text:
1. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging disease characterized by esophageal eosinophilia (>15eos/hpf), lack of responsiveness to acid-suppressive medication and is managed by allergen elimination and anti-allergy therapy. Although the pathophysiology of EoE is currently unsubstantiated, evidence implicates food and aeroallergen hypersensitivity in genetically predisposed individuals as contributory factors. Genome-wide expression analyses have isolated a remarkably conserved gene-expression profile irrespective of age and gender, suggesting a genetic contribution. EoE has characteristics of mainly TH2 type immune responses but also some TH1 cytokines, which appear to strongly contribute to tissue fibrosis, with esophageal epithelial cells providing a hospitable environment for this inflammatory process. Eosinophil-degranulation products appear to play a central role in tissue remodeling in EoE. This remodeling and dysregulation predisposes to fibrosis. Mast-cell-derived molecules such as histamine may have an effect on enteric nerves and may also act in concert with transforming growth factor-beta to interfere with esophageal musculature. Additionally, the esophageal epithelium may facilitate the inflammatory process under pathogenic contexts such as in EoE. This article aims to discuss the contributory factors in the pathophysiology of EoE.},
   keywords = {celiac disease
eosinophilic esophagitis
pathophysiology},
   ISSN = {2296-2360 (Print)
2296-2360},
   Accession Number = {24910846},
   DOI = {10.3389/fped.2014.00041},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rajpoot, P. and Makharia, G. K.},
   title = {Problems and challenges to adaptation of gluten free diet by Indian patients with celiac disease},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {5},
   number = {12},
   pages = {4869-79},
   note = {2072-6643
Rajpoot, Preeti
Makharia, Govind K
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2013 Nov 27;5(12):4869-79. doi: 10.3390/nu5124869.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is emerging in India and has become a public health problem. Almost 6-8 million Indians are estimated to have celiac disease. While there is a large pool of patients with celiac disease in India, until now, only a fraction of them have been diagnosed. With increasing awareness about celiac disease amongst health care providers and the general population, a massive increase in the number of patients with celiac disease is expected now and in the subsequent decade in India. While the number of patients with celiac disease is increasing, the country's preparedness towards the emerging epidemic of this disease is minimal. There are a number of issues, which requires urgent attention. Some of the key issues include increased awareness amongst health care professionals and the general public about the disease and its management, team-based management of patients with celiac disease, proper counseling and supervision of patients, training of dietitians in the management of patients with celiac disease, industrial production of reliable and affordable gluten-free food, and food labeling for gluten contents.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/complications/*diet therapy/*epidemiology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications/diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
*Feeding Behavior
Glutens/adverse effects
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
India/epidemiology
Patient Compliance
Prevalence},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {24288026},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu5124869},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rasane, P. and Jha, A. and Sabikhi, L. and Kumar, A. and Unnikrishnan, V. S.},
   title = {Nutritional advantages of oats and opportunities for its processing as value added foods - a review},
   journal = {J Food Sci Technol},
   volume = {52},
   number = {2},
   pages = {662-75},
   note = {Rasane, Prasad
Jha, Alok
Sabikhi, Latha
Kumar, Arvind
Unnikrishnan, V S
Journal Article
Review
India
J Food Sci Technol. 2015 Feb;52(2):662-75. doi: 10.1007/s13197-013-1072-1. Epub 2013 Jun 25.},
   abstract = {Oats (Avena sativa L.) have received considerable attention for their high content of dietary fibres, phytochemicals and nutritional value. It is believed that consumption of oats possesses various health benefits such as hypocholesterolaemic and anticancerous properties. Oats have also recently been considered suitable in the diet of celiac patients. Owing to their high nutritional value, oat-based food products like breads, biscuits, cookies, probiotic drinks, breakfast cereals, flakes and infant food are gaining increasing consideration. Research and development on oat and its products may be helpful in combating various diseases known to mankind. This paper provides an overview of the nutritional and health benefits provided by oats as whole grains and its value added products. It is designed to provide an insight on the processing of oats and its effect on their functional properties. The manuscript also reviews various uses of oats and its fractions for clinical and industrial purposes and in development of value added food products.},
   keywords = {Dietary fibre
Functional properties
Oats
Phytochemicals
Speciality foods},
   ISSN = {0022-1155 (Print)
0022-1155},
   Accession Number = {25694675},
   DOI = {10.1007/s13197-013-1072-1},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Real, A. and Comino, I. and Moreno Mde, L. and Lopez-Casado, M. A. and Lorite, P. and Torres, M. I. and Cebolla, A. and Sousa, C.},
   title = {Identification and in vitro reactivity of celiac immunoactive peptides in an apparent gluten-free beer},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {9},
   number = {6},
   pages = {e100917},
   note = {1932-6203
Real, Ana
Comino, Isabel
Moreno, Ma de Lourdes
Lopez-Casado, Miguel Angel
Lorite, Pedro
Torres, Ma Isabel
Cebolla, Angel
Sousa, Carolina
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2014 Jun 25;9(6):e100917. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100917. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {Gluten content from barley, rye, wheat and in certain oat varieties, must be avoid in individuals with celiac disease. In most of the Western countries, the level of gluten content in food to be considered as gluten-free products is below 20 parts per million measured by ELISA based on specific anti-gluten peptide antibody. However, in beverages or food suffering complex hydrolytic processes as beers, the relative proportion of reactive peptides for celiac patients and the analytical techniques may differ, because of the diversity of the resulting peptide populations after fermentations. A beer below 20 parts per million of gluten but yet detectable levels of gluten peptides by anti-gliadin 33-mer antibodies (G12 and A1) was analyzed. We identified and characterized the relevant peptides for either antibody recognition or immunoactivity in celiac patients. The beer was fractionated by HPLC. The relative reactivity of the different HPLC fractions to the G12/A1 antibodies correlated to the reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 14 celiac individuals. Peptides from representative fractions classified according to the relative reactivity to G12/A1 antibodies were identified by mass spectrometry. The beer peptides containing sequences with similarity to those of previously described G12 and A1 epitopes were synthesized and confirmed significant reactivity for the antibodies. The most reactive peptides for G12/A1 also confirmed the highest immunogenicity by peripheral blood mononuclear cell activation and interferon gamma production from celiac patients. We concluded that preparative HPLC combined with anti-gliadin 33-mer G12/A1 antibodies were very sensitive and specific methods to analyze the relevant immunogenic peptides in hydrolyzed gluten.},
   keywords = {Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology
Beer/*analysis
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*immunology
Cell Proliferation
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Glutens
Humans
Immunoenzyme Techniques
In Vitro Techniques
Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*immunology
Peptide Fragments/*immunology
Prospective Studies
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24963630},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0100917},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Regula, J. and Smidowicz, A.},
   title = {Share of dietary supplements in nutrition of coeliac disease patients},
   journal = {Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment},
   volume = {13},
   number = {3},
   pages = {301-7},
   note = {1898-9594
Regula, Julita
Smidowicz, Angelika
Journal Article
Poland
Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2014 Jul-Sep;13(3):301-7.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess the intake of vitamins and minerals from the food ration and levels recorded after synthetic supplementation in patients following a gluten-free diet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included a cohort of 25 individuals aged 20-54. Nutrient intakes were assessed based on a 24-hour diet recall interview and an original questionnaire prepared by the authors specifically for this study. Anthropometric measurements were recorded in order to assess the nutritional status of the patients. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A low energy intake and an excessive share of fat were observed in daily food rations of coeliac disease patients. Uptake of most minerals with the diet was too low, while that of vitamins too high. Most participants declared the administration of supplements, which greatly contributed to the coverage of requirements for these nutrients. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that the administered supplementation was frequently unjustified, which led to the allowances being considerably exceeded for many vitamins and minerals.},
   keywords = {Adult
Body Mass Index
*Celiac Disease
Diet, Gluten-Free
*Dietary Supplements
Energy Intake
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Minerals/*analysis
Nutrition Assessment
*Nutritional Status
Vitamins/*analysis
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1644-0730},
   Accession Number = {24887945},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Riddle, M. S. and Murray, J. A. and Cash, B. D. and Pimentel, M. and Porter, C. K.},
   title = {Pathogen-specific risk of celiac disease following bacterial causes of foodborne illness: a retrospective cohort study},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {58},
   number = {11},
   pages = {3242-5},
   note = {1573-2568
Riddle, Mark S
Murray, Joseph A
Cash, Brooks D
Pimentel, Mark
Porter, Chad K
Journal Article
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2013 Nov;58(11):3242-5. doi: 10.1007/s10620-013-2733-7. Epub 2013 Jun 29.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The US CDC recently estimated over 2 million foodborne illnesses annually are caused by 4 major enteropathogens: non-typhoid Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica. While recent data suggest functional gastrointestinal disorders are associated with these infections, studies linking foodborne illness to celiac disease (CD) are limited. We utilized a US Department of Defense medical encounter database to evaluate the risk of CD following select foodborne infections. METHODS: We identified subjects with acute gastroenteritis between 1998 and 2009 attributed to Salmonella (nontyphoidal) spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., or Y. enterocolitica and matched each with up to 4 unexposed subjects. Exposed and unexposed subjects were followed for incident CD diagnosis for their entire military record duration (or a minimum of 1 year). Relative risks were calculated using modified Poisson regression to determine the relationship between pathogen-attributable gastroenteritis and CD while controlling for covariates. RESULTS: A total of 1,753 pathogen-specific gastroenteritis cases (Campylobacter: 738; Salmonella: 624; Shigella: 376; Yersinia: 17) were identified and followed for a median of 3.8 years. The incidence (per 100,000 person-years) of CD was 0.05. We found a suggested risk of CD after Campylobacter, but not other foodborne infection etiologies. CONCLUSIONS: These data support a previous study demonstrating increased risk of CD following Campylobacteriosis and highlight the need for additional research into how infections might trigger CD in susceptible individuals.},
   keywords = {Adult
Bacteria/*classification
Bacterial Infections/microbiology
Celiac Disease/*microbiology
Cohort Studies
Female
*Food Microbiology
Foodborne Diseases/*microbiology
Gastroenteritis/*microbiology
Humans
Male
Military Personnel
Retrospective Studies
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {23812827},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-013-2733-7},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Riezzo, G. and Ferreri, C. and Orlando, A. and Martulli, M. and D'Attoma, B. and Russo, F.},
   title = {Lipidomic analysis of fatty acids in erythrocytes of coeliac patients before and after a gluten-free diet intervention: a comparison with healthy subjects},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {112},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1787-96},
   note = {1475-2662
Riezzo, Giuseppe
Ferreri, Carla
Orlando, Antonella
Martulli, Manuela
D'Attoma, Benedetta
Russo, Francesco
