text:
EDTA and/or HAc (in a 1:1 ratio with the metal) or distilled deionized water were applied to the root zones. Plants were harvested at 6 days after chelate addition to coincide with the duration of maximum metal solubility previously determined in this study. Results of the greenhouse experiment showed that coffeeweed was relatively tolerant to moderate levels of Pb and chelates as shown by very slight reductions in root and no discernable effects on shoot biomass. Root Pb concentrations increased with increasing levels of soil-applied Pb. Further increases in root Pb concentrations were attributed to chelate amendments. In the absence of chelates, translocation of Pb from roots to shoots was minimal. However, translocation dramatically increased in treatments with EDTA alone or in combination with HAc. Overall, the results of this study indicated that depending on the nature and type of Pb-contaminated soil being remediated, the bioavailability and uptake of Pb by coffeeweed can be enhanced by amending the soil with chelates especially after the plants have reached maximum biomass. {\textcopyright} 2008 MDPI. All rights reserved.},
author = {Miller, Gloria and Begonia, Gregorio and Begonia, Maria and Ntoni, Jennifer and Hundley, Oscar},
doi = {10.3390/IJERPH5050428},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Miller et al. - 2008 - Assessment of the efficacy of chelate-assisted phytoextraction of lead by coffeeweed (Sesbania exaltata Raf.).pdf:pdf},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
keywords = {Chelates,Lead,Phytoextraction,Sesbania exaltata},
month = {dec},
number = {5},
pages = {428--435},
title = {{Assessment of the efficacy of chelate-assisted phytoextraction of lead by coffeeweed (Sesbania exaltata Raf.)}},
volume = {5},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Mills2006,
abstract = {Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) previously used as a timber treatment chemical to prevent sap stain and wood rot. Commonly used in wood treatment industries for the last 50 years, there are now many sites worldwide that are contaminated with PCP. Although persistent, PCP is a mobile contaminant and therefore has a propensity to leach and contaminate surrounding environments. Both willow (Salix sp., 'Tangoio') and poplar (Populus sp. 'Kawa') growing in an open-ended plastic greenhouse were found to tolerate soil PCP concentrations of 250 mg kg-1 or less and both species stimulated a significant increase in soil microbial activity when compared to unplanted controls. Both poplar and willow could not survive PCP concentrations above 250 mg kg-1 in soil. Pentachlorophenol degradation occurred in both planted and unplanted pots, but a higher rate of degradation was observed in the planted pots. Soil contaminated by wood-treatment activities often contains co-contaminants such as B, Cr, Cu and As, that are also used as timber preservatives. An additional column leaching experiment, done along side the potted trial, found that PCP, B, Cr, Cu and As were all present in the column leachate. This indicates that although Cu, Cr and As are generally considered immobile in the soil, they were mobilised under our column conditions. If a contaminated site were to be hydraulically 'sealed' using plants, a reticulation irrigation system should be installed to capture any contaminant leachate resulting from heavy rains. This captured leachate can either be independently treated, or reapplied to the site. Our data demonstrate a reduction in soil hydraulic conductivity with repeated application of leachate containing PCP and metal compounds but the soil did not become anaerobic. This would need to be considered in site remediation design. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Mills, Tessa and Arnold, Barbara and Sivakumaran, Siva and Northcott, Grant and Vogeler, Iris and Robinson, Brett and Norling, Cara and Leonil, Doris},
doi = {10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2005.07.005},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
keywords = {Arsenic,Boron,Poplar,Willow},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {232--241},
title = {{Phytoremediation and long-term site management of soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and heavy metals}},
volume = {79},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Min2004,
abstract = {The treatment of perchlorate-contaminated groundwater was examined using two side-by-side pilot-scale fixed-bed bioreactors packed with sand or plastic media, and bioaugmented with the perchlorate-degrading bacterium Dechlorosoma sp. KJ. Groundwater containing perchlorate (77$\mu$g/L), nitrate (4mg-NO 3/L), and dissolved oxygen (7.5mg/L) was amended with a carbon source (acetic acid) and nutrients (ammonium phosphate). Perchlorate was completely removed (<4$\mu$g/L) in the sand medium bioreactor at flow rates of 0.063-0.126L/s (1-2gpm or hydraulic loading rate of 0.34-0.68L/m 2s) and in the plastic medium reactor at flow rates of <0.063L/s. Acetate in the sand reactor was removed from 43±8 to 13±8mg/L (after day 100), and nitrate was completely removed in the reactor (except day 159). A regular (weekly) backwashing cycle was necessary to achieve consistent reactor performance and avoid short-circuiting in the reactors. For example, the sand reactor detention time was 18min (hydraulic loading rate of 0.68L/m2s) immediately after backwashing, but it decreased to only 10min 1 week later. In the plastic medium bioreactor, the relative changes in detention time due to backwashing were smaller, typically changing from 60min before backwashing to 70min after backwashing. We found that detention times necessary for complete perchlorate removal were more typical of those expected for mixed cultures (10-18min) than those for the pure culture (<1min) reported in our previous laboratory studies. Analysis of intra-column perchlorate profiles revealed that there was simultaneous removal of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and perchlorate, and that oxygen and nitrate removal was always complete prior to complete perchlorate removal. This study demonstrated for the first time in a pilot-scale system, that with regular backwashing cycles, fixed-bed bioreactors could be used to remove perchlorate in groundwater to a suitable level for drinking water. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Min, Booki and Evans, Patrick J. and Chu, Allyson K. and Logan, Bruce E.},
doi = {10.1016/J.WATRES.2003.09.019},
journal = {Water Research},
keywords = {Backwashing,Bioaugmentation,Bioreactor,Chlorate,Drinking water,Fixed-bed reactor,Groundwater,Perchlorate,Sand},
number = {1},
pages = {47--60},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Perchlorate removal in sand and plastic media bioreactors}},
volume = {38},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Mohee2007,
abstract = {With the advent of recently promulgated Government regulations on plastics in Mauritius, a study was initiated to examine the biodegradability of two different types of plastic, namely Willow Ridge Plastics - PDQ-H additive (Plastic A) and Ecosafe Plastic - TDPA additive (Plastic B) under controlled and natural composting environments. The results obtained from the controlled composting environment showed that the cumulative carbon dioxide evolution for Plastic A was much higher than that for Plastic B. Plastic A therefore showed a higher level of biodegradation in terms of CO2 evolution than Plastic B. However, from the regression analysis, it was found that the level of CO2 varying with time fitted the sigmoid type curves with very high correlation coefficients (R2 values: 0.9928, 0.9921 and 0.9816, for reference material, inoculum and Plastic A, respectively). The corresponding F-values obtained from the ANOVA analysis together with significance levels of p < 0.05 indicated that the three treatments analysed in the biodegradability experiment were significant. The other experiment was undertaken to observe any physical change of Plastics A and B as compared to a reference plastic, namely, compostable plastic bag (Mater-Bi product-Plastic C), when exposed to a natural composting environment. Thermophilic temperatures were obtained for about 3-5 days of composting and the moisture content was in the range of 60-80% throughout the degradation process. It was observed that after 55 days of composting, Plastic C degraded completely while Plastic A and Plastic B did not undergo any significant degradation. It can be concluded that naturally based plastic made of starch would degrade completely in a time frame of 60 days, whereas plastics with biodegradable additive would require a longer time. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Mohee, R. and Unmar, G.},
doi = {10.1016/J.WASMAN.2006.07.023},
journal = {Waste Management},
number = {11},
pages = {1486--1493},
title = {{Determining biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled and natural composting environments}},
volume = {27},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Mumtaz2010,
abstract = {An outdoor soil burial test was carried out to evaluate the degradation of commercially available LDPE carrier bags in natural soil for up to 2 years. Biodegradability of low density polyethylene films in soil was monitored using both optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After 7-9 months of soil exposure, microbial colonization was evident on the film surface. Exposed LDPE samples exhibit progressive changes towards degradation after 17-22 months. SEM images reveal signs of degradation such as exfoliation and formation of cracks on film leading to disintegration. The possible degradation mode and consequences on the use and disposal of LDPE films is discussed. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Mumtaz, Tabassum and Khan, M. R. and Hassan, Mohd Ali},
doi = {10.1016/J.MICRON.2010.02.008},
journal = {Micron},
keywords = {Biodegradation,LDPE,Optical microscopy,SEM,Soil burial},
month = {jul},
number = {5},
pages = {430--438},
title = {{Study of environmental biodegradation of LDPE films in soil using optical and scanning electron microscopy}},
volume = {41},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Nalli2002,
abstract = {Rhodococcus rhodochrous was grown in the presence of one of three plasticizers: bis 2-ethylhexyl adipate (BEHA), dioctyl phthalate (DOP) or dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP). None of the plasticizers were degraded unless another carbon source, such as hexadecane, was also present. When R. rhodochrous was grown with hexadecane as a co-substrate, BEHA was completely degraded and the DOP was degraded slightly. About half of the DOTP was degraded, if hexadecane were present. In all of these growth studies, the toxicity of the media, which was assessed using the Microtox assay, increased as the organism degraded the plasticizer. In each case, there was an accumulation of one or two intermediates in the growth medium as the toxicity increased. One of these was identified as 2-ethylhexanoic acid and it was observed for all three plasticizers. Its concentration increased until degradation of the plasticizers had stopped and it was always present at the end of the fermentation. The other intermediate was identified as 2-ethylhexanol and this was only observed for growth in the presence of BEHA. The alcohol was observed early in the growth studies with BEHA and had disappeared by the end of the experiment. Both the 2-ethylhexanol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid were shown to be toxic and their presence explained the increase of toxicity as the fermentations proceeded. The appearance of these intermediates was consistent with similar degradation mechanisms for all three plasticizers involving hydrolysis of the ester bonds followed by oxidation of the released alcohol.},
author = {Nalli, S. and Cooper, D. G. and Nicell, J. A.},
doi = {10.1023/A:1022313810852},
journal = {Biodegradation},
keywords = {Aerobic,Biodegradation,Phthalate,Plastic,Plasticizer},
number = {5},
pages = {343--352},
title = {{Biodegradation of plasticizers by Rhodococcus rhodochrous}},
volume = {13},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Nalli2006,
