text:
@article{kennedy:2001:bayesian,
  title={Bayesian calibration of computer models},
  author={Kennedy, Marc C and O'Hagan, Anthony},
  journal={Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical Methodology},
  pages={425--464},
  year={2001},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@Article{andrianakis:bayesian:2015,
	title = {Bayesian {History} {Matching} of {Complex} {Infectious} {Disease} {Models} {Using} {Emulation}: {A} {Tutorial} and a {Case} {Study} on {HIV} in {Uganda}},
	volume = {11},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003968},
	number = {1},
	journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
	author = {Andrianakis, Ioannis and Vernon, Ian R. and McCreesh, Nicky and McKinley, Trevelyan J. and Oakley, Jeremy E. and Nsubuga, Rebecca N. and Goldstein, Michael and White, Richard G.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e1003968}}

@article{vernon:2010:galaxy,
  title={Galaxy formation: a Bayesian uncertainty analysis},
  author={Vernon, Ian and Goldstein, Michael and Bower, Richard G and others},
  journal={Bayesian Analysis},
  volume={5},
  number={4},
  pages={619--669},
  year={2010},
  publisher={International Society for Bayesian Analysis}
}

@article{barnes:global:2010,
	title = {Global patterns in predator-prey size relationships reveal size dependency of trophic transfer efficiency},
	volume = {91},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/08-2061.1},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-05-30},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Barnes, Carolyn and Maxwell, David and Reuman, Daniel C. and Jennings, Simon},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {222--232},
	file = {Barnes et al 2010 Ecology PPMR Analysis.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/WP44QF33/Barnes et al 2010 Ecology PPMR Analysis.pdf:application/pdf;[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/P67USJN7/Barnes et al. - 2010 - Global patterns in predator-prey size relationship.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/JP3UWF33/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{gibert:temperature:2014,
	title = {Temperature alters food web body-size structure},
	volume = {10},
	url = {http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/8/20140473.short},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2015-09-14},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Gibert, Jean P. and DeLong, John P.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {20140473},
	file = {[HTML] from royalsocietypublishing.org:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/DKPNXMUZ/20140473.html:text/html}
}

@article{kondoh:scale:2011,
	title = {Scale dependence of predator–prey mass ratio: determinants and applications},
	volume = {45},
	shorttitle = {Scale dependence of predator–prey mass ratio},
	url = {https://books.google.co.nz/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7FyxjRyDevkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA269&ots=s:NA06VvXK&sig=7uLrsxDoj9IiLG6gnc1HGRuJCgQ},
	urldate = {2015-09-14},
	journal = {The Role of Body Size in Multispecies Systems},
	author = {KONDOH, MICHIO},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {269},
	file = {[PDF] from ryukoku.ac.jp:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/8QCN6NH6/KONDOH - 2011 - Scale dependence of predator–prey mass ratio dete.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/33WZQ5IS/books.html:text/html}
}

@article{pinnegar:does:2003,
	title = {Does diet in {Celtic} {Sea} fishes reflect prey availability?},
	volume = {63},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.00204.x/full},
	number = {s1},
	urldate = {2015-09-14},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Pinnegar, J. K. and Trenkel, V. M. and Tidd, A. N. and Dawson, W. A. and {others}},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {197--212},
	file = {[PDF] from ifremer.fr:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/7JV6PBCA/Pinnegar et al. - 2003 - Does diet in Celtic Sea fishes reflect prey availa.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/R98RIKBV/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{scharf:predator:2000,
	title = {Predator size-prey size relationships of marine fish predators: interspecific variation and effects of ontogeny and body size on trophic-niche breadth},
	volume = {208},
	shorttitle = {Predator size-prey size relationships of marine fish predators},
	url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v208/p229-248/},
	doi = {10.3354/meps208229},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT: We utilized a long-term data base collected over a broad geographic range to examine predator size-prey size relationships for 18 species of marine fish predators from continental shelf waters off the northeast US coast. Regression analysis was used to illustrate interspecific variation in ontogenetic patterns of prey size use, gape allometries, and ratio-based trophic niche breadths. Size-based feeding strategies were assessed through comparison of frequency distributions of relative prey sizes eaten and were related to general predator feeding tactics and gape morphology. The results demonstrated that the range of prey sizes eaten expanded with increasing predator body size for each of the marine predators examined, leading to asymmetric predator size-prey size distributions. Absolute maximum prey size and slopes of maximum prey size versus predator size varied widely among predator taxa. Distinct size-based feeding strategies were evident, as diets of some predators were dominated by prey that were 10 to 20\% of predator size, whereas other predators frequently consumed prey {\textgreater}50\% of predator size. Gape sizes and allometric relationships with body size were also diverse among predators and often were closely associated with maximum prey sizes. Ratio-based trophic-niche breadths generally did not expand with predator ontogeny and tended to narrow for the largest predators, which may be common for animal taxa.},
	urldate = {2015-09-14},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	author = {Scharf, Frederick S. and Juanes, Francis and Rountree, Rodney A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {229--248},
	file = {Marine Ecology Progress Series Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/HUFV5X26/Scharf et al. - 2000 - Predator size-prey size relationships of marine fi.pdf:application/pdf;Marine Ecology Progress Series Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/Q7GK5KRU/p229-248.html:text/html}
}

@article{sogard:size-selective:1997,
	title = {Size-{Selective} {Mortality} in the {Juvenile} {Stage} of {Teleost} {Fishes}: {A} {Review}},
	volume = {60},
	shorttitle = {Size-{Selective} {Mortality} in the {Juvenile} {Stage} of {Teleost} {Fishes}},
	abstract = {Individual variability in body size provides a template for selective mortality processes during early life history stages of teleost fishes. This size variability has generated the logically intuitive hypothesis that larger or faster growing members of a cohort gain a survival advantage over smaller conspecifics via enhanced resistance to starvation, decreased vulnerability to predators, and better tolerance of environmental extremes. This review evaluates field and laboratory studies that have examined size-based differences in survival, with emphasis on the juvenile stage of teleost fishes. The results in general support the "bigger is better" hypothesis, although a number of examples indicate non-selective mortality with no obvious size advantages. The reverse pattern, with enhanced survival of smaller individuals, is rare with the notable exception of bird predation. Major size-selective processes during the juvenile stage include overwinter mortality for temperate species, associated with either starvation or intolerance of physical extremes by smaller members of the young-of-the-year cohort, and predation, with smaller fish more susceptible to successful capture by predators. Most studies examining these processes have used indirect methods to evaluate size-selective mortality, with interpretation of results dependent on several critical assumptions. For methods that track size distributions over time, unbiased samples collected from the same population are critical, and changes in size distributions associated with mortality must be distinguished from changes due to individual growth. The latter requirement can be met with the direct, "characteristics of survivors" method, but few studies have used this approach. Experimental methods isolating specific mechanisms of size-specific mortality must appropriately represent the natural context of environmental factors. Specific predator/prey combinations, for example, can elucidate size-based prey preferences but may be irrelevant compared to the natural, multi-species predator field. The composition of the predator field and its correspondence to size-spectrum theory is crucial to the probability of size-selective predation as a cohort progresses through the juvenile stage. Distinction of selection on body size vs. selection on growth rate has received little attention. However, a number of physiological constraints and ecological trade-offs can place restrictions on growth rates and apparently override the advantages of large body size. Identifying the major sources of mortality and how they operate in the juvenile stage has valuable applications in understanding population dynamics and recruitment variability.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	author = {Sogard, Susan M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1129--1157}
}

@article{brown:toward:2004,
	title = {Toward a metabolic theory of ecology},
	volume = {85},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/03-9000},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Brown, James H. and Gillooly, James F. and Allen, Andrew P. and Savage, Van M. and West, Geoffrey B.},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1771--1789},
	file = {[PDF] from cornell.edu:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/9PQ35G37/Brown et al. - 2004 - Toward a metabolic theory of ecology.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/BAR925H4/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{merino:can:2012,
	title = {Can marine fisheries and aquaculture meet fish demand from a growing human population in a changing climate?},
	volume = {22},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378012000271},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Merino, Gorka and Barange, Manuel and Blanchard, Julia L. and Harle, James and Holmes, Robert and Allen, Icarus and Allison, Edward H. and Badjeck, Marie Caroline and Dulvy, Nicholas K. and Holt, Jason},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {795--806},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/WMZ5XFPS/Merino et al. - 2012 - Can marine fisheries and aquaculture meet fish dem.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/BZ6PQ9UV/S0959378012000271.html:text/html}
}

@article{maury:individuals:2013,
	title = {From individuals to populations to communities: a dynamic energy budget model of marine ecosystem size-spectrum including life history diversity},
	volume = {324},
	shorttitle = {From individuals to populations to communities},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002251931300043X},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	journal = {Journal of theoretical biology},
	author = {Maury, Olivier and Poggiale, Jean-Christophe},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {52--71},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/JJ5D6RXZ/Maury and Poggiale - 2013 - From individuals to populations to communities a .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/2FD9G6E9/S002251931300043X.html:text/html}
}

