text:
Intell Neurosci",
  year =         "2009",
  pages =        "656092",
  robnote =      "We present the four key areas of research-preprocessing,
                 the volume conductor, the forward problem, and the inverse
                 problem-that affect the performance of EEG and MEG source
                 imaging. In each key area we identify prominent approaches
                 and methodologies that have open issues warranting further
                 investigation within the community, challenges associated
                 with certain techniques, and algorithms necessitating
                 clarification of their implications. More than providing
                 definitive answers we aim to identify important open
                 issues in the quest of source localization.",
  bibdate =      "Thu Aug 20 17:26:38 2009",
}

@Article{RSM:Wes92,
  author =       "L.T. Weston and R.W. Hull and J.R. Laird and Y. Chin
                 and D.C. Wortham",
  title =        "Prototype Coronary Electrode Catheter for
                 Intracoronary Electrogram Recording.",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1992",
  volume =       "70",
  pages =        "1492--1493",
  key =          "mapping coronary veins",
  annote =       "bipolar mapping, coronary veins. ROK-thesis",
}

@Article{RSM:Wey91,
  author =       "A.E. Weyne and M.L. DeBuyzere and F.R. Bauwens and
                 D.L. Clement",
  title =        "Assessment of myocardial ischemia by 12-lead
                 electrocardiography and {F}rank vector system during
                 coronary angioplasty: {V}alue of a new orthogonal lead
                 system for quantitative {ST} segment monitoring",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "1991",
  volume =       "18",
  pages =        "1704--1710",
  robnote =      "They measured 12-lead and VCG ST amplitudes during
                 PTCA and devised a combinarion that was most sensitive
                 to ST changes. It consisted of V2, V5 and the Vectory
                 Y-lead.",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jul 31 16:28:14 1997",
}

@Article{RSM:Whi2004,
  author =       "R. T. Whitaker",
  title =        "Isosurfaces and Level-Sets",
  journal =      "unknown",
  year =         "2004",
  month =        "",
  volume =       "",
  number =       "",
  pages =        "",
}

@Article{RSM:Whi2007,
  author =       "C.M. White and S. Sander and C.I. Coleman and R.
                 Gallagher and H. Takata and C. Humphrey and N. Henyan
                 and E.L. Gillespie and J. Kluger",
  title =        "Impact of epicardial anterior fat pad retention on
                 postcardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation
                 incidence: the {AFIST}-{III} Study.",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "2007",
  month =        jan,
  volume =       "49",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "298--303",
  robnote =      "OBJECTIVES: We conducted a randomized, blinded,
                 controlled study evaluating the impact of anterior fat
                 pad (AFP) maintenance on postoperative atrial
                 fibrillation (POAF) incidence. BACKGROUND: Drugs with
                 antiadrenergic effects reduce POAF. Because the
                 epicardial AFP is parasympathetically innervated, its
                 routine excision during coronary artery bypass grafting
                 (CABG) might precipitate autonomic imbalance and induce
                 POAF. METHODS: Patients (n = 180, mean age = 66 +/- 10
                 years, 80\% men, 5\% with previous atrial fibrillation)
                 undergoing CABG surgery were randomized to either AFP
                 maintenance or AFP removal. Routine prophylaxis against
                 POAF with beta-blockers (85\%) and amiodarone (28\%)
                 was allowed on the basis of caregivers' discretion. The
                 development of POAF, total hospital costs, and heart
                 rate variability was compared between groups. RESULTS:
                 Anterior fat pad maintenance did not reduce POAF
                 incidence (34.8\% vs. 35.2\%, p = 0.950) or total
                 hospital costs (data as medians with 25\%, 75\%
                 percentiles: 22,940 dollars [17,629 dollars, 29,274
                 dollars] vs. 23,866 dollars [18,602 dollars, 30,370
                 dollars], p = 0.647) but was associated with higher
                 heart rate variability (SD of normal-to-normal RR
                 intervals [SDNN]: 31.7 +/- 24.6 vs. 22.7 +/- 8.3, p =
                 0.05 and SD of all 5-min mean RR intervals [SDANN 5]:
                 17.1 +/- 11.9 vs. 10.1 +/- 5.5, p = 0.003) than AFP
                 removal. CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining the AFP prevents
                 attenuation of parasympathetic tone after CABG but does
                 not reduce POAF or total hospital costs in any
                 appreciable way.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jun 12 12:01:02 2007",
}

@inproceedings{RSM:Whi2008,
  author =       "R. Whitaker and R.M. Kirby and M. Meyer and M. Cole",
  title =        "Multimaterial Meshing of {MRI} Head Data for
                 Bioelectric Field Simulations",
  booktitle =    "Meshing Roundtable",
  year =         2008,
  pages =        "(in press)",
  robnote =      "surface meshing, particle systems",
  bibdate =      "Mon Sep 08 10:39:19 2008",
}

@Article{RSM:Whi84b,
  author =       "C.A. Whitney",
  title =        "Generating and testing Pseudorandom numbers",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1984",
  month =        oct,
  pages =        "128--464",
  robnote =      "Analyze haphazard occurrences with linear congruential
                 generators, random processes, numerical methods,
                 mathematical modelling., CompSoft037",
}

@Article{RSM:Whi93,
  author =       "R. Whitaker",
  title =        "Geometry-Limited Diffusion in characterization of
                 geometric patches in images",
  journal =      "Image Understanding",
  year =         "1993",
  volume =       "57",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "99--110",
  robnote =      "Ross paper on anisotropic diffusion filtering of
                 images",
  bibdate =      "Sun Jul 01 22:11:21 2001",
}

@Article{RSM:Wid88,
  author =       "L.E. Widman and J. Liebman and T. Thomas and R.
                 Fraenkel and Y. Rudy",
  title =        "Electrocardiographic Body Surface Potential Maps of
                 the {QRS} and {T} of Normal Young Men. Qualitative
                 Description and Selected Quantifications",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "21",
  pages =        "121--136",
  robnote =      ", BSPM082",
}

@Article{RSM:Wie46,
  author =       "N. Wiener and A. Rosenblueth",
  title =        "The Mathematical Formulation of the Problem of
                 Conduction of Impulses in a Network of Connected
                 Excitable Elements, Specifically in Cardiac Muscle",
  journal =      "Arch. Inst. cardiol. Mexico",
  year =         "1946",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "205--265",
  robnote =      "Another modelling classic, propagation, fibrillation,
                 Arrhythm008",
}

@Article{RSM:Wie86,
  author =       "D.A. Wiener",
  title =        "Presence and Evolution of Coronary Artherosclerosis in
                 Relation to Clinical and Electrocardiographic Patterns
                 of Myocardial Ischemia",
  journal =      j-CJC,
  year =         "1986",
  volume =       "??",
  number =       "Suppl",
  month =        jul,
  pages =        "180A-185A",
  robnote =      "Kind of a short overview article on ischemia and how
                 it develops in man. atherosclerosis, angina,
                 Ischemia091",
}

@Article{RSM:Wig40,
  author =       "C.J. Wiggers and R. W\'{e}gria",
  title =        "Ventricular fibrillation due to single, localized
                 induction and condenser shocks applied during the
                 vulnerable phase of ventricula systole",
  journal =      j-AJP,
  year =         "1940",
  volume =       "128",
  pages =        "500--505",
  robnote =      "another classic ref, do not have hard copy",
  bibdate =      "Wed Nov 11 10:52:10 1998",
}

@Article{RSM:Wig40a,
  author =       "C.J. Wiggers and R. W\'{e}gria and B. Pinera",
  title =        "The effects of myocardial ischemia on the fibrillation
                 threshold---{T}he mechanism of spontaneous ventricular
                 fibrillation following coronary occlusion.",
  journal =      j-AJP,
  year =         "1940",
  volume =       "131",
  pages =        "309--316",
  robnote =      "another classic ref, do not have hard copy",
  bibdate =      "Wed Nov 11 10:52:10 1998",
}

@Article{RSM:Wij95,
  author =       "M. C. Wijffels and C. J. Kirchhof and R. Dorland and
                 M. A. Allessie",
  title =        "Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. {A}
                 study in awake chronically instrumented goats",
  journal =      j-C,
  volume =       "92",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "1954--1968",
  abstract =     "afib BACKGROUND: In this study we tested the hypothesis
                 that atrial fibrillation (AF) causes
                 electrophysiological changes of the atrial myocardium
                 which might explain the progressive nature of the
                 arrhythmia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve goats were
                 chronically instrumented with multiple electrodes
                 sutured to the epicardium of both atria. Two to 3 Weeks
                 after implantation, the animals were connected to a
                 fibrillation pacemaker which artificially maintained
                 AF. Whereas during control episodes of AF were short
                 lasting (6 +/- 3 seconds), artificial maintenance of AF
                 resulted in a progressive increase in the duration of
                 AF to become sustained (> 24 hours) after 7.1 +/- 4.8
                 days (10 of 11 goats). During the first 24 hours of AF
                 the median fibrillation interval shortened from 145 +/-
                 18 to 108 +/- 8 ms and the inducibility of AF by a
                 single premature stimulus increased from 24\% to 76\%.
                 The atrial effective refractory period (AERP) shortened
                 from 146 +/- 19 to 95 +/- 20 ms (-35\%) (S1S1, 400 ms).
                 At high pacing rates the shortening was less (-12\%),
                 pointing to a reversion of the normal adaptation of the
                 AERP to heart rate. In 5 goats, after 2 to 4 weeks of
                 AF, sinus rhythm was restored and all
                 electrophysiological changes were found to be
                 reversible within 1 week. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial
                 maintenance of AF leads to a marked shortening of AERP,
                 a reversion of its physiological rate adaptation, and
                 an increase in rate, inducibility and stability of AF.
                 All these changes were completely reversible within 1
                 week of sinus rhythm.",
  keywords =     "Animals Atrial Fibrillation/etiology/*physiopathology
                 Atrial Function/*physiology Cardiac Pacing, Artificial
                 Consciousness Electrocardiography Electrophysiology
                 Goats/*physiology Heart Conduction
                 System/*physiopathology Pacemaker, Artificial
                 Refractory Period, Electrophysiological/physiology Time
                 Factors",
  year =         "1995",
}

@Article{RSM:Wik00a,
  author =       "J.P. Wikswo and G.E. Crawford and Barry W.H. and W.M.
                 Fairbank and D.C. Harrison",
  title =        "Computer Data Acquisition and Signal Processing
                 Techniques for Magnetocardiography",
  journal =      "??",
  year =         "??",
  volume =       "??",
  pages =        "??",
  robnote =      "Another backgound paper from Wikswo which I picked up
                 somewhere, MCG, technique and data acquisition and
                 processing, ECG033",
}

@Article{RSM:Wik00b,
  author =       "J.P. Wikswo",
  title =        "Optimization of Squid Differential Magnetometers",
  journal =      "??",
  year =         "??",
  volume =       "??",
  pages =        "??",
  robnote =      "This is a short paper I got somewhere talking about
                 optimmizing the SQUID magnetometer for biological
                 measurements, MCG, magnetocardiograms., ECG030",
}

@Article{RSM:Wik80,
  author =       "J.P. Wikswo and J.P. Barach and J.A. Freeman",
  title =        "Magnetic Field of a Nerve Impulse: First
                 Measurements",
  journal =      "Science",
  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "20",
  pages =        "53--55",
  robnote =      "The first measurment of the magnetic signal from the
                 nerve, SQUID magnetometer, frog nerve, ECG047",
}

@Article{RSM:Wik81,
  author =       "J.P. Wikswo and S.C. Gunderson and W. Murphy and A.K.
                 Dawson and R.F. Smith",
  title =        "Sequential {QRS} Vector to Serial Changes in Serum
                 {CK}-{MB} Concentration",
  journal =      j-CR,
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "49",
  pages =        "1055--1062",
  robnote =      "Read it!, Ischemia106",
}

