate 1.5x 1.5 mm2 FWHM source resolution in the FOV, when recurring to FBP, and 1.2x 1.2 mm2 for the native ML-EM algorithm. The implemented data regularization methods produced similar or improved spatial resolution results, whilst improving the source's SNR values. The results obtained show the potential in the easyPET systems. Since the didactic scanner is already on its final stage, the next step will be to further test the pre-clinical system},
author = {{Martins de Sousa e S{\'{a}}}, Pedro},
file = {::},
keywords = {Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (ML-EM,NEMA rules,PET Image Reconstruction,Positron Emission Tomography (PET),Spatial Resolution},
school = {Universidade de Lisboa},
title = {{Image Reconstruction Algorithm Implementation for the easyPET : a didactic and pre-clinical PET system}},
year = {2017}
}
@techreport{Hermans2011,
author = {Hermans, C.},
institution = {BIRA-IASB Spectrocscopy Lab},
title = {{Collisionally induced absorption spectrum of oxygen attributed to the oxygen dimer (O2)2}},
url = {http://spectrolab.aeronomie.be/index.htm},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Fernandez-Berni2012,
author = {Fernandez-Berni, Jorge and Carmona-Galn, Ricardo and Martnez-Carmona, Juan F. and Rodrguez-Vzquez, {\'{A}}ngel},
doi = {10.1071/WF11168},
file = {::},
issn = {10498001},
journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
keywords = {VLSI implementation,artificial vision,energy efficiency,false-alarm rate,focal-plane processing,smoke detection},
number = {8},
pages = {938--949},
title = {{Early forest fire detection by vision-enabled wireless sensor networks}},
volume = {21},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Casey1971,
abstract = {Embedded Computer Vision, exemplified by the migration from powerful workstations to embedded processors in computer vision applications, is a new and emerging field that enables an associated shift in application development and implementation. This comprehensive volume brings together a wealth of experiences from leading researchers in the field of embedded computer vision, from both academic and industrial research centers, and covers a broad range of challenges and trade-offs brought about by this paradigm shift. Part I provides an exposition of basic issues and applications in the area necessary for understanding the present and future work. Part II offers chapters based on the most recent research and results. Finally, the last part looks ahead, providing a sense of what major applications could be expected in the near future, describing challenges in mobile environments, video analytics, and automotive safety applications},
author = {Casey, Richard G. and Nagy, George},
booktitle = {Scientific American},
doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0471-56},
isbn = {9781852336172},
issn = {0036-8733},
number = {4},
pages = {56--71},
title = {{Advances in Pattern Recognition}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/scientificamerican0471-56},
volume = {224},
year = {1971}
}
@article{Laepple2004,
author = {Laepple, T. and Knab, V. and Mettendorf, K.-U. and Pundt, I.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-4-1323-2004},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {aug},
number = {5},
pages = {1323--1342},
title = {{Longpath DOAS tomography on a motorway exhaust gas plume: numerical studies and application to data from the BAB II campaign}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/1323/2004/},
volume = {4},
year = {2004}
}
@techreport{DeWit2015,
abstract = {The aim of this trend report is to assess the effectiveness of air pollution policies under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), and to document progress and identify remaining challenges. Trends in environmental and health responses to long-range transported air pollution are presented, primarily focusing on 1990 to 2012 and on Europe, with additional data from North America and the Arctic region. Air pollutants included in the report are sulphur and nitrogen as acidifying agents, nutrient-nitrogen, ground-level ozone, particulate matter (PM), heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The results are from work done under the bodies of the Working Group on Effects of the LRTAP Convention, i.e. ICP Integrated Monitoring, ICP Forests, ICP Materials, ICP Modelling and Mapping, ICP Vegetation, ICP Waters, JEG Dynamic Modelling and the Task Force on Health. The European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) also contributed.},
author = {de Wit, Heleen A. and Hettelingh, Jean Paul and Harmens, Harry},
number = {6946-2015},
title = {{ICP Waters Report 125/2015: trends in ecosystem and health responses to long-range transported atmospheric pollutants}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{ODriscoll2003a,