@article{blanchard:evaluating:2014,
	title = {Evaluating targets and trade-offs among fisheries and conservation objectives using a multispecies size spectrum model},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	author = {Blanchard, J. L. and Andersen, Ken Haste and Scott, F. and Hinzen, N. T. and Piet, G. and Jennings, S.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {community ecology, ecosystem-based management, fisheries ecology, maximum sustainable yield, trophic interactions},
	file = {Blanchard et al. - 2014 - Evaluating targets and trade-offs among fisheries .docx:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/WRVR2XGR/Blanchard et al. - 2014 - Evaluating targets and trade-offs among fisheries .docx:application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document;Blanchard et al (2014) Evaluating targets and trade-offs among fisheries ....pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/6QVMNKQ4/Blanchard et al (2014) Evaluating targets and trade-offs among fisheries ....pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/RRVWN7VQ/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@phdthesis{zhang:mathematical:2012,
	title = {Mathematical {Models} of {Ecology} and {Evolution}},
	url = {http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/7767415/PHD:Thesis:Lai:resubmission:.pdf},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	school = {Technical University of Denmark},
	author = {Zhang, Lai},
	year = {2012},
	file = {[PDF] from dtu.dk:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/PUPHC8HU/Zhang - 2012 - Mathematical Models of Ecology and Evolution.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{andersen:size:2013,
	title = {Size structure, not metabolic scaling rules, determines fisheries reference points},
	urldate = {2014-01-16},
	journal = {Fish and Fisheries},
	author = {Andersen, Ken H. and Beyer, Jan E.},
	year = {2013},
	file = {Andersen and Beyer - 2013 - Size structure, not metabolic scaling rules, deter.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/WJTUAEQI/Andersen and Beyer - 2013 - Size structure, not metabolic scaling rules, deter.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/VQSH8MN7/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{sissenwine:alternative:1987,
	title = {An alternative perspective on recruitment overfishing and biological reference points},
	volume = {44},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f87-110},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Sissenwine, M. P. and Shepherd, J. G.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {913--918},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/QZM4WPVE/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{ottersen:changes:2006,
	title = {Changes in spawning stock structure strengthen the link between climate and recruitment in a heavily fished cod ({Gadus} morhua) stock},
	volume = {15},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006.00404.x/full},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-02-24},
	journal = {Fisheries Oceanography},
	author = {Ottersen, Geir and Hjermann, Dag Ø and Stenseth, Nils Chr},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {230--243},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/2HA7HIFW/Ottersen et al. - 2006 - Changes in spawning stock structure strengthen the.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/FAHTUECN/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{le:quesne:predicting:2012,
	title = {Predicting species vulnerability with minimal data to support rapid risk assessment of fishing impacts on biodiversity},
	volume = {49},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02087.x/full},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	author = {Le Quesne, Will JF and Jennings, Simon},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Conservation, fisheries, Population dynamics, threatened species, trade-offs},
	pages = {20--28},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/SBN224ZP/Le Quesne and Jennings - 2012 - Predicting species vulnerability with minimal data.pdf:application/pdf;j.1365-2664.2011.02087.x.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/47UEXSNZ/j.1365-2664.2011.02087.x.pdf:application/pdf;Predicting species vulnerability with minimal data to support rapid risk assessment of fishing impacts on biodiversity | ReadCube Articles:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/FH4N227Z/j.1365-2664.2011.02087.html:text/html;Predicting species vulnerability with minimal data to support rapid risk assessment of fishing impacts on biodiversity | ReadCube Articles:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/HZ8Z634S/j.1365-2664.2011.02087.html:text/html;Predicting species vulnerability with minimal data to support rapid risk assessment of fishing impacts on biodiversity | ReadCube Articles:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/BHW4NGH2/j.1365-2664.2011.02087.html:text/html;Quesne:et:al-2012-Journal:of:Applied:Ecology.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/FS9QXXAK/Quesne:et:al-2012-Journal:of:Applied:Ecology.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/4ZC5W4US/full.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/BJMKR3WP/abstract.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/8FSD89ND/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{jacobsen:consequences:2014,
	title = {The consequences of balanced harvesting of fish communities},
	volume = {281},
	issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1775/20132701},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.2701},
	abstract = {Balanced harvesting, where species or individuals are exploited in accordance with their productivity, has been proposed as a way to minimize the effects of fishing on marine fish communities and ecosystems. This calls for a thorough examination of the consequences balanced harvesting has on fish community structure and yield. We use a size- and trait-based model that resolves individual interactions through competition and predation to compare balanced harvesting with traditional selective harvesting, which protects juvenile fish from fishing. Four different exploitation patterns, generated by combining selective or unselective harvesting with balanced or unbalanced fishing, are compared. We find that unselective balanced fishing, where individuals are exploited in proportion to their productivity, produces a slightly larger total maximum sustainable yield than the other exploitation patterns and, for a given yield, the least change in the relative biomass composition of the fish community. Because fishing reduces competition, predation and cannibalism within the community, the total maximum sustainable yield is achieved at high exploitation rates. The yield from unselective balanced fishing is dominated by small individuals, whereas selective fishing produces a much higher proportion of large individuals in the yield. Although unselective balanced fishing is predicted to produce the highest total maximum sustainable yield and the lowest impact on trophic structure, it is effectively a fishery predominantly targeting small forage fish.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1775},
	urldate = {2014-02-02},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Jacobsen, Nis S. and Gislason, Henrik and Andersen, Ken H.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24307676},
	keywords = {balanced harvesting, ecosystem-based fisheries management, maximum sustainable yield, selective fisheries, size spectrum},
	pages = {20132701},
	file = {Jacobsen et al. - 2014 - The consequences of balanced harvesting of fish co.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/THASVXE5/Jacobsen et al. - 2014 - The consequences of balanced harvesting of fish co.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/6AP82CU4/20132701.html:text/html}
}

@article{venturelli:evidence:2009,
	title = {Evidence for harvest-induced maternal influences on the reproductive rates of fish populations},
	volume = {276},
	issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1658/919},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2008.1507},
	abstract = {Knowledge of the relationship between the number of offspring produced (recruitment) and adult abundance is fundamental to forecasting the dynamics of an exploited population. Although small-scale experiments have documented the importance of maternal quality to offspring survival in plants and animals, the effects of this association on the recruitment dynamics of exploited populations are largely unknown. Here, we present results from both a simple population model and a meta-analysis of time-series data from 25 species of exploited marine fishes that suggest that a population of older, larger individuals has a higher maximum reproductive rate than an equivalent population of younger, smaller individuals, and that this difference increases with the reproductive lifespan of the population. These findings (i) establish an empirical link between population age structure and reproductive rate that is consistent with strong effects of maternal quality on population dynamics and (ii) provide further evidence that extended age structure is essential to the sustainability of many exploited fish stocks.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1658},
	urldate = {2014-02-24},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Venturelli, Paul A. and Shuter, Brian J. and Murphy, Cheryl A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19033140},
	keywords = {fisheries-induced demographic shift, maternal effects, Population dynamics, relative fecundity, reproductive rate, stock recruitment},
	pages = {919--924},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/VFUR4SAI/Venturelli et al. - 2009 - Evidence for harvest-induced maternal influences o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/VXGURRNA/919.html:text/html}
}

@article{venturelli:maternal:2010,
	title = {Maternal influences on population dynamics: evidence from an exploited freshwater fish},
	volume = {91},
	shorttitle = {Maternal influences on population dynamics},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/09-1218.1},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-02-24},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Venturelli, Paul A. and Murphy, Cheryl A. and Shuter, Brian J. and Johnston, Thomas A. and van Coeverden de Groot, Peter J. and Boag, Peter T. and Casselman, John M. and Montgomerie, Robert and Wiegand, Murray D. and Leggett, William C.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2003--2012},
	file = {[PDF] from utoronto.ca:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/K3MT2Q8Z/Venturelli et al. - 2010 - Maternal influences on population dynamics eviden.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/AM8QS4GG/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{andersen:trophic:2009,
	title = {Trophic and individual efficiencies of size-structured communities},
	volume = {276},
	url = {http://izt.ciens.ucv.ve/ecologia/Archivos/ECO:POB%202009/ECOPO7:2009/Andersen%20et%20al%202009.pdf},
	urldate = {2014-06-16},
	journal = {Proc. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Andersen, K. H. and Beyer, J. E. and Lundberg, P.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {109--114},
	file = {60b7d522f06d175d00.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/55Q96J3I/60b7d522f06d175d00.pdf:application/pdf;[PDF] from ucv.ve:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/R3EXPFHT/Andersen et al. - 2009 - Trophic and individual efficiencies of size-struct.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{jennings:abundancebody:2003,
	title = {Abundance–body mass relationships in size-structured food webs},
	volume = {6},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00529.x/full},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Jennings, Simon and Mackinson, Steve},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {971--974},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/HGZPSJBB/Jennings and Mackinson - 2003 - Abundance–body mass relationships in size-structur.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/BK496K83/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{blanchard:how:2009,
	title = {How does abundance scale with body size in coupled size-structured food webs?},
	volume = {78},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01466.x/full},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Blanchard, Julia L. and Jennings, Simon and Law, Richard and Castle, Matthew D. and McCloghrie, Paul and Rochet, Marie-Joëlle and Benoît, Eric},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {270--280},
	file = {[HTML] from wiley.com:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/48PGVU4X/full.html:text/html;[PDF] from ucv.ve:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/KKQA4C4H/Blanchard et al. - 2008 - How does abundance scale with body size in coupled.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{froese:fish:2000,
	title = {Fish {Base} 2000: concepts, design and data sources.},
	shorttitle = {Fish {Base} 2000},
	url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2012/OV/OV201205980005980.xml;PH20020005853},
	urldate = {2014-02-20},
	journal = {ICLARM Contribution (Philippines).},
	author = {Froese, R. and Pauly, D.},
	year = {2000},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/U9RF9RMZ/search.html:text/html}
}

