text:
@article{
   title = {CBP 1011: Colirest, Hematrol},
   journal = {Drugs R D},
   volume = {4},
   number = {4},
   pages = {241-2},
   note = {Adis International Ltd
Journal Article
New Zealand
Drugs R D. 2003;4(4):241-2.},
   abstract = {InKine Pharmaceutical Co. is developing an oral compound, CBP 1011, for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) [Hematrol] and for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (Colirest). This profile has been selected from R&D Insight, a pharmaceutical intelligence database produced by Adis International Ltd. CBP 1011 or medroxyprogesterone, is a progesterone agonist and inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). CBP 1011 was originally developed by CorBec Pharmaceuticals, which in 1997 was aquired by Panax and then intergrated into InKine Pharmaceuticals. According to a company spokesperson, InKline is pursuing outlicensing opportunities for Hematrol since the company's current commercial focus is on gastrointestinal products. In June 2000, InKine announced the completion of a study comparing the bioavailability of a commercially viable tablet formulation of CBP 1011 to the original capsule formulation that is currently being used in the company's phase III studies in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Preliminary results from this study indicate that the bioavailability of the tablet formulation does not differ significantly from that of the capsule formulation. The trial enrolled ITP patients (i) who are HIV positive, (ii) who are chronic ITP sufferers despite having had a splenectomy, (iii) who are older, or (iv) who have less severe thrombocytopenia. In preclinical trials, CBP 1011 was shown to decrease lymphocyte infiltration into the bowel compared with the control. Studies also show that it possibly offers safety benefits over steroid therapies. In June 2001, InKine commenced enrolment for a pivotal phase III trial in the treatment of Crohn's disease. This randomised, double-blind trial will enrol approximately 250 patients and will compare two doses of CBP 1011 (400 and 1000mg) with placebo. In April 2003, the US Patent and Trademark Office granted InKine Pharmaceutical a 'Notice of Allowance' for the 'Method of Treating Inflammatory Conditions with Progesterone or Progesterone Analogs'. This patent for medroxyprogesterone (Colirest) provides InKine patent protection for the use of Colirest in treating patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, proctitis, microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, drug-induced oesophagitis, coeliac disease, recurrent polyps and haemorrhoids. The patent protection also covers Colirest in a variety of delivery forms such as tablet, enema, suppository, foam, gel, ointment and suspension.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Clinical Trials as Topic
Crohn Disease/*drug therapy
Drug Industry
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Medroxyprogesterone/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/*drug therapy
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1174-5886 (Print)
1174-5886},
   Accession Number = {12848589},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   title = {Bibliography. Current world literature. Gastroenterology and nutrition},
   journal = {Curr Opin Pediatr},
   volume = {16},
   number = {5},
   pages = {600-13},
   note = {Bibliography
United States
Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004 Oct;16(5):600-13.},
   keywords = {Adult
Calcium/metabolism
Celiac Disease/etiology/therapy
Esophagitis/etiology/metabolism/therapy
Esophagitis, Peptic/complications/therapy
Food Hypersensitivity/complications/therapy
*Gastroenterology
Humans
Infant
*Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Vitamin D/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1040-8703 (Print)
1040-8703},
   Accession Number = {15468387},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   title = {NIH Consensus Development Conference on Celiac Disease},
   journal = {NIH Consens State Sci Statements},
   volume = {21},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-23},
   note = {Consensus Development Conference, NIH
Journal Article
United States
NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2004 Jun 28-30;21(1):1-23.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To provide health care providers, patients, and the general public with a responsible assessment of currently available data regarding celiac disease. PARTICIPANTS: A non-DHHS, non-advocate 13-member panel representing the fields of internal medicine, gastroenterology, medical genetics, pathology, endocrinology, nutrition, and a consumer representative. In addition, 19 experts in related fields presented data to the panel and to the conference audience. EVIDENCE: Presentations by experts; a systematic review of the medical literature provided by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; and an extensive bibliography of celiac disease research papers, prepared by the National Library of Medicine. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONFERENCE PROCESS: Answering pre-determined questions, the panel drafted its statement based on scientific evidence presented in open forum and on the published scientific literature. The draft statement was read in its entirety on the final day of the conference and circulated to the audience for comment. The panel then met in executive session to consider the comments received, and released a revised statement later that day at http://consensus.nih.gov. This statement is an independent report of the panel and is not a policy statement of the NIH or the Federal Government. CONCLUSIONS: Celiac disease is an immune-mediated intestinal disorder with protean manifestations. Celiac disease is common, affecting 0.5 to 1.0 percent of the general population of the United States, but is greatly underdiagnosed. There are now specific and sensitive serologic tests available to aid in diagnosis that need to be more widely applied. The treatment of celiac disease remains a lifelong gluten-free diet, which results in remission for most individuals. The classic presentation of diarrhea and malabsorption is less common, and atypical and silent presentations are increasing. Most individuals are being seen by primary care providers and a broad range of specialists. Therefore, heightened awareness of this disease is imperative. Education of physicians, registered dietitians, and other health providers is needed. The panel recommends the following: (1) Education of physicians, dietitians, nurses, and the public about celiac disease by a trans-National Institutes of Health (NIH) initiative, to be led by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), in association with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; (2) Standardization of serologic tests and pathologic criteria for the diagnosis of celiac disease; (3) Adoption of a standard definition of a gluten-free diet based on objective evidence such as that being developed by the American Dietetic Association; (4) Development of an adequate testing procedure for gluten in foods and definition of standards for gluten-free foods in the United States to lay the foundation for rational food labeling; (5) Formation of a federation of celiac disease societies, celiac disease interest groups, individuals with celiac disease and their families, physicians, dietitians, and other health care providers for the advancement of education, research, and advocacy for individuals with celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/blood
Biomarkers/blood
Biopsy
*Celiac Disease/blood/diagnosis/diet therapy/epidemiology/immunology
Evidence-Based Medicine
Glutens/adverse effects
HLA-DQ Antigens/blood
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Interdisciplinary Communication
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Transglutaminases/blood
United States/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1553-0957 (Print)
1553-0779},
   Accession Number = {17308551},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Accomando, S. and Cataldo, F.},
   title = {The global village of celiac disease},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {36},
   number = {7},
   pages = {492-8},
   note = {Accomando, S
Cataldo, F
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2004 Jul;36(7):492-8.},
   abstract = {In the last years our knowledge on epidemiology of celiac disease has increased: there is a wide spectrum of its clinical presentation (classical, atypical, silent and latent forms of celiac disease), and of its pathological mucosal intestinal features, which range from early and mild pictures to severe villous atrophy (Marsh stages). In addition, a strong genetic component, associated with the susceptibility to the disease (HLA and non HLA genes), has been found. This knowledge, together with the availability of new high sensitive and specific serological tests (antigliadin, antiendomysium and antitransglutaminase antibodies), has led us to the realization that celiac disease is the most common food intolerance in the world, involving genetically predisposed individuals consuming gluten-containing cereals in their diet. So, today it is well known that celiac disease is a common disorder not only in Europe but also in populations of European ancestry (North and South Americas, Australia), in North Africa, in the Middle East and in South Asia, where until a few years ago it was historically considered extremely rare. Therefore, celiac disease is spread worldwide as in a common "Global Village", and greater levels of awareness and attention on gluten intolerance are needed, both in the Old and in the New World.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*epidemiology
Humans},
   ISSN = {1590-8658 (Print)
1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {15285531},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2004.01.026},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Annibale, B. and Capurso, G. and Delle Fave, G.},
   title = {The stomach and iron deficiency anaemia: a forgotten link},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {288-95},
   note = {Annibale, B
Capurso, G
Delle Fave, G
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2003 Apr;35(4):288-95.},
   abstract = {Iron deficiency anaemia is generally considered a sign of occult bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, and standard care therefore includes evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract to rule out possible bleeding sites. However, it is often overlooked that iron deficiency anaemia may be the result of an imbalance between iron loss and iron intake, and may also be due to reduced absorption of iron from food, i.e., coeliac disease. The absorption of alimentary iron is not a simple process and the stomach plays a major role in this process of iron "digestion". This review presents evidence linking iron deficiency anaemia to gastric conditions that lead to reduced acid secretion, such as, for example, gastric surgery, atrophic body gastritis and Helicobacter pylori gastritis.},
   keywords = {Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/etiology/*metabolism/microbiology
Gastritis, Atrophic/metabolism/microbiology
Helicobacter Infections/complications/metabolism
Humans
Iron/metabolism
Postoperative Complications
Stomach/*metabolism/surgery},
   ISSN = {1590-8658 (Print)
1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {12801042},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Auricchio, R. and Paparo, F. and Maglio, M. and Franzese, A. and Lombardi, F. and Valerio, G. and Nardone, G. and Percopo, S. and Greco, L. and Troncone, R.},
   title = {In vitro-deranged intestinal immune response to gliadin in type 1 diabetes},
   journal = {Diabetes},
   volume = {53},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1680-3},
   note = {Auricchio, Renata
Paparo, Francesco
Maglio, Maria
Franzese, Adriana
Lombardi, Francesca
Valerio, Giuliana
Nardone, Gerardo
Percopo, Selvaggia
Greco, Luigi
Troncone, Riccardo
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Diabetes. 2004 Jul;53(7):1680-3.},
   abstract = {Dietary gluten has been associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes. We have evaluated inflammation and the mucosal immune response to gliadin in the jejunum of patients with type 1 diabetes. Small intestinal biopsies from 17 children with type 1 diabetes without serological markers of celiac disease and from 50 age-matched control subjects were examined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, biopsies from 12 type 1 diabetic patients and 8 control subjects were cultured with gliadin or ovalbumin peptic-tryptic digest and examined for epithelial infiltration and lamina propria T-cell activation. The density of intraepithelial CD3(+) and gammadelta(+) cells and of lamina propria CD25(+) mononuclear cells was higher in jejunal biopsies from type 1 diabetic patients versus control subjects. In the patients' biopsies cultured with peptic-tryptic gliadin, there was epithelial infiltration by CD3(+) cells, a significant increase in lamina propria CD25(+) and CD80(+) cells and enhanced expression of lamina propria CD54 and crypt HLA-DR. No such phenomena were observed in control subjects, even those with celiac disease-associated HLA haplotypes. In conclusion, signs of mucosal inflammation were present in jejunal biopsies from type 1 diabetic patients, and organ culture studies indicate a deranged mucosal immune response to gliadin.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antibody Formation
Biopsy
Case-Control Studies
Child
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*immunology
Female
Gliadin/*immunology
HLA Antigens/analysis/classification
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology
Jejunum/immunology/pathology
Male
Organ Culture Techniques},
   ISSN = {0012-1797 (Print)
0012-1797},
   Accession Number = {15220190},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Auricchio, S. and Barone, M. V. and Troncone, R.},
   title = {Dietary proteins and mechanisms of gastrointestinal diseases: gliadin as a model},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {39 Suppl 3},
   pages = {S738-9},
   note = {Auricchio, Salvatore
Barone, Maria Vittoria
Troncone, Riccardo
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Jun;39 Suppl 3:S738-9.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*physiopathology
*Gliadin
Humans
*Models, Biological
*Plant Proteins},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {15167368},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bellanti, J. A. and Sabra, A. and Zeligs, B. J.},