abstract = {The plasticizers di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) are ubiquitous in the environment and undergo partial biodegradation in the presence of soil micro-organisms. The validity of a proposed pathway for the degradation of these plasticizers by Rhodococcus rhodochrous has been confirmed by the identification of 2-ethylhexanal in gas phase emissions. Complete analyses of the aqueous and gas phases were able to account for more than 98% of the 2-ethylhexanol component of the DEHA added at the beginning of a growth study. Of this, 25% was either 2-ethylhexanol or 2-ethylhexanal that had been stripped into the gas phase and, at most, only 2% of the 2-ethylhexanol component could have been removed by mineralization. It is concluded that plasticizers are of significant environmental concern due to the resistance of the metabolites to biodegradation and their known health impacts. Two of the metabolites are of added concern due to their volatility and their potential impact on indoor air quality. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Nalli, Sandro and Cooper, David G. and Nicell, Jim A.},
doi = {10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2005.06.020},
journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
keywords = {2-ethylhexanal,2-ethylhexanol,Biodegradation,Metabolite,Plasticizer},
month = {jul},
number = {1},
pages = {286--294},
title = {{Metabolites from the biodegradation of di-ester plasticizers by Rhodococcus rhodochrous}},
volume = {366},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Niinemets2004,
abstract = {There is a strong natural light gradient from the top to the bottom in plant canopies and along gap-understorey continua. Leaf structure and photosynthetic capacities change close to proportionally along these gradients, leading to maximisation of whole canopy photosynthesis. However, other environmental factors also vary within the light gradients in a correlative manner. Specifically, the leaves exposed to higher irradiance suffer from more severe heat, water, and photoinhibition stresses. Research in tree canopies and across gap-understorey gradients demonstrates that plants have a large potential to acclimate to interacting environmental limitations. The optimum temperature for photosynthetic electron transport increases with increasing growth irradiance in the canopy, improving the resistance of photosynthetic apparatus to heat stress. Stomatal constraints on photosynthesis are also larger at higher irradiance because the leaves at greater evaporative demands regulate water use more efficiently. Furthermore, upper canopy leaves are more rigid and have lower leaf osmotic potentials to improve water extraction from drying soil. The current review highlights that such an array of complex interactions significantly modifies the potential and realized whole canopy photosynthetic productivity, but also that the interactive effects cannot be simply predicted as composites of additive partial environmental stresses. We hypothesize that plant photosynthetic capacities deviate from the theoretical optimum values because of the interacting stresses in plant canopies and evolutionary trade-offs between leaf- and canopy-level plastic adjustments in light capture and use.},
author = {Niinemets, {\"{U}} and Valladares, F.},
doi = {10.1055/S-2004-817881},
journal = {Plant Biology},
keywords = {Humidity,Leaf temperature,Light availability,Photoinhibition,Photosynthesis acclimation,Plasticity,Stress,Vapour pressure deficit},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {254--268},
title = {{Photosynthetic acclimation to simultaneous and interacting environmental stresses along natural light gradients: Optimality and constraints}},
volume = {6},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Niinemets2002,
abstract = {Young trees 0.03-1.7 m high of three coexisting Betula species were investigated in four sites of varying soil fertility, but all in full daylight, to separate nutrient and plant size controls on leaf dry mass per unit area (MA), light-saturated foliar photosynthetic electron transport rate (J) and the fraction of plant biomass in foliage (FL). Because the site effect was generally non-significant in the analyses of variance with foliar nitrogen content per unit dry mass (NM) as a covariate, NM was used as an explaining variable of leaf structural and physiological characteristics. Average leaf area (S) and dry mass per leaf scaled positively with NM and total tree height (H) in all species. Leaf dry mass per unit area also increased with increasing H, but decreased with increasing NM, whereas the effects were species-specific. Increases in plant size led to a lower and increases in NM to a greater FL and total plant foliar area per unit plant biomass (LAR). Thus, the self-shading probably increased with increasing NM and decreased with increasing H. Nevertheless, the whole-plant average MA, as well as MA values of topmost fully exposed leaves, correlated with NM and H in a similar manner, indicating that scaling of MA with NM and H did not necessarily result from the modified degree of within-plant shading. The rate of photosynthetic electron transport per unit dry mass (JM) scaled positively with NM, but decreased with increasing H and MA. Thus, increases in MA with tree height and decreasing nitrogen content not only resulted in a lower plant foliar area (LAR = FL/MA), but also led to lower physiological activity of unit foliar biomass. The leaf parameters (JM, NM and MA) varied threefold, but the whole-plant characteristic FL varied 20-fold and LAR 30-fold, indicating that the biomass allocation was more plastically adjusted to different plant internal nitrogen contents and to tree height than the foliar variables. Our results demonstrate that: (1) tree height and NM may independently control foliar structure and physiology, and have an even greater impact on biomass allocation; and (2) the modified within-plant light availabilities alone do not explain the observed patterns. Although there were interspecific differences with respect to the statistical significance of the relationships, all species generally fit common regressions. However, these differences were consistent, and suggested that more competitive species with inherently larger growth rates also more plastically respond to N and H. {\textcopyright} 2002 Annals of Botany Company.},
author = {Niinemets, {\"{U}}lo and Portsmuth, Angelika and Truus, Laimi},
doi = {10.1093/AOB/MCF025},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Niinemets, Portsmuth, Truus - 2002 - Leaf structural and photosynthetic characteristics, and biomass allocation to foliage in relation t.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Annals of Botany},
keywords = {Betula nana,Betula pendula,Betula pubescens,Construction cost,Leaf density,Leaf dry mass per unit area,Leaf size,Nitrogen content,Photosynthetic electron transport rate,Plasticity,Tree height},
number = {2},
pages = {191--204},
title = {{Leaf structural and photosynthetic characteristics, and biomass allocation to foliage in relation to foliar nitrogen content and tree size in three Betula species}},
volume = {89},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Osmont2007,
abstract = {The root system is fundamentally important for plant growth and survival because of its role in water and nutrient uptake. Therefore, plants rely on modulation of root system architecture (RSA) to respond to a changing soil environment. Although RSA is a highly plastic trait and varies both between and among species, the basic root system morphology and its plasticity are controlled by inherent genetic factors. These mediate the modification of RSA, mostly at the level of root branching, in response to a suite of biotic and abiotic factors. Recent progress in the understanding of the molecular basis of these responses suggests that they largely feed through hormone homeostasis and signaling pathways. Novel factors implicated in the regulation of RSA in response to the myriad endogenous and exogenous signals are also increasingly isolated through alternative approaches such as quantitative trait locus analysis. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2007 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.},
author = {Osmont, Karen S. and Sibout, Richard and Hardtke, Christian S.},
doi = {10.1146/ANNUREV.ARPLANT.58.032806.104006},
journal = {Annual Review of Plant Biology},
keywords = {Dicotyledons,Monocotyledons,Nutrients,Phytohormones,Root branching,Root meristem},
pages = {93--113},
title = {{Hidden branches: Developments in root system architecture}},
volume = {58},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Panikov2007,
abstract = {We developed a procedure to culture microorganisms below freezing point on solid media (cellulose powder or plastic film) with ethanol as the sole carbon source without using artificial antifreezes. Enrichment from soil and permafrost obtained on such frozen solid media contained mainly fungi, and further purification resulted in isolation of basidiomycetous yeasts of the genera Mrakia and Leucosporidium as well as ascomycetous fungi of the genus Geomyces. Contrary to solid frozen media, the enrichment of liquid nutrient solutions at 0°C or supercooled solutions stabilized by glycerol at -1 to -5°C led to the isolation of bacteria representing the genera Polaromonas, Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter. The growth of fungi on ethanol-microcrystalline cellulose media at -8°C was exponential with generation times of 4.6-34 days, while bacteria displayed a linear or progressively declining curvilinear dynamic. At -17 to -0°C the growth of isolates and entire soil community on 14C-ethanol was continuous and characterized by yields of 0.27-0.52 g cell C (g of C-substrate)-1, similar to growth above the freezing point. The 'state of maintenance,' implying measurable catabolic activity of non-growing cells, was not confirmed. Below -18 to -35°C, the isolated organisms were able to grow only transiently for 3 weeks after cooling with measurable respiratory and biosynthetic (14CO2 uptake) activity. Then metabolic activity declined to zero, and microorganisms entered a state of reversible dormancy. {\textcopyright} 2006 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.},
author = {Panikov, Nicolai S. and Sizova, Maria V.},
doi = {10.1111/J.1574-6941.2006.00210.X},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Panikov, Sizova - 2007 - Growth kinetics of microorganisms isolated from Alaskan soil and permafrost in solid media frozen down to -35°C.pdf:pdf},
journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
keywords = {Antifreeze,Growth kinetics,Maintenance,Psychroactive,Solid frozen media,Stoichiometry},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {500--512},
title = {{Growth kinetics of microorganisms isolated from Alaskan soil and permafrost in solid media frozen down to -35°C}},
volume = {59},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Paz-Alberto2007,
abstract = {Background, Aims and Scope. The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods. The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg-1 (37.5 kg ha-1) and 150 mg kg-1 (75 kg ha-1) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 x 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results. On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85-39.39 Mg ha-1). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha-1 and 5.72 Mg ha -1 from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg-1, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg-1). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg-1) and carabao-grass with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg-1. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg-1) to the soil. Discussion. Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants' total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions. The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals, particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives. High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. {\textcopyright} 2007 ecomed publishers (Verlagsgruppe H{\"{u}}thig Jehle Rehm GmbH).},
author = {Paz-Alberto, Annie Melinda and Sigua, Gilbert C. and Baui, Bellrose G. and Prudente, Jacqueline A.},
doi = {10.1065/ESPR2007.05.415},
journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
keywords = {Accumulation,Carabaograss,Cogongrass,Contamination,Lead,Phytoextraction,Phytoremediation,Survival,Vetivergrass},
month = {nov},
number = {7},
pages = {498--504},
title = {{Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.), cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.) and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.)}},
volume = {14},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Picon-Cochard2006,