abstract = {With over 75\% of Europeans living and working in urbanised areas the quality of air in this environment is of extreme importance, influencing directly the health and well being of a significant proportion of the continent's population as well as impacting on the greater ecosystem. A microenvironment of particular interest is the street canyon where the spatial and temporal characteristics of pollutants are known to be complex, resulting from airflow patterns that transport and disperse the pollutants. Measurement of pollutants exhibiting such spatial and temporal variability will require new sensing approaches with high data quality standards. We discuss the use of Tomographic-DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) for the visualisation of the spatial distribution of air contaminants in street canyons. We provide reviews of the DOAS remote sensing technique, explaining how DOAS works and why it has significant advantages over traditional point-sampling methods. We discuss the novel combination of DOAS and computed tomography (CT) to produce Tomographic-DOAS, demonstrating how it can be utilised to produce near real-time maps of concentration levels of multiple air contaminants in a street canyon. We demonstrate this with simulated reconstructions using model based pollutant data for a street canyon. Finally, we discuss the future direction and feasibility of this approach, highlighting current limitations and where further research and development are required.},
author = {O'Driscoll, S. and Smith, N. J.},
isbn = {1853128228},
journal = {Advances in Air Pollution},
pages = {681--691},
title = {{Tomographic-DOAS: From sensing to visualisation of urban street canyon pollutants}},
volume = {13},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Lee2012,
author = {Lee, Hanlim and Gu, Myojeong and Kim, Young J. and Hwang, Jungbae and Jung, Ukkyo},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.065},
issn = {13522310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
month = {jul},
pages = {519--528},
title = {{First-time remote sensing of NO2 vertical distributions in an urban street canyon using Topographic Target Light scattering Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (ToTaL-DOAS)}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S135223101200180X},
volume = {54},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Miller2012,
abstract = {Research in the last several years has indicated that fire size and frequency are on the rise in western U.S. forests. Although fire size and frequency are important, they do not necessarily scale with ecosystem effects of fire, as different ecosystems have different ecological and evolutionary relationships with fire. Our study assessed trends and patterns in fire size and frequency from 1910 to 2008 (all fires > 40 ha), and the percentage of high-severity in fires from 1987 to 2008 (all fires > 400 ha) on the four national forests of northwestern California. During 1910-2008, mean and maximum fire size and total annual area burned increased, but we found no temporal trend in the percentage of high-severity fire during 1987-2008. The time series of severity data was strongly influenced by four years with region-wide lightning events that burned huge areas at primarily low-moderate severity. Regional fire rotation reached a high of 974 years in 1984 and fell to 95 years by 2008. The percentage of high-severity fire in conifer-dominated forests was generally higher in areas dominated by smaller-diameter trees than in areas with larger-diameter trees. For Douglas-fir forests, the percentage of high-severity fire did not differ significantly between areas that re-burned and areas that only burned once (10\% vs. 9\%) when re-burned within 30 years. Percentage of high-severity fire decreased to 5\% when intervals between first and second fires were > 30 years. In contrast, in both mixed-conifer and fir/high-elevation conifer forests, the percentage of high-severity fire was less when re-burned within 30 years compared to first-time burned (12\% vs. 16\% for mixed conifer; 11\% vs. 19\% for fir/high-elevation conifer). Additionally, the percentage of high-severity fire did not differ whether the re-burn interval was less than or greater than 30 years. Years with larger fires and greatest area burned were produced by region-wide lightning events, and characterized by less winter and spring precipitation than years dominated by smaller human-ignited fires. Overall percentage of high-severity fire was generally less in years characterized by these region-wide lightning events. Our results suggest that, under certain conditions, wildfires could be more extensively used to achieve ecological and management objectives in northwestern California.},
author = {Miller, J. D. and Skinner, C. N. and Safford, H. D. and Knapp, E. E. and Ramirez, C. M.},
doi = {10.1890/10-2108.1},
file = {::},
isbn = {1051-0761},
issn = {10510761},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
keywords = {California,Fire severity,Forest fires,Klamath Mountains,Relative differenced normalized burn ratio},
number = {1},
pages = {184--203},
pmid = {22471083},
title = {{Trends and causes of severity, size, and number of fires in northwestern California, USA}},
volume = {22},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Janssen2017,
author = {Janssen, Nicole A.H. and Hoek, Gerard and Fischer, Paul H. and Wijga, Alet H. and Koppelman, Gerard and {De Jongste}, Johan J. and Brunekreef, Bert and Gehring, Ulrike},
