text:
). Despite this, no large, well-controlled databases of photographs of houses that have been developed for research use currently exist. To address this gap, we photographed 100 houses and carefully edited these images. We then asked 41 undergraduate students (18 to 31 years of age) to rate each house on three dimensions: typicality, likeability, and face-likeness. The ratings had a high degree of face validity, and analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between typicality and likeability. We anticipate that this stimulus set (i.e., the DalHouses) and the associated ratings will prove useful to face-processing researchers by minimizing the effort required to acquire stimuli and allowing for easier replication and extension of studies. The photographs of all 100 houses and their ratings data can be obtained at http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1279430.},
author = {Filliter, Jillian H. and Glover, Jacqueline M. and McMullen, Patricia A. and Salmon, Joshua P. and Johnson, Shannon A.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0561-8},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {178--183},
title = {{The DalHouses: 100 new photographs of houses with ratings of typicality, familiarity, and degree of similarity to faces}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0561-8},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Holliday2017,
abstract = {This article presents K-SPAN (Korean Surface Phonetics and Neighborhoods), a database of surface phonetic forms and several measures of phonological neighborhood density for 63,836 Korean words. Currently publicly available Korean corpora are limited by the fact that they only provide orthographic representations in Hangeul, which is problematic since phonetic forms in Korean cannot be reliably predicted from orthographic forms. We describe the method used to derive the surface phonetic forms from a publicly available orthographic corpus of Korean, and report on several statistics calculated using this database; namely, segment unigram frequencies, which are compared to previously reported results, along with segment-based and syllable-based neighborhood density statistics for three types of representation: an "orthographic" form, which is a quasi-phonological representation, a "conservative" form, which maintains all known contrasts, and a "modern" form, which represents the pronunciation of contemporary Seoul Korean. These representations are rendered in an ASCII-encoded scheme, which allows users to query the corpus without having to read Korean orthography, and permits the calculation of a wide range of phonological measures.},
author = {Holliday, Jeffrey J. and Turnbull, Rory and Eychenne, Julien},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0836-8},
isbn = {1342801608368},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Korean,Lexical database,Lexicon,Phonological neighborhood density},
number = {5},
pages = {1939--1950},
title = {{K-SPAN: A lexical database of Korean surface phonetic forms and phonological neighborhood density statistics}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Hinojosa2016,
abstract = {In the present study, we introduce affective norms for a new set of Spanish words, the Madrid Affective Database for Spanish (MADS), that were scored on two emotional dimensions (valence and arousal) and on five discrete emotional categories (happiness, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust), as well as on concreteness, by 660 Spanish native speakers. Measures of several objective psycholinguistic variables—grammatical class, word frequency, number of letters, and number of syllables—for the words are also included. We observed high split-half reliabilities for every emotional variable and a strong quadratic relationship between valence and arousal. Additional analyses revealed several associations between the affective dimensions and discrete emotions, as well as with some psycholinguistic variables. This new corpus complements and extends prior databases in Spanish and allows for designing new experiments investigating the influence of affective content in language processing under both dimensional and discrete theoretical conceptions of emotion. These norms can be downloaded as supplemental materials for this article from www.dropbox.com/s/o6dpw3irk6utfhy/Hinojosa{\%}20et{\%}20al{\_}Supplementary{\%}20materials.xlsx?dl=0.},
author = {Hinojosa, J. A. and Mart{\'{i}}nez-Garc{\'{i}}a, N. and Villalba-Garc{\'{i}}a, C. and Fern{\'{a}}ndez-Folgueiras, U. and S{\'{a}}nchez-Carmona, A. and Pozo, M. A. and Montoro, P. R.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0572-5},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {272--284},
title = {{Affective norms of 875 Spanish words for five discrete emotional categories and two emotional dimensions}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0572-5},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Heyman2016,
abstract = {In the speeded word fragment completion task, participants have to complete fragments such as tom{\_}to as quickly and accurately as possible. Previous work has shown that this paradigm can successfully capture subtle priming effects (Heyman, De Deyne, Hutchison, {\&} Storms Behavior Research Methods, 47, 580-606, 2015). In addition, it has several advantages over the widely used lexical decision task. That is, the speeded word fragment completion task is more efficient, more engaging, and easier. Given its potential, we conducted a study to gather speeded word fragment completion norms. The goal of this megastudy was twofold. On the one hand, it provides a rich database of over 8,000 stimuli, which can, for instance, be used in future research to equate stimuli on baseline response times. On the other hand, the aim was to gain insight into the underlying processes of the speeded word fragment completion task. To this end, item-level regression and mixed-effects analyses were performed on the response latencies using 23 predictor variables. Since all items were selected from the Dutch Lexicon Project (Keuleers, Diependaele, {\&} Brysbaert Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 174, 2010), we ran the same analyses on lexical decision latencies to compare the two tasks. Overall, the results revealed many similarities, but also some remarkable differences, which are discussed. We propose that both tasks are complementary when examining visual word recognition. The article ends with a discussion of potential process models of the speeded word fragment completion task.},
author = {Heyman, Tom and {Van Akeren}, Liselotte and Hutchison, Keith A. and Storms, Gert},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0663-3},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1508--1527},
title = {{Filling the gaps: A speeded word fragment completion megastudy}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0663-3},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Hamada2017,
abstract = {Synesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which certain types of stimuli elicit involuntary perceptions in an unrelated pathway. A common type of synesthesia is grapheme–color synesthesia, in which the visual perception of letters and numbers stimulates the perception of a specific color. Previous studies have often collected relatively small numbers of grapheme–color associations per synesthete, but the accumulation of a large quantity of data has greater promise for uncovering the mechanisms underlying synesthetic association. In this study, we therefore collected large samples of data from a total of eight synesthetes. All told, we obtained over 1000 synesthetic colors associated with Japanese kanji characters from each of two synesthetes, over 100 synesthetic colors form each of three synesthetes, and about 80 synesthetic colors associated with Japanese hiragana, Latin letters, and Arabic numerals from each of three synesthetes. We then compiled the data into a database, called the KANJI-Synesthetic Colors Database (K-SCD), which has a total of 5122 colors for 483, 46, and 46 Japanese kanji, hiragana, and katakana characters, respectively, as well as for 26 Latin letters and ten Arabic numerals. In addition to introducing the K-SCD, this article demonstrates the database's merits by using two examples, in which two new rules for synesthetic association, “shape similarity” and “synesthetic color clustering,” were found. The K-SCD is publicly accessible (www.cv.jinkan.kyoto-u.ac.jp/site/uploads/K-SCD.xlsm) and will be a valuable resource for those who wish to conduct statistical analyses using a rich dataset in order to uncover the rules governing synesthetic association and to understand its mechanisms.},
author = {Hamada, Daisuke and Yamamoto, Hiroki and Saiki, Jun},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0691-z},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {242--257},
title = {{Database of synesthetic color associations for Japanese kanji}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0691-z},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Gutierrez-Sigut2016,
abstract = {The LSE-Sign database is a free online tool for selecting Spanish Sign Language stimulus materials to be used in experiments. It contains 2,400 individual signs taken from a recent standardized LSE dictionary, and a further 2,700 related nonsigns. Each entry is coded for a wide range of grammatical, phonological, and articulatory information, including handshape, location, movement, and non-manual elements. The database is accessible via a graphically based search facility which is highly flexible both in terms of the search options available and the way the results are displayed. LSE-Sign is available at the following website: http://www.bcbl.eu/databases/lse/.},
author = {Gutierrez-Sigut, Eva and Costello, Brendan and Baus, Cristina and Carreiras, Manuel},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0560-1},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {123--137},
title = {{LSE-Sign: A lexical database for Spanish Sign Language}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0560-1},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Guasch2016,
abstract = {Studies of semantic variables (e.g., concreteness) and affective variables (i.e., valence and arousal) have traditionally tended to run in different directions. However, in recent years there has been growing interest in studying the relationship, as well as the potential overlaps, between the two. This article describes a database that provides subjective ratings for 1,400 Spanish words for valence, arousal, concreteness, imageability, context availability, and familiarity. Data were collected online through a process involving 826 university students. The results showed a high interrater reliability for all of the variables examined, as well as high correlations between our affective and semantic values and norms currently available in other Spanish databases. Regarding the affective variables, the typical quadratic correlation between valence and arousal ratings was obtained. Likewise, significant correlations were found between the lexico-semantic variables. Importantly, we obtained moderate negative correlations between emotionality and both concreteness and imageability. This is in line with the claim that abstract words have more affective associations than concrete ones (Kousta, Vigliocco, Vinson, Andrews, {\&} Del Campo, 2011). The present Spanish database is suitable for experimental research into the effects of both affective properties and lexico-semantic variables on word processing and memory.},
author = {Guasch, Marc and Ferr{\'{e}}, Pilar and Fraga, Isabel},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0684-y},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1358--1369},
title = {{Spanish norms for affective and lexico-semantic variables for 1,400 words}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0684-y},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Goodhew2016,
abstract = {Humans appear to rely on spatial mappings to describe and represent concepts. In particular, conceptual cueing refers to the effect whereby after reading or hearing a particular word, the location of observers' visual attention in space can be systematically shifted in a particular direction. For example, words such as "sun" and "happy" orient attention upwards, whereas words such as "basement" and "bitter" orient attention downwards. This area of research has garnered much interest, particularly within the embodied cognition framework, for its potential to enhance our understanding of the interaction between abstract cognitive processes such as language and basic visual processes such as attention and stimulus processing. To date, however, this area has relied on subjective classification criteria to determine whether words ought to be classified as having a meaning that implies "up" or "down." The present study, therefore, provides a set of 498 items that have each been systematically rated by over 90 participants, providing refined, continuous measures of the extent to which people associate given words with particular spatial dimensions. The resulting database provides an objective means to aid item-selection for future research in this area.},
author = {Goodhew, Stephanie C. and Kidd, Evan},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0625-9},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {1004--1007},
title = {{The conceptual cueing database: Rated items for the study of the interaction between language and attention}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0625-9},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Goz2017,
abstract = {The main purpose of this study was to report age-based subjective age-of-acquisition (AoA) norms for 600 Turkish words. A total of 115 children, 100 young adults, 115 middle-aged adults, and 127 older adults provided AoA estimates for 600 words on a 7-point scale. The intraclass correlations suggested high reliability, and the AoA estimates were highly correlated across the four age groups. Children gave earlier AoA estimates than the three adult groups; this was true for high-frequency as well as low-frequency words. In addition to the means and standard deviations of the AoA estimates, we report word frequency, concreteness, and imageability ratings, as well as word length measures (numbers of syllables and letters), for the 600 words as supplemental materials. The present ratings represent a potentially useful database for researchers working on lexical processing as well as other aspects of cognitive processing, such as autobiographical memory.},
author = {G{\"{o}}z, İlyas and Tekcan, Ali İ. and Erciyes, Aslı Aktan},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0817-y},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {1736--1746},
title = {{Subjective age-of-acquisition norms for 600 Turkish words from four age groups}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0817-y},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Clifford2015,