abstract = {In abandoned or extensively managed grasslands, the mechanisms involved in pioneer tree species success are not fully explained. Resource competition among plants and microclimate modifications have been emphasised as possible mechanisms to explain variation of survivorship and growth. In this study, we evaluated a number of mechanisms that may lead to successful survival and growth of seedlings of a pioneer tree species (Pinus sylvestris) in a grass-dominated grassland. Three-year-old Scots pines were planted in an extensively managed grassland of the French Massif Central and for 2 years were either maintained in bare soil or subjected to aerial and below-ground interactions induced by grass vegetation. Soil temperatures were slightly higher in bare soil than under the grass vegetation, but not to an extent explaining pine growth differences. The tall grass canopy reduced light transmission by 77% at ground level and by 20% in the upper part of Scots pine seedlings. Grass vegetation presence also significantly decreased soil volumetric water content (Hv) and soil nitrate in spring and in summer. In these conditions, the average tree height was reduced by 5% compared to trees grown in bare soil, and plant biomass was reduced by 85%. Scots pine intrinsic water-use efficiency (A/g), measured by leaf gas-exchange, increased when Hv decreased owing to a rapid decline of stomatal conductance (g). This result was also confirmed by $\delta$ 13C analyses of needles. A summer 15N labelling of seedlings and grass vegetation confirmed the higher NO3 capture capacity of grass vegetation in comparison with Scots pine seedlings. Our results provide evidence that the seedlings' success was linked to tolerance of below-ground resource depletion (particularly water) induced by grass vegetation based on morphological and physiological plasticity as well as to resource conservation. {\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag 2006.},
author = {Picon-Cochard, Catherine and Coll, Lluis and Balandier, Philippe},
doi = {10.1007/S00442-006-0379-2},
journal = {Oecologia},
keywords = {15N,Light,Morphological and physiological plasticity,Soil water and N,$\delta$ 13C},
month = {dec},
number = {3},
pages = {373--383},
title = {{The role of below-ground competition during early stages of secondary succession: The case of 3-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings in an abandoned grassland}},
volume = {148},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Pour2009,
abstract = {Metabolites from the biodegradation of a potential plasticizer 1, 6-hexanediol dibenzoate in the presence of n-hexadecane as a co-substrate by the common soil organism Rhodococcus rhodochrous were identified using GC/MS and Fourier transform mass spectroscopy (FTMS) techniques. Trimethylsilylation of compounds from the biodegradation broth permitted detection of the following metabolites: 1-hexadecyl benzoate, 6-benzoyloxyhexanoic acid, 4-benzoyloxybutanoic acid, 6-benzoyloxyhexan-1-ol and benzoic acid. The presence of these metabolites was confirmed by repeating the biodegradation with 1, 6-hexanediol di[2H5]benzoate, by measurement of their exact masses in FTMS and by comparison with available authentic materials. The results show that biodegradation of 1, 6-hexanediol dibenzoate by R. rhodochrous does not lead to the accumulation of persistent metabolites as has been reported for commercial dibenzoate plasticizers. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
author = {Pour, Azadeh Kermanshahi and Mamer, Orval A. and Cooper, David G. and Maric, Milan and Nicell, Jim A.},
doi = {10.1002/JMS.1541},
journal = {Journal of Mass Spectrometry},
keywords = {1,6 hexanediol dibenzoate,Biodegradation,Fourier transform mass spectroscopy,GC/MS,Metabolites,Plasticizer},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {662--671},
title = {{Metabolites from the biodegradation of 1, 6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer, by Rhodococcus rhodochrous}},
volume = {44},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Prell2006,
abstract = {Bacteria have evolved a wide variety of metabolic strategies to cope with varied environments. Some are specialists and only able to survive in restricted environments; others are generalists and able to cope with diverse environmental conditions. Rhizobia (e.g. Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Azorhizobium species) can survive and compete for nutrients in soil and the plant rhizosphere but can also form a beneficial symbiosis with legumes in a highly specialized plant cell environment. Inside the legume-root nodule, the bacteria (bacteroids) reduce dinitrogen to ammonium, which is secreted to the plant in exchange for a carbon and energy source. A new and challenging aspect of nodule physiology is that nitrogen fixation requires the cycling of amino acids between the bacteroid and plant. This review aims to summarize the metabolic plasticity of rhizobia and the importance of amino acid cycling. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Prell, Juergen and Poole, Philip},
doi = {10.1016/J.TIM.2006.02.005},
journal = {Trends in Microbiology},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {161--168},
title = {{Metabolic changes of rhizobia in legume nodules}},
volume = {14},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Pushpadass2010,
abstract = {The structures and biodegradabilities of loose-fill foams, containing starch and polystyrene at ratios of 70:30 and 80:20, were evaluated using a laboratory composting system. Each formulation was foamed (extrusion expanded) using either 0.2% azodicarbonamide or 0.25% citric acid as the chemical blowing agent. Biodegradability, a measure of the quantity of material mineralized, was expressed as the percentage of CO2 in the exhaust gas eluted from the individual chambers. The CO2 generation peaked after about 15 days of composting, and then decreased. The rate and amount of CO2 eluted depended on the starch content in the foams. Similarly, there were significant differences in the rates and quantities of CO2 emissions for the foams blown with azodicarbonamide versus citric acid. At the end of the composting tests, the remaining foam material had fibrous and crumbly textures, presumably consisting primarily of polystyrene. FTIR and NMR spectra of the foams, taken after 39 days of composting, did not reveal the spectral features of starch, thereby confirming the decomposition of the starch. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Pushpadass, Heartwin A. and Weber, Robert W. and Dumais, Joseph J. and Hanna, Milford A.},
doi = {10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2010.04.039},
journal = {Bioresource Technology},
keywords = {Biodegradation,Carbon dioxide,FTIR,NMR,Polystyrene},
number = {19},
pages = {7258--7264},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Biodegradation characteristics of starch-polystyrene loose-fill foams in a composting medium}},
volume = {101},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Qu2010,
abstract = {We used hydrophilic polymers from diapers to aid the establishment of an indigenous plant (Spergularia purpurea (Persoon) G. Don fil.) in a soil from a pyrite mine. Lysimeters were filled with the mine soil with no amendment (control), with a polyacrylate polymer, with a polymer removed from diapers, and with shredded diapers. The establishment of a plant cover was faster in soil amended with polymer from diapers, and 85 days after sowing the soil was completely covered in all treatments except control. The concentrations of trace elements in plant shoots decreased in amended soil. The activities of soil acid phosphatase, $\beta$-glucosidase, protease and cellulase were greatest in soil amended with the polyacrylate polymer or with polymer removed from diapers, while the application of shredded diapers leads to values that were in general intermediate between these treatments and unamended control. Basal- and substrate-induced respirations, and dehydrogenase were greatest in soil amended with polymers, but the presence of a plastic film and fibrous materials from shredded diapers prevented any improvement in these parameters compared with unamended soil. In the second experiment, we evaluated the risk of downward movement of polymers in columns of a sandy soil. Polymer from diapers, with or without Cu, was placed at a 10. cm-depth. Five leaching cycles with artificial rain took place and leachates were analyzed for organic matter and Cu. At the end of the experiment, the soil columns were sliced and each layer was analyzed separately. Some repacking of soil and polymer particles took place, but there was no indication that polymers moved to any great depth in soil columns. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Qu, G. and de Varennes, A.},
doi = {10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2010.02.031},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
keywords = {Enzymatic activities,Hydrophilic polymers,Mine soils,Plant cover,Trace elements},
month = {jun},
number = {1-3},
pages = {956--962},
title = {{Use of hydrophilic polymers from diapers to aid the establishment of Spergularia purpurea in a mine soil}},
volume = {178},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Roh2007,
abstract = {In this study, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) toxicities to Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated using multiple toxic endpoints, such as mortality, growth, reproduction and stress-related gene expression, focusing on the identification of chemical-induced gene expression as a sensitive biomarker for DEHP monitoring. The possible use of C. elegans as a sentinel organism in the monitoring of soil ecosystem health was also tested by conducting the experiment on the exposure of nematode to field soil. Twenty-four-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) data suggest that DEHP has a relatively high potential of acute toxicity to C. elegans. Decreases in body length and egg number per worm observed after 24 h of DEHP exposure may induce long-term alteration in the growth and reproduction of the nematode population. Based on the result from the C. elegans genome array and indicated in the literatures, stress proteins, metallothionein, vitellogenin, xenobiotic metabolism enzymes, apoptosis-related proteins, and antioxidant enzyme genes were selected as stress-related genes and their expression in C. elegans by DEHP exposure was analyzed semi-quantitatively. Expression of heat shock protein (hsp)-16.1 and hsp-16.2 genes was decreased by DEHP exposure. Expression of cytochrome P450 (cyp) 35a2 and glutathione-S-transferease (gst)-4, phase I and phase II of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes, was increased by DEHP exposure in a concentration-dependent manner. An increase in stress-related gene expressions occurred concomitantly with the deterioration on the physiological level, which suggests an increase in expression of those genes may not be considered as a homeostatic response but as a toxicity that might have physiological consequences. The experiment with the soil from the landfill site suggests that the potential of the C. elegans biomarker identified in laboratory conditions should be calibrated and validated for its use in situ. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Roh, Ji Yeon and Jung, In Ho and Lee, Jai Young and Choi, Jinhee},
doi = {10.1016/J.TOX.2007.05.008},
journal = {Toxicology},
keywords = {Caenorhabditis elegans,Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,Ecotoxicity monitoring,Stress-related gene expression},
month = {jul},
number = {1-3},
pages = {126--133},
title = {{Toxic effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on mortality, growth, reproduction and stress-related gene expression in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans}},
volume = {237},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Rotz2010,