doi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000572},
isbn = {0000000000000},
issn = {15315487},
journal = {Epidemiology},
number = {1},
pages = {e7--e9},
title = {{Joint association of long-term exposure to both O 3 and NO 2 with children's respiratory health}},
volume = {28},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Johansson2009,
author = {Johansson, Mattias and Galle, Bo and Rivera, Claudia and Zhang, Yan},
doi = {10.1007/s00445-009-0292-8},
file = {::},
issn = {0258-8900},
journal = {Bulletin of Volcanology},
keywords = {Differential optical absorption spectroscopy,Environmental impact,Gas emission,NO2,SO2,Tomography},
month = {dec},
number = {10},
pages = {1169--1178},
title = {{Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes using scanning DOAS}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00445-009-0292-8},
volume = {71},
year = {2009}
}
@techreport{ResearchandMarkets2016,
abstract = {An increase in the spending for the protection of assets from fire hazards, along with robust growth in infrastructure development has led to the growth in the fire protection systems market. Enterprises across the globe have increased their spending on fire protection to safeguard infrastructure and reduced human losses. Technologies such as human machine interface solutions, smart buildings, wireless sensory networks, and nanotechnology are being launched in the fire protection systems market. Moreover, new advanced sensors have been developed to give accurate data to control units. Intelligent sensors have networking capabilities wherein a group of sensors and detectors can communicate easily through control units, leading to increased efficiency in the systems. Distant users can access these intelligent sensors by connecting through LAN/WAN networks. The scope of this report covers the fire protection systems market segmented on the basis of technology, product, service, vertical, and geography. On the basis of technology, the fire protection systems market is segmented into active and passive fire protection systems. The active fire protection systems held the largest share of the global fire protection systems market based on technology in 2015, while the market for passive fire protection systems is expected to grow at the highest rate during the forecast period. On the basis of products, fire protection systems market is segmented into fire detection systems, fire management systems, fire analysis software, fire response systems, and others. The fire management systems held the largest share of the global fire protection systems market based on products in 2015 and are expected to dominate the market till 2022. The market for fire analysis software is expected to grow at the highest rate during the forecast period. The high growth rate of fire analysis software is estimated due to the increasing need for sophisticated fire analysis, which helps in proper decision making and fire prevention. The fire protection systems market has been segmented into services, namely, engineering services, installation \& design services, maintenance services, managed services, and other services. The maintenance services held the largest share of the global fire protection systems market base on services in 2015, while the market for managed services is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The fire protection systems market on the basis of verticals has been segmented into commercial; residential; energy \& power, government; manufacturing; oil, gas \& mining; transportation \& logistics; and others. The commercial vertical is further segmented into academia \& institutional; retail; healthcare; hospitality; and banking, financial services, \& insurance (BFSI). The commercial vertical is expected to hold the largest share of the fire protection systems market by 2022, while the fire protection systems market for the oil, gas, and mining vertical is expected to grow at the highest rate between 2016 and 2022.},
author = {{Research and Markets}},
institution = {Research And Markets},
title = {{Fire Protection Systems Market by Technology (Active, Passive), Product (Fire Detection (Sensors \& Detectors, RFID), Management (Fire Sprinklers, Extinguishers), Fire Analysis \& Response), Service, Vertical, and Geography - Global Forecast to 2022}},
url = {http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/3696148/fire-protection-systems-market-by-technology},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Stutz2016a,