abstract = {Research on the emotional, cognitive, and social determinants of moral judgment has surged in recent years. The development of moral foundations theory (MFT) has played an important role, demonstrating the breadth of morality. Moral psychology has responded by investigating how different domains of moral judgment are shaped by a variety of psychological factors. Yet, the discipline lacks a validated set of moral violations that span the moral domain, creating a barrier to investigating influences on judgment and how their neural bases might vary across the moral domain. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by developing and validating a large set of moral foundations vignettes (MFVs). Each vignette depicts a behavior violating a particular moral foundation and not others. The vignettes are controlled on many dimensions including syntactic structure and complexity making them suitable for neuroimaging research. We demonstrate the validity of our vignettes by examining respondents' classifications of moral violations, conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and demonstrating the correspondence between the extracted factors and existing measures of the moral foundations. We expect that the MFVs will be beneficial for a wide variety of behavioral and neuroimaging investigations of moral cognition.},
author = {Clifford, Scott and Iyengar, Vijeth and Cabeza, Roberto and Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0551-2},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1178--1198},
title = {{Moral foundations vignettes: a standardized stimulus database of scenarios based on moral foundations theory}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0551-2},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Crone2018,
abstract = {A major obstacle for the design of rigorous, reproducible studies in moral psychology is the lack of suitable stimulus sets. Here, we present the Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID), the largest standardized moral stimulus set assembled to date, containing 2,941 freely available photographic images, representing a wide range of morally (and affectively) positive, negative and neutral content. The SMID was validated with over 820,525 individual judgments from 2,716 participants, with normative ratings currently available for all images on affective valence and arousal, moral wrongness, and relevance to each of the five moral values posited by Moral Foundations Theory. We present a thorough analysis of the SMID regarding (1) inter-rater consensus, (2) rating precision, and (3) breadth and variability of moral content. Additionally, we provide recommendations for use aimed at efficient study design and reproducibility, and outline planned extensions to the database. We anticipate that the SMID will serve as a useful resource for psychological, neuroscientific and computational (e.g., natural language processing or computer vision) investigations of social, moral and affective processes. The SMID images, along with associated normative data and additional resources are available at https://osf.io/2rqad/.},
author = {Crone, Damien L. and Bode, Stefan and Murawski, Carsten and Laham, Simon M.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0190954},
editor = {Danforth, Christopher M.},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {e0190954},
title = {{The Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID): A novel stimulus set for the study of social, moral and affective processes}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190954},
volume = {13},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Citron2016,
abstract = {Despite flourishing research on the relationship between emotion and literal language, and despite the pervasiveness of figurative expressions in communication, the role of figurative language in conveying affect has been underinvestigated. This study provides affective and psycholinguistic norms for 619 German idiomatic expressions and explores the relationships between affective and psycholinguistic idiom properties. German native speakers rated each idiom for emotional valence, arousal, familiarity, semantic transparency, figurativeness, and concreteness. They also described the figurative meaning of each idiom and rated how confident they were about the attributed meaning. The results showed that idioms rated high in valence were also rated high in arousal. Negative idioms were rated as more arousing than positive ones, in line with results from single words. Furthermore, arousal correlated positively with figurativeness (supporting the idea that figurative expressions are more emotionally engaging than literal expressions) and with concreteness and semantic transparency. This suggests that idioms may convey a more direct reference to sensory representations, mediated by the meanings of their constituting words. Arousal correlated positively with familiarity. In addition, positive idioms were rated as more familiar than negative idioms. Finally, idioms without a literal counterpart were rated as more emotionally valenced and arousing than idioms with a literal counterpart. Although the meanings of ambiguous idioms were less correctly defined than those of unambiguous idioms, ambiguous idioms were rated as more concrete than unambiguous ones. We also discuss the relationships between the various psycholinguistic variables characterizing idioms, with reference to the literature on idiom structure and processing.},
author = {Citron, Francesca M. M. and Cacciari, Cristina and Kucharski, Michael and Beck, Luna and Conrad, Markus and Jacobs, Arthur M.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0581-4},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {91--111},
title = {{When emotions are expressed figuratively: Psycholinguistic and Affective Norms of 619 Idioms for German (PANIG)}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0581-4},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Clarke2018,
abstract = {Normative databases containing psycholinguistic variables are commonly used to aid stimulus selection for investigations into language and other cognitive processes. Norms exist for many languages, but not for Thai. The aim of the present research, therefore, was to obtain Thai normative data for the BOSS, a set of 480 high resolution color photographic images of real objects (Brodeur et al. in PLoS ONE 5(5), 2010. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010773 ). Norms were provided by 584 Thai university students on eight dimensions: name agreement, object familiarity, visual complexity, category agreement, image agreement, two types of manipulability (graspability and mimeability), and age of acquisition. The results revealed comparatively similar levels of name agreement to Brodeur et al. especially when unfamiliar items were factored out. The pattern of intercorrelations among the Thai psycholinguistic norms was comparable to previous studies and our cross-linguistic correlations were robust for the same set of pictures in English and French. Conjointly, the findings extend the relevancy of the BOSS to Thailand, supporting this photographic resource for investigations of language and other cognitive processes in monolingual, multilingual, and brain-impaired populations.},
author = {Clarke, A. J. Benjamin and Ludington, Jason D.},
doi = {10.1007/s10936-017-9544-5},
issn = {0090-6905},
journal = {Journal of Psycholinguistic Research},
month = {jun},
number = {3},
pages = {607--626},
title = {{Thai Norms for Name, Image, and Category Agreement, Object Familiarity, Visual Complexity, Manipulability, and Age of Acquisition for 480 Color Photographic Objects}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10936-017-9544-5},
volume = {47},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Chang2016,
abstract = {In this study, we aimed to provide a large-scale set of psycholinguistic norms for 3,314 traditional Chinese characters, along with their naming reaction times (RTs), collected from 140 Chinese speakers. The lexical and semantic variables in the database include frequency, regularity, familiarity, consistency, number of strokes, homophone density, semantic ambiguity rating, phonetic combinability, semantic combinability, and the number of disyllabic compound words formed by a character. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the predictive powers of these variables for the naming RTs. The results demonstrated that these variables could account for a significant portion of variance (55.8{\%}) in the naming RTs. An additional multiple regression analysis was conducted to demonstrate the effects of consistency and character frequency. Overall, the regression results were consistent with the findings of previous studies on Chinese character naming. This database should be useful for research into Chinese language processing, Chinese education, or cross-linguistic comparisons. The database can be accessed via an online inquiry system (http://ball.ling.sinica.edu.tw/namingdatabase/index.html).},
author = {Chang, Ya-Ning and Hsu, Chun-Hsien and Tsai, Jie-Li and Chen, Chien-Liang and Lee, Chia-Ying},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0559-7},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {112--122},
title = {{A psycholinguistic database for traditional Chinese character naming}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0559-7},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Izura2005,
abstract = {This study presents a database of 500 words from five semantic categories: animals, body parts, furniture, clothing, and intelligence. Each category contains 100 words, and data on lexical availability, age of acquisition, imageability, typicality, concept familiarity, written word frequency, and word length in number of syllables are provided with each word. The full set of norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Izura, Cristina and Hern{\'{a}}ndez-MU{\~{N}}OZ, Natividad and Ellis, Andrew W.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192708},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {385--397},
pmid = {16405134},
title = {{Category norms for 500 Spanish words in five semantic categories}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03192708},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Schauenburg2015,
abstract = {We present a database of 858 German words from the semantic fields of authority and community, which represent core dimensions of human sociality. The words were selected on the basis of co-occurrence profiles of representative keywords for these semantic fields. All words were rated along five dimensions, each measured by a bipolar semantic-differential scale: Besides the classic dimensions of affective meaning (valence, arousal, and potency), we collected ratings of authority and community with newly developed scales. The results from cluster, correlational, and multiple regression analyses on the rating data suggest a robust negativity bias for authority valuation among German raters recruited via university mailing lists, whereas community ratings appear to be rather unrelated to the well-established affective dimensions. Furthermore, our data involve a strong overall negative correlation-rather than the classical U-shaped distribution-between valence and arousal for socially relevant concepts. Our database provides a valuable resource for research questions at the intersection of cognitive neuroscience and social psychology. It can be downloaded as supplemental materials with this article.},
author = {Schauenburg, Gesche and Ambrasat, Jens and Schr{\"{o}}der, Tobias and von Scheve, Christian and Conrad, Markus},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0494-7},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {720--735},
title = {{Emotional connotations of words related to authority and community}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0494-7},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Ferdenzi2015,
abstract = {Although many facial and vocal databases are available for research, very few of them have controlled the range of attractiveness of the stimuli that they offer. To fill this gap, we created the GEneva Faces and Voices (GEFAV) database, providing standardized faces (static and dynamic neutral, smiling) and voices (speaking sentences, vowels) of young European adults. A total of 61 women and 50 men 18-35 years old agreed to be part of the GEFAV stimuli, and two rating studies involving 285 participants provided evaluations of the facial and vocal samples. The final set of stimuli was satisfactory in terms of attractiveness range (wide and rather symmetrical distribution over the attractiveness continuum) and the reliability of the ratings (high consistency between the two rating studies, high interrater agreement in the final rating study). Moreover, the database showed an adequate validity, since a series of findings described by earlier research on human attractiveness were confirmed-namely, that facial and vocal attractiveness are predicted by femininity and health in women, and by masculinity, dominance, and trustworthiness in men. In future studies, the GEFAV stimuli may be used intact or transformed, individually or in multimodal combinations, to investigate a wide range of mechanisms, such as the behavioral, neuropsychological, and neurophysiological processes involved in social cognition.},
author = {Ferdenzi, Camille and Delplanque, Sylvain and Mehu-Blantar, Ines and {Da Paz Cabral}, Katharin Mylena and {Domingos Felicio}, Marisa and Sander, David},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0545-0},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1110--1121},
title = {{The Geneva Faces and Voices (GEFAV) database}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0545-0},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{Dobos2013,
abstract = {Despite their relatively low sampling factor, the freely available, randomly sampled status streams of Twitter are very useful sources of geographically embedded social network data. To statistically analyze the information Twitter provides via these streams, we have collected a year's worth of data and built a multi-terabyte relational database from it. The database is designed for fast data loading and to support a wide range of studies focusing on the statistics and geographic features of social networks, as well as on the linguistic analysis of tweets. In this paper we present the method of data collection, the database design, the data loading procedure and special treatment of geo-tagged and multi-lingual data. We also provide some SQL recipes for computing network statistics.},
author = {Dobos, Laszlo and Szule, Janos and Bodnar, Tamas and Hanyecz, Tamas and Sebok, Tamas and Kondor, Daniel and Kallus, Zsofia and Steger, Jozsef and Csabai, Istvan and Vattay, Gabor},
booktitle = {2013 IEEE 4th International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom)},
doi = {10.1109/CogInfoCom.2013.6719259},
isbn = {978-1-4799-1546-0},
month = {dec},