abstract = {Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their potential effect on the environment has become an important national and international issue. Dairy production, along with all other types of animal agriculture, is a recognized source of GHG emissions, but little information exists on the net emissions from dairy farms. Component models for predicting all important sources and sinks of CH4, N2O, and CO2 from primary and secondary sources in dairy production were integrated in a software tool called the Dairy Greenhouse Gas model, or DairyGHG. This tool calculates the carbon footprint of a dairy production system as the net exchange of all GHG in CO2 equivalent units per unit of energy-corrected milk produced. Primary emission sources include enteric fermentation, manure, cropland used in feed production, and the combustion of fuel in machinery used to produce feed and handle manure. Secondary emissions are those occurring during the production of resources used on the farm, which can include fuel, electricity, machinery, fertilizer, pesticides, plastic, and purchased replacement animals. A long-term C balance is assumed for the production system, which does not account for potential depletion or sequestration of soil carbon. An evaluation of dairy farms of various sizes and production strategies gave carbon footprints of 0.37 to 0.69kg of CO2 equivalent units/kg of energy-corrected milk, depending upon milk production level and the feeding and manure handling strategies used. In a comparison with previous studies, DairyGHG predicted C footprints similar to those reported when similar assumptions were made for feeding strategy, milk production, allocation method between milk and animal coproducts, and sources of CO2 and secondary emissions. DairyGHG provides a relatively simple tool for evaluating management effects on net GHG emissions and the overall carbon footprint of dairy production systems. {\textcopyright} 2010 American Dairy Science Association.},
author = {Rotz, C. A. and Montes, F. and Chianese, D. S.},
doi = {10.3168/JDS.2009-2162},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Rotz, Montes, Chianese - 2010 - The carbon footprint of dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Dairy Science},
keywords = {Carbon footprint,DairyGHG,Farm model,Greenhouse gas},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {1266--1282},
title = {{The carbon footprint of dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment}},
volume = {93},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Sasek2006,
abstract = {Two types of copolymers - poly(ester-amide)s - by the anionic copolymerization of $\epsilon$-caprolactam and $\epsilon$-caprolactone, and aromatic-aliphatic copolyesters based on glycolyzed polyethylene terephthalate from used beverage bottles and $\epsilon$-caprolactone were prepared. Biodegradation tests of these copolymers were performed by two methods, viz. composting under controlled conditions and treatment with ligninolytic fungi. Both methods resulted in degradation of the copolymers, composting being more robust. Out of fungal strains tested Inonotus hispidus degraded aromatic-aliphatic copolyesters most intensively.},
author = {{\v{S}}a{\v{s}}ek, V. and Vit{\'{a}}sek, J. and Chromcov{\'{a}}, D. and Prokopov{\'{a}}, I. and Bro{\v{z}}ek, J. and N{\'{a}}hl{\'{i}}k, J.},
doi = {10.1007/BF02931586},
journal = {Folia Microbiologica},
number = {5},
pages = {425--430},
title = {{Biodegradation of synthetic polymers by composting and fungal treatment}},
volume = {51},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Segev2009,
abstract = {Halogenated organic compounds constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups of chemicals in the environment. Many of these compounds are toxic, persistent and, as a result of their often limited biodegradability, tend to bioaccumulate in the environment. Dibromoneopentyl glycol (DBNPG) and tribromoneopentyl alcohol (TBNPA) are brominated flame retardants commonly used as additives during the manufacture of plastic polymers and as chemical intermediates in the synthesis of other flame retardants. Both are classified as not readily biodegradable. In this paper, we demonstrate the biodegradation of both DBNPG and TBNPA by a common bacterial consortium under aerobic conditions in enrichment cultures containing yeast extract. DBNPG and TBNPA biodegradation is accompanied by a release of bromide into the medium, due to a biological debromination reaction. Molecular analysis of the clone library PCR amplified 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize the bacterial consortium involved in the biodegradation. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009.},
author = {Segev, Osnat and Meusel, Wolfram and Friedenberger, Melanie and Brenner, Asher and Kushmaro, Ariel},
doi = {10.1007/S10532-009-9249-Z},
journal = {Biodegradation},
keywords = {Biodegradation,Brominated flame retardants,Debromination,Dibromoneopentyl glycol,Halogenated organic compounds,Tribromoneopentyl alcohol},
number = {5},
pages = {621--627},
title = {{Aerobic biodegradation of the brominated flame retardants, dibromoneopentyl glycol and tribromoneopentyl alcohol}},
volume = {20},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Singh2006,
abstract = {Synthetic organophosphorus compounds are used as pesticides, plasticizers, air fuel ingredients and chemical warfare agents. Organophosphorus compounds are the most widely used insecticides, accounting for an estimated 34% of world-wide insecticide sales. Contamination of soil from pesticides as a result of their bulk handling at the farmyard or following application in the field or accidental release may lead occasionally to contamination of surface and ground water. Several reports suggest that a wide range of water and terrestrial ecosystems may be contaminated with organophosphorus compounds. These compounds possess high mammalian toxicity and it is therefore essential to remove them from the environments. In addition, about 200 000 metric tons of nerve (chemical warfare) agents have to be destroyed world-wide under Chemical Weapons Convention (1993). Bioremediation can offer an efficient and cheap option for decontamination of polluted ecosystems and destruction of nerve agents. The first micro-organism that could degrade organophosphorus compounds was isolated in 1973 and identified as Flavobacterium sp. Since then several bacterial and a few fungal species have been isolated which can degrade a wide range of organophosphorus compounds in liquid cultures and soil systems. The biochemistry of organophosphorus compound degradation by most of the bacteria seems to be identical, in which a structurally similar enzyme called organophosphate hydrolase or phosphotriesterase catalyzes the first step of the degradation. organophosphate hydrolase encoding gene opd (organophosphate degrading) gene has been isolated from geographically different regions and taxonomically different species. This gene has been sequenced, cloned in different organisms, and altered for better activity and stability. Recently, genes with similar function but different sequences have also been isolated and characterized. Engineered microorganisms have been tested for their ability to degrade different organophosphorus pollutants, including nerve agents. In this article, we review and propose pathways for degradation of some organophosphorus compounds by microorganisms. Isolation, characterization, utilization and manipulation of the major detoxifying enzymes and the molecular basis of degradation are discussed. The major achievements and technological advancements towards bioremediation of organophosphorus compounds, limitations of available technologies and future challenge are also discussed. {\textcopyright} 2006 Federation of European Microbiological Societies Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Singh, Brajesh K. and Walker, Allan},
doi = {10.1111/J.1574-6976.2006.00018.X},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Singh, Walker - 2006 - Microbial degradation of organophosphorus compounds.pdf:pdf},
journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews},
keywords = {Biotechnological aspects,Detoxifying enzymes,Genetic basis,Metabolic pathways,Microbial degradation,Organophosphorus compounds},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {428--471},
title = {{Microbial degradation of organophosphorus compounds}},
volume = {30},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Smith2009,
abstract = {Organic chemicals discharged in urban wastewater from industrial and domestic sources, or those entering through atmospheric deposition onto paved areas via surface run-off, are predominantly lipophilic in nature and therefore become concentrated in sewage sludge, with potential implications for the agricultural use of sludge as a soil improver. Biodegradation occurs to varying degrees during wastewater and sludge treatment processes. However, residues will probably still be present in the resulting sludge and can vary from trace values of several micrograms per kilogram up to approximately 1 per cent in the dry solids for certain bulk chemicals, such as linear alkylbenzene sulphonate, which is widely used as a surfactant in detergent formulations. However, the review of the scientific literature on the potential environmental and health impacts of organic contaminants (OCs) in sludge indicates that the presence of a compound in sludge, or of seemingly large amounts of certain compounds used in bulk volumes domestically and by industry, does not necessarily constitute a hazard when the material is recycled to farmland. Furthermore, the chemical quality of sludge is continually improving and concentrations of potentially harmful and persistent organic compounds have declined to background values. Thus, recycling sewage sludge on farmland is not constrained by concentrations of OCs found in contemporary sewage sludges. A number of issues, while unlikely to be significant for agricultural utilization, require further investigation and include: (i) the impacts of chlorinated paraffins on the food chain and human health, (ii) the risk assessment of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, a bulk chemical present in large amounts in sludge, (iii) the microbiological risk assessment of antibioticresistant micro-organisms in sewage sludge and sludge-amended agricultural soil, and (iv) the potential significance of personal-care products (e.g. triclosan), pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting compounds in sludge on soil quality and human health. {\textcopyright} 2009 The Royal Society.},
author = {Smith, S. R.},
doi = {10.1098/RSTA.2009.0154},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
keywords = {Agriculture,Human health,Organic contaminants,Regulation,Risk assessment,Soil},
month = {oct},
number = {1904},
pages = {4005--4041},
publisher = {Royal Society},
title = {{Organic contaminants in sewage sludge (biosolids) and their significance for agricultural recycling}},
volume = {367},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Sultan2009,
abstract = {Stressful parental environments can influence offspring size and development either adaptively or maladaptively, yet little is known about species' differences in this complex aspect of phenotypic plasticity. We performed a reciprocal split-brood experiment to compare transgenerational plasticity in response to drought stress in two closely related annual plant species. We raised inbred replicate parent plants of eight genotypes per species in dry vs. moist soil to generate offspring of each genetic line that differed only in parental environment, then monitored seedling development in both dry and moist conditions. Individuals of the two species expressed contrasting patterns of transgenerational plasticity for traits important to seedling drought tolerance. In Polygonum persicaria, a weedy generalist found in moist, dry, and variably dry sites, drought-stressed plants produced offspring with longer and more rapidly extending root systems and greater biomass when growing in dry soil. In contrast, in P. hydropiper, a non-weedy congener restricted to moist habitats, the offspring of drought-stressed parents had reduced root system development and seedling biomass in dry soil. In P. persicaria, transgenerational and immediate adaptive plasticity combined to produce drought-adapted seedling phenotypes. These results make clear that characteristic patterns of transgenerational plasticity can contribute to ecological diversity among species. {\textcopyright} 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.},
author = {Sultan, Sonia E. and Barton, Kasey and Wilczek, Amity M.},
doi = {10.1890/08-1064.1},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Ecological generalist,Maternal effects,Nongenetic inheritance,Phenotypic plasticity,Polygonum persicaria,Seedling development},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1831--1839},
title = {{Contrasting patterns of transgenerational plasticity in ecologically distinct congeners}},
volume = {90},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Suriyagoda2010,