   title = {Gastrointestinal immunopathology and food allergy},
   journal = {Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol},
   volume = {93},
   number = {5 Suppl 3},
   pages = {S26-32},
   note = {Bellanti, Joseph A
Sabra, Aderbal
Zeligs, Barbara J
Journal Article
United States
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004 Nov;93(5 Suppl 3):S26-32.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To review the current data that support the pivotal function of the gastrointestinal immune system in health and disease and its critical role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of clinical disorders associated with food allergy (FA). DATA SOURCES: Internet-based literature search and our own data. STUDY SELECTION: The studies included in this review were selected based on the expert opinion of the authors. RESULTS: In contrast to the beneficial expressions of gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue, which are seen with relevance to newer methods of delivery of vaccines directly applied to the gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces (eg, oral poliovirus, rotavirus, Salmonella typhi vaccines), the adverse consequences of a mucosal immune response gone astray are evidenced in many diseases such as FA. A classification of clinical disorders associated with FA based on classic mechanisms of immunologic injury is presented, which includes the following: (1) IgE-mediated, (2) non-IgE-mediated, and (3) mixed IgE- and non-IgE-mediated disorders. Our study of immunologic disturbance in patients with non-IgE FA revealed a pattern of increased CD4+ and decreased TH1 cell counts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in contrast to patients with celiac disease, where a pattern of increased CD8+ and TH1 cell counts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and increased CD8+ cell counts was seen. CONCLUSIONS: The gastrointestinal immune response thus plays a pivotal role in maintaining protective immunity in health and a critical role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of clinical disorders associated with FA.},
   keywords = {Breast/blood supply
Food Hypersensitivity/*etiology
Gastrointestinal Tract/*immunology
Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
Humans
Immunization
Immunoglobulin E/blood
Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology},
   ISSN = {1081-1206 (Print)
1081-1206},
   Accession Number = {15562871},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bellanti, J. A. and Zeligs, B. J. and Malka-Rais, J. and Sabra, A.},
   title = {Abnormalities of Th1 function in non-IgE food allergy, celiac disease, and ileal lymphonodular hyperplasia: a new relationship?},
   journal = {Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol},
   volume = {90},
   number = {6 Suppl 3},
   pages = {84-9},
   note = {Bellanti, Joseph A
Zeligs, Barbara J
Malka-Rais, Jonathan
Sabra, Aderbal
Clinical Trial
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003 Jun;90(6 Suppl 3):84-9.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-IgE mechanisms may also be involved food allergy (FA). Our group has been studying the immunopathogenesis clinical entities in children with gastro-intestinal symptoms and in whom biopsies of the terminal ileum show lymphoid tissue masses referred to as ileal lymphonodular hyperplasia. Our more recent studies have demonstrated Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles associated with non-IgE FA and other clinical entities. OBJECTIVE: We investigated 12 subjects with non-IgE FA (group 1) and 4 subjects with celiac disease (group 2). Cytokine profiles and immunologic studies of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and from gastro-intestinal biopsy tissues from patients in groups 1 and 2 were also evaluated. METHODS: Group 1 consisted of 12 children with clinical symptoms of anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The diagnosis of non-IgE FA was established by positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge and reduced or negative immediate-type skin testing and negative IgE radioallergosorbent tests. Group 2 consisted of four patients with celiac disease and three adult females with biopsy-proven clinical symptoms of celiac disease. RESULTS: In group 1, peripheral blood CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte distributions were normal, with a predominance of CD4+ cells with a decreased intracellular Th1 cytokine pattern and a normal Th2 intracellular cytokine pattern. In contrast, all four patients in group 2 not only displayed abnormal CD4 and CD8 peripheral blood lymphocyte distributions (CD8 > CD4), but also an abnormal predominance of CD4+ cells with an increased Th1 and a normal Th2 cytokine pattern. A similar abnormal pattern of CD4 > CD8 ratio was observed in intestinal biopsies. All 12 patients in group 1 showed lymphonodular hyperplasia in each of the biopsies and by ileoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: These studies suggest that abnormalities in Th1 function may not only play a role in some patients with non--IgE-mediated FA in whom decreased Th1 function is seen, but also in patients with celiac disease in whom an increased Th1 function is seen. The studies also suggest that lymphonodular hyperplasia may be a hallmark histologic lesion in patients with non--IgE-mediated FA.},
   keywords = {Biopsy
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism/pathology
Celiac Disease/metabolism/*physiopathology
Child
Child Welfare
Child, Preschool
Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic
Cytokines/metabolism
District of Columbia
Double-Blind Method
Eosinophils/metabolism
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/metabolism/physiopathology
Humans
Hypersensitivity, Immediate/metabolism/*physiopathology
*Ileum
Immune System Diseases/*pathology
Immunoglobulin E/blood
Immunohistochemistry
Infant
Intestine, Large/metabolism/pathology
Leukocyte Count
Lymph Nodes/metabolism/*pathology
Male
Radioallergosorbent Test
Skin Tests
Statistics as Topic
Th1 Cells/metabolism/*physiology
Th2 Cells/metabolism/pathology
Thymus Hyperplasia/metabolism/*physiopathology},
   ISSN = {1081-1206 (Print)
1081-1206},
   Accession Number = {12839120},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Berti, C. and Riso, P. and Monti, L. D. and Porrini, M.},
   title = {In vitro starch digestibility and in vivo glucose response of gluten-free foods and their gluten counterparts},
   journal = {Eur J Nutr},
   volume = {43},
   number = {4},
   pages = {198-204},
   note = {Berti, Cristiana
Riso, Patrizia
Monti, Lucilla D
Porrini, Marisa
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Eur J Nutr. 2004 Aug;43(4):198-204. Epub 2004 Jan 6.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recently there has been increasing interest in the production of gluten-free (GF) foods and studies on minor cereals and pseudocereals without celiac activity in order to fulfill the specific needs of people affected by celiac disease. GF bread, pasta, biscuits are usually manufactured using different combinations of thickenings and particular food processing procedures that could affect starch digestibility. Carbohydrates, mainly starch from cereals, play an important part in a balanced diet, and dietary guidelines suggest a diet with low glycemic index foods, that is to say rich in slowly digested carbohydrates. AIM: The present study was aimed at evaluating: 1) the importance of some GF food characteristics in relation to their effects on in vitro starch accessibility to digestion, in comparison with traditional gluten products; 2) the in vivo metabolic responses to GF foods. METHODS: Firstly, starch digestibility of several products was evaluated in vitro. Then, an in vivo study was performed on a group of healthy volunteers. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were evaluated after administration of three GF foods and traditional bread. Triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFA) were also evaluated. Attempts were also made to explore differences in metabolic responses to GF foods in healthy subjects with respect to celiac subjects. RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) of digested starch of GF bread was slightly higher than that of the traditional counterpart. No significant difference was observed in AUCs of digested starch between GF pasta and the traditional pasta. The AUCs of digested starch of quinoa and the two samples of pasta were not statistically different. Significant differences were observed between GF bread and bread-like products. Statistic differences in glucose responses to GF pasta were observed between healthy and celiac subjects. In healthy subjects, the AUCs of glucose response after GF bread were higher than those after bread with gluten. No significant differences were observed between the AUCs of insulin responses to all products tested. Glycemic index (GI) for GF pasta was similar to GI for GF bread while GI for quinoa was slightly lower than that of GF pasta and bread. Two-way ANOVA revealed that quinoa induced lower FFA levels with respect to GF pasta. In addition, triglyceride concentrations were significantly reduced for quinoa with respect to GF bread and bread. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the different formulations and the food processing procedures used in the manufacturing of GF products may affect the rate of starch digestion both in vitro and in vivo. It may be worthwhile improving the formulation of these products. Furthermore, quinoa seems to represent a potential alternative to traditional foods, even if further and larger studies are required to demonstrate its hypoglycemic effects.},
   keywords = {Adult
Analysis of Variance
Area Under Curve
Blood Glucose/*metabolism
Bread
Celiac Disease/blood/*metabolism
Chenopodium quinoa
*Digestion
Edible Grain
Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
Female
Glutens/*metabolism
Glycemic Index
Humans
Insulin/blood
Middle Aged
Starch/*metabolism
Taste
Triglycerides/blood},
   ISSN = {1436-6207 (Print)
1436-6207},
   Accession Number = {15309439},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00394-004-0459-1},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brown, I. L.},
   title = {Applications and uses of resistant starch},
   journal = {J AOAC Int},
   volume = {87},
   number = {3},
   pages = {727-32},
   note = {Brown, Ian L
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
J AOAC Int. 2004 May-Jun;87(3):727-32.},
   abstract = {For the past 30 years there has been a steady increase in our knowledge of the sources, uses and physiological effects of resistant starch. However, it has only been in the past decade that the use of ingredients with a high resistant starch content has occurred in foods, initially in Australia but now throughout the world. Foods containing these resistant starch-rich ingredients include not only staple foods, such as bread and breakfast cereals, but also foods designed for those with special physiological or medical needs, such as celiac sensitivity and ulcerative colitis, or for individuals who are seeking to manage energy intake and control weight. Resistant starch has other benefits when compared with traditional sources of dietary fiber in that the preparation and design of foods with additional health benefits have the appearance, taste, and texture characteristics that encourage people to consume these "better for you" foods. As our knowledge of the range of physiological effects that occur through the consumption of resistant starch increases, more applications will be found for their inclusion in an expanding range of foods around the world.},
   keywords = {Diet
*Dietary Fiber
Humans
Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology
*Starch/chemistry},
   ISSN = {1060-3271 (Print)
1060-3271},
   Accession Number = {15287672},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Butterworth, J. R. and Banfield, L. M. and Iqbal, T. H. and Cooper, B. T.},
   title = {Factors relating to compliance with a gluten-free diet in patients with coeliac disease: comparison of white Caucasian and South Asian patients},
   journal = {Clin Nutr},
   volume = {23},
   number = {5},
   pages = {1127-34},
   note = {Butterworth, Jeffrey R
Banfield, Luke M
Iqbal, Tariq H
Cooper, Brian T
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):1127-34.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: To identify factors relating to compliance with a gluten-free diet amongst white Caucasian and South Asians with coeliac disease. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey, with case note review of 130 adult patients with coeliac disease (90 white Caucasian and 40 South Asians). RESULTS: 87 (66.9%) of the 130 questionnaires were returned; whites: 73.3%, South Asians: 52.5% (P = 0.02). White Caucasians' assessment of their own strictness to the gluten-free diet correlated with small bowel histological recovery (OR 10.00, 95% CI 3.2-33.06) and negative endomysial antibodies (OR 34.94, CI 6.58-185.40). This was not seen in the South Asian patients. Amongst the white coeliacs, factors correlating with compliance with a gluten-free diet were: Coeliac Society membership, understanding food labelling, obtaining sufficient gluten-free products, explanation by a physician, and regular dietetic follow-up. These factors were not identified amongst the South Asians, who were less likely to attend dietetic clinics, join the Coeliac Society and be satisfied with information provided by doctors and dieticians. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the South Asians, factors were identified which related to compliance with a gluten-free diet amongst white Caucasian coeliac patients. This study has shown that the treatment approach to ethnic minorities with coeliac disease must be improved.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Cross-Sectional Studies
*European Continental Ancestry Group
Female
Food Labeling
Glutens/*administration & dosage
Humans
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Compliance/*ethnology
Patient Education as Topic
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0261-5614 (Print)
0261-5614},
   Accession Number = {15380905},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.clnu.2004.02.009},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Caputo, I. and D'Amato, A. and Troncone, R. and Auricchio, S. and Esposito, C.},
   title = {Transglutaminase 2 in celiac disease: minireview article},
   journal = {Amino Acids},
   volume = {26},
   number = {4},
   pages = {381-6},
   note = {Caputo, I