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2014 Dec 14;112(11):1787-96. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514002815. Epub 2014 Sep 30.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease (CD) patients may exhibit a pro-inflammatory profile and fatty acids (FA) can influence inflammation through a variety of cellular pathways in them. The aims of the present study were to (1) evaluate the FA composition of erythrocytes obtained from newly diagnosed CD patients by lipidomic analysis and compare it with that in healthy subjects and (2) determine the effects of 1-year gluten-free diet (GFD) intervention. A total of twenty CD patients (five men and fifteen women; mean age 34.0 (sem 1.7) years) were evaluated at diagnosis and after 1 year of GFD intervention. A total of twenty healthy subjects (seven men and thirteen women; mean age 40.2 (sem 2.5) years) served as controls. CD patients on an unrestricted diet exhibited a significant 2.08-fold higher concentration of arachidic acid when compared with healthy subjects, suggesting that it can be considered as a putative marker of CD. Besides, the arachidonic acid (AA):dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid ratio was 2.01-fold significantly lower in CD patients than in healthy subjects (P< 0.01), underlying an inefficient synthesis of PUFA from their precursors in terms of desaturase activity. In addition, mainly due to lower concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid, the inflammation marker AA:docosahexaenoic acid ratio was 1.40-fold significantly higher in CD patients than in healthy subjects. After 1 year of GFD intervention, FA concentrations in CD patients were still different from those observed in healthy subjects. The lipidomic analysis of erythrocyte membranes confirmed the presence of an altered FA composition in CD patients and the GFD's ability to modify FA profile, even if 1-year GFD intervention seems to be not sufficient to restore FA concentrations to normality. This procedure, being easier and non-invasive compared with the evaluation of the FA pattern of the intestinal mucosa, could offer more potentiality for also evaluating therapeutic interventions in CD patients by using FA supplementation.},
   keywords = {Adult
Arachidonic Acid/blood
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*blood/*diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Supplements
Erythrocyte Membrane/*metabolism
Fatty Acids/*blood
Female
Humans
Male
Membrane Lipids/blood/chemistry},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {25266177},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114514002815},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rivera, E. and Assiri, A. and Guandalini, S.},
   title = {Celiac disease},
   journal = {Oral Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {7},
   pages = {635-41},
   note = {1601-0825
Rivera, E
Assiri, A
Guandalini, S
Journal Article
Review
Denmark
Oral Dis. 2013 Oct;19(7):635-41. doi: 10.1111/odi.12091. Epub 2013 Mar 18.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease, with a prevalence around 1% of the general population, is the most common genetically-induced food intolerance in the world. Triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals, this enteropathy may appear at any age, and is characterized by a wide variety of clinical signs and symptoms. Among them, gastrointestinal presentations include chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss or failure to thrive in children; but extra-intestinal manifestations are also common, and actually appear to be on the rise. They include a large variety of ailments, such as dermatitis Herpetiformis, anemia, short stature, osteoporosis, arthritis, neurologic problems, unexplained elevation of transaminases, and even female infertility. For the clinician interested in oral diseases, celiac disease can lead to delayed tooth eruption, dental enamel hypoplasia, recurrent oral aphthae. Diagnosing celiac disease requires therefore a high degree of suspicion followed by a very sensitive screening test: serum levels of the autoantibody anti-tissue transglutaminase. A positive subject will then be confirmed by an intestinal biopsy, and will then be put on a strict gluten-free diet, that in most cases will bring a marked improvement of symptoms. Newer forms of treatment which in the future will probably be available to the non-responsive patients are currently being actively pursued.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/blood
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/complications/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Mouth Diseases/etiology
Tooth Diseases/etiology
Transglutaminases/immunology
medicine
public health},
   ISSN = {1354-523x},
   Accession Number = {23496382},
   DOI = {10.1111/odi.12091},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rizzello, C. G. and Curiel, J. A. and Nionelli, L. and Vincentini, O. and Di Cagno, R. and Silano, M. and Gobbetti, M. and Coda, R.},
   title = {Use of fungal proteases and selected sourdough lactic acid bacteria for making wheat bread with an intermediate content of gluten},
   journal = {Food Microbiol},
   volume = {37},
   pages = {59-68},
   note = {1095-9998
Rizzello, Carlo Giuseppe
Curiel, Jose Antonio
Nionelli, Luana
Vincentini, Olimpia
Di Cagno, Raffaella
Silano, Marco
Gobbetti, Marco
Coda, Rossana
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Food Microbiol. 2014 Feb;37:59-68. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.06.017. Epub 2013 Jul 5.},
   abstract = {This study was aimed at combining the highest degradation of gluten during wheat flour fermentation with good structural and sensory features of the related bread. As estimated by R5-ELISA, the degree of degradation of immune reactive gluten was ca. 28%. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and RP-FPLC analyses showed marked variations of the protein fractions compared to the untreated flour. The comparison was also extended to in vitro effect of the peptic/tryptic-digests towards K562 and T84 cells. The flour with the intermediate content of gluten (ICG) was used for bread making, and compared to whole gluten (WG) bread. The chemical, structural and sensory features of the ICG bread approached those of the bread made with WG flour. The protein digestibility of the ICG bread was higher than that from WG flour. Also the nutritional quality, as estimated by different indexes, was the highest for ICG bread.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aspergillus oryzae/*enzymology
Bread/analysis/*microbiology
Female
Fermentation
Flour/analysis/microbiology
Fungal Proteins/*metabolism
Glutens/*analysis/metabolism
Humans
Lactobacillus/*metabolism
Male
Middle Aged
Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism
Taste
Triticum/chemistry/*microbiology
Young Adult
Bv
Bread
Cd
Cs
Dy
Eaa
Eaai
Ema
Faa
Fhwf
Gs
Gluten
Ibs
Icg
Ief
Ipg
Lactic acid bacteria
Mac
Ni
Opa
Per
Pt-
Proteolysis
Sourdough
Tfa
Tpa
Tta
Wa
Wg
anti-endomysial antibodies
anti-tissue transglutaminase
biological value
celiac disease
chemical score
dough yield
essential amino acid
essential amino acid index
free amino acids
fully hydrolyzed wheat flour
gluten sensitive
immobilized pH gradient
intermediate content of gluten
irritable bowel syndrome
isoelectric focusing
minimal agglutinating capacity
nutritional index
o-phtaldialdehyde
peptic/tryptic
protein efficiency ratio
tTG
texture profile analysis
titratable acidity
trifluoroacetic acid
wheat allergy
whole gluten},
   ISSN = {0740-0020},
   Accession Number = {24230474},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.fm.2013.06.017},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rose, C. and Howard, R.},
   title = {Living with coeliac disease: a grounded theory study},
   journal = {J Hum Nutr Diet},
   volume = {27},
   number = {1},
   pages = {30-40},
   note = {1365-277x
Rose, C
Howard, R
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2014 Feb;27(1):30-40. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12062. Epub 2013 Mar 21.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease can be controlled only through adherence to a gluten-free diet. This diet is highly restrictive and can be challenging to maintain. It has been linked with elevated levels of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety and social phobia. METHODS: Narratives on living with coeliac disease were written by 130 adult members of Coeliac UK (mean age 52.7 years; mean time since diagnosis 10.2 years; 67% sample female; 28% male). Qualitative analysis using grounded theory methods identified five key categories: living with widespread ignorance; social invisibility; creating a coeliac community; a changed identity; grief - and accepting the trade-off. RESULTS: A psychosocial model of living with coeliac disease was constructed from the findings, the central category of which was the changed identity of those diagnosed with the condition. Grief was experienced in relation to a loss of the former diet, changed personal and social identities, loss of social confidence and loss of social activities. Grief was generally mitigated over time as adjustments were made to changes in identity and lifestyle. Creating (or becoming part of) a coeliac community was a strategy enabling those with coeliac disease to re-establish their identities and increase social recognition and acceptance of the condition. CONCLUSIONS: Gluten-free living entails a substantial restriction of food choice. The losses and changes entailed impact on the personal and social identities of those living with coeliac disease, and on the behaviour of others towards them. Psychosocial interventions focussed on facilitating coping and adjustment may benefit those experiencing difficulties.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Anxiety/etiology
Celiac Disease/complications/diet therapy/*psychology
Choice Behavior
Depression/etiology
Diet, Gluten-Free/psychology
Female
Food Preferences
Humans
Life Style
Male
Middle Aged
Personal Narratives as Topic
Phobic Disorders/etiology
United Kingdom
Young Adult
coeliac disease
dietary change
gluten
patient narratives
psychology},
   ISSN = {0952-3871},
   Accession Number = {23516989},
   DOI = {10.1111/jhn.12062},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rossi, M. and Bot, A.},
   title = {The Th17 cell population and the immune homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract},
   journal = {Int Rev Immunol},
   volume = {32},
   number = {5-6},
   pages = {471-4},
   note = {1563-5244
Rossi, Mauro
Bot, Adrian
Editorial
Introductory Journal Article
England
Int Rev Immunol. 2013 Oct-Dec;32(5-6):471-4. doi: 10.3109/08830185.2013.843983.},
   abstract = {Th17 cells are a recently discovered subset of CD4(+) T lymphocytes filling a hole in the repertoire of effector T cells. Th17 cells produce multiple cytokines, with pivotal impact on immune homeostasis, inflammation, and influencing a wide range of intestinal cell targets. The current issue of the International Reviews of Immunology is entirely dedicated to the various roles of Th17 T cells in the immune homeostasis and inflammation occurring in the gut. In addition to describing diverse Th17-mediated molecular pathways, a specific focus is being given to Th17 cell plasticity. This enables the Th17 cells to shift towards a Th1 profile, or to express IL-22, a protective cytokine in experimental colitis. Participation of microbiota-specific Th17 cells to normal immune homeostasis, and their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or of gluten specific-Th17 cells in celiac disease, are also being discussed. Neutralizing antibodies against IL-17A and IL-17F have commenced clinical testing in IBD. In conclusion, Th17 cells emerge as a key immune cell population and further elucidation of their roles and functional plasticity are warranted to support the discovery of novel therapies against IBD and other intestinal disorders.},
   keywords = {Animals
Gastrointestinal Tract/*immunology/metabolism
*Homeostasis
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism
Th17 Cells/*immunology/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0883-0185},
   Accession Number = {24164337},
   DOI = {10.3109/08830185.2013.843983},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rua, E. C. and Drut, R. and Pena, A. S.},
   title = {Non-celiac wheat sensitivity is not a new entity},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1805},
   note = {1572-0241
Rua, Eduardo Cueto
Drut, Ricardo
Pena, Amado Salvador
Comment
Letter
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Nov;108(11):1805. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.307.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/*blood
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis/*immunology
Gliadin/*immunology
Humans
Male
Triticum/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {24192952},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2013.307},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rubicz, R. and Yolken, R. and Alaedini, A. and Drigalenko, E. and Charlesworth, J. C. and Carless, M. A. and Severance, E. G. and Krivogorsky, B. and Dyer, T. D. and Kent, J. W., Jr. and Curran, J. E. and Johnson, M. P. and Cole, S. A. and Almasy, L. and Moses, E. K. and Blangero, J. and Goring, H. H.},
   title = {Genome-wide genetic and transcriptomic investigation of variation in antibody response to dietary antigens},
   journal = {Genet Epidemiol},
   volume = {38},
   number = {5},
   pages = {439-46},
   note = {1098-2272
Rubicz, Rohina
Yolken, Robert
Alaedini, Armin
Drigalenko, Eugene
Charlesworth, Jac C
Carless, Melanie A
Severance, Emily G
Krivogorsky, Bogdana
Dyer, Thomas D
Kent, Jack W Jr
Curran, Joanne E
Johnson, Matthew P
Cole, Shelley A
Almasy, Laura
Moses, Eric K
Blangero, John
Goring, Harald H H
R01 HL080149/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
L60 MD003255/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States
HL045522/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
MH083824/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
C06 RR017515/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
R01 MH078111/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
RR017515/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
HL080149/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
MH078143/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
P01 HL045522/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
R01 MH059490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
R37 MH059490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
R01 MH083824/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
MH078111/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
MH059490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Genet Epidemiol. 2014 Jul;38(5):439-46. doi: 10.1002/gepi.21817.},