abstract = {Background and AimsMany Australian legumes have evolved in low-phosphorus (P) soils and low-rainfall areas. Therefore a study was made of the interaction of soil [P] and water availability on growth, photosynthesis, water-use efficiency (WUE) and P nutrition of two Australian native legumes with pasture potential, Cullen australasicum and C. pallidum, and the widely grown exotic pasture legume, lucerne (Medicago sativa). MethodsPlants were grown in a glasshouse at 3, 10 and 30 mg P kg-1 dry soil for 5 months. At week 10, two drought treatments were imposed, total pot dried (all-dry) and only top soil dried (top-dry), while control pots were maintained at field capacity. Key ResultsShoot dry weight produced by lucerne was never higher than that of C. australasicum. For C. pallidum only, shoot dry weight was reduced at 30 mg P kg-1 dry soil. The small root system of the Cullen species was quite plastic, allowing plants to access P and moisture efficiently. Lucerne always had a higher proportion of its large root system in the top soil layer compared with Cullen species. All species showed decreased photosynthesis, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance when exposed to drought, but the reductions were less for Cullen species, due to tighter stomatal control, and consequently they achieved a higher WUE. All species showed highest rhizosphere carboxylate concentrations in the all-dry treatment. For lucerne only, carboxylates decreased as P supply increased. Citrate was the main carboxylate in the control and top-dry treatments, and malate in the all-dry treatment. ConclusionsMultiple adaptive responses of Cullen species and lucerne favoured exploitation of low-P soils under drought. The performance of undomesticated Cullen species, relative to that of lucerne, shows their promise as pasture species for environments such as in south-western Australia where water and P are limiting, especially in view of a predicted drying and warming climate. {\textcopyright} The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissionsoxfordjournals.org.},
author = {Suriyagoda, Lalith D.B. and Ryan, Megan H. and Renton, Michael and Lambers, Hans},
doi = {10.1093/AOB/MCQ040},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Suriyagoda et al. - 2010 - Multiple adaptive responses of australian native perennial legumes with pasture potential to grow in phosphor.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Annals of Botany},
keywords = {Australian native legumes,Carboxylates,Climate change,Cullen spp.,Drought,Medicago sativa,Novel crops,Perennial pastures,Phosphorus,Photosynthesis,Root distribution,Water-use efficiency},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {755--767},
title = {{Multiple adaptive responses of australian native perennial legumes with pasture potential to grow in phosphorus- and moisture-limited environments}},
volume = {105},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Tanabe2004,
abstract = {Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (coplanar PCBs) were determined in five albatross species collected from the North Pacific and Southern Oceans to assess the north-south differences in residue levels, accumulation patterns, and toxic potential. Black-footed and Laysan albatrosses from the North Pacific Ocean contained higher levels of PCDD/ Fs and coplanar PCBs than albatrosses from the Southern Ocean, indicating that emission sources of these contaminants were predominant in the northern hemisphere. Residue levels in albatrosses from the remote North Pacific Ocean far from the point source of pollution were comparable to or higher than those in terrestrial and coastal birds from contaminated areas in developed nations, suggesting the specific exposure and accumulation of PCDD/ Fs and coplanar PCBs in albatross. The long life span and ingestion of plastic resin pellets by albatrosses could be the plausible explanations for the elevated accumulation of persistent and lipophilic contaminants including PCDD/ Fs and coplanar PCBs in these birds. Relative proportions of PCDFs and coplanar PCBs in albatross were higher than those observed in birds inhabiting terrestrial and coastal areas, suggesting that these toxic chemicals may have higher transportability by air and water than PCDDs. Congener patterns of PCDD/Fs in albatross showed less variability as compared to those in terrestrial species, indicating that contamination patterns of PCDD/Fs were similar within the open ocean environment. Contributions of PCDD/Fs to total TEQs in albatrosses from the open ocean were generally lower than those in terrestrial birds, suggesting different toxic potency of PCDD/Fs and coplanar PCBs on animals inhabiting open ocean and terrestrial environment. Whereas albatrosses from southern oceans retained lower TEQ concentrations, possible adverse effects of PCDD/ Fs and coplanar PCBs to black-footed and Laysan albatrosses of the North Pacific Ocean may be suspected from TEQ levels.},
author = {Tanabe, Shinsuke and Watanabe, Mafumi and Minh, Tu Binh and Kunisue, Tatsuya and Nakanishi, Shigeyuki and Ono, Hitoshi and Tanaka, Hiroyuki},
doi = {10.1021/ES034966X},
journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {403--413},
title = {{PCDDs, PCDFs, and Coplanar PCBs in Albatross from the North Pacific and Southern Oceans: Levels, Patterns, and Toxicological Implications}},
volume = {38},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Thanh2010,
abstract = {This study was undertaken to evaluate the quantity and composition of household solid waste to identify opportunities for waste recycling in Can Tho city, the capital city of the Mekong Delta region in southern Vietnam. Two-stage survey of 100 households was conducted for dry season and rainy season in 2009. Household solid waste was collected from each household and classified into 10 physical categories and 83 subcategories. The average household solid waste generation rate was 285.28g per capita per day. The compostable and recyclable shares respectively accounted for 80.02% and 11.73%. The authors also analyzed the relations between some socioeconomic factors and household solid waste generation rates by physical categories and subcategories. The household solid waste generation rate per capita per day was positively correlated with the population density and urbanization level, although it was negatively correlated with the household size. The authors also developed mathematical models of correlations between the waste generation rates of main physical categories and relevant factors, such as household size and household income. The models were proposed by linear models with three variables to predict household solid waste generation of total waste, food waste, and plastic waste. It was shown that these correlations were weak and a relationship among variables existed. Comparisons of waste generation by physical compositions associated with different factors, such as seasonal and daily variation were conducted. Results presented that the significant average differences were found by the different seasons and by the different days in a week; although these correlations were weak. The greenhouse gas baseline emission was also calculated as 292.25g (CO2 eq.) per capita per day from biodegradable components. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Thanh, Nguyen Phuc and Matsui, Yasuhiro and Fujiwara, Takeshi},
doi = {10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2010.06.016},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
keywords = {Compostable waste,Correlation analysis,Household solid waste (HSW),Recyclable waste,Waste composition analysis,Waste generation rate},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {2307--2321},
title = {{Household solid waste generation and characteristic in a Mekong Delta city, Vietnam}},
volume = {91},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Thomas2004,
abstract = {The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil moisture, organic matter amendment and plastic cover (a virtually impermeable film, VIF) on diffusion and emissions of (Z)-and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in microplots of Florida sandy soil (Arredondo fine sand). Upward diffusion of the two isomers in the Arredondo soil without a plastic cover was greatly influenced by soil-water content and (Z)-1,3-D diffused faster than (E)-1,3-D. In less than 5 h after 1,3-D injection to 30 cm depth, (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D in air dry soil had diffused to a 10 cm depth, whereas diffusion for the two isomers was negligible in near-water-saturated soil, even 101 h after injection. The diffusion rate of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D in near-field-capacity soil was between the rates in the two water regimes. Yard waste compost (YWC) amendment greatly reduced diffusion of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D, even in air-dry soil. Although upward diffusion of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D in soil with VIF cover was slightly less than in the corresponding bare soil; the cover promoted retention of vapors of the two isomers in soil pore air in the shallow subsurface. More (Z)-1,3-D vapor was found initially in soil pore air than (E)-1,3-D although the difference declined thereafter. As a result of rapid upward movement in air-dry bare soil, (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D were rapidly volatilized into the atmosphere, but emissions from the near-water-saturated soil were minimal. Virtually impermeable film and YWC amendment retarded emissions. This study indicated that adequate soil water in this sandy soil is needed to prevent rapid emissions, but excess soil water slows diffusion of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D. Thus, management for optimum water in soil is critical for pesticidal efficacy and the environment. {\textcopyright} 2003 Society of Chemical Industry.},
author = {Thomas, John E. and Allen, L. Hartwell and McCormack, Leslie A. and Vu, Joseph C. and Dickson, Donald W. and Ou, Li Tse},
doi = {10.1002/PS.825},
journal = {Pest Management Science},
keywords = {1,3-D,Diffusion,Emission,Fumigant,Microplot,Soil},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {390--398},
title = {{Diffusion and emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene in Florida sandy soil in microplots affected by soil moisture, organic matter, and plastic film}},
volume = {60},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Uera2007,
abstract = {Background, Aims and Scope. Research and development has its own benefits and inconveniences. One of the inconveniences is the generation of enormous quantity of diverse toxic and hazardous wastes and its eventual contamination to soil and groundwater resources. Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is one of the commonly used substances in molecular biology experiments. It is highly mutagenic and moderately toxic substance used in DNA-staining during electrophoresis. Interest in phytoremediation as a method to solve chemical contamination has been growing rapidly in recent years. The technology has been utilized to clean up soil and groundwater from heavy metals and other toxic organic compounds in many countries like the United States, Russia, and most of European countries. Phytoremediation requires somewhat limited resources and very useful in treating wide variety of environmental contaminants. This study aimed to assess the potential of selected tropical plants as phytoremediators of EtBr. Materials and Methods. This study used tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), mustard (Brassica alba), vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioedes), cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum), and talahib (Saccharum spontaneum) to remove EtBr from laboratory wastes. The six tropical plants were planted in individual plastic bags containing soil and 10% EtBr-stained agarose gel. The plants were allowed to establish and grow in soil for 30 days. Ethidium bromide content of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after soil treatment. Ethidium bromide contents of the plants and soils were analyzed using an UV VIS spectrophotometer. Results. Results showed a highly significant (p≤0.001) difference in the ability of the tropical plants to absorb EtBr from soils. Mustard registered the highest absorption of EtBr (1.4±0.12 pg kg -1) followed by tomato and vetivergrass with average uptake of 1.0±0.23 and 0.7±0.17 $\mu$g kg-1 EtBr, respectively. Cogongrass, talahib, and carabaograss had the least amount of EtBr absorbed (0.2±0.6 pg kg-1). Ethidium bromide content of soil planted to mustard was reduced by 10.7%. This was followed by tomato with an average reduction of 8.1%. Only 5.6% reduction was obtained from soils planted to vetivergrass. Soils planted to cogongrass, talahib, and carabaograss had the least reduction of 1.52% from its initial EtBr content. Discussion. In this study, mustard, tomato, and