pages = {289--294},
publisher = {IEEE},
title = {{A multi-terabyte relational database for geo-tagged social network data}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6719259/},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Lahl2006,
abstract = {Word lists are most commonly used in the investigation of human memory. To prevent transfer effects, repeated measures of memory for words require multiple lists of different words. Yet, the psycholinguistic properties of all word lists employed should match as closely as possible to avoid confounding with the independent variable(s) in question. Although comprehensive databases for word norms exist, to our knowledge no tool is available that automates the creation of such equivalent word lists. Instead, matching different lists is often accomplished prima facie. We have therefore developed a Windows program called EQUIWORD that completely automates the creation of word lists that are truly parallel with respect to a wide range of attributes. EQUIWORD takes psycholinguistic databases of different formats as input and computes several coefficients of distance for every possible word pairing. Program output consists of a list of all word pairs sorted according to their distance. On that basis, creating equivalent word lists is simply done by selecting the pairs with the lowest distance coefficients.},
author = {Lahl, Olaf and Pietrowsky, Reinhard},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192760},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {146--152},
pmid = {16817524},
title = {{EQUIWORD: A software application for the automatic creation of truly equivalent word lists}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03192760},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@inproceedings{Diaconescu2017,
abstract = {This paper presents a rule-based approach for generating a large phonetic database for Romanian. The knowledge base is developed by means of the GRAALAN (Grammar Abstract Language) system. By inspecting dictionaries and corpora, we generate a phonetic database over 100,000 lemmas. Our database has a high degree of accuracy ensured by our rule-based method applied for generating phonetic transcriptions.},
author = {Diaconescu, Stefan - Stelian and Rizea, Monica - Mihaela and Ionescu, Mihaela and Minca, Andrei and Radulescu, Monica},
booktitle = {2017 International Conference on Speech Technology and Human-Computer Dialogue (SpeD)},
doi = {10.1109/SPED.2017.7990439},
isbn = {978-1-5090-6497-7},
month = {jul},
pages = {1--6},
publisher = {IEEE},
title = {{A rule-based approach to generating large phonetic databases for Romanian results of the AFLR project}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7990439/},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Dehghani2017,
abstract = {As human activity and interaction increasingly take place online, the digital residues of these activities provide a valuable window into a range of psychological and social processes. A great deal of progress has been made toward utilizing these opportunities; however, the complexity of managing and analyzing the quantities of data currently available has limited both the types of analysis used and the number of researchers able to make use of these data. Although fields such as computer science have developed a range of techniques and methods for handling these difficulties, making use of those tools has often required specialized knowledge and programming experience. The Text Analysis, Crawling, and Interpretation Tool (TACIT) is designed to bridge this gap by providing an intuitive tool and interface for making use of state-of-the-art methods in text analysis and large-scale data management. Furthermore, TACIT is implemented as an open, extensible, plugin-driven architecture, which will allow other researchers to extend and expand these capabilities as new methods become available.},
author = {Dehghani, Morteza and Johnson, Kate M. and Garten, Justin and Boghrati, Reihane and Hoover, Joe and Balasubramanian, Vijayan and Singh, Anurag and Shankar, Yuvarani and Pulickal, Linda and Rajkumar, Aswin and Parmar, Niki Jitendra},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0722-4},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {538--547},
title = {{TACIT: An open-source text analysis, crawling, and interpretation tool}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0722-4},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{DiBuccio2013,
abstract = {This paper describes the Atlante Sintattico d'Italia, Syntactic Atlas of Italy (ASIt) linguistic linked dataset. ASIt is a scientific project aiming to account for minimally different variants within a sample of closely related languages; it is part of the Edisyn network, the goal of which is to establish a European network of researchers in the area of language syntax that use similar standards with respect to methodology of data collection, data storage and annotation, data retrieval and cartography. In this context, ASIt is defined as a curated database which builds on dialectal data gathered during a twenty-year-long survey investigating the distribution of several grammatical phenomena across the dialects of Italy. Both the ASIt linguistic linked dataset and the Resource Description Framework Schema (RDF/S) on which it is based are publicly available and released with a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0). We report the characteristics of the data exposed by ASIt, the statistics about the evolution of the data in the last two years, and the possible usages of the dataset, such as the generation of linguistic maps. {\textcopyright} 2012 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.},
author = {{Di Buccio}, Emanuele and {Di Nunzio}, Giorgio Maria and Silvello, Gianmaria},
doi = {10.3233/SW-2012-0083},
issn = {15700844},
journal = {Semantic Web},
keywords = {Curated Database,Interoperability,Linguistic Data,Part-Of-Speech and Sentence Tagging},
number = {3},
pages = {265--270},
title = {{A curated and evolving linguistic linked dataset}},
volume = {4},
year = {2013}
}
@article{DeMelo2015,
abstract = {Lexvo.org brings information about languages, words, and other linguistic entities to the Web of Linked Data. It defines URIs for terms, languages, scripts, and characters, which are not only highly interconnected but also linked to a variety of resources on the Web. Additionally, new datasets are being published to contribute to the emerging Linked Data Cloud of Language-Related information.},
author = {de Melo, Gerard},
doi = {10.3233/SW-150171},
editor = {Hellmann, Sebastian and Moran, Steven and Br{\"{u}}mmer, Martin and McCrae, John P.},
issn = {22104968},
journal = {Semantic Web},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {393--400},
title = {{Lexvo.org: Language-related information for the Linguistic Linked Data cloud}},
url = {http://www.medra.org/servlet/aliasResolver?alias=iospress{\&}doi=10.3233/SW-150171},
volume = {6},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Crossley2016,
abstract = {This study introduces the Tool for the Automatic Analysis of Cohesion (TAACO), a freely available text analysis tool that is easy to use, works on most operating systems (Windows, Mac, and Linux), is housed on a user's hard drive (rather than having an Internet interface), allows for the batch processing of text files, and incorporates over 150 classic and recently developed indices related to text cohesion. The study validates TAACO by investigating how its indices related to local, global, and overall text cohesion can predict expert judgments of text coherence and essay quality. The findings of this study provide predictive validation of TAACO and support the notion that expert judgments of text coherence and quality are either negatively correlated or not predicted by local and overall text cohesion indices, but are positively predicted by global indices of cohesion. Combined, these findings provide supporting evidence that coherence for expert raters is a property of global cohesion and not of local cohesion, and that expert ratings of text quality are positively related to global cohesion.},
author = {Crossley, Scott A. and Kyle, Kristopher and McNamara, Danielle S.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0651-7},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1227--1237},
title = {{The tool for the automatic analysis of text cohesion (TAACO): Automatic assessment of local, global, and text cohesion}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0651-7},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Dan-Glauser2011,
abstract = {In emotional research, efficient designs often rely on successful emotion induction. For visual stimulation, the only reliable database available so far is the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). However, extensive use of these stimuli lowers the impact of the images by increasing the knowledge that participants have of them. Moreover, the limited number of pictures for specific themes in the IAPS database is a concern for studies centered on a specific emotion thematic and for designs requiring a lot of trials from the same kind (e.g., EEG recordings). Thus, in the present article, we present a new database of 730 pictures, the Geneva Affective PicturE Database, which was created to increase the availability of visual emotion stimuli. Four specific negative contents were chosen: spiders, snakes, and scenes that induce emotions related to the violation of moral and legal norms (human rights violation or animal mistreatment). Positive and neutral pictures were also included: Positive pictures represent mainly human and animal babies as well as nature sceneries, whereas neutral pictures mainly depict inanimate objects. The pictures were rated according to valence, arousal, and the congruence of the represented scene with internal (moral) and external (legal) norms. The constitution of the database and the results of the picture ratings are presented.},
author = {Dan-Glauser, Elise S. and Scherer, Klaus R.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0064-1},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {468--477},
title = {{The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED): a new 730-picture database focusing on valence and normative significance}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/s13428-011-0064-1},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Cuetos2003,
abstract = {The present article provides Spanish norms for name agreement, printed word frequency, word compound frequency, familiarity, imageability, visual complexity, age of acquisition, and word length (measured by syllables and phonemes) for 100 line drawings of actions taken from Druks and Masterson (2000). In addition, through a naming-time experiment carried out with a group of 54 Spanish students in a pool of 63 of these line drawings, we determined the best predictors of naming actions. In the multiple regression analysis, age of acquisition and name agreement emerged as the most important determinants of action-naming reaction time.},
author = {Cuetos, Fernando and Alija, Maira},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195508},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {168--177},
title = {{Normative data and naming times for action pictures}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03195508},
volume = {35},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Weekes2007,
abstract = {We report normative data collected from Mainland Chinese speakers for 232 objects taken from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980). These data include adult ratings of concept familiarity, age of acquisition (AoA), printedword frequency, and word length (in syllables), as well as measures of rated visual complexity, image agreement, and name agreement. We then examined timed picture naming of these objects with native Chinese speakers in Beijing in two experiments using line drawings and colored pictures. In both experiments, the variables name agreement, rated concept familiarity, and AoA made significant independent contributions to naming latency in multiple regression analyses. We observed a correlation ofr=.85 between naming latency with line drawings and colored pictures and a reduced effect of image agreement on naming when colored pictures were presented. We discuss the implications of our findings for the study of lexical processing in Chinese. Normative data for 232 Chinese nouns may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive},
author = {Weekes, Brendan Stuart and Shu, Hua and Hao, Meiling and Liu, Youyi and Tan, Li Hai},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193165},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {may},
number = {2},
pages = {335--342},
title = {{Predictors of timed picture naming in Chinese}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03193165},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Vitevitch2004,
abstract = {Phonotactic probability refers to the frequency with which phonological segments and sequences of phonological segments occur in words in a given language. We describe one method of estimating phonotactic probabilities based on words in American English. These estimates of phonotactic probability have been used in a number of previous studies and are now being made available to other researchers via a Web-based interface. Instructions for using the interface, as well as details regarding how the measures were derived, are provided in the present article. The Phonotactic Probability Calculator can be accessed at http://www.people.ku.edu/{\~{}}mvitevit/PhonoProbHome.html.},
author = {Vitevitch, Michael S. and Luce, Paul A.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195594},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {481--487},
title = {{A Web-based interface to calculate phonotactic probability for words and nonwords in English}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03195594},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Cohen-Shikora2013,
abstract = {The processes involved in past tense verb generation have been central to models of inflectional morphology. However, the empirical support for such models has often been based on studies of accuracy in past tense verb formation on a relatively small set of items. We present the first large-scale study of past tense inflection (the Past Tense Inflection Project, or PTIP) that affords response time, accuracy, and error analyses in the generation of the past tense form from the present tense form for over 2,000 verbs. In addition to standard lexical variables (such as word frequency, length, and orthographic and phonological neighborhood), we have also developed new measures of past tense neighborhood consistency and verb imageability for these stimuli, and via regression analyses we demonstrate the utility of these new measures in predicting past tense verb generation. The PTIP can be used to further evaluate existing models, to provide well controlled stimuli for new studies, and to uncover novel theoretical principles in past tense morphology.},