   abstract = {Increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to dietary antigens can be associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction and autoimmunity. The underlying processes contributing to these adverse reactions remain largely unknown, and it is likely that genetic factors play a role. Here, we estimate heritability and attempt to localize genetic factors influencing IgG antibody levels against food-derived antigens using an integrative genomics approach. IgG antibody levels were determined by ELISA in >1,300 Mexican Americans for the following food antigens: wheat gliadin; bovine casein; and two forms of bovine serum albumin (BSA-a and BSA-b). Pedigree-based variance components methods were used to estimate additive genetic heritability (h(2) ), perform genome-wide association analyses, and identify transcriptional signatures (based on 19,858 transcripts from peripheral blood lymphocytes). Heritability estimates were significant for all traits (0.15-0.53), and shared environment (based on shared residency among study participants) was significant for casein (0.09) and BSA-a (0.33). Genome-wide significant evidence of association was obtained only for antibody to gliadin (P = 8.57 x 10(-8) ), mapping to the human leukocyte antigen II region, with HLA-DRA and BTNL2 as the best candidate genes. Lack of association of known celiac disease risk alleles HLA-DQ2.5 and -DQ8 with antigliadin antibodies in the studied population suggests a separate genetic etiology. Significant transcriptional signatures were found for all IgG levels except BSA-b. These results demonstrate that individual genetic differences contribute to food antigen antibody measures in this population. Further investigations may elucidate the underlying immunological processes involved.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antibodies/genetics/*immunology
Butyrophilins
Caseins/immunology
Cattle
Celiac Disease/genetics
Environment
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Food Hypersensitivity/*genetics/immunology
*Gene Expression Profiling
*Genome-Wide Association Study
Gliadin/immunology
HLA-DR Antigens/genetics/immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulin G/genetics/immunology
Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
Mexican Americans/genetics
Pedigree
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
RNA, Messenger/genetics
Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
IgG antibody
association
gliadin
integrative genomics
pedigree study
transcriptional profiling},
   ISSN = {0741-0395},
   Accession Number = {24962563},
   DOI = {10.1002/gepi.21817},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rubio-Tapia, A. and Hill, I. D. and Kelly, C. P. and Calderwood, A. H. and Murray, J. A.},
   title = {ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {5},
   pages = {656-76; quiz 677},
   note = {1572-0241
Rubio-Tapia, Alberto
Hill, Ivor D
Kelly, Ciaran P
Calderwood, Audrey H
Murray, Joseph A
American College of Gastroenterology
K08 DK090150/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK057892/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
1K08 DK090150/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK-57982/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Practice Guideline
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 May;108(5):656-76; quiz 677. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.79. Epub 2013 Apr 23.},
   abstract = {This guideline presents recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with celiac disease. Celiac disease is an immune-based reaction to dietary gluten (storage protein for wheat, barley, and rye) that primarily affects the small intestine in those with a genetic predisposition and resolves with exclusion of gluten from the diet. There has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of celiac disease over the last 50 years and an increase in the rate of diagnosis in the last 10 years. Celiac disease can present with many symptoms, including typical gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain) and also non-gastrointestinal abnormalities (e.g., abnormal liver function tests, iron deficiency anemia, bone disease, skin disorders, and many other protean manifestations). Indeed, many individuals with celiac disease may have no symptoms at all. Celiac disease is usually detected by serologic testing of celiac-specific antibodies. The diagnosis is confirmed by duodenal mucosal biopsies. Both serology and biopsy should be performed on a gluten-containing diet. The treatment for celiac disease is primarily a gluten-free diet (GFD), which requires significant patient education, motivation, and follow-up. Non-responsive celiac disease occurs frequently, particularly in those diagnosed in adulthood. Persistent or recurring symptoms should lead to a review of the patient's original diagnosis to exclude alternative diagnoses, a review of the GFD to ensure there is no obvious gluten contamination, and serologic testing to confirm adherence with the GFD. In addition, evaluation for disorders associated with celiac disease that could cause persistent symptoms, such as microscopic colitis, pancreatic exocrine dysfunction, and complications of celiac disease, such as enteropathy-associated lymphoma or refractory celiac disease, should be entertained. Newer therapeutic modalities are being studied in clinical trials, but are not yet approved for use in practice. Given the incomplete response of many patients to a GFD-free diet as well as the difficulty of adherence to the GFD over the long term, development of new effective therapies for symptom control and reversal of inflammation and organ damage are needed. The prevalence of celiac disease is increasing worldwide and many patients with celiac disease remain undiagnosed, highlighting the need for improved strategies in the future for the optimal detection of patients.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Antibodies/*blood
Atrophy
Celiac Disease/complications/*diagnosis/*diet therapy/immunology
Clinical Trials as Topic
Diagnosis, Differential
Diarrhea/etiology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Edible Grain/*adverse effects/immunology
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Evidence-Based Medicine
Flatulence/etiology
GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Gliadin/immunology
Glutens/*immunology
HLA-DQ Antigens/blood
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Intestine, Small/pathology
Patient Education as Topic
Sensitivity and Specificity
Steatorrhea/etiology
Transglutaminases/immunology
Weight Loss},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {23609613},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2013.79},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ruh, T. and Ohsam, J. and Pasternack, R. and Yokoyama, K. and Kumazawa, Y. and Hils, M.},
   title = {Microbial transglutaminase treatment in pasta-production does not affect the immunoreactivity of gliadin with celiac disease patients' sera},
   journal = {J Agric Food Chem},
   volume = {62},
   number = {30},
   pages = {7604-11},
   note = {1520-5118
Ruh, Tobias
Ohsam, Jurgen
Pasternack, Ralf
Yokoyama, Keiichi
Kumazawa, Yoshiyuki
Hils, Martin
Journal Article
United States
J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Jul 30;62(30):7604-11. doi: 10.1021/jf501275c. Epub 2014 Jul 18.},
   abstract = {The effect of microbial transglutaminase (MTG)-treatment of pasta-dough on the immunoreactivity with celiac disease patient's sera has been investigated. Modification by MTG has been proven by determination of the MTG reaction product epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine (3.63 mumol/g protein), which was not detectable in non-MTG-treated pasta. Antigenicity has been analyzed by immunoblotting and ELISA using gliadin-extracts from pasta and MTG-treated pasta. Immunoblotting showed that the antibody-population (antigliadin antibodies and antideamidated gliadin antibodies) of the sera is specific for every individual patient. Immunoblotting and ELISA showed that there is no difference in immunoreactivity of gliadin extracted from pasta and MTG-pasta. Recognition pattern and intensity in Western blot as well as antibody titer has also been identical even for sera with a high antideamidated gliadin antibody titer. These results indicate no difference between pasta-gliadin and MTG-pasta-gliadin and especially no increased deamidation in pasta-gliadin by MTG-treatment.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Antibody Formation/*drug effects
Celiac Disease/blood/*immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Dipeptides/metabolism
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Food Handling/*methods
Gliadin/analysis/*immunology
Humans
Immunoblotting
Infant
Middle Aged
Streptomyces/enzymology
Transglutaminases/*chemistry
Triticum/chemistry
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0021-8561},
   Accession Number = {24998318},
   DOI = {10.1021/jf501275c},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sadiq, I. and Chamakura, S. and Siddiqi, S. and Margey, R. and Azemi, T.},
   title = {Use of fractional flow reserve in the assessment of chronic mesenteric ischemia},
   journal = {Vasc Med},
   volume = {19},
   number = {3},
   pages = {182-188},
   note = {1477-0377
Sadiq, Immad
Chamakura, Sanjayant
Siddiqi, Saadi
Margey, Ronan
Azemi, Talhat
Journal Article
England
Vasc Med. 2014 Jun;19(3):182-188. Epub 2014 May 30.},
   abstract = {Chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) is a rare condition that is usually the result of atherosclerotic obstructive disease affecting the mesenteric arteries. The classic triad of post-prandial pain, food aversion and weight loss is not always present, often leading to low clinical suspicion for CMI and underdiagnosis. Non-invasive evaluation for CMI usually starts with mesenteric arterial duplex scanning, followed by computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography or conventional angiography, the latter being the gold standard for establishing its diagnosis. However, angiography alone has been demonstrated in coronary and other vascular beds to be inaccurate in predicting the physiologic and hemodynamic significance of a certain subset of atherosclerotic stenoses. We present the case of a patient with risk factors and symptoms suggestive of CMI who underwent angiography. However, angiography was equivocal and invasive physiologic testing was required to confirm the diagnosis and guide revascularization.},
   keywords = {celiac artery
hemodynamic processes
mesenteric artery},
   ISSN = {1358-863x},
   Accession Number = {24879713},
   DOI = {10.1177/1358863x14529617},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sainsbury, K. and Mullan, B. and Sharpe, L.},
   title = {Gluten free diet adherence in coeliac disease. The role of psychological symptoms in bridging the intention-behaviour gap},
   journal = {Appetite},
   volume = {61},
   number = {1},
   pages = {52-8},
   note = {1095-8304
Sainsbury, Kirby
Mullan, Barbara
Sharpe, Louise
Journal Article
England
Appetite. 2013 Feb;61(1):52-8. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.001. Epub 2012 Nov 9.},
   abstract = {This study examined the potential role of psychological symptoms in limiting the translation of positive intention into strict gluten free diet (GFD) adherence in coeliac disease (CD) within a theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework. It was hypothesised that participants with more symptomatic psychological profiles would exhibit poorer adherence, primarily in the context of positive intentions. Coeliac disease participants (N=390) completed online measures of gluten free diet adherence, psychological symptoms, coping behaviour, and TPB items. Intention and behaviour were moderately correlated, confirming the existence of the intention-behaviour gap. Psychological symptoms accounted for additional variance over and above TPB variables in GFD adherence but not intention. Participants who failed to act on their positive intentions displayed more psychological symptoms and greater reliance on maladaptive coping strategies than those with consistent intention-behaviour relationships (p<.01). The heightened incidence of psychological symptoms in CD has a small but significant negative impact on the ability to translate positive intentions into strict adherence. Directions for future research including interventions to improve GFD adherence are discussed.},
   keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/*psychology
Choice Behavior
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Feeding Behavior/psychology
Female
Food Preferences/psychology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
Patient Compliance/*psychology
Psychological Theory
Regression Analysis
Reproducibility of Results
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0195-6663},
   Accession Number = {23147568},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.001},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sampson, H. A.},
   title = {Food allergy: a winding road to the present},
   journal = {Pediatr Allergy Immunol},
   volume = {25},
   number = {1},
   pages = {25-6},
   note = {1399-3038
Sampson, Hugh A
Editorial
Historical Article
England
Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014 Feb;25(1):25-6. doi: 10.1111/pai.12202.},
   keywords = {*Allergy and Immunology/history
Celiac Disease/*immunology/therapy
Child
Diet
Food Hypersensitivity/*immunology/therapy
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Hypersensitivity, Delayed
Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
Immunotherapy/*trends
*Pediatrics},
   ISSN = {0905-6157},
   Accession Number = {24588484},
   DOI = {10.1111/pai.12202},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Samsel, A. and Seneff, S.},
   title = {Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and gluten intolerance},
   journal = {Interdiscip Toxicol},
   volume = {6},
   number = {4},
   pages = {159-84},
   note = {Samsel, Anthony
Seneff, Stephanie
Journal Article
Review
Slovakia