vetivergrass have shown their ability to absorb EtBr from contaminated soil keeping them from expanding their reach into the environment and preventing further contamination. Its downside, however, is that living creatures including humans, fish, and birds, must be prevented from eating the plants that utilized these substances. Nonetheless, it is still easier to isolate, cut down, and remove plants growing on the surface of the contaminated matrices, than to use strong acids and permanganates to chemically neutralize a dangerous process that can further contaminate the environment and pose additional risks to humans. Though this alternative method does not totally eliminate eventual environmental contamination, it is by far produces extremely insignificant amount of by-products compared with the existing processes and technologies. Conclusions. Mustard had the highest potential as phytoremediator of EtBr in soil. However, the absorption capabilities of the other test plants may also be considered in terms of period of maturity and productivity. Recommendations and Perspectives. It is recommended that a more detailed and complete investigation of the phytoremediation properties of the different plants tested should be conducted in actual field experiments. Plants should be exposed until they reach maturity to establish their maximum response to the toxicity and mutagenecity of EtBr and their maximum absorbing capabilities. Different plant parts should be analyzed individually to determine the movement and translocation of EtBr from soil to the tissues of plants. Since this study has established that some plants can thrive and dwell in EtBr-treated soil, an increased amount of EtBr application should be explored in future studies. It is suggested therefore that a larger, more comprehensive exploration of phytoremediation application in the management of toxic and hazardous wastes emanating from biotechnology research activities should be considered especially on the use of vetivergrass, a very promising tropical perennial grass. {\textcopyright} 2007 ecomed publishers (Verlagsgruppe H{\"{u}}thig Jehle Rehm GmbH).},
author = {Uera, Raynato B. and Paz-Alberto, Annie Melinda and Sigua, Gilbert C.},
doi = {10.1065/ESPR2007.02.391},
journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
keywords = {Ethidium bromide (EtBr),Hazardous,Mutagenic,Phytoremediation,Tropical plants},
month = {nov},
number = {7},
pages = {505--509},
title = {{Phytoremediation potentials of selected tropical plants for ethidium bromide}},
volume = {14},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Unmar2008,
abstract = {An assessment of the effect of the composting potential of Mater-Bi biodegradable plastic with green wastes, noted by GBIO, and degradable plastic (PDQ-H additive) with green wastes, noted by GDEG, was carried out in a lagged two-compartment compost reactor. The composting time was determined until constant mass of the composting substrates was reached. The green wastes composting process was used as control (G). After one week of composting, the biodegradable plastics disappeared completely, while 2% of the original degradable plastic still remained after about 8 weeks of composting. A net reduction in volatile solids contents of 61.8%, 56.5% and 53.2% were obtained for G, GBIO and GDEG, respectively. Compost quality was assessed in terms of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus contents, which were found to be highest for GBIO compost. From the phytotoxicity test, it has been observed that a diluted extract of GBIO compost has produced the longest length of radicle. From the respiration test, no significant difference in the amount of carbon dioxide released by the composting of GDEG and G was observed. This study showed that the quality of the compost is not affected by the presence of the biodegradable and degradable plastics in the raw materials. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Unmar, G. and Mohee, R.},
doi = {10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2008.01.016},
journal = {Bioresource Technology},
keywords = {Biodegradable,Compost quality,Composting,Degradable,Phytotoxicity},
month = {oct},
number = {15},
pages = {6738--6744},
title = {{Assessing the effect of biodegradable and degradable plastics on the composting of green wastes and compost quality}},
volume = {99},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Valladares2005,
abstract = {Interacting effects of high light and drought on the performance of sun and shade phenotypes were experimentally undertaken following survival, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange in 2-year-old saplings of four Mediterranean trees (Quercus ilex and Q. coccifera as water-saving species, and Pistacia lentiscus and P. terebinthus as water-spending species). Half of the saplings were grown in full sunlight and the other half in the shade (6% sunlight). Half of each combination of species-phenotype was exposed to high light during a simulated late-summer drought. Light absorptance and gas exchange were scaled up to the whole plant with the 3-D geometrical model, Y-Plant. Quercus species were more plastic and tolerated high light and water stress better than Pistacia species, surviving longer and in drier soils, and exhibiting a less pronounced photoinhibition. There was no evidence of disadvantage for shade phenotypes under high light with increasing drought. By contrast, shade phenotypes survived longer despite larger initial decreases in photochemical efficiency and higher sensitivity to drought than sun phenotypes. The enhanced control of transpiration during drought in water-saving versus water-spending species (and also in shade versus sun phenotypes in three out of the four species) allowed extended survival. Photoinhibition reduced whole crown carbon gain in high light by c. 3% and affected significantly more the shaded leaves of a given plant (reducing their carbon gain by up to 7%) than those exposed to direct sunlight. Despite this apparently minor impact, whole plant carbon gain reduction by photoinhibition negatively correlated with survival and drought tolerance. The implications for succession and forest regeneration in arid environments, particularly under a global change scenario, are discussed.},
author = {Valladares, Fernando and Dobarro, Iker and S{\'{a}}nchez-G{\'{o}}mez, David and Pearcy, Robert W.},
doi = {10.1093/JXB/ERI037},
file = {:C\:/Users/Kriti/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Valladares et al. - 2005 - Photoinhibition and drought in Mediterranean woody saplings Scaling effects and interactions in sun and shade.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
keywords = {Carbon gain,Crown architecture,Facilitation,Forest regeneration,Global change,Interactions between stresses,Phenotypic plasticity,Photoinhibition,Succession,Water-use efficiency},
month = {jan},
number = {411},
pages = {483--494},
title = {{Photoinhibition and drought in Mediterranean woody saplings: Scaling effects and interactions in sun and shade phenotypes}},
volume = {56},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Vasiluk2007,
abstract = {A major route of exposure to hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), is ingestion. Matrix-bound HOCs may become bioavailable after mobilization by the gastrointestinal fluids followed by sorption to the intestinal epithelium. The purpose of this research was to measure the bioavailability of [14C]-BaP bound to pristine soils or field-contaminated sediment using an in vitro model of gastrointestinal digestion followed by sorption to human enterocytes (Caco-2 cells) or to a surrogate membrane, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) thin film. Although Caco-2 cells had a twofold higher lipid-normalized fugacity capacity than EVA, [ 14C]-BaP uptake by Caco-2 lipids and EVA thin film demonstrated a linear relationship within the range of BaP concentrations tested. These results suggest that EVA thin film is a good membrane surrogate for passive uptake of BaP. The in vitro system provided enough sensitivity to detect matrix effects on bioavailability; after 5 h, significantly lower concentrations of [ 14C]-BaP were sorbed into Caco-2 cells from soil containing a higher percentage of organic matter compared to soil with a lower percentage of organic matter. The [14C]-BaP desorption rate from Caco-2 lipids consistently was twofold higher than from EVA thin film for all matrices tested. The more rapid kinetics observed with Caco-2 cells probably were due to the greater surface area available for absorption/desorption in the cells. After 5 h, the uptake of BaP into Caco-2 lipid was similar in live and metabolically inert Caco-2 cells, suggesting that the primary route of BaP uptake is by passive diffusion. Moreover, the driving force for uptake is the fugacity gradient that exists between the gastrointestinal fluid and the membrane. {\textcopyright} 2007 SETAC.},
author = {Vasiluk, Luba and Pinto, Linda J. and Walji, Zahra A. and Wing, Shan Tsang and Gobas, Frank A.P.C. and Eickhoff, Curtis and Moore, Margo M.},
doi = {10.1897/06-343R.1},
journal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},
keywords = {Benzo[a]pyrene,Bioavailability,Caco-2 cells,In vitro tests,Soil},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {387--393},
title = {{Benzo[a]pyrene bioavailability from pristine soil and contaminated sediment assessed using two in vitro models}},
volume = {26},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Vavilin2007,
abstract = {Corrected first-order model was applied to describe the biological removal of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in sludge-amended soil along with batch and continuous-flow anaerobic reactors with different initial/influent DEHP concentrations and hydraulic retention times. Only two kinetic parameters - the first-order rate coefficient k describing the overall kinetics of the process and the coefficient $\alpha$ characterizing the fraction of non-degradable DEHP - were used to fit the array of experimental data published earlier. The values of k and $\alpha$ estimated for DEHP removal from different sludges at 35 °C varied within the range of 0.03-0.07 d-1 and 0.25-0.5, respectively. In sludge-amended soil, the first-order kinetic coefficient k increased from 0.007 to 0.028 d-1 and the fraction of non-degradable DEHP $\alpha$ decreased from 0.6 to 0.5 with the increase in incubation temperature from 5 to 20 °C. The rate coefficient k increased by a factor of 2 when the temperature increased from 5 to 10 °C or from 10 to 20 °C. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Vavilin, Vasily A.},
doi = {10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2007.02.040},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Anaerobic degradation,DEHP,First-order model,Sludge,Soluble-based kinetics},
month = {aug},
number = {10},
pages = {1992--1995},
title = {{Corrected first-order model of DEHP degradation}},
volume = {68},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Waria2009,
abstract = {A former agrichemical dealership in western Nebraska was suspected of having contaminated soil. Our objective was to characterize and remediate the contaminated site by a combined chemical-biological approach. This was accomplished by creating contour maps of the on-site contamination, placing the top 60 cm of contaminated soil in windrows and mixing with a mechanical high-speed mixer. Homogenized soil containing both atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl- N′-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} was then used in laboratory investigations to determine optimum treatments for pesticide destruction. Iron suspension experiments verified that zerovalent iron (Fe0) plus ferrous sulfate (FeSO4{\textperiodcentered}7H2O) removed more than 90% of both atrazine and cyanazine within 14 d. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of the atrazine solution after treating with Fe0 and ferrous sulfate identified several degradation products commonly associated with biodegradation (i.e., deethlyatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), hydroxyatrazine (HA), and ammelines). Biological treatment evaluated emulsified soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil (EOS) as a carbon source to stimulate biodegradation in static soil microcosms. Combining emulsified soybean oil with the chemical amendments resulted in higher destruction efficiencies (80-85%) and reduced the percentage of FeSO4 needed. This chemical-biological treatment (Fe0 + FeSO4 + EOS, EOS Remediation, Raleigh, NC) was then applied with water to 275 m 3 of contaminated soil in the field. Windrows were tightly covered with clear plastic to increase soil temperature and maintain soil water content. Temporal sampling (0-342 d) revealed atrazine and cyanazine concentrations decreased by 79 to 91%. These results provide evidence that a combined chemical-biological approach can be used for on-site, field-scale treatment of pesticide-contaminated soil. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2009 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.},