@article{hartvig:coexistence:2013,
	title = {Coexistence of structured populations with size-based prey selection},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {0040-5809},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040580913000658},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2013.07.003},
	abstract = {Species with a large adult–offspring size ratio and a preferred predator–prey mass ratio undergo ontogenetic trophic niche shift(s) throughout life. Trophic interactions between such species vary throughout life, resulting in different species-level interaction motifs depending on the maximum adult sizes and population size distributions. We explore the assembly and potential for coexistence of small communities where all species experience ontogenetic trophic niche shifts. The life-history of each species is described by a physiologically structured model and species identity is characterised by the trait: size at maturation. We show that a single species can exist in two different states: a ‘resource driven state’ and a ‘cannibalistic state’ with a large scope for emergent Allee effects and bistable states. Two species can coexist in two different configurations: in a ‘competitive coexistence’ state when the ratio between sizes at maturation of the two species is less than a predator–prey mass ratio and the resource level is low to intermediate, or in a ‘trophic ladder’ state if the ratio of sizes at maturation is larger than the predator–prey mass ratio at all resource levels. While there is a large scope for coexistence of two species, the scope for coexistence of three species is limited and we conclude that further trait differentiation is required for coexistence of more species-rich size-structured communities.},
	urldate = {2014-02-02},
	journal = {Theoretical Population Biology},
	author = {Hartvig, Martin and Andersen, Ken Haste},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Cannibalism, Community assembly, Intraguild predation, Life-history omnivory, Species interactions, Trait-based model},
	pages = {24--33}
}

@article{rougier:2008:efficient,
  title={Efficient emulators for multivariate deterministic functions},
  author={Rougier, Jonathan},
  journal={Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics},
  volume={17},
  number={4},
  pages={827--843},
  year={2008},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{andersen:asymptotic:2006,
	title = {Asymptotic size determines species abundance in the marine size spectrum},
	volume = {168},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Andersen, Ken Haste and Beyer, J. E.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {54--61},
	file = {Andersen and Beyer (2006) Asymptotic size determines abundance in the marine size spectrum.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/N77W3D27/Andersen and Beyer (2006) Asymptotic size determines abundance in the marine size spectrum.pdf:application/pdf;[HTML] from jstor.org:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/9DXC59RN/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{plaganyi:multispecies:2014,
	title = {Multispecies fisheries management and conservation: tactical applications using models of intermediate complexity},
	volume = {15},
	shorttitle = {Multispecies fisheries management and conservation},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2012.00488.x/full},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-06-18},
	journal = {Fish and Fisheries},
	author = {Plagányi, Éva E. and Punt, André E. and Hillary, Richard and Morello, Elisabetta B. and Thébaud, Olivier and Hutton, Trevor and Pillans, Richard D. and Thorson, James T. and Fulton, Elizabeth A. and Smith, Anthony DM and undefined, others},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1--22},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/6JA9TU8T/Plagányi et al. - 2014 - Multispecies fisheries management and conservation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/SCRHBW5J/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{woodward:body:2005,
	title = {Body size in ecological networks},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534705000893},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolution},
	author = {Woodward, Guy and Ebenman, Bo and Emmerson, Mark and Montoya, Jose M. and Olesen, Jens M. and Valido, Alfredo and Warren, Philip H.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {402--409},
	file = {[PDF] from csic.es:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/BQFF3U5F/Woodward et al. - 2005 - Body size in ecological networks.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/QI43DIEG/S0169534705000893.html:text/html}
}

@article{zhang:size-based:????,
	title = {Size-based predictions of food web patterns},
	issn = {1874-1738, 1874-1746},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12080-013-0193-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s12080-013-0193-5},
	abstract = {We employ size-based theoretical arguments to derive simple analytic predictions of ecological patterns and properties of natural communities: size-spectrum exponent, maximum trophic level, and susceptibility to invasive species. The predictions are brought about by assuming that an infinite number of species are continuously distributed on a size–trait axis. It is, however, an open question whether such predictions are valid for a food web with a finite number of species embedded in a network structure. We address this question by comparing the size-based predictions to results from dynamic food web simulations with varying species richness. To this end, we develop a new size- and trait-based food web model that can be simplified into an analytically solvable size-based model. We confirm existing solutions for the size distribution and derive novel predictions for maximum trophic level and invasion resistance. Our results show that the predicted size-spectrum exponent is borne out in the simulated food webs even with few species, albeit with a systematic bias. The predicted maximum trophic level turns out to be an upper limit since simulated food webs may have a lower number of trophic levels, especially for low species richness, due to structural constraints. The size-based model possesses an evolutionary stable state and is therefore un-invadable. In contrast, the food web simulations show that all communities, irrespective of number of species, are equally open to invasions. We use these results to discuss the validity of size-based predictions in the light of the structural constraints imposed by food webs.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-02-02},
	journal = {Theoretical Ecology},
	author = {Zhang, Lai and Hartvig, Martin and Knudsen, Kim and Andersen, Ken H.},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Food web assembly, Individual size distribution, Maximum trophic level, Plant Sciences, size spectrum, Theoretical Ecology/Statistics, Traits, Zoology},
	pages = {1--11},
	file = {Zhang:TheorEcol:2013.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/5SI8J3ND/Zhang:TheorEcol:2013.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{:letter:2013,
	title = {{LETTER} {Rescaling} the trophic structure of marine food webs},
	url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259187751:Rescaling:the:trophic:structure:of:marine:food:webs/file/60b7d52a4547e08a4c.pdf},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	year = {2013},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/KXTS2H47/2013 - LETTER Rescaling the trophic structure of marine f.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hobday:climate:2013,
	title = {Climate impacts and oceanic top predators: moving from impacts to adaptation in oceanic systems},
	volume = {23},
	shorttitle = {Climate impacts and oceanic top predators},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-013-9311-0},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	journal = {Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries},
	author = {Hobday, Alistair J. and Young, Jock W. and Abe, Osamu and Costa, Daniel P. and Cowen, Robert K. and Evans, Karen and Gasalla, Maria A. and Kloser, Rudy and Maury, Olivier and Weng, Kevin C.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {537--546},
	file = {[PDF] from hawaii.edu:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/VMV4389N/Hobday et al. - 2013 - Climate impacts and oceanic top predators moving .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/KW8Q4UFQ/s11160-013-9311-0.html:text/html}
}

@article{trebilco:ecosystem:2013,
	title = {Ecosystem ecology: size-based constraints on the pyramids of life},
	shorttitle = {Ecosystem ecology},
	urldate = {2014-02-02},
	journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolution},
	author = {Trebilco, Rowan and Baum, Julia K. and Salomon, Anne K. and Dulvy, Nicholas K.},
	year = {2013},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/TWGMHGD3/Trebilco et al. - 2013 - Ecosystem ecology size-based constraints on the p.pdf:application/pdf;[PDF] from sfu.ca:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/CI5UBXS4/Trebilco et al. - 2013 - Ecosystem ecology size-based constraints on the p.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{plank:effects:2011,
	title = {Effects of predator diet breadth on stability of size spectra},
	volume = {53},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract:S1446181112000041},
	number = {01},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	journal = {The ANZIAM Journal},
	author = {Plank, M. J.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {38--47},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/TDTUUF3S/displayAbstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{jennings:fish:2004,
	title = {Fish abundance with no fishing: predictions based on macroecological theory},
	volume = {73},
	shorttitle = {Fish abundance with no fishing},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00839.x/full},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Jennings, Simon and Blanchard, Julia L.},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {632--642},
	file = {[HTML] from wiley.com:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/F5UPD39U/full.html:text/html;j.0021-8790.2004.00839.x.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/4JFGVD2E/j.0021-8790.2004.00839.x.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{anderson:why:2008,
	title = {Why fishing magnifies fluctuations in fish abundance},
	volume = {452},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/abs/nature06851.html},
	number = {7189},
	urldate = {2014-02-24},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Anderson, Christian NK and Hsieh, Chih-hao and Sandin, Stuart A. and Hewitt, Roger and Hollowed, Anne and Beddington, John and May, Robert M. and Sugihara, George},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {835--839},
	file = {[PDF] from ntou.edu.tw:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/6X9UAZ7C/Anderson et al. - 2008 - Why fishing magnifies fluctuations in fish abundan.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/SHAWGIF8/nature06851.html:text/html}
}

@article{zhang:trait:2013,
	title = {Trait diversity promotes stability of community dynamics},
	volume = {6},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12080-012-0160-6},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	journal = {Theoretical Ecology},
	author = {Zhang, Lai and Thygesen, Uffe Høgsbro and Knudsen, Kim and Andersen, Ken Haste},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {57--69},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/DRIZJJPD/Zhang et al. - 2012 - Trait diversity promotes stability of community dy.pdf:application/pdf;[PDF] from ucv.ve:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/4IK9GJI2/Zhang et al. - 2013 - Trait diversity promotes stability of community dy.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/CA3SQCQE/s12080-012-0160-6.html:text/html}
}