D'Amato, A
Troncone, R
Auricchio, S
Esposito, C
Journal Article
Review
Austria
Amino Acids. 2004 Jul;26(4):381-6. Epub 2004 Apr 14.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune pathology of the small intestine triggered, in genetically predisposed patients, by the exposition to gliadin, a flour protein, thus evoking local immune reactions and mucosal atrophy. The discovery that type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) is the main, if not the sole, target of the endomysium CD-specific autoantibodies assigned to this enzyme a master regulator role of CD. Two separated events, both based on the finding that gliadin is able to act as a TG2 substrate, have been described to indicate that TG2 is involved in both the humoral and cellular immune responses. In this paper we review the novel insights on the localization and enzymatic activity of TG2 in the small intestinal mucosa. Moreover, we report on the capability of gliadin and its peptides to act as TG2 substrates.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*enzymology
GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism
Gliadin/*metabolism
Glutens/chemistry/genetics/metabolism
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/enzymology
Intestine, Small/anatomy & histology/metabolism
Isoenzymes/metabolism
Peptides/genetics/metabolism
Transglutaminases/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0939-4451 (Print)
0939-4451},
   Accession Number = {15290344},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00726-004-0083-7},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Catassi, C. and Fasano, A.},
   title = {Celiac disease as a cause of growth retardation in childhood},
   journal = {Curr Opin Pediatr},
   volume = {16},
   number = {4},
   pages = {445-9},
   note = {Catassi, Carlo
Fasano, Alessio
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004 Aug;16(4):445-9.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Celiac disease is a syndrome characterized by damage of the small intestinal mucosa caused by the gluten fraction of wheat proteins and similar alcohol-soluble proteins (prolamines) of barley and rye in genetically susceptible subjects. The presence of gluten in these subjects leads to a self- perpetuating mucosal damage, and the elimination of gluten results in full mucosal recovery. The clinical manifestations of celiac disease are protean in nature and vary markedly with the age of the patient, the duration and extent of disease, and the presence of extraintestinal pathologic changes. In addition to the classic gastrointestinal form, a variety of other clinical manifestations of the disease have been described, including atypical and asymptomatic forms. Although the typical form of celiac disease, characterized by failure to thrive, is still the most frequent presentation in the pediatric age group, severe growth delay is less commonly seen in developed countries. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that celiac disease-associated growth retardation is becoming a tangible health problem in developing countries, where the problem has been historically overlooked. Given the protean nature of the clinical presentation of celiac disease, the diagnosis is extremely challenging and relies on a sensitive and specific algorithm that allows the identification of different manifestations of the disease. Serologic tests developed in the past decade provide a noninvasive tool for screening individuals at risk for the disease as well as the general population. SUMMARY: The current gold standard for the diagnosis of celiac disease remains histologic confirmation of the intestinal damage in serologically positive individuals. The keystone treatment of celiac disease patients is a lifelong elimination diet in which food products containing gluten are avoided.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
Bone Development/physiology
Celiac Disease/*complications/physiopathology
Child
Growth Disorders/*etiology
Humans},
   ISSN = {1040-8703 (Print)
1040-8703},
   Accession Number = {15273508},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cattaneo, A. and Ballabio, C. and Bertelli, A. A. and Fiocchi, A. and Galli, C. L. and Isoardi, P. and Terracciano, L. and Restani, P.},
   title = {Evaluation of residual immunoreactivity in red and white wines clarified with gluten or gluten derivatives},
   journal = {Int J Tissue React},
   volume = {25},
   number = {2},
   pages = {57-64},
   note = {Cattaneo, A
Ballabio, C
Bertelli, A A E
Fiocchi, A
Galli, C L
Isoardi, P
Terracciano, L
Restani, P
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Switzerland
Int J Tissue React. 2003;25(2):57-64.},
   abstract = {Gluten or hydrolyzed gluten could be a suitable alternative to animal proteins in the wine clarification process, but their residues could represent a risk for individuals suffering from coeliac disease or allergic to cereal proteins. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of gluten in wines treated with gluten or its hydrolysate in the clarification process and to assess its antigenicity in commercial products. The presence of residual immunoreactive gluten was evaluated by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. Data obtained in several red and white wine samples showed that no residue was detectable in any of the red wines. In white wines, gluten reduced the protein content less completely, but most samples showed no immunoreactivity after the wine had been treated with gluten or its derivatives, either alone or combined with bentonite, silica gel or tannins. The use of gluten derivatives coupled with bentonite was the most effective method of removing immunoreactive protein in white wines. In conclusion, the use of gluten derivatives in wine clarification seems to exclude a risk for subjects susceptible to coeliac disease or gluten allergy. However, it is recommended that wine producers continuously monitor the clarification process in order to protect the most sensitive individuals.},
   keywords = {Antigens/*analysis
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Food Handling/methods
Gliadin/immunology
Glutens/*analysis/immunology
Hydrolysis
Immunoblotting
Trichloroacetic Acid
Wine/*analysis},
   ISSN = {0250-0868 (Print)
0250-0868},
   Accession Number = {14518594},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cicarelli, G. and Della Rocca, G. and Amboni, M. and Ciacci, C. and Mazzacca, G. and Filla, A. and Barone, P.},
   title = {Clinical and neurological abnormalities in adult celiac disease},
   journal = {Neurol Sci},
   volume = {24},
   number = {5},
   pages = {311-7},
   note = {Cicarelli, G
Della Rocca, G
Amboni, M
Ciacci, C
Mazzacca, G
Filla, A
Barone, P
Clinical Trial
Comparative Study
Controlled Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Italy
Neurol Sci. 2003 Dec;24(5):311-7.},
   abstract = {We assessed the occurrence of neurological signs and symptoms in adult patients with celiac disease and evaluated the correlation between neurological features and diet. A total of 176 patients and 52 age-matched controls underwent a semistructural interview and a neurologic examination. The effect of gluten-free diet was evaluated by comparing the prevalence of signs and symptoms among patients adhering to a gluten-free diet and patients on an unrestricted diet. The occurrence of headache, dysthymia and signs of peripheral neuropathy was significantly higher in patients with celiac disease than in control subjects. Adherence to a strict gluten-free diet was associated with a significant reduction of headache, dysthymia, cramps and weakness, but did not modify the occurrence of paresthesia or hyporeflexia. Neurological signs and symptoms are associated with celiac disease and can be ameliorated by a gluten-free diet.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Celiac Disease/complications/*diet therapy/*physiopathology
Dysthymic Disorder/diet therapy/etiology/physiopathology
Feeding Behavior/physiology
Female
*Food, Formulated
Glutens/*adverse effects
Headache/diet therapy/etiology/physiopathology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Muscle Cramp/diet therapy/etiology/physiopathology
Nervous System/*physiopathology
Paresthesia/diet therapy/etiology/physiopathology
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/diet therapy/etiology/physiopathology
Reflex, Abnormal/physiology
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1590-1874 (Print)
1590-1874},
   Accession Number = {14716525},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10072-003-0181-4},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ciclitira, P. J.},
   title = {Recent advances in coeliac disease},
   journal = {Clin Med (Lond)},
   volume = {3},
   number = {2},
   pages = {166-9},
   note = {Ciclitira, Paul J
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Clin Med (Lond). 2003 Mar-Apr;3(2):166-9.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, affects 1 in 100-200 people in the UK. The condition, which is exacerbated by wheat, rye, barley and possibly oats, can be treated with a gluten-free diet in which these cereals are omitted. Serological screening, particularly of high-risk groups, with both IgA and IgG based systems can be used to identify cases. Diagnosis depends on the use of a small intestinal biopsy, which reveals the classical changes of loss of the normal villous architecture. Evidence suggests that gluten-sensitive T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Use of in vitro systems has suggested an immunodominant epitope within wheat gliadin, which has been shown to exacerbate the condition in vivo. This information can be used to devise strategies to develop immuno-modulatory peptides and cereals with the baking and nutritional qualities of wheat, rye and barley, but which do not exacerbate the condition.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/genetics/immunology/mortality
Edible Grain/chemistry
Humans
Prognosis},
   ISSN = {1470-2118 (Print)
1470-2118},
   Accession Number = {12737376},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cohen, J. R. and Dinerstein, G. R.},
   title = {Wheat, me worry? If you have both celiac disease and diabetes, you might be wondering if there's anything tasty in the world that's left for you to eat},
   journal = {Diabetes Forecast},
   volume = {57},
   number = {8},
   pages = {62-6},
   note = {Cohen, Joyce Render
Dinerstein, Gayle Render
Journal Article
United States
Diabetes Forecast. 2004 Aug;57(8):62-6.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/complications/*physiopathology
Cooking
Diabetes Mellitus/*physiopathology
*Food
Humans
Patient Education as Topic
United States},
   ISSN = {0095-8301 (Print)
0095-8301},
   Accession Number = {15920822},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Collin, P. and Maki, M. and Kaukinen, K.},
   title = {It is the compliance, not milligrams of gluten, that is essential in the treatment of celiac disease},
   journal = {Nutr Rev},
   volume = {62},
   number = {12},
   pages = {490; author reply 491},
   note = {Collin, Pekka
Maki, Markku
Kaukinen, Katri
Comment
Letter
United States
Nutr Rev. 2004 Dec;62(12):490; author reply 491.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Diet, Protein-Restricted
Food Contamination
Glutens/*administration & dosage
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/pathology
*Patient Compliance
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0029-6643 (Print)
0029-6643},
   Accession Number = {15648825},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Collin, P. and Thorell, L. and Kaukinen, K. and Maki, M.},
   title = {The safe threshold for gluten contamination in gluten-free products. Can trace amounts be accepted in the treatment of coeliac disease?},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {19},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1277-83},
   note = {Collin, P
Thorell, L
Kaukinen, K
Maki, M
Journal Article
Review
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jun 15;19(12):1277-83.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gluten contamination in gluten-free products cannot totally be avoided. The safe threshold for gluten remains obscure. AIM: The purpose was to estimate a reasonable limit for residual gluten, based on current literature and measurement of gluten in gluten-free products on the market. METHODS: The gluten content of 59 naturally gluten-free and 24 wheat starch-based gluten-free products were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The daily intake of flours was calculated in 76 adults on gluten-free diet, and the intake compared with mucosal histology. RESULTS: A number of both naturally gluten-free (13 of 59) and wheat starch-based gluten-free (11 of 24) products contained gluten from 20 to 200 ppm (=mg/kg). The median daily flour consumption was 80 g (range: 10-300). Within these limits, the long-term mucosal recovery was good. CONCLUSIONS: The threshold for gluten-contamination can safely be set at 100 ppm. Provided that the daily flour intake is even 300 g, a level of 100 ppm results in 30 mg of gluten intake. This has been shown to be safe, when correlated to histology, in clinical and challenge studies. The level can be achieved by the industry, and does not make the diet too cumbersome.},
   keywords = {Adult
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/pathology
Child
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
Flour/analysis
Food Contamination/*analysis
Glutens/*administration & dosage/analysis
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Intestine, Small/pathology
Maximum Allowable Concentration
Triticum/chemistry},
   ISSN = {0269-2813 (Print)
0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {15191509},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01961.x},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cox, J. E. and Kelm, G. R. and Meller, S. T. and Randich, A.},
   title = {Suppression of food intake by GI fatty acid infusions: roles of celiac vagal afferents and cholecystokinin},
   journal = {Physiol Behav},
   volume = {82},
   number = {1},
   pages = {27-33},
   note = {Cox, James E
Kelm, Gary R
Meller, Stephen T
Randich, Alan
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Physiol Behav. 2004 Aug;82(1):27-33.},