author = {Waria, M. and Comfort, S. D. and Onanong, S. and Satapanajaru, T. and Boparai, H. and Harris, C. and Snow, D. D. and Cassada, D. A.},
doi = {10.2134/JEQ2008.0361},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality},
month = {sep},
number = {5},
pages = {1803--1811},
publisher = {Wiley},
title = {{Field-Scale Cleanup of Atrazine and Cyanazine Contaminated Soil with a Combined Chemical-Biological Approach}},
volume = {38},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Wen2010,
abstract = {Polyacrylamide (PAM), a linear water soluble polymeric compound with high molecular weight, is extensively used for oil production in China. Compared with the physico-chemical degradation of PAM, there is no acrylamide monomer, which causes peripheral neuropathy, released in the process of biodegradation. Unfortunately, few microorganisms have been isolated which can degrade PAM. In this study, two PAM-degrading bacterial strains, named HWBI and HWBII, were isolated from the activated sludge and soil in an oil field that had been contaminated by PAM for an extended period. These were subsequently identified as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus flexu, respectively. Both strains grew on a medium composed of 60 mg L-1 PAM as the sole source of carbon. Although both strains degraded PAM in different rates, after 72 h cultivation more than 70% of the PAM was consumed. This degradation efficiency was much higher than previous studies. Both strains degraded a determinate proportion of PAM when 50-1000 mg L-1 of the initial PAM was supplied. Glucose with a concentration lower than 200 mg L-1 can be used as co-metabolism substrate with PAM. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrograms of the cultures before and after PAM degradation were also recorded. The result showed that amido groups of the PAM were picked off by the microorganisms from the main chain of the PAM, and metabolism products other than acrylamide were formed in the degradation. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Wen, Qinxue and Chen, Zhiqiang and Zhao, Ye and Zhang, Huichao and Feng, Yujie},
doi = {10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2009.10.102},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
keywords = {Degradation,Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrograms,Isolation,Microorganism,Polyacrylamide (PAM)},
month = {mar},
number = {1-3},
pages = {955--959},
title = {{Biodegradation of polyacrylamide by bacteria isolated from activated sludge and oil-contaminated soil}},
volume = {175},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Xu2009,
abstract = {Understanding mortality composting requires assessing the biodegradation efficacy of carcasses and other materials of animal and plant origin. Biosecure (plastic-wrapped) compost structures were built containing 16 cattle carcasses placed on 40 cm straw and covered with 160-cm of feedlot manure. Compost was collected from depths of 80 and 160 cm (P80, P160) and DNA degradation assessed over 147 days of static composting, and during 180 days of active composting. Residual soft tissues from carcasses were collected on day 147. At P80, copies of a 171-bp bovine mitochondrial DNA (Mt171) and 138-bp plant Rubisco gene fragment (Rub138) were reduced compared to initial copy numbers (CN) by 79% and 99% after 147 days, respectively. At P160, Mt171, and Rub138 decreased compared to initial CN by 20% and 99% by day 147, respectively. After 327 days, degradation of Mt171 increased to 91% compared to initial CN. Compared to fresh tissues, residual tissues at day 147 had a 99% reduction in genomic DNA yield. Yield of DNA was related to copies of a 760-bp bovine mitochondrial fragment (Mt760) which were <93% reduced at both P80 and P160 after 147 day. Secondary composting improved decomposition of bovine tissues and Mt760 was not detectable after 207 days. A 99% reduction in genomic DNA of composted tissue and <93% reduction of Mt760 suggests almost complete decomposition of carcass soft tissue after 147 days. {\textcopyright} 2009 American Chemical Society.},
author = {Xu, Weiping and Reuter, Tim and Xu, Yongping and Alexander, Trevor W. and Gilroyed, Brandon and Jin, Liji and Stanford, Kim and Larney, Francis J. and Mcallister, Tim A.},
doi = {10.1021/ES900310C},
journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
month = {aug},
number = {16},
pages = {6248--6255},
title = {{Use of quantitative and conventional PCR to assess biodegradation of bovine and plant DNA during cattle mortality composting}},
volume = {43},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Xu2006,
abstract = {n-Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) is an endocrinedisrupting chemical. A bacterium species capable of using BBP as the sole source of carbon and energy was isolated from mangrove sediment. Effects of BBP concentration, pH, temperature, and salinity on BBP biodegradation were studied. The optimum pH, temperature, and salinity for the BBP biodegradation were 7.0, 37°C, and 15 g L-1, respectively. BBP was completely degraded within 6 days under optimum conditions, and the biodegradation of BBP could be fitted to a first-order kinetic model. The major metabolites of BBP biodegradation were identified as mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, phthalic acid, and benzoic acid by using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A preliminary metabolic pathway was proposed for the biodegradation of BBP. {\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag 2006.},
author = {Xu, Xiang Rong and Li, Hua Bin and Gu, Ji Dong},
doi = {10.1007/S00216-006-0627-7},
journal = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
keywords = {Biodegradation,Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,High-performance liquid chromatography,N-Butyl benzyl phthalate},
number = {2},
pages = {370--375},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
title = {{Elucidation of n-butyl benzyl phthalate biodegradation using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry}},
volume = {386},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Yin2003,
abstract = {Field experiment was conducted to investigate the di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) contamination in Capsicum annum fruit grown in DBP and DEHP contaminated soil, and to evaluate the effect of DBP and DEHP on the quality of capsicum fruit. The top layer soil (0-10 cm) of plots was treated with a mixture of DBP and DEHP (1:1 w/w) and capsicum seedlings were transplanted. After 90 days, capsicum fruit, shoot and root samples were collected. DBP and DEHP concentration in various parts of the samples were determined by gas chromatography. Vitamin C and capsaicin contents in fruit were determined using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric analysis and sodium nitrite-sodium molybdate colorimetric analysis, respectively. The results showed that DBP concentration in fruit, shoot and root increased with the increase of soil-applied DBP/DEHP concentration, but DEHP was not detected in all samples. When the soil-applied DBP/DEHP concentration was 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg kg-1 soil, compared with control, vitamin C and capsaicin content in capsicum fruit decreased by 1.6%, 5.9%, 10.6%, 18.2%, 19.2%, 22.6% and 1.6%, 2.5%, 12.9%, 20.1%, 22.2%, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that the decrease of vitamin C and capsaicin content was negatively correlated to the increase of DBP concentration in capsicum fruit, which suggested that DBP uptake by the plant might be mainly responsible for quality degradation of capsicum fruit. {\textcopyright} 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.},
author = {Yin, R. and Lin, X. G. and Wang, S. G. and Zhang, H. Y.},
doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00222-9},
journal = {Chemosphere},
keywords = {Capsicum annum,Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,Di-n-butyl phthalate,Quality,Vegetable garden soil},
number = {6},
pages = {801--805},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Effect of DBP/DEHP in vegetable planted soil on the quality of capsicum fruit}},
volume = {50},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Young2007,
abstract = {The differences in phenotypic plasticity between invasive (North American) and native (German) provenances of the invasive plant Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) were examined using a multivariate reaction norm approach testing two important attributes of reaction norms described by multivariate vectors of phenotypic change: the magnitude and direction of mean trait differences between environments. Data were collected for six life history traits from native and invasive plants using a split-plot design with experimentally manipulated water and nutrient levels. We found significant differences between native and invasive plants in multivariate phenotypic plasticity for comparisons between low and high water treatments within low nutrient levels, between low and high nutrient levels within high water treatments, and for comparisons that included both a water and nutrient level change. The significant genotype x environment (G x E) effects support the argument that invasiveness of purple loosestrife is closely associated with the interaction of high levels of soil nutrient and flooding water regime. Our results indicate that native and invasive plants take different strategies for growth and reproduction; native plants flowered earlier and allocated more to flower production, while invasive plants exhibited an extended period of vegetative growth before flowering to increase height and allocation to clonal reproduction, which may contribute to increased fitness and invasiveness in subsequent years. {\textcopyright} 2007 by the Ecological Society of America.},
author = {Young, Jin Chun and Collyer, Michael L. and Moloney, Kirk A. and Nason, John D.},
doi = {10.1890/06-0856},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Common garden,Genotype X environment (G X E) interactions,Invasive species,Lythrum salicaria,Multivariate analysis,Native vs. Invasive,Phenotypic plasticity,Purple loosestrife,Reaction norm},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {1499--1512},
title = {{Phenotypic plasticity of native vs. invasive purple loosestrife: A two-state multivariate approach}},
volume = {88},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Zhao2007,
abstract = {In this study, refuse excavated from a typical refuse landfill in Shanghai after 8-10 years of placement was characterized in terms of particle size, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and biodegradable matter. The refuse contained a large and diverse population of micro-organisms with a high capacity for decomposing refractory organic matter present in some waste-waters, including leachate. It was found that the aged refuse was quite stable after about a decade of decomposition in the warm, humid climate of southern China. The fine fractions resembled and had the properties of black soil, a medium that is suitable for green construction, organic fertilizer, or as bio-reactor media for biological treatment of organic wastewaters. Excavation of the aged refuse would make about 50% of the space available for fresh refuse. The plastics, glass, textiles, and cans can be readily mechanically separated and recycled after cleaning. It is estimated that at least 200 millions tonnes of such aged refuse are available in China alone, and at least 10 times that much is buried worldwide. Hence, the evaluation of mined landfill waste and consideration of its potential uses is of great significance. {\textcopyright} ISWA 2007 Waste Management & Research.},
author = {Zhao, Youcai and Song, Liyan and Huang, Renhua and Song, Lijie and Li, Xiong},
doi = {10.1177/0734242X07074053},
journal = {Waste Management and Research},
keywords = {Landfill mining,Refuse,Waste decomposition,wmr 874-2},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {130--138},
title = {{Recycling of aged refuse from a closed landfill}},
volume = {25},
year = {2007}
}