author = {Cohen-Shikora, Emily R. and Balota, David A. and Kapuria, Abhi and Yap, Melvin J.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0240-y},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {151--159},
title = {{The past tense inflection project (PTIP): speeded past tense inflections, imageability ratings, and past tense consistency measures for 2,200 verbs}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-012-0240-y},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Montague1968,
abstract = {In prior experiments S-generated associative devices or natural language mediators (NLMs) linking pairs of items have been shown to facilitate acquisition of paired associates. Since Ss are questioned about NLMs after learning, such repos/rts may be a result of the questioning. To obtain an a priori estimate of NLM probability, several hundred pairs, each composed of CVCs of about equal association value (AV), were shown for 15 sec. while student Ss wrote down any NLM they could generate which linked both the stumulus and response. The AV level was varied between pairs. The proportion of Ss able to generate an NLM is the associability value (AS). As expected, AS and AV are correlated although AS varies considerably among pairs composed of items about equal in AV. Experiments run after the AS scale was obtained demonstrated that AS is valuable as a predictor of learning rate. AS values were highly correlated with the frequency of NLMs in postexperiment reports. It is concluded that the AS measure represents a valuable addition to our understanding of the complexity of verbal learning.},
author = {Montague, William E. and Kiess, Harold O.},
doi = {10.1037/h0026302},
issn = {0022-1015},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology},
number = {2, Pt.2},
pages = {1--23},
title = {{The associability of CVC pairs.}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0026302},
volume = {78},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Noble1961,
author = {Noble, Clyde E.},
doi = {10.2466/pr0.1961.8.3.487},
issn = {0033-2941},
journal = {Psychological Reports},
month = {jun},
number = {3},
pages = {487--521E},
title = {{Measurements of Association Value ( a ), Rated Associations ( a′ ), and Scaled Meaningfulness ( m′ ) for the 2100 CVC Combinations of the English Alphabet}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2466/pr0.1961.8.3.487},
volume = {8},
year = {1961}
}
@article{Gibson1988,
abstract = {Cognitive psychology is finding increasing use for the word fragment completion test, in which words have to be completed from a subset of their letters (e.g., horizon from --r-z--). Researchers often try to restrict their fragments to those that can be completed with only one word, but this is difficult to do and probably never has been achieved. To help resolve this problem, a list is provided of 1,086 three- to eight-letter words, each of which is uniquely specified by a two-letter fragment, where uniqueness is defined on the basis of two sizable word collections.},
author = {Gibson, Janet M. and Watkins, Michael J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03202683},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {jul},
number = {4},
pages = {390--397},
title = {{A pool of 1,086 words with unique two-letter fragments}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03202683},
volume = {20},
year = {1988}
}
@article{Muncer2011,
abstract = {Six previous studies of the variables affecting anagram solution are re-examined for the evidence that number of syllables contributes to solution difficulty. It was shown that the number of syllables in a solution word was confounded with imagery for one study and with diagram frequency for another. More importantly it was shown that the number of syllables has a large effect on anagram solution difficulty in the re-analysis of the results from the other four studies. In these studies, the number of syllables was either more important than the principal variable examined in the experiment or the second most important variable. Overall the effect size for the number of syllables was large, d = 1.14. The results are discussed in the light of other research and it is suggested that anagram solution may have more in common with other word identification and reading processes than has been previously thought.},
author = {Muncer, Steven J. and Knight, David},
doi = {10.1007/s10936-010-9159-6},
isbn = {0090-6905},
issn = {0090-6905},
journal = {Journal of Psycholinguistic Research},
keywords = {Anagrams,Syllables},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {111--118},
pmid = {20941543},
title = {{The Syllable Effect in Anagram Solution: Unrecognised Evidence from Past Studies}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10936-010-9159-6},
volume = {40},
year = {2011}
}
@misc{Maki2004,
abstract = {WordNet, an electronic dictionary (or lexical database), is a valuable resource for computational and cognitive scientists. Recent work on the computing of semantic distances among nodes (synsets) in WordNet has made it possible to build a large database of semantic distances for use in selecting word pairs for psychological research. The database now contains nearly 50,000 pairs of words that have values for semantic distance, associative strength, and similarity based on co-occurrence. Semantic distance was found to correlate weakly with these other measures but to correlate more strongly with another measure of semantic relatedness, featural similarity. Hierarchical clustering analysis suggested that the knowledge structure underlying semantic distance is similar in gross form to that underlying featural similarity. In experiments in which semantic similarity ratings were used, human participants were able to discriminate semantic distance. Thus, semantic distance as derived from WordNet appears distinct from other measures of word pair relatedness and is psychologically functional. This database may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
author = {Maki, William S. and McKinley, Lauren N. and Thompson, Amber G.},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195590},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {421--431},
pmid = {15641432},
title = {{Semantic distance norms computed from an electronic dictionary (WordNet)}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Ji2008,
abstract = {The general aim of this study is to validate the cognitive relevance of the geometric model used in the semantic atlases (SA). With this goal in mind, we compare the results obtained by the automatic contexonym organizing model (ACOM)--an SA-derived model for word sense representation based on contextual links--with human subjects' responses on a word association task. We begin by positioning the geometric paradigm with respect to the hierarchical paradigm (WordNet) and the vector paradigm (latent semantic analysis [LSA] and the hyperspace analogue to language model). Then we compare ACOM's responses with Hirsh and Tree's (2001) word association norms based on the responses of two groups of subjects. The results showed that words associated by 50{\%} or more of the Hirsh and Tree subjects were also proposed by ACOM (e.g., 71{\%} of the words in the norms were also given by ACOM). Finally, we compare ACOM and LSA on the basis of the same association norms. The results indicate better performance for the geometric model.},
author = {Ji, Hyngsuk and Lemaire, Beno{\^{i}}t and Choo, Hyunseung and Ploux, Sabine},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.4.926},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {926--934},
pmid = {19001383},
title = {{Testing the cognitive relevance of a geometric model on a word association task: A comparison of humans, ACOM, and LSA}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BRM.40.4.926},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Benjafield1989,
abstract = {The Oxford English Dictionary is the standard reference work for determining the earliest known instance of the occurrence of a word (its date of entry). Partly in order to facilitate research on the relation between the date of entry and other psychological variables, we gathered normative data on 1,046 words sampled from the Oxford English Dictionary. We present data for scales that measure the imagery, concreteness, goodness, and familiarity values for words. These norms may also be of use to researchers who are not explicitly concerned with words' date of entry, but who wish to sample words from a set that contains a large number of unfamiliar as well as familiar words.},
author = {Benjafield, John and Muckenheim, Ron},
doi = {10.3758/BF03203869},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {31--52},
title = {{Dates of entry and measures of imagery, concreteness, goodness, and familiarity for 1,046 words sampled from theOxford English Dictionary}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03203869},
volume = {21},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Hamberger1996,
abstract = {Compared sentence completion responses across 130 adults, aged 18-56 yrs old, for 198 highly constrained sentence contexts designed to elicit the best completion in the vast majority of Subjects. For each context, completions and their respective frequency of occurrence are provided. Subjects of all ages produced highly similar terminal words. Results indicate that greater SES and higher levels of education were mildly associated with a greater probability of producing a best completion response. Although increasing age correlated with greater probability of producing a best completion, this very weak association would not preclude use of these stimuli with a wide age range. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Hamberger, Marla J. and Friedman, David and Rosen, Jeffrey},
doi = {10.3758/BF03203644},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {102--108},
pmid = {1483974},
title = {{Completion norms collected from younger and older adults for 198 sentence contexts}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03203644},
volume = {28},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Cuetos1999,
abstract = {We present new Spanish norms for object familiarity and rated age of acquisition for 140 pictures taken from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980), together with data on visual complexity, image agreement, name agreement, word length (in syllables and phonemes), and five measures of word frequency. The pictures were presented to a group of 64 Spanish subjects, and oral naming latencies were recorded. In a multiple regression analysis, age of acquisition, object familiarity, name agreement, word frequency, and word length made significant independent contributions to predicting naming latency.},
author = {Cuetos, Fernando and Ellis, Andrew W. and Alvarez, Bernardo},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200741},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {650--658},
title = {{Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03200741},
volume = {31},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Brodeur2012,
abstract = {Throughout the last decades, numerous picture data sets have been developed, such as the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) set, and have been normalized for variables such as name and familiarity; however, due to cultural and linguistic differences, norms can vary from one country to another. The effect due specifically to culture has already been demonstrated by comparing samples from different countries where the same language is spoken. On the other hand, it is still not clear how differences between languages may affect norms. The present study explores this issue by collecting and comparing norms on names and many other features from French Canadian speakers and English Canadian speakers living in Montreal, who thus live in similar cultural environments. Norms were collected for the photos of objects from the Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS) by asking participants to name the objects, to categorize them, and to rate their familiarity, visual complexity, object agreement, viewpoint agreement, and manipulability. Names and ratings from the French speakers are available in Appendix A, available in the supplemental materials. The results show that most of the norms are comparable across linguistic groups and also that the ratings given are correlated across linguistic groups. The only significant group differences were found in viewpoint agreement and visual complexity. Overall, there was good concordance between the norms collected from French and English native speakers living in the same cultural setting.},
author = {Brodeur, Mathieu B. and Kehayia, Eva and Dion-Lessard, Genevi{\`{e}}ve and Chauret, M{\'{e}}lissa and Montreuil, Tina and Dionne-Dostie, Emmanuelle and Lepage, Martin},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0184-7},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {961--970},
title = {{The bank of standardized stimuli (BOSS): comparison between French and English norms}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/s13428-011-0184-7},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Battig1962,
abstract = {Ratings of the association values on a five-point scale by 95 Ss are reported for the 101 numbers between 0 and 100. The results reveal sizable and relatively consistent differences between numbers which are shown to be related to learning difficulty, as well as a high degree of individual variability. {\textcopyright} 1962.},
author = {Battig, William F. and Spera, Annette J.},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(62)80031-0},
issn = {00225371},
journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
number = {3},
pages = {200--202},
title = {{Rated association values of numbers from 0-100}},
volume = {1},
year = {1962}
}
@misc{Baddeley1960,
abstract = {INFORMATION regarding the sequential dependencies among letters in the English language is of interest not only in connexion with linguistics and cryptography, but also because of its value for communication theory and for the psychology of language1,2. ? 1960 Nature Publishing Group.},
author = {Baddeley, A. D. and Conrad, R. and Thomson, W. E.},
booktitle = {Nature},
doi = {10.1038/186414a0},
isbn = {0028-0836},
issn = {00280836},
number = {4722},
pages = {414--416},
title = {{Letter structure of the English language}},
volume = {186},
year = {1960}
}
@article{Bouma1971,
abstract = {Perceptual cues mediating recognition of isolated lowercase letters have been investigated in two conditions of marginal reading:from a long distance and in eccentric vision. A high incidence of confusions indicates that observers readily use available cues for arriving at letter responses. Analysis of the confusions leads to perceptual similarities and to common properties that have possibly served as perceptual cues. Dominating similarities are /h k b/, /tilfr/,/eoc/,/aszxe/,/vw/and/gq/. Properties with high cue values are: 1. (1) vertically ascending and descending parts, 2. (2) slenderness, 3. (3) outer vertical and outer oblique parts, and also outer gaps. Inner parts are weak cues at best. Bias effects occur towards letters that occur frequently in the printed language, but they are restricted to confusions. Perceptual cues prevail over bias effects. In eccentric vision, recognition is limited by more factors than just a low visual acuity. {\textcopyright} 1971.},
author = {Bouma, H.},
doi = {10.1016/0042-6989(71)90087-3},
issn = {00426989},
journal = {Vision Research},
number = {5},
pages = {459--474},
pmid = {5558929},
title = {{Visual recognition of isolated lower-case letters}},
volume = {11},
year = {1971}
}
@article{Brown1969,
abstract = {Ratings are presented for 650 stimuli from word-association lists on each of five scales: good—bad, pleasant—unpleasant, emotional—neutral, concrete—abstract, and easy to associate to—difficult to associate to. The ratings are shown to be highly reliable, and to agree well with previously collected norms of a similar character. The intercorrelations of the five scales with one another and with word frequency are reported.},
author = {Brown, W. P. and Ure, D. M.},
doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8295.1969.tb01196.x},
issn = {00071269},
journal = {British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)},
number = {2},
pages = {233--249},
title = {{Five rated characteristics of 650 word association stimuli.}},
volume = {60},
year = {1969}
}
@article{Anisfeld1968,
abstract = {A count of the relative incidence of letters in 431 pleasant (P) words and 702 unpleasant (U) words revealed that some letters tend to occur more frequently in the initial position of P words and other letters more frequently in the initial position of U words. A task requiring Ss to guess for each letter whether it occurred in a P word or in a U word showed that people are able to approximate these objective probabilities of initial-letter occurrence. These findings can explain how it is possible to identify the probable affective meaning of a word seen in a tachistoscope prior to its complete recognition. Faster recognition of P words in tachistoscopic experiments was accounted for in terms of response probability. {\textcopyright} 1969 Academic Press Inc. All rights reserved.},
author = {Anisfeld, Moshe},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(68)80160-4},
issn = {00225371},
journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
number = {1},
pages = {33--40},
title = {{Subjective approximation of relative letter incidence in pleasant and unpleasant English words}},
volume = {7},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Snodgrass1980,
abstract = {In this article we present a standardized set of 260 pictures for use in experiments investigating differences and similarities in the processing of pictures and words. The pictures are black-and-white line drawings executed according to a set of rules that provide consistency of pictorial representation. The pictures have been standardized on four variables of central relevance to memory and cognitive processing: name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. The intercorrelations among the four measures were low, suggesting that they are indices of different attributes of the pictures. The concepts were selected to provide exemplars from several widely studied semantic categories. Sources of naming variance, and mean familiarity and complexity of the exemplars, differed significantly across the set of categories investigated. The potential significance of each of the normative variables to a number of semantic and episodic memory tasks is discussed.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {NIHMS150003},
author = {Snodgrass, Joan G. and Vanderwart, Mary},
doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.174},
eprint = {NIHMS150003},
isbn = {0096-1515 (Print)$\backslash$r0096-1515 (Linking)},
issn = {00961515},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory},
keywords = {standardized set of pictures for use in experiment},
number = {2},
pages = {174--215},
pmid = {7373248},
title = {{A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity}},
volume = {6},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Soares2014a,
abstract = {In this article, we introduce ESCOLEX, the first European Portuguese children's lexical database with grade-level-adjusted word frequency statistics. Computed from a 3.2-million-word corpus, ESCOLEX provides 48,381 word forms extracted from 171 elementary and middle school textbooks for 6- to 11-year-old children attending the first six grades in the Portuguese educational system. Like other children's grade-level databases (e.g., Carroll, Davies, {\&} Richman, 1971; Corral, Ferrero, {\&} Goikoetxea, Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1009–1017, 2009; L{\'{e}}t{\'{e}}, Sprenger-Charolles, {\&} Col{\'{e}}, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers, 36, 156–166, 2004; Zeno, Ivens, Millard, Duvvuri, 1995), ESCOLEX provides four frequency indices for each grade: overall word frequency (F), index of dispersion across the selected textbooks (D), estimated frequency per million words (U), and standard frequency index (SFI). It also provides a new measure, contextual diversity (CD). In addition, the number of letters in the word and its part(s) of speech, number of syllables, syllable structure, and adult frequencies taken from P-PAL (a European Portuguese corpus-based lexical database; Soares, Comesa{\~{n}}a, Iriarte, Almeida, Sim{\~{o}}es, Costa, {\ldots}, Machado, 2010; Soares, Iriarte, Almeida, Sim{\~{o}}es, Costa, Fran{\c{c}}a, {\ldots}, Comesa{\~{n}}a, in press) are provided. ESCOLEX will be a useful tool both for researchers interested in language processing and development and for professionals in need of verbal materials adjusted to children's developmental stages. ESCOLEX can be downloaded along with this article or from http://p-pal.di.uminho.pt/about/databases.},
author = {Soares, Ana Paula and Medeiros, Jos{\'{e}} Carlos and Sim{\~{o}}es, Alberto and Machado, Jo{\~{a}}o and Costa, Ana and Iriarte, {\'{A}}lvaro and de Almeida, Jos{\'{e}} Jo{\~{a}}o and Pinheiro, Ana P. and Comesa{\~{n}}a, Montserrat},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0350-1},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Child language processing,Children lexical databases,Literacy,Reading,Word frequency},
number = {1},
pages = {240--253},
title = {{ESCOLEX: A grade-level lexical database from European Portuguese elementary to middle school textbooks}},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Soares2013,
abstract = {In this study, we present the normative values of the adaptation of the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS-2; Bradley {\&} Lang, 2007a) for European Portuguese (EP). The IADS-2 is a standardized database of 167 naturally occurring sounds that is widely used in the study of emotions. The sounds were rated by 300 college students who were native speakers of EP, in the three affective dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance, by using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). The aims of this adaptation were threefold: (1) to provide researchers with standardized and normatively rated affective sounds to be used with an EP population; (2) to investigate sex and cultural differences in the ratings of affective dimensions of auditory stimuli between EP and the American (Bradley {\&} Lang, 2007a) and Spanish (Fern{\'{a}}ndez-Abascal et al., Psicothema 20:104-113 2008; Redondo, Fraga, Padr{\'{o}}n, {\&} Pi{\~{n}}eiro, Behavior Research Methods 40:784-790 2008) standardizations; and (3) to promote research on auditory affective processing in Portugal. Our results indicated that the IADS-2 is a valid and useful database of digitized sounds for the study of emotions in a Portuguese context, allowing for comparisons of its results with those of other international studies that have used the same database for stimulus selection. The normative values of the EP adaptation of the IADS-2 database can be downloaded along with the online version of this article.},
author = {Soares, Ana Paula and Pinheiro, Ana P. and Costa, Ana and Frade, Carla Sofia and Comesa??a, Montserrat and Pureza, Rita},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0310-1},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Affective auditory stimuli,Arousal,Dominance,European Portuguese,IADS,Valence},
number = {4},
pages = {1168--1181},
pmid = {23526255},
title = {{Affective auditory stimuli: Adaptation of the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS-2) for European Portuguese}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Tauber2013,
abstract = {The Nelson and Narens (Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19:338-368, 1980) general knowledge norms have been valuable to researchers in many fields. However, much has changed over the 32 years since the 1980 norms. For example, in 1980, most people knew the answer to the question "What is the name of the Lone Ranger's Indian sidekick?" (answer: Tonto), whereas in 2012, few people know this answer. Thus, we updated the 1980 norms and expanded them by providing new measures. In particular, we report two new metacognitive measures (confidence judgments and peer judgments) and provide a detailed report of commission errors. Each of these measures will be valuable to researchers, and together they are likely to facilitate future research in a number of fields, such as research investigating memory illusions, metamemory processes, and error correction. The presence of substantial generational shifts from 1980 to 2012 necessitates the use of updated norms.},
author = {Tauber, Sarah K. and Dunlosky, John and Rawson, Katherine A. and Rhodes, Matthew G. and Sitzman, Danielle M.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0307-9},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Commission errors,General knowledge questions,Metacognition},
number = {4},
pages = {1115--1143},
pmid = {23344739},
title = {{General knowledge norms: Updated and expanded from the Nelson and Narens (1980) norms}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Libkuman1994,
abstract = {The use of rhyme in learning/memory and cognitive studies is extensive. However, there are very few normative studies for words that rhyme. The current study rectified this problem by collecting rhyme norms for 477 words from 545 subjects. Groups of subjects were given 40 words in serial order and requested, for each word, to generate as many rhymes as possible within a 30-sec interval. The data include several rhyme measures as well as measures of other word attributes that were taken from other sources. In addition, the rhyme responses to the target words were given along with their Thomdike and Lorge (1944) and Ku{\v{c}}era and Francis (1967) normative frequencies. Finally, the data were used to investigate various relationships including the spew hypothesis and the accessibility of rhyme sets.},
author = {Libkuman, Terry M.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03204638},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {3},
pages = {278--322},
title = {{Norms for words that rhyme}},
volume = {26},
year = {1994}
}
@inproceedings{Cortese2008,
abstract = {Age of acquisition (AoA) ratings made on a 1–7 scale for 3,000 monosyllabic words were obtained from 32 participants across four blocks of 750 trials (two blocks of 750 trials were completed in each of 2 days). These results, as well as those of the regression analyses and reliability and validity measures that were originally reported in Cortese and Khanna (2007), are summarized here. Here, we also report high interblock correlations across items, indicating that participants were consistent in their ratings across blocks. The norms for the 3,000 words are important for researchers interested in word processing and may be downloaded from the Psycho- nomic Society's Norms, Stimuli, and Data archive at www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Cortese, Michael J. and Khanna, Maya M.},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.3.791},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {3},
pages = {791--794},
pmid = {18697675},
title = {{Age of acquisition ratings for 3,000 monosyllabic words}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@misc{Crawford2004,
abstract = {A list of gender-related and gender-neutral words for use in testing gender stereotyping and memory was created and evaluated. Words were rated by samples of undergraduates at universities located in the northeast, southeast, and south-central United States. A substantial list of masculine, feminine, and gender-neutral words was identified. These lists allow researchers to construct large lists of gender-associated words while being able to control for extraneous variables, such as word frequency and word length. In addition, the high reliability across the samples suggests that gender ratings are a fairly stable phenomenon. Applications for this list are discussed. The word lists presented in Tables 1-3 and the raw data analyzed in this article may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
author = {Crawford, Jarret T. and Leynes, P. Andrew and Mayhorn, Christopher B. and Bink, Martin L.},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195592},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {444--458},
pmid = {15641434},
title = {{Champagne, beer, or coffee? A corpus of gender-related and neutral words}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{DeCara2002,
abstract = {This paper presents an analysis of the distribution of phonological similarity relations among monosyllabic spoken words in English. It differs from classical analyses of phonological neighborhood density (e.g., Luce {\&} Pisoni, 1998) by assuming that not all phonological neighbors are equal. Rather, it is assumed that the phonological lexicon has psycholinguistic structure. Accordingly, in addition to considering the number of phonological neighbors for any given word, it becomes important to consider the nature of these neighbors. If one type of neighbor is more dominant, neighborhood density effects may reflect levels of segmental representation other than the phoneme, particularly prior to literacy. Statistical analyses of the nature of phonological neighborhoods in terms of rime neighbors (e.g., hat/cat), consonant neighbors (e.g., hat/hit), and lead neighbors (e.g., hat/ham) were thus performed for all monosyllabic words in the Celex corpus (4,086 words). Our results show that most phonological neighbors are rime neighbors (e.g., hat/cat) in English. Similar patterns were found when a corpus of words for which age-of-acquisition ratings were available was analyzed. The resultant database can be used as a tool for controlling and selecting stimuli when the role of lexical neighborhoods in phonological development and speech processing is examined.},