@article{drinkwater:processes:2010,
	title = {On the processes linking climate to ecosystem changes},
	volume = {79},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092479630900092X},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-06-08},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Systems},
	author = {Drinkwater, Kenneth F. and Beaugrand, Gregory and Kaeriyama, Masahide and Kim, Suam and Ottersen, Geir and Perry, R. Ian and Pörtner, Hans-Otto and Polovina, Jeffrey J. and Takasuka, Akinori},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {374--388},
	file = {[PDF] from uib-csic.es:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/6NHINUT6/Drinkwater et al. - 2010 - On the processes linking climate to ecosystem chan.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/P7H8X5HH/S092479630900092X.html:text/html}
}

@article{brown:ecological:2003,
	title = {Ecological food webs: {High}-quality data facilitate theoretical unification},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	shorttitle = {Ecological food webs},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/100/4/1467},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0630310100},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Brown, James H. and Gillooly, James F.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12578966},
	pages = {1467--1468},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/PDMAI94D/Brown and Gillooly - 2003 - Ecological food webs High-quality data facilitate.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/AXUKSPSM/1467.html:text/html}
}

@article{mangel:perspective:2013,
	title = {A perspective on steepness, reference points, and stock assessment},
	volume = {70},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2012-0372},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Mangel, Marc and MacCall, Alec D. and Brodziak, Jon and Dick, Edward J. and Forrest, Robyn E. and Pourzand, Roxanna and Ralston, Stephen and Rose, Kenneth},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {930--940},
	file = {Mangel et al. - 2013 - A perspective on steepness, reference points, and .pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/WPUXZJQ3/Mangel et al. - 2013 - A perspective on steepness, reference points, and .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/RP4DHACQ/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{maury:modeling:2007,
	title = {Modeling environmental effects on the size-structured energy flow through marine ecosystems. {Part} 1: {The} model},
	volume = {74},
	shorttitle = {Modeling environmental effects on the size-structured energy flow through marine ecosystems. {Part} 1},
	url = {http://mio.pytheas.univ-amu.fr/~poggiale/Pubs/PO2007.pdf},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
	author = {Maury, Olivier and Faugeras, Blaise and Shin, Yunne-Jai and Poggiale, Jean-Christophe and Ari, Tamara Ben and Marsac, Francis},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {479--499},
	file = {[PDF] from univ-amu.fr:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/EJ3EM225/Maury et al. - 2007 - Modeling environmental effects on the size-structu.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{boudreau:biomass:1992,
	title = {Biomass spectra of aquatic ecosystems in relation to fisheries yield},
	volume = {49},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f92-169},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Boudreau, P. R. and Dickie, L. M.},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1528--1538},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/8UX5V86R/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{law:balanced:2012,
	title = {On balanced exploitation of marine ecosystems: results from dynamic size spectra},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {1054-3139, 1095-9289},
	shorttitle = {On balanced exploitation of marine ecosystems},
	url = {http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/69/4/602},
	doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fss031},
	abstract = {Law, R., Plank, M. J., and Kolding, J. 2012. On balanced exploitation of marine ecosystems: results from dynamic size spectra. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 602–614. Fisheries are often managed to protect small young fish and to harvest big old fish. This can be wasteful, leading to large parts of catches being discarded. A recent suggestion is that it could be better to distribute fishing more widely across species and body sizes, balancing it more closely to the natural productivity of different organisms. Here, we test effects of such fishing against more traditional methods using a model of a single fish species with a dynamic size spectrum together with a fixed spectrum of plankton. This has the feature that productivity is determined by the bookkeeping of biomass in the model, and decreases as fish grow larger. The results show that harvesting smaller fish (which have higher productivity) allows a greater sustainable biomass yield than harvesting larger fish (which have lower productivity); the greater spawning-stock biomass that comes from protecting large fish contributes to this. Balanced exploitation brings fishing mortality more in line with this natural variation in productivity. In addition, the resilience of the ecosystem to perturbations can be improved, and disruption to the size distribution of organisms in the ecosystem reduced. We argue that there are potentially real benefits to be gained by moving towards more balanced exploitation of marine ecosystems, unconventional though this is.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-01-27},
	journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
	author = {Law, Richard and Plank, Michael J. and Kolding, Jeppe},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {BOFFFF, discard, disruption, exploitation pattern, exploitation rate, fishery, growth rate, productivity, resilience, size spectrum, sustainability, yield},
	pages = {602--614},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/94S38UF6/Law et al. - 2012 - On balanced exploitation of marine ecosystems res.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/A4WX36E2/Law et al. - 2012 - On balanced exploitation of marine ecosystems res.pdf:application/pdf;[HTML] from oxfordjournals.org:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/I8QKSJHM/602.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/3XRZ4BI4/602.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/I2IX2WJE/602.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/IWFCJGZ5/602.html:text/html}
}

@article{allen:towards:2009,
	title = {Towards an integration of ecological stoichiometry and the metabolic theory of ecology to better understand nutrient cycling},
	volume = {12},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01302.x/full},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Allen, Andrew P. and Gillooly, James F.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {369--384},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/CIV8IPME/Allen and Gillooly - 2009 - Towards an integration of ecological stoichiometry.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/J6JBM8AJ/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{benoit:continuous:2004,
	title = {A continuous model of biomass size spectra governed by predation and the effects of fishing on them},
	volume = {226},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002251930300290X},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Journal of theoretical Biology},
	author = {Benoıt, Eric and Rochet, Marie-Joëlle},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {9--21},
	file = {[PDF] from ifremer.fr:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/4DCEFK4T/Benoıt and Rochet - 2004 - A continuous model of biomass size spectra governe.pdf:application/pdf;[PDF] from ifremer.fr:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/ZVAWHJ48/Benoıt and Rochet - 2004 - A continuous model of biomass size spectra governe.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/DR62BEIW/S002251930300290X.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/WM33KAKP/S002251930300290X.html:text/html}
}

@article{gomez-canchong:robustness:2013,
	title = {Robustness of size–structure across ecological networks in pelagic systems},
	volume = {6},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12080-011-0156-7},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	journal = {Theoretical Ecology},
	author = {Gómez-Canchong, Paúl and Quiñones, Renato A. and Brose, Ulrich},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {45--56},
	file = {[PDF] from ucv.ve:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/TAFJAZ2U/Gómez-Canchong et al. - 2013 - Robustness of size–structure across ecological net.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/XPWVEWTM/s12080-011-0156-7.html:text/html}
}

@article{blanchard:coupled:2011,
	title = {Coupled energy pathways and the resilience of size-structured food webs},
	volume = {4},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12080-010-0078-9},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Theoretical Ecology},
	author = {Blanchard, Julia L. and Law, Richard and Castle, Matthew D. and Jennings, Simon},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {289--300},
	file = {Blanchard et al. - 2011 - Coupled energy pathways and the resilience of size.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/K96ZCPMN/Blanchard et al. - 2011 - Coupled energy pathways and the resilience of size.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/GCRGXV29/s12080-010-0078-9.html:text/html}
}

@article{rall:taxonomic:2011,
	title = {Taxonomic versus allometric constraints on non-linear interaction strengths},
	volume = {120},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18860.x/full},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Rall, Björn Christian and Kalinkat, Gregor and Ott, David and Vucic-Pestic, Olivera and Brose, Ulrich},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {483--492},
	file = {[PDF] from ucv.ve:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/N8DPI9F8/Rall et al. - 2011 - Taxonomic versus allometric constraints on non-lin.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/8ATVT9JE/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{zhou:ending:2014,
	title = {Ending overfishing while catching more fish},
	copyright = {© 2014 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Wealth from Ocean. Fish and Fisheries published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd, This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.},
	issn = {1467-2979},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/faf.12077/abstract},
	doi = {10.1111/faf.12077},
	abstract = {The world's seas and oceans are a vital source of animal protein from fishing and a major contributor to global food security. It has been argued that global wild-catch production has reached its limit, and there is concern that many species are overfished. Concerns are also mounting about the state of marine ecosystems and the ecological impacts of fishing on them, with increasing efforts to protect marine biodiversity. Fisheries appear to be at an impasse – demand for seafood is rising but so is concern about the impacts of fishing. However, through a simple analysis, we show that global exploitation rates are well below long-term sustainable levels at a whole ecosystem level. The oceans can support considerably higher sustainable catch than currently harvested. Overfishing has happened but only to a small fraction of species as a result of intensive and selective fishing. Shifting fishing effort away from highly targeted stocks towards currently underutilized species would reduce pressure on overfished species, result in fewer adverse ecosystem effects of fishing and increase overall fisheries production. This shift requires significant changes to our views about seafood, particularly in the developed world. We suggest ways in which this paradigm shift could happen and the range of expertise that would be required to achieve higher global yields with less ecological impact.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-02-04},
	journal = {Fish and Fisheries},
	author = {Zhou, Shijie and Smith, Anthony DM and Knudsen, E Eric},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, ecological function, ecosystem structure, over-capacity, social benefit, sustainability},
	pages = {n/a--n/a}
}