abstract = {Aromatic hydrocarbons are well known air toxics which are regulated by the US EPA and other air quality agencies. Accurate, long-term monitoring of these compounds at low part-per-billion levels, as well as identifying emission point sources is therefore crucial to protect human health in neighborhoods near large emission sources. Here we present a new long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) instrument specifically designed to monitor aromatic hydrocarbons. The system is based on a novel dual - light emitting diode (LED) light source, which eliminates the requirement to suppress spectrometer stray light. This light source, together with a high stability fiber-based sending/receiving telescope, allows the measurement of aromatic hydrocarbons on once-folded absorptions paths of 200–1200 m length. The new instrument shows very good agreement with simultaneous in-situ measurements if inhomogeneities of the trace gas spatial distributions are considered. The new instrument performed well during a three-month field test as an automated fence-line monitor at a refinery, successfully distinguishing upwind background levels of ∼1 ppb from emissions reflected in elevated mixing ratios of 3–4 ppb. A two-dimensional measurement network based on two identical LP-DOAS instruments operating on seven crossed light paths was operated successfully in Houston, TX. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of two events with toluene and xylene plumes demonstrate how this setup can be used to derive the spatial distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons, and identify point sources.},
author = {Stutz, Jochen and Hurlock, Stephen C. and Colosimo, Santo F. and Tsai, Catalina and Cheung, Ross and Festa, James and Pikelnaya, Olga and Alvarez, Sergio and Flynn, James H. and Erickson, Matthew H. and Olaguer, Eduardo P.},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.054},
file = {::},
issn = {18732844},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
keywords = {Benzene,Computer aided tomography,Differential optical absorption spectroscopy,Emissions,Toluene},
pages = {121--132},
title = {{A novel dual-LED based long-path DOAS instrument for the measurement of aromatic hydrocarbons}},
volume = {147},
year = {2016}
}
@book{CABI2019,
address = {Oxfordshire, UK},
author = {CABI},
edition = {1st},
editor = {Saxena, Pallavi and Naik, Vaishali},
isbn = {9781786393890},
number = {9},
pages = {1689--1699},
publisher = {CAB International},
title = {{Air Pollution: Sources, Impacts and Controls}},
volume = {53},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{Vieira2007,
author = {Vieira, Pedro and Matos, Jo{\~{a}}o and Mendes, Maria},
institution = {Faculdade de Ci{\^{e}}ncias e Tecnologia - Universidade Nova de Lisboa},
publisher = {INPI},
title = {{Sistema para a detec{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o autom{\'{a}}tica de inc{\^{e}}ndios florestais por espectroscopia {\'{o}}ptica}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Gordon1974,
abstract = {Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART) were introduced by Gordon, Bender \& Herman (1970) for solving the problem of three dimensional reconstruction from projections in electron microscopy and radiology. This is a deconvolution problem of a particular type: an estimate of a function in a higher dimensional space is deconvolved from its experimentally measured projections to a lower dimensional space. For instance, an x-ray photograph represents the projection of the three-dimensional distribution of x-ray densities within the body onto a two-dimensional plane. A finite number of such photographs taken at different angles allows us to reconstruct an estimate of the original 3-D densities. (Density refers to optical density.) The ART algorithms for solving this problem have a simple intuitive basis. Each projected density is thrown back across the higher dimensional region from whence it came, with repeated corrections to bring each projection of the estimate into agreement with the corresponding measured projection. In order to discuss the ART algorithms, one must first carefully consider the representation of space in digital computers (Sections II and III). Subsequent sections will survey the original ART algorithm (Section IV), convergence criteria (Section V), variations on the ART algorithm (Section VI), reliability of reconstructions (Section VII) and computing efficiency (Section VIII). All symbols used are summarized in Table 1.},
author = {Gordon, Richard},
doi = {10.1109/TNS.1974.6499238},
isbn = {0018-9499},
issn = {0018-9499},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
number = {3},
pages = {78--93},
title = {{A tutorial on art (algebraic reconstruction techniques)}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6499238/},
volume = {21},
year = {1974}
}
@book{Kak2001,
author = {Kak, A.C. and Slaney, Malcolm},
publisher = {Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics},
title = {{Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging}},
year = {2001}
}
@misc{OxfordPress2020,
author = {{Oxford Press}},
title = {{Lexico English Dictionary}},
url = {https://www.lexico.com/},
urldate = {2020-02-27},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Fernandez2012,
author = {Fernandez, Adrian},
file = {::},
journal = {Evaluation \& Assessment {\ldots}},
keywords = {effectiveness,method,systematic review,usability evaluation,web development},
title = {{A systematic review on the effectiveness of web usability evaluation methods}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6272496},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Jamaludin2014,