author = {{De Cara}, Bruno and Goswami, Usha},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195470},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior research methods, instruments, {\&} computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc},
keywords = {Humans,Language,Phonetics,Speech,Verbal Behavior,Vocabulary},
number = {3},
pages = {416--23},
pmid = {12395558},
title = {{Similarity relations among spoken words: the special status of rimes in English.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12395558},
volume = {34},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Beier1967,
abstract = {Focuses on the statistical relationship established between high frequency, small variety and shortness in length of words. Analysis of written language; Influence of age differences with the relationship between variety and frequency of occurrence of words; Growth of available vocabulary.},
author = {Beier, Ernst G. and Starkweather, John A. and Miller, Don E.},
doi = {10.1177/002383096701000401},
issn = {0023-8309},
journal = {Language and Speech},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {217--227},
title = {{Analysis of Word Frequencies in Spoken Language of Children}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002383096701000401},
volume = {10},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Berrian1979,
abstract = {In Exp I, 328 adjectives were presented to 324 undergraduates for rating of imagery (I), ease of definition (ED), and animateness (A). The normative value of these indices was tabulated for each adjective. A correlational analysis of these measures and Ku{\v{c}}era-Francis frequency (KF) is also presented. To demonstrate the usefulness of these rating scales, Exp II requested 90 undergraduates to free recall a list of 50 adjectives after they completed an incidental learning task of rating these adjectives for I, ED, or A. Ss recalled more high I than low I adjectives and more difficult- than easy-to-define adjectives regardless of which incidental rating task they performed. Neither the degree of animateness nor the KF value of the adjectives influenced the percentage of recall.},
author = {Berrian, Raymond W. and Metzler, Douglas P. and Kroll, Neal E. and Clark-Meyers, Gail M.},
doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.5.4.435},
issn = {00961515},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory},
keywords = {adjectives rated for imagery vs ease of definition},
number = {4},
pages = {435--447},
title = {{Estimates of imagery, ease of definition, and animateness for 328 adjectives}},
volume = {5},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Keuleers2012,
abstract = {We present a new database of lexical decision times for English words and nonwords, for which two groups of British participants each responded to 14,365 monosyllabic and disyllabic words and the same number of nonwords for a total duration of 16 h (divided over multiple sessions). This database, called the British Lexicon Project (BLP), fills an important gap between the Dutch Lexicon Project (DLP; Keuleers, Diependaele, {\&} Brysbaert, Frontiers in Language Sciences. Psychology, 1, 174, 2010) and the English Lexicon Project (ELP; Balota et al., 2007), because it applies the repeated measures design of the DLP to the English language. The high correlation between the BLP and ELP data indicates that a high percentage of variance in lexical decision data sets is systematic variance, rather than noise, and that the results of megastudies are rather robust with respect to the selection and presentation of the stimuli. Because of its design, the BLP makes the same analyses possible as the DLP, offering researchers with a new interesting data set of word-processing times for mixed effects analyses and mathematical modeling. The BLP data are available at http://crr.ugent.be/blp and as Electronic Supplementary Materials.},
author = {Keuleers, Emmanuel and Lacey, Paula and Rastle, Kathleen and Brysbaert, Marc},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0118-4},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {British English,Lexical decision,Megastudy,Reaction times,Trial level analysis,Virtual experiments,Visual word recognition},
number = {1},
pages = {287--304},
pmid = {21720920},
title = {{The British Lexicon Project: Lexical decision data for 28,730 monosyllabic and disyllabic English words}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Lewis2006,
abstract = {Many studies have addressed the issue of whether age of acquisition and/ or frequency affect particular lexical tasks. Methods typically employed in such studies are based on the general linear model (e.g., ANOVA or multiple regression). These methods assume manipulated independent variables whereas the usual approach of investigating age-of-acquisition and frequency effects uses estimated norms of word properties. This failure to truly manipulate variables violate the assumptions of the analyses. A simulation is provided that demonstrates how this violation can lead to erroneous conclusions of effects when none are present. Recommendations are made for a more correlational approach to analysis using structural equation modelling techniques. It is also discussed how this use of estimates of lexical data is problematic for determining effects throughout psycholinguistic research. {\textcopyright} 2006 Psychology Press Ltd.},
author = {Lewis, Michael B.},
doi = {10.1080/13506280544000174},
issn = {13506285},
journal = {Visual Cognition},
number = {7-8},
pages = {1012--1026},
title = {{Chasing psycholinguistic effects: A cautionary tale}},
volume = {13},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Morrison1997,
abstract = {Studies of lexical processing have relied heavily on adult ratings of word learning age or age of acquisition, which have been shown to be strongly predictive of processing speed. This study reports a set of objective norms derived in a large-scale study of British children's naming of 297 pictured objects (including 232 from the Snodgrass {\&} Vanderwart, 1980, set). In addition, data were obtained on measures of rated age of acquisition, rated frequency, imageability, object familiarity, picture-name agreement, and name agreement. We discuss the relationship between the objective measure and adult ratings of word learning age. Objective measures should be used when available, but where not, our data suggest that adult ratings provide a reliable and valid measure of real word learning age.},
author = {Morrison, Catriona M. and Chappell, Tameron D. and Ellis, Andrew W.},
doi = {10.1080/027249897392017},
isbn = {0272-4987},
issn = {02724987},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {528--559},
title = {{Age of Acquisition Norms for a Large Set of Object Names and Their Relation to Adult Estimates and Other Variables}},
volume = {50},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Bonin2013,
abstract = {We report object-naming and object recognition times collected from Russian native speakers for the colorized version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6:174-215, 1980) pictures (Rossion {\&} Pourtois, Perception 33:217-236, 2004). New norms for image variability, body-object interaction [BOI], and subjective frequency collected in Russian, as well as new name agreement scores for the colorized pictures in French, are also reported. In both object-naming and object comprehension times, the name agreement, image agreement, and age-of-acquisition variables made significant independent contributions. Objective word frequency was reliable in object-naming latencies only. The variables of image variability, BOI, and subjective frequency were not significant in either object naming or object comprehension. Finally, imageability was reliable in both tasks. The new norms and object-naming and object recognition times are provided as supplemental materials.},
author = {Bonin, Patrick and Guillemard-Tsaparina, Diana and M{\'{e}}ot, Alain},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0279-9},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Body-object interaction (BOI),Image variability,Object naming,Object recognition,Russian,Subjective frequency},
number = {3},
pages = {731--745},
pmid = {23239068},
title = {{Determinants of naming latencies, object comprehension times, and new norms for the Russian standardized set of the colorized version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Bonin2013a,
abstract = {We report psycholinguistic norms for 305 French idiomatic expressions (Study 1). For each of the idiomatic expressions, the following variables are reported: knowledge, predictability, literality, compositionality, subjective and objective frequency, familiarity, age of acquisition (AoA), and length. In addition, we have collected comprehension times for each idiom (Study 2). The psycholinguistic relevance of the collected norms is explained, and different analyses (descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression analyses) performed on the norms are reported and discussed. The entire set of norms and reading times are provided as supplemental material.},
author = {Bonin, Patrick and M{\'{e}}ot, Alain and Bugaiska, Aurelia},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0331-4},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Age of acquisition,Idiomatic expressions,Literality,Subjective frequency},
number = {4},
pages = {1259--1271},
pmid = {23468183},
title = {{Norms and comprehension times for 305 French idiomatic expressions}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Archer1960,
abstract = {A re-evaluation of all possible 3-letter combinations of the Roman alphabet of the form consonant-vowel-consonant with the restriction that the 2 consonants are different and that neither is a y when y is the vowel. A list of 2480 possible trigrams is included. Reliability was determined by 2 measures, and the association values were correlated with the previously reported list of trigrams by Glaze and Krueger. It was concluded that the present list provides a better estimate of the meaningfulness of trigrams than has thus far been available. From Psyc Abstracts 36:01:1CI23A. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Archer, E James},
journal = {Psychological Monographs},
keywords = {No terms assigned},
number = {10, Whole No. 497},
pages = {23},
title = {{Re-evaluation of the meaningfulness of all possible CVC trigrams}},
volume = {74},
year = {1960}
}
@article{Balota2001,
abstract = {Subjective frequency estimates for large sample of monosyllabic English words were collected from 574 young adults (undergraduate students) and from a separate group of 1,590 adults of varying ages and educational backgrounds. Estimates from the latter group were collected via the internet. In addition, 90 healthy older adults provided estimates for a random sample of 480 of these words. All groups rated words with respect to the estimated frequency of encounters of each word on a 7-point scale, ranging from never encountered to encountered several times a day. The young and older groups also rated each word with respect to the frequency of encounters in different perceptual domains (e.g., reading, hearing, writing, or speaking). The results of regression analyses indicated that objective log frequency and meaningfulness accounted for most of the variance in subjective frequency estimates, whereas neighborhood size accounted for the least amount of variance in the ratings. The predictive power of log frequency and meaningfulness were dependent on the level of subjective frequency estimates. Meaningfulness was a better predictor of subjective frequency for uncommon words, whereas log frequency was a better predictor of subjective frequency for common words. Our discussion focuses on the utility of subjective frequency estimates compared with other estimates of familiarity. The raw subjective frequency data for all words are available at http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/dbalota/labpub.html.},
author = {Balota, David A. and Pilotti, Maura and Cortese, Michael J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200465},
isbn = {0090-502X},
issn = {0090502X},
journal = {Memory and Cognition},
number = {4},
pages = {639--647},
pmid = {11504012},
title = {{Subjective frequency estimates for 2,938 monosyllabic words}},
volume = {29},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Battig1969,
abstract = {Complete normative data are presented for responses to 56 verbal categories by students from the Universities of Maryland (W=270) and Illinois (JV= 172). All 43 categories from the Connecticut norms are included, and complete data are presented for all responses given by each S to each category label within 30 sec. Additional data include (a) number of times each response was given first and mean rank of each response, (6) correlations between the various measures and between the Maryland and Illinois samples for each category, and (c) "category potency" measures and ratings for each category.},
author = {Battig, William F. and Montague, William E.},
doi = {10.1037/h0027577},
isbn = {0022-1015},
issn = {0022-1015},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology},
keywords = {category norms for verbal items in 56 categories},
number = {3, Pt.2},
pages = {1--46},
pmid = {6457113},
title = {{Category norms of verbal items in 56 categories A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms.}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0027577},
volume = {80},
year = {1969}
}
@article{Migo2013,
abstract = {Although many visual stimulus databases exist, none has data on item similarity levels for multiple items of each kind of stimulus. We present such data for 50 sets of grayscale object photographs. Similarity measures between pictures in each set (e.g., 25 different buttons) were collected using a similarity-sorting method (Goldstone, Behavior Research Methods Instruments {\&} Computers, 26(4):381-386, 1994). A validation experiment used data from 1 picture set and compared responses from standard pairwise measures. This showed close agreement. The similarity-sorting measures were then standardized across picture sets, using pairwise ratings. Finally, the standardized similarity distances were validated in a recognition memory experiment; false alarms increased when targets and foils were more similar. These data will facilitate memory and perception research that needs to make comparisons between stimuli with a range of known target-foil similarities.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {gr-qc/0208024},
author = {Migo, Ellen M. and Montaldi, Daniela and Mayes, Andrew R.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0255-4},
eprint = {0208024},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Naturalistic pictures,Norms,Picture similarity,Ratings,Recognition memory,Similarity sorting,Target-foil similarity},
number = {2},
pages = {344--354},
pmid = {23055161},
primaryClass = {gr-qc},
title = {{A visual object stimulus database with standardized similarity information}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Bakhtiar2013,