@Article{RSM:Wik94,
  author =       "J.P. Wikswo and T.A. Wisialowski and W.A. Altemeier
                 and Balsern J.R. and H.A. Kopelman and D.M. Roden",
  title =        "Virtual cathode effects during stimulation of cardiac
                 muscle: {T}wo-dimensional {\em in vivo} experiments",
  journal =      j-CR,
  year =         "1994",
  volume =       "68",
  pages =        "513--530",
  robnote =      "bidomain model, propagation model",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil2010,
  author =       "D.J. Wilber and C. Pappone and P. Neuzil and A. De Paola
                 and F. Marchlinski and A. Natale and L. Macle and E.G.
                 Daoud and H. Calkins and B. Hall and V. Reddy and G.
                 Augello and M.R. Reynolds and C. Vinekar and C.Y. Liu and
                 S.M. Berry and D.A. Berry",
  title =        "Comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy and
                 radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with
                 paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled
                 trial.",
  journal =      j-JAMA,
  year =         "2010",
  month =        "Jan",
  volume =       "303",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "333--340",
  robnote =      "CONTEXT: Antiarrhythmic drugs are commonly used for
                 prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) despite
                 inconsistent efficacy and frequent adverse effects.
                 Catheter ablation has been proposed as an alternative
                 treatment for paroxysmal AF. OBJECTIVE: To determine the
                 efficacy of catheter ablation compared with antiarrhythmic
                 drug therapy (ADT) in treating symptomatic paroxysmal AF.
                 DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A prospective,
                 multicenter, randomized (2:1), unblinded,
                 Bayesian-designed study conducted at 19 hospitals of 167
                 patients who did not respond to at least 1 antiarrhythmic
                 drug and who experienced at least 3 AF episodes within 6
                 months before randomization. Enrollment occurred between
                 October 25, 2004, and October 11, 2007, with the last
                 follow-up on January 19, 2009. INTERVENTION: Catheter
                 ablation (n = 106) or ADT (n = 61), with assessment for
                 effectiveness in a comparable 9-month follow-up period.
                 MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to protocol-defined treatment
                 failure. The proportion of patients who experienced major
                 treatment-related adverse events within 30 days of
                 catheter ablation or ADT was also reported. RESULTS: At
                 the end of the 9-month effectiveness evaluation period,
                 66\% of patients in the catheter ablation group remained
                 free from protocol-defined treatment failure compared with
                 16\% of patients treated with ADT. The hazard ratio of
                 catheter ablation to ADT was 0.30 (95\% confidence
                 interval, 0.19-0.47; P < .001). Major 30-day
                 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 5 of 57
                 patients (8.8\%) treated with ADT and 5 of 103 patients
                 (4.9\%) treated with catheter ablation. Mean quality of
                 life scores improved significantly in patients treated by
                 catheter ablation compared with ADT at 3 months;
                 improvement was maintained during the course of the study.
                 CONCLUSION: Among patients with paroxysmal AF who had not
                 responded to at least 1 antiarrhythmic drug, the use of
                 catheter ablation compared with ADT resulted in a longer
                 time to treatment failure during the 9-month follow-up
                 period. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:
                 NCT00116428.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Oct 19 07:43:20 2010",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil34,
  author =       "F.N. Wilson and A.G. MacLeod and P.S. Barker and F.D.
                 Johnston",
  title =        "The determination and the significance of the areas of
                 the ventricular deflections of the electrocardiogram.",
  journal =      j-AHJ,
  year =         "1934",
  volume =       "10",
  pages =        "46",
  robnote =      "I don't have a copy of this one but it is a classic
                 and simply has to be cited under certain circumstances!
                 QRST integrals, BSPM, ventricular gradient",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil44,
  author =       "F.N. Wilson and F.D. Johnston and F.F. Rosenbaum and
                 H. Erlanger and O. Kossman",
  title =        "The precordial electrocardiogram",
  journal =      j-AHJ,
  year =         "1944",
  volume =       "27",
  pages =        "19",
  robnote =      "Another classic paper that I have not read",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil50,
  author =       "F.N. Wilson and R.H. Bayley",
  title =        "The Electric Field of an Eccentric Dipole in a
                 Homogeneous Spherical Conducting Medium",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1950",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "84--92",
  robnote =      "A classic work on dipoles in a volume conductor, more
                 here for background and to be complete than because it
                 contributed to my thinking., TorsoModel023",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil74,
  author =       "D.O. Williams and B.J. Scherlag and R.R. Hope and N.
                 El-Sherif and R. Lazzara",
  title =        "The Pathophysiology of Malignant Ventricular
                 Arrhythmias During Acute Myocardial Ischemia",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1974",
  volume =       "50",
  pages =        "1163--1172",
  robnote =      "This one looks at the onset of VT and VF in ischemic
                 dogs. I seems to raise as many questions as it answers
                 but is worth a second look if arrhythmia is the major
                 area of interest. Neither support not even mention of
                 early acute biphasic effects., Ischemia120",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil75,
  author =       "W.A. Wilson and M.M. Goldner",
  title =        "Voltage Clamping with a Single Microelectrode",
  journal =      "J. Neurobiol.",
  year =         "1975",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "411--422",
  robnote =      "The article on switched single electrode patch clamp
                 system used as the basis of Wolfi's system.,
                 CellPhysiol024",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil82,
  author =       "J.D. Wiley and J.G. Webster",
  title =        "Distributed equivalent-circuit models for circular
                 dispersive electrodes.",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1982",
  month =        "May",
  volume =       "29",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "385--389",
  robnote =       "",
  bibdate =      "Sun Nov 23 15:11:10 2014",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil82a,
  author =       "J.D. Wiley and J.G. Webster",
  title =        "Analysis and control of the current distribution under
                 circular dispersive electrodes.",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1982",
  month =        "May",
  volume =       "29",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "381--385",
  robnote =       "",
  bibdate =      "Sun Nov 23 15:11:10 2014",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil85,
  author =       "D.L. Wilson and A.M. Brown",
  title =        "Effect of Limited Intevral Resolution on Single
                 Channel Measurements with Application to Ca Channels",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "32",
  pages =        "786--797",
  robnote =      "Read it!, CellPhysiol038",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil93,
  author =       "J.L. Willems and P. Rubel and C. Zywietz",
  title =        "Standard interchange for computerized
                 electrocardiography.",
  journal =      "Stud Health Technol Inform",
  year =         "1993",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "185--194",
  robnote =      "In the SCP-ECG project (AIM #1015) of the pilot AIM
                 Programme a standard communications protocol was developed
                 for computerized electrocardiography, consisting of
                 standards for the interchange, encoding and storage of
                 digital ECG data. Part of this work is continued under the
                 main AIM Programme (January 1992- December 1994) as AIM
                 Project #2026, entitled Open European Data Interchange and
                 Processing for Computerized Electrocardiography (OEDIPE)
                 and was taken up by the CEN/TC 251 Committee as a priority
                 item, for implementation into an official European
                 Standard in Health Care Informatics. The objectives and
                 implementation of this Standard are described in the
                 present paper.",
  bibdate =      "Thu May 14 22:48:39 2015",
}

@Article{RSM:Wil94,
  author =       "M.L. Wilkins and S.T. Anderson and A.D. Pryor and
                 {Weaver, W.D} and G.S. Wagner",
  title =        "Variability of acute {ST}-segment predicted myocardial
                 infarct size in the absence of thrombolytic therapy",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1994",
  volume =       "74",
  pages =        "174--177",
  robnote =      "Brief report on a study which compared the
                 ST-deviation index computed by a method by Aldrich from
                 two different times in patients with acute MI. The idea
                 was to see if there was a variation and how big it was,
                 to see if the index was relatively robust over time. It
                 was supposed to indicate myocardium at risk and so if
                 it is worth anything, the index should not change much
                 with time. Time between ECGs ranged from 9--113 minutes
                 and they found that in 68\% of patients, there was no
                 change in scores. But for the rest the change suggested
                 the need for a stable period to use the system, and to
                 find a stable period, you need to record continuously,
                 which is the take-home message. I will have to check
                 the reference on the scoring scheme to see if it makes
                 sense or could be converted to BSPM data.",
}

@Article{RSM:Win2011,
  author = 	 "R.A. Winkle and R.H. Mead and G. Engel and R.A. Patrawala",
  title = 	 "Long-term results of atrial fibrillation ablation: the
                  importance of all initial ablation failures undergoing a
                  repeat ablation",
  journal = 	 j-AHJ,
  year = 	 2011,
  volume = 	 162,
  pages = 	 "193--200",
  Robnote = 	 "AF, Leducq"
}

@Article{RSM:Win77,
  author =       "R.A. Winkle and D.C. Derrington and J.S. Schroeder",
  title =        "Characteristics of ventricular tachycardia in
                 ambulatory patients",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1977",
  volume =       "39",
  pages =        "487--492",
  robnote =      "a review of 90 patients with Holter recordings for the
                 some of the features of VT, its onset, and course",
}

@Article{RSM:Win83,
  author =       "B. Windsor and P. Toldalagi",
  title =        "A Cookbook to Digital Filtering and Other {DSP}
                 Applications",
  journal =      "unknown",
  year =         "1983",
  robnote =      "A cookbook of digital filtering and some other digital
                 signal processing from Analog Devices, this little
                 booklet describes a number of rules and tricks for
                 laying the circuits, or the programs out., SigProc002",
}

@Article{RSM:Win83a,
  author =       "A.T. Winfree",
  title =        "Sudden Cardiac Death: {A} Problem in Topology",
  journal =      "Scientific American",
  year =         "1983",
  pages =        "144--161",
  robnote =      "-describes the death of Mines at McGill, Arrhythm001",
}

@Article{RSM:Win83b,
  author =       "B.B. Winter and J.G. Webster",
  title =        "Reduction of Interference Due to Common Mode Viltage
                 in Biopotential Amplifiers",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "58--62",
  robnote =      "biosignal amplifiers, calculation of noise from
                 non-ideal opamps, common mode voltage, Electronics010",
}

@Article{RSM:Win83c,
  author =       "B.B. Winter and J.G. Webster",
  title =        "Driven Right Leg Circuit Design",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "30",
  pages =        "62--66",
  robnote =      "This is the second part of a 2 article set on noise in
                 biomedical circuits, and describes the driven right leg
                 circuit, how it works and what it can acheive. Even
                 isolation comes into the discussion., Electronics024",
}

@Article{RSM:Win83d,
  author =       "B.B. Winter and J.G. Webster",
  title =        "Reduction of Interference Due to Common Mode Voltage
                 in Biopotential Amplifiers",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "30",
  pages =        "58--62",
  robnote =      "A good instructional article analysing the sources of
                 noise in biomedical circuits, especially the common
                 mode voltage which can become noise if not handled
                 properly. The different types of circuits, both
                 isolated and direct coupled, are evaluated for their
                 noise characteristics and some interesting conclusions
                 drawn which are described more in the next article.,
                 Electronics023",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Win84,
  author =       "H. Windisch and W. M{\"u}ller and H.A. Tritthart and
                 H. Hagauer and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Photometric measurements of the rising phase of
                 cardiac action potentials",
  booktitle =    "International Union of Pure and Applied Biophysics and
                 the Royal Society of London, 8th International
                 Biophysics Congress",
  year =         "1984",
  robnote =      "A meeting Herbert and Wolfram went to. optical,
                 voltage sensitive dyes,",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Win84b,
  author =       "H. Windisch and W. M{\"u}ller and H.A. Tritthart and
                 H. Hagauer and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Photometrische {M}essung der {D}epolarisationsphase
                 von {A}ktionspotentialen von {H}erzmuskelgeweben.",
  booktitle =    "Jahrestagung 1984 der {\"O}sterreichischen
                 {P}hysikalischen {G}esellschaft",
  year =         "1984",
  robnote =      "A meeting Herbert and Wolfram went to. optical,
                 voltage sensitive dyes,",
}

@Article{RSM:Win85,
  author =       "H. Windisch and W. M{\"u}ller and H.A. Tritthart",
  title =        "Fluorescence Monitoring of Rapid Changes in Membrane
                 Potential in Heart Muscle",
  journal =      j-BJ,
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "877--884",
  robnote =      ", CellPhysiol012",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Win85b,
  author =       "H. Windisch and W. M{\"u}ller and R.S. MacLeod and H.
                 Hagauer and H.A. Tritthart",
  title =        "Measurement of rapid changes in membrane potentials in
                 heart muscle using potential sensitive dyes",
  booktitle =    "9th Meeting of the Working Group on Cardiac Cellular
                 Electrophysiology",
  year =         "1985",
  robnote =      "The meeting in Berne that Herbert presented some stuff
                 on the measurement system for the voltage sensitive dye
                 stuff",
}

@InCollection{RSM:Win89,
  author =       "A. Winfree",
  title =        "Ventricular Reentry in Three Dimensions",
  booktitle =    "Cardiac Electrophysiology, From Cell to Bedside",
  editor =       "D.P. Zipes and J. Jalife",
  publisher =    "W.B. Saunders Co.",
  address =      "",
  year =         "1989",
  robnote =      "Another to be published article given out at the
                 theory of the heart meeting in San Diego., Prop047",
}