@article{brander:global:2007,
	title = {Global fish production and climate change},
	volume = {104},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19709.short},
	number = {50},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Brander, Keith M.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {19709--19714},
	file = {[PDF] from startinternational.org:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/87V6ZJQD/Brander - 2007 - Global fish production and climate change.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/J8ZN8CD4/19709.html:text/html}
}

@article{lindeman:trophic-dynamic:1942,
	title = {The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology},
	volume = {23},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.2307/1930126},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Lindeman, Raymond L.},
	year = {1942},
	pages = {399--417},
	file = {[PDF] from planta.cn:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/5VR8RA8W/LINDEMAN - THE TROPHIC-DYNAMIC ASPECT OF ECOLOGY.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/48ASVUTT/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{marshall:relationship:2010,
	title = {The relationship between maternal phenotype and offspring quality: {Do} older mothers really produce the best offspring?},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	shorttitle = {The relationship between maternal phenotype and offspring quality},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/doi/abs/10.1890/09-0156.1},
	doi = {10.1890/09-0156.1},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Marshall, Dustin J. and Heppell, Selina S. and Munch, Stephan B. and Warner, Robert R.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {fishing, Maternal effects, selective effects of fishing},
	pages = {2862--2873},
	file = {ESA Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/46JES3R4/login.html:text/html;Marshall et al. - 2010 - The relationship between maternal phenotype and of.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/9EDPEGSR/Marshall et al. - 2010 - The relationship between maternal phenotype and of.pdf:application/pdf;[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/8APFEP7A/Marshall et al. - 2010 - The relationship between maternal phenotype and of.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/MTFIXI8I/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{brose:consumer-resource:2006,
	title = {Consumer-resource body-size relationships in natural food webs},
	volume = {87},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87%5B2411:CBRINF%5D2.0.CO;2},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Brose, Ulrich and Jonsson, Tomas and Berlow, Eric L. and Warren, Philip and Banasek-Richter, Carolin and Bersier, Louis-Félix and Blanchard, Julia L. and Brey, Thomas and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Blandenier, Marie-France Cattin},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {2411--2417},
	file = {[PDF] from awi.de:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/ADGXIBQC/Brose et al. - 2006 - Consumer-resource body-size relationships in natur.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/J2JTNK4B/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{hsieh:fishing:2006,
	title = {Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species},
	volume = {443},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7113/abs/nature05232.html},
	number = {7113},
	urldate = {2014-02-24},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hsieh, Chih-hao and Reiss, Christian S. and Hunter, John R. and Beddington, John R. and May, Robert M. and Sugihara, George},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {859--862},
	file = {[HTML] from science.gov:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/ZAWHEFD3/abundant+fish+species.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/PG4SMQUV/nature05232.html:text/html}
}

@article{shin:using:2005,
	title = {Using size-based indicators to evaluate the ecosystem effects of fishing},
	volume = {62},
	url = {http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/3/384.short},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
	author = {Shin, Yunne-Jai and Rochet, Marie-Joëlle and Jennings, Simon and Field, John G. and Gislason, Henrik},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {ecosystem approach to fisheries, size-based indicators, size spectrum},
	pages = {384--396},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/CJUMWIDI/Shin et al. - 2005 - Using size-based indicators to evaluate the ecosys.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/J9HPFITS/Shin et al. - 2005 - Using size-based indicators to evaluate the ecosys.pdf:application/pdf;[HTML] from oxfordjournals.org:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/HDQWBX64/384.html:text/html;[HTML] from oxfordjournals.org:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/RWPNGCHI/384.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/EBQUS8JP/384.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/IQ932V33/384.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/PH5HHTUW/384.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/QNTA6MJP/384.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/XHERRWP7/384.html:text/html}
}

@article{brown:response:2004,
	title = {Response to forum commentary on “toward a metabolic theory of ecology”},
	volume = {85},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/03-0800},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Brown, James H. and Gillooly, James F. and Allen, Andrew P. and Savage, Van M. and West, Geoffrey B.},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1818--1821},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/AJJ6Z6XQ/Brown et al. - 2004 - Response to forum commentary on “toward a metaboli.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/Q2H2G57H/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{georg:h.:engelhard:forage:2013,
	title = {Forage fish, their fisheries, and their predators: who drives whom?},
	issn = {1095-9289},
	shorttitle = {Forage fish, their fisheries, and their predators},
	doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fst087},
	journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},
	author = {Georg H. Engelhard, Myron A. Peck},
	year = {2013}
}

@article{mccauley:wing:2012,
	title = {From wing to wing: the persistence of long ecological interaction chains in less-disturbed ecosystems},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {© 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {From wing to wing},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120517/srep00409/full/srep00409.html},
	doi = {10.1038/srep00409},
	abstract = {Human impact on biodiversity usually is measured by reduction in species abundance or richness. Just as important, but much more difficult to discern, is the anthropogenic elimination of ecological interactions. Here we report on the persistence of a long ecological interaction chain linking diverse food webs and habitats in the near-pristine portions of a remote Pacific atoll. Using biogeochemical assays, animal tracking, and field surveys we show that seabirds roosting on native trees fertilize soils, increasing coastal nutrients and the abundance of plankton, thus attracting manta rays to native forest coastlines. Partnered observations conducted in regions of this atoll where native trees have been replaced by human propagated palms reveal that this complex interaction chain linking trees to mantas readily breaks down. Taken together these findings provide a compelling example of how anthropogenic disturbance may be contributing to widespread reductions in ecological interaction chain length, thereby isolating and simplifying ecosystems.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-02-02},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {McCauley, Douglas J. and DeSalles, Paul A. and Young, Hillary S. and Dunbar, Robert B. and Dirzo, Rodolfo and Mills, Matthew M. and Micheli, Fiorenza},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Animal behaviour, Biodiversity}
}

@article{andersen:how:2009,
	title = {How community ecology links natural mortality, growth, and production of fish populations},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {1054-3139, 1095-9289},
	url = {http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/9/1978},
	doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fsp161},
	abstract = {Andersen, K. H., Farnsworth, K. D., Pedersen, M., Gislason, H., and Beyer, J. E. 2009. How community ecology links natural mortality, growth, and production of fish populations. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1978–1984. Size-spectrum theory is used to show that (i) predation mortality is a decreasing function of individual size and proportional to the consumption rate of predators; (ii) adult natural mortality M is proportional to the von Bertalanffy growth constant K; and (iii) productivity rate P/B is proportional to the asymptotic weight W∞−1/3. The constants of proportionality are specified using individual level parameters related to physiology or prey encounter. The derivations demonstrate how traditional fisheries theory can be connected to community ecology. Implications for the use of models for ecosystem-based fisheries management are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-02-02},
	journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
	author = {Andersen, K. H. and Farnsworth, K. D. and Pedersen, M. and Gislason, H. and Beyer, J. E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {life-history invariants, size spectrum},
	pages = {1978--1984},
	file = {Andersen et al. - 2009 - How community ecology links natural mortality, gro.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/7HRC5K9I/Andersen et al. - 2009 - How community ecology links natural mortality, gro.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{woodworth-jefcoats:examining:????,
	title = {Examining the {Impacts} of {Climate} {Change} and {Fishing} from {Both} {Species}-{Based} and {Size}-{Based} {Modeling} {Perspectives}},
	url = {http://www.eposters.net/pdfs/examining-the-impacts-of-climate-change-and-fishing-from-both-species-based-and-size-based-modeling.pdf},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	author = {Woodworth-Jefcoats, Phoebe A. and Polovina, Jeffrey J. and Howell, Evan A. and Blanchard, Julia L.},
	file = {[PDF] from eposters.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/GXCNUWAW/Woodworth-Jefcoats et al. - Examining the Impacts of Climate Change and Fishin.pdf:application/pdf;[PDF] from eposters.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/J7MRTB59/Woodworth-Jefcoats et al. - Examining the Impacts of Climate Change and Fishin.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{rice:fisheries:2011,
	title = {Fisheries, food security, climate change, and biodiversity: characteristics of the sector and perspectives on emerging issues},
	volume = {68},
	shorttitle = {Fisheries, food security, climate change, and biodiversity},
	url = {http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1343.short},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
	author = {Rice, Jake C. and Garcia, Serge M.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1343--1353},
	file = {[HTML] from oxfordjournals.org:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/SH88AAI5/1343.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/2ZV962G5/1343.html:text/html}
}

@article{plank:ecological:2012,
	title = {Ecological drivers of stability and instability in marine ecosystems},
	volume = {5},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12080-011-0137-x},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	journal = {Theoretical Ecology},
	author = {Plank, Michael John and Law, Richard},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {465--480},
	file = {[PDF] from ucv.ve:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/P4683IFC/Plank and Law - 2012 - Ecological drivers of stability and instability in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/Z98MUPKM/s12080-011-0137-x.html:text/html}
}