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/main

extension: bib


text:
package environment

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"

	_ "github.com/high-moctane/lab_scup2020/logger"
)

type Environment interface {
	Init() error
	Reset() error
	State() (s []float64, err error)
	RunStep(a []float64) (err error)
	IsFinishUp(s []float64) bool
	IsFinishDown(s []float64) bool
	RewardFuncUp() func(s []float64) float64
	RewardFuncDown() func(s []float64) float64
	Close() error
}

func SelectEnvironment() (Environment, error) {
	envName, ok := os.LookupEnv("SCUP_ENV_NAME")
	if !ok {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot get SCUP_ENV_NAME")
	}

	var env Environment
	switch envName {
	case "Cartpole":
		env = new(Cartpole)
	case "RealRotatyPendulum":
		env = new(RealRotatyPendulum)
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid env name")
	}

	// logger.Get().Info("env name: %s", envName)

	return env, nil
}

extension: go


text:
@Manual{,
    title = {factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses},
    author = {Alboukadel Kassambara and Fabian Mundt},
    year = {2017},
    note = {R package version 1.0.5},
    url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextra},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {{FactoMineR}: A Package for Multivariate Analysis},
    author = {S\'ebastien L\^e and Julie Josse and Fran\c{c}ois Husson},
    journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
    year = {2008},
    volume = {25},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1--18},
    doi = {10.18637/jss.v025.i01},
  }

  @Manual{,
    title = {apaTables: Create American Psychological Association (APA) Style Tables},
    author = {David Stanley},
    year = {2018},
    note = {R package version 2.0.5},
    url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=apaTables},
  }

  @Manual{,
    title = {cowplot: Streamlined Plot Theme and Plot Annotations for 'ggplot2'},
    author = {Claus O. Wilke},
    year = {2019},
    note = {R package version 0.9.4},
    url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=cowplot},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Welcome to the {tidyverse}},
    author = {Hadley Wickham and Mara Averick and Jennifer Bryan and Winston Chang and Lucy D'Agostino McGowan and Romain François and Garrett Grolemund and Alex Hayes and Lionel Henry and Jim Hester and Max Kuhn and Thomas Lin Pedersen and Evan Miller and Stephan Milton Bache and Kirill Müller and Jeroen Ooms and David Robinson and Dana Paige Seidel and Vitalie Spinu and Kohske Takahashi and Davis Vaughan and Claus Wilke and Kara Woo and Hiroaki Yutani},
    year = {2019},
    journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
    volume = {4},
    number = {43},
    pages = {1686},
    doi = {10.21105/joss.01686},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2},
    author = {Michael I. Love and Wolfgang Huber and Simon Anders},
    year = {2014},
    journal = {Genome Biology},
    doi = {10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8},
    volume = {15},
    issue = {12},
    pages = {550},
  }

  @Manual{,
    title = {png: Read and write PNG images},
    author = {Simon Urbanek},
    year = {2013},
    note = {R package version 0.1-7},
    url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=png},
  }

  @Manual{,
    title = {BiocParallel: Bioconductor facilities for parallel evaluation},
    author = {Martin Morgan and Valerie Obenchain and Michel Lang and Ryan Thompson and Nitesh Turaga},
    year = {2019},
    note = {R package version 1.18.0},
    url = {https://github.com/Bioconductor/BiocParallel},
  }

  @Manual{,
    title = {corrr: Correlations in R},
    author = {Edgar Ruiz and Simon Jackson and Jorge Cimentada},
    year = {2019},
    note = {R package version 0.4.0},
    url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=corrr},
  }

branch_name: refs/heads/master


text:
package Error

import "minisql/src/Interpreter/value"

type Error struct {
	Status bool  //返回状态
	Rows   int  //影响的行数
	Data   []value.Row  //返回的数据 这里还没有转成string
	ErrorHint error  //错误提示
}

func CreateFailError(e error) Error  {
	return Error{
		Status: false,
		ErrorHint: e,
	}
}
func CreateSuccessError()  Error {
	return Error{
		Status: true,
		ErrorHint: nil,
	}
}
func CreateRowsError(rows int) Error  {
	return Error{
		Status: true,
		Rows: rows,
		ErrorHint: nil,
	}
}
func CreateDataError(rows int,data []value.Row) Error {
	return Error{
		Status: true,
		Rows: rows,
		Data: data,
		ErrorHint: nil,
	}
}

repository: Mr-Wolfram/MiniSQL

repo_name: Mr-Wolfram/MiniSQL


text:
@article{Yu02TACT,
 author = {Haifeng Yu and Amin Vahdat},
 title = {Design and evaluation of a conit-based continuous consistency model for replicated services},
 journal = "ACM Transactions on Computer Systems",
 volume = {20},
 number = {3},
 year = {2002},
 month = {August},
 issn = {0734-2071},
 pages = {239--282},
 doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/566340.566342},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 }

repository: dataseries/Lintel

repo_name: dataseries/Lintel

gha_license_id: NOASSERTION

gha_language: Perl


text:
SUMMARY = "Xtables-addons is a set of additional extensions for the Xtables packet filter"
DESCRIPTION = "Xtables-addons is a set of additional extensions for the Xtables packet filter that is present in the Linux kernel"
HOMEPAGE = "http://xtables-addons.sourceforge.net/"
LICENSE = "GPLv2+"

LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=751419260aa954499f7abaabaa882bbe"

SRC_URI = "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/xtables-addons/Xtables-addons/xtables-addons-${PV}.tar.xz \
           file://mconfig.patch"

FILES_${PN} =+ "${libdir}/xtables \
				/lib/modules/ "
FILES_${PN}-dbg =+ "${libdir}/xtables/.debug"

SRC_URI[md5sum] = "246ec2f1f75c32c6e04ae9ae75b578c9"
SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "08af8c85ff00ee76469741bb9eb97454903680213dc3e0602266bcbb08788490"

inherit module-base autotools pkgconfig

EXTRA_OECONF = "--with-kbuild=${STAGING_KERNEL_DIR} \
               "

repository: zettelmj/meta-router

repo_name: zettelmj/meta-router

extension: bb