@Article{RSM:Win99,
  author =       "R.L. Winslow and J. Rice and S. Jafri and E. Marban
                 and B. O'Rourke",
  title =        "Mechanisms of altered excitation-contraction coupling
                 in canine tachycardia-induced heart failure, {II}:
                 model studies.",
  journal =      j-CR,
  year =         "1999",
  month =        mar,
  volume =       "84",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "571--586",
  robnote =      "Ca2+ transients measured in failing human ventricular
                 myocytes exhibit reduced amplitude, slowed relaxation,
                 and blunted frequency dependence. In the companion
                 article (O'Rourke B, Kass DA, Tomaselli GF, Kaab S,
                 Tunin R, Marban E. Mechanisms of altered
                 excitation-contraction coupling in canine
                 tachycardia-induced heart, I: experimental studies.
                 Circ Res. 1999;84:562-570), O'Rourke et al show that
                 Ca2+ transients recorded in myocytes isolated from
                 canine hearts subjected to the tachycardia pacing
                 protocol exhibit similar responses. Analyses of protein
                 levels in these failing hearts reveal that both SR Ca2+
                 ATPase and phospholamban are decreased on average by
                 28\% and that Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) protein is
                 increased on average by 104\%. In this article, we
                 present a model of the canine midmyocardial ventricular
                 action potential and Ca2+ transient. The model is used
                 to estimate the degree of functional upregulation and
                 downregulation of NCX and SR Ca2+ ATPase in heart
                 failure using data obtained from 2 different
                 experimental protocols. Model estimates of average SR
                 Ca2+ ATPase functional downregulation obtained using
                 these experimental protocols are 49\% and 62\%. Model
                 estimates of average NCX functional upregulation range
                 are 38\% and 75\%. Simulation of voltage-clamp Ca2+
                 transients indicates that such changes are sufficient
                 to account for the reduced amplitude, altered shape,
                 and slowed relaxation of Ca2+ transients in the failing
                 canine heart. Model analyses also suggest that altered
                 expression of Ca2+ handling proteins plays a
                 significant role in prolongation of action potential
                 duration in failing canine myocytes.",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jul 20 18:14:08 2001",
}

@Article{RSM:Wir86,
  author =       "P. Wirth and L.E. Ford",
  title =        "Five Laboratory Interfacing Packages - {A} software
                 review",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1986",
  month =        jul,
  pages =        "303--312",
  robnote =      "Interface packages for lab and scientific use, TecMar,
                 Data Translation, interface board, data collection,
                 real-time control., CompSoft048",
}

@Article{RSM:Wis87,
  author =       "G. Wisenberg",
  title =        "{NMR}'s Expanding Horizons",
  journal =      "Cardiology",
  year =         "1987",
  month =        mar,
  pages =        "20--33",
  robnote =      "A nice review of what is happening in the NMR field as
                 applied to cardiology. thesis, Cardiol006",
}

@Article{RSM:Wit2000,
  author =       "H.J. Witchel and J.C. Hancox",
  title =        "Familial and acquired long {QT} syndrome and the cardiac
                 rapid delayed rectifier potassium current.",
  journal =      "Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol",
  year =         "2000",
  month =        oct,
  volume =       "27",
  number =       "10",
  pages =        "753--766",
  robnote =      "Acquired LQTS has many similar clinical features to
                 congenital LQTS, but typically affects older
                 individuals and is often associated with specific
                 pharmacological agents. 3. A growing number of drugs
                 associated with QT prolongation and its concomitant
                 risks of arrhythmia and sudden death have been shown to
                 block the 'rapid' cardiac delayed rectifier potassium
                 current (IKr) or cloned channels encoded by the human
                 ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG; the gene believed to
                 encode native IKr). The drugs that produce acquired
                 LQTS are structurally heterogeneous, including
                 anti-arrhythmics, such as quinidine, non-sedating
                 antihistamines, such as terfenadine, and psychiatric
                 drugs, such as haloperidol. Here, clinical observations
                 are associated with cellular data to correlate acquired
                 LQTS with the IKr/HERG potassium (K+) channel. One
                 strategy for developing improved compounds in those
                 drug classes that are currently associated with LQTS
                 could be to design drug structures that preserve
                 clinical efficacy but are modified to avoid
                 pharmacological interactions with IKr.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Oct 30 15:16:38 2001",
}

@Article{RSM:Wit2006,
  author =       "F. H. Wittkampf and H. Nakagawa",
  title =        "{RF} catheter ablation: Lessons on lesions",
  journal =      "Pacing Clin Electrophysiol",
  volume =       "29",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1285--97",
  year =         "2006",
}

@Article{RSM:Wit66,
  author =       "D.A. Witsoe and E. Kinnen",
  title =        "Electrical resistivity of lung at 100 kHz",
  journal =      "unknown",
  year =         "1966",
  robnote =      "No hard copy",
}

@Article{RSM:Wit75,
  author =       "A.L. Wit and J.T. Bigger",
  title =        "Possible Electrophysiological Mechanisms for Lethal
                 Arrythmias Accompanying Myocardial Ischemia and
                 Infarction",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1975",
  volume =       "51,52",
  number =       "Suppl III",
  pages =        "III-96--III-115",
  robnote =      "Part of a series of excellent articles in a supplement
                 of Circ in 1975, this one deals with basic mechanisms
                 of arrhythmia and how they are (or were) thought to
                 origniate., Arrhythm026",
}

@Article{RSM:Wit84,
  author =       "F.X. Witkowski and P.B. Corr",
  title =        "An Automated Simultaneous Transmural Cardial Mapping
                 System",
  journal =      j-AJP,
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "24",
  pages =        "H661--H668",
  robnote =      "The technical paper describing Witkowski's mapping
                 system, intraoperative mapping, arrhythmias, reentry,
                 electronics, epicardial mapping., BSPM007",
}

@Book{RSM:Wit93,
  author =       "A.L. Wit and M.J. Janse",
  title =        "The ventricular arrythmias of ischemia and infarction:
                 {E}lectrophysiological Mechanisms",
  publisher =    "Futura Publishing",
  year =         "1993",
  address =      "Mount Kisco, NY",
  robnote =      "NIce text book on arrhytymias, mapping, mechanisms",
  bibdate =      "Tue Nov 17 17:35:42 1998",
}

@Article{RSM:Wit94b,
  author =       "ECG079 More T wave stuff. read it",
  title =        "Significance of inwardly directed transmembrane
                 current in determination of local myocardial electrical
                 activation during ventricular fibrillation",
  journal =      j-CR,
  year =         "1994",
  volume =       "74",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "507--524",
  scinote =      "threshold for infarction prediction",
}

@Article{RSM:Wit98,
  author =       "F.X. Witkowski and L.J. Leon and P.A. Penkoske and
                 W.R. Giles and M.L. Spano and W.L. Ditto and A.T.
                 Winfree",
  title =        "Spatiotemporal evolution of ventricular
                 fibrillation.",
  journal =      "Nature",
  year =         "1998",
  month =        mar,
  volume =       "392",
  number =       "6671",
  pages =        "78--82",
  robnote =      "Sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of death in
                 the industrialized world, with the majority of such
                 tragedies being due to ventricular fibrillation.
                 Ventricular fibrillation is a frenzied and irregular
                 disturbance of the heart rhythm that quickly renders
                 the heart incapable of sustaining life. Rotors,
                 electrophysiological structures that emit rotating
                 spiral waves, occur in several systems that all share
                 with the heart the functional properties of
                 excitability and refractoriness. These re-entrant
                 waves, seen in numerical solutions of simplified models
                 of cardiac tissue, may occur during ventricular
                 tachycardias. It has been difficult to detect such
                 forms of re-entry in fibrillating mammalian ventricles.
                 Here we show that, in isolated perfused dog hearts,
                 high spatial and temporal resolution mapping of optical
                 transmembrane potentials can easily detect transiently
                 erupting rotors during the early phase of ventricular
                 fibrillation. This activity is characterized by a
                 relatively high spatiotemporal cross-correlation.
                 During this early fibrillatory interval, frequent
                 wavefront collisions and wavebreak generation are also
                 dominant features. Interestingly, this spatiotemporal
                 pattern undergoes an evolution to a less highly
                 spatially correlated mechanism that lacks the
                 epicardial manifestations of rotors despite continued
                 myocardial perfusion.",
}

@InProceedeedings{RSM:Xia96,
  author =       "J.C. Xia and A. Varshney",
  title =        "Dynamic View-Dependent Simplification for Poygonal
                 Models",
  year =         "1996",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Visualization 96",
}

@Article{RSM:Wit99,
  author =       "F.H.M Wittkampf and E.F.D Wever and R. Derksen and
                 A.A.M. Wilde and H. Ramanna and R.N.W. Hauer and E.
                 Robles de Medina",
  title =        "Localisa: New Technique for Real-Time 3-Dimensional
                 Localization of Regular Intracardiac Electrodes.",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1999",
  volume =       "99",
  pages =        "1312--1317",
}

@Article{RSM:Wlo99,
  author =       "W. Wlodarczyk and M. Hentschel and P. Wust and R.
                 Noeske and N. Hosten and H. Rinneberg and R. Felix",
  title =        "Comparison of four magnetic resonance methods for
                 mapping small temperature changes",
  journal =      "Phys Med Biol",
  volume =       "44",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "607--624",
  abstract =     "Non-invasive detection of small temperature changes (<
                 1 degree C) is pivotal to the further advance of
                 regional hyperthermia as a treatment modality for
                 deep-seated tumours. Magnetic resonance (MR)
                 thermography methods are considered to be a promising
                 approach. Four methods exploiting temperature-dependent
                 parameters were evaluated in phantom experiments. The
                 investigated temperature indicators were spin-lattice
                 relaxation time T1, diffusion coefficient D, shift of
                 water proton resonance frequency (water PRF) and
                 resonance frequency shift of the methoxy group of the
                 praseodymium complex (Pr probe). The respective pulse
                 sequences employed to detect temperature-dependent
                 signal changes were the multiple readout single
                 inversion recovery (T One by Multiple Read Out Pulses;
                 TOMROP), the pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE), the fast
                 low-angle shot (FLASH) with phase difference
                 reconstruction, and the classical chemical shift
                 imaging (CSI). Applying these sequences, experiments
                 were performed in two separate and consecutive steps.
                 In the first step, calibration curves were recorded for
                 all four methods. In the second step, applying these
                 calibration data, maps of temperature changes were
                 generated and verified. With the equal total
                 acquisition time of approximately 4 min for all four
                 methods, the uncertainties of temperature changes
                 derived from the calibration curves were less than 1
                 degree C (Pr probe 0.11 degrees C, water PRF 0.22
                 degrees C, D 0.48 degrees C and T1 0.93 degrees C). The
                 corresponding maps of temperature changes exhibited
                 slightly higher errors but still in the range or less
                 than 1 degree C (0.97 degrees C, 0.41 degrees C, 0.70
                 degrees C, 1.06 degrees C respectively). The
                 calibration results indicate the Pr probe method to be
                 most sensitive and accurate. However, this advantage
                 could only be partially transferred to the
                 thermographic maps because of the coarse 16 x 16 matrix
                 of the classical CSI sequence. Therefore, at present
                 the water PRF method appears to be most suitable for MR
                 monitoring of small temperature changes during
                 hyperthermia treatment.",
  keywords =     "*Body Temperature Calibration Humans Hyperthermia,
                 Induced/instrumentation/*methods *Magnetics Models,
                 Biological Neoplasms/*therapy Phantoms, Imaging
                 Regression Analysis Reproducibility of Results
                 Sensitivity and Specificity Temperature
                 Thermography/*methods Water",
  year =         "1999",
}

@Article{RSM:Wo86,
  author =       "L.S. Wo",
  title =        "Extracting the Nth Root from a Binary Number",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1986",
  month =        nov,
  pages =        "115--118",
  robnote =      "A general algorithm for extracting real roots.,
                 NumMath011",
}

@Article{RSM:Woh86,
  author =       "D. Wohlgelernter and M. Cleman and H.A. Highman and
                 R.C. Fetterman and J.S. Duncan and B.L. Zaret and C.C.
                 Jaffe",
  title =        "Regional Myocardial Dysfunction During Coronary
                 Angioplasty: Evaluation by Two-Dimensional
                 Echocardiography and 12 Lead Electrocardiography",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "1986",
  volume =       "7",
  pages =        "245--254",
  robnote =      "Thesis, PTCA and echocardiography., Ischemia087",
}

@Article{RSM:Woh87,
  author =       "B. Wohlfart",
  title =        "A Simple Model for Demonstration of {ST-T}-changes in
                 {ECG}",
  journal =      j-EHJ,
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "8",
  pages =        "409--416",
  robnote =      "Looks like an interesting paper which predicts changes
                 in ECG from a single representative ECG from each of
                 the endocardial and epicardial regions. By doing the
                 same thing for multiple regions of the heart, a whole
                 ECG can be generated., Prop040",
}

@Article{RSM:Woh87b,
  author =       "D. Wohlgelernter and C.C. Jaffe and H.S. Cabin and
                 L.A. Yeatmen and M. Cleman",
  title =        "Silent Ischemia During Coronary Occlusion Produced by
                 Balloon Inflation: Relation to Regional Myocardial
                 Dysfunction",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "10",
  pages =        "491--498",
  robnote =      "PTCA, silent ischemia, thesis., Ischemia089",
}

@Article{RSM:Wol2006,
  author = 	 "C.H. Wolters and A. Anwander and X. Tricoche and
		  D.M. Weinstein and  M.A. Koch and R.S. Macleod",
  title = 	 "Influence of tissue conductivity anisotropy on
		  {EEG/MEG} field and return current computation
		  in a realistic head model: {A} simulation and
		  visualization study using high-resolution finite
		  element modeling.",
  journal = 	 "Neuroimage",
  year = 	 "2006",
  volume =	 "30",
  number =	 "3",
  pages =	 "813--826",
  robnote = 	 "inverse brain problems",
  bibdate = 	 "Sat Dec 06 21:52:23 2008"
}

@Article{RSM:Wol72,
  author =       "H.K. Wolf and P.J. MacInnis and S. Stock and R.K.
                 Helppi and P.M. Rautaharju",
  title =        "Computer Analysis of Rest and Exercise
                 Electrocardiograms",
  journal =      j-CBR,
  year =         "1972",
  pages =        "329--346",
  robnote =      "Dalhousie ECG processing system, ECG026",
}

@InCollection{RSM:Wol73,
  author =       "H.K. Wolf and P.J. McInnis and S. Stock and R.K.
                 Helppi and P.M. Rautaharju",
  title =        "The Dalhousie Program: {A} Comprehensive Analysis
                 Program for Rest and Exercise Electrocardiograms",
  booktitle =    "Computer Applications on ECG and VCG Analysis,",
  editor =       "",
  publisher =    "unknown",
  address =      "unknown",
  year =         "1973",
  pages =        "231--238",
  robnote =      "ecg monitoring, data processing, dalhousie,, ECG015",
}

@Article{RSM:Wol73b,
  author =       "G.L. Wolf and E.D. Gerlings and W.J. Wilson",
  title =        "Depression of Myocardial Contractility Induced by
                 Hypertonic Coronary Injections in the Isolated Perfused
                 Dog Heart",
  journal =      "Work in Progress",
  year =         "1973",
  volume =       "107",
  pages =        "655--658",
  robnote =      "dye, contrast medium, ptca, thesis, PTCA023",
}

@Article{RSM:Wol84,
  author =       "Wolfram S.",
  title =        "Computer Software in Science and Mathematics",
  journal =      "Scient. Amer.",
  year =         "1984",
  month =        sep,
  pages =        "188--203",
  robnote =      "A very readable article on computer simulation,
                 differential equations and cellular automata. Good
                 basic description of just how math simulations can
                 work., Prop017",
}

@Article{RSM:Wol84b,
  author =       "S. Wolfram",
  title =        "Cellular Automata as Models of Complexity",
  journal =      "Nature",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "31",
  pages =        "413--424",
  robnote =      "A nice general paper on how cellular automata can be
                 used to describe certain systems in nature. The first
                 of a series of article by Wolfram on cellular
                 automata., Prop016",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Wol88,
  author =       "P.D. Wolf and A.S. Tang and R.E. Ideker and T.C.
                 Pilkington",
  title =        "Predicting Endocardial Potentials from Epicardial
                 Potentials for External Stimuli",
  booktitle =    "IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 10th
                 Annual International Conference",
  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
  address =      "",
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "208--209",
  robnote =      "A paper on modelling of endocardial potentials from
                 epicardial, inverse solution thesis, TorsoModel074",
}

@Article{RSM:Wol91,
  author = 	 "P.A. Wolf and R.D. Abbott and W.B. Kannel",
  title = 	 "Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for
                   stroke: {T}he {F}ramingham {S}tudy",
  journal = 	 "Stroke",
  year = 	 1991,
  volume = 	 22,
  pages = 	 "983--988",
  month = "Aug.",
  Robnote = 	 "The impact of nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation, hypertension,
                  coronary heart disease, and cardiac failure on stroke
                  incidence was examined in 5,070 participants in the
                  Framingham Study after 34 years of follow-up. Compared with
                  subjects free of these conditions, the age-adjusted incidence
                  of stroke was more than doubled in the presence of coronary
                  heart disease (p less than 0.001) and more than trebled in
                  the presence of hypertension (p less than 0.001). There was a
                  more than fourfold excess of stroke in subjects with cardiac
                  failure (p less than 0.001) and a near fivefold excess when
                  atrial fibrillation was present (p less than 0.001). In
                  persons with coronary heart disease or cardiac failure,
                  atrial fibrillation doubled the stroke risk in men and
                  trebled the risk in women. With increasing age the effects of
                  hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cardiac failure on
                  the risk of stroke became progressively weaker (p less than
                  0.05). Advancing age, however, did not reduce the significant
                  impact of atrial fibrillation. For persons aged 80-89 years,
                  atrial fibrillation was the sole cardiovascular condition to
                  exert an independent effect on stroke incidence (p less than
                  0.001). The attributable risk of stroke for all
                  cardiovascular contributors decreased with age except for
                  atrial fibrillation, for which the attributable risk
                  increased significantly (p less than 0.01), rising from
                  1.5\% for those aged 50--59 years to 23.5\% for those aged
                  80--89 years. While these findings highlight the impact of
                  each cardiovascular condition on the risk of stroke, the
                  data suggest that the elderly are particularly vulnerable
                  to stroke when atrial fibrillation is present."
}

@Article{RSM:Wol92,
  author =       "P.D. Wolf and A.S. Tang and R.E. Ideker and T.C.
                 Pilkington",
  title =        "Calculating endocardial potentials from epicardial
                 potentials measured during external stimulation.",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1992",
  volume =       "39",
  number =       "9",
  pages =        "913--20",
  robnote =      "Intreresting and really unique paper in which they
                 measured epicardial and endocardial potentials with
                 needs, but in a (re-)closed chest animal. Then they
                 used the BEM to compute the endocardial from the
                 epicardial as a forward problem with an isotropic,
                 homogeneous heart as the volume conductor. The results,
                 despite all these simplifications, are rather good! 17%
                 relative error and CC of 0.985. inverse problem,
                 forward problem",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Wol93,
  author =       "P.D. Wolf and D.E. Rollins and E.V. Simpson
                 and W.M. Smith and R.E. Ideker",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of Computers in Cardiology Conference",
  title =        "A 528 channel system for the acquisition and display
                 of defibrillation and electrocardiographic potentials",
  year =         "1993",
  volume =       "",
  number =       "",
  pages =        "125--128",
}

@Article{RSM:Won93,
  author =       "C.K. Wong and S.B. Freedman",
  title =        "Usefullness of continuous {ST} monitoring in inferior
                 wall acute myocardial infarction for describing the
                 relation between precordial {ST} depression and
                 inferior {ST} elevation",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1993",
  volume =       "72",
  pages =        "532--537",
  robnote =      "Another ST segment monitoring study, this one
                 stressing the reciprocal aspects of inferior MI and
                 also the use of continuous monitoring versus a snapshop
                 of the patient at some arbitray time. Shows nicely the
                 dilemma of selecting which leads are reciprocal to
                 which and that there is no way to nicely put all cases
                 into categories. What they miss, I think, is that by
                 looking at ST deviations at single points with so
                 little choice in points they are always going to mess
                 up since they either don't have the coverage, i.e. cannot
                 use what info they have properly.",
}

@Article{RSM:Won93b,
  author =       "C.K. Wong and S.B. Freedman",
  title =        "Mechanism and significance of precordial {ST}-segment
                 depression during inferior wall myocardial infarcion
                 associated with severe narrowing of the dominant right
                 coronary artery",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1993",
  volume =       "71",
  pages =        "1025--1030",
  robnote =      "Another inferior MI study, this one using thallium-201
                 injections during PTCA to mark the perfusion region
                 affected. They also propose a new angiographic scoring
                 scheme and compare it to the ECG results using just
                 12-leads. This is not a bad paper with some intersting
                 analysis of the regional nature of ischemia and what it
                 does to precordial ST segments. But why don't the use a
                 map????",
}

@Article{RSM:Woo2009,
  author = 	 "M.W. Woolrich and S. Jbabdi and B. Patenaude and
                  M. Chappell and S. Makni and T. Behrens and
                  C. Beckmann and M. Jenkinson and S.M. Smith",
  title = 	 "Bayesian analysis of neuroimaging data in FSL",
  journal = 	 "NeuroImage",
  year = 	 2009,
  volume = 	 45,
  pages = 	 "S173-186"}

@Article{RSM:Woo82,
  author =       "D.J. Woolons and M.J. English and H. Carroll and R.
                 Vincent",
  title =        "Signal Processing for Recovery of Cardiac Conducting
                 System Activity",
  journal =      "IEE Proc.",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "129",
  pages =        "684--692",
  robnote =      "Sussex University, His-Ecg's, Purkinje System,
                 ECG017",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Wri2010,
  author =	 "M. Wright and E. Harks and S. Deladi and F. Suijver and
                  M. Barley and F. Sacher and P. Jais",
  title =	 "Catheter Assessment of Lesion Quality using a Novel
                  Ultrasound Radiofrequency Ablation Catheter",
  booktitle =    c-HRS,
  pages =	 "S86",
  year =	 2010,
  organization = "Heart Rhythm Society",
  Robnote =	 "Matt presentation at HRS 2010 on visualizing lesions with
                  ultorasound. Catheter is RF + ulstrasound, make by Philips.
                  Promising results"}

@Article{RSM:Wu2006,
  author = 	 "Y Wu and S K Warfield and I L Tan and
		  W M Wells and D S Meier and R A van Schijndel and
		  F Barkhof and C R Guttmann",
  title = 	 "Automated segmentation of multiple sclerosis
		  lesion subtypes with multichannel MRI.",
  journal = 	 "Neuroimage",
  year = 	 "2006",
  volume =	 "32",
  number =	 "3",
  pages =	 "1205--1215",
  robnote = 	 "SImon Warfield, segmentation, brain",
  bibdate = 	 "Sun Dec 07 09:18:38 2008"
}

@Article{RSM:Wu98,
  author =       "KC. Wu and EA. Zerhouni and RM. Judd and CH.
                 Lugo-Olivieri and LA. Barouch and SP. Schulman and RS.
                 Blumenthal and JA. Lima",
  title =        "Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction
                 by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute
                 myocardial infarction",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1998",
  month =        mar,
  volume =       "97",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "765--72",
}

@Article{RSM:WuD99,
  author =       "D. Wu and H.C. Tsai and B. He",
  title =        "On the estimation of the Laplacian electrocardiogram
                 during ventricular activation.",
  journal =      j-ABE,
  year =         "1999",
  month =        nov # "-" # dec,
  volume =       "27",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "731--745",
  robnote =      "Body surface Laplacian electrocardiogram (ECG) mapping
                 using a set of disk electrodes is explored by both
                 computer simulation and human experiments in 12 healthy
                 subjects. The Laplacian ECG was estimated from body
                 surface potentials using finite difference estimation
                 algorithms. The performance of the finite difference
                 Laplacian estimators was evaluated by both computer
                 simulation and human experiments. The present computer
                 simulation and human experiment results suggest the
                 feasibility of estimating the body surface Laplacian
                 maps (BSLMs) from potentials using the finite
                 difference algorithm over the anterior chest in male
                 subjects. The noise levels of the BSLMs over the
                 anterolateral chest were quantitatively compared to the
                 noise levels in corresponding body surface potential
                 maps (BSPMs) in 12 healthy subjects. The simulation and
                 experiment results indicate that the noise to signal
                 ratios in the BSLMs over the anterolateral chest during
                 ventricular activation is about 5 times that of the
                 BSPMs, when no signal processing is performed.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 19 13:33:03 2000",
}

@Article{RSM:Wya80,
  author =       "R.F. Wyatt",
  title =        "Comparison of estimates of activation and recovery
                 times from bipolar an unipolar electrograms to in vivo
                 transmembrane action potential durations",
  journal =      c-EMBS90,
  year =         "1980",
  pages =        "22--25",
  robnote =      "An early I know of ARI measurements and comparison
                 with action potentials durations. There were some other
                 papers before this, and they are referenced in this
                 article.",
}

@Article{RSM:Wya81,
  author =       "R.F. Wyat and M.J. Burgess and A.K. Evans and R.L. Lux
                 and J.A. Abildskov and T. Tsutsumi",
  title =        "Estimation of ventricular transmembrane action
                 potential durations and repolarization times from
                 unipolar electrograms.",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "47",
  pages =        "488",
  robnote =      "A reference of ARI measurements--I do not have the
                 paper copy of this one, but it is referred to in Kay
                 Millar's papers about the topic.",
}

@Article{RSM:Wyl2008,
  author =       "J.V. {Wylie Jr} and D.C. Peters and V. Essebag and W.J.
                 Manning and M.E. Josephson and T.H. Hauser",
  title =        "Left atrial function and scar after catheter ablation of
                 atrial fibrillation.",
  journal =      j-HR,
  year =         "2008",
  month =        "May",
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "656--662",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF)
                 involves extensive radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the
                 left atrium (LA) around the pulmonary veins. The effect of
                 this therapy on LA function is not fully characterized.
                 OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine
                 whether catheter ablation of AF is associated with a
                 change in LA function. METHODS: LA and right atrial (RA)
                 systolic function was assessed in 33 consecutive patients
                 with paroxysmal or persistent AF referred for ablation
                 using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.
                 Steady-state free precession ECG cine CMR imaging was
                 performed before and after (mean 48 days) AF ablation. All
                 patients underwent circumferential pulmonary vein
                 isolation using an 8-mm tip RFA catheter. High spatial
                 resolution late gadolinium enhancement CMR images of LA
                 scar were obtained in 16 patients. RESULTS: Maximum LA
                 volume decreased by 15\% (P <.001), and LA ejection
                 fraction decreased by 14\% (P <.001) after AF ablation.
                 Maximum RA volume decreased by 13\% (P = .018), but RA
                 ejection fraction increased by 5\% (P = .008). Mean LA
                 scar volume was 8.1 +/- 3.7 mL. A linear correlation was
                 observed between change in LA ejection fraction and scar
                 volume (r = -0.75, P <.001). CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation
                 of AF is associated with decreased LA size and reduced
                 atrial systolic function. This change strongly correlates
                 with the volume of LA scar. This finding may have
                 implications for postprocedural thromboembolic risk and
                 for procedures involving more extensive RFA.",
  bibdate =      "Sun Dec 6 20:47:12 2009",
}

@Article{RSM:Wym99,
  author =       "B.T. Wyman and W.C. Hunter and F.W. Prinzen and E.R.
                 McVeigh",
  title =        "Mapping propagation of mechanical activation in the
                 paced heart with {MRI} tagging.",
  journal =      j-AJP,
  year =         "1999",
  month =        mar,
  volume =       "276",
  number =       "3 Pt 2",
  pages =        "H881--91",
  robnote =      "The temporal evolution of three-dimensional (3-D)
                 strain maps derived from magnetic resonance imaging
                 (MRI) tagging were used to noninvasively evaluate
                 mechanical activation in the left ventricle (LV) while
                 seven canine hearts were paced in situ from three
                 different sites: the base of the LV free wall (LVb),
                 the right ventricular apex (RVa), and the right atrium
                 (RA). Strain maps plotted against time showed the
                 evolution of shortening over the entire LV midwall and
                 were used to generate mechanical activation maps
                 showing the onset of circumferential shortening. RA
                 pacing showed rapid synchronous shortening; LVb pacing
                 showed a wave front of mechanical activation
                 propagating slowly and steadily from the pacing site,
                 whereas RVa pacing showed regions of rapid and slower
                 propagation. The mechanical (M) activation times
                 correlated linearly with the electrical (E) activation
                 (M = 1.06E + 8.4 ms, R = 0.95). The time for 90\%
                 activation of the LV was 63.1 +/- 24.3 ms for RA
                 pacing, 130.2 +/- 9.8 ms for LVb pacing, and 121.3 +/-
                 17.9 ms for RVa pacing. The velocity of mechanical
                 activation was calculated for LVb and RVa pacing and
                 was similar to values reported for electrical
                 conduction in myocardium.",
  bibdate =      "Sun Nov 19 13:18:29 2000",
}

@Article{RSM:Wys2002,
  author =       "D. G. Wyse and A. L. Waldo and J. P. DiMarco and M. J.
                 Domanski and Y. Rosenberg and E. B. Schron and J. C.
                 Kellen and H. L. Greene and M. C. Mickel and J. E.
                 Dalquist and S. D. Corley",
  title =        "A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in
                 patients with atrial fibrillation",
  journal =      "N Engl J Med",
  volume =       "347",
  number =       "23",
  pages =        "1825--1833",
  abstract =     "BACKGROUND: There are two approaches to the treatment
                 of atrial fibrillation: one is cardioversion and
                 treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus
                 rhythm, and the other is the use of rate-controlling
                 drugs, allowing atrial fibrillation to persist. In both
                 approaches, the use of anticoagulant drugs is
                 recommended. METHODS: We conducted a randomized,
                 multicenter comparison of these two treatment
                 strategies in patients with atrial fibrillation and a
                 high risk of stroke or death. The primary end point was
                 overall mortality. RESULTS: A total of 4060 patients
                 (mean [+/-SD] age, 69.7+/-9.0 years) were enrolled in
                 the study; 70.8 percent had a history of hypertension,
                 and 38.2 percent had coronary artery disease. Of the
                 3311 patients with echocardiograms, the left atrium was
                 enlarged in 64.7 percent and left ventricular function
                 was depressed in 26.0 percent. There were 356 deaths
                 among the patients assigned to rhythm-control therapy
                 and 310 deaths among those assigned to rate-control
                 therapy (mortality at five years, 23.8 percent and 21.3
                 percent, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.15 [95 percent
                 confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.34]; P=0.08). More
                 patients in the rhythm-control group than in the
                 rate-control group were hospitalized, and there were
                 more adverse drug effects in the rhythm-control group
                 as well. In both groups, the majority of strokes
                 occurred after warfarin had been stopped or when the
                 international normalized ratio was subtherapeutic.
                 CONCLUSIONS: Management of atrial fibrillation with the
                 rhythm-control strategy offers no survival advantage
                 over the rate-control strategy, and there are potential
                 advantages, such as a lower risk of adverse drug
                 effects, with the rate-control strategy.
                 Anticoagulation should be continued in this group of
                 high-risk patients.",
  year =         "2002",
}

@Article{RSM:Xio2019,
  author = 	 "Z. Xiong and V.V. Fedorov and X. Fu and E. Cheng and R.S.
                  MacLeod and J. Zhao.",
  title = 	 "Fully Automatic Left Atrium Segmentation from Late Gadolinium
                  Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Dual Fully
                  Convolutional Neural Network",
  journal = 	 j-TMI,
  year = 	 2019,
  volume = 	 38,
  number = 	 2,
  pages = 	 "151--524",
  Robnote = 	 "Afib and segmentation"
}

@Article{RSM:Xiu2002,
  author = "D. Xiu and G.E. Karniadakis",
  title  = "Modeling uncertainty in steady state diffusion problems via
            generalized polynomial chaos",
  journal= "Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.",
  volume = "191",
  number = "",
  pages  = "4927--4948",
  year   = "2002"
}

@article{RSM:Xiu2002a,
   author = "D. Xiu and G. Karniadakis",
    title = "The {W}iener-{A}skey Polynomial Chaos for stochastic differential
             equations",
  journal = "SIAM J. Sci. Comput.",
     year = "2002",
   volume = "24",
   number = "",
    pages = "619--644"
}

@Article{RSM:Xiu2003,
  author =       "D.B. Xiu and G.E. Karniadakis",
  title =        "A new stochastic approach to transient heat conduction
                 modeling with uncertainty",
  journal =      "International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer",
  volume =       "46",
  pages =        "4681--4693",
  year =         "2003",
}

@PhdThesis{RSM:Xiu2004,
  author =       "D.B. Xiu",
  title =        "Generalized ({W}iener-{A}skey) Polynomial Chaos",
  school =       "Brown University",
  address =      "Providence, RI",
  year =         "2004",
}

@Article{RSM:Xiu2005,
  author =       "D.B. Xiu and J.S. Hesthaven",
  title =        "High-Order Collocation Methods for Differential
                 Equations with Random Inputs",
  journal =      "SIAM J. on Sci. Comp.",
  volume =       "27",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "1118--1139",
  month =       "Jul.",
  year =         "2005",
}

@Article{RSM:Xiu2007,
  author =       "D. Xiu",
  title =        "Efficient collocational approach for parametric
                 uncertainty analysis",
  journal =      "Comm. Comput. Phys.",
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "293--309",
  year =         "2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Xiu2007a,
  author =       "D.B. Xiu and J. Shen",
  title =        "An efficient spectral method for acoustic scattering
                 from rough surfaces",
  journal =      "Comm. in Comp.",
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "1",
  month =        feb,
  pages =        "54--72",
  year =         "2007",
}
@Article{RSM:Xiu2008,
  author =       "D.B. Xiu",
  title =        "Fast numerical methods for robust optimal design",
  journal =      "Engrg. Opt.",
  volume =       "40",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "489--504",
  year =         "2008",
}

@Article{RSM:Xu88,
  author =       "S.B. Xu and W.X. Lu",
  title =        "Surface reconstruction of {3-D} objects in
                 computerized tomography",
  journal =      "Comput Vision Graphics Image Process",
  volume =       "44",
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "270--278",
}

@Article{RSM:Yab88,
  author =       "S. Yabe and H. Hayashi and T. Ishikawa and S. Watabe
                 and K. Miyachi and M. Yokota and I. Sotobata",
  title =        "Diagnostic value of {Q} waves outside standard
                 precordial lead points in left anterior myocardial
                 infarction undetectable by standard 12-lead
                 electrocardiogram.",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1988",
  month =        nov,
  volume =       "21",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "313--319",
  robnote =      "Body surface potential maps were recorded for 52
                 patients with solitary anterior myocardial infarction
                 and 57 normal subjects. All patients had pure anterior
                 wall asynergy on a left ventriculogram but no
                 diagnostic Q wave on the standard 12-lead
                 electrocardiogram. Q wave (greater than 30 msec)
                 distributions on the body surface of the patients and
                 normals were compared. The frequency of Q waves in the
                 area above V1-V2 and in the right middle chest was
                 significantly higher in patients than in normals. The
                 sensitivity of Q waves for asynergy in leads from both
                 these areas was 19-60\%. The positive predictive value
                 was 67-94\%. The frequency of Q waves was significantly
                 higher in severe asynergy than in mild asynergy. A
                 combination of two selected unipolar leads from these
                 areas yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 33\% and
                 95\%, respectively. With a combination of three leads,
                 these values were 42\% and 93\% and with four leads
                 48\% and 88\%, respectively. The results indicate that
                 several unipolar leads from the area above V1-V2 and
                 from the right middle chest in addition to the standard
                 12-lead electrocardiogram may improve the
                 electrocardiographic diagnostic accuracy of myocardial
                 infarction.",
  bibdate =      "Sun Jan 27 14:18:44 2008",
}

@Article{RSM:Yaj83,
  author =       "K. Yajima and S. Kinoshita and H. Tanaka and T. Ihara
                 and T. Furukawa",
  title =        "Body Surface Potential Mapping System Equiped with a
                 Microprocessor for the Dynamic Observation of Potential
                 Patterns",
  journal =      j-MBEC,
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "83--90",
  robnote =      "Read it!, BSPM012",
}

@Article{RSM:Yam2018,
  author = 	 "K. Yamashita and C. Quang and J.D. Schroeder and E.V. DiBella
                  and F. Han and R.S. MacLeod and D.J. Dosdall and R. Ranjan",
  title = 	 "Distance Between the Left Atrium and the Vertebral Body is
                  Predictive of Esophageal Movement in Serial MR Imaging.",
  journal = 	 "J. Interven. Card. Electrophys.",
  year = 	 2018,
  volume = 	 52,
  number = 	 2,
  pages = 	 "149--156",
  month = 	 "October"}

@Article{RSM:Yam2018a,
  author =       "K. Yamashita and E. Kholmovski and E.
                 Ghafoori and R. Kamali and E. Kwan and J.
                 Lichter and R.S. MacLeod and D.J. Dosdall and
                 R. Ranjan",
  title =        "Characterization of edema after cryo and
                 radiofrequency ablations based on serial magnetic
                 resonance imaging",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  number =       "September",
  pages =        "1--8",
  year =         "2018",
}

@Article{RSM:Yam2019,
  author =       "K. Yamashita and E. Ghafoori and J. Silvernagel and
                 J. Ashton and D.J. Dosdall and R.S. MacLeod and R.
                 Ranjan",
  title =        "The Effective Contact Force to Minimize Edema Relative to
                 Chronic Lesion Formation  During Radiofrequency Ablation
                 in Ventricular Wall.",
  journal =      "Int Heart J",
  year =         "2019",
  month =        "Nov",
  volume =       "60",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "1407--1414",
  robnote =      "Radiofrequency (RF) ablation results in creation of acute
                 edema which can lead to  temporary disruption of
                 electrical propagation.The goal of this study was to find
                  the effective contact force (CF) to minimize edema
                 formation in comparison to the  lesion size.Ventricular
                 RF lesions (n = 49) were created by a CF-sensing catheter
                 in  a canine model (n = 10) with varying force for 30
                 seconds. Animals underwent  T2-weighted (T2w) and late
                 gadolinium enhancement MRI (LGE-MRI) immediately after
                 ablation and at 12 weeks. Acute LGE lesion volume, acute
                 edema, and chronic LGE  lesion volume were measured.
                 Acute edema/acute LGE lesion volume ratio was used to
                 divide the lesions into two groups.Mean edema/lesion
                 volume ratio was 5.0 ± 2.8. The  lesions were divided
                 into greater edema group (n = 8) and smaller edema group
                 (n =  41) based on a cutoff edema/lesion volume ratio.
                 When comparing the two groups, the  CF and force time
                 integral (FTI) were significantly lower in the greater
                 edema  group. There was no difference in catheter power
                 setting, tip temperature change,  impedance drop, and
                 bipolar electrogram voltage change. Acute LGE volume and
                 chronic  lesion depth were significantly smaller in the
                 greater edema group. Moreover,  receiver-operator
                 characteristic curve for the smaller edema lesion group
                 showed  that the most discriminant cutoff values for CF
                 and FTI were 12.4 g and 584 gs,  respectively.To minimize
                 edema size while still forming permanent lesions, ablation
                  should be performed with FTI > 584 gs or CF > 12.4 g.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jul 6 17:13:53 2020",
}

@Article{RSM:Yam2019a,
  author =       "K. Yamashita and J.
                 Silvernagel and E. Kwan and R. Kamali and E.
                 Ghafoori and R.S. MacLeod and D.J. Dosdall and R. Ranjan",
  title =        "Changes in atrial electrophysiological and structural
                 substrate and their  relationship to histology in a
                 long-term chronic canine atrial fibrillation model.",
  journal =      "Pacing Clin Electrophysiol",
  year =         "2019",
  month =        "Jul",
  volume =       "42",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "930--936",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is related to
                 numerous electrophysiological  changes; however, the
                 extent of structural and electrophysiological remodeling
                 with  long-term AF is not well characterized. METHODS:
                 Dogs (n = 6) were implanted with a  neurostimulator in
                 the right atrium (AF group). No implantation was done in
                 the  Control group (n = 3). Electroanatomical mapping was
                 done prior to and following  more than 6 months of AF.
                 Magnetic resonance imaging was also done to assess
                 structural remodeling. Animals were euthanized and tissue
                 samples were acquired for  histological analysis.
                 RESULTS: A significant increase was seen in the left
                 atrial  (LA) volume among all AF animals (22.25 ± 12.60
                 cm(3) vs 34.00 ± 12.23 cm(3) ,  P = .01). Also, mean
                 bipolar amplitude in the LA significantly decreased from
                 5.96 ±  2.17 mV at baseline to 3.23 ± 1.51 mV (P < .01)
                 after chronic AF. Those significant  changes occurred in
                 each anterior, lateral, posterior, septal, and roof
                 regions as  well. Additionally, the dominant frequency
                 (DF) in the LA increased from 7.02 ±  0.37 Hz to 10.12 ±
                 0.28 Hz at chronic AF (P < .01). Moreover, the percentage
                 of  fibrosis in chronic AF animals was significantly
                 larger than that of control animals  in each location
                 (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Canine chronic AF is accompanied
                 by a  significant decrease in intracardiac bipolar
                 amplitudes. These decreased electrogram  amplitude values
                 are still higher than traditional cut-off values used for
                 diseased  myocardial tissue. Despite these normal bipolar
                 amplitudes, there is a significant  increase in DF and
                 tissue fibrosis.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jul 6 17:13:53 2020",
}

@Article{RSM:Yam2020,
  author =       "K. Yamashita and R. Kamali and E. Kwan and R.S.
                 MacLeod and D.J. Dosdall and R. Ranjan",
  title =        "Effective Ablation Settings That Predict Chronic Scar
                 After Left Atrial Ablation.",
  journal =      "JACC Clin Electrophysiol",
  year =         "2020",
  month =        "Feb",
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "143--152",
  robnote =      "OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to find effective
                 parameters that can be used  in real-time that result in
                 chronic scar verified by left atrial (LA) late
                 gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance
                 (LGE-CMR). BACKGROUND: Automated  annotation can be a
                 useful tool while ablating in tagging areas that will
                 result in  scar, but the effective settings that best
                 predict chronic scar are still unknown.  METHODS:
                 Patients underwent pulmonary vein isolation using a CARTO3
                 mapping system  with a VISITAG Module and 3-month
                 post-ablation LGE-CMR. The electroanatomical map  (EAM)
                 was used to retrospectively tag ablated areas with
                 5 different parameters:  catheter stability; stability
                 duration; force over time; minimum contact force; and
                 impedance drop. The ablation tags in EAM were projected to
                 the 3-month post-ablation  LGE-CMR. Tags were divided
                 into 2 groups depending on if they correlated with
                 CMR-based scar tags (STAGs) or nonscar tags (NTAGs); the
                 effective parameters were  estimated for the 2 groups at
                 different power levels. RESULTS: This study assessed  70
                 consecutive patients and 28,939 ablation tags. Ablation
                 time and force time  integral (FTI) were significantly
                 larger in the STAG group. Mean contact force,  change of
                 catheter tip temperature, and impedance were not
                 significantly different  between STAGs and NTAGs. The
                 minimum ablation time and FTI to make durable scar
                 lesions were 17.6, 13.6, and 11.0 s and 226.1, 187.4, and
                 161.4 g at 25, 35, and 50  W, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
                 Minimum ablation time and FTI values are critical
                 parameters that determine durable atrial scar creation and
                 their minimum values vary  with the ablation power
                 setting.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jul 6 17:13:53 2020",
}

@Article{RSM:Yam2020a,
  author =       "K. Yamashita and E.
                 Kwan and R. Kamali and E. Ghafoori and B.A. Steinberg
                 and R.S. MacLeod and D.J. Dosdall and R. Ranjan",
  title =        "Blanking period after radiofrequency ablation for atrial
                 fibrillation guided by  ablation lesion maturation based
                 on serial MR imaging.",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "2020",
  month =        "Feb",
  volume =       "31",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "450--456",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Recent guidelines recommend a 3-month
                 blanking period after atrial  fibrillation (AF)
                 ablations, which are based on clinical observation. Our
                 goal was  to quantify the timeline of the radiofrequency
                 ablation lesion maturation using  serial late gadolinium
                 enhancement-magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) and to
                 develop a blanking period estimate based on visible lesion
                 maturation. METHODS:  Inclusion criteria targeted
                 patients who underwent AF ablation and at least four MRI
                 scans: at baseline before ablation, within 24 hours after
                 (acute), between 24 hours  and 90 days after (subacute),
                 and more than 90 days after ablation (chronic).  Central
                 nonenhanced (NE) and surrounding hyperenhanced (HE) area
                 volumes were  measured and normalized to chronic lesion
                 volume. RESULTS: This study assessed 75  patients with
                 309 MRIs. The acute lesion was heterogeneous with a HE
                 region  surrounding a central NE region in LGE-MRI; the
                 acute volume of the total (HE + NE)  lesion was
                 2.62 ± 0.46 times larger than that of the chronic lesion.
                 Acute  T2-weighted imaging also showed a relatively large
                 area of edema. Both NE and HE  areas gradually receded
                 over time and NE was not observed after 30 days. Larger
                 initial NE volume was associated with a significantly
                 greater chronic scar volume  and this total lesion volume
                 receded to equal the chronic lesion size at
                 approximately 72.5 days (95\% prediction interval:
                 57.4-92.2). CONCLUSION: On the  basis of serial MRI,
                 atrial ablation lesions are often fully mature before the
                  typical 90-day blanking period, which could support more
                 timely clinical decision  making for arrhythmia
                 recurrence.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jul 6 17:13:53 2020",
}

@Article{RSM:Yam82,
  author =       "Y. Yamashita",
  title =        "Theoretical Studies on the Inverse Problem in
                 Electrocardiography and the Uniqueness of the
                 Solution",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "29",
  pages =        "719--725",
  robnote =      "Yamshita's article on the uniqueness of the inverse
                 solutiuon in terms of epicardial potentials thesis,
                 TorsoModel061",
}

@Article{RSM:Yam83,
  author =       "H. Yamagata and N. Hoshimiya and H. Inomata",
  title =        "Voltage Clamp Processor System",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "30",
  pages =        "103--108",
  robnote =      "An 8086-based system for voltage clamp processing.,
                 CellPhysiol028",
}

@Article{RSM:Yam84,
  author =       "Y. Yamashita and T. Takahashi",
  title =        "Use of the Finite Element Method to Determine
                 Epicardial from Body Surface Potentials under a
                 Realistic Torso Model",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "31",
  pages =        "611--621",
  robnote =      "A modelling paper which describes a discrete method of
                 deriving epicardial potentials from surface maps, ie.
                 inverse problem. Uses finite element methods and a
                 discrete model of the torso. thesis, Prop015",
}

@Article{RSM:Yam85,
  author =       "Y. Yamashita and D.B. Geselowitz",
  title =        "Source Field Relationships for Cardiac Generators on
                 the Heart Surface Based on Their Transfer
                 Coefficients",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "32",
  pages =        "964--970",
  robnote =      "thesis, ECG008",
}

@InCollection{RSM:Yam89,
  author =       "W.M. Yamada and C. Koch and P.R. Adams",
  title =        "Multiple channels and calcium dynamics",
  booktitle =    "Methods in neuronal modelling: from synapses to
                 networks",
  publisher =    pub-MIT,
  year =         "1989",
  editor =       "C. Koch and I. Segev",
  chapter =      "4",
  pages =        "97--133",
}

@Article{RSM:Yan82,
  author =       "F.G. Yanowitz and G.M. Vincent and R.L. Lux and M.
                 Merchant and L.S. Green and J.A. Abildskov",
  title =        "Application of Body Surface Mapping to Exercise
                 Testing: {${\rm ST_{80}}$} Isoarea Maps in Patients
                 with Coronary Artery Disease",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "50",
  pages =        "1109--1113",
  robnote =      "A look at ST-segment maps in ischemic patients during
                 exercise. Iso-integral maps were produced to look at
                 distribution of the ST- changes over the torso.
                 Indicates that changes occur where the normal leads
                 aren't located and that bspm provides more info. Utah
                 group. thesis, BSPM047",
}

@Article{RSM:Yan96,
  author =       "G.X. Yan and C. Antzelovitch",
  title =        "Cellular basis for the electrocardiographic {J} wave",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1996",
  volume =       "93",
  pages =        "372--379",
  robnote =      "Osborn wave explained in terms of changes in the phase
                 1 of the action potentials, repolarization.",
}

@Article{RSM:Yan96b,
  author =       "H. Yang",
  title =        "Intraoperative automated {ST} segment analysis: {A}
                 reliable `{B}lack {B}ox'?",
  journal =      "Can. J. Anaesth.",
  year =         "1996",
  volume =       "4310",
  pages =        "1041--51",
  robnote =      "Reasonable review about monitoring ischemia in the OR.
                 Has some history of ST segments (poorly done) and a
                 much better overview of some results in exercise and OR
                 monitoring of ischemia by ECG. perioperative
                 ischemia.",
}

@Article{RSM:Yeb2018,
  author = 	 "M. Yebra and P. Laguna and I. Cygankiewicz and
                  A. Bayés-de-Luna and E. G. Caiani and J. P. Martinez ",
  title = 	 "Quantification of Ventricular Repolarization Variation for
                  Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Stratification in Atrial
                  Fibrillation",
  journal = 	 "IEEE J Biomed Health Inform",
  year = 	 2018,
  volume = 	 23,
  number = 	 3,
  pages = 	 "1049--1057",
  Robnote = 	 "Leducq"
}

@InCollection{RSM:Yee95,
  author =       "R. Yee and G.J. Klein and G.M. Guiraudon",
  title =        "The {W}olff-{P}arkinson-{W}hite Syndrome",
  booktitle =    "Cardiac Electrophysiology, From Cell to Bedside",
  editor =       "D.P. Zipes and J. Jalife",
  publisher =    "W.B. Saunders Co.",
  pages =        "1199--1214",
  address =      "",
  year =         "1995",
  scinote =      "An article in Bruno's Collection of books. Nice
                 summary of WPW",
}

@Article{RSM:Yel2000,
  author =       "D.M. Yellon and A. Dana",
  title =        "The preconditioning phenomenon: {A} tool for the
                 scientist or clinical reality?",
  journal =      j-CR,
  year =         "2000",
  volume =       "87",
  pages =        "543--550",
}

@Article{RSM:Yel2003,
  author =       "D.M Yellon and J.M. Downey",
  title =        "Preconditioning the myocardium: From cellular
                 physiology to clinical cardiology",
  journal =      "Physiol. Rev.",
  year =         "2003",
  volume =       "83",
  pages =        "1113--1151",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Yil2001,
  author =       "B. Yilmaz and R.S. MacLeod and S. Shome and B.B.
                 Punkse and B. Taccardi",
  title =        "Minimally Invasive Epicardial Activation Mapping from
                 Multielectrode Catheters",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS2001,
  year =         "2001",
  organization = "IEEE EMBS",
  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
  robnote =      "EMBS paper on estimation",
  bibdate =      "Thu Sep 20 18:52:30 2001",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Yil2004,
  author =       "B. Yilmaz and R. MacLeod",
  title =        "Venous Catheter Based Mapping of Ectopic Activation",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS2004,
  year =         "2004",
  robnote =      "San Fran EMBS meeting",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 22 19:56:04 2005",
}

@PhdThesis{RSM:Yil2004a,
  author =       "B. Yilmaz",
  title =        "Venous Catheter Based Mapping of Epicardial Ectopic
                 Activation using Statistical Estimation",
  school =       "University of Utah",
  year =         "2004",
  robnote =      "Bulent's thesis",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 10 21:08:56 2005",
}

@Article{RSM:Yil2005,
  author =       "B. Y{\i}lmaz and R.S. MacLeod and B.B. Punske and B.
                 Taccardi and D.H. Brooks",
  title =        "Venous Catheter Based Mapping of Ectopic Epicardial
                  Activation: Training Data Set Selection for Statistical
                  Estimation",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "2005",
  volume =       "52",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1823--1831",
  robnote =      "training set paper, estimation, epicardial activation
                 maps",
  bibdate =      "Mon Mar 07 07:17:36 2005",
}

@Article{RSM:Yil2006,
  author =       "B. Y{\i}lmaz and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Generalized training subset selection for statistical
                  estimation of epicardial activation maps from intravenous
                  catheter measurements.",
  journal =      j-CBM,
  year =         2007,
  volume =       37,
  number =       3,
  pages =        "328--336",
  robnote =      "Bulent's second paper varying the lead locations and
                 densities",
  bibdate =      "Thu Sep 29 08:05:24 2005",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Yil2006b,
  author = 	 "B. Y{\i}lmaz and R.S. MacLeod",
  title = 	 "Instance selection for estimation of epicardial activation
                  sequence from venous catheter measurements",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS2006,
  year = 	 2006,
  pages = 	 "3982--3985",
  organization = "IEEE EMBS",
  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
  Robnote = 	 "EMBS paper"
}

@Article{RSM:Yin97,
  author =       "H. Yin and N. El-Sherif and E.B. Caref and G. Ndrepepa
                 and R. Levin and N. Isber and K. Stergiopolus and M.A.
                 Assadi and W.B. Gough and M. Restivo",
  title =        "Actions of lidocaine on reentrant ventricular rhythms
                 in the subacute myocardial infarction period in dogs.",
  journal =      j-AJP,
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "272",
  number =       "1 Pt 2",
  pages =        "H299--H309",
  robnote =      "We conclude that the proarrhythmic effect of lidocaine
                 is due to increased conduction delay and block while
                 the antiarrhythmic effect is due to block of the
                 reentrant impulse by prolonged refractoriness in the
                 common pathway. LQTS, SCOR",
}

@Article{RSM:You64,
  author =       "T.Y. Young and W.H. Higgens",
  title =        "On a representation of electrocardiograms",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1964",
  volume =       "11",
  pages =        "86--95",
  month =        jul,
  robnote =      "principle component analysis, limited leads
                 statistical analysis of maps",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 10 13:18:20 1998",
}

@Article{RSM:You64b,
  author =       "T.Y. Young and W.H. Huggins",
  title =        "Compter Analysis of Electrocardiograms Using a Linear
                 regression Technique",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1964",
  volume =       "11",
  pages =        "60--67",
  robnote =      "computer processing of ECG's, statistical analysis,
                 reduced set of parameters are used to represent the VCG
                 and this data set is analysed for patterns., ECG024",
}

@Article{RSM:Yu83,
  author =       "K.B. Yu and C.D. McGillem",
  title =        "Optimum Filters for Estimating Evoked Potential
                 Waveforms",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "30",
  pages =        "730--737",
  robnote =      "neurophysiology, evoked potentials, computer filters,
                 CompSoft001",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Yu94,
  author =       "F. Yu and C. R. Johnson",
  title =        "An automatic adaptive refinement and derefinement
                 method",
  pages =        "1555--1557",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 14th IMACS World Congress",
  year =         "1944",
  robnote =      "Feng's paper on adaptive meshing. inverse problems,
                 finite element method",
}

@Article{RSM:Yue2004,
  author =       "A.M. Yue and J.R. Paisey and S. Robinson and T.R.
                 Betts and P.R. Roberts and J.M. Morgan",
  title =        "Determination of human ventricular repolarization by
                 noncontact mapping: validation with monophasic action
                 potential recordings.",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "2004",
  month =        sep,
  volume =       "110",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1343--1350",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Noncontact mapping (NCM) has not been
                 validated as a clinical technique to measure
                 ventricular repolarization. We used NCM to determine
                 repolarization characteristics by analysis of
                 reconstructed unipolar electrograms (UEs) at the same
                 sites as monophasic action potential (MAP) recordings
                 in the human ventricle. MAPs were recorded from a total
                 of 355 beats at 46 sites in the left or right ventricle
                 of 9 patients undergoing ablation of ventricular
                 tachycardia guided by NCM (EnSite system). ARI
                 correlated with MAP90\% during steady state by the
                 Wyatt method (r=0.83, P<0.001) and the alternative
                 method (r=0.94, P<0.001). Restitution curves
                 constructed from MAP and UE data exhibited the same
                 characteristics, with a mean correlation coefficient of
                 0.95 (range, 0.90 to 0.99, P<0.001). The error between
                 ARI and MAP90\% was greater over a shorter diastolic
                 coupling interval but was not influenced by distance of
                 the sampling site from the multielectrode array.",
  bibdate =      "Sun Mar 12 13:30:51 2006",
}

@Article{RSM:Zab2000,
  author =       "M. Zabel and B. Acar and T. Klingenheben and M.R.
                 Franz and S.H. Hohnloser and M. Malik",
  title =        "Analysis of 12-lead {T}-wave morphology for risk
                 stratification after myocardial infarction",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "2000",
  month =        sep,
  volume =       "102",
  pages =        "1252--1207",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to assess
                 the prognostic value of novel T-wave morphology
                 descriptors derived from resting 12-lead ECGs. METHODS
                 AND RESULTS: In 280 consecutive post-MI patients, a
                 12-lead ECG was recorded before discharge, optically
                 scanned, and digitized. For the present study, 5 T-wave
                 morphology descriptors were automatically calculated
                 after singular value decomposition of the ECG signal.
                 The total cosine R-to-T (TCRT [describes the global
                 angle between repolarization and depolarization
                 wavefront]) and the T-wave loop dispersion were
                 univariately associated (P:=0.0002 and P:<0.002,
                 respectively, U: test) with 27 prospectively defined
                 clinical events in 261 patients (mean follow-up 32+/-10
                 months). Kaplan-Meier event probability curves for
                 strata above and below the median confirmed the strong
                 risk discrimination by TCRT and T-wave loop dispersion
                 (P:<0.003 and P:<0.001, respectively, log-rank test).
                 On Cox regression analysis, with the entering of age,
                 left ventricular ejection fraction, heart rate, QRS
                 width, reperfusion therapy, beta-adrenergic-blocker
                 treatment, and standard deviation of R-R intervals on
                 24-hour Holter monitoring, TCRT (P:<0.03) yielded
                 independent predictive value, whereas T-wave loop
                 dispersion was of borderline independence (P:=0.064).
                 Heart rate (P:<0.02), left ventricular ejection
                 fraction (P:<0.02), and reperfusion therapy (P:<0.02)
                 also remained in the final model. CONCLUSIONS:
                 Computerized T-wave morphology analysis of the 12-lead
                 resting ECG permits independent assessment of post-MI
                 risk and an improved risk stratification when combined
                 with other risk markers.",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 1 16:27:20 2001",
}

@Article{RSM:Zab95,
  author =       "M. Zabel and S. Portnoy and M.R. Franz",
  title =        "Electrocardiographic indexes of dispersion of
                 ventricular repolarization: {A}n isolated heart
                 validation study",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "1995",
  volume =       "25",
  pages =        "746--752",
  month =        "Mar.",
  robnote =      "Nice experimental study of repolarization changes in
                 an isolated rabbit heart prep in a cylindrical tissue
                 bath (tank). They used MAP and 12-lead ecg in a small
                 tank, then measured repolarization indices. Used rate
                 and sotalol to alter repolarization, both globally, and
                 somewhat more locally, respectively. They found good
                 correlation between MAP values and things like T-wave
                 area, Tpeak to Tend times, higher than for JT and QT
                 dispersion values. SCOR",
}

@Article{RSM:Zab97,
  author =       "M. Zabel and S.H. Hohnloser and S. Behrens and R.L.
                 Woosley and M.R. Franz",
  title =        "Differential effects of {D}-sotalol, quinidine, and
                 amiodarone on dispersion of ventricular repolarization
                 in the isolated rabbit heart.",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1239--45",
  robnote =      "Increased dispersion of ventricular repolarization has
                 been suggested as a cause of proarrhythmic effects of
                 Class IA or III antiarrhythmic drugs, such as
                 d-sotalol, quinidine, and amiodarone. Dispersion of
                 monophasic action potential (MAP) durations was studied
                 in 55 isolated Langendorff- perfused rabbit hearts at
                 different pacing cycle lengths. Rate-dependent and
                 concentration-dependent increases in dispersion of
                 ventricular repolarization by d-sotalol and quinidine
                 in this isolated rabbit heart model may help explain
                 their proarrhythmic effects LQTS. No hard copy",
}

@Article{RSM:Zah2016,
  author =       "S. Zahid and K.N. Whyte and E.L. Schwarz and 3rd Blake RC
                 and P.M. Boyle and J. Chrispin and A. Prakosa and E.G.
                 Ipek and F. Pashakhanloo and H.R. Halperin and H. Calkins
                 and R.D. Berger and S. Nazarian and N.A. Trayanova",
  title =        "Feasibility of using patient-specific models and the
                 minimum cut algorithm to predict optimal ablation targets
                 for left atrial flutter.",
  journal =      "Heart Rhythm",
  year =         "2016",
  month =        "Aug",
  volume =       "13",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "1687--1698",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Left atrial flutter (LAFL) occurs in patients
                 after atrial fibrillation ablation. Identification of
                 optimal ablation targets to terminate LAFL remains
                 challenging. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to
                 use patient-specific models to simulate LAFL and predict
                 optimal ablation targets using a novel approach based on
                 flow network theory. METHODS: Late gadolinium-enhanced
                 cardiac magnetic resonance scans from 10 patients with
                 LAFL were used to construct atrial models incorporating
                 fibrosis by investigators blinded to procedural findings.
                 Rapid pacing was applied in silico to induce LAFL. In each
                 LAFL, we represented reentrant wave propagation as an
                 electric flow network and identified the minimum cut (MC),
                 which was the smallest amount of tissue that separated the
                 flow into 2 discontinuous components. In silico ablation
                 was applied at MCs, and targets were compared to those
                 that terminated LAFL during catheter ablation. RESULTS:
                 Patient-specific atrial models were successfully generated
                 from patient scans. LAFL was induced in 7 of 10 models.
                 Ablation of MCs terminated LAFL in 4 models and produced
                 new, slower LAFL morphologies in the other 3. For the
                 latter cases, flow analysis was repeated to identify MCs
                 of emergent LAFLs. Ablation of these MCs terminated
                 emergent LAFLs. The MC-based ablation lesions in
                 simulations were similar in length and location to
                 ablation targets that terminated LAFL during catheter
                 ablation for these 7 patients. CONCLUSION: Personalized
                 atrial simulations can predict ablation targets for LAFL.
                 These simulations provide a powerful tool for planning
                 ablation procedures and may reduce procedural times and
                 complications.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Dec 1 09:03:48 2018",
  pmcid =        "PMC5972526",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam76,
  author =       "M. Zamir",
  title =        "Optimality Principles in Arterial Branching",
  journal =      j-JTB,
  year =         "1976",
  volume =       "62",
  pages =        "227--251",
  robnote =      "Here the prinicple of optimal branching is worked
                 through and some systems examined for the angles and
                 diensions which are dictated by the optimality
                 criteria., Prop029",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam78,
  author =       "M. Zamir",
  title =        "Nonsymmetrical Bifurcations in Arterial Branching",
  journal =      j-JGP,
  year =         "1978",
  volume =       "72",
  month =        dec,
  pages =        "837--845",
  robnote =      "Theory of the bifurcation in arterial branching,
                 extended to non- symmetric conditions., Prop030",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam81,
  author =       "M. Zamir",
  title =        "Three--Dimensional Aspects of Arterial Branching",
  journal =      j-JTB,
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "90",
  pages =        "457--476",
  robnote =      "Aterial branching - one of a set, this one deals with
                 the basic concepts of bifurcation and how one defines
                 the angles and distortion of looking at a three-D
                 system in essentially two dimensions., Prop031",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam82,
  author =       "M Zamir and N. Brown",
  title =        "Arterial Branching in Various Parts of the
                 Cardiovascular System",
  journal =      "Am. J. Anatomy",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "163",
  pages =        "295--307",
  robnote =      "Here the caridac circulation is examined from several
                 types of animal and man were compared for optimality
                 and all the branching angles, etc., Prop032",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam83,
  author =       "M Zamir and S.M. Wrigley and B.L. Langille",
  title =        "Arterial Bifurcation in Cardiovascular System of a
                 Rat",
  journal =      j-JGP,
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "81",
  month =        mar,
  pages =        "325--335",
  robnote =      "This one describes the whole proccess of actually
                 measuring all the angles of a circulatory tree, in this
                 case the rat heart., Prop033",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam84,
  author =       "M Zamir and D.C. Bigelow",
  title =        "Cost of Departure from Optimality in Arterial
                 Branching",
  journal =      j-JTB,
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "109",
  pages =        "401--409",
  robnote =      "Here Zamir looks at the cost of not having optimal
                 branching angles and diameters and evaluates some
                 systems for these criteria and calulates the cost of
                 deviation from optimality., Prop034",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam84b,
  author =       "M. Zamir and S. Phipps and B.L. Lanbgille and T.H.
                 Wonnacott",
  title =        "Branching Characteristics of Coronary Arteries in
                 Rats",
  journal =      j-CJP,
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "62",
  pages =        "1453--1459",
  robnote =      "Another of the reports on rat heart bifurcation
                 anglesand how they are measured and compared with
                 optimal branching., Prop035",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam85,
  author =       "M. Zamir and M.D. Silver",
  title =        "Morpho-functional Anatomy of the Human Coronary
                 Arteries with Reference to Myocardial Ischemia",
  journal =      j-CJC,
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "363--372",
  robnote =      "Yet another of Zamir's excellent works on the human
                 coronary artery tree and its structure, here with
                 reference to ischemia., Ischemia071",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam86,
  author =       "M. Zamir and H. Chee",
  title =        "Branching Characteristics of Human Coronary Arteries",
  journal =      "Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.",
  year =         "1986",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "661--668",
  robnote =      "An interesting paper about optimal branching in the
                 coronary circulation by a Canadian group. This study,
                 on human hearts, shows that according to their model
                 the human coronaris are pretty close to optimal in
                 their bifurcation angle and vessel diameter. Important
                 perhaps for the heart model to insert the proper
                 circulation to the heart and thus detirmine which
                 portions are ischemic., Ischemia062",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam87,
  author =       "M. Zamir and H. Chee",
  title =        "Segment Analysis of Human Coronary Arteries",
  journal =      "Blood Vessels",
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "76--84",
  robnote =      "One of the excelllent articles by Zamir on the
                 geometry and structure of the human coronary artery
                 tree, branching, vessels., Ischemia070",
}

@Article{RSM:Zam88,
  author =       "M. Zamir and S. Phipps",
  title =        "Network Analysis of an Arterial tree",
  journal =      "J. Biomechanics",
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "21",
  pages =        "25--34",
  robnote =      "Network analysis of a rat heart, marks a new way of
                 thinking about how generation of vessels are defined
                 and just how to describe the whole system.,
                 Ischemia072",
}

@Article{RSM:Zar98,
  author =       "W. Zareba and A.J. Moss and J. Konecki",
  title =        "{TU} wave area-derived measures of repolarization
                 dispersion in the long {QT} syndrome.",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1998",
  volume =       "30",
  number =       "Suppl",
  pages =        "191--195",
  robnote =      "The purpose of this study was to evaluate area-derived
                 parameters of repolarization dispersion in LQTS
                 patients and their unaffected family members and to use
                 this analysis to challenge the concept of dispersion of
                 repolarization in surface ECG. The area under the curve
                 between the J point and the next P wave was measured
                 automatically in 12 leads of the digital ECG. In
                 comparison with unaffected family members, LQTS
                 patients had significantly higher dispersion of tA50
                 (tA50-SD = 34 +/-18 ms vs 11 +/- 6 ms, respectively, P
                 < .001) and tA25-75 (t[A25-75]-SD = 44 +/- 19 ms vs 24
                 +/- 15 ms, respectively, P < .001), whereas no
                 significant difference was observed in the dispersion
                 of total repolarization area, T wave amplitude, and
                 time to LQTS patients have increased interlead
                 variability of the repolarization morphology (tA50-SD
                 and t[A25-75]-SD), whereas they do not have increased
                 dispersion of the total repolarization duration
                 (tA97-SD)",
}

@Book{RSM:Zar99,
  author =       "J.H. Zar",
  title =        "Biostatistical Analysis",
  publisher =    "Prentice-Hall, Inc.",
  address =      "Upper Saddle River, NJ",
  edition =      "4th",
  year =         "1999",
}

@Article{RSM:Zeh94,
  author =       "M. Zehender and T. Faber and A Grom and T. Schwab and
                 A Giebel and Meinertz T. and H. Just",
  title =        "Continuous monitoring of acute myocardial ischemia by
                 the implantible cardioverter defibrillator",
  journal =      j-AHJ,
  year =         "1994",
  volume =       "127",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "1057--1063",
  robnote =      "Attempt to monitor ischemia with ICD electrodes, the
                 same ones used in ICD. Point out the value of being
                 able to follow ischemis in this patient group, since
                 they are already at high risk and most have CAD
                 already. ST segments are what gets watched, of course.
                 Great stats on typical ICD patient, etilogy of sudden
                 death and its link to ischemia.",
}

@Article{RSM:Zem2000,
  author =       "T.R. Zemlo and H.H. Garrison and N.C. Partridge and
                 T.J. Ley",
  title =        "The physician-scientist: career issues and challenges
                 at the year 2000",
  journal =      "FASEB J.",
  year =         2000,
  volume =    14,
  pages =     "221--230",
  month =     jan,
  robnote =      "article on the problems faced by physicians who would
                 like to become scientists",
  bibdate =      "Wed Nov 29 10:02:26 2000",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Zen2014,
  author =       "B. Zenger and J. Cates and A. Morris and
                 E. Kholmovski and A. Au and R. Ranjan and
                 N. Akoum and C. McGann and B. Wilson and
                 N. Marrouche and F.T. Han and R.S.
                 MacLeod",
  booktitle =    "Computing in Cardiology Conference (CinC), 2014",
  title =        "A practical algorithm for improving localization and
                 quantification of left ventricular scar",
  year =         "2014",
  month =        sep,
  pages =        "105--108",
  abstract =     "Current approaches to classification of left
                 ventricular scar rely on manual segmentation of
                 myocardial borders and manual classification of scar
                 tissue. In this paper, we propose an novel,
                 semi-automatic approach to segment the left ventricular
                 wall and classify scar tissue using a combination of
                 modern image processing techniques. We obtained
                 high-resolution magnetic resonance angiograms (MRA) and
                 late-gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
                 (LGE-MRI) in 14 patients who had ventricular scar from
                 a prior myocardial infarction. We applied (1) a level
                 set-based segmentation approach using a combination of
                 the MRA and LGE-MRI to segment the myocardium and then
                 (2) an automated signal intensity algorithm (Otsu
                 thresholding) to identify ventricular scar tissue. We
                 compared results from both steps to those of expert
                 observers. The LV geometry using the semi-automated
                 segmentation method had a mean overlap of 94\% with the
                 manual segmentations. The scar volumes obtained with
                 the Otsu method correlated with the expert observer
                 scar volumes (Dice comparison coefficient of 0.85±
                 0.11). This proof of concept segmentation pipeline
                 provides a more objective method for identifying scar
                 in the left ventricle than manual approaches.",
  keywords =     "Cities and towns;Educational institutions;Image
                 segmentation;Manuals;Myocardium;Observers;Pipelines",
  nihms =		 "NIHMS687031",
  pmcid =        "PMC4593325",
}

@Article{RSM:Zen2018,
  author =       "B. Zenger and W.W. Good and J. Bergquist and J.D. Tate
                 and V. Sharma and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Electrocardiographic Comparison of Dobutamine and BRUCE
                 Cardiac Stress Testing With High Resolution Mapping in
                 Experimental Models.",
  journal =      c-Cinc,
  year =         "2018",
  month =        "Sep",
  volume =       "45",
  pages =        "1--4",
  robnote =      "Clinical tests to detect acute myocardial ischemia induce
                 transient cardiac stress by means of exercise or
                 pharmaceutical stimulation and measure electrical changes
                 of the heart on the body surface via an electrocardiogram
                 (ECG). Such tests assume that both stress mechanisms
                 induce identical-or at least similar-forms of ischemia. To
                 improve electrocardiographic detection of myocardial
                 ischemia, we must study how varied stressing agents
                 (pharmacological or paced stressors) change
                 electrocardiographic signatures. We simultaneously
                 measured electrical recordings within the myocardium, on
                 the epicardial surface, and on the body surface. We then
                 induced acute, controlled ischemia and monitored the
                 electrical response. To create the hemodynamic substrate
                 for ischemia, we applied a hydraulic occlusion to the left
                 anterior descending coronary artery. We varied the
                 ischemic stress with two clinical protocols, the BRUCE and
                 dobutamine stress tests. Our results suggest significant
                 differences in the recorded electrical signal between
                 stress mechanisms. Differences include the location,
                 volume, and temporal development of ischemia throughout a
                 stress episode. These results, and the experimental means
                 used to obtain them, are a significant breakthrough in the
                 field with simultaneous, high density electrical
                 recordings within the myocardium and on the heart and
                 torso surfaces.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 21 16:16:20 2019",
  pmcid =        "PMC6648697",
}

@Article{RSM:Zen2020,
  author =       "B. Zenger and W.W. Good and J.A. Bergquist and B.M.
                 Burton and J.D. Tate and L. Berkenbile and V. Sharma and
                 R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Novel experimental model for studying the spatiotemporal
                 electrical signature of acute myocardial ischemia: a
                 translational platform.",
  journal =      j-JPM,
  year =         "2020",
  month =        "Feb",
  volume =       "41",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "015002",
  robnote =      "We set out to develop an experimental preparation to induce,
                 detect, and analyze bioelectric sources of myocardial
                 ischemia and determine how these sources reflect changes
                 in body-surface potential measurements. APPROACH: We
                 designed the experimental preparation with three important
                 characteristics: (1) enable comprehensive and simultaneous
                 high-resolution electrical recordings within the
                 myocardial wall, on the heart surface, and on the torso
                 surface; (2) develop techniques to visualize these
                 recorded electrical signals in time and space; and (3)
                 accurately and controllably simulate ischemic stress
                 within the heart by modulating the supply of blood, the
                 demand for perfusion, or a combination of both. MAIN
                 RESULTS: To achieve these goals we designed comprehensive
                 system that includes (1) custom electrode arrays (2)
                 signal acquisition and multiplexing units, (3) a surgical
                 technique to place electrical recording and myocardial
                 ischemic control equipment, and (4) an image based
                 modeling pipeline to acquire, process, and visualize the
                 results. With this setup, we are uniquely able to capture
                 simultaneously and continuously the electrical signatures
                 of acute myocardial ischemia within the heart, on the
                 heart surface, and on the body surface. SIGNIFICANCE: This
                 novel experimental preparation enables investigation of
                 the complex and dynamic nature of acute myocardial
                 ischemia that should lead to new, clinically translatable
                 results.",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 6 09:57:08 2020",
}

@Article{RSM:Zer90,
  author =       "G. Zernig",
  title =        "Widening Potential for ${\rm Ca^{2+}}$",
  journal =      "Trends Pharmacol. Sci.",
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "11",
  pages =        "38--44",
  robnote =      "Gerald first major review paper!, CardCell040",
}

@Article{RSM:Zha2015,
  author =       "J. Zhang and F. Sacher and K. Hoffmayer and T. O'Hara and
                 M. Strom and P. Cuculich and J. Silva and D. Cooper and

license: MIT

license_type: permissive