@article{minto:productivity:2013,
	title = {Productivity dynamics of {Atlantic} cod},
	issn = {0706-652X},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0161},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfas-2013-0161},
	abstract = {Productivity is a central determinant of population dynamics with consequences for population viability, resilience to exploitation, and extinction. In fish, the strength of a cohort is typically established during early life stages. Traditional approaches to measuring productivity do not allow for interannual variation in the maximum reproductive rate, a parameter governing population productivity. Allowing such process variation provides the ability to track dynamic changes instead of assuming a static productivity regime. Here we develop and evaluate a multivariate stock–recruitment state-space model to simultaneously estimate time-varying stock productivity and synchronicity of dynamics across populations. We apply the method to North Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) populations, showing that the productivity of early life stages has varied markedly over time, with many populations at historically low productivity. Trends in productivity were similar in some adjacent populations but less regionally coheren..., La productivité est un déterminant central de la dynamique des populations, qui a des répercussions sur la viabilité de la population, la résilience à l’exploitation et la disparition. Chez les poissons, la force d’une cohorte s’établit typiquement durant les premiers stades du cycle de vie. Les approches traditionnelles de mesure de la productivité ne permettent pas de variations interannuelles du taux de reproduction maximum, un paramètre qui régit la productivité de la population. En permettant de telles variations, il devient possible de suivre les changements dynamiques plutôt que de présumer que le régime de productivité est statique. Nous avons mis au point un modèle d’espace d’états de la relation stock–recrutement afin d’estimer simultanément la productivité variable dans le temps des stocks et le synchronisme de la dynamique de différentes populations. Nous avons appliqué cette méthode aux populations de morues de l’Atlantique Nord et démontré une variabilité marquée de la productivité des premi...},
	urldate = {2014-01-16},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Minto, Cóilín and Mills Flemming, Joanna and Britten, Gregory Lee and Worm, Boris},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1--14},
	file = {NRC Research Press Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/9G5MGM99/cjfas-2013-0161.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/ZRIBU5X5/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@book{scott:multispecies:2013,
	title = {Multispecies, trait and community size spectrum ecological modelling in {R} (mizer)},
	url = {http://publicationsjrceceuropa.ourtownypd.com/repository/handle/111111111/29714},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
	author = {Scott, Finlay and Julia, Blanchard and Andersen, K. H.},
	year = {2013},
	file = {mizer:vignette.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/CSP6HPU8/mizer:vignette.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/9XXHZIGG/29714.html:text/html}
}

@article{polovina:fishery-induced:2013,
	title = {Fishery-{Induced} {Changes} in the {Subtropical} {Pacific} {Pelagic} {Ecosystem} {Size} {Structure}: {Observations} and {Theory}},
	volume = {8},
	shorttitle = {Fishery-{Induced} {Changes} in the {Subtropical} {Pacific} {Pelagic} {Ecosystem} {Size} {Structure}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062341},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0062341},
	abstract = {We analyzed a 16-year (1996–2011) time series of catch and effort data for 23 species with mean weights ranging from 0.8 kg to 224 kg, recorded by observers in the Hawaii-based deep-set longline fishery. Over this time period, domestic fishing effort, as numbers of hooks set in the core Hawaii-based fishing ground, has increased fourfold. The standardized aggregated annual catch rate for 9 small ({\textless}15 kg) species increased about 25\% while for 14 large species ({\textgreater}15 kg) it decreased about 50\% over the 16-year period. A size-based ecosystem model for the subtropical Pacific captures this pattern well as a response to increased fishing effort. Further, the model projects a decline in the abundance of fishes larger than 15 kg results in an increase in abundance of animals from 0.1 to 15 kg but with minimal subsequent cascade to sizes smaller than 0.1 kg. These results suggest that size-based predation plays a key role in structuring the subtropical ecosystem. These changes in ecosystem size structure show up in the fishery in various ways. The non-commercial species lancetfish (mean weight 7 kg) has now surpassed the target species, bigeye tuna, as the species with the highest annual catch rate. Based on the increase in snake mackerel (mean weight 0.8 kg) and lancetfish catches, the discards in the fishery are estimated to have increased from 30 to 40\% of the total catch.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-06-17},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	author = {Polovina, Jeffrey J. and Woodworth-Jefcoats, Phoebe A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {e62341},
	file = {PLoS Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/N5K9PE99/Polovina and Woodworth-Jefcoats - 2013 - Fishery-Induced Changes in the Subtropical Pacific.pdf:application/pdf;PLoS Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/HITZSRMU/infodoi10.1371journal.pone.html:text/html}
}

@article{kristensen:estimating:2013,
	title = {Estimating spatio-temporal dynamics of size-structured populations},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {0706-652X},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0151},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfas-2013-0151},
	abstract = {Spatial distributions of structured populations are usually estimated by fitting abundance surfaces for each stage and at each point of time separately, ignoring correlations that emerge from growth of individuals. Here, we present a statistical model that combines spatio-temporal correlations with simple stock dynamics to estimate simultaneously how size distributions and spatial distributions develop in time. We demonstrate the method for a cod (Gadus morhua) population sampled by trawl surveys. Particular attention is paid to correlation between size classes within each trawl haul due to clustering of individuals with similar size. The model estimates growth, mortality, and reproduction, after which any aspect of size structure, spatio-temporal population dynamics, as well as the sampling process can be probed. This is illustrated by two applications: (i) tracking the spatial movements of a single cohort through time and (ii) predicting the risk of bycatch of undersized individuals. The method demonstr..., Les répartitions dans l’espace de populations structurées sont généralement estimées en ajustant des surfaces d’abondance pour chaque stade et chaque point dans le temps séparément, en ne tenant pas compte des corrélations qui résultent de la croissance des individus. Nous présentons un modèle statistique qui combine les corrélations spatiotemporelles avec une dynamique des stocks simple afin d’estimer simultanément l’évolution des distributions de tailles et des répartitions spatiales dans le temps. Nous démontrons l’utilité de la méthode pour une population de morues (Gadus morhua) échantillonnée dans le cadre de relevés au chalut. Une attention particulière est portée à la corrélation entre les catégories de tailles dans chaque prise au chalut découlant du regroupement d’individus de tailles semblables. Le modèle estime la croissance, la mortalité et la reproduction, après quoi tout aspect de la structure de tailles, de la dynamique spatiotemporelle des populations, ainsi que du processus d’échantillon...},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-02-24},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Kristensen, Kasper and Thygesen, Uffe Høgsbro and Andersen, Ken Haste and Beyer, Jan E.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {326--336},
	file = {NRC Research Press PDF fulltext:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/AKG3KA5P/Kristensen et al. - 2013 - Estimating spatio-temporal dynamics of size-struct.pdf:application/pdf;NRC Research Press Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/NB3MIZNM/cjfas-2013-0151.html:text/html}
}

@article{hussey:rescaling:2014,
	title = {Rescaling the trophic structure of marine food webs},
	volume = {17},
	copyright = {© 2013 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd and CNRS., This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.},
	issn = {1461-0248},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.12226/abstract},
	doi = {10.1111/ele.12226},
	abstract = {Measures of trophic position (TP) are critical for understanding food web interactions and human-mediated ecosystem disturbance. Nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N) provide a powerful tool to estimate TP but are limited by a pragmatic assumption that isotope discrimination is constant (change in δ15N between predator and prey, Δ15N = 3.4‰), resulting in an additive framework that omits known Δ15N variation. Through meta-analysis, we determine narrowing discrimination from an empirical linear relationship between experimental Δ15N and δ15N values of prey consumed. The resulting scaled Δ15N framework estimated reliable TPs of zooplanktivores to tertiary piscivores congruent with known feeding relationships that radically alters the conventional structure of marine food webs. Apex predator TP estimates were markedly higher than currently assumed by whole-ecosystem models, indicating perceived food webs have been truncated and species-interactions over simplified. The scaled Δ15N framework will greatly improve the accuracy of trophic estimates widely used in ecosystem-based management.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-01-07},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Hussey, Nigel E. and MacNeil, M. Aaron and McMeans, Bailey C. and Olin, Jill A. and Dudley, Sheldon F.J. and Cliff, Geremy and Wintner, Sabine P. and Fennessy, Sean T. and Fisk, Aaron T.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {DISCRIMINATION, fish, food webs, marine, shark, stable isotopes, trophic level, trophic position},
	pages = {239--250},
	file = {Hussey et al. - 2014 - Rescaling the trophic structure of marine food web.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/7NJBTREF/Hussey et al. - 2014 - Rescaling the trophic structure of marine food web.pdf:application/pdf;Hussey et al. - 2014 - Rescaling the trophic structure of marine food web.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/V4V6V3D7/Hussey et al. - 2014 - Rescaling the trophic structure of marine food web.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/AENWVGWU/abstract.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/SQHIDH5V/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{heupel:sizing:2014,
	title = {Sizing up the ecological role of sharks as predators},
	volume = {10},
	url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259714048:Sizing:up:the:ecological:role:of:sharks:as:predators/file/72e7e52d6d89f8afb8.pdf},
	urldate = {2014-02-19},
	journal = {Mar Eco Prog Ser. doi},
	author = {Heupel, Michelle R. and Knip, Danielle M. and Simpfendorfer, Colin A. and Dulvy, Nicholas K.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3354},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/W8Q7C4QG/Heupel et al. - 2014 - Sizing up the ecological role of sharks as predato.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kokkalis:limits:????,
	title = {Limits to the reliability of size-based fishing status estimation for data-poor stocks},
	issn = {0165-7836},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783614003002},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fishres.2014.10.007},
	abstract = {For stocks which are considered “data-poor” no knowledge exist about growth, mortality or recruitment. The only available information is from catches. Here we examine the ability to assess the level of exploitation of a data-poor stock based only on information of the size of individuals in catches. The model is a formulation of the classic Beverton–Holt theory in terms of size where stock parameters describing growth, natural mortality, recruitment, etc. are determined from life-history invariants. A simulation study was used to compare the reliability of assessments performed under different information availability scenarios, from data-limited, where none of the parameters are known beforehand, to different degrees of information availability cases where one or more parameters are known. If no parameters are known it is possible to correctly assess whether the fishing mortality is below Fmsy in more than 60\% of the cases, and almost always correctly assess whether a stock is subject to overfishing. Adding information about age, i.e., assuming that growth rate and asymptotic size are known, does not improve the estimation. Only knowledge of the ratio between mortality and growth led to a considerable improvement in the assessment. Overall, the simulation study demonstrates that it may be possible to classify a data-poor stock as undergoing over- or under-fishing, while the exact status, i.e., how much the fishing mortality is above or below Fmsy, can only be assessed with a substantial uncertainty. Limitations of the approach are discussed.},
	urldate = {2014-11-26},
	journal = {Fisheries Research},
	author = {Kokkalis, Alexandros and Thygesen, Uffe H. and Nielsen, Anders and Andersen, Ken H.},
	keywords = {Beverton–Holt life history invariants, Data-poor assessment, Parameter estimation, Size structure},
	file = {Kokkalis et al (2014) Limits to the reliability of size-based fishing status estimation for data-poor stocks (1).pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/QXGSEF84/Kokkalis et al (2014) Limits to the reliability of size-based fishing status estimation for data-poor stocks (1).pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/JJWHJ3TT/S0165783614003002.html:text/html}
}