Interdiscip Toxicol. 2013 Dec;6(4):159-84. doi: 10.2478/intox-2013-0026.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease, and, more generally, gluten intolerance, is a growing problem worldwide, but especially in North America and Europe, where an estimated 5% of the population now suffers from it. Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, macrocytic anemia and depression. It is a multifactorial disease associated with numerous nutritional deficiencies as well as reproductive issues and increased risk to thyroid disease, kidney failure and cancer. Here, we propose that glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide, Roundup((R)), is the most important causal factor in this epidemic. Fish exposed to glyphosate develop digestive problems that are reminiscent of celiac disease. Celiac disease is associated with imbalances in gut bacteria that can be fully explained by the known effects of glyphosate on gut bacteria. Characteristics of celiac disease point to impairment in many cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are involved with detoxifying environmental toxins, activating vitamin D3, catabolizing vitamin A, and maintaining bile acid production and sulfate supplies to the gut. Glyphosate is known to inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes. Deficiencies in iron, cobalt, molybdenum, copper and other rare metals associated with celiac disease can be attributed to glyphosate's strong ability to chelate these elements. Deficiencies in tryptophan, tyrosine, methionine and selenomethionine associated with celiac disease match glyphosate's known depletion of these amino acids. Celiac disease patients have an increased risk to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which has also been implicated in glyphosate exposure. Reproductive issues associated with celiac disease, such as infertility, miscarriages, and birth defects, can also be explained by glyphosate. Glyphosate residues in wheat and other crops are likely increasing recently due to the growing practice of crop desiccation just prior to the harvest. We argue that the practice of "ripening" sugar cane with glyphosate may explain the recent surge in kidney failure among agricultural workers in Central America. We conclude with a plea to governments to reconsider policies regarding the safety of glyphosate residues in foods.},
   keywords = {celiac disease
cytochrome P450
deficiency
food
gluten
glyphosate},
   ISSN = {1337-6853 (Print)
1337-6853},
   Accession Number = {24678255},
   DOI = {10.2478/intox-2013-0026},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sanchez, E. and Donat, E. and Ribes-Koninckx, C. and Fernandez-Murga, M. L. and Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Duodenal-mucosal bacteria associated with celiac disease in children},
   journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {18},
   pages = {5472-9},
   note = {1098-5336
Sanchez, Ester
Donat, Ester
Ribes-Koninckx, Carmen
Fernandez-Murga, Maria Leonor
Sanz, Yolanda
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Sep;79(18):5472-9. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00869-13. Epub 2013 Jul 8.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of cereal gluten proteins. This disorder is associated with imbalances in the gut microbiota composition that could be involved in the pathogenesis of CD. The aim of this study was to characterize the composition and diversity of the cultivable duodenal mucosa-associated bacteria of CD patients and control children. Duodenal biopsy specimens from patients with active disease on a gluten-containing diet (n = 32), patients with nonactive disease after adherence to a gluten-free diet (n = 17), and controls (n = 8) were homogenized and plated on plate count agar, Wilkins-Chalgren agar, brain heart agar, or yeast, Casitone, and fatty acid agar. The isolates were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Renyi diversity profiles showed the highest diversity values for active CD patients, followed by nonactive CD patients and control individuals. Members of the phylum Proteobacteria were more abundant in patients with active CD than in the other child groups, while those of the phylum Firmicutes were less abundant. Members of the families Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcaceae, particularly the species Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus pasteuri, were more abundant in patients with active disease than in controls. In contrast, members of the family Streptococcaceae were less abundant in patients with active CD than in controls. Furthermore, isolates of the Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus mutans groups were more abundant in controls than in both CD patient groups, regardless of inflammatory status. The findings indicated that the disease is associated with the overgrowth of possible pathobionts that exclude symbionts or commensals that are characteristic of the healthy small intestinal microbiota.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/*classification/*isolation & purification
Bacteriological Techniques
*Biodiversity
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*microbiology
Child
Child, Preschool
DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics
DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics
Duodenum/*microbiology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA},
   ISSN = {0099-2240},
   Accession Number = {23835180},
   DOI = {10.1128/aem.00869-13},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sandhu, B. K. and Paul, S. P.},
   title = {Irritable bowel syndrome in children: pathogenesis, diagnosis and evidence-based treatment},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {20},
   number = {20},
   pages = {6013-23},
   note = {2219-2840
Sandhu, Bhupinder Kaur
Paul, Siba Prosad
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2014 May 28;20(20):6013-23. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6013.},
   abstract = {Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the commonest cause of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) in children in both more developed and developing parts of the world. It is defined by the Rome III criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders. It is characterized by abdominal pain that is improved by defecation and whose onset is associated with a change in stool form and or frequency and is not explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities. It is estimated that 10%-15% of older children and adolescents suffer from IBS. IBS can be considered to be a brain-gut disorder possibly due to complex interaction between environmental and hereditary factors. The diagnosis of IBS is made based on the Rome III criteria together with ruling out organic causes of RAP in children such as inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease. Once the diagnosis of IBS is made, it is important to explain to the parents (and children) that there is no serious underlying disease. This reassurance may be effective treatment in a large number of cases. Lifestyle modifications, stress management, dietary interventions and probiotics may be beneficial in some cases. Although there is limited evidence for efficacy of pharmacological therapies such as antispasmodics and antidiarrheals; these have a role in severe cases. Biopsychosocial therapies have shown encouraging results in initial trials but are beset by limited availability. Further research is necessary to understand the pathophysiology and provide specific focused therapies.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain
Adolescent
Antidiarrheals/therapeutic use
Child
Drug Therapy
Evidence-Based Medicine
Female
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology/*therapy
Life Style
Male
Parasympatholytics/therapeutic use
Parents
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Psychotherapy
Recurrence
Severity of Illness Index
Stress, Psychological/diagnosis
Treatment Outcome
Biopsychosocial therapies
Brain-gut disorder
Children
Irritable bowel syndrome
Lifestyle modifications
Recurrent abdominal pain
Rome III criteria},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {24876724},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6013},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sanford, M. L. and Nagel, A. K.},
   title = {A Review of Current Evidence of Olmesartan Medoxomil Mimicking Symptoms of Celiac Disease},
   journal = {J Pharm Pract},
   volume = {28},
   number = {2},
   pages = {189-192},
   note = {1531-1937
Sanford, Michele L
Nagel, Angela K
Journal Article
United States
J Pharm Pract. 2015 Apr;28(2):189-192. Epub 2014 Mar 28.},
   abstract = {Objective:To review the evidence of an association between olmesartan medoxomil and symptoms mimicking celiac disease.Data Sources:Literature was searched in PubMed (1965-November 2013) using the key words or MeSH terms olmesartan, enteropathy, celiac disease, sprue, and diarrhea. References from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Dipiro's Pharmacotherapy eighth edition textbook were also reviewed.Data Synthesis:There have been recent implications of olmesartan medoxomil being linked to symptoms mimicking celiac disease. Investigators first identified the association in 22 patients who presented with presumed refractory celiac disease. Upon further evaluation, it was discovered that these symptoms improved when olmesartan was discontinued. In response to this report, additional case studies have been published. DeGaetani et al also further analyzed patients with seronegative villous atrophy from the Celiac Disease Center and found that olmesartan accounted for 22% of previously unclassified sprue cases. Conversely, the authors of the ROADMAP trial, which compared olmesartan to placebo, found no significant differences in the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects.Conclusions:There is growing evidence supporting the association between olmesartan and sprue-like symptoms; however, further research is warranted. These symptoms can be life threatening and clinicians should be aware of the potential association.},
   keywords = {ambulatory care
drug information
internal medicine},
   ISSN = {0897-1900},
   Accession Number = {24682568},
   DOI = {10.1177/0897190014527320},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sansotta, N. and Piacentini, G. L. and Mazzei, F. and Minniti, F. and Boner, A. L. and Peroni, D. G.},
   title = {Timing of introduction of solid food and risk of allergic disease development: understanding the evidence},
   journal = {Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)},
   volume = {41},
   number = {5},
   pages = {337-45},
   note = {1578-1267
Sansotta, N
Piacentini, G L
Mazzei, F
Minniti, F
Boner, A L
Peroni, D G
Journal Article
Review
Spain
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2013 Sep-Oct;41(5):337-45. doi: 10.1016/j.aller.2012.08.012. Epub 2012 Dec 31.},
   abstract = {Strategies to prevent or reduce the risk of allergic diseases are needed. The time of exclusive breastfeeding and introduction of solid foods is a key factor that may influence the development of allergy. For this reason, the aim of this review was to examine the association between exposure to solid foods in the infant's diet and the development of allergic diseases in children. Classical prophylactic feeding guidelines recommended a delayed introduction of solids for the prevention of atopic diseases. Is it really true that a delayed introduction of solids (after the 4th or 6th month) is protective against the development of eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis and food or inhalant sensitisation? In recent years, many authors have found that there is no statistically significant association between delayed introduction of solids and protection for the development of allergic diseases. Furthermore, late introduction of solid foods could be associated with increased risk of allergic sensitisation to foods, inhalant allergens and celiac disease in children. Tolerance may be driven by the contact of the mucosal immune system with the allergen at the right time of life; the protective effects seem to be enhanced by the practice of the breastfeeding at the same time when weaning is started. Therefore, recent guidelines propose a "window" approach for weaning practice starting at the 17th week and introducing almost all foods within the 27th week of life to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as allergic ones and the celiac disease. Guidelines emphasize the role of breastfeeding during the weaning practice.},
   keywords = {Allergens/adverse effects/immunology
Animals
Breast Feeding
Child
Disease Progression
Evidence-Based Medicine
*Feeding Behavior
Food/adverse effects
Food Hypersensitivity/*epidemiology/immunology
Humans
Infant
Risk
*Weaning
Atopic diseases
Breastfeeding
Celiac disease
Children
Food allergy
Infant feeding
Oral tolerance
Weaning practises},
   ISSN = {0301-0546},
   Accession Number = {23287585},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.aller.2012.08.012},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sarabhai, S. and Indrani, D. and Vijaykrishnaraj, M. and Milind and Arun Kumar, V. and Prabhasankar, P.},
   title = {Effect of protein concentrates, emulsifiers on textural and sensory characteristics of gluten free cookies and its immunochemical validation},
   journal = {J Food Sci Technol},
   volume = {52},
   number = {6},
   pages = {3763-72},
   note = {Sarabhai, Swati
Indrani, D
Vijaykrishnaraj, M
Milind
Arun Kumar, V
Prabhasankar, P
Journal Article
India
J Food Sci Technol. 2015 Jun;52(6):3763-72. doi: 10.1007/s13197-014-1432-5. Epub 2014 Jun 14.},
   abstract = {The effect of 5, 7.5 and 10 % protein concentrates namely soya protein isolate (SPI), whey protein concentrate (WPC) and addition of 0.5 % emulsifiers such as glycerol monostearate (GMS), sodium stearoyl- 2- lactylate (SSL) and lecithin (LEC) on the rheological, sensory and textural characteristics of cookies with rice flour and its immunochemical validation was studied. The results showed that the use of 7.5 % SPI/WPC along with GMS significantly improved the quality characteristics of cookies with rice flour. Dot-Blot and Western-blot studies of cookies with 7.5 % of SPI or WPC confirmed that the anti-gliadin did not recognize these proteins. Carry- through process using ELISA kit confirmed that gluten was within the permissible limit in all the stages of processing and hence these cookies can be consumed by people suffering from celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Cookie
Emulsifiers
Rice flour
Soy protein isolate
Western blot
Whey protein concentrate},
   ISSN = {0022-1155 (Print)
0022-1155},
   Accession Number = {26028761},
   DOI = {10.1007/s13197-014-1432-5},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sarkhy, A. A. and Al-Hussaini, A. A. and Nobili, V.},
   title = {Does vitamin E improve the outcomes of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis},
   journal = {Saudi J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {20},
   number = {3},
   pages = {143-53},
   note = {1998-4049
Sarkhy, Ahmed A
Al-Hussaini, Abdulrahman A
Nobili, Valerio
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
India
Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2014 May-Jun;20(3):143-53. doi: 10.4103/1319-3767.132983.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To systemically evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant vitamin E on the outcomes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, PUBMED, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews over the period between January 1980 and September 2012 for the studies that examined the role of adjuvant vitamin E given at any dose or duration, alone or in combination with other interventions, on the outcome of pediatric NAFLD. The outcomes are alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization and histological improvement. RESULTS: Five randomized trials were eligible to be included in our analysis, with a total of 270 participants. There was no statistically significant difference in the effect of adjuvant vitamin E on normalizing serum ALT [risk ratio (RR) =1.18, confidence interval (CI) =0.92-1.53, P = 0.77 for heterogeneity, I2 = 0%]. Sensitivity analysis showed that using higher doses of vitamin E, a longer duration of therapy or adding vitamin C did not change the effect on the measured outcome. Only two studies looked at histological changes as an outcome. We observed substantial heterogeneity between the two studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis did not find a significant effect of adjuvant vitamin E over placebo in normalizing serum ALT. Data on the long-term effect of adjuvant vitamin E on histological improvements in NAFLD patients are still lacking. Larger, well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in children with histological endpoints are still needed to answer this question.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Child
Child, Preschool
*Dietary Supplements
Female
Humans
Male
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis/*drug therapy/epidemiology
Prognosis
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Risk Assessment
Saudi Arabia/epidemiology
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome
Vitamin E/*administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {1319-3767},
   Accession Number = {24976277},
   DOI = {10.4103/1319-3767.132983},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sarno, M. and Lania, G. and Cuomo, M. and Nigro, F. and Passannanti, F. and Budelli, A. and Fasano, F. and Troncone, R. and Auricchio, S. and Barone, M. V. and Nigro, R. and Nanayakkara, M.},
   title = {Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 interferes with gliadin peptides entrance in Caco-2 cells},
   journal = {Int J Food Sci Nutr},
   volume = {65},
   number = {8},
   pages = {953-9},
   note = {1465-3478
Sarno, Marco
Lania, Giuliana
Cuomo, Marialaura
Nigro, Federica
Passannanti, Francesca
Budelli, Andrea
Fasano, Francesca
Troncone, Riccardo
Auricchio, Salvatore
Barone, Maria Vittoria
Nigro, Roberto
Nanayakkara, Merlin
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Dec;65(8):953-9. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2014.940283. Epub 2014 Jul 17.},
   abstract = {Several recent reports describe a role of probiotics as a therapeutic approach for celiac disease (CD). Two undigested A-gliadin peptides, P31-43 and P57-68, are central to CD pathogenesis, inducing an innate and an adaptive immune response, respectively. They enter enterocytes and localize to vesicular compartment to induce their toxic/immunogenics effects. In this article, we tested the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei (LP) CBA L74 (International Depository Accession Number LMG P-24778), its supernatant and LP-fermented cereals on gliadin peptides, P31-43 and P57-68, entrance in Caco-2 cells. Both LP CBA L74 and its supernatant inhibit P31-43 (intensity of fluorescence; FI: 75%) and P57-68 (FI: 50%) entrance in Caco2 cells, indicating that this biological effect is due to some product included in LP CBA L74 supernatant. This effect was present also after fermentation of cereals. This study describes a novel effect of probiotics in the prevention of undigested gliadin peptides toxic effects.},
   keywords = {Biological Products/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Caco-2 Cells
Celiac Disease/drug therapy/*metabolism
Cells, Cultured
Colon/drug effects/metabolism
Edible Grain/microbiology
Enterocytes/drug effects/metabolism
Fermentation
Gliadin/*metabolism
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/*metabolism
*Lactobacillus
Peptides/*metabolism
*Probiotics/therapeutic use
Celiac disease
Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74
fermented food
gliadin peptides
vesicular trafficking},
   ISSN = {0963-7486},
   Accession Number = {25030417},
   DOI = {10.3109/09637486.2014.940283},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Scaramuzza, A. E. and Mantegazza, C. and Bosetti, A. and Zuccotti, G. V.},
   title = {Type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: The effects of gluten free diet on metabolic control},
   journal = {World J Diabetes},
   volume = {4},
   number = {4},
   pages = {130-4},
   note = {Scaramuzza, Andrea E
Mantegazza, Cecilia
Bosetti, Alessandra
Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo
Journal Article
United States
World J Diabetes. 2013 Aug 15;4(4):130-4. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i4.130.},
   abstract = {Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with celiac disease, with a prevalence that varies between 0.6% and 16.4%, according to different studies. After a diagnosis of celiac disease is confirmed by small bowel biopsy, patients are advised to commence a gluten-free diet (GFD). This dietary restriction may be particularly difficult for the child with diabetes, but in Europe (and in Italy) many food stores have targeted this section of the market with better labeling of products and more availability of specific GFD products. Treatment with a GFD in symptomatic patients has been shown to improve the symptoms, signs and complications of celiac disease. However, the effects of a GFD on diabetic control are less well established. Initial reports of improved hypoglycemic control were based on children who were diagnosed with celiac disease associated with malabsorption, but there have subsequently been reports of improvement in patients with type 1 diabetes with subclinical celiac disease. There are other studies reporting no effect, improved control and an improvement of hypoglycemic episodes. Moreover, in this review we wish to focus on low glycemic index foods, often suggested in people with type 1 diabetes, since they might reduce postprandial glycemic excursion and enhance long-term glycemic control. In contrast, GFD may be rich in high glycemic index foods that can increase the risk of obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, worsening the metabolic control of the child with diabetes. Hence, it is important to evaluate the impact of a GFD on metabolic control, growth and nutritional status in children with type 1 diabetes.},
   keywords = {Adolescents
Celiac disease
Children
Glycemic control
Type 1 diabetes},
   ISSN = {1948-9358 (Print)
1948-9358},
   Accession Number = {23961323},
   DOI = {10.4239/wjd.v4.i4.130},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Schuppan, D. and Zimmer, K. P.},
   title = {The diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease},
   journal = {Dtsch Arztebl Int},
   volume = {110},
   number = {49},
   pages = {835-46},
   note = {1866-0452
Schuppan, Detlef
Zimmer, Klaus-Peter
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 Dec 6;110(49):835-46. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0835.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Celiac disease is an inflammatory disease of, the small intestine with a prevalence of roughly 0.5%-1%. Its symptoms arise in response to gluten consumption by genetically predisposed persons (HLA-DQ2/8). The autoantigen tissue transglutaminase (TG2) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. METHOD: Selective review of pertinent literature, including guidelines from Germany and abroad. RESULTS: Celiac disease can present at any age with gastrointestinal or extraintestinal manifestations (e.g., malabsorption or Duhring's dermatitis herpetiformis); it can also be found in association with other (auto-)immune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes. Most cases are oligosymptomatic. The wide differential diagnosis includes food intolerances, intestinal infections, and irritable bowel syndrome, among other conditions. The definitive diagnosis requires the demonstration of celiac disease-specific autoantibody to TG2 (endomysium), which is over 90% sensitive and far over 90% specific, and the characteristic histologic lesions of the small-bowel mucosa and remission on a gluten-free diet. CONCLUSION: An understanding of celiac disease ought to inform everyday clinical practice in all medical disciplines, because this is a common condition with diverse manifestations that can be effectively diagnosed and easily treated for the prevention of both acute and long-term complications. Patients should follow a strictly gluten-free diet for life.},
   keywords = {Biomarkers/blood
Celiac Disease/blood/*diagnosis/*therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free/*methods/*standards
Evidence-Based Medicine
GTP-Binding Proteins
Humans
Internationality
*Practice Guidelines as Topic
Transglutaminases/*blood},
   ISSN = {1866-0452},
   Accession Number = {24355936},
   DOI = {10.3238/arztebl.2013.0835},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Severance, E. G. and Yolken, R. H. and Eaton, W. W.},
   title = {Autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and the microbiome in schizophrenia: more than a gut feeling},
   journal = {Schizophr Res},
   volume = {176},
   number = {1},
   pages = {23-35},
   note = {1573-2509
Severance, Emily G
Yolken, Robert H
Eaton, William W
P50 MH094268/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
R34 MH100776/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Schizophr Res. 2016 Sep;176(1):23-35. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.027. Epub 2014 Jul 15.},
   abstract = {Autoimmunity, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and schizophrenia have been associated with one another for a long time. This paper reviews these connections and provides a context by which multiple risk factors for schizophrenia may be related. Epidemiological studies strongly link schizophrenia with autoimmune disorders including enteropathic celiac disease. Exposure to wheat gluten and bovine milk casein also contribute to non-celiac food sensitivities in susceptible individuals. Co-morbid GI inflammation accompanies humoral immunity to food antigens, occurs early during the course of schizophrenia and appears to be independent from antipsychotic-generated motility effects. This inflammation impacts endothelial barrier permeability and can precipitate translocation of gut bacteria into systemic circulation. Infection by the neurotropic gut pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii, will elicit an inflammatory GI environment. Such processes trigger innate immunity, including activation of complement C1q, which also functions at synapses in the brain. The emerging field of microbiome research lies at the center of these interactions with evidence that the abundance and diversity of resident gut microbiota contribute to digestion, inflammation, gut permeability and behavior. Dietary modifications of core bacterial compositions may explain inefficient gluten digestion and how immigrant status in certain situations is a risk factor for schizophrenia. Gut microbiome research in schizophrenia is in its infancy, but data in related fields suggest disease-associated altered phylogenetic compositions. In summary, this review surveys associative and experimental data linking autoimmunity, GI activity and schizophrenia, and proposes that understanding of disrupted biological pathways outside of the brain can lend valuable information regarding pathogeneses of complex, polygenic brain disorders.},
   keywords = {Autoimmunity
Immune system
Intestinal
Microbiota
Psychiatry
Psychosis},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   Accession Number = {25034760},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.027},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sezgin, O.},
   title = {Celiac or non-celiac gluten sensitivity. The new debate},
   journal = {Turk J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {25},
   number = {4},
   pages = {456-7},
   note = {2148-5607
Sezgin, Orhan
Comment
Letter
Turkey
Turk J Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug;25(4):456-7. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2014.0022.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Male},
   ISSN = {1300-4948},
   Accession Number = {25254541},
   DOI = {10.5152/tjg.2014.0022},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shah, S. and Akbari, M. and Vanga, R. and Kelly, C. P. and Hansen, J. and Theethira, T. and Tariq, S. and Dennis, M. and Leffler, D. A.},
   title = {Patient perception of treatment burden is high in celiac disease compared with other common conditions},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {109},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1304-11},
   note = {1572-0241
Shah, Sveta
Akbari, Mona
Vanga, Rohini
Kelly, Ciaran P
Hansen, Joshua
Theethira, Thimmaiah
Tariq, Sohaib
Dennis, Melinda
Leffler, Daniel A