abstract = {Tomography is a method that has been used for image reconstruction in the medical and engineering fields. Optical tomography is one of the various methods applied in tomography systems. This tomography method is widely used in the medical and processing industries fields because of its special characteristics, such as immunity to electrical noise and interference, high resolution and its hard field sensors. The basic principle of the optical tomography system in measuring an object is based on its wave and radiation source. This article is a review of the characteristics of light and its interaction with matter, the types of optical tomography system, the basic construction of an optical tomography system, types of optoelectronic sensors and image reconstruction. {\textcopyright} 2014 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved.},
author = {Jamaludin, Juliza and Rahim, Ruzairi Abdul and Rahim, Herlina Abdul and Fadzil, Naizatul Shima Mohd and Rahiman, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul and Jumaah, Mohd Fahajumi and Muji, Siti Zarina Mohd and Yunus, Mohd Amri Md},
doi = {10.11113/jt.v69.3287},
file = {::},
issn = {21803722},
journal = {Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences and Engineering)},
keywords = {Light,Optical tomography system,Optoelectronic sensor,Tomography},
number = {8},
pages = {1--6},
title = {{A Review of the Optical Tomography System}},
volume = {69},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Mettendorf2005a,
abstract = {In this study we validate the two-dimensional long path DOAS tomography measurement technique by means of an indoor experiment with well-known concentration distributions. The experiment was conducted over an area of 10 m {\^{A}} 15 m using one and two cylindrical polycarbonate containers of diameter 2 m, respectively, filled with NO 2 . The setup was realized with three of the multibeam instruments recently developed by Pundt and Mettendorf (Appl. Opt., 2005, in press), 1 which allow the simultaneous measurement along at least four light paths each. The configuration consisted of twelve simultaneous light beams, 39 horizontal light paths in total, and 18 different cylinder positions inside the field. It was found that for the discretization and inversion technique shown here reconstructions of the concentration distributions from experimental data agree well with simulated reconstructions. In order to draw conclusions for atmospheric applications, numerical studies including instrumental errors were carried out. It was found that with the presented measurement setup it is possible to measure and reconstruct one or two NO 2 plumes of 600 m diameter and average concentrations above 4.2 ppbv each, on a scale of 13.5 km 2 . Theoretical investigations show that it should be possible to localize and quantify 600 m diameter plumes of SO 2 4 1.5 ppbv, H 2 CO 4 6.3 ppbv, HONO 4 3.2 ppbv, and ozone 4 46.2 ppbv. Larger plumes can be measured with higher precision.},
author = {Mettendorf, K U and Hartl, A and Pundt, I},
doi = {10.1039/b511337g},
file = {::},
title = {{An indoor test campaign of the tomography long path differential optical absorption spectroscopy technique}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Jun2016,
abstract = {Since X-ray tomography is now widely adopted in many different areas, it becomes more crucial to find a robust routine of handling tomographic data to get quality reconstructed images. Though there are several existing techniques, it seems helpful to have a more automated method to remove the possible errors that hinder clearer image reconstruction. Here, we proposed an alternative method and new algorithm using the sinogram and the fixed point. A new physical concept of Center of Attenuation (CA) was also introduced to figure out how this fixed point is applied to the image reconstruction with errors we further categorized. Our technique showed a promising performance in restoring images with translation and vertical tilt errors.},
annote = {NULL},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {1605.04833},
author = {Jun, Kyungtaek and Yoon, Seokhwan and Kwon, Kyu},
eprint = {1605.04833},
file = {::},
journal = {Arxiv},
keywords = {center of rotation,com,corresponding author,ct image reconstruction,e-mail address,gmail,ktfriends,kyungtaek jun,rotation axis,sinogram,tilt error,translation error},
pages = {28},
title = {{Alignment Solution for CT Image Reconstruction by Fixed Point and Virtual Rotation Axis}},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.04833},
year = {2016}
}
@misc{Haggstrom2014,
abstract = {This is a gallery of images contributed to Wikimedia projects by Mikael H{\"{a}}ggstr{\"{o}}m by 2014. Many of these images may be too small to conveniently view the content. Larger versions are available online.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {H{\"{a}}ggstr{\"{o}}m, Mikael},
booktitle = {WikiJournal of Medicine},
doi = {10.15347/wjm/2014.008},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {1-4160-2328-3},
issn = {20024436},
number = {2},
pmid = {23012495},
title = {{Medical gallery of Mikael H{\"{a}}ggstr{\"{o}}m 2014}},
url = {https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Medical_gallery_of_Mikael_H{\"{a}}ggstr{\"{o}}

repository: ruivalmeida/novathesis

repo_name: ruivalmeida/novathesis