@article{woodson:ocean:2015,
	title = {Ocean fronts drive marine fishery production and biogeochemical cycling},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/01/21/1417143112},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1417143112},
	abstract = {Long-term changes in nutrient supply and primary production reportedly foreshadow substantial declines in global marine fishery production. These declines combined with current overfishing, habitat degradation, and pollution paint a grim picture for the future of marine fisheries and ecosystems. However, current models forecasting such declines do not account for the effects of ocean fronts as biogeochemical hotspots. Here we apply a fundamental technique from fluid dynamics to an ecosystem model to show how fronts increase total ecosystem biomass, explain fishery production, cause regime shifts, and contribute significantly to global biogeochemical budgets by channeling nutrients through alternate trophic pathways. We then illustrate how ocean fronts affect fishery abundance and yield, using long-term records of anchovy–sardine regimes and salmon abundances in the California Current. These results elucidate the fundamental importance of biophysical coupling as a driver of bottom–up vs. top–down regulation and high productivity in marine ecosystems.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2015-01-28},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Woodson, C. Brock and Litvin, Steven Y.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25624488},
	keywords = {aggregation, fronts, Reynolds decomposition, trophic interactions},
	pages = {201417143},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/ZU87V9PK/Woodson and Litvin - 2015 - Ocean fronts drive marine fishery production and b.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/HUQNU79F/Woodson and Litvin - 2015 - Ocean fronts drive marine fishery production and b.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/VAT9G84J/Woodson and Litvin - 2015 - Ocean fronts drive marine fishery production and b.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/S8BSDMUV/1417143112.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/FFFPN5B5/1710.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/I5TVXV5N/1710.html:text/html}
}

@article{essington:von:2001,
	title = {The von {Bertalanffy} growth function, bioenergetics, and the consumption rates of fish},
	volume = {58},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f01-151},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2015-02-16},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Essington, Timothy E. and Kitchell, James F. and Walters, Carl J.},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2129--2138},
	file = {[PDF] from ufl.edu:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/F5BN52B9/Essington et al. - 2001 - The von Bertalanffy growth function, bioenergetics.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/P56RXGD7/cookieAbsent.html:text/html}
}

@article{houde:comparative:1989,
	title = {Comparative growth, mortality, and energetics of marine fish larvae: temperature and implied latitudinal effects.},
	volume = {87},
	shorttitle = {Comparative growth, mortality, and energetics of marine fish larvae},
	url = {http://fishbull.noaa.gov/873/houde.pdf},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-02-16},
	journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
	author = {Houde, Edward D.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {471--495},
	file = {[PDF] from noaa.gov:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/FBQRXH6G/Houde - 1989 - Comparative growth, mortality, and energetics of m.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{portner:cod:2008,
	title = {Cod and climate in a latitudinal cline: physiological analyses of climate effects in marine fishes},
	volume = {37},
	shorttitle = {Cod and climate in a latitudinal cline},
	url = {http://epic.awi.de/19349/1/Prt2008a.pdf},
	urldate = {2015-06-08},
	journal = {Climate Reseach},
	author = {Pörtner, Hans-Otto and Bock, Christian and Knust, Rainer and Lannig, Gisela and Lucassen, Magnus and Mark, Felix Christopher and Sartoris, Franz-Josef},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {253--270},
	file = {[PDF] from awi.de:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/XBS5XC5Z/Pörtner et al. - 2008 - Cod and climate in a latitudinal cline physiologi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{portner:climate:2010,
	title = {Climate change effects on fishes and fisheries: towards a cause-and-effect understanding},
	volume = {77},
	shorttitle = {Climate change effects on fishes and fisheries},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02783.x/full},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2015-06-08},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Pörtner, Hans-Otto and Peck, M. A.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1745--1779},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/WGAX9CVP/Pörtner and Peck - 2010 - Climate change effects on fishes and fisheries to.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/SD7DDAC8/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{portner:oxygen-and:2010,
	title = {Oxygen-and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems},
	volume = {213},
	shorttitle = {Oxygen-and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/6/881.short},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-06-08},
	journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
	author = {Pörtner, H.-O.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {881--893},
	file = {[HTML] from biologists.org:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/H35A27KS/881.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/A43ZWF5V/881.html:text/html}
}

@article{gardmark:regime:2014,
	title = {Regime shifts in exploited marine food webs: detecting mechanisms underlying alternative stable states using size-structured community dynamics theory},
	volume = {370},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	shorttitle = {Regime shifts in exploited marine food webs},
	url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rstb.2013.0262},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0262},
	language = {en},
	number = {1659},
	urldate = {2015-06-08},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Gardmark, A. and Casini, M. and Huss, M. and van Leeuwen, A. and Hjelm, J. and Persson, L. and de Roos, A. M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {20130262--20130262},
	file = {Gårdmarketal2014PhilTransRoyalSoc.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/2VV8KBPN/Gårdmarketal2014PhilTransRoyalSoc.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{portner:ecosystem:2008,
	title = {Ecosystem effects of ocean acidification in times of ocean warming: a physiologist’s view},
	volume = {373},
	shorttitle = {Ecosystem effects of ocean acidification in times of ocean warming},
	url = {http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hans:Otto:Poertner2/publication/250219282:Ecosystem:effects:of:ocean:acidification:in:times:of:ocean:warming:a:physiologists:view/links/54f8c51c0cf210398e96ca3c.pdf},
	urldate = {2015-06-08},
	journal = {Mar Ecol Prog Ser},
	author = {Pörtner, Hans-O.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {203--217},
	file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/3NJ4A6M5/Pörtner - 2008 - Ecosystem effects of ocean acidification in times .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{portner:climate:2007,
	title = {Climate change affects marine fishes through the oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance},
	volume = {315},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5808/95.short},
	number = {5808},
	urldate = {2015-06-08},
	journal = {science},
	author = {Pörtner, Hans O. and Knust, Rainer},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {95--97},
	file = {[PDF] from bennington.edu:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/MJCRCVPT/Pörtner and Knust - 2007 - Climate change affects marine fishes through the o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/5DQ73ESJ/95.html:text/html}
}

@article{kokkalis:limits:2014,
	title = {Limits to the reliability of size-based fishing status estimation for data-poor stocks},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783614003002},
	urldate = {2015-06-08},
	journal = {Fisheries Research},
	author = {Kokkalis, Alexandros and Thygesen, Uffe H. and Nielsen, Anders and Andersen, Ken H.},
	year = {2014},
	file = {Kokkalis et al (2014) Limits to the reliability of size-based fishing status estimation for data-poor stocks.pdf:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/FMJPK3BD/Kokkalis et al (2014) Limits to the reliability of size-based fishing status estimation for data-poor stocks.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{portner:oxygen-and:2010-1,
	title = {Oxygen-and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems},
	volume = {213},
	shorttitle = {Oxygen-and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/6/881.short},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-06-08},
	journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
	author = {Pörtner, H.-O.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {881--893},
	file = {[HTML] from biologists.org:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/422ZQHJ7/881.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/CEA2E3ZP/881.html:text/html}
}

@article{gibert:temperature:2014,
	title = {Temperature alters food web body-size structure},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {© 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1744-9561, 1744-957X},
	url = {http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/8/20140473},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2014.0473},
	abstract = {The increased temperature associated with climate change may have important effects on body size and predator–prey interactions. The consequences of these effects for food web structure are unclear because the relationships between temperature and aspects of food web structure such as predator–prey body-size relationships are unknown. Here, we use the largest reported dataset for marine predator–prey interactions to assess how temperature affects predator–prey body-size relationships among different habitats ranging from the tropics to the poles. We found that prey size selection depends on predator body size, temperature and the interaction between the two. Our results indicate that (i) predator–prey body-size ratios decrease with predator size at below-average temperatures and increase with predator size at above-average temperatures, and (ii) that the effect of temperature on predator–prey body-size structure will be stronger at small and large body sizes and relatively weak at intermediate sizes. This systematic interaction may help to simplify forecasting the potentially complex consequences of warming on interaction strengths and food web stability.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2015-09-07},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Gibert, Jean P. and DeLong, John P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {25165457},
	keywords = {Barnes, PPMR, temperature dependence, Temperature effects},
	pages = {20140473},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/DV6VQFXU/Gibert and DeLong - 2014 - Temperature alters food web body-size structure.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/CJJWVFNW/20140473.html:text/html}
}

@article{hollowed:trade-offs:2012,
	title = {Trade-offs associated with different modeling approaches for assessment of fish and shellfish responses to climate change},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-012-0641-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s10584-012-0641-z},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-09-07},
	journal = {Climatic Change},
	author = {Hollowed, Anne Babcock and Curchitser, Enrique N. and Stock, Charles A. and Zhang, Chang Ik},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Atmospheric Sciences, Climate Change Impacts},
	pages = {111--129},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/Q63CCWGJ/s10584-012-0641-z.html:text/html}
}

@article{nye:relative:2013,
	series = {Global {Climate} {Change} and {Marine} {Ecosystems}},
	title = {The relative impact of warming and removing top predators on the {Northeast} {US} large marine biotic community},
	volume = {264},
	issn = {0304-3800},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380012004309},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.08.019},
	abstract = {Ecosystem-based fisheries management necessitates that we take a more holistic view of the many factors affecting ecosystems. All too often, perturbations to fisheries ecosystems are studied in isolation even though there may be important interactions among them that yield unexpected ecosystem states. The Northeast US continental shelf large marine ecosystem (NES LME) has undergone a number of changes in biophysical processes, trophic structure, and exploitation rates over the last fifty years. Changes in community assemblages, shifts in spatial distribution of many species, and the failure of fisheries to fully recover from overexploitation in the NES LME have been attributed to both the removal of large demersal fish predators and climate variability, as well as indirect effects cascading through the food web. As with many ecosystems, it is difficult to separate the effects of multiple perturbations that can affect marine ecosystems. However, recent advances in ecosystem modeling allow us to explore the relative and synergistic effects of these perturbations in silico that would otherwise be impossible in situ or experimentally. We examined the relative effects of warming and removal of large predators by modeling both of these effects separately and then in combination. Interactions amongst such changes tended to be additive, but the magnitude of synergistic effects was potentially very large in some cases. These results demonstrate the power of ecosystem models in evaluating management options.},
	urldate = {2015-09-07},
	journal = {Ecological Modelling},
	author = {Nye, Janet A. and Gamble, Robert J. and Link, Jason S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Additive and non-additive interactions, ATLANTIS, climate, Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM), Ecosystem modeling, Top predators},
	pages = {157--168},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/D7XFCFE7/S0304380012004309.html:text/html}
}

@article{chavez:biomass:2013,
	title = {Biomass from the {Sea}},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/44381/InTech-Biomass:from:the:sea.pdf},
	urldate = {2015-09-07},
	journal = {Chapter},
	author = {Chávez, Ernesto A. and Chávez-Hidalgo, Alejandra},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {511--522},
	file = {[PDF] from intechopen.com:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/PF5JZKT6/Chávez and Chávez-Hidalgo - 2013 - Biomass from the Sea.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{stock:drivers:2014,
	title = {Drivers of trophic amplification of ocean productivity trends in a changing climate},
	volume = {11},
	url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/11/7125/2014/bg-11-7125-2014.pdf},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2015-09-07},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	author = {Stock, C. A. and Dunne, J. P. and John, J. G.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {7125--7135},
	file = {[PDF] from biogeosciences.net:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/V5AUCNXF/Stock et al. - 2014 - Drivers of trophic amplification of ocean producti.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{van:leeuwen:cod:2012,
	title = {The cod delusion: {Implications} of life history complexity for predator-prey},
	volume = {60},
	shorttitle = {The cod delusion},
	url = {http://dare.uva.nl/document/461604},
	urldate = {2015-09-07},
	journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
	author = {van Leeuwen, A.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {201--222},
	file = {[PDF] from uva.nl:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/NN2UB4GF/van Leeuwen - 2012 - The cod delusion Implications of life history com.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hussian:phytoplankton:2015,
	title = {{PHYTOPLANKTON} {RESPONSE} {TO} {CHANGES} {OF} {PHYSICOCHEMICAL} {VARIABLES} {IN} {LAKE} {NASSER}, {EGYPT}.},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=16442296&AN=108750161&h=NeRCcbfAo%2BjEB2SvG6Y0g1%2FbzSlIcoE2qQynGjosif324ZGEVeF%2BiJo9Nq3hLVart9g8JDRs0ek0YnJ331fkmQ%3D%3D&crl=c},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-09-07},
	journal = {Journal of Elementology},
	author = {Hussian, Abd-Ellatif M. and Napiórkowska-Krzebietke, Agnieszka and Toufeek, Mohamed EF and El-Monem, Abd and Ahmed, M. and Morsi, Hanaa H.},
	year = {2015},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/J2CWGU3A/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{albouy:projected:2014,
	title = {From projected species distribution to food-web structure under climate change},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.12467/full},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-09-07},
	journal = {Global change biology},
	author = {Albouy, Camille and Velez, Laure and Coll, Marta and Colloca, Francesco and Loc'h, François and Mouillot, David and Gravel, Dominique},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {730--741},
	file = {[PDF] from csic.es:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/XIZS887D/Albouy et al. - 2014 - From projected species distribution to food-web st.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/IC47NTTX/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{stock:global-scale:2014,
	title = {Global-scale carbon and energy flows through the marine planktonic food web: {An} analysis with a coupled physical–biological model},
	volume = {120},
	shorttitle = {Global-scale carbon and energy flows through the marine planktonic food web},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661113001079},
	urldate = {2015-09-07},
	journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
	author = {Stock, Charles A. and Dunne, John P. and John, Jasmin G.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1--28},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/KBDUII9I/S0079661113001079.html:text/html}
}

@article{mcowen:is:2014,
	title = {Is fisheries production within {Large} {Marine} {Ecosystems} determined by bottom-up or top-down forcing?},
	copyright = {© 2014 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
	issn = {1467-2979},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/faf.12082/abstract},
	doi = {10.1111/faf.12082},
	abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms driving fisheries production is essential if we are to accurately predict changes under climate change and exploit fish stocks in a sustainable manner. Traditionally, studies have sought to distinguish between the two most prominent drivers, ‘bottom-up’ (resource driven) and ‘top-down’ (consumer driven); however, this dichotomy is increasingly proving to be artificial as the relative importance of each mechanism has been shown to vary through space and time. Nevertheless, the reason why one predominates over another within a region remains largely unknown. To address this gap in understanding, we identified the dominant driver of commercial landings within 47 ecosystems, encompassing a wide range of biogeochemical conditions and fishing practices to elucidate general patterns. We show that bottom-up and top-down effects vary consistently with past fishing pressure and oceanographic conditions; bottom-up control predominates within productive, overfished regions and top-down in relatively unproductive and under-exploited areas. We attribute these findings to differences in the species composition and oceanographic properties of regions, together with variation in fishing practices and (indicative) management effectiveness. Collectively, our analyses suggest that despite the complexity of ecological systems, it is possible to elucidate a number of generalities. Such knowledge could be used to increase the parsimony of ecosystem models and to move a step forward in predicting how the global ocean, particularly fisheries productivity, will respond to climate change.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2015-09-07},
	journal = {Fish and Fisheries},
	author = {Mcowen, Chris J and Cheung, William W L and Rykaczewski, Ryan R and Watson, Reg A and Wood, Louisa J},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Bottom-up, climate forcing, fisheries production, fishing effort, Large Marine Ecosystem, top-down},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/WZZK363G/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{daan:changes:2005,
	title = {Changes in the {North} {Sea} fish community: evidence of indirect effects of fishing?},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1054-3139, 1095-9289},
	shorttitle = {Changes in the {North} {Sea} fish community},
	url = {http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/2/177},
	doi = {10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.08.020},
	abstract = {We investigate changes in the North Sea fish community with particular reference to possible indirect effects of fishing, mediated through the ecosystem. In the past, long-term changes in the slope of size spectra of research vessel catches have been related to changes in fishing effort, but such changes may simply reflect the cumulative, direct effects of fishing through selective removal of large individuals. If there is resilience in a fish community towards fishing, we may expect increases in specific components, for instance as a consequence of an associated reduction in predation and/or competition. We show on the basis of three long-term trawl surveys that abundance of small fish (all species) as well as abundance of demersal species with a low maximum length (Lmax) have steadily and significantly increased in absolute numbers over large parts of the North Sea during the last 30 years. Taking average fishing mortality of assessed commercial species as an index of exploitation rate of the fish community, it appears that fishing effort reached its maximum in the mid