   abstract = {We have found that jejunal infusions of long-chain fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA), and gastric infusions of a fatty acid ethyl ester, ethyl oleate (EO), produce long-lasting suppression of total caloric intake. This effect is not seen in response to jejunal infusions of medium-chain fatty acids or medium- or long-chain triglycerides. Multiunit recordings have shown that intestinal infusions of LA or OA strongly activate celiac vagal afferents. Truncal vagotomy (TVX) and selective celiac-branch vagotomy (CVX) are equally effective in attenuating, but not eliminating, suppression of food intake by LA and EO. These outcomes suggest that intraintestinal fatty acids reduce intake by activation of vagal mechanisms, critically involving afferent fibers within the celiac branches, as well as unidentified nonvagal mechanisms. The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in mediating the activation of celiac vagal afferents is suggested by studies showing that (1) inhibition of food intake by CCK-8 administration is attenuated after CVX but robust after celiac-spared vagotomy (CSV), (2) multiunit activity of celiac vagal afferents is increased by CCK-8 administration, and (3) activation of celiac fibers by intestinal LA infusion is severely attenuated by the CCK(A) antagonist lorglumide.},
   keywords = {Action Potentials/drug effects
Animals
Cholecystokinin/*physiology
Digestive System/drug effects
Eating/*drug effects
Energy Intake/drug effects
Fatty Acids/*pharmacology
Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
Infusions, Parenteral/methods
Male
Proglumide/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Sincalide/pharmacology
Time Factors
Vagotomy/methods
Vagus Nerve/drug effects/*physiology},
   ISSN = {0031-9384 (Print)
0031-9384},
   Accession Number = {15234586},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.022},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cremonini, F. and Talley, N. J.},
   title = {Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Minerva Med},
   volume = {95},
   number = {5},
   pages = {427-41},
   note = {Cremonini, F
Talley, N J
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Review
Italy
Minerva Med. 2004 Oct;95(5):427-41.},
   abstract = {The management of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a frequent, yet challenging task in both primary care and gastroenterology practice. A diagnostic strategy guided by keen clinical judgment should focus on positive symptom criteria and on the absence of alarm symptoms. In younger patients lacking alarm features, invasive testing has a low-yield. The presence of food intolerance and underlying celiac disease should be excluded. The usefulness of fecal tests such as calprotectin and lactoferrin to exclude organic bowel disease is not adequately established. In patients with moderate to severe symptoms who fail initial therapeutic trials, further tests can be performed in tertiary care settings, such as transit measurement and tests for diagnosing pelvic floor dysfunction. Treatment strategies for IBS are currently directed at the predominant symptoms. In diarrhea-predominant IBS, opioids (e.g. loperamide) and the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist alosetron are efficacious. In constipation-predominant IBS, fiber and bulk laxatives are traditionally used, but their efficacy is variable and may worsen symptoms. The 5-HT(4) receptor agonist tegaserod is efficacious in female patients with IBS and constipation. In patients with IBS and abdominal pain, antispasmodics and antidepressants can be used, with the best evidence supporting the prescription of tricyclic antidepressants. The efficacy of psychological treatments in terms of relieving the symptoms of IBS is still uncertain. Limited evidence suggests that anti-enkephalinase agents, somatostatin analogues, alpha(2)-receptor agonists, opioid antagonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, probiotics and herbal treatments may be useful in IBS patients.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/drug therapy/etiology
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Adult
Behavior Therapy
Cathartics/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Cross-Over Studies
Diagnosis, Differential
Female
Humans
Hypnosis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diagnosis/drug therapy/physiopathology/*therapy
Male
Meta-Analysis as Topic
Middle Aged
Narcotics/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Parasympatholytics/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Pelvic Floor/physiopathology
Phytotherapy
Placebos
Psychotherapy
Psychotropic Drugs/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Sensitivity and Specificity
Serotonin Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0026-4806 (Print)
0026-4806},
   Accession Number = {15467518},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cunsolo, V. and Foti, S. and Saletti, R.},
   title = {Mass spectrometry in the characterization of cereal seed proteins},
   journal = {Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester)},
   volume = {10},
   number = {3},
   pages = {359-70},
   note = {Cunsolo, Vincenzo
Foti, Salvatore
Saletti, Rosaria
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester). 2004;10(3):359-70.},
   abstract = {In less then a decade, applications of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) and electrospray ionisation (ESI) mass spectrometry to the investigation of prolamins have rapidly evolved from measurements of the molecular mass of isolated proteins to a proteomic approach attempting to characterise the complete protein pattern in the seed. Mass spectrometry is currently making significant contributions to the understanding of the composition and structure of the gluten proteins and, in turn, to the elucidation of structure-function relationships. Results obtained using mass spectrometry, including determination of the molecular masses of prolamins, direct verification of gene-derived sequences, determination of the number of cysteine residues and localisation of disulphide bonds, investigation of the gluten toxicity for celiac patients, qualitative and quantitative determination of gliadins in food and determination of the protein pattern and its modification during seed maturation by proteomic approaches, are summarised here, to illustrate current trends and individuate possible future perspectives.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease
Edible Grain/*chemistry/genetics
Humans
Mass Spectrometry/methods
Plant Proteins/*analysis/*chemistry/genetics
Proteomics
Seeds/*chemistry/genetics},
   ISSN = {1469-0667 (Print)
1469-0667},
   Accession Number = {15187295},
   DOI = {10.1255/ejms.609},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {De Giorgio, R. and Barbara, G. and Stanghellini, V. and Cremon, C. and Salvioli, B. and De Ponti, F. and Corinaldesi, R.},
   title = {Diagnosis and therapy of irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {20 Suppl 2},
   pages = {10-22},
   note = {De Giorgio, R
Barbara, G
Stanghellini, V
Cremon, C
Salvioli, B
De Ponti, F
Corinaldesi, R
Journal Article
Review
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jul;20 Suppl 2:10-22.},
   abstract = {Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gut functional diseases, affecting 10-20% of people worldwide. Although most patients do not seek medical help, the disease accounts for huge costs for both patients and health-care systems and worsens significantly patients' quality of life. Diagnosis is based on the identification of symptoms according to Manning, Rome I and Rome II criteria and exclusion of alarm indicators. IBS symptoms overlap with those of coeliac disease, lactose intolerance, food allergies and bile salt malabsorption. The treatment of IBS is centred on an excellent doctor-patient relationship along with drugs targeting the predominant symptom, especially during exacerbations. Current pharmacological remedies are unsatisfactory due to the high number of patients complaining of lack of response and/or symptom recurrence. Although useful in some IBS patients, the validity of psychotherapy deserves further investigation. A wide array of potentially useful drugs are currently under consideration in pre-clinical trials. A better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying IBS may help to develop more effective drugs for this disease.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
Antidiarrheals/therapeutic use
Diagnosis, Differential
Dietary Supplements
Humans
*Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/therapy
Parasympatholytics/therapeutic use
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Psychotherapy/methods
Serotonin Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0269-2813 (Print)
0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {15335409},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02038.x},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Di Cagno, R. and De Angelis, M. and Auricchio, S. and Greco, L. and Clarke, C. and De Vincenzi, M. and Giovannini, C. and D'Archivio, M. and Landolfo, F. and Parrilli, G. and Minervini, F. and Arendt, E. and Gobbetti, M.},
   title = {Sourdough bread made from wheat and nontoxic flours and started with selected lactobacilli is tolerated in celiac sprue patients},
   journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
   volume = {70},
   number = {2},
   pages = {1088-96},
   note = {Di Cagno, Raffaella
De Angelis, Maria
Auricchio, Salvatore
Greco, Luigi
Clarke, Charmaine
De Vincenzi, Massimo
Giovannini, Claudio
D'Archivio, Massimo
Landolfo, Francesca
Parrilli, Giampaolo
Minervini, Fabio
Arendt, Elke
Gobbetti, Marco
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Feb;70(2):1088-96.},
   abstract = {This work was aimed at producing a sourdough bread that is tolerated by celiac sprue (CS) patients. Selected sourdough lactobacilli had specialized peptidases capable of hydrolyzing Pro-rich peptides, including the 33-mer peptide, the most potent inducer of gut-derived human T-cell lines in CS patients. This epitope, the most important in CS, was hydrolyzed completely after treatment with cells and their cytoplasmic extracts (CE). A sourdough made from a mixture of wheat (30%) and nontoxic oat, millet, and buckwheat flours was started with lactobacilli. After 24 h of fermentation, wheat gliadins and low-molecular-mass, alcohol-soluble polypeptides were hydrolyzed almost totally. Proteins were extracted from sourdough and used to produce a peptic-tryptic digest for in vitro agglutination tests on K 562(S) subclone cells of human origin. The minimal agglutinating activity was ca. 250 times higher than that of doughs chemically acidified or started with baker's yeast. Two types of bread, containing ca. 2 g of gluten, were produced with baker's yeast or lactobacilli and CE and used for an in vivo double-blind acute challenge of CS patients. Thirteen of the 17 patients showed a marked alteration of intestinal permeability after ingestion of baker's yeast bread. When fed the sourdough bread, the same 13 patients had values for excreted rhamnose and lactulose that did not differ significantly from the baseline values. The other 4 of the 17 CS patients did not respond to gluten after ingesting the baker's yeast or sourdough bread. These results showed that a bread biotechnology that uses selected lactobacilli, nontoxic flours, and a long fermentation time is a novel tool for decreasing the level of gluten intolerance in humans.},
   keywords = {Avena/microbiology
Bread/analysis/*microbiology
Celiac Disease/*physiopathology/*therapy
Cell Line
Double-Blind Method
Fagopyrum/microbiology
Flour/analysis/*microbiology
Gliadin/metabolism
Humans
Lactobacillus/growth & development/*metabolism
Panicum/microbiology
Peptides/metabolism
Triticum/*microbiology},
   ISSN = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240},
   Accession Number = {14766592},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Elli, L. and Dolfini, E. and Bardella, M. T.},
   title = {Gliadin cytotoxicity and in vitro cell cultures},
   journal = {Toxicol Lett},
   volume = {146},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-8},
   note = {Elli, Luca
Dolfini, Ersilia
Bardella, Maria Teresa
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Toxicol Lett. 2003 Dec 15;146(1):1-8.},
   abstract = {Interest in celiac disease, a common enteropathy in Europe and the USA (1/200) caused by the dietary ingestion of gluten in susceptible subjects, has increased over the last few years. Its pathogenesis is still not completely clear, but it certainly involves immune-mediated mechanisms. Although a number of studies have been published concerning the role of T cells in inducing intestinal damage, little is known about the early stages in which gliadin (the toxic component of gluten) starts the whole process. In vitro two- and three-dimensional (multicellular spheroid) cell cultures are a simple and useful means of studying the direct cellular effects of gliadin and other "toxic" cereal peptides. Furthermore, in addition to improving our understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms, cell cultures can also be used to test modified peptides that could replace the toxic components present in the foods that celiac patients must avoid.},
   keywords = {Agglutination/drug effects
Animals
Apoptosis/drug effects
Cell Division/drug effects
Cell Line
Cell Survival/drug effects
Cytoskeleton/drug effects
Gliadin/*toxicity
Humans
Oxidative Stress/drug effects},
   ISSN = {0378-4274 (Print)
0378-4274},
   Accession Number = {14615062},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {English, W. P. and Pearce, J. D. and Craven, T. E. and Edwards, M. S. and Geary, R. L. and Plonk, G. W. and Hansen, K. J.},
   title = {Chronic visceral ischemia: symptom-free survival after open surgical repair},
   journal = {Vasc Endovascular Surg},
   volume = {38},
   number = {6},
   pages = {493-503},
   note = {English, William P
Pearce, Jeffrey D
Craven, Timothy E
Edwards, Matthew S
Geary, Randolph L
Plonk, George W
Hansen, Kimberley J
Journal Article
United States
Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2004 Nov-Dec;38(6):493-503.},
   abstract = {A retrospective review of patients treated with a history of chronic visceral ischemia (CVI) was made to determine primary patency of open surgical repair and estimated symptom-free survival. Patients with CVI between 1990 and 2003 were reviewed. Included were those with chronic symptoms alone (C-CVI) and acute-on-chronic symptoms (A-CVI). Data were obtained from a vascular database. Symptom-free survival and graft patency were estimated by using product limit estimates. Fifty-eight patients (13 men, 45 women; mean age: 63 years) were treated surgically for C-CVI (34 patients) and A-CVI (24 patients). All patients had postprandial abdominal pain and weight loss (mean: 17 kg). One fourth reported food fear. Preoperative imaging demonstrated disease of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) (100%; 64% occluded), celiac axis (89%; 37% occluded), and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) (54%; 60% occluded). Multiple vessels were involved in 95% of patients (mean: 2.3 vessels/patient). Operative management included antegrade revascularization of 80 vessels. Combined aortic and/or renal procedures were performed in 7 patients. Patient demographics and visceral disease did not differ for C-CVI and A-CVI; however, perioperative mortality differed significantly (10% for C-CVI vs 54% for A-CVI [p < 0.001]). Intestinal gangrene at presentation was associated with perioperative (hazard ratio [HR]: 7.6; 95% CI: 2.7-21.6; p=0.0002) and follow-up death (HR: 7.8; CI 2.8-21.9; p <0.0001). Follow-up (mean: 34 months) was complete for 54/68 vessels (79%). Estimated primary and primary assisted patency at 5 years were 81% and 89% respectively. Estimated symptom-free survival for hospital survivors was 57% at 70 months. Open antegrade methods of visceral artery repair for CVI were durable and associated with 57% symptom-free survival at 70 months. Patient demographics and distribution of visceral artery anatomy were similar; however, perioperative mortality for C-CVI and A-CVI differed dramatically. Improved outcomes for A-CVI require recognition and treatment of CVI before onset of intestinal gangrene.},
   keywords = {Aged
Arterial Occlusive Diseases/epidemiology/*surgery
Chronic Disease
Comorbidity
Female
Humans
Ischemia/epidemiology/*mortality/*surgery
Male
Mesenteric Artery, Inferior
Mesenteric Artery, Superior
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Survival Analysis
Vascular Patency
Viscera/*blood supply},
   ISSN = {1538-5744 (Print)
1538-5744},
   Accession Number = {15592629},
   DOI = {10.1177/153857440403800602},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Farhadi, A. and Banan, A. and Fields, J. and Keshavarzian, A.},
   title = {Intestinal barrier: an interface between health and disease},
   journal = {J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {18},
   number = {5},
   pages = {479-97},
   note = {Farhadi, Ashkan
Banan, Ali
Fields, Jeremy
Keshavarzian, Ali
Journal Article
Review
Australia
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 May;18(5):479-97.},
   abstract = {The intestine constitutes the largest interface between a person and his or her environment, and an intact intestinal barrier is thus essential in maintaining health and preventing tissue injury and several diseases. The intestinal barrier has various immunological and non-immunological components. The epithelial barrier is one of the most important non-immunological components. Hyperpermeability of this barrier is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and food allergy. Hence, assessing barrier integrity is of the utmost importance. One of the more quantitative gauges for this assessment is transepithelial permeability of various molecular probes, among which sugars are commonly used. Measures of intestinal permeability might also be useful as markers for assessment of prognosis and follow up in various gastrointestinal disorders. The present article is a review of the normal and abnormal functioning of the intestinal barrier, the diseases that can result from loss of barrier integrity, and some promising agents and strategies for restoring barrier normality and integrity.},
   keywords = {Biological Transport
Humans
Intestinal Diseases/*physiopathology
Intestinal Mucosa/*physiology
Intestines/*physiology
Permeability},
   ISSN = {0815-9319 (Print)
0815-9319},
   Accession Number = {12702039},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gianfrani, C. and Troncone, R. and Mugione, P. and Cosentini, E. and De Pascale, M. and Faruolo, C. and Senger, S. and Terrazzano, G. and Southwood, S. and Auricchio, S. and Sette, A.},
   title = {Celiac disease association with CD8+ T cell responses: identification of a novel gliadin-derived HLA-A2-restricted epitope},
   journal = {J Immunol},
   volume = {170},
   number = {5},
   pages = {2719-26},
   note = {Gianfrani, Carmen
Troncone, Riccardo
Mugione, Patrizia
Cosentini, Elena
De Pascale, Mariateresa
Faruolo, Clementina
Senger, Stefania
Terrazzano, Giuseppe
Southwood, Scott
Auricchio, Salvatore
Sette, Alessandro
N01-AI-95362/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
United States
J Immunol. 2003 Mar 1;170(5):2719-26.},
   abstract = {One of the diagnostic hallmarks of the histological lesions associated with celiac disease is the extensive infiltration of the small intestinal epithelium by CD8(+) T cells of unknown Ag specificity. In this study, we report recognition of the gliadin-derived peptide (A-gliadin 123-132) by CD8(+) T lymphocytes from celiac patients. A-gliadin 123-132-specific IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic activity were detected in PBMCs derived from patients on gluten-free diet, but not from either celiac patients on gluten-containing diet or healthy controls. In contrast, A-gliadin 123-132-specific cells were isolated from small intestine biopsies of patients on either gluten-free or gluten-containing diets. Short-term T cell lines derived from the small intestinal mucosa and specific for the 123-132 epitope recognized human APC pulsed with either whole recombinant alpha-gliadin or a partial pepsin-trypsin gliadin digest. Finally, we speculate on a possible mechanism leading to processing and presentation of class I-restricted gliadin-derived epitopes in celiac disease patients.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Antigen Presentation
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism
Celiac Disease/blood/*immunology/pathology
Cell Line
Cell Movement/immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/blood/*immunology
Gliadin/blood/*immunology
HLA-A2 Antigen/blood/*immunology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/pathology
Peptide Fragments/blood/immunology
Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0022-1767 (Print)
0022-1767},
   Accession Number = {12594302},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Giusti, J.},
   title = {What you should know about celiac disease},
   journal = {Diabetes Self Manag},
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   pages = {66, 68-9, 71-3},
   note = {Giusti, Judy
Journal Article
United States
Diabetes Self Manag. 2003 Jan-Feb;20(1):66, 68-9, 71-3.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/*complications/diagnosis/diet therapy
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnosis/diet therapy
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*complications
Dietetics
Directories as Topic
Food Industry
Glutens/immunology
Humans
Self-Help Groups},
   ISSN = {0741-6253 (Print)
0741-6253},
   Accession Number = {12632560},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Habecker, B. A. and Grygielko, E. T. and Huhtala, T. A. and Foote, B. and Brooks, V. L.},
   title = {Ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter are decreased by increased sodium chloride in vivo and in vitro},
   journal = {Auton Neurosci},
   volume = {107},
   number = {2},
   pages = {85-98},
   note = {Habecker, Beth A
Grygielko, Eugene T
Huhtala, Timothy A
Foote, Billy
Brooks, Virginia L
R01 HL068231/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
HL35872/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
HL68231/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
Netherlands
Auton Neurosci. 2003 Sep 30;107(2):85-98.},
   abstract = {The present study tested the hypothesis that, in normal male rats, chronic changes in salt intake alter the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and the norepinephrine transporter in sympathetic ganglia. Increasing dietary salt (from 0.02% to 1%, 4% or 8% NaCl in rat chow) decreased (p<0.05) the mRNA levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and the norepinephrine transporter in the adrenal gland, superior cervical ganglia and celiac ganglia. In addition, tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter protein levels were decreased (p<0.05) in the adrenal gland. To test the hypothesis that NaCl acts directly on postganglionic neurons to suppress the expression of these proteins, it was determined if increases in NaCl concentrations, of a magnitude achieved during increases in dietary salt in vivo, suppress expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and the norepinephrine transporter in cultured sympathetic neurons in vitro. Increased dietary salt increased plasma NaCl concentrations each by up to 4-6 mEq l(-1) (p<0.05), with the greatest increases occurring at night when the rats consume most of their food. In addition, NaCl added to cultured neurons decreased tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter protein and mRNA levels, and norepinephrine uptake; however, the NaCl concentration increases required were 15-30 mEq l(-1). These data suggest that increased dietary salt can influence the activity of the sympathetic nervous system by suppressing the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and the norepinephrine transporter. While increased NaCl levels can act directly on neurons to suppress these proteins, this action may occur in vivo only in severe pathophysiological states, but not during increases in dietary salt without the synergistic effect of other factors.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Glands/drug effects/metabolism
Animals
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Ganglia, Sympathetic/drug effects/*metabolism
Male
Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Sodium Chloride/metabolism
Sodium Chloride, Dietary/*administration & dosage/*pharmacology
Superior Cervical Ganglion/*drug effects/metabolism
Symporters/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1566-0702 (Print)
1566-0702},
   Accession Number = {12963419},
   DOI = {10.1016/s1566-0702(03)00133-4},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hallert, C. and Sandlund, O. and Broqvist, M.},
   title = {Perceptions of health-related quality of life of men and women living with coeliac disease},
   journal = {Scand J Caring Sci},
   volume = {17},
   number = {3},
   pages = {301-7},
   note = {Hallert, Claes
Sandlund, Olga
Broqvist, Mari
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Sweden
Scand J Caring Sci. 2003 Sep;17(3):301-7.},
   abstract = {Women with long-standing coeliac disease express poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL) than men do for unclear reasons. This led us to explore differences in their understanding of HRQoL using a phenomenographic approach. We interviewed 10 coeliac subjects (mean age 57 years, range 35-73) who had been on a gluten-free diet for 10 years and had scored either high or low in the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) General Health and Vitality scales. Three dimensions were revealed that pertained to their perception of HRQoL: bodily sensations, social consequences and coping strategies. Within these, the women experienced more bowel symptoms than men did, despite keeping to a strict diet. This item was the only one predicting the SF-36 scores. The women also described more distress caused by the restrictions in daily life, closely related to their controlling of food contents. The coeliac men took advantage of using a problem-oriented coping approach while the women seeking an emotionally oriented strategy showed less satisfaction with the outcome. We conclude that the intriguing difference in HRQoL between coeliac men and women may have some of its origin in the way living with the disorder is conceptualized and coped with. The results imply that in the management of coeliac patients, gender-related aspects need to be taken into account to improve treatment outcome.},
   keywords = {Activities of Daily Living
*Adaptation, Psychological
Adult
Aged
*Attitude to Health
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*psychology
Emotions
Female
Focus Groups
Humans
Male
Men/*psychology
Middle Aged
Nursing Methodology Research
Problem Solving
Qualitative Research
*Quality of Life
Self Efficacy
Severity of Illness Index
Sex Factors
Women/*psychology},
   ISSN = {0283-9318 (Print)
0283-9318},
   Accession Number = {12919466},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hancock, R. and Koren, G.},
   title = {Celiac disease during pregnancy},
   journal = {Can Fam Physician},
   volume = {50},
   pages = {1361-3},
   note = {Hancock, Rebecca
Koren, Gideon
Journal Article
Review
Canada
Can Fam Physician. 2004 Oct;50:1361-3.},
   abstract = {QUESTION: One of my patients was diagnosed with celiac disease and maintains a strict gluten-free diet. Is her fetus at risk of neural tube defects because she does not get folic acid from bread and other flour-based foods? ANSWER: A woman with celiac disease must supplement her diet with multivitamins, including folic acid. Most prenatal vitamins contain 0.8 to 0.9 mg of folic acid, double the amount recommended by Health Canada for prevention of neural tube defects. Without supplementation (eg, undiagnosed pregnancy), women with celiac disease might not take in enough folate to maintain protective levels.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*complications/*diet therapy/metabolism
Dietary Supplements
Female
Folic Acid/administration & dosage/metabolism
Folic Acid Deficiency/etiology/prevention & control
Food, Fortified
Hematinics/administration & dosage
Humans
Neural Tube Defects/etiology/prevention & control
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications/*diet therapy/metabolism/prevention & control},
   ISSN = {0008-350X (Print)
0008-350x},
   Accession Number = {15526871},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hanson, L. A. and Korotkova, M. and Lundin, S. and Haversen, L. and Silfverdal, S. A. and Mattsby-Baltzer, I. and Strandvik, B. and Telemo, E.},
   title = {The transfer of immunity from mother to child},
   journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
   volume = {987},
   pages = {199-206},
   note = {Hanson, Lars A
Korotkova, Marina
Lundin, Samuel
Haversen, Liljana
Silfverdal, Sven-Arne
Mattsby-Baltzer, Inger
Strandvik, Birgitta
Telemo, Esbjorn
Journal Article
Review
United States
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Apr;987:199-206.},
   abstract = {The newborn's immune system grows fast from a small size at birth by exposure primarily to the intestinal microflora normally obtained from the mother at and after birth. While building up its immune system, the infant is supported by the transplacental IgG antibodies, which also contain anti-idiotypic antibodies, possibly also actively priming the offspring. The second mode of transfer of immunity occurs via the milk. Numerous major protective components, including secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies and lactoferrin, are present. The breastfed infant is better protected against numerous common infections than the non-breastfed. Breastfeeding also seems to actively stimulate the infant's immune system by anti-idiotypes, uptake of milk lymphocytes, cytokines, etc. Therefore, the breastfed child continues to be better protected against various infections for some years. Vaccine responses are also often enhanced in breastfed infants. Long-lasting protection against certain immunological diseases such as allergies and celiac disease is also noted.},
   keywords = {Female
Humans
Immune System Diseases/prevention & control
*Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
Infant, Newborn
Milk, Human/immunology
Pregnancy},
   ISSN = {0077-8923 (Print)
0077-8923},
   Accession Number = {12727640},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Henterich, N. and Osman, A. A. and Mendez, E. and Mothes, T.},
   title = {Assay of gliadin by real-time immunopolymerase chain reaction},
   journal = {Nahrung},
   volume = {47},
   number = {5},
   pages = {345-8},
   note = {Henterich, Nadine
Osman, Awad A
Mendez, Enrique
Mothes, Thomas
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Nahrung. 2003 Oct;47(5):345-8.},
   abstract = {Patients with coeliac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) are intolerant against gliadins from wheat and the respective proteins from related cereals and have to keep a lifelong gluten-free diet. For control of gliadin in gluten-free food sensitive assay techniques are necessary. We developed an immunopolymerase chain reaction (iPCR) assay for gliadin. In this technique immunological detection of gliadin by a monoclonal antibody R5 conjugated with an oligonucleotide is amplified by PCR. For quantification, iPCR was performed as real-time PCR (real-time iPCR) in one step. By means of real-time iPCR, the sensitivity of gliadin analysis was increased more than 30-fold above the level reached by enzyme immunoassay. Real time-iPCR using R5 directly conjugated with oligonucleotide was clearly more sensitive than real time-iPCR applying sequentially biotinylated R5, streptavidin, and biotinylated oligonucleotide. With directly conjugated R5 gliadin was detected at a concentration as low as 0.16 ng/mL corresponding to 16 microg gliadin/100 g food or 0.16 ppm (corresponding to 0.25 g of food extracted in 10 mL of solvent and 25-fold dilution of the extract prior to analysis). This is the first report applying the highly sensitive technique of iPCR for gliadin analysis. Furthermore, this is the first approach to perform real-time iPCR in one step without changing the reaction vessels after enzyme immunoassay for subsequent PCR analysis thus minimizing risks of contamination and loss of sensitivity.},
   keywords = {*Antibodies, Monoclonal
Celiac Disease/diet therapy
Food Analysis
Food Contamination/analysis
Gliadin/*analysis/immunology
Humans
Immunoenzyme Techniques/methods
Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods
Reproducibility of Results
Sensitivity and Specificity},
   ISSN = {0027-769X (Print)
0027-769x},
   Accession Number = {14609092},
   DOI = {10.1002/food.200390079},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Holzer, P. and Painsipp, E. and Jocic, M. and Heinemann, A.},
   title = {Acid challenge delays gastric pressure adaptation, blocks gastric emptying and stimulates gastric fluid secretion in the rat},
   journal = {Neurogastroenterol Motil},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {45-55},
   note = {Holzer, P
Painsipp, E
Jocic, M
Heinemann, A
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2003 Feb;15(1):45-55.},
   abstract = {Functional dyspepsia can be associated with impaired gastric relaxation in response to food intake and delayed gastric emptying. In this study, we investigated whether luminal hydrochloric acid (HCl) may reproduce these motor alterations in phenobarbital-anaesthetized rats via activation of extrinsic neural pathways. Intragastric pressure (IGP) changes induced by a 2-mL fluid bolus were recorded with an oesophageal catheter, and gastric emptying was determined via the fluid volume recovered from the stomach 30-min post-bolus. Experiments involving acute nerve transections or pharmacological blockade of nitric oxide synthesis revealed that the initial increase of IGP after a 0.35 mol L(-1) HCl bolus is dampened by duodenogastric and gastrogastric relaxation reflexes depending on vagal and splanchnic pathways as well as nitric oxide. Compared with saline, HCl (0.15-0.5 mol L(-1)) delayed the subsequent decrease (adaptation) of IGP, inhibited gastric emptying and stimulated gastric fluid secretion as seen in stomachs with ligated pylorus. The acid-evoked delay in IGP adaptation and inhibition of gastric emptying involved duodenogastric and duodenopyloric extrinsic nerve reflexes, whereas the gastric fluid secretion was independent of the extrinsic innervation. It is proposed that the gastropyloric motor changes induced by luminal acid challenge have a bearing on the motor disturbances underlying functional dyspepsia.},
   keywords = {Animals
Celiac Plexus/physiology
Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
Female
Ganglionectomy
Gastric Emptying/*drug effects/physiology
Gastric Juice/*drug effects/physiology
Gastrointestinal Motility/*drug effects/physiology
Hydrochloric Acid/administration & dosage/*pharmacology
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
Neural Pathways/drug effects
Nitric Oxide/physiology
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Stomach/drug effects/innervation/physiology
Vagotomy
Vagus Nerve/physiology},
   ISSN = {1350-1925 (Print)
1350-1925},
   Accession Number = {12588468},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hozyasz, K. and Czerwinska, B.},
   title = {Free and total carnitine levels in patients with celiac disease},
   journal = {Indian J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {23},
   number = {5},
   pages = {194},
   note = {Hozyasz, Kamil
Czerwinska, Barbara
Comment
Comparative Study
Letter
India
Indian J Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep-Oct;23(5):194.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Carnitine/blood/*deficiency/*metabolism
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/blood/*diagnosis/therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
*Dietary Supplements
Female
Humans
Male
Reference Values
Risk Assessment
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0254-8860 (Print)
0254-8860},
   Accession Number = {15599015},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hozyasz, K. K. and Chelchowska, M. and Laskowska-Klita, T.},
   title = {[Vitamin E levels in patients with celiac disease]},
   journal = {Med Wieku Rozwoj},
   volume = {7},
   number = {4 Pt 2},
   pages = {593-604},
   note = {Hozyasz, Kamil K
Chelchowska, Magdalena
Laskowska-Klita, Teresa
English Abstract
Journal Article
Poland
Med Wieku Rozwoj. 2003 Oct-Dec;7(4 Pt 2):593-604.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease (CD) is a genetically linked immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten-containing grains food. Deficiencies of trace elements and vitamins may be found in patients with untreated CD. No systematic studies have been carried out on vitamin E status in coeliacs. Tocopherol deficiency is implicated in the biological processes leading to malignant cell transformations, neurological complications, brown bowel syndrome and reproductive disorders. Untreated patients with CD have higher incidences of these disorders than in general population. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate vitamin E status in patients with coeliac disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined retinol plasma level and tocopherol levels both in plasma and in erythrocytes in 18 patients (age: 2-53 years) with active CD and 12 coeliacs (age: 3-36 years) on gluten-free diet without antiendomysium antibodies for at least 2 years. Vitamins were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography according to the procedure of Driskell. RESULTS: In untreated patients levels of plasma tocopherol (13.7 +/-3.8 micromol/L vs. 20 +/-7.1 micromol/L; p<0.02), erythrocytes tocopherol (1.7 +/-0.45 micromol/L vs.2.89 +/-0.52 micromol/L; p<0.001) and ratio of plasma tocopherol to serum total cholesterol (3.36 +/-0.9 micromol/L vs. 4.24 +/-0.85 micromol/L; p<0.02) were significantly lower compared to those on gluten-free diet. In the all patients with active CD, concentrations of tocopherol in erythrocytes were below the norm (N>2.5 micromol/L). In untreated patients vitamin A levels did not achieve a significant difference in comparison with the coeliacs on gluten-free diet (1.75 +/-0.57 micromol/L vs. 1.97 +/-0.72 micromol/L; p>0.05). The lowest levels of tocopherol (in plasma: 5.7 micromol/L, in erythrocytes: 0.74 micromol/L) and retinol (0.8 micromol/L; N>0.7 micromol/L) were detected in the same patient refusing dietetic treatment for more than 10 years. CONCLUSION: The conventional treatment of CD is gluten-free diet, but monitoring of tocopherol concentrations, especially in erythrocytes, and correction of its deficiency may offer some benefit for patients who fail to adhere strictly to a gluten free-diet or newly diagnosed coeliacs.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Celiac Disease/*blood
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Vitamin A/*blood
Vitamin E/*blood},
   Accession Number = {15213374},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jelinkova, L. and Tuckova, L. and Cinova, J. and Flegelova, Z. and Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H.},
   title = {Gliadin stimulates human monocytes to production of IL-8 and TNF-alpha through a mechanism involving NF-kappaB},
   journal = {FEBS Lett},
   volume = {571},
   number = {1-3},
   pages = {81-5},
   note = {Jelinkova, Lenka
Tuckova, Ludmila
Cinova, Jana
Flegelova, Zuzana
Tlaskalova-Hogenova, Helena
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
FEBS Lett. 2004 Jul 30;571(1-3):81-5.},
   abstract = {Wheat gliadin is the triggering agent in coeliac disease. In this study, we documented that proteolytic fragments of gliadin, in contrast to other food antigens, induced interleukin (IL)-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production and significantly increased interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced cytokine secretion in human monocytic line THP-1 cells. Stimulation with gliadin resulted in elevated phosphorylation of the IkappaBalpha molecule and increased NF-kappaB/DNA binding activity that was inhibited by sulfasalazine, l-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). The activation pathway was shown to be independent of the CD14 molecule. Less mature U-937 monocytes responded to gliadin stimulation by low IL-8 secretion, TNF-alpha production was not detectable. We propose that gliadin-induced activation of monocytes/macrophages can participate in mechanisms leading to the impairment of intestinal mucosa in coeliac patients.},
   keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence
Cell Line
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Gliadin/*pharmacology
Humans
Interleukin-8/*biosynthesis
Kinetics
Monocytes/drug effects/*immunology/physiology
NF-kappa B/*metabolism
Ovalbumin/pharmacology
Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
Soybean Proteins/pharmacology
Triticum
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*biosynthesis
U937 Cells},
   ISSN = {0014-5793 (Print)
0014-5793},
   Accession Number = {15280021},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.057},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kapur, G. and Patwari, A. K. and Narayan, S. and Anand, V. K.},
   title = {Iron supplementation in children with celiac disease},
   journal = {Indian J Pediatr},
   volume = {70},
   number = {12},
   pages = {955-8},
   note = {Kapur, Gaurav
Patwari, A K
Narayan, Shashi
Anand, V K
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
India
Indian J Pediatr. 2003 Dec;70(12):955-8.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of iron supplementation, in addition to gluten free diet (GFD), on hematological profile of children with Celiac Disease (CD). METHODS: Children diagnosed as CD as per modified ESPGAN criteria were prospectively evaluated for their hematological profile at the time of their enrolment and after consuming GFD for at least one year. The results were compared with age and sex matched controls. Evaluation of hematological profile included hemoglobin estimation, complete blood counts, peripheral blood smear examination, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and serum ferritin estimation. All the enrolled cases were given iron supplementation in addition to exclusion of gluten from their diet. Repeat intestinal biopsy was performed in all the cases after completing 1 year on GFD. RESULTS: Twenty one children (mean age 6.67 years, range 4-11 years) diagnosed as CD who completed at least one year of regular follow up on GFD (mean 1.5 years, range 1-2 years) were analysed for their hematological profile at the time of enrolment and after consuming GFD and iron supplementation. At the time of enrolment all the children had hemoglobin level <11 gm%, 78% had microcytic hypochromic anemia and 22% had dimorphic anemia, with lower mean MCV, MCH and serum ferritin levels, and a significantly higher mean TIBC as compared to controls (p<0.001). In the follow up evaluation of these cases on GFD, mean hemoglobin levels were comparable with controls but the cases continued to have lower mean MCV, MCH serum ferritin levels (p<0.05) and higher mean TIBC (p<0.05). Seven children had mild anemia. Serum ferritin levels showed a negative correlation with the grade of villous atrophy and lamina propria infiltrate. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is commonly associated with CD and iron deficiency state continues for a longer time even after excluding gluten from the diet and iron supplementation. Apart from offering them GFD rich in iron, early detection and treatment of IDA and prophylactic iron folic acid supplementation will go a long way to optimize their mental and psychomotor functions.},
   keywords = {Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/complications/diet therapy/drug therapy
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/drug therapy/physiopathology
Diet, Protein-Restricted
Dietary Supplements
Female
Folic Acid/therapeutic use
Glutens/administration & dosage
Humans
India
Infant
Iron/*therapeutic use
Male
Prospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0019-5456 (Print)
0019-5456},
   Accession Number = {14719782},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kircher, P. and Lang, J. and Blum, J. and Gaschen, F. and Doherr, M. and Sieber, C. and Gaschen, L.},
   title = {Influence of food composition on splanchnic blood flow during digestion in unsedated normal dogs: a Doppler study},
   journal = {Vet J},
   volume = {166},
   number = {3},
   pages = {265-72},
   note = {Kircher, P
Lang, J
Blum, J
Gaschen, F
Doherr, M
Sieber, C
Gaschen, L
Journal Article
England
Vet J. 2003 Nov;166(3):265-72.},
   abstract = {The effect of dietary components in gastrointestinal blood flow was investigated non-invasively in dogs. Doppler ultrasound (US) waveform analysis of the celiac artery (CA) and the cranial mesenteric artery (CMA) of eight healthy dogs was performed both in the fasting state and at 20, 40, 60 and 90 min after feeding maintenance, high protein, high carbohydrate and high fat diets. Resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI) and the percentage differences between measurements were calculated. In fasted dogs, the CA showed significantly (p<0.05) lower resistance than the CMA. With all diets, post-prandial RI and PI values decreased significantly in both vessels (CA: RI=-12-13%; PI=-25-29%; CMA: RI=-13-15%; PI=-27-29% [p<0.05]), and in all cases significantly earlier in the CA than in the CMA (p<0.05). With all diets except high fat the maximum decrease in RI and PI was reached in the CA at 40 min and in the CMA at 60 min. High fat diets were unique in that the maximum decrease in RI and PI in the CMA occurred earlier (at 20 min) and values were slower to return to normal (p<0.05). We conclude that Doppler US can be used in dogs to quantify significant differences in the response of splanchnic blood flow to different dietary components.},
   keywords = {Animals
Blood Flow Velocity/veterinary
Celiac Artery/diagnostic imaging/physiology
Diet/*veterinary
Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism
Dietary Fats/metabolism
Dietary Proteins/metabolism
Digestive System/*blood supply/diagnostic imaging/*metabolism
Dogs/*metabolism
Mesenteric Arteries/diagnostic imaging/physiology
Splanchnic Circulation/*physiology
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/veterinary},
   ISSN = {1090-0233 (Print)
1090-0233},
   Accession Number = {14550739},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kircher, P. R. and Spaulding, K. A. and Vaden, S. and Lang, J. and Doherr, M. and Gaschen, L.},
   title = {Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal hemodynamics in food hypersensitivities: a canine model},
   journal = {J Vet Intern Med},
   volume = {18},
   number = {5},
   pages = {605-11},
   note = {Kircher, Patrick R
Spaulding, Kathy A
Vaden, Shelly
Lang, Johann
Doherr, Marcus
Gaschen, Lorrie
Journal Article
United States
J Vet Intern Med. 2004 Sep-Oct;18(5):605-11.},
   abstract = {Chronic enteropathy due to food hypersensitivity is a common complaint in dogs and humans, and definitive diagnosis and identification of offending allergens remains challenging. Doppler waveform analysis of the celiac artery (CA) and the cranial mesenteric artery (CMA) of 8 dogs with proven food hypersensitivity was performed in the fasting state and at 20, 40, 60, and 90 minutes after feeding their regular daily diet, and at 2 and 4 days after feeding 4 different allergens. Resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), and the percentage differences between these measurements were calculated and compared statistically. The maximal decrease in RI and PI after feeding the regular diet was reached at 40 minutes after ingestion in both vessels (CA: RI = -6%, PI = -23%; CMA: RI = -9%, PI = -30%). After this trough, the resistance in both vessels rose nearly to baseline after 90 minutes (CA: RI = -1%, PI = -13%; CMA: RI = -3%, PI = -14%). When fed an allergen-containing meal the percentage changes at the trough were significantly greater (CA: RI = -10%, PI = -32%; CMA: RI = - 14%, PI = -40 %; p < 0.05) compared to those seen after feeding the maintenance diet. Also, RI and PI values were significantly (P < .05) lower at 90 minutes on days 2 and 4 of the challenge period. During the challenge period, dogs did not show overt signs of gastrointestinal disease. Significant postprandial hemodynamic alterations in response to food allergens in dogs with food hypersensitivities can be shown noninvasively with Doppler ultrasound.},
   keywords = {Allergens/adverse effects
Animals
Blood Flow Velocity
Celiac Artery/*diagnostic imaging/physiopathology
*Disease Models, Animal
Dog Diseases/etiology/*physiopathology
Dogs
Fasting/physiology
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/etiology/physiopathology/*veterinary
Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology/physiopathology/*veterinary
Hemodynamics/physiology
Male
Mesenteric Arteries/*diagnostic imaging/physiopathology
Postprandial Period/physiology
Splanchnic Circulation
Ultrasonography, Doppler/*veterinary},
   ISSN = {0891-6640 (Print)
0891-6640},
   Accession Number = {15515573},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kokkonen, J. and Haapalahti, M. and Tikkanen, S. and Karttunen, R. and Savilahti, E.},
   title = {Gastrointestinal complaints and diagnosis in children: a population-based study},
   journal = {Acta Paediatr},
   volume = {93},
   number = {7},
   pages = {880-6},
   note = {Kokkonen, J
Haapalahti, M
Tikkanen, S
Karttunen, R
Savilahti, E
Journal Article
Norway
Acta Paediatr. 2004 Jul;93(7):880-6.},
   abstract = {AIM: To find out the extent to which children at 10-11 y of age suffer from various gastrointestinal complaints and how often a food-induced or other diagnostic disorder might be assessed behind them, we carried out a population-based survey of 404 children in a rural Finnish town. METHODS: A questionnaire filled in retrospectively by their parents was used to describe the frequency of various abdominal symptoms during the previous 2 y and to select the symptomatic subjects for closer clinical examination. In the clinical investigation of the children, an elimination challenge with milk protein and lactose intolerance tests, as well as endoscopic examinations in selected cases and blood tests, were performed. RESULTS: In all, 110 (27%) subjects reported some gastrointestinal (GI) complaints during the last 2 y; 64 (16%) meeting the Apley criteria for recurrent abdominal pain. A specific organic or functional disorder was found in 26 subjects (6%), two having no GI symptoms. Milk protein intolerance was the most common specific disorder diagnosed in nine subjects (2.2%), followed by lactose intolerance in eight (2%), coeliac disease in five (1.2%) and Helicobacter pylori infection in three (0.7%). An endoscopic examination performed on 17 subjects (4.2%) and a colonoscopy on three revealed significant findings in 11; lymphonodular changes being most common, occurring in five subjects. Subjects with milk protein-induced disorders showed significantly lower IgA-class antibodies to milk and its fractions than the non-symptomatic controls. Chronic diseases, short breastfeeding, GI problems and food intolerance during the first year of life were observed as significant risk factors in determining whether a subject belonged to the group experiencing any GI complaints. CONCLUSION: We conclude that in one in five of those with any, even mild, GI complaints we were able to assess a specific organic disease; milk-induced disorders being most common. A milk protein and/or lactose load test, completed in some cases with an endoscopic examination, would help in assessing a proper individual diagnosis.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Child
Diarrhea/etiology
Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal
Finland/epidemiology
Food Hypersensitivity/*complications
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology
Humans
Immunoglobulin G/blood
Milk Hypersensitivity/complications
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0803-5253 (Print)
0803-5253},
   Accession Number = {15303801},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kokkonen, J. and Holm, K. and Karttunen, T. J. and Maki, M.},
   title = {Enhanced local immune response in children with prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms},
   journal = {Acta Paediatr},
   volume = {93},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1601-7},
   note = {Kokkonen, J
Holm, K
Karttunen, T J
Maki, M
Journal Article
Norway
Acta Paediatr. 2004 Dec;93(12):1601-7.},
   abstract = {AIM: Recently, we reported typical endoscopic findings and an increment in gammadelta+ T cells in the foregut among children with food-sensitive enteropathy other than coeliac disease. To find out the extend to which the upregulation of the local immune response might explain gastrointestinal (GI) complaints of the foregut, we sought to examine by the increment in gammadelta+ T cells a I-y consecutive series of children referred for recurrent GI complaints to a tertiary-level hospital. METHODS: A 1-y cohort of 102 children scheduled for gastroduodenoscopy were examined for mucosal histology and the densities of CD3+, alphabeta+ and alphabeta+ T-cell subsets from mid-duodenal specimens. The final diagnostic categories were used in analysing the data. RESULTS: Fifteen subjects showed villous atrophy and a high gammadelta+ T-cell density; the finding being compatible with coeliac disease (CD). At the other extreme, 20 subjects in whom diagnostic GI diseases were ruled out showed low densities and served as controls. The subjects reporting GI symptoms after an open food challenge with milk and/or cereals (n = 18) as well as children remitting with a milk- or cereal-eliminating diet but not responding to a challenge (n = 23) also expressed significantly higher densities of gammadelta+ T cells than the controls. In all, 45 of 102 children could be considered to have an elevated gamma6+ T-cell density as an indication of locally activated immune response. Lack of villous architecture and lymphonodular hyperplasia of the duodenal bulb as an endoscopic finding and atopic dermatitis but not the presence of DQ2 alleles showed a close association with these increased densities. CONCLUSION: Considering that an elevated incidence of gammadelta+ T cells is an indication of mucosal response against luminal antigens, up to half the children with prolonged GI symptoms have immune mediated disorder; CD and food allergy being the most obvious clinical entities.},
   keywords = {Antigens, CD3/immunology/metabolism
Atrophy/pathology
Celiac Disease/*immunology/*metabolism/pathology
Child
Duodenoscopy/methods
Duodenum/*immunology/metabolism/pathology
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/diet therapy/*immunology/*metabolism
Gastroscopy/methods
HLA-DR Antigens
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology/*metabolism
Lymphocyte Count
Male
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/*immunology/*metabolism
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/*immunology/*metabolism
T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0803-5253 (Print)
0803-5253},
   Accession Number = {15841768},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Koning, F. and Vader, W.},
   title = {Gluten peptides and celiac disease},
   journal = {Science},
   volume = {299},
   number = {5606},
   pages = {513-5; author reply 513-5},
   note = {1095-9203
Koning, Frits
Vader, Willemijn
Comment
Letter
United States
Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):513-5; author reply 513-5.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*immunology/therapy
Edible Grain/chemistry
Endopeptidases/metabolism
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
Glutens/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism
Humans
Lymphocyte Activation
Peptide Fragments/*immunology/metabolism
Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
T-Lymphocytes/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0036-8075},
   Accession Number = {12546006},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Konishi, T.},
   title = {[Dementia due to celiac disease]},
   journal = {Nihon Rinsho},
   volume = {62 Suppl},
   pages = {450-5},
   note = {Konishi, Tetsuro
Journal Article
Review
Japan
Nihon Rinsho. 2004 Jan;62 Suppl:450-5.},
   keywords = {Alleles
Biomarkers/blood
*Celiac Disease/complications/diagnosis/etiology/therapy
Cerebellar Ataxia/etiology
Dementia/*etiology
Diet, Protein-Restricted
Epilepsy/etiology
Gliadin/immunology
Glutens/administration & dosage
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Intestine, Small/pathology
T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Vitamins/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0047-1852 (Print)
0047-1852},
   Accession Number = {15011404},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lee, A. and Newman, J. M.},
   title = {Celiac diet: its impact on quality of life},
   journal = {J Am Diet Assoc},
   volume = {103},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1533-5},
   note = {Lee, Anne
Newman, Jacqueline M
Journal Article
United States
J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Nov;103(11):1533-5.},
   abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a gluten-free diet, examining food consumption and limitations on quality of life for those with celiac disease. Twenty-nine items on self-administered questionnaires queried demographics, lifestyle, and food use. Some items were from the Rand Survey (Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA). Most responses used three- or five-point Likert scales. They were mailed to members of the Westchester Celiac Sprue Support Group. Of the 274 responses, 253 were usable and were the basis of the compiled results. Seventy-four percent of the respondents were female; 42% were between the ages of 36 and 55 years of age, and 46% were more than 55 years of age. Frequencies and cross-tabulations indicated several areas of negative impact in maintaining a gluten-free diet. They included the difficulties of dining out (86%), travel (82%), and impact on family (67%) and less of a negative impact on career or work (41%). The gluten-free diet impacted various lifestyle aspects of the quality of life for individuals with celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/physiopathology/psychology
*Diet, Protein-Restricted
Female
Glutens/*administration & dosage
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