abstract = {In this study, we report normative data by native Persian speakers for concept familiarity, age of acquisition (AoA), imageability, image agreement, name agreement, and visual complexity, as well as values for word frequency, word length, and naming latency for 200 of the colored Snodgrass and Vanderwart (Journal of Experimental Psy- chology: Human Learning and Memory 6:174-215, 1980) pictures created by Rossion and Pourtois (Perception 33:217-236, 2004). Using multiple regression analysis, we found independent effects of name agreement, image agree- ment, word frequency, and AoA on picture naming by native Persian speakers from Iran. We concluded that the psycholinguistic properties identified in studies of picture naming in many other languages also predict timed picture naming in Persian. Normativedatafor theratings and picture-naming latencies for the 200 Persian object nouns are provided as an Excel file in the Supplemental materials.},
author = {Bakhtiar, Mehdi and Nilipour, Reza and Weekes, Brendan S.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0298-6},
isbn = {1554-3528},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Age of acquisition,Aphasia,Cross-linguistic,Lexical processing,Object recognition,Persian},
number = {3},
pages = {834--841},
pmid = {17695362},
title = {{Predictors of timed picture naming in Persian}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Lima2013,
abstract = {Nonverbal vocal expressions, such as laughter, sobbing, and screams, are an important source of emotional information in social interactions. However, the investigation of how we process these vocal cues entered the research agenda only recently. Here, we introduce a new corpus of nonverbal vocalizations, which we recorded and submitted to perceptual and acoustic validation. It consists of 121 sounds expressing four positive emotions (achievement/triumph, amusement, sensual pleasure, and relief) and four negative ones (anger, disgust, fear, and sadness), produced by two female and two male speakers. For perceptual validation, a forced choice task was used (n = 20), and ratings were collected for the eight emotions, valence, arousal, and authenticity (n = 20). We provide these data, detailed for each vocalization, for use by the research community. High recognition accuracy was found for all emotions (86 {\%}, on average), and the sounds were reliably rated as communicating the intended expressions. The vocalizations were measured for acoustic cues related to temporal aspects, intensity, fundamental frequency (f0), and voice quality. These cues alone provide sufficient information to discriminate between emotion categories, as indicated by statistical classification procedures; they are also predictors of listeners' emotion ratings, as indicated by multiple regression analyses. This set of stimuli seems a valuable addition to currently available expression corpora for research on emotion processing. It is suitable for behavioral and neuroscience research and might as well be used in clinical settings for the assessment of neurological and psychiatric patients. The corpus can be downloaded from Supplementary Materials.},
author = {Lima, C{\'{e}}sar F. and Castro, S{\~{a}}o Lu{\'{i}}s and Scott, Sophie K.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0324-3},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Acoustic cues,Auditory processing,Emotion recognition,Expression corpus,Nonverbal vocalizations},
number = {4},
pages = {1234--1245},
pmid = {23444120},
title = {{When voices get emotional: A corpus of nonverbal vocalizations for research on emotion processing}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Lippman1974,
abstract = {Three experiments were conducted to study the effects of enactive imagery (EI) on associative learning. In Experiment I, groups of Ss rated 226 verbs on EI and frequency. In Experiments II and III, Ss learned a 24- and a 16-item list, respectively. The lists consisted of the four possible stimulus-response combinations of high (H) and low (L) EI verb pairs: H-H, H-L, L-H, L-L. In both experiments, EI was found to be a significant factor on the stimulus side, performance being superior when the stimulus was of high EI. In Experiment III, the response EI main effect and the Stimulus by Response EI interaction were also found to be significant. The results indicated that like the imagery evoked by nouns, the EI evoked by verbs facilitates learning.},
author = {Lippman, Marcia Z.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03209014},
issn = {0090502X},
journal = {Memory {\&} Cognition},
number = {2},
pages = {385--390},
title = {{Enactive imagery in paired-associate learning}},
volume = {2},
year = {1974}
}
@article{Little2013,
abstract = {The temporal characteristics of speech can be captured by examining the distributions of the durations of measurable speech components, namely speech segment durations and pause durations. However, several barriers prevent the easy analysis of pause durations: The first problem is that natural speech is noisy, and although recording contrived speech minimizes this problem, it also discards diagnostic information about cognitive processes inherent in the longer pauses associated with natural speech. The second issue concerns setting the distribution threshold, and consists of the problem of appropriately classifying pause segments as either short pauses reflecting articulation or long pauses reflecting cognitive processing, while minimizing the overall classification error rate. This article describes a fully automated system for determining the locations of speech-pause transitions and estimating the temporal parameters of both speech and pause distributions in natural speech. We use the properties of Gaussian mixture models at several stages of the analysis, in order to identify theoretical components of the data distributions, to classify speech components, to compute durations, and to calculate the relevant statistics.;},
author = {Little, Daniel R. and Oehmen, Raoul and Dunn, John and Hird, Kathryn and Kirsner, Kim},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0222-0},
isbn = {1554-3528},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Natural speech,Pause durations},
number = {1},
pages = {191--202},
pmid = {22718287},
title = {{Fluency Profiling System: An automated system for analyzing the temporal properties of speech}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Hassanali2014,
abstract = {The index of productive syntax (IPSyn; Scarborough (Applied Psycholinguistics 11:1-22, 1990) is a measure of syntactic development in child language that has been used in research and clinical settings to investigate the grammatical development of various groups of children. However, IPSyn is mostly calculated manually, which is an extremely laborious process. In this article, we describe the AC-IPSyn system, which automatically calculates the IPSyn score for child language transcripts using natural language processing techniques. Our results show that the AC-IPSyn system performs at levels comparable to scores computed manually. The AC-IPSyn system can be downloaded from www.hlt.utdallas.edu/{\~{}}nisa/ipsyn.html .},
author = {nisa Hassanali, Khairun and Liu, Yang and Iglesias, Aquiles and Solorio, Thamar and Dollaghan, Christine},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0354-x},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Automatic computation,Child language,Index of productive syntax,Language measures,Natural language processing},
number = {1},
pages = {254--262},
pmid = {23720148},
title = {{Automatic generation of the index of productive syntax for child language transcripts}},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Klee1976,
abstract = {Abstract 1. Presented 200 transitive verbs in Exp I to 141 British undergraduates for ratings of concreteness , ease-of-definition, observability, and acceptability of being combined with an abstract subject or object. The normative value of these indices is tabulated for each ...
},
author = {Klee, Hilary and Legge, David},
doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.2.4.497},
isbn = {0096-1515(Print)},
issn = {00961515},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory},
keywords = {correlational analysis, estimates of concreteness,normative values {\&},other indices for transitive verbs, college studen},
number = {4},
pages = {497--507},
title = {{Estimates of concreteness and other indices for 200 transitive verbs}},
volume = {2},
year = {1976}
}
@article{McNamara2013,
abstract = {The Writing Pal is an intelligent tutoring system that provides writing strategy training. A large part of its artificial intelligence resides in the natural language processing algorithms to assess essay quality and guide feedback to students. Because writing is often highly nuanced and subjective, the development of these algorithms must consider a broad array of linguistic, rhetorical, and contextual features. This study assesses the potential for computational indices to predict human ratings of essay quality. Past studies have demonstrated that linguistic indices related to lexical diversity, word frequency, and syntactic complexity are significant predictors of human judgments of essay quality but that indices of cohesion are not. The present study extends prior work by including a larger data sample and an expanded set of indices to assess new lexical, syntactic, cohesion, rhetorical, and reading ease indices. Three models were assessed. The model reported by McNamara, Crossley, and McCarthy (Written Communication 27:57-86, 2010) including three indices of lexical diversity, word frequency, and syntactic complexity accounted for only 6{\%} of the variance in the larger data set. A regression model including the full set of indices examined in prior studies of writing predicted 38{\%} of the variance in human scores of essay quality with 91{\%} adjacent accuracy (i.e., within 1 point). A regression model that also included new indices related to rhetoric and cohesion predicted 44{\%} of the variance with 94{\%} adjacent accuracy. The new indices increased accuracy but, more importantly, afford the means to provide more meaningful feedback in the context of a writing tutoring system.},
author = {McNamara, Danielle S. and Crossley, Scott A. and Roscoe, Rod},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0258-1},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Automated essay scoring,Computational linguistics,Corpus linguistics,Intelligent tutoring systems,Natural language processing,Writing pedagogy},
number = {2},
pages = {499--515},
pmid = {23055164},
title = {{Natural language processing in an intelligent writing strategy tutoring system}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Juhasz2011,
abstract = {Sensory experience rating (SER), a new variable motivated by the grounded cognition framework of conceptual processing (e.g., Barsalou, 2008 ), indexes the degree to which a word evokes sensory/perceptual experiences. In the present study, SERs were collected for over 2,850 words. While SER is correlated with imageability, age of acquisition, and word frequency, the latter variables (along with seven others) account for less than 30{\%} of the variance in SER. Reanalyses of two large-scale studies demonstrate that SER significantly predicts lexical decision times when other established predictor variables are statistically controlled. These results suggest that conceptual processing is grounded in sensory systems. Additionally, a major benefit of this variable is that it allows psycholinguistic researchers to examine semantic-perceptual links for all word classes with a single rating.},
author = {Juhasz, Barbara J. and Yap, Melvin J. and Dicke, Joanna and Taylor, Sarah C. and Gullick, Margaret M.},
doi = {10.1080/17470218.2011.605150},
isbn = {1747-0218, 1747-0218},
issn = {17470218},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},
keywords = {Grounded cognition,Lexical decision,Word recognition},
number = {9},
pages = {1683--1691},
pmid = {21892884},
title = {{Tangible words are recognized faster: The grounding of meaning in sensory and perceptual systems}},
volume = {64},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Lagace2013,
abstract = {An increasing number of studies are investigating the cognitive processes underlying human-object interactions. For instance, several researchers have manipulated the type of grip associated with objects in order to study the role of the objects' motor affordances in cognition. The objective of the present study was to develop norms for the types of grip employed when grasping and using objects, with a set of 296 photographs of objects. On the basis of these ratings, we computed measures of agreement to evaluate the extent to which participants agreed about the grip used to interact with these objects. We also collected ratings on the dissimilarity between the grips employed for grasping and for using objects, as well as the number of actions that can typically be performed with the objects. Our results showed grip agreements of 67 {\%} for grasping and of 65 {\%} for using objects. Moreover, our pattern of correlations is highly consistent with the idea that the grips for grasping and using objects represent two different motor dimensions of the objects.},
author = {Lagac{\'{e}}, S{\'{e}}bastien and Downing-Doucet, Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric and Gu{\'{e}}rard, Katherine},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0283-0},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Grip type,Norms,Objects},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {772--781},
pmid = {23239071},
title = {{Norms for grip agreement for 296 photographs of objects}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-012-0283-0},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Kanske2007,
abstract = {Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded in two experiments to examine the effects of concreteness and emotionality on visual word processing. Concrete and abstract words of negative, neutral or positive valence, as well as pseudowords were presented in a hemifield lexical decision task. Experiment 1 yielded early (P2) and late (N400, late positive component/LPC) emotional word effects. Concreteness affected the N400 and the LPC. In line with the extended dual coding model and with previous studies, the N400 effect represents greater semantic activation, whereas the LPC effect may result from mental imagery being activated by concrete words. Experiment 2 engaged participants in a go/no-go task pressing a button for pseudowords. Here, emotionality and concreteness modulated the N400 independently, but interacted in the LPC time window. Only concrete emotional words differed in the LPC response suggesting that concrete negative words such as "wound" or "bomb" differ from neutral and positive words as a function of mental imagery. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Kanske, Philipp and Kotz, Sonja A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.044},
isbn = {0006-8993},
issn = {00068993},
journal = {Brain Research},
keywords = {Concreteness,ERP,Emotion,LPC,N400,P200,Word processing},
number = {1},
pages = {138--148},
pmid = {17391654},
title = {{Concreteness in emotional words: ERP evidence from a hemifield study}},
volume = {1148},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Forrester1976,
author = {Forrester, William E. and Tambs, Clifford A.},
doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.2.2.200},
issn = {0096-1515},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning {\&} Memory},
keywords = {college students,word associations to 19 vowels},
number = {2},
pages = {200--207},
title = {{Word associations to 19 vowels.}},
url = {http://content.apa.org/journals/xlm/2/2/200},
volume = {2},
year = {1976}
}
@article{Lenci2013,
abstract = {Feature-based descriptions of concepts produced by subjects in a property generation task are widely used in cognitive science to develop empirically grounded concept representations and to study systematic trends in such representations. This article introduces BLIND, a collection of parallel semantic norms collected from a group of congenitally blind Italian subjects and comparable sighted subjects. The BLIND norms comprise descriptions of 50 nouns and 20 verbs. All the materials have been semantically annotated and translated into English, to make them easily accessible to the scientific community. The article also presents a preliminary analysis of the BLIND data that highlights both the large degree of overlap between the groups and interesting differences. The complete BLIND norms are freely available and can be downloaded from http://sesia.humnet.unipi.it/blind{\_}data .},
author = {Lenci, Alessandro and Baroni, Marco and Cazzolli, Giulia and Marotta, Giovanna},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0323-4},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Blind,Feature norms,Feature production experiment,Feature type annotation,Semantic memory},
number = {4},
pages = {1218--1233},
pmid = {23435658},
title = {{BLIND: A set of semantic feature norms from the congenitally blind}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{JENKINS1958,
abstract = {(1) The first objective is to relate the semantic differential to other associative techniques. The semantic diFerential may be viewed as a restricted association-test of potentially high sensitivity. In essence, the subject (S) is given a concept and asked whether it is more ... $\backslash$n},
author = {Jenkins, James J. and Russell, Wallace A. and Suci, George J.},
doi = {10.2307/1420326},
issn = {00029556},
journal = {The American Journal of Psychology},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {688},
pmid = {13627277},
title = {{An Atlas of Semantic Profiles for 360 Words}},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/1420326?origin=crossref},
volume = {71},
year = {1958}
}
@article{McNamara2010,
abstract = {This study addresses the need in discourse psychology for computational techniques that analyze text on multiple levels of cohesion and text difficulty. Discourse psychologists often investigate phenomena related to discourse processing using lengthy texts containing multiple paragraphs, as opposed to single word and sentence stimuli. Characterizing such texts in terms of cohesion and coherence is challenging. Some computational tools are available, but they are either fragmented over different databases or they assess single, specific features of text. Coh-Metrix is a computational linguistic tool that measures text cohesion and text difficulty on a range of word, sentence, paragraph, and discourse dimensions. This study investigated the validity of Coh-Metrix as a measure of cohesion in text using stimuli from published discourse psychology studies as a benchmark. Results showed that Coh-Metrix indexes of cohesion (individually and combined) significantly distinguished the high- versus low-cohesion versions of these texts. The results also showed that commonly used readability indexes (e.g., Flesch-Kincaid) inappropriately distinguished between low- and high-cohesion texts. These results provide a validation of Coh-Metrix, thereby paving the way for its use by researchers in cognitive science, discourse processes, and education, as well as for textbook writers, professionals in instructional design, and instructors. 2010 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {McNamara, Danielle S. and Louwerse, Max M. and McCarthy, Philip M. and Graesser, Arthur C.},
doi = {10.1080/01638530902959943},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {0163-853X},
issn = {0163853X},
journal = {Discourse Processes},
number = {4},
pages = {292--330},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{Coh-Metrix: Capturing Linguistic Features of Cohesion}},
volume = {47},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Jasmin2012,
abstract = {The QWERTY keyboard mediates communication for millions of language users. Here, we investigated whether differences in the way words are typed correspond to differences in their meanings. Some words are spelled with more letters on the right side of the keyboard and others with more letters on the left. In three experiments, we tested whether asymmetries in the way people interact with keys on the right and left of the keyboard influence their evaluations of the emotional valence of the words. We found the predicted relationship between emotional valence and QWERTY key position across three languages (English, Spanish, and Dutch). Words with more right-side letters were rated as more positive in valence, on average, than words with more left-side letters: the QWERTY effect. This effect was strongest in new words coined after QWERTY was invented and was also found in pseudowords. Although these data are correlational, the discovery of a similar pattern across languages, which was strongest in neologisms, suggests that the QWERTY keyboard is shaping the meanings of words as people filter language through their fingers. Widespread typing introduces a new mechanism by which semantic changes in language can arise.},
author = {Jasmin, Kyle and Casasanto, Daniel},
doi = {10.3758/s13423-012-0229-7},
isbn = {1069-9384},
issn = {10699384},
journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin and Review},
keywords = {Meaning,Motor action,Orthography,QWERTY,Typing,Valence},
number = {3},
pages = {499--504},
pmid = {22391999},
title = {{The QWERTY Effect: How typing shapes the meanings of words}},
volume = {19},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Miller1991,
abstract = {Principles of lexical semantics developed in the course of building an on-line lexical database are discussed. The approach is relational rather than componential. The fundamental semantic relation is synonymy, which is required in order to define the lexicalized concepts that words can be used to express. Other semantic relations between these concepts are then described. No single set of semantic relations or organizational structure is adequate for the entire lexicon: nouns, adjectives, and verbs each have their own semantic relations and their own organization determined by the role they must play in the construction of linguistic messages. {\textcopyright} 1991.},
author = {Miller, George A. and Fellbaum, Christiane},
doi = {10.1016/0010-0277(91)90036-4},
isbn = {0010-0277},
issn = {00100277},
journal = {Cognition},
number = {1-3},
pages = {197--229},
pmid = {1790654},
title = {{Semantic networks of english}},
volume = {41},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Kikuchi1979,
abstract = {A confusion matrix of the whole block capital letters of the alphabet was obtained to examine the nature of tactile letter recognition. A 17 x 17 matrix of tactile stimulators was placed against the backs of 4 blind Ss. A hierarchical cluster analysis {\&} a nonmetric multidimensional scaling technique were applied to the matrix. Results of the two analyses were consistent with each other, {\&} indicated that at least three independent basic letter features - enclosing shapes, vertical parallel lines, {\&} angle of lines - play important parts in tactile letter recognition. Most confusion may be attributable to displacement of the apparent loci, omission or fusion of loci of stimulation, {\&} failure to detect gaps in the tactile letters. 1 Table, 6 Figures. HA},
author = {Kikuchi, Tadashi and Yamashita, Yukio and Sagawa, Ken and Wake, Tenji},
doi = {10.3758/BF03199883},
issn = {00315117},
journal = {Perception {\&} Psychophysics},
number = {4},
pages = {295--301},
title = {{An analysis of tactile letter confusions}},
volume = {26},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Vo2006,
abstract = {We introduce the Berlin Affective Word List (BAWL) in order to provide researchers with a German database containing both emotional valence and imageability ratings for more than 2,200 German words. The BAWL was cross-validated using a forced choice valence decision task in which two distinct valence categories (negative or positive) had to be assigned to a highly controlled selection of 360 words according to varying emotional content (negative, neutral, or positive). The reaction time (RT) results corroborated the valence categories: Words that had been rated as "neutral" in the norms yielded maximum RTs. The BAWL is intended to help researchers create stimulus materials for a wide range of experiments dealing with the emotional processing of words.},
author = {V{\~{o}}, Melissa L.H. and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Conrad, Markus},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193892},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {606--609},
pmid = {17393831},
title = {{Cross-validating the Berlin Affective Word List}},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Vo2009,
abstract = {The study presented here provides researchers with a revised list of affective German words, the Berlin Affective Word List Reloaded (BAWL-R). This work is an extension of the previously published BAWL (V{\~{o}}, Jacobs, {\&} Conrad, 2006), which has enabled researchers to investigate affective word processing with highly controlled stimulus material. The lack of arousal ratings, however, necessitated a revised version of the BAWL. We therefore present the BAWL-R, which is the first list that not only contains a large set of psycholinguistic indexes known to influence word processing, but also features ratings regarding emotional arousal, in addition to emotional valence and imageability. The BAWL-R is intended to help researchers create stimulus material for a wide range of experiments dealing with the affective processing of German verbal material.},
author = {V{\~{o}}, Melissa L. H. and Conrad, Markus and Kuchinke, Lars and Urton, Karolina and Hofmann, Markus J. and Jacobs, Arthur M.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.2.534},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {may},
number = {2},
pages = {534--538},
pmid = {19363195},
title = {{The Berlin Affective Word List Reloaded (BAWL-R)}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BRM.41.2.534},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Xiao2012,
abstract = {The iconicity of a Chinese character, or the degree to which it looks like the concept that it represents, has been suggested as affecting the learning and processing of the character. However, previous studies have not provided good empirical information on the iconicity of specific characters. To fill this gap, 40 U.S. adults with no knowledge of Chinese were given an English word or short phrase together with two Chinese characters and were asked which character matched the meaning of the English word. The right and wrong answers had the same number of strokes, and different wrong answers were used for different participants. We examined all 213 simple-structure Chinese characters that occur in textbooks for elementary school children. The overall percentage of correct responses was 53.6{\%}, slightly but significantly higher than would be expected by chance. Using a false discovery rate procedure, we found that 15 of the 213 characters were guessed at a level higher than chance. The proportion of correct responses to each character, which can be taken as an indicator of its degree of iconicity, should be useful to researchers studying Chinese character reading and writing. The full database, showing the proportion of correct guesses and other psycholinguistic variables for each character, can be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental .},
author = {Xiao, Wen and Treiman, Rebecca},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0191-3},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Chinese characters,Iconicity,Picturability,Reading},
number = {4},
pages = {954--960},
pmid = {22399244},
title = {{Iconicity of simple Chinese characters}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Vincent2006,
abstract = {Anagram tasks are frequently used in cognitive research, and the generation of new scrambled letter combinations is a task well suited to a software solution. Most available programs, however, do not allow experimenters to generate new anagrams flexibly or to characterize existing anagrams using psycholinguistic criteria. They also do not provide detailed information on their source dictionaries. We present anagram software that interfaces with CELEX2, an internationallyrecognized psycholinguistic database. This software allows users to capitalize on lexical variables and thus enables direct control of psycholinguistic features that may influence the cognitive processes involved in anagram solution.},
author = {Vincent, Robert D. and Goldberg, Yael K. and Tttone, Debra A.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192769},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {196--201},
pmid = {16956094},
title = {{Anagram software for cognitive research that enables specification of psycholinguistic variables}},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Vinson2008a,
abstract = {Semantic features have provided insight into numerous behavioral phenomena concerning concepts, categorization, and semantic memory in adults, children, and neuropsychological populations. Numerous theories and models in these areas are based on representations and computations involving semantic features. Consequently, empirically derived semantic feature production norms have played, and continue to play, a highly useful role in these domains. This article describes a set of feature norms collected from approximately 725 participants for 541 living (dog) and nonliving (chair) basic-level concepts, the largest such set of norms developed to date. This article describes the norms and numerous statistics associated with them. Our aim is to make these norms available to facilitate other research, while obviating the need to repeat the labor-intensive methods involved in collecting and analyzing such norms. The full set of norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Vinson, David P. and Vigliocco, Gabriella},