K23 DK082619/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Sep;109(9):1304-11. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.29. Epub 2014 Jul 1.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The only treatment for celiac disease (CD) is life-long adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). Noncompliance is associated with signs and symptoms of CD, yet long-term adherence rates are poor. It is not known how the burden of the GFD compares with other medical treatments, and there are limited data on the socioeconomic factors influencing treatment adherence. In this study, we compared treatment burden and health state in CD compared with other chronic illnesses and evaluated the relationship between treatment burden and adherence. METHODS: Survey was mailed to participants with CD, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), congestive heart failure, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis. Surveys included demographic information and visual analog scales measuring treatment burden, importance of treatment, disease-specific health status, and overall health status. RESULTS: We collected surveys from 341 celiac and 368 non-celiac participants. Celiac participants reported high treatment burden, greater than participants with GERD or HTN and comparable to ESRD. Conversely, patients with CD reported the highest health state of all groups. Factors associated with high treatment burden in CD included poor adherence, concern regarding food cost, eating outside the home, higher income, lack of college education, and time limitations in preparing food. Poor adherence in CD was associated with increased symptoms, income, and low perceived importance of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Participants with CD have high treatment burden but also excellent overall health status in comparison with other chronic medical conditions. The significant burden of dietary therapy for CD argues for the need for safe adjuvant treatment, as well as interventions designed to lower the perceived burden of the GFD.},
   keywords = {Aged
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/economics/*psychology
Cooking
*Cost of Illness
Diabetes Mellitus/psychology/therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free/economics/*psychology
Educational Status
Food/economics
Gastroesophageal Reflux/psychology/therapy
*Health Status
Health Surveys
Heart Failure/psychology/therapy
Humans
Hypertension/psychology/therapy
Income
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/psychology/therapy
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/psychology/therapy
Kidney Failure, Chronic/psychology/therapy
Middle Aged
Patient Compliance
*Perception
Severity of Illness Index
Time Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {24980880},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2014.29},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shamir, R. and Heyman, M. B. and Koning, F. and Wijmenga, C. and Gutierrez-Achury, J. and Catassi, C. and Gatti, S. and Fasano, A. and Discepolo, V. and Korponay-Szabo, I. R. and Zevit, N. and Maki, M. and Schaart, M. W. and Mearin, M. L. and Troncone, R.},
   title = {Celiac disease: past, present, and future challenges: dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague, Prof David Branski (1944-2013)},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59 Suppl 1},
   pages = {S1-20},
   note = {1536-4801
Shamir, Raanan
Heyman, Melvin B
Koning, Frits
Wijmenga, Cisca
Gutierrez-Achury, Javier
Catassi, Carlo
Gatti, Simona
Fasano, Alessio
Discepolo, Valentina
Korponay-Szabo, Ilma R
Zevit, Noam
Maki, Markku
Schaart, Maaike W
Mearin, Maria L
Troncone, Riccardo
Biography
Festschrift
Historical Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Jul;59 Suppl 1:S1-20. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000410.},
   keywords = {*Celiac Disease
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24840514},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000410},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sharkawi, M. and Alfadhel, H. E. and Burns, M. D. and Given, M. and Lee, M. J.},
   title = {Mid-term follow-up of stenting in chronic mesenteric ischaemia: a review of six cases},
   journal = {Ir J Med Sci},
   volume = {183},
   number = {2},
   pages = {181-5},
   note = {1863-4362
Sharkawi, M
Alfadhel, H E
Burns, M D
Given, M
Lee, M J
Journal Article
Ireland
Ir J Med Sci. 2014 Jun;183(2):181-5. doi: 10.1007/s11845-013-0987-x. Epub 2013 Jul 17.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic mesenteric angina is a rare condition with high morbidity and mortality, which occurs due to stenosis or occlusion in the mesenteric vessels commonly due to atherosclerosis. Typically, patients present with worsening postprandial abdominal pain, chronic weight loss and fear of food. The condition can be treated by surgical bypass, but also by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting of the affected mesenteric arteries. AIM: To assess the mid-term outcomes in patients treated by endovascular stenting for chronic mesenteric ischaemia (CMI). METHODS: Six patients were treated for symptomatic CMI. In total, six severely stenosed vessels were stented including the superior mesenteric artery (n = 5) and coeliac artery (n = 1). A retrospective review of these patients was performed with end points including symptom recurrence, major morbidity and mortality. The mean follow-up was 16.5 months (range 5-28 months). RESULTS: Initial clinical success was observed in all six patients. Four patients were clinically asymptomatic, but died within 18 months after the procedure from other conditions. One patient suffered from recurrence of symptoms. Only one patient died as a consequence of mesenteric artery re-stenosis. CONCLUSION: Stenting of mesenteric vessels has shown excellent early and mid-term clinical success in selected patients. Though no direct comparison with open revascularization surgery was performed in this case series, technical and mid-term clinical success is promising.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Atherosclerosis/complications
Cause of Death
Chronic Disease
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Ischemia/mortality/*surgery
Male
Mesenteric Arteries
Mesenteric Ischemia
Middle Aged
Recurrence
Retrospective Studies
*Stents
Treatment Outcome
Vascular Diseases/mortality/*surgery
Weight Loss},
   ISSN = {0021-1265},
   Accession Number = {23860825},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11845-013-0987-x},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sharma, G. M. and Khuda, S. E. and Pereira, M. and Slate, A. and Jackson, L. S. and Pardo, C. and Williams, K. M. and Whitaker, T. B.},
   title = {Development of an incurred cornbread model for gluten detection by immunoassays},
   journal = {J Agric Food Chem},
   volume = {61},
   number = {49},
   pages = {12146-54},
   note = {1520-5118
Sharma, Girdhari M
Khuda, Sefat E
Pereira, Marion
Slate, Andrew
Jackson, Lauren S
Pardo, Christopher
Williams, Kristina M
Whitaker, Thomas B
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
United States
J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Dec 11;61(49):12146-54. doi: 10.1021/jf404072x. Epub 2013 Nov 27.},
   abstract = {Gluten that is present in food as a result of cross-contact or misbranding can cause severe health concerns to wheat-allergic and celiac patients. Immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lateral flow device (LFD), are commonly used to detect gluten traces in foods. However, the performance of immunoassays can be affected by non-assay-related factors, such as food matrix and processing conditions. Gluten (0-500 ppm) and wheat flour (20-1000 ppm) incurred cornbread was prepared at different incurred levels and baking conditions (204.4 degrees C for 20, 27, and 34 min) to study the accuracy and precision of gluten measurement by seven immunoassay kits (three LFD and four ELISA kits). The stability and immunoreactivity of gluten proteins, as measured by western blot using three different antibodies, were not adversely affected by the baking conditions. However, the gluten recovery varied depending upon the ELISA kit and the gluten source used to make the incurred cornbread, affecting the accuracy of gluten quantification (BioKits, 9-77%; Morinaga, 91-137%; R-Biopharm, 61-108%; and Romer Labs, 113-190%). Gluten recovery was reduced with increased baking time for most ELISA kits analyzed. Both the sampling and analytical variance increased with an increase in the gluten incurred level. The predicted analytical coefficient of variation associated with all ELISA kits was below 12% for all incurred levels, indicative of good analytical precision.},
   keywords = {Bread/*analysis
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/*methods
Food Contamination/*analysis
Glutens/*analysis
Zea mays/*chemistry},
   ISSN = {0021-8561},
   Accession Number = {24245605},
   DOI = {10.1021/jf404072x},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sharma, G. M. and Pereira, M. and Williams, K. M.},
   title = {Gluten detection in foods available in the United States - a market survey},
   journal = {Food Chem},
   volume = {169},
   pages = {120-6},
   note = {Sharma, Girdhari M
Pereira, Marion
Williams, Kristina M
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
England
Food Chem. 2015 Feb 15;169:120-6. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.134. Epub 2014 Aug 5.},
   abstract = {Many gluten-free (GF) food choices are now available in supermarkets. However, the unintentional presence of gluten in these foods poses a serious health risk to wheat-allergic and celiac patients. Different GF labelled foods (275) and non-GF labelled foods, without wheat/rye/barley on the ingredient label (186), were analysed for gluten content by two different enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Considering the gluten threshold of 20ppm, GF labelled foods had 98.9% GF labelling compliance with 1.1% (3 out of 275) of foods being mislabelled/misbranded. Among the non-GF labelled foods, 19.4% (36 out of 186) of foods had >20ppm of gluten, as measured by at least one ELISA kit, of which 19 foods had >100ppm of gluten. The presence of oats in non-GF labelled foods was strongly correlated with a positive ELISA result. Gluten was also found in a significant number of foods with gluten/wheat-related advisory warnings.},
   keywords = {Avena/chemistry
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/*methods
Food/*economics
Food Analysis/*methods
Glutens/*analysis
Hordeum/chemistry
Triticum/chemistry
United States
Elisa
Gluten
Gluten free foods
Immunoassay},
   ISSN = {0308-8146 (Print)
0308-8146},
   Accession Number = {25236206},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.134},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shepherd, S. J. and Gibson, P. R.},
   title = {Nutritional inadequacies of the gluten-free diet in both recently-diagnosed and long-term patients with coeliac disease},
   journal = {J Hum Nutr Diet},
   volume = {26},
   number = {4},
   pages = {349-58},
   note = {1365-277x
Shepherd, S J
Gibson, P R
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013 Aug;26(4):349-58. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12018. Epub 2012 Nov 30.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Life-long gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only recognised treatment for coeliac disease (CD). The present study aimed to determine the nutritional adequacy of the 'no detectable gluten' diet. METHODS: Seven-day prospective food intake was assessed in 55 patients who were adherent to a GFD for more than 2 years and in 50 newly-diagnosed age- and sex-matched patients (18-71 years, 24% male) studied prospectively over 12 months on GFD. Historical precoeliac intake was also assessed in the latter group. Intake was compared with Australian Nutritional Recommendations and the Australian population data. RESULTS: Nutritional intake was similar between groups. Of macronutrients, only starch intake fell over 12 months (26% to 23%, P = 0.04). Fibre intake was inadequate for all except in diet-experienced men. More than one in 10 of both newly-diagnosed and experienced women had inadequate thiamin, folate, vitamin A, magnesium, calcium and iron intakes. More than one in 10 newly-diagnosed men had inadequate thiamin, folate, magnesium, calcium and zinc intakes. Inadequate intake did not relate to nutrient density of the GFD. Inadequacies of folate, calcium, iron and zinc occurred more frequently than in the Australian population. The frequency of inadequacies was similar pre- and post-diagnosis, except for thiamin and vitamin A, where inadequacies were more common after GFD implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intake patterns at 12 months on a GFD are similar to longer-term intake. Dietary inadequacies are common and may relate to habitual poor food choices in addition to inherent deficiencies in the GFD. Dietary education should also address the achievement of adequate micronutrient intake. Fortification of GF foods also need to be considered.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Australia/epidemiology
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*diet therapy
*Deficiency Diseases/epidemiology/etiology
Diet Records
*Diet, Gluten-Free
*Energy Intake
Feeding Behavior
Female
Humans
Male
Micronutrients/*administration & dosage
Middle Aged
*Nutrition Assessment
*Nutritional Requirements
Patient Compliance
Prospective Studies
Thiamine/administration & dosage
Vitamin A/administration & dosage
Young Adult
coeliac disease
dietary assessment
gluten-free diet
nutritional adequacy},
   ISSN = {0952-3871},
   Accession Number = {23198728},
   DOI = {10.1111/jhn.12018},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shivaji, U. N. and Ford, A. C.},
   title = {Beliefs about management of irritable bowel syndrome in primary care: cross-sectional survey in one locality},
   journal = {Prim Health Care Res Dev},
   volume = {16},
   number = {3},
   pages = {263-9},
   note = {1477-1128
Shivaji, Uday N
Ford, Alexander C
Journal Article
England
Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2015 May;16(3):263-9. doi: 10.1017/S1463423614000383. Epub 2014 Oct 7.},
   abstract = {AIM: To examine beliefs about irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) management among primary care physicians. BACKGROUND: There have been considerable advances in evidence synthesis concerning management of IBS in the last five years, with guidelines for its management in primary care published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire survey of 275 primary care physicians. We emailed a link to a SurveyMonkey questionnaire, containing 18 items, to all eligible primary care physicians registered with three clinical commissioning groups in Leeds, UK. Participants were given one month to respond, with a reminder sent out after two weeks. FINDINGS: One-hundred and two (37.1%) primary care physicians responded. Among responders, 70% believed IBS was a diagnosis of exclusion, and >80% checked coeliac serology often or always in suspected IBS. Between >50% and >70% believed soluble fibre, antispasmodics, peppermint oil, and psychological therapies were potentially efficacious therapies. The respondents were less convinced that antidepressants or probiotics were effective. Despite perceived efficacy of psychological therapies, 80% stated these were not easily available. Levels of use of soluble fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil were in the range of 40% to >50%. Most primary care physicians obtained up-to-date evidence about IBS management from NICE guidelines. Most primary care physicians still believe IBS is a diagnosis of exclusion, and many are reluctant to use antidepressants or probiotics to treat IBS. More research studies addressing diagnosis and treatment of IBS based in primary are required.},