New York
*Quality of Life
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0002-8223 (Print)
0002-8223},
   Accession Number = {14576723},
   DOI = {10.1016/s0002},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Leonhardt, M. and Hrupka, B. J. and Langhans, W.},
   title = {Subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation fails to block the anorectic effect of hydroxycitrate},
   journal = {Physiol Behav},
   volume = {82},
   number = {2-3},
   pages = {263-8},
   note = {Leonhardt, Monika
Hrupka, Brian J
Langhans, Wolfgang
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Physiol Behav. 2004 Sep 15;82(2-3):263-8.},
   abstract = {We investigated the neural mediation of the feeding suppression through orally administered hydroxycitrate (HCA) in male rats that were fed a high-glucose diet (about 48% glucose). Ten-day ad libitum food intake and body weight regain after previous body weight loss (13% of initial body weight) due to restrictive feeding were measured in rats with sham deafferentation (SHAM; n = 6), subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA; n = 7), and SDA plus celiac-superior mesenteric ganglionectomy (SDA/CGX; n = 9). HCA suppressed the 10-day cumulative food intake in all surgical groups and body weight regain in SDA and SDA/CGX groups. Independent of HCA, SDA and SDA/CGX rats consumed less food and gained less weight compared to SHAM rats. These results demonstrate that all vagal afferents from below the diaphragm and vagal efferents of the dorsal trunk as well as splanchnic nerves (afferents and efferents) are not necessary for the feeding-suppressive effect of HCA in this animal model. Vagal afferents, however, appear to play a role in the control of intake when a high-glucose diet is consumed after a period of restrictive feeding.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anorexia/chemically induced/*physiopathology
Appetite Depressants
Appetite Regulation/drug effects/*physiology
Autonomic Pathways/*physiology/surgery
Citrates
Eating/physiology
Enzyme Inhibitors
Fatty Acids/metabolism
Feeding Behavior/drug effects/*physiology
Ganglia, Sympathetic/physiology/surgery
*Ganglionectomy
Male
Neurons, Afferent
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Splanchnic Nerves/physiology/surgery
*Vagotomy, Truncal
Vagus Nerve/physiology/surgery},
   ISSN = {0031-9384 (Print)
0031-9384},
   Accession Number = {15276787},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.03.021},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lin, L. and Thomas, S. R. and Kilroy, G. and Schwartz, G. J. and York, D. A.},
   title = {Enterostatin inhibition of dietary fat intake is dependent on CCK-A receptors},
   journal = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol},
   volume = {285},
   number = {2},
   pages = {R321-8},
   note = {Lin, Ling
Thomas, Sonjya R
Kilroy, Gail
Schwartz, Gary J
York, David A
Journal Article
United States
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003 Aug;285(2):R321-8.},
   abstract = {Enterostatin, a pentapeptide released from the exocrine pancreas and gastrointestinal tract, selectively inhibits fat intake through activation of an afferent vagal signaling pathway. This study investigated if the effects of enterostatin were mediated through a CCK-dependent pathway. The series of in vivo and in vitro experiments included studies of 1) the feeding effect of peripheral enterostatin on Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats lacking CCK-A receptors, 2) the effect of CCK-8S on the intake of a two-choice high-fat (HF)/low-fat (LF) diet, 3) the effects of peripheral or central injection of the CCK-A receptor antagonist lorglumide on the feeding inhibition induced by either central or peripheral enterostatin, and 4) the ability of enterostatin to displace CCK binding in a 3T3 cell line expressing CCK-A receptor gene and in rat brain sections. The results showed that OLTEF rats did not respond to enterostatin (300 microg/kg ip) in contrast to the 23% reduction in intake of HF diet in Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) control rats. CCK (1 microg/kg ip) decreased the intake of the HF diet in a two-choice diet regime with a compensatory increase in intake of the LF diet. Peripheral injection of lorglumide (300 microg/kg) blocked the feeding inhibition induced by either near-celiac arterial or intracerebroventricular enterostatin, whereas intracerebroventricular lorglumide (5 nmol icv) only blocked the response to intracerebroventricular enterostatin but not to arterial enterostatin. Enterostatin did not bind on CCK-A receptors because neither enterostatin nor its analogs VPDPR and beta-casomorphin displaced [3H]L-364,718 from CCK-A receptors expressed in 3T3 cells or the binding of 125I-CCK-8S from rat brain sections. The data suggest that both the peripheral and central responses to enterostatin are mediated through or dependent on peripheral and central CCK-A receptors.},
   keywords = {3T3 Cells
Animals
Brain/drug effects/metabolism
Colipases/administration & dosage/metabolism/*pharmacology
Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage/antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology
Enzyme Precursors
Feeding Behavior/*drug effects
Injections, Intraperitoneal
Injections, Intraventricular
Mice
Proglumide/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
Protein Precursors/administration & dosage/metabolism/*pharmacology
Rats
Rats, Inbred Strains
Receptor, Cholecystokinin A
Receptors, Cholecystokinin/genetics/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0363-6119 (Print)
0363-6119},
   Accession Number = {12855414},
   DOI = {10.1152/ajpregu.00147.2003},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lovik, A. and Lundin, K. E.},
   title = {[Dietary treatment of coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis]},
   journal = {Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen},
   volume = {123},
   number = {22},
   pages = {3237-40},
   note = {0807-7096
Lovik, Astrid
Lundin, Knut E A
English Abstract
Journal Article
Norway
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2003 Nov 20;123(22):3237-40.},
   abstract = {Life-long gluten-free diet is the established therapy for coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. Diet therapy allows the intestinal mucosa to recover, improves nutrient malabsorption, osteoporosis and a weakened general condition. A gluten-free diet is without wheat, rye and barley and related products. Oats tested free of contamination by other cereals has recently been allowed for adult coeliac patients, but concern still remains regarding its general safety. Gluten-free flour mixes contain more starch and less proteins, vitamins, minerals and fibre compared to regular flour. Recently some questions have been raised as to the nutritional quality of the gluten-free diet. Successful therapy with gluten-free diet requires motivation and dietary counselling, including knowledge of the nutritional value of foods, labelling of prepackaged foods and practical training in cooking. The local chapters of the Norwegian Coeliac Society are active partners, as are the clinical nutritionists that work in most major hospitals. The physician making the diagnosis has a duty to see to it that all coeliac patients get adequate dietary counselling and management.},
   keywords = {Adult
Celiac Disease/complications/*diet therapy
Dermatitis Herpetiformis/complications/*diet therapy
Dietary Services
Glutens/administration & dosage/adverse effects
Humans
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0029-2001},
   Accession Number = {14714019},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Marcason, W.},
   title = {Can a patient with celiac disease have distilled vinegar?},
   journal = {J Am Diet Assoc},
   volume = {104},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1183},
   note = {Marcason, Wendy
Journal Article
United States
J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Jul;104(7):1183.},
   keywords = {Acetic Acid/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/chemistry/*metabolism
Celiac Disease/*metabolism
Fermentation
Food Handling/methods
Humans
Plant Proteins/*metabolism
Prolamins
Safety},
   ISSN = {0002-8223 (Print)
0002-8223},
   Accession Number = {15215781},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jada.2004.05.011},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {March, J. B.},
   title = {High antigliadin IgG titers in laboratory rabbits fed a wheat-containing diet: a model for celiac disease?},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {48},
   number = {3},
   pages = {608-10},
   note = {March, John B
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Mar;48(3):608-10.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antibody Specificity
Autoantibodies/*blood
Celiac Disease/*immunology
Dietary Proteins/*administration & dosage
Disease Models, Animal
Gliadin/*immunology
Immunoglobulin A/*immunology
Immunoglobulin G/*blood
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Rabbits
*Triticum},
   ISSN = {0163-2116 (Print)
0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {12757178},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Marti, T. and Molberg, O. and Li, Q. and Gray, G. M. and Khosla, C. and Sollid, L. M.},
   title = {Prolyl endopeptidase-mediated destruction of T cell epitopes in whole gluten: chemical and immunological characterization},
   journal = {J Pharmacol Exp Ther},
   volume = {312},
   number = {1},
   pages = {19-26},
   note = {Marti, Thomas
Molberg, Oyvind
Li, Qing
Gray, Gary M
Khosla, Chaitan
Sollid, Ludvig M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jan;312(1):19-26. Epub 2004 Sep 9.},
   abstract = {Celiac Sprue is a widely prevalent immune disease of the small intestine induced by dietary gluten intake in genetically susceptible individuals. It has been suggested that prolyl endopeptidases (PEPs) may be useful catalysts for gluten detoxification. We have investigated this hypothesis using food-grade gluten as the target antigen, and a combination of mass spectrometry and patient-derived T cells as quantitative assay systems. Spectrometric characterization of physiologically proteolyzed gluten revealed a number of 10 to 50 residue peptides containing known T cell epitopes involved in Celiac Sprue pathogenesis. Several of these peptides were multivalent, suggesting they may be potent triggers of the inflammatory response to gluten in celiac patients. Treatment of proteolyzed gluten with recombinant bacterial PEP decreased the number of potentially immunostimulatory peptides. Substantially reduced immunogenicity was also quantified in 12 of 14 intestinal polyclonal T cell lines from celiac patients. Kinetic investigations using eight T cell clones showed rapid destruction of alpha-gliadin epitopes, but less complete processing of gamma-gliadin epitopes. Given the difficulty associated with a strict lifelong gluten-exclusion diet, the ability of a single enzyme to greatly reduce the antigenic burden of grocery store gluten reinforces the case for developing oral peptidase therapy against Celiac Sprue.},
   keywords = {Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography, Liquid
Epitopes/metabolism
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/*metabolism
Gliadin/immunology
Glutens/analysis/*metabolism
Humans
Mass Spectrometry
Peptides/analysis
Serine Endopeptidases/*metabolism
T-Lymphocytes},
   ISSN = {0022-3565 (Print)
0022-3565},
   Accession Number = {15358813},
   DOI = {10.1124/jpet.104.073312},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mazzarella, G. and Maglio, M. and Paparo, F. and Nardone, G. and Stefanile, R. and Greco, L. and van de Wal, Y. and Kooy, Y. and Koning, F. and Auricchio, S. and Troncone, R.},
   title = {An immunodominant DQ8 restricted gliadin peptide activates small intestinal immune response in in vitro cultured mucosa from HLA-DQ8 positive but not HLA-DQ8 negative coeliac patients},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {52},
   number = {1},
   pages = {57-62},
   note = {Mazzarella, G
Maglio, M
Paparo, F
Nardone, G
Stefanile, R
Greco, L
van de Wal, Y
Kooy, Y
Koning, F
Auricchio, S
Troncone, R
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Gut. 2003 Jan;52(1):57-62.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Studies on intestinal T cell clones from the mucosa of patients with coeliac disease have led to the identification of immunogenic gliadin epitopes. One is HLA-DQ8 restricted, its recognition by T cells being increased by introduction of negatively charged residues operated by tissue transglutaminase. AIM: To test HLA-DQ8 restricted epitope in both native (QYPSGQGSFQPSQQNPQA) and deamidated (QYPSGEGSFQPSQENPQA) forms in an organ culture system of treated coeliac mucosa from HLA-DQ8 positive and HLA-DQ8 negative patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Jejunal biopsies obtained from 10 patients with coeliac disease (six HLA-DQ8 positive and four HLA-DQ8 negative) were cultured in vitro with a peptic-tryptic digest (PT) of gliadin, or with the native (peptide A) or deamidated (peptide B) peptide. Intraepithelial CD3(+) and lamina propria total CD25(+) and CD3(+)CD25(+) cells were counted, lamina propria intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression was evaluated, as well as that of Fas molecules on epithelial cells. RESULTS: In HLA-DQ8 positive, but not in HLA-DQ8 negative, coeliacs the density of intraepithelial CD3(+) cells, lamina propria total CD25(+), and CD3(+)CD25(+) cells, as well as expression of ICAM-1 and Fas molecules were significantly increased in biopsies cultured with PT, peptide A, or peptide B compared with biopsies cultured in medium alone. CONCLUSION: These data show that the DQ8 restricted gliadin peptide is immunogenic only in the intestinal mucosa of HLA-DQ8 positive coeliac patients in both native and deamidated forms.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Antigens, CD3
Antigens, CD95/analysis
Celiac Disease/*immunology
Epitopes/*immunology
Female
Gliadin/*immunology
HLA-DQ Antigens/*immunology
Humans
Immunophenotyping
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/analysis
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology
Jejunum
Lymphocyte Activation
Male
Middle Aged
Organ Culture Techniques
Receptors, Interleukin-2
Statistics, Nonparametric
T-Lymphocytes/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0017-5749 (Print)
0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {12477760},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mazzeo, M. F. and De Giulio

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag