text:
}

@article{ laurentini:2001a,
  author = {Aldo Laurentini},
  title = {Topological Recognition of Polyhedral Objects from
  	Multiple Views},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {127},
  number = {1},
  pages = {31--55},
  topic = {shape-recognition;}
  }

@article{ lauriere:1978a,
  author = {Jean-Louis Lauriere},
  title = {A Language and a Program for Stating and Solving
  	Combinatorial Problems},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {29--127},
  topic = {constraint-satisfaction;combinatorics;}
  }

@article{ lauth:1995a,
  author = {Bernhard Lauth},
  title = {Inductive Inference in the Limit of Empirically
		Adequate Theories},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {24},
  number = {5},
  pages = {525--548},
  topic = {induction;}
  }

@book{ laux-wansing:1995a,
  editor = {Armin Laux and Heinrich Wansing},
  title = {Knowledge and Belief in Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {Akedemie Verlag},
  year = {1995},
  address = {Berlin},
  rtnote = {Not in Hillman.},
  topic = {epistemic-logic;propositional-attitudes;belief;}
 }

@incollection{ lave:1991a,
  author = {Jean Lave},
  title = {Situating Learning in Communities of
     		Practice},
  booktitle = {Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  year = {1991},
  editor = {Lauren B. Resnick and John M. Levine and
  	Stephanie D. Teasley},
  pages = {63--82},
  address = {Washington, D.C.},
  topic = {social-psychology;shared-cognition;}
  }

@article{ lavendhomme-lucas_t:2000a,
  author = {Ren\'e Lavendhomme and Thierry Lucas},
  title = {Sequent Calculi and Decision Procedures for Weak Modal
  	Systems},
  journal = {Studia Logica},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {66},
  number = {1},
  pages = {121--145},
  topic = {proof-theory;modal-logic;decidability;}
  }

@incollection{ laver:1989a,
  author = {John Laver},
  title = {Cognitive Science and Speech: A Framework for
		Research},
  booktitle = {Logic and Linguistics},
  publisher = {Lawrence Earlbaum Associates},
  year = {1989},
  editor = {Helmut Schnelle and Niels Ole Bernsen},
  pages = {37--70},
  address = {Hillsdale, New Jersey},
  topic = {cognitive-science-general;speech-perception;phonetics;}
  }

@incollection{ lavid:2000a,
  author = {Julia Lavid},
  title = {Contextual Constraints on Thematization in
     		Written Discourse: An Empirical Study},
  booktitle = {Formal Aspects of Context},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {2000},
  editor = {Pierre Bonzon and Marcos Cavalcanti and Rolf Nossum},
  pages = {37--47},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {context;corpus-linguistics;theme/rheme;}
  }

@unpublished{ lavignon-shoham_y1:1990a,
  author = {Jean-Fran\c{c}ois Lavignon and Yoav Shoham},
  title = {Temporal Automata},
  year = {1990},
  month = {August},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript, Computer Science Department, Stanford
  	University, Stanford, CA.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {temporal-reasoning;special-purpose-automata;}
  }

@incollection{ lavine:2006a,
  author = {Shaughan Lavine},
  title = {Something About Everything: Universal
     		Quantification in the Universal Sense of Universal
		Quantification},
  booktitle = {Absolute Generality},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2006},
  editor = {August\'in Rayo and Gabriel Uzquiano},
  pages = {75--148},
  address = {Oxford},
  topic = {philosophical-ontology;unrestrictive-quantification;}
  }

@incollection{ lawler:1998a,
  author = {John M. Lawler},
  title = {The Unix$^{\mbox{\tiny TM}}$ Language
		Family},
  booktitle = {Using Computers in Linguistics: A Practical Guide},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {John Lawler and Aristar Dry},
  pages = {138--169},
  address = {London},
  topic = {unix;}
  }

@book{ lawler-dry:1998a,
  editor = {John Lawler and Aristar Dry},
  title = {Using Computers in Linguistics: A Practical Guide},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  year = {1998},
  address = {London},
  contentnote = {TC:
  	0. John M. Lawler and Helen Aristar Dry, "Introduction",
		 pp. 1--9
	1. Gary F. Simons, "The Nature of Linguistic Data and
		the Requirements of a Computing Environment
		for Linguistic Research", pp. 10--25
	2. Helen Aristar Dry and Anthony Rodrigues Aristar, "The
		Internet: An Introduction", pp. 26--61
	3. Henry Rogers, "Education", pp. 62--100
	4. Susan Hockey, "Textual Databases", pp. 101--137
	5. John M. Lawler, "The Unix$^{\mbox{\tiny TM}}$ Language
		Family", pp. 138--169
	6. Evan L. Antworth and J. Randolph Valentine,
		"Software for Doing Field Linguistics", pp. 170--196
	7. James E. Hoard, "Language Understanding and the Emerging
		Alignment of Linguistics and Natural Language
		Processing", pp. 197--230
	8. Samuel Bayer and John Aberdeen and John Burger and Lynette
		Hirschman and David Palmer and Marc Vilain, "Theoretical
		and Computational Linguistics: Toward a Mutual
		Understanding", pp. 231--255
  	},
  topic = {linguistics-and-computation;}
 }

@incollection{ lawler-dry:1998b,
  author = {John M. Lawler and Helen Aristar Dry},
  title = {Introduction},
  booktitle = {Using Computers in Linguistics: A Practical Guide},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {John Lawler and Aristar Dry},
  pages = {1--9},
  address = {London},
  topic = {linguistics-and-computation;}
  }

@article{ lawry:2004a,
  author = {Jonathan Lawry},
  title = {A Framework for Linguistic Modelling},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {155},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {1--39},
  topic = {Bayesian-reasoning;statistical-nlp;}
  }

@article{ lawry-tang_yc:2009a,
  author = {Jonathan Lawry and Yongchuan Tang},
  title = {Uncertainty Modelling for Vague Concepts: A Prototype
  		Theory Approach},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {173},
  number = {18},
  pages = {1539--1558},
  topic = {vagueness;prototype-theory;}
  }

@book{ lawson:1997a,
  editor = {Aaron Lawson},
  title = {Proceedings from Semantics and Linguistic Theory {VII}},
  publisher = {Cornell University},
  year = {1997},
  address = {Ithaca, New York},
  note = {Available from CLC Publications, Department of Linguistics,
  	Morrill Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4701.},
  contentnote = {TC:
     1. Dorit Abusch and Mats Rooth, "Epistemic NP Modifiers", pp. 1--18
     2. Nicholas Asher, Daniel Hardt and Joan Busquets, "Discourse
     		Parallelism, Scope, and Ellipsis", pp. 19--36
     3. Franz Beil, "The Definiteness Effect in Attributive
     		Comparatives", pp. 37--54
     4. Christine Brisson, "On Definite Plural NP's and the Meaning
     		of all", pp. 55--72
     5. Gennaro Chierchia, "Partitives, Reference to Kinds and
     		Semantic Variation", pp. 73--98
     6. Vaneeta Dayal, "Free Relatives and Ever Identity and Free
     		Choice Readings", pp. 99--116
     7. Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin, "Types of Predicates and the
     		Representation of Existential Readings", pp. 117--134
     8. Vivienne Fong, "A Diphasic Approach to Directional
     		Locatives", pp. 135--150
     9. Anette Frank and Hans Kamp, "On Context Dependence in Modal
     		Constructions", pp. 151--168
     10. Sheila Glasbey, "I-Level Predicates that Allow Existential
     		Readings for Bare Plurals", pp. 169--179
     11. Javier Gutiirrez-Rexach, "Dynamic Action Semantics and
     		Deontic Operators", pp. 180--196
     12. Irene Heim, "Predicates or Formulas? Evidence from
     		Ellipsis", pp. 197--221
     13. Roumyana Izvorski, "The Present Perfect as an Epistemic
     		Modal", pp. 222--239
     14. Christopher Kennedy, "Comparison and Polar
     		Opposition", pp. 240--257
     15. Rodger Kibble, "Complement Anaphora and Dynamic
     		Binding", pp. 258--275
     16. Christopher Pinon, "Achievements in Event
     		Semantics", pp. 276--293
     17. Joost Zwarts and Yoad Winter, "A Semantic Characterization
     		of Locative PPs ", pp. 295--311
    },
  rtnote = {In RHT Collection.  LLP edited shelves.},
  topic = {nl-semantics;}
 }

@article{ lazanas-latombe:1995a,
  author = {Anthony Lazanas and Jean-Claude Latombe},
  title = {Motion Planning with Uncertainty: A Landmark Approach},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {76},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {287--317},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     In robotics uncertainty exists at both planning and execution
     time.  Effective planning must make sure that enough information
     becomes available to the sensors during execution, to allow the
     robot to correctly identify the states it traverses.  It requires
     selecting a set of states, associating a motion command with
     every state, and synthesizing functions to recognize state
     achievement.  These three tasks are often interdependent,
     causing existing planners to be either unsound, incomplete,
     and/or computationally impractical.  In this paper we partially
     break this interdependence by assuming the existence of landmark
     regions in the workspace.  We define such regions as ``islands of
     perfection'' where position sensing and motion control are
     accurate.  Using this notion, we propose a sound and complete
     planner of polynomial complexity.  Creating landmarks may
     require some prior engineering of the robot and/or its
     environment.  Though we believe that such engineering is
     unavoidable in order to build reliable practical robot systems,
     its cost must be reduced as much as possible.  With this goal in
     mind, we also investigate how some of our original assumptions
     can be eliminated.  In particular, we show that sensing and
     control do not have to be perfect in landmark regions.  We also
     study the dependency of a plan on control uncertainty and we
     show that the structure of a reliable plan only changes at
     critical values of this uncertainty.  Hence, any uncertainty
     reduction between two consecutive such values is useless.  The
     proposed planner has been implemented.  Experimentation has been
     successfully conducted both in simulation and using a NOMAD-200
     mobile robot. },
  topic = {robot-motion;motion-planning;}
  }

@book{ le_kf:1989a,
  author = {Kai-Fu Lee},
  title = {Automatic Speech Recognition: The Development of the
   {SPHINX} System},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1989},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {speech-recognition;}
 }

@book{ leach:1976a,
  author = {Edmund Leach},
  title = {Culture and Communication: The Logic by which Symbols Are
  	Connected},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1976},
  address = {Cambridge, England},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.  LL Shelves.},
  topic = {cultural-anthropology;structuralism;semiotics;}
 }

@incollection{ leacock-chodorow:1998a,
  author = {Claudia Leacock and Martin Chodorow},
  title = {Combining Local Context
    		and {W}ord{N}et Similarity for Word Sense
		Identification},
  booktitle = {Word{N}et: An Electronic Lexical Database},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Christaine Fellbaum},
  pages = {265--283},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  topic = {wordnet;lexical-disambiguation;}
  }

@article{ leacock-etal:1998a,
  author = {Claudia Leacock and Martin Chodorow and George A.
  	Miller},
  title = {Using Corpus Statistics and {W}ord{N}et Relations for
  	Sense Identification},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {147--165},
  topic = {corpus-statistics;lexical-disambiguation;WordNet;}
  }

@book{ leake:1996a,
  editor = {David B. Leake},
  title = {Case-Based Reasoning},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {1996},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  topic = {case-based-reasoning;}
 }

@article{ leake:2003a,
  author = {David B. Leake},
  title = {Report on the {S}eventh {I}nternational {C}onference
  	on {I}ntelligent {U}ser {I}nterfaces ({IUI}-2003},
  journal = {The {AI} Magazine},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {24},
  number = {4},
  pages = {131--132},
  topic = {HCI;}
  }

@incollection{ leake-etal:2005a,
  author = {David Leake and Ana Maguitman and Thomas Reichherzer},
  title = {Exploiting Rich Context:  An Incremental Approach to
  	Context-Based Web Search},
  booktitle = {Modeling and Using Context: 5th International and
  	Interdisciplinary Conference},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {2005},
  editor = {Anind Dey and Boicho Kokinov and David Leake and Roy Turner},
  pages = {254--267},
  address = {Berlin},
  topic = {context;intelligent-information-retrieval;}
  }

@incollection{ lean:1962a,
  author = {M.E. Lean},
  title = {{M}r. {G}asking on Avowals},
  booktitle = {Analytical Philosophy, First Series},
  publisher = {Barnes and Noble},
  year = {1962},
  editor = {Ronald J. Butler},
  pages = {169--186},
  address = {New York},
  xref = {Commentary on: gasking:1962a.},
  topic = {indexicals;}
  }

@book{ leasombe:1990a,
  author = {Le\'a Somb\'e {P.~Besnard, M.O.~Cordier, D.~Dubois
  	L.~Fari\~nas del Cerro, C.~Froidevox, Y.~Moinard, H.~Prade,
	C.~Schwind, and P.~Siegel}},
  title = {Reasoning Under Incomplete Information in Artificial
  	Intelligence: A Comparison of Formalisms Using a Single
	Example},
  publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
  year = {1990},
  address = {New York},
  topic = {reasoning-about-uncertainty;}
 }

@book{ lebart-etal:1998a,
  author = {Ludvic Lebart and Andr\'e Salem and Lisette Barry},
  title = {Exploring Textual Data},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1998},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  ISBN = {0-7923-4840-0},
  xref = {Review: biber:1999a.},
  topic = {corpus-statistics;multivariate-statistics;cluster-analysis;}
 }

@article{ lebbah-lhomme:2002a,
  author = {Yahia Lebbah and Olivier Lhomme},
  title = {Accelerating Filtering Techniques for Numeric {CSP}s},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {139},
  number = {1},
  pages = {109--132},
  topic = {constraint-satisfaction;}
  }

@incollection{ lebbink-etal:2003a,
  author = {Henk-Jan Lebbink and Cilia Witteman and John-Jules Meyer},
  title = {A Dialogue to Agree to Disagree about Inconsistent
		Information},
  booktitle = {Diabruck 2003: Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on the
  	Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue},
  publisher = {Universit\"at des Saarlandes},
  year = {2003},
  editor = {Ivana Kruijff-Korbayov\'a and Claudia Kosny},
  pages = {83--90},
  address = {Saarbr\"ucken},
  topic = {discourse;pragmatics;assertion;}
  }

@incollection{ leber-napoli_a:2002a,
  author = {Florence Le Ber and Amedeo Napoli},
  title = {Design and Comparison of Lattices of Topological Relations
  	Based on {G}alois Lattice Theory},
  booktitle = {{KR2002}: Principles of Knowledge Representation and
  	Reasoning},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {2002},
  editor = {Dieter Fensel and Fausto Giunchiglia and Deborah
  	L. McGuinness and Mary-Anne Williams},
  pages = {37--46},
  address = {San Francisco, California},
  topic = {kr;spatial-representation;spatial-reasoning;}
  }

@book{ leblanc:1973a,
  editor = {Hugues Leblanc},
  title = {Truth, Syntax and Modality},
  publisher = {North-Holland},
  year = {1973},
  address = {Amsterdam},
  topic = {philosophical-logic;}
 }

@article{ leblanc:1983a,
  author = {Hugues Leblanc},
  title = {Probability Functions and Their Assumption Sets---The
  	Singulary Case},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {379--402},
  topic = {probability-semantics;}
  }

@incollection{ leblanc:1983b,
  author = {Hughes Leblanc},
  title = {Alternatives to Standard First-Order Semantics},
  booktitle = {Handbook of Philosophical Logic, Volume {I}:
  	Elements of Classical Logic},
  publisher = {D. Reidel Publishing Co.},
  year = {1983},
  editor = {Dov Gabbay and Franz Guenther},
  pages = {189--274},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {probability-semantics;}
 }

@book{ leblanc-etal:1983a,
  editor = {Hugues Leblanc and Raphael Stern and Raymond Gumb},
  title = {Essays in Epistemology and Semantics},
  publisher = {Haven Publications},
  year = {1983},
  address = {New York},
  topic = {epistemology;nl-semantics;}
 }

@article{ leblanc-etal:1989a,
  author = {Hugues Leblanc and Peter Roeper and Michael Thau and
  	George Weaver},
  title = {Henkin's Completeness Proof: Forty Years Later},
  journal = {Notre {D}ame Journal of Formal Logic},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {32},
  number = {2},
  pages = {212--232},
  topic = {completeness-theorems;},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  }

@incollection{ leblanc-meyer_rk:1970a,
  author = {Hughes Leblanc and Robert K. Meyer},
  title = {Truth-Value Semantics for the Theory of Types},
  booktitle = {Philosophical Problems in Logic: Some Recent Developments},
  publisher = {D. Reidel Publishing Co.},
  year = {1970},
  editor = {Karel Lambert},
  pages = {77--101},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {higher-order-logic;completeness-theorems;}
  }

@article{ lebowitz:1983a,
  author = {Michael Lebowitz},
  title = {Memory-Based Parsing},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {21},
  number = {4},
  pages = {363--404},
  topic = {parsing-algorithms;}
  }

@article{ leckie-zukerman:1998a,
  author = {Christopher Leckie and Ingrid Zukerman},
  title = {Inductive Learning of Search Control Rules for Planning},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {101},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {63--98},
  topic = {machine-learning;planning;search;}
  }

@article{ lecoutre-etal:2009a,
  author = {Christophe Lecoutre and Lakhdar Sas and Sbastien Tabary and
  		Vincent Vidal},
  title = {Reasoning from Last Conflict(s) in Constraint Programming},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {173},
  number = {18},
  pages = {1592--1614},
  topic = {constraint-satisfaction;conflicts;}
  }

@article{ ledesma-etal:1997a,
  author = {Luis de Ledesma and Aurora P\'erez and Daniel Borrajo
  	and Luis M. Laita},
  title = {A Computational Approach to {G}eorge {B}oole's Discovery
  	of Mathematical Logic},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {91},
  number = {2},
  pages = {281--307},
  topic = {automated-scientific-discovery;}
  }

@article{ lee_ch:1988a,
  author = {Chia-Hoang Lee},
  title = {Interpreting Image Curve from Multiframes},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {145--163},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     A method of reconstructing the structure of a rigid space curve
     from multiframes is presented. The problem is formulated as:
     Does there exist a unique reconstruction of a general smooth
     space curve from images if the curve is moving constantly in the
     space?  What is the minimum information needed to allow such a
     reconstruction? The motion here is taken to be general, but
     rotates about a fixed axis uniformly. The only featured points
     are the two endpoints of the curve. We first establish a
     necessary and sufficient condition on the number of frames for
     determining the motion with only two feature points observable.
     Also, whether the underlying motion meets the formulation of the
     problem can be checked from the observables. Next, we show that
     the ambiguities of matching a given nonfeatured point on the
     curve in one frame are limited to the intersections of a
     straight line and the image curve on the other frame.  The
     ambiguities of matching nonfeature points can then be resolved
     and the reconstruction of the space curve follows readily.
     Experiments and examples are provided to illustrate each step of
     the method.  Furthermore, we find that conclusions obtained by
     Yuille and Poggio [8] (generalized ordering constraint) in the
     case of parallel projection are either special cases of or can
     be easily derived from this method.
  },
  topic = {spatial-reasoning;multiframes;motion-reconstruction;}
  }

@article{ lee_ch:1988b,
  author = {Chia-Hoang Lee},
  title = {A Comparison of Two Evidential Reasoning Schemes},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1},
  pages = {127--134},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     Cordon and Shortliffe [2] advocate the use of Dempster-Shafer
     (D-S) theory in the evidence-gathering process.  It is stated
     that they are unaware of any formal model which could allow
     inexact reasoning at whatever level of abstraction.  Pearl [3]
     later shows how evidential reasoning can be conducted in the
     same hypothesis space using a Bayesian model.  The purpose of
     this note is to examine the difference between these two
     schemes, and to point out certain inconsistencies of this
     Bayesian model with the motives behind the use of the D-S model.  },
  topic = {Dempster-Shafer-theory;Bayesian-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ lee_ch-rosenfeld:1985a,
  author = {Chia-Hoang Lee and Azriel Rosenfeld},
  title = {Improved Methods of Estimating Shape from Shading Using
  	the Light Source Coordinate System},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {26},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125--143},
  topic = {shape-recognition;}
  }

@incollection{ lee_ck-etal:2000a,
  author = {Chanki Lee and Geunbae Lee and Seo Jung Yun},
  title = {Automatic Word{N}et Mapping Using Word Sense Disambiguation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference
  	on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2000},
  editor = {Hinrich Sch\"utze and Keh-Yih Su},
  pages = {142--147},
  address = {Somerset, New Jersey},
  topic = {WordNet;Korean-language;machine-learning;}
  }

@article{ lee_dd:1938a,
  author = {Dorothy Demetracopolou Lee},
  title = {Conceptual Implications of an {I}ndian Language},
  journal = {Philosophy of Science},
  year = {1938},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {89--102},
  missinginfo = {number},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {cognitive-anthropology;linguistic-relativity;}
  }

@article{ lee_dd:1944a,
  author = {Dorothy Demetracopolou Lee},
  title = {Categories of the Generic and the Particular in {W}intu},
  journal = {American Anthropologist},
  year = {1944},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {362--369},
  missinginfo = {number},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {cognitive-anthropology;linguistic-relativity;generics;}
  }

@incollection{ lee_e-geller:1996a,
  author = {Eunice (Yugyun) Lee and James Geller},
  title = {Parallel Transitive Reasoning in Mixed Relational Hierarchies},
  booktitle = {{KR}'96: Principles of Knowledge Representation and
  	Reasoning},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Luigia Carlucci Aiello and Jon Doyle and Stuart Shapiro},
  pages = {576--587},
  address = {San Francisco, California},
  topic = {kr;mereology;inheritance;inheritance-theory;mereology;
		parallel-processing;kr-course;}
  }

@article{ lee_hs-schor:1992a,
  author = {Ho Soo Lee and Marshall I. Schor},
  title = {Match Algorithms for Generalized {R}ete Networks},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {54},
  number = {3},
  pages = {249--274},
  topic = {rete-networks;AI-algorithms;}
  }

@article{ lee_jy-etal:2003a,
  author = {Jinyun Lee and Mieko Ogura and William S.-Y. Yang},
  title = {Optimization Models of Sound Systems Using Genetic
  	Algorithms},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--18},
  topic = {phonololgy;genetic-algorithms;}
  }

@article{ lee_jy-lin_fz:2006a,
  author = {Joohyung Lee and Fangzhen Lin},
  title = {Loop Formulas for Circumscription},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {170},
  number = {2},
  pages = {160--},
  topic = {circumscription;logic-programming;nonmonotonic-logic;
  	nonmonotonic-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ lee_kf-mahajan:1988a,
  author = {Kai-Fu Lee and Sanjoy Mahajan},
  title = {A Pattern Classification Approach to Evaluation Function
  	Learning},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--25},
  topic = {machine-learning;}
  }

@article{ lee_kf-mahajan:1990a,
  author = {Kai-Fu Lee and Sanjoy Mahajan},
  title = {The Development of a World Class {O}thello Program},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {43},
  number = {1},
  pages = {21--36},
  topic = {game-playing;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lee_l:1997a,
  author = {Lillian Lee},
  title = {Fast Context-Free Parsing Requires Fast Boolean
			Matrix Multiplication},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the
		{A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics and Eighth
		Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {A}ssociation
		for {C}omputational {L}inguistics},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Philip R. Cohen and Wolfgang Wahlster},
  pages = {9--15},
  organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  address = {Somerset, New Jersey},
  topic = {parsing-algorithms;parsing-efficiency;}
 }

@article{ lee_l:2000a,
  author = {Lillian Lee},
  title = {Review of \emph{{F}oundations of Statistical Natural Language
  	Processing}, by {C}hristopher {D}. {M}anning and {H}inrich
	{S}ch\"utze},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {26},
  number = {2},
  pages = {277--279},
  xref = {manning-schutze_h:1999a.},
  topic = {statistical-nlp;}
  }

@incollection{ lee_l:2002a,
  author = {Lillian Lee},
  title = {A Non-Programming Introduction to Computer Science
     		Via {NLP}, {IR}, and {AI}},
  booktitle = {Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching
            {NLP} and {CL}},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2002},
  editor = {Dragomir Radev and Chris Brew},
  pages = {32--37},
  address = {New Brunswick, New Jersey},
  topic = {nlp-pedagogy;}
  }

@article{ lee_mh:1999a,
  author = {M.H. Lee},
  title = {Qualitative Circuit Models in Failure Analysis Reasoning},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {111},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {239--276},
  topic = {qualitative-reasoning;diagnosis;}
  }

@incollection{ lee_sh-etal:2005a,
  author = {Seunghwa Lee and Heeyong Youn and Eunseek Lee},
  title = {Context Adaptive Self-Configuration System Based on Multi-Agent},
  booktitle = {Modeling and Using Context: 5th International and
  	Interdisciplinary Conference},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {2005},
  editor = {Anind Dey and Boicho Kokinov and David Leake and Roy Turner},
  pages = {268--277},
  address = {Berlin},
  topic = {context;automated-configuration;}
  }

@article{ lee_sj-etal:1985a,
  author = {Shih Jong Lee and Robert M. Haralick and Ming Chua Zhang},
  title = {Understanding Objects with Curved Surfaces from a Single
  	Perspective View of Boundaries},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {26},
  number = {2},
  pages = {145--169},
  topic = {shape-recognition;}
  }

@article{ lee_sj-plaisted:1994a,
  author = {Shie-Jue Lee and David A. Plaisted},
  title = {Problem Solving by Searching for Models with a Theorem
  	Prover},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {69},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {205--233},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     Given a problem described as a set of rules or constraints,
     finding solutions that satisfy these constraints is a central
     task in the area of artificial intelligence.  We present a
     theorem prover that can solve a problem by searching for models.
     The problem representation it accepts is in first-order logic
     which is fully declarative.  The solutions obtained are logical
     consequences of the constraints, so they are correct.  Negative
     information can be asserted and processed correctly.  Finally, if
     the problem has multiple solutions, all of them can be found.},
  topic = {theorem-proving;constraint-satisfaction;problem-solving;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lee_ww-kuipers_bj:1988a1,
  author = {Wood W. Lee and Benjamin J. Kuipers},
  title = {Non-Intersection of Trajectories in Qualitative Phase
  	Space: A Global Constraint for Qualitative Simulation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on
              Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1988},
  editor = {Reid Smith and Tom Mitchell},
  pages = {286--290},
  organization = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {AAAI Press},
  address = {Menlo Park, CA},
  xref = {Republication: lee_ww-kuipers_bj:1988a1.},
  topic = {qualitative-physics;qualitative-simulation;qualitative-reasoning;}
  }

@incollection{ lee_ww-kuipers_bj:1988a2,
  author = {Wood W. Lee and Benjamin J. Kuipers},
  title = {Non-Intersection of Trajectories in Qualitative Phase
  	Space: A Global Constraint for Qualitative Simulation},
  booktitle = {Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1990},
  editor = {Daniel S. Weld and Johan de Kleer},
  pages = {268--277},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  xref = {Republication of: lee_ww-kuipers_bj:1988a1.},
  topic = {qualitative-physics;qualitative-simulation;qualitative-reasoning;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lee_ys-etal:1997a,
  author = {Young-Suk Lee and Clifford Weinstein and Stefanie
  	Seneff and Dinesh Tummala},
  title = {Ambiguity Resolution for Machine Translation of
  	Telegraphic Messages},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the
		{A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics and Eighth
		Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {A}ssociation
		for {C}omputational {L}inguistics},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Philip R. Cohen and Wolfgang Wahlster},
  pages = {120--125},
  organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  address = {Somerset, New Jersey},
  topic = {machine-translation;disambiguation;}
 }

@book{ leech:1983a,
  author = {Geoffrey Leech},
  title = {Principles of Pragmatics},
  publisher = {Longman},
  year = {1983},
  address = {London},
  topic = {pragmatics;}
 }

@incollection{ leech:1997a,
  author = {Geoffrey Leech},
  title = {Introducing Corpus Annotation},
  booktitle = {Corpus Annotation},
  publisher = {Longman},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Roger Garside and Geoffrey Leech and Tony McEnery},
  pages = {1--18},
  address = {London},
  topic = {corpus-linguistics;corpus-annotation;}
  }

@incollection{ leech:1997b,
  author = {Geoffrey Leech},
  title = {Grammatical Tagging},
  booktitle = {Corpus Annotation},
  publisher = {Longman},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Roger Garside and Geoffrey Leech and Tony McEnery},
  pages = {19--33},
  address = {London},
  topic = {corpus-linguistics;corpus-annotation;corpus-tagging;}
  }

@incollection{ leech-etal:1997a,
  author = {Geoffrey Leech and Tony McEnery and Martin Wynne},
  title = {Further Levels of Annotation},
  booktitle = {Corpus Annotation},
  publisher = {Longman},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Roger Garside and Geoffrey Leech and Tony McEnery},
  pages = {85--101},
  address = {London},
  topic = {corpus-linguistics;corpus-annotation;}
  }

@incollection{ leech-eyes:1997a,
  author = {Geoffrey Leech and Elizabeth Eyes},
  title = {Syntactic Annotation: Treebanks},
  booktitle = {Corpus Annotation},
  publisher = {Longman},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Roger Garside and Geoffrey Leech and Tony McEnery},
  pages = {34--52},
  address = {London},
  topic = {corpus-linguistics;corpus-annotation;treebank-annotation;}
  }

@article{ leeds:1978a,
  author = {Stephen Leeds},
  title = {Theories of Reference and Truth},
  journal = {Erkenntnis},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {111--129},
  missinginfo = {number},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {nl-semantics;truth-definitions;reference;}
  }

@article{ leeds:1997a,
  author = {Stephen Leeds},
  title = {Incommensurability and Vagueness},
  journal = {No\^us},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {385--407},
  topic = {incommensurability-of-theories;vagueness;}
  }

@article{ leeds:2002a,
  author = {Stephen Leeds},
  title = {Perception, Transparency, and the Language of Thought},
  journal = {No\^us},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1},
  pages = {104--},
  topic = {perception;mental-language;}
  }

@article{ leeds:2004a,
  author = {Stephen Leeds},
  title = {Foundations of Statistical Mechanics---Two Approaches},
  journal = {Philosophy of Science},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {71},
  number = {1},
  pages = {126--144},
  topic = {philosophy-of-physics;foundations-of-thermodynamics;}
  }

@article{ leekam-prior_m:1994a,
  author = {Susan Leekam and Margot Prior},
  title = {Can Autistic Children Distinguish Lies from Jokes?
  	A Second Look at Second-Order Belief Attribution},
  journal = {Journal of Child Psychology},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {35},
  number = {5},
  month = {July},
  missinginfo = {pages},
  topic = {propositional-attitude-ascription;}
  }

@incollection{ lees:1971a,
  author = {Robert B. Lees},
  title = {Problems in the Grammatical Analysis of {E}nglish Nominal
  	Compounds},
  booktitle = {Progress in Linguistics:  A Collection of Papers},
  publisher = {Mouton},
  year = {1971},
  editor = {Manfred Bierwisch and Karl Erich Heidolph},
  pages = {174--86},
  address = {The Hague},
  topic = {compound-nouns;}
  }

@article{ lees-klima:1963a,
  author = {Robert B. Lees and Edward S. Klima},
  title = {Rules for {E}nglish Pronominalization},
  journal = {Language},
  year = {1963},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {17--28},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {anaphora;}
  }

@incollection{ leger-etal:2005a,
  author = {Laure L\'eger and Charles Tijus and Thierry Baccino},
  title = {Effect of the Task, Visual and Semantic Context on
  	Word Target Detection},
  booktitle = {Modeling and Using Context: 5th International and
  	Interdisciplinary Conference},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {2005},
  editor = {Anind Dey and Boicho Kokinov and David Leake and Roy Turner},
  pages = {278--292},
  address = {Berlin},
  topic = {context;cognitive-psychology;psycholinguistics;}
  }

@article{ leggitt-gibbs_rw:2000a,
  author = {J.S. Leggitt and R.W. {Gibbs, Jr.}},
  title = {Emotional Reactions to Verbal Irony},
  journal = {Discourse Processes},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--24},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name},
  topic = {irony;}
  }

@article{ legris:2004a,
  author = {Javier Legris},
  title = {Review of \emph{{A} Hundred Years of Logical Investigations.
  		Reform Efforts of Logic in {G}ermany 1781-1879}, by
		{R}isto {V}ilkko},
  journal = {Bulletin of Symbolic Logic},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {419--421},
  xref = {Review of: vilkko:2002a.},
  topic = {history-of-logic;}
  }

@book{ lehman:1992a,
  author = {Jill Fain Lehman},
  title = {Adaptive Parsing: Self-Extending Natural Language Interfaces},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1992},
  address = {Boston},
  ISBN = {0792391837 (paper)},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Union Library, QA 76.9 .N38 L441 1992.},
  topic = {adaptive-interfaces;machine-language-learning;}
 }

@incollection{ lehman:1996a,
  author = {Jill Fain Lehman},
  title = {Meaning Matters: Response to {M}iller},
  booktitle = {Mind Matters: A Tribute to {A}llen {N}ewell},
  publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {David M. Steier and Tom M. Mitchell},
  address = {Mahwah, New Jersey},
  pages = {133--140},
  topic = {cognitive-architectures;nl-processing;parsing-psychology;
  	lexical-semantics;}
  }

@incollection{ lehman-carbonell:1989a,
  author = {Jill Fain Lehman and Jaime Carbonell},
  title = {Learning the User's Language: A Step Towards Automated
		Creation of User Models},
  booktitle = {User Models in Dialog Systems},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {1989},
  editor = {Alfred Kobsa and Wolfgang Wahlster},
  pages = {163--194},
  address = {Berlin},
  topic = {user-modeling;machine-language-learning;}
 }

@unpublished{ lehman-etal:1997a,
  author = {Jill Fain Lehman and Julie {van Dyke} and Deryle Lonsdale and
  	Nancy L. Green and Mark Smith},
  title = {A Building Block Approach to a Unified Language Capability},
  year = {1997},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript, Computer Science Department,
  	Carnegie Mellon University.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {cognitive-architectures;computational-linguistics;NL-Soar;}
  }

@unpublished{ lehman-etal:1997b,
  author = {Jill Fain Lehman},
  title = {Toward the Use of Speech and Natural Language Technology
		in Language Intervention},
  year = {1997},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript, Computer Science Department,
  	Carnegie Mellon University.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {computer-assisted-language-development;}
  }

@incollection{ lehmann_d:1989a,
  author = {Daniel Lehmann},
  title = {What Does a Conditional Knowledge Base Entail?},
  booktitle = {{KR}'89: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1989},
  editor = {Ronald J. Brachman and Hector J. Levesque and Raymond Reiter},
  pages = {212--222},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  topic = {kr;kr-course;nonmonotonic-conditionals;nonmonotonic-logic;}
  }

@techreport{ lehmann_d:1992a1,
  author = {Daniel Lehmann},
  title = {Plausibility Logic},
  institution = {Department of Computer Science, The Hebrew
  	University of Jerusalem},
  number = {TR--92--3},
  year = {1992},
  address = {Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {kr;nonmonotonic-logic;kr-course;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lehmann_d:1995a,
  author = {Daniel Lehmann},
  title = {Belief Revision Revised},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint
  	Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1995},
  editor = {Chris Mellish},
  pages = {1534--1540},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  address = {San Francisco},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {belief-revision;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lehmann_d:1997a,
  author = {Daniel Lehmann},
  title = {What is Qualitative?  A Framework for
        Quantitative and Qualitative Decision Theory},
  booktitle = {Working Papers of the {AAAI} Spring Symposium on
  	Qualitative Preferences in Deliberation and Practical
	Reasoning},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Jon Doyle and Richmond H. Thomason},
  pages = {65--70},
  organization = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  address = {Menlo Park, California},
  topic = {qualitative-utility;nonstandard-probability;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lehmann_d:1998a,
  author = {Daniel Lehmann},
  title = {Nonstandard Numbers for Qualitative Decision Making},
  booktitle = {Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Knowledge:
    Proceedings of the Seventh Conference ({TARK} 1998)},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Itzhak Gilboa},
  pages = {161--174},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  address = {San Francisco, California},
  topic = {qualitative-utility;nonstandard-probability;}
  }

@article{ lehmann_d-etal:2001a,
  author = {Daniel Lehmann and Menachem Magidor and Karl Schlechta},
  title = {Distance Semantics for Belief Revision},
  journal = {Journal of Symbolic Logic},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {66},
  number = {1},
  pages = {295--317},
  topic = {belief-revision;conditionals;}
  }

@techreport{ lehmann_d-magidor_m:1988a,
  author = {Daniel Lehmann and Menachim Magidor},
  title = {Rational Logics and Their Models:  A Study in Cumulative
  		Logics},
  institution = {Department of Computer Science, The Hebrew
  		University of Jerusalem},
  year = {1988},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {nonmonotonic-logic;model-preference;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lehmann_d-magidor_m:1990a,
  author = {Daniel Lehmann and Menachem Magidor},
  title = {Preferential Logics:  The Predicate Calculus Case},
  booktitle = {Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Knowledge:
    Proceedings of the Third Conference ({TARK} 1990)},
  year = {1990},
  editor = {Rohit Parikh},
  pages = {57--72},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  address = {Los Altos, California},
  topic = {nonmonotonic-logic;model-preference;}
  }

@article{ lehmann_d-magidor_m:1992b1,
  author = {Daniel Lehmann and Menachem Magidor},
  title = {What Does a Conditional Knowledge Base Entail?},
  journal = {Artificial intelligence},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {55},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--60},
  topic = {nonmonotonic-conditionals;nonmonotonic-logic;}
 }

@inproceedings{ lehmann_dj:1984a,
  author = {Daniel J. Lehmann},
  title = {Knowledge, Common Knowledge, and Related Puzzles},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third {ACM} Symposium on
  	Principles of Distributed Computing},
  year = {1984},
  pages = {62--67},
  missinginfo = {editor, publisher},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {mutual-belief;}
  }

@book{ lehmann_f:1992a,
  editor = {Fritz Lehmann},
  title = {Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {Pergamon Press},
  year = {1992},
  address = {Oxford},
  topic = {kr; semantic-nets;kr-course;}
 }

@incollection{ lehmann_f:1992b,
  author = {Fritz Lehmann},
  title = {Semantic Networks},
  booktitle = {Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {Pergamon Press},
  year = {1992},
  editor = {Fritz Lehmann},
  pages = {1--50},
  address = {Oxford},
  xref = {Also published in Computers and Mathematics with Applications;
  	vol. 23; 1992.},
  topic = {kr;semantic-nets;kr-course;}
  }

@article{ lehmann_s:1994a,
  author = {Scott Lehmann},
  title = {Strict {F}regean Free Logic},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {23},
  number = {3},
  pages = {307--335},
  topic = {reference-gaps;Frege;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lehnert:1986a,
  author = {Wendy Lehnert},
  title = {A Conceptual Theory of Question Answeing},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on
              Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1986},
  editor = {Tom Kehler and Stan Rosenschein},
  pages = {158--164},
  organization = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  address = {Los Altos, California},
  xref = {Republication in: grosz-etal:1986a.},
  topic = {nl-understanding;question-answering;}
  }

@incollection{ lehnert:1988a,
  author = {Wendy G. Lehnert},
  title = {Knowledge-Based Natural Language Understanding},
  booktitle = {Exploring Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1988},
  editor = {Howard E. Shrobe},
  pages = {83--132},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  topic = {kr;nl-kr;nl-interpretation;nl-survey;conceptual-dependency;
  	kr-course;}
  }

@article{ lehnert-etal:1983a,
  author = {Wendy G. Lehnert},
  title = {{BORIS}---An Experiment in In-Depth Understanding of
  	Narratives},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15--62},
  topic = {narrative-understanding;}
  }

@book{ lehnert-ringle:1982a,
  editor = {Wendy G. Lehnert and Martin H. Ringle},
  title = {Strategies For Natural Language Processing},
  publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
  year = {1982},
  address = {Hillsdale, New Jersey},
  ISBN = {0898591910},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Union Library, QA76.9.I58 S89 1982},
  topic = {nl-proccessing;nl-interpretation;}
 }

@article{ lehrer_a:1968a,
  author = {Adrienne Lehrer},
  title = {Competence, Grammaticality, and Sentence Complexity},
  journal = {The Philosophical Forum},
  year = {1968},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {85--93},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {philosophy-of-linguistics;competence;}
  }

@article{ lehrer_a:1971a,
  author = {Adrienne Lehrer},
  title = {Semantics: An Overview},
  journal = {The Linguistic Reporter},
  year = {1971},
  pages = {201--207},
  note = {Supplement 27.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {nl-semantics;}
  }

@article{ lehrer_a:1972a,
  author = {Adrienne Lehrer},
  title = {Evaluating Grammars: What Counts as Data?},
  journal = {Lingua},
  year = {1972},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {201--207},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {philosophy-of-linguistics;}
  }

@article{ lehrer_a-lehrer_k:1982a,
  author = {Adrienne Lehrer and Keith Lehrer},
  title = {Antonymy},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {483--501},
  topic = {anyonymy;nl-semantics;negation;}
  }

@article{ lehrer_k:1959a,
  author = {Keith Lehrer},
  title = {Ifs, Cans, and Causes},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {1959--1960},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {122--124},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {ability;conditionals;JL-Austin;}
  }

@article{ lehrer_k:1961a,
  author = {Keith Lehrer},
  title = {Cans and Conditionals: A Rejoinder},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {1961},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {23--24},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {ability;conditionals;JL-Austin;}
  }

@article{ lehrer_k:1962a,
  author = {Keith Lehrer},
  title = {Can the Will Be Caused?},
  journal = {The Philosophical Review},
  year = {1962},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {49--92},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {freedom;causality;volition;}
  }

@article{ lehrer_k:1963a,
  author = {Keith Lehrer},
  title = {Decisions and Causes},
  journal = {The Philosophical Review},
  year = {1963},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {224--227},
  missinginfo = {number},
  xref = {Discussion of ginet:1962a.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.  Filed with ginet:1962a.},
  topic = {freedom;causality;}
  }

@article{ lehrer_k:1963b,
  author = {Keith Lehrer},
  title = {\,`Could' and Determinism},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {1964},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {159--160},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {ability;conditionals;JL-Austin;counterfactual-past;}
  }

@book{ lehrer_k:1966a,
  editor = {Keith Lehrer},
  title = {Freedom and Determinism},
  publisher = {Random House},
  year = {1968},
  address = {New York},
  topic = {freedom;(in)determinism;}
 }

@article{ lehrer_k:1968a,
  author = {Keith Lehrer},
  title = {Cans Without Ifs},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {1968},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {29--32},
  missinginfo = {number},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {ability;conditionals;freedom;JL-Austin;}
  }

@incollection{ lehrer_k:1976a,
  author = {Keith Lehrer},
  title = {\,`Can' in Theory and Practice: A Possible Worlds Analysis},
  booktitle = {Action Theory},
  publisher = {D. Reidel Publishing Co.},
  year = {1976},
  editor = {Myles Brand and Douglas Walton},
  pages = {241--270},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {ability;}
  }

@article{ lehrer_k:1984a,
  author = {Keith Lehrer},
  title = {Coherence, Consensus and Language},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {43--55},
  topic = {coherence;philosophy-of-language;}
  }

@article{ lehrer_k-taylor_r:1965a,
  author = {Keith Lehrer and Richard Taylor},
  title = {Time, Truth, and Modalities},
  journal = {Mind, New Series},
  year = {1965},
  volume = {74},
  number = {295},
  pages = {390--398},
  rtnote = {tmix-project;},
  topic = {temporal-logic;modal-logic;}
  }

@incollection{ leib:1967a,
  author = {Hans-Heinrich Lieb},
  title = {On Subdividing Semiotic},
  booktitle = {Pragmatics of Natural Language},
  publisher = {D. Reidel Publishing Co.},
  year = {1971},
  editor = {Yehoshua Bar-Hillel},
  pages = {94--119},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {pragmatics;semiotics;}
  }

@unpublished{ leiber:1997a,
  author = {Justin Leiber},
  title = {Talking with Extraterrestrials},
  year = {1997},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {popular-linguistics;communication-with-aliens;}
  }

@book{ leibniz:1714a,
  author = {Gottfried Leibniz},
  title = {The Principles of Philosophy, or the Monadology},
  publisher = {Hackett Publishing Co.},
  year = {1989},
  address = {Indianapolis},
  Note = {(Originally published in 1714.  Translated by R. Ariew and
  	D. Garber.)},
  topic = {metaphysics;philosophy-classics;}
 }

@article{ leidner:2004a,
  author = {Jochen L. Leidner},
  title = {Review of \emph{{O}pen-Domain Question Answering from
  	Large Text Collection},	by {M}arius {P}a{}sca},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {377--378},
  xref = {Review of: pasca:2003a.},
  topic = {question-answering;statistical-nlp;}
  }

@article{ leinders-etal:2005a,
  author = {Dirk Leinders and Maarten Marx and Jerzy Tyszkiewicz and
  		Jan van der Bussche},
  title = {The Semijoin Algebra and the Guarded Fragment},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {331--343},
  topic = {guarded-fragments;decidability;subtheories-of-FOL;}
  }

@incollection{ leishman:1989a,
  author = {Debbie Leishman},
  title = {Analogy as a Constrained Partial Correspondence over
  	Conceptual Graphs},
  booktitle = {{KR}'89: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1989},
  editor = {Ronald J. Brachman and Hector J. Levesque and Raymond Reiter},
  pages = {223--234},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  topic = {kr;analogy;conceptual-graphs;kr-course;}
  }

@article{ leitgeb:2001a,
  author = {Hannes Leitgeb},
  title = {Nonmonotonic Reasoning by Inhibition Nets},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {128},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {161--201},
  topic = {nonmonotonic-reasoning;inhibition-nets;}
  }

@article{ leitgeb:2001b,
  author = {Hannes Leitgeb},
  title = {Theories of Truth which Have No Standard Models},
  journal = {Studia Logica},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {68},
  number = {1},
  pages = {69--87},
  topic = {semantic-closure;omega-consistency/completeness;
  	semantic-paradoxes;truth;}
  }

@article{ leitgeb:2005a,
  author = {Hannes Leitgeb},
  title = {What Truth Depends on},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {34},
  number = {2},
  pages = {155--192},
  topic = {self-reference;(un)groundedness;semantic-paradoxes;}
  }

@article{ leitgeb:2007a,
  author = {Hannes Leitgeb},
  title = {A New Analysis of Quasianalysis},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1},
  pages = {181--236},
  contentnote = {This examines a construction used by Carnap
            in the Aufbau.},
  topic = {Carnap;abstraction;}
  }

@article{ leitgeb:2008a,
  author = {Hannes Leitgeb},
  title = {Introduction to the Special Issue (On Psychologism in
  		Logic)},
  journal = {Studia Logica},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {88},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--2},
  topic = {psychologism;}
  }

@article{ leitgeb-hieke:2004a,
  author = {Hannes Leitgeb and Alexander Hieke},
  title = {Circular Languages},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {341--371},
  topic = {semantic-paradoxes;lambda-calculus;nonwellfounded-sets;}
  }

@article{ leith_m-cunningham_j:2001a,
  author = {Miguel Leith and Jim Cunningham},
  title = {Aspect and Interval Tense Logic},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {24},
  number = {3},
  pages = {331--381},
  topic = {tense-aspect;interval-logic;}
  }

@book{ leith_p:1990a,
  author = {Philip Leith},
  title = {Formalism in {AI} and Computer Science},
  publisher = {Ellis Horwood},
  year = {1990},
  address = {London},
  contentnote = {TC:
  	1. The Concept of Formalism
	2. The Call to Formalism
	3. Logic and Information
	4. Post-Medieval Information Processing
	5. Axiomatic Strategies in Computers and the Law
	6. Computer Models and Their Social Framework
	7. The Expertise in an Expert System
       10. Engineering and Mathematics in the Software Crisis
       11. Computer Science Education
       12. The Sociology of Computing as a Science
   },
  ISBN = {0-13-325549-2},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Library Q335 .L431 1990},
  topic = {logic-in-CS;legal-AI;social-impact-of-computation;}
 }

@article{ lejewski:1974a,
  author = {Czeslaw Lejewski},
  title = {A System of Logic for Bicategorial Ontology},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {1974},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {265--283},
  topic = {philosophical-ontology;}
  }

@incollection{ lemaitre-etal:1997a,
  author = {Jacques Le Maitre and Elizabeth Murisasco and Monique
		Rolbert},
  title = {From Annotated Corpora to Databases: The
		{S}gml{QL} Language},
  booktitle = {Linguistic Databases},
  publisher = {{CSLI} Publications},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {John Nerbonne},
  pages = {37--58},
  address = {Stanford, California},
  topic = {corpus-linguistics;linguistic-databases;}
  }

@book{ lemay:1998a,
  author = {Laura Lemay},
  title = {Teach Yourself {Perl} in 21 Days},
  publisher = {Sams},
  year = {1998},
  address = {Indianapolis},
  ISBN = {067231305-7},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.  Programming Manuals Shelf.},
  topic = {programming-manual;PERL;}
 }

@book{ lemay-coddenhead:2000a,
  author = {Laura Lemay and Rogers Coddenhead},
  title = {Teach Yourself {\sc Java} 2 in 21 Days},
  edition = {2},
  publisher = {Sams},
  year = {2000},
  address = {Indianapolis},
  ISBN = {067231958-6},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.  Programming Languages Shelf.},
  topic = {programming-manual;JAVA;}
 }

@article{ lemmon:1965a,
  author = {Edward John Lemmon},
  journal = {Logique et Analyse},
  pages = {39-71},
  title = {Deontic Logic and the Logic of Imperatives},
  volume = {8},
  year = {1965},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection. \my10},
  topic = {imperatives;deontic-logic;}
	}

@article{ lemmon_ej:1957a,
  author = {Edward John Lemmon},
  title = {New Foundations for {L}ewis Modal Systems},
  journal = {Journal of Symbolic Logic},
  year = {1957},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {176--186},
  number = {2},
  topic = {modal-logic;}
  }

@article{ lemmon_ej:1962a,
  author = {Edward John Lemmon},
  title = {On Sentences Verifiable By Their Use},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {1962},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {86--89},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, number},
  topic = {speech-acts;pragmatics;}
  }

@article{ lemmon_ej:1962b,
  author = {Edward John Lemmon},
  title = {Moral Dilemmas},
  journal = {Philosophical Review},
  volume = {70},
  year = {1962},
  pages = {139--158},
  topic = {moral-conflict;}
    }

@article{ lemmon_ej:1965a,
  author = {Edward John Lemmon},
  title = {Deontic Logic and the Logic of Imperatives},
  journal = {Logique et Analyse},
  pages = {39--71},
  volume = {8},
  year = {1965},
  topic = {imperatives;imperative-logic;deontic-logic;}
	}

@incollection{ lemmon_ej:1966a,
  author = {Edward John Lemmon},
  title = {Sentences, Statements, and Propositions},
  booktitle = {British Analytical Philosophy},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  year = {1966},
  editor = {Bernard O. Williams and Alan Montefiore},
  pages = {87--107},
  address = {London},
  note = {Reprinted in J. F. Rosenberg & C. Travis, eds, Readings in
     the Philosophy of Language, 1971},
  topic = {Strawson;propositions;indexicality;}
  }

@book{ lemmon_ej:1977a,
  author = {Edward John Lemmon},
  title = {The ``Lemmon Notes'': An Introduction to Modal Logic},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishers},
  year = {1977},
  address = {Oxford},
  note = {Americal Philosophical Quarterly Monograph Series, Monograph
  	No. 11.},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name.},
  topic = {modal-logic;}
 }

@incollection{ lemon_oj:1996a,
  author = {Oliver J. Lemon},
  title = {Semantical Foundations of Spatial Logics},
  booktitle = {{KR}'96: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Luigia Carlucci Aiello and Jon Doyle and Stuart Shapiro},
  pages = {212--219},
  address = {San Francisco, California},
  topic = {kr;spatial-reasoning;spatial-representation;kr-course;}
  }

@article{ lemon_oj:1997a,
  author = {Oliver J. Lemon},
  title = {Review of \emph{{L}ogic and Visual Information}, by
  	{E}ric {M}. {H}ammer},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {213--216},
  topic = {diagrams;reasoning-with-diagrams;visual-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ lemon_oj:1999a,
  author = {Oliver J. Lemon},
  title = {Review of \emph{{F}orms of Representation:
  	Interdisciplinary, Theme for Cognitive Science} edited by
	{D}onald {P}eterson},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {385--387},
  topic = {representation;foundations-of-cognitive-science;}
  }

@article{ lemon_oj:1999b,
  author = {Oliver J. Lemon and Maarten de Rijke and Atsushi
  	Shimo-Jima},
  title = {Editorial: Efficiency of Diagrammatic Reasoning},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {265--271},
  topic = {reasoning-with-diagrams;}
  }

@incollection{ lemon_oj-etal:2002a,
  author = {Oliver J. Lemon and Alexander Gruenstein and Alexis Battle
  		and Stanley Peters},
  title = {Multi-Tasking and Collaborative Activities
		in Dialogue Systems},
  booktitle = {Third {SIGdial} Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue:
  		Proceedings of the Workshop},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2002},
  editor = {Kristina Jokinen and Susan McRoy},
  pages = {113--124},
  address = {New Brunswick, New Jersey},
  topic = {computational-dialogue;collaboration;}
  }

@incollection{ lemon_oj-etal:2002b,
  author = {Oliver J. Lemon and Prashant Parikh and Stanley Peters},
  title = {Probabilistic Dialogue Modelling},
  booktitle = {Third {SIGdial} Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue:
  		Proceedings of the Workshop},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2002},
  editor = {Kristina Jokinen and Susan McRoy},
  pages = {125--128},
  address = {New Brunswick, New Jersey},
  topic = {computational-dialogue;probabilistic-reasoning;
  		anaphora-resolution;}
  }

@incollection{ lemon_oj-etal:2003a,
  author = {Oliver J. Lemon and Alexander Gruenstein and Randolph Gullett and
    		Alexis Battle and Laura Hiatt and Stanley Peters},
  title = {Generation of Collaborative Spoken Dialogue
		Contributions in Dynamic Task Environments},
  booktitle = {Working Papers of the 2003 {AAAI} Spring Symposium on
  	Natural Language Generation in Spoken and Written
	Dialogue},
  publisher = {AAAI Press},
  year = {2003},
  editor = {Reva Freedman and Charles Callaway},
  pages = {85--90},
  address = {Menlo Park, California},
  topic = {nl-generation;computational-dialogue;}
  }

@article{ lemon_oj-pratt_i:1997a,
  author = {Oliver J. Lemon and Ian Pratt},
  title = {Spatial Logic and the Complexity of Diagrammmatic
  	Reasoning},
  journal = {Machine Graphics and Vision},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {89--108},
  topic = {reasoning-with-diagrams;spatial-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ lemon_oj-pratt_i:1997b,
  author = {Oliver J. Lemon and Ian Pratt},
  title = {On the Insufficiency of Linear Diagrams for
  	{A}ristotelian Syllogistic},
  journal = {Notre {D}ame Journal of Formal Logic},
  year = {forthcoming},
  missinginfo = {Said to be forthcoming in July, 1999.},
  topic = {reasoning-with-diagrams;syllogistic;}
  }

@incollection{ lemon_oj-pratt_i:1998a,
  author = {Oliver J. Lemon and Ian Pratt},
  title = {On the Incompleteness of Modal Logics of Space: Advancing
  	Complete Modal Logics of Place},
  booktitle = {Advances in Modal Logic, Volume 1},
  publisher = {{CSLI} Publications},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Marcus Kracht and Maarten de Rijke and Heinrich Wansing},
  pages = {115--132},
  address = {Stanford, California},
  topic = {modal-logic;spatial-logic;}
  }

@book{ lemos:1994a,
  author = {Noah M. Lemos},
  title = {Intrinsic Value: Concept and Warrant},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1994},
  address = {Cambridge, England},
  topic = {utility;practical-reasoning;}
 }

@inproceedings{ lemperti-zanella:2000a,
  author = {Gianfranco Lemperti and Marina Zanella},
  title = {Generalization of Diagnostic Knowledge by Discrete-Event
         Model Compilation},
  booktitle = {{KR}2000: Principles of Knowledge Representation and
  	Reasoning},
  year = {2000},
  editor = {Anthony G. Cohn and Fausto Giunchiglia and Bart Selman},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  address = {San Francisco},
  pages = {333--344},
  topic = {diagnosis;model-based-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ lenat:1977a,
  author = {Douglas B. Lenat},
  title = {The Ubiquity of Discovery},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1977},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {257--285},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     As scientists interested in studying the phenomenon of
     ``intelligence'', we first choose a view of Man, develop a
     theory of how intelligent behavior is managed, and construct
     some models which can test and refine that theory.  The view we
     choose is that Man is a processor of symbolic information.  The
     theory is that sophisticated cognitive tasks can be cast as
     searches or explorations, and that each human possesses (and
     efficiently accesses) a large body of informal rules of thumb
     (or heuristics) which constrain his search.  The source of what
     we colloquially call ``intelligence'' is seen to be very
     efficient searching of an a priori immense space.  Some
     computational models which incorporate this theory are
     described.  Among them is AM, a computer program that develops
     new mathematical concepts and formulates conjectures involving
     them; AM is guided in this exploration by a collection of 250
     more or less general heuristic rules.  The operational nature of
     such models allows experiments to be performed upon them,
     experiments which help us test and develop hypotheses about
     intelligence.  One interesting finding has been the ubiquity of
     this kind of heuristic guidance: intelligence permeates every
     day problem solving and invention, as well as the kind of
     problem solving and invention that scientists and artists
     perform.  The ultimate goals of this kind of research are (i) to
     de-mystify the process by which new science and art are created,
     and (ii) to build tools (computer programs) which enhance man's
     mental capabilities.},
  topic = {automated-discovery;machine-learning;heuristics;analogy;}
  }

@article{ lenat:1982a,
  author = {Douglas B. Lenat},
  title = {The Nature of Heuristics},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  pages = {189--249},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     Builders of expert rule-based systems attribute the impressive
     performance of their programs to the corpus of knowledge they
     embody: a large network of facts to provide breadth of scope,
     and a large array of informal judgmental rules (heuristics)
     which guide the system toward plausible paths to follow and away
     from implausible ones.  Yet what is the nature of heuristics?
     What is the source of their power? How do they originate and
     evolve?  By examining two case studies, the AM and EURISKO
     programs, we are led to some tentative hypotheses: Heuristics
     are compiled hindsight, and draw their power from the various
     kinds of regularity and continuity in the world; they arise
     through specialization, generalization, and -- surprisingly often
     -- analogy.  Forty years ago, Polya introduced Heuretics as a
     separable field worthy of study.  Today, we are finally able to
     carry out the kind of computation-intensive experiments which
     make such study possible.},
  topic = {automated-discovery;machine-learning;heuristics;analogy;}
  }

@article{ lenat:1983a,
  author = {Douglas B. Lenat},
  title = {{EURISKO}: A Program that Learns New Heuristics and Domain
  	Concepts.  The Nature of Heuristics {III}: Program Design and
	Results},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {61--98},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     The AM program, an early attempt to mechanize learning by
     discovery, has recently been expanded and extended to several
     other task domains.  AM's ultimate failure apparently was due to
     its inability to discover new, powerful, domain-specific
     heuristics for the various new fields it uncovered.  At that
     time, it seemed straight-forward to simply add `Heuristics' as
     one more field in which to let AM explore, observe, define and
     develop.  That task -- learning new heuristics by discovery --
     turned out to be much more difficult than was realized
     initially, and we have just now achieved some successes at it.
     Along the way, it became clearer why AM had succeeded in the
     first place, and why it was so difficult to use the same
     paradigm to discover new heuristics.  In essence, AM was an
     automatic programming system, whose primitive actions were
     modifications to pieces of LISP code, code which represented the
     characteristic functions of various math concepts.  It was only
     because of the deep relationship between LISP and Mathematics
     that these operations (loop unwinding, recursion elimination,
     composition, argument elimination, function substitition, etc.)
     which were basic LISP mutators also turned out to yield a high
     `hit rate' of viable, useful new math concepts when applied to
     previously-known, useful math concepts.  But no such deep
     relationship existed between LISP and Heuristics, and when the
     basic automatic programming operators were applied to viable,
     useful heuristics, they almost always produced useless (often
     worse than useless) new rules.  Our work on the nature of
     heuristics has enabled the construction of a new language in
     which the statement of heuristics is more natural and compact.
     Briefly, the vocabulary includes many types of conditions,
     actions, and descriptive properties that a heuristic might
     possess; instead of writing a large lump of LISP code to
     represent the heuristic, one spreads the same information out
     across dozens of `slots'.  By employing this new language, the
     old property that AM satisfied fortuitously is once again
     satisfied: the primitive syntactic operators usually now produce
     meaningful semantic variants of what they operate on.  The ties
     to the foundations of Heuretics have been engineered into the
     syntax and vocabulary of the new language, partly by design and
     partly by evolution, much as John McCarthy engineered ties to
     the foundations of Mathematics into LISP.  The EURISKO program
     embodies this language, and it is described in this paper, along
     with its results in eight task domains: design of naval fleets,
     elementary set theory and number theory, LISP programming,
     biological evolution, games in general, the design of three
     dimensional VLSI devices, the discovery of heuristics which help
     the system discover heuristics, and the discovery of appropriate
     new types of `slots' in each domain.  Along the way, some very
     powerful new concepts, designs, and heuristics were indeed
     discovered mechanically.  Characteristics that make a domain
     ripe for AM-like exploration for new concepts and conjectures
     are explicated, plus features that make a domain especially
     suitable for EURISKO-level exploration for new heuristics.},
  topic = {automated-discovery;machine-learning;heuristics;}
  }

@article{ lenat:1983b,
  author = {Douglas B. Lenat},
  title = {Theory Formation by Heuristic Search.  The Nature of
  	Heuristics {II}: Background and Examples},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {31--59},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     Machine learning can be categorized along many dimensions, an
     important one of which is `degree of human guidance or
     forethought'.  This continuum stretches from rote learning,
     through carefully-guided concept-formation by observation, out
     toward independent theory formation.  Six years ago, the AM
     program was constructed as an experiment in this latter kind of
     learning by discovery.  Its source of power was a large body of
     heuristics, rules which guided it toward fruitful topics of
     investigation, toward profitable experiments to perform, toward
     plausible hypotheses and definitions.  Since that time, we have
     gained a deeper insight into the nature of heuristics and the
     nature of the process of forming and extending theories
     empirically.  `The Nature of Heuristics I' paper presented the
     theoretical basis for this work, with an emphasis on how
     heuristics relate to each other.  This paper presents our
     accretion model of theory formation, and gives many examples of
     its use in producing new discoveries in various fields.  These
     examples are drawn from runs of a program called EURISKO, the
     successor to AM, that embodies the accretion model and uses a
     corpus of heuristics to guide its behavior.  Since our model
     demands the ability to discover new heuristics periodically, as
     well as new domain objects and operators, some of our examples
     illustrate that process as well. `The Nature of Heuristics III'
     paper describes the architecture of the EURISKO program, and
     conclusions we have made from its behavior.  },
  topic = {automated-discovery;machine-learning;}
  }

@article{ lenat-brown_js:1984a,
  author = {Douglas B. Lenat and John Seely Brown},
  title = {Why {AM} and {EURISKO} Appear to Work},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {23},
  number = {3},
  pages = {269--294},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     The AM program was constructed by Lenat in 1975 as an early
     experiment in getting machines to learn by discovery. In the
     preceding article in this issue of the AI Journal, Ritchie and
     Hanna focus on that work as they raise several fundamental
     questions about the methodology of artificial intelligence
     research.  Part of this paper is a response to the specific
     points they make. It is seen that the difficulties they cite
     fall into four categories, the most serious of which are omitted
     heuristics, and the most common of which are miscommunications.
     Their considerations, and our post-AM work on machines that
     learn, have clarified why AM succeeded in the first place, and
     why it was so difficult to use the same paradigm to discover new
     heuristics.  Those recent insights spawn questions about ``where
     the meaning really resides'' in the concepts discovered by AM.
     This in turn leads to an appreciation of the crucial and unique
     role of representation in theory formation, specifically the
     benefits of having syntax mirror semantics. Some criticism of
     the paradigm of this work arises due to the ad hoc nature of
     many pieces of the work; at the end of this article we examine
     how this very adhocracy may be a potential source of power in
     itself.
  },
  topic = {automated-discovery;machine-learning;}
  }

@article{ lenat-feigenbaum:1991a,
  author = {Douglas B. Lenat and Edward A. Feigenbaum},
  title = {On the Thresholds of Knowledge},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1--3},
  pages = {185--230},
  contentnote = {Argues for: (1) importance of knowledge in AI, (2)
  	need for breadth of knowledge, (3) need for experimenting
	with large problems},
  topic = {kr;large-kr-systems;kr-course;}
  }

@article{ lenat-feigenbaum:1991b,
  author = {Douglas B. Lenat and Edward A. Feigenbaum},
  title = {Reply to Brian Smith},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1--3},
  pages = {231--250},
  rtnote = {Reply to smith_bc:1991a.},
  topic = {kr;foundations-of-AI;logicism;large-kr-systems;kr-course;}
  }

@book{ lenat-guha:1989a,
  author = {Douglas B. Lenat and R.V. Guha},
  title = {Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and
  	Inference in the {\sc cyc} Project.},
  publisher = {Addison-Wesley Publishing Company},
  year = {1989},
  address = {Reading, Massachusetts},
  xref = {Review: mcdermott:1993a, neches:1993a, skuce:1993a, sowa:1993a.},
  topic = {kr;large-kr-systems;kr-course;}
 }

@incollection{ lenci-bertinetto:2000a,
  author = {Alessandro Lenci and Pier Marco Bertinetto},
  title = {Aspects, Adverbs, and Events: Habituality vs.
  		Perfectivity},
  booktitle = {Speaking of Events},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2000},
  editor = {James Higginbotham and Fabio Pianesi and Achille C. Varzi},
  pages = {245--287},
  address = {Oxford},
  topic = {events;nl-semantics;event-semantics;perfective-aspect;
  		generics;}
  }

@article{ lenk:1977a,
  author = {Hans Lenk},
  title = {Complements and Different Lattice Structures in a Logic of
  	Action},
  journal = {Erkenntnis},
  year = {1977},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {251--268},
  missinginfo = {number},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {action;}
  }

@book{ lenneberg:1967a,
  author = {Eric H. Lenneberg},
  title = {Biological Foundations of Language},
  publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
  year = {1967},
  address = {New York},
  topic = {foundations-of-semantics;biolinguistics;reference;}
 }

@incollection{ leny:1995a,
  author = {Jean-Francois Le Ny},
  title = {Mental Lexicon and Machine Lexicon:  Which Properties are
  	Shared by Machine and Mental Word Representations?},
  booktitle = {Computational Lexical Semantics},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1995},
  editor = {Patrick Saint-Dizier and Evelyne Viegas},
  pages = {50--67},
  address = {Cambridge, England},
  topic = {machine-translation;nl-kr;computational-lexical-semantics;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lenz-burkhard_hd:1997a,
  author = {M. Lenz and H.-D. Burkhard},
  title = {CBR for Document Retrieval---The {FAllQ} Project},
  booktitle = {Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development
      (ICCBR-97), Lecture Notes in Artificial
	  Intelligence No. 1266},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {D.B. Leake and E. Plaza},
  pages = {84--93},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  address = {Berlin},
  topic = {case-based-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ lenzen:1976a,
  author = {Wolfgang Lenzen},
  title = {Knowledge, Belief, Existence, and Quantifiers:  A Note on
		{H}intikka},
  journal = {Grazer Philosophische Studien},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {55--65},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {epistmic-logic;}
  }

@article{ lenzen:1977a,
  author = {Wolfgang Lenzen},
  title = {Protagoras versus {E}uathlus: Reflections on a So-Called Paradox},
  journal = {Ratio},
  year = {1977},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  pages = {176--180},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {Protagoras-vs-Euathlus-paradox;deontic-logic;}
  }

@article{ lenzen:1978a,
  author = {Wolfgang Lenzen},
  title = {Recent Work in Epistemic Logic},
  journal = {Acta Philosophica Fennica},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1--219},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {epistemic-logic;}
  }

@article{ lenzen:1978b,
  author = {Wolfgang Lenzen},
  title = {On Some Substitution Instances of {R}1 and {L}1},
  journal = {Notre {D}ame Journal of Formal Logic},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  pages = {159--164},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {modal-logic;}
  }

@article{ lenzen:1978c,
  author = {Wolfgang Lenzen},
  title = {A Rare Accident},
  journal = {Notre {D}ame Journal of Formal Logic},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  pages = {249--250},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {modal-logic;}
  }

@article{ lenzen:1978d,
  author = {Wolfgang Lenzen},
  title = {S4.1.4 = {S}4.1.2 and {S}4.021 = {S}4.04},
  journal = {Notre {D}ame Journal of Formal Logic},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {465--466},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {modal-logic;}
  }

@unpublished{ lenzen:1988a,
  author = {Wolfgang Lenzen},
  title = {Some Logical Problems about Circumscription},
  year = {1988},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  missinginfo = {Date is a guess.},
  topic = {circumscription;nonmonotonic-logic;}
  }

@book{ lenzen:1994a,
  author = {Wolfgang Lenzen},
  title = {Recent Work in Epistemic Logic},
  publisher = {The Philosophical Society of Finland},
  year = {1994},
  series = {Acta Philosophica {F}ennica},
  address = {Helsinki},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {epistemic-logic;}
 }

@incollection{ lenzen:1995a,
   author = {Wolfgang Lenzen},
   title = {On the Semantics and Pragmatics of Propositional Attitudes},
   booktitle = {Knowledge and Belief in Philosophy and Artificial
   	Intelligence},
   publisher = {Akademie Verlag},
   year = {1995},
   editor = {Armin Laux and Heinrich Wansing},
   chapter = {8},
   pages = {181--197},
   rtnote = {Year of publication is a guess.},
   missinginfo = {address},
   topic = {epistemic-logic;propositional-attitudes;}
  }

@incollection{ lenzen:1998a,
  author = {Wolfgang Lenzen},
  title = {Necessary Conditions for Negation-Operators (with
  		Particular Applications to Paraconsistent Negation)},
  booktitle = {Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty
		Management Systems, Volume 2: Reasoning with
                Actual and Potential Contradictions},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Dov M. Gabbay and Philippe Smets},
  pages = {211--239},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {negation;paraconsistency;}
  }

@incollection{ lenzerini:1998a,
  author = {Maurizio Lenzerini},
  title = {Description Logics and Their Applications (Abstract)},
  booktitle = {{KR}'98: Principles of Knowledge Representation and
  	Reasoning},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Anthony G. Cohn and Lenhart Schubert and Stuart C.
		Shapiro},
  pages = {652},
  address = {San Francisco, California},
  topic = {kr;description-logics;applied-kr;kr-course;}
  }

@article{ leo:2008a,
  author = {Joop Leo},
  title = {Modeling Relations},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {37},
  number = {4},
  pages = {353--385},
  topic = {relations;}
  }

@incollection{ leon-serrano:1997a,
  author = {Fernando S\'anchez L\'eon and Amalio F. Nieto Serrano},
  title = {Retargetting a Tagger},
  booktitle = {Corpus Annotation},
  publisher = {Longman},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Roger Garside and Geoffrey Leech and Tony McEnery},
  pages = {151--166},
  address = {London},
  topic = {corpus-linguistics;corpus-annotation;corpus-tagging;}
  }

@book{ leonard_a:1997a,
  author = {Andrew Leonard},
  title = {Bots: The Origin Of New Species},
  publisher = {Hardwired},
  year = {1997},
  address = {San Francisco},
  ISBN = {1888869054},
  rtnote = {UMich Undergraduate, Qa 76.76 .I58 L461 1997.},
  topic = {robotics;popular-AI;}
 }

@article{ leonard_h-goodman_n:1940a,
  author = {Henry Leonard and Nelson Goodman},
  title = {The Calculus of Individuals and Its Uses},
  journal = {Journal of Symbolic Logic},
  year = {1940},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {45--55},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {mereology;}
  }

@incollection{ leong:1996a,
  author = {Tze-Yun Leong},
  title = {Multiple Perspective Reasoning},
  booktitle = {{KR}'96: Principles of Knowledge Representation and
  	Reasoning},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Luigia Carlucci Aiello and Jon Doyle and Stuart Shapiro},
  pages = {562--573},
  address = {San Francisco, California},
  topic = {kr;hybrid-reasoning;context;perspective-sensitive-reasoning;
		kr-course;}
  }

@article{ leong:1998a,
  author = {Tze Yun Leong},
  title = {Multiple Perspective Dynamic Decision Making},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {105},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {209--261},
  topic = {perspective-sensitive-reasoning;decision-making;}
  }

@article{ lepage:2000a,
  author = {Fran\c{c}ois Lepage},
  title = {Partial Monotonic Protothetics},
  journal = {Studia Logica},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {66},
  number = {1},
  pages = {147--163},
  topic = {propositional-quantifiers;type-theory;partial-logic;}
  }

@article{ lepage-etal:2000a,
  author = {Fran\c{c}ois Lepage and Elias Thijsse and
  	Heinrich Wansing},
  title = {Introduction (to Special Issue on Partiality and
  		Modality)},
  journal = {Studia Logica},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {66},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--4},
  topic = {modal-logic;partial-logic;truth-value-gaps;}
  }

@book{ lepoidevin:1998a,
  editor = {Robert Le Poidevin},
  title = {Questions of Time and Tense},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {1998},
  address = {Oxford},
  xref = {Review: markovian:2001a.},
  topic = {tense-logic;philosophy-of-time;}
 }

@article{ lepore:1982a,
  author = {Ernest Lepore},
  title = {In Defense of {D}avidson},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {277--294},
  topic = {Davidson;nl-semantics;}
  }

@article{ lepore:1983a1,
  author = {Ernest Lepore},
  title = {What Model-Theoretic Semantics Cannot Do},
  journal = {Synth\'ese},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {167--187},
  xref = {Republication: lepore:1983a2.},
  topic = {foundations-of-semantics;}
  }

@incollection{ lepore:1983a2,
  author = {Ernest LePore},
  title = {What Model-Theoretic Semantics Cannot Do},
  booktitle = {Readings in the Philosophy of Language},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Peter Ludlow},
  pages = {109--128},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  xref = {Republication of lepore:1983a1.},
  topic = {foundations-of-semantics;}
  }

@book{ lepore:1986a,
  editor = {Ernest Lepore},
  title = {Truth and Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy
  	of {D}onald {D}avidson},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishers},
  year = {1986},
  address = {Oxford},
  ISBN = {0631148116},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, B945.D384 T781 1986.},
  topic = {philosophy-of-language;}
 }

@book{ lepore:1987a,
  editor = {Ernest LePore},
  title = {New Directions in Semantics},
  publisher = {Academic Press},
  year = {1987},
   address = {London},
  contentnote = {TC:  Lepore, 	Introduction.
         Harman,	(Nonsolipsistic) Conceptual Role Semantics.
         LePore and Loewer, Dual Aspect Semantics.
         Schiffer,	Existentialist Semantics and Sententialist
                   			Theories of Belief.
         Lycan,	Semantic Competence and Truth Conditions.
         Katz,	Common Sense in Semantics.
         Hintikka,   Game Theoretical Semantics.
         Grandy,     In Defense of Semantic Fields.
         Kasher, Justification of Speech, Acts, and Speech Acts.
         May, Logical Form as a Level of Linguistic Representation.
         Richards, Tenses, Temporal Quantifiers and Semantic
                   	Innocence.
         Schubert and Pelletier, Problems in the
			Representation of Generics, Plurals, and Mass Nouns
         Gupta, The Meaning of Truth
		   	},
   rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
   topic = {nl-semantics;}
  }

@article{ lepore-garson:1983a,
  author = {Ernest Lepore and James Garson},
  title = {Pronouns and Quantifier-Scope in {E}nglish},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {327--358},
  topic = {nl-quantifier-scope;pronouns;}
  }

@incollection{ lepore-loewer:1986a,
  author = {Ernest LePore and Barry Loewer},
  title = {Solipsistic Semantics},
  booktitle = {Midwest Studies in Philosophy Volume {X}:
  	Studies in the Philosophy of Mind},
  publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
  year = {1986},
  editor = {Peter A. French and Theodore E. {Uehling, Jr.} and Howard K.
  	Wettstein},
  pages = {595--614},
  address = {Minneapolis},
  topic = {foundations-of-semantics;narrow-content;}
  }

@article{ lepore-loewer:1987a,
  author = {Ernest {Le Pore} and Barry Loewer},
  title = {Mind Matters},
  journal = {The Journal of Philosophy},
  volume = {84},
  year = {1987},
  pages = {630--642},
  topic = {philosophy-of-mind;}
    }

@incollection{ lepore-loewer:1987b,
  author = {Ernest LePore and Barry Loewer},
  title = {Dual Aspect Semantics},
  booktitle = {New Directions in Semantics, Volume 2},
  publisher = {Academic Press},
  year = {1987},
  editor = {Ernest LePore},
  pages = {83--112},
  address = {London},
  contentnote = {Idea is to turn twin earth into a kind of foundation
  	for semantics.},
  topic = {nl-semantics;foundations-of-semantics;cognitive-semantics;
  	twin-earth;}
  }

@incollection{ lepore-loewer:1990a,
  author = {Ernest LePore and Barry Loewer},
  title = {A Study in Comparative Semantics},
  booktitle = {Propositional Attitudes: The Role of Content in Logic,
  	Language, and Mind},
  publisher = {Center for the Study of Language and Information},
  year = {1990},
  editor = {C. Anthony Anderson and Joseph Owens},
  pages = {91--111},
  address = {Stanford, California},
  topic = {nl-semantics;Frege;Donald-Davidson;Davidson-semantics;}
  }

@unpublished{ lepore-ludwig_k:1999a,
  author = {Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig},
  title = {The Semantics and Pragmatics of Complex Demonstratives},
  year = {1999},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript, },
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {demonstratives;complex-demonstratives;}
  }

@book{ lepore-ludwig_k:2007a,
  author = {Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig},
  title = {Donald Davidson's Truth-Theoretic Semantics},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2007},
  address = {Oxford},
  ISBN = {978-0-19-929093-2},
  topic = {Davidson-semantics;}
 }

@book{ lepore-mclaughlin_bp:1985a,
  editor = {Ernest LePore and Brian McLaughlin},
  title = {Action and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of
  	Donald Davidson},
  publisher = {Basil Blackwell Ltd.},
  year = {1985},
  address = {Oxford},
  topic = {Donald-Davidson;events;intention;action;philosophy-of-action;}
  }

@book{ lepore-pylyshyn:1999a,
  editor = {Ernest Lepore and Zenon Pylyshyn},
  title = {What is Cognitive Science?},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishers},
  year = {1999},
  address = {Oxford},
  ISBN = {0-631-20494-5 (pb)},
  topic = {cognitive-science-survey;cogsci-intro;}
 }

@book{ lepore-vangulick:1991a,
  editor = {Ernest Lepore and Robert {van Gulick}},
  title = {John Searle and His Critics},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishers},
  year = {1991},
  address = {Oxford},
  ISBN = {0631156364},
  rtnote = {UMich Undergraduate, B 1649 .S43 J65 1991.},
  topic = {Searle;speech-acts;}
 }

@inproceedings{ lerner-pinkal:1995a,
  author = {Jan Lerner and Manfred Pinkal},
  title = {Comparative Ellipsis and Variable Binding},
  booktitle = {Proceedings from Semantics and Linguistic Theory {V}},
  year = {1995},
  editor = {Mandy Simons and Teresa Galloway},
  pages = {222--236},
  publisher = {Cornell University},
  address = {Ithaca, New York},
  note = {Available from CLC Publications, Department of Linguistics,
  	Morrill Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4701.},
  topic = {nl-semantics;ellipsis;comparative-constructions;}
  }

@incollection{ leroy:1995a,
  author = {Stephen F. LeRoy},
  title = {Causal Orderings},
  booktitle = {Macroeconometrics:  Developments, Tensions, Prospects},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1995},
  editor = {Kevin D. Hoover},
  pages = {211--228},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {causality;econometrics;}
  }

@incollection{ leserance-etal:1999a,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance and Hector J. Levesque, and Raymond
   		Reiter},
  title = {A Situation Calculus Approach to Modeling
		and Programming Agents},
  booktitle = {Foundations of Rational Agency},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1999},
  editor = {Michael Wooldridge and Anand Rao},
  pages = {275--299},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {action-formalisms;cognitive-robotics;GoLog;}
  }

@incollection{ lesh-etzioni:1996a,
  author = {Neal Lesh and Oren Etzioni},
  title = {Scaling up Goal Recognition},
  booktitle = {{KR}'96: Principles of Knowledge Representation and
  	Reasoning},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Luigia Carlucci Aiello and Jon Doyle and Stuart Shapiro},
  pages = {244--255},
  address = {San Francisco, California},
  topic = {kr;plan-recognition;machine-learning;kr-course;}
  }

@unpublished{ lesk-schmidt_e:2001a,
  author = {Michael E. Lesk and Eric Schmidt},
  title = {Lex--A Lexical Analyzer Generator},
  year = {2001},
  note = {Available at http://www.combo.org/lex_yacc_page/lex.html.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {computational-morphology;computational-lexicography;}
  }

@incollection{ leslie:2007a,
  author = {Sarah-Jane Leslie},
  title = {Generics and the Structure of the Mind},
  booktitle = {Philosophy of Mind},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishers},
  year = {2007},
  editor = {John Hawthorne},
  pages = {375--403},
  address = {Oxford},
  topic = {generics;}
  }

@article{ leslie:2008a,
  author = {Sarah-Jane Leslie},
  title = {Generics:  Cognition and Acquisition},
  journal = {The Philosophical Review},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {117},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--47},
  topic = {generics;}
  }

@misc{ lesniewski:1916a,
  author = {Stanis{\l}aw Le\'sniewski},
  title = {Podstawy Og\'olnej Teorii Mnogo\'sci {I}},
  year = {1916},
  address = {Moscow},
  note = {English title: ``Foundations of a General Set Theory {I}.''},
  missinginfo = {publisher},
  topic = {mereology;}
  }

@phdthesis{ lesperance:1991a,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance},
  title = {A Formal Theory of Indexical Knowledge and Action},
  school = {Computer Science Department, University of Toronto},
  year = {1991},
  topic = {action-formalisms;epistemic-logic;}
    }

@inproceedings{ lesperance:1993a,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance},
  title = {An Approach to Modeling Indexicality in Action and
     Communication},
  booktitle = {Working Notes of the {AAAI} Spring Symposium on
 	Reasoning about Mental States},
  editor = {John F. Horty et al.},
  year = {1993},
  organization = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  address = {Menlo Park, California},
  pages = {79--85},
  missinginfo = {editors},
  xref = {Also appears in the Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on Using
     Knowledge in its Context, Chambery, France, August 1993.},
  topic = {indexicality;context;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lesperance:1995a,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance},
  title = {A Formal Account of Self-Knowledge and Action},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint
  	Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1995},
  editor = {Chris Mellish},
  pages = {868--874},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  address = {San Francisco},
  topic = {action-formalisms;epistemic-logic;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lesperance-etal:1994a,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance and Hector J. Levesque and Fangzhen Lin
  	and Daniel Marcu and Raymond Reiter and Richard B. Scherl},
  title = {A Logical Approach to High-Level Robot Programming---A
     Progress Report},
  booktitle = {Control of the Physical World by Intelligent Systems,
  	Papers from the 1994 {AAAI} Fall Symposium},
  year = {1994},
  editor = {Benjamin Kuipers},
  pages = {79--85},
  organization = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  address = {Menlo Park, California},
  topic = {cognitive-robotics;}
  }

@article{ lesperance-etal:1995a,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance and Hector J. Levesque},
  title = {Indexical Knowledge and Robot Action---A Logical Approach},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {73},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {69--115},
  topic = {indexicality;cognitive-robotics;}
  }

@incollection{ lesperance-etal:1996a,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance and Hector J. Levesque and Fangzhen
  	Lin and D. Marcu and Raymond Reiter and Richard B. Scherl},
  title = {Foundations of a Logical Approach to Agent Programming},
  booktitle = {Intelligent Agents Volume {II}---Proceedings of the
  	1995 Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and
	Languages (ATAL--95)},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Michael J. Wooldrige and J.P. M\"uller and Milind Tambe},
  pages = {331--346},
  address = {Berlin},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, E's 1st name.},
  topic = {agent-oriented-programming;}
  }

@article{ lesperance-etal:1999a,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance and Raymond Reiter and Fanzhen Lin
		and Richard B. Scherl},
  title = {{GOLOG:} A Logic Programming Language for Dynamic Domains},
  journal = {Journal of Logic Programming},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {59--84},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {golog;cognitive-robotics;}
  }

@incollection{ lesperance-etal:1999b,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance and Hector J. Levesque and
		Raymond Reiter},
  title = {A Situation Calculus Approach to Modeling and
		Programming Agents},
  booktitle = {Foundations of Rational Agency},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Pub;ishers},
  year = {1999},
  editor = {Michael J. Wooldridge and A. Rao},
  pages = {275--299},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  missinginfo = {E's 1st names.},
  topic = {situation-calculus;planning-formalisms;Golog;}
  }

@inproceedings{ lesperance-etal:1999c,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance and T.G.Kelley and
		John Mylopoulos and E.S.K. Yu},
  title = {Modeling Dynamic Domains with {C}on{G}olog},
  booktitle = {Advanced Information Systems Engineering,
		11th International Conference: {CAiSE}-99},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {365--380},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  address = {Berlin},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, editor},
  topic = {Golog;concurrency;}
  }

@article{ lesperance-etal:2000a,
  author = {Yves Lesp\'erance and Hector J. Levesque and Fangzhen Lin
  	and Richard B. Scherl},
  title = {Ability and Knowing How in the Situation Calculus},
  journal = {Studia Logica},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {66},
  number = {1},
  pages = {165--186},
  topic = {ability;knowing-how;situation-calculus;}
  }

@article{ lessard:1999a,
  author = {Greg Lessard},
  title = {Review of \emph{Learner {E}nglish on a
		Computer}, edited by {S}ylvaine {G}ranger},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {302--303},
  xref = {Review of: granger_s:1998a.},
  topic = {corpus-linguistics;L2-language-learning;}
  }

@article{ lesser-etal:1995a,
  author = {Victor R. Lesser and S. Hamid Nawab and Frank I. Klassner},
  title = {{IPUS}: An Architecture for the Integrated Processing and
  	Understanding of Signals},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {77},
  number = {1},
  pages = {129--171},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     The Integrated Processing and Understanding of Signals (IPUS)
     architecture is presented as a framework that exploits formal
     signal processing models to structure the bidirectional
     interaction between front-end signal processing and signal
     understanding processes.  This architecture is appropriate for
     complex environments, which are characterized by variable
     signal-to-noise ratios, unpredictable source behaviors, and the
     simultaneous occurrence of objects whose signal signatures can
     distort each other.  A key aspect of this architecture is that
     front-end signal processing is dynamically modifiable in
     response to scenario changes and to the need to reanalyze
     ambiguous or distorted data.  The architecture tightly integrates
     the search for the appropriate front-end signal processing
     configuration with the search for plausible interpretations.  In
     our opinion, this dual search, informed by formal signal
     processing theory, is a necessary component of perceptual
     systems that must interact with complex environments.  To
     explain this architecture in detail, we discuss examples of its
     use in an implemented system for acoustic signal interpretation.},
  topic = {signal-processing;}
  }

@article{ lesser-etal:2000a,
  author = {Victor Lesser and Bryan Horling and Frank Klassner and
  	Anita Raja and Thomas Wagner and Shelley XQ. Zhang},
  title = {{BIG}: An Agent for Resource-Bounded Information Gathering
  	and Decision Making},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {118},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {197--244},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     The World Wide Web has become an invaluable information resource
     but the explosion of available information has made Web search a
     time consuming and complex process. The large number of
     information sources and their different levels of accessibility,
     reliability and associated costs present a complex information
     gathering control problem. This paper describes the rationale,
     architecture, and implementation of a next generation
     information gathering system---a system that integrates several
     areas of Artificial Intelligence research under a single
     umbrella.  Our solution to the information explosion is an
     information gathering agent, BIG, that plans to gather
     information to support a decision process, reasons about the
     resource trade-offs of different possible gathering approaches,
     extracts information from both unstructured and structured
     documents, and uses the extracted information to refine its
     search and processing activities.
       },
  topic = {AI-and-the-internet;intelligent-information-retrieval;
  	distributed-AI;planning;}
  }

@incollection{ lester-etal:1998a,
  author = {James C. Lester and William H. Bares and Charles
		B. Callaway and Stuart G. Towns},
  title = {Natural Language Generation Journeys to Interactive
		{3D} Worlds},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop
  	on Natural Language Generation

repository: sergiud/bibtex-spirit

repo_name: sergiud/bibtex-spirit