   keywords = {Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnosis/therapy
Cross-Sectional Studies
Dietary Fiber/therapeutic use
England
Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Internet
*Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/etiology/psychology/therapy
Parasympatholytics/therapeutic use
Physicians, Primary Care/*psychology/standards
Plant Oils/therapeutic use
Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Surveys and Questionnaires
antidepressants
antispasmodics
coeliac disease
fibre
irritable bowel syndrome
probiotics},
   ISSN = {1463-4236},
   Accession Number = {25287958},
   DOI = {10.1017/s1463423614000383},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Silano, M. and Pozo, E. P. and Uberti, F. and Manferdelli, S. and Del Pinto, T. and Felli, C. and Budelli, A. and Vincentini, O. and Restani, P.},
   title = {Diversity of oat varieties in eliciting the early inflammatory events in celiac disease},
   journal = {Eur J Nutr},
   volume = {53},
   number = {5},
   pages = {1177-86},
   note = {1436-6215
Silano, Marco
Pozo, Elena Penas
Uberti, Francesca
Manferdelli, Sara
Del Pinto, Tamara
Felli, Cristina
Budelli, Andrea
Vincentini, Olimpia
Restani, Patrizia
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Eur J Nutr. 2014 Aug;53(5):1177-86. doi: 10.1007/s00394-013-0617-4. Epub 2013 Nov 19.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy, triggered by dietary gluten. The only treatment is a strict gluten-free diet. Oats are included in the list of gluten-free ingredients by European Regulation, but the safety of oats in CD is still a matter of debate. The present study examined the capability of different oat cultivars of activating the gliadin-induced transglutaminase-2 (TG2)-dependent events in some in vitro models of CD. In addition, we compared this capability with the electrophoresis pattern of peptic-tryptic digests of the proteins of the oat cultivars. METHODS: K562(S) cells agglutination, transepithelial electrical resistance of T84-cell monolayers, intracellular levels of TG2 and phosphorylated form of protein 42-44 in T84 cells were the early gliadin-dependent events studied. RESULTS: The results showed that the Nave oat cultivar elicited these events, whereas Irina and Potenza varieties did not. The ability of a cultivar to activate the above-described events was associated with the electrophoretic pattern of oat proteins and their reactivity to anti-gliadin antibodies. CONCLUSION: We found significant differences among oat cultivars in eliciting the TG2-mediated events of CD inflammation. Therefore, the safety of an oat cultivar in CD might be screened in vitro by means of biochemical and biological assays, before starting a clinical trial to definitely assess its safety.},
   keywords = {Avena/*adverse effects/chemistry/*classification
Celiac Disease/*immunology
Cell Line, Tumor
Child
Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenum/pathology
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Female
GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology/metabolism
Gliadin/*chemistry
Humans
K562 Cells
Male
Phosphorylation
Transglutaminases/immunology/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1436-6207},
   Accession Number = {24240659},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00394-013-0617-4},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Skjerning, H. and Mahony, R. O. and Husby, S. and DunnGalvin, A.},
   title = {Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with celiac disease: patient-driven data from focus group interviews},
   journal = {Qual Life Res},
   volume = {23},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1883-94},
   note = {1573-2649
Skjerning, Halfdan
Mahony, Ruth O
Husby, Steffen
DunnGalvin, Audrey
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Qual Life Res. 2014 Aug;23(6):1883-94. doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0623-x. Epub 2014 Jan 21.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease requiring constant management with a gluten-free diet (GFD). Little is known about how CD impacts on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents, and how they feel about and cope with CD and GFD. This qualitative study explores the impact of CD and GFD on HRQOL in everyday living of children and adolescents. METHODS: In focus group interviews, we investigated HRQOL in children and adolescents with CD in order to identify patient concerns in living with CD and on a GFD. Seven focus groups were formed with 23 children/adolescents and 3 parents. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Grounded theory approach was applied to analyse the interviews. RESULTS: CD had varying impact on the children and adolescents HRQOL. Two major categories emerged with importance for HRQOL in children and adolescents with CD, having CD (constructed from the six subcategories: symptoms, the diagnosis-process, self-perception, awareness of CD, social and emotional impact of CD, and thoughts about the future) and coping with CD (constructed from the two subcategories: coping with food and coping with social situations). The complexity of coping with CD in social situations that involve food is presented in a flowchart. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents showed large diversity in how much impact CD has on their HRQOL. Different ways of coping with CD and GFD were identified. Findings will be used to generate a patient-driven disease-specific questionnaire to measure HRQOL in children and adolescents with CD.},
   keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological
Adolescent
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/diet therapy/*psychology
Child
Denmark
Diet, Gluten-Free/psychology
Female
Focus Groups
Glutens/adverse effects
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
*Health Status
Humans
Interviews as Topic
Male
Parents/psychology
Qualitative Research
*Quality of Life
Self Concept
Self Report
Sex Factors
Social Support
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0962-9343},
   Accession Number = {24445753},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11136-014-0623-x},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Slebioda, Z. and Szponar, E. and Kowalska, A.},
   title = {Etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and the role of immunologic aspects: literature review},
   journal = {Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)},
   volume = {62},
   number = {3},
   pages = {205-15},
   note = {1661-4917
Slebioda, Zuzanna
Szponar, Elzbieta
Kowalska, Anna
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2014 Jun;62(3):205-15. doi: 10.1007/s00005-013-0261-y. Epub 2013 Nov 12.},
   abstract = {Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS; recurrent aphthous ulcers; canker sores) belongs to the group of chronic, inflammatory, ulcerative diseases of the oral mucosa. Up to now, the etiopathogenesis of this condition remains unclear; it is, however, considered to be multifactorial. The results of currently performed studies indicate that genetically mediated disturbances of the innate and acquired immunity play an important role in the disease development. Factors that modify the immunologic response in RAS include: food allergies, vitamin and microelement deficiencies, hormonal and gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), some viral and bacterial infections, mechanical injuries and stress. In this paper, we presented the main etiopathogenetic factors of RAS with a special emphasis on the mechanisms of the immune response modification. Moreover, we discussed the crucial clinical symptoms and types of RAS together with epidemiologic data based on the current medical literature reports and our own observations.},
   keywords = {Animals
Comorbidity
Humans
Immunity, Innate/genetics
Immunomodulation
Infection/*epidemiology/immunology
Recurrence
Stomatitis, Aphthous/*epidemiology/etiology/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0004-069x},
   Accession Number = {24217985},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00005-013-0261-y},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Slim, M. and Calandre, E. P. and Rico-Villademoros, F.},
   title = {An insight into the gastrointestinal component of fibromyalgia: clinical manifestations and potential underlying mechanisms},
   journal = {Rheumatol Int},
   volume = {35},
   number = {3},
   pages = {433-44},
   note = {1437-160x
Slim, Mahmoud
Calandre, Elena Pita
Rico-Villademoros, Fernando
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Rheumatol Int. 2015 Mar;35(3):433-44. doi: 10.1007/s00296-014-3109-9. Epub 2014 Aug 14.},
   abstract = {Fibromyalgia syndrome is characterized by chronic generalized pain accompanied by a broad symptomatologic spectrum. Besides chronic fatigue, sleep disturbances, headaches and cognitive dysfunction that are extensively described in the literature, a considerable proportion of patients with fibromyalgia experience gastrointestinal symptoms that are commonly overlooked in the studies that are not specifically dedicated to evaluate these manifestations. Nevertheless, various attempts were undertaken to explore the gastrointestinal dimension of fibromyalgia. Several studies have demonstrated an elevated comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among patients with fibromyalgia. Other studies have investigated the frequency of presentation of gastrointestinal symptoms in fibromyalgia in a nonspecific approach describing several gastrointestinal complaints frequently reported by these patients such as abdominal pain, dyspepsia and bowel changes, among others. Several underlying mechanisms that require further investigation could serve as potential explanatory hypotheses for the appearance of such manifestations. These include sensitivity to dietary constituents such as gluten, lactose or FODMAPs or alterations in the brain-gut axis as a result of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or subclinical enteric infections such as giardiasis. The gastrointestinal component of fibromyalgia constitutes a relevant element of the multidisciplinary pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying fibromyalgia that need to be unveiled, as this would contribute to the adequate designation of relevant treatment alternatives corresponding to these manifestations.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/complications/*physiopathology
Disaccharides
Fermentation
Fibromyalgia/complications/*physiopathology
Food Hypersensitivity/complications/*physiopathology
Gastrointestinal Diseases/complications/physiopathology
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/complications/*physiopathology
Lactose Intolerance/complications/*physiopathology
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides},
   ISSN = {0172-8172},
   Accession Number = {25119830},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00296-014-3109-9},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Smecuol, E. and Hwang, H. J. and Sugai, E. and Corso, L. and Chernavsky, A. C. and Bellavite, F. P. and Gonzalez, A. and Vodanovich, F. and Moreno, M. L. and Vazquez, H. and Lozano, G. and Niveloni, S. and Mazure, R. and Meddings, J. and Maurino, E. and Bai, J. C.},
   title = {Exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Bifidobacterium infantis natren life start strain super strain in active celiac disease},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {47},
   number = {2},
   pages = {139-47},
   note = {1539-2031
Smecuol, Edgardo
Hwang, Hui J
Sugai, Emilia
Corso, Laura
Chernavsky, Alejandra C
Bellavite, Franco P
Gonzalez, Andrea
Vodanovich, Florencia
Moreno, Maria L
Vazquez, Horacio
Lozano, Graciela
Niveloni, Sonia
Mazure, Roberto
Meddings, Jon
Maurino, Eduardo
Bai, Julio C
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Feb;47(2):139-47. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31827759ac.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this exploratory trial was to establish if the probiotic Bifidobacterium natren life start (NLS) strain strain may affect the clinical course and pathophysiological features of patients with untreated celiac disease (CD). Positive findings would be helpful in directing future studies. METHODS: Twenty-two adult patients having 2 positives CD-specific tests were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive 2 capsules before meals for 3 weeks of either Bifidobacterium infantis natren life start strain super strain (Lifestart 2) (2x10(9) colony-forming units per capsule) (n = 12) or placebo (n = 10), whereas they also consumed at least 12 g of gluten/day. A biopsy at the end of the trial confirmed CD in all cases. The primary outcome was intestinal permeability changes. Secondary endpoints were changes in symptoms and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, and in immunologic indicators of inflammation. RESULTS: The abnormal baseline intestinal permeability was not significantly affected by either treatment. In contrast to patients on placebo, those randomized to B. infantis experienced a significant improvement in Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (P = 0.0035 for indigestion; P = 0.0483 for constipation; P = 0.0586 for reflux). Final/baseline IgA tTG and IgA DGP antibody concentration ratios were lower in the B. infantis arm (P = 0.055 for IgA tTG and P = 0.181 for IgA DGP). Final serum macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta increased significantly (P < 0.04) only in patients receiving B. infantis. The administration of B. infantis was safe. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that B. infantis may alleviate symptoms in untreated CD. The probiotic produced some immunologic changes but did not modify abnormal intestinal permeability. Further studies are necessary to confirm and/or expand these observations.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Argentina
Autoantibodies/blood
Bifidobacterium/*growth & development
Biomarkers/blood
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/blood/complications/diagnosis/immunology/microbiology/*therapy
Cells, Cultured
Chemokine CCL4/blood
Combined Modality Therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Double-Blind Method
Female
GTP-Binding Proteins
Gliadin/immunology
Humans
Intestinal Absorption
Intestines/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology/pathology
Lactulose/urine
Male
Mannitol/urine
Middle Aged
Peptide Fragments/immunology
Permeability
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Surveys and Questionnaires
Time Factors
Transglutaminases/immunology
Treatment Outcome
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {23314670},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e31827759ac},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Soares, F. L. and de Oliveira Matoso, R. and Teixeira, L. G. and Menezes, Z. and Pereira, S. S. and Alves, A. C. and Batista, N. V. and de Faria, A. M. and Cara, D. C. and Ferreira, A. V. and Alvarez-Leite, J. I.},
   title = {Gluten-free diet reduces adiposity, inflammation and insulin resistance associated with the induction of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma expression},
   journal = {J Nutr Biochem},
   volume = {24},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1105-11},
   note = {1873-4847
Soares, Fabiola Lacerda Pires
de Oliveira Matoso, Rafael
Teixeira, Lilian Goncalves
Menezes, Zelia
Pereira, Solange Silveira
Alves, Andrea Catao
Batista, Nathalia Vieira
de Faria, Ana Maria Caetano
Cara, Denise Carmona
Ferreira, Adaliene Versiani Matos
Alvarez-Leite, Jacqueline Isaura
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Jun;24(6):1105-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.08.009. Epub 2012 Dec 17.},
   abstract = {Gluten exclusion (protein complex present in many cereals) has been proposed as an option for the prevention of diseases other than coeliac disease. However, the effects of gluten-free diets on obesity and its mechanisms of action have not been studied. Thus, our objective was to assess whether gluten exclusion can prevent adipose tissue expansion and its consequences. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet containing 4.5% gluten (Control) or no gluten (GF). Body weight and adiposity gains, leukocyte rolling and adhesion, macrophage infiltration and cytokine production in adipose tissue were assessed. Blood lipid profiles, glycaemia, insulin resistance and adipokines were measured. Expression of the PPAR-alpha and gamma, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), carnitine palmitoyl acyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), insulin receptor, GLUT-4 and adipokines were assessed in epidydimal fat. Gluten-free animals showed a reduction in body weight gain and adiposity, without changes in food intake or lipid excretion. These results were associated with up-regulation of PPAR-alpha, LPL, HSL and CPT-1, which are related to lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. There was an improvement in glucose homeostasis and pro-inflammatory profile-related overexpression of PPAR-gamma. Moreover, intravital microscopy showed a lower number of adhered cells in the adipose tissue microvasculature. The overexpression of PPAR-gamma is related to the increase of adiponectin and GLUT-4. Our data support the beneficial effects of gluten-free diets in reducing adiposity gain, inflammation and insulin resistance. The data suggests that diet gluten exclusion should be tested as a new dietary approach to prevent the development of obesity and metabolic disorders.},
   keywords = {Adiponectin/metabolism
Adipose Tissue/metabolism
Adiposity/immunology/*physiology
Animals
Blood Glucose/metabolism
Body Weight
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Diet, High-Fat
Inflammation/*metabolism/prevention & control
Insulin/metabolism
*Insulin Resistance
Lipid Metabolism
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Obesity/immunology/*metabolism
PPAR alpha/*metabolism
PPAR gamma/*metabolism
Up-Regulation},
   ISSN = {0955-2863},
   Accession Number = {23253599},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.08.009},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Soendergaard, C. and Riis, L. B. and Nielsen, O. H.},
   title = {Collagenous sprue: a coeliac disease look-alike with different treatment strategy},
   journal = {BMJ Case Rep},
   volume = {2014},
   note = {1757-790x
Soendergaard, Christoffer
Riis, Lene Buhl
Nielsen, Ole Haagen
Case Reports
Journal Article
England
BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Mar 28;2014. pii: bcr2014203721. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-203721.},
   abstract = {Collagenous sprue is a rare clinicopathological condition of the small bowel. It is characterised by abnormal subepithelial collagen deposition and is typically associated with malabsorption, diarrhoea and weight loss. The clinical features of collagenous sprue often resemble those of coeliac disease and together with frequent histological findings like mucosal thinning and intraepithelial lymphocytosis the diagnosis may be hard to reach without awareness of this condition. While coeliac disease is treated using gluten restriction, collagenous sprue is, however, not improved by this intervention. In cases of diet-refractory 'coeliac disease' it is therefore essential to consider collagenous sprue to initiate treatment at an early stage to prevent the fibrotic progression. Here, we report a case of a 78-year-old man with collagenous sprue and present the clinical and histological manifestations as well as the successful treatment course that he underwent.},
   keywords = {Aged
Budesonide/therapeutic use
Calcium/therapeutic use
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
Collagenous Sprue/*diagnosis/*drug therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Dietary Supplements
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
Humans
Male
Vitamin D/therapeutic use
Vitamins/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1757-790x},
   Accession Number = {24682141},
   DOI = {10.1136/bcr-2014-203721},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Soon, I. S. and Butzner, J. D. and Kaplan, G. G. and deBruyn, J. C.},
   title = {Incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in children},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {57},
   number = {1},
   pages = {72-80},
   note = {1536-4801
Soon, Ing S
Butzner, J Decker
Kaplan, Gilaad G
deBruyn, Jennifer C C
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Review
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jul;57(1):72-80. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318291fee2.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis on the epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in children. METHODS: Studies investigating incidence and prevalence of EoE in children (</= 18 years) were identified in a systematic review of MEDLINE (1950-2011) and Embase (1980-2011). Meta-analyses were performed for incidence and subgroups with >/= 5 studies: esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for any indication, histologic esophageal disease, and celiac disease, and EGD for abdominal pain. We used a random effects model, Q statistic to assess heterogeneity, and joinpoint analysis to assess time trends. RESULTS: We included 25 studies. The incidence of EoE varied from 0.7 to 10/100,000 per person-year and the prevalence ranged from 0.2 to 43/100,000. The incidence and prevalence increased over time. Prevalence was highest in children with food impaction or dysphagia (63%-88%). The pooled prevalence was 3.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.4-5.1) in EGD for any indication, 24% (95% CI 19-28) in histologic esophageal disease, 2.3% (95% CI 1.0-3.6) in celiac disease, and 2.6% (95% CI 1.2-4.1) in EGD for abdominal pain. CONCLUSIONS: During the last 2 decades, the incidence and prevalence of EoE in children have increased significantly; however, the population-based incidence and prevalence of EoE vary widely across geographic variations, potentially because of variations in case of ascertainment between centers. Because EoE is common among children with food impaction and dysphagia, children with this presenting complaint should be rapidly identified at triage for timely endoscopic assessment.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Adolescent
Celiac Disease/physiopathology
Child
Child, Preschool
Endoscopy, Digestive System
Eosinophilic Esophagitis/*epidemiology/etiology
Esophageal Diseases/physiopathology
*Health Transition
Humans
Incidence
Infant
Prevalence},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23539047},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e318291fee2},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Spertini, F. and Seebach, J. D.},
   title = {[Rumbling, spasms and diarrhea: do not throw more!]},
   journal = {Rev Med Suisse},
   volume = {10},
   number = {426},
   pages = {843-4},
   note = {Spertini, F
Seebach, J D
Editorial
Switzerland
Rev Med Suisse. 2014 Apr 16;10(426):843-4.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diagnosis/epidemiology/*physiopathology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Global Health
Glutens/*immunology
Humans
Prevalence
United States},
   ISSN = {1660-9379 (Print)
1660-9379},
   Accession Number = {24834641},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Srinivasan, B. and Focke-Tejkl, M. and Swoboda, I. and Constantin, C. and Mittermann, I. and Pahr, S. and Vogelsang, H. and Huber, W. D. and Valenta, R.},
   title = {A combined biochemical, biophysical and immunological approach towards the identification of celiac disease-specific wheat antigens},
   journal = {Amino Acids},
   volume = {45},
   number = {4},
   pages = {889-900},
   note = {1438-2199
Srinivasan, Bharani
Focke-Tejkl, Margarete
Swoboda, Ines
Constantin, Claudia
Mittermann, Irene
Pahr, Sandra
Vogelsang, Harald
Huber, Wolf-Dietrich
Valenta, Rudolf
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Austria
Amino Acids. 2013 Oct;45(4):889-900. doi: 10.1007/s00726-013-1537-6. Epub 2013 Jul 9.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory affliction of the small bowel caused by an immunological hypersensitivity to ingested wheat antigens affecting almost 1 % of the population. The gliadin fraction of wheat has been shown to contain the pathogenic antigens which react with antibodies and T cells. However, there is only limited knowledge regarding the precise nature of the wheat antigens recognized by IgA antibodies from CD patients and diagnostic tests based on the gliadin fraction have been demonstrated to give frequently false positive results. The aim of this study was the characterization of wheat antigens specifically recognized by IgA antibodies of CD patients. We developed a combined biochemical, biophysical, and immunological approach for the identification of celiac disease-specific wheat antigens. It is based on sub-fractionation of the wheat gliadin fraction using two ion exchange chromatography steps, the localization of CD-specific antigens by immunoblotting with IgA antibodies from CD patients, subsequent digestion followed by electro spray ionization-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and N-terminal sequencing by Edman degradation. Through the sub-fractionation procedure it was possible to separate CD-specific IgA-reactive wheat antigens from other wheat antigens which were also recognized by IgA antibodies of individuals without CD or by CD patients on gluten-free diet. Analysis by LC-ESI-MS/MS and N-terminal sequencing of the sub-fractions and the proteins specifically recognized by CD patients identified certain gamma-gliadins with molecular mass of 37,000 and 45,000 as CD-specific wheat antigens. The CD-specific gamma-gliadins with the molecular mass of 37,000 and 45,000 should be useful to study pathomechanisms of the disease and to improve the specificity of diagnostic tests for CD.},
   keywords = {Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Antigens/*analysis/chemistry/*immunology/isolation & purification
Celiac Disease/*immunology
Food Hypersensitivity/*immunology
Gliadin/chemistry/immunology/isolation & purification
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/immunology
Seeds/chemistry/immunology
Triticum/chemistry/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0939-4451},
   Accession Number = {23836418},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00726-013-1537-6},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stein, J. and Schuppan, D.},
   title = {Coeliac Disease - New Pathophysiological Findings and Their Implications for Therapy},
   journal = {Viszeralmedizin},
   volume = {30},
   number = {3},
   pages = {156-65},
   note = {Stein, Jurgen
Schuppan, Detlef
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Viszeralmedizin. 2014 Jun;30(3):156-65. doi: 10.1159/000365099.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease (CD) is one of the most common diseases worldwide, resulting from a combination of environmental (gluten) and genetic (human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes) factors. Depending on the geographical location, the prevalence of CD has been estimated to approximate 0.5-1%. The only treatment currently available for CD is a gluten-free diet (GFD) excluding gluten-containing cereals such as wheat, rye, and barley, and other foodstuffs with natural or added gluten. However, adherence rates and patient acceptance are often poor. Moreover, even in fully adherent patients, the diet may fail to induce clinical or histological improvement. Hence, it is unsurprising that studies show CD patients to be highly interested in non-dietary alternatives. The following review focuses on current pathophysiological concepts of CD, spotlighting those pathways which may serve as new possible, non-dietary therapeutic targets in the treatment of CD.},
   keywords = {Coeliac disease
Gluten-sensitive enteropathy
Malabsorption
Therapeutic vaccine
Transglutaminase inhibitors
Zonulin inhibitor},
   ISSN = {1662-6664 (Print)
1662-6664},
   Accession Number = {26288589},
   DOI = {10.1159/000365099},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stein, K.},
   title = {Severely restricted diets in the absence of medical necessity: the unintended consequences},
   journal = {J Acad Nutr Diet},
   volume = {114},
   number = {7},
   pages = {986-94},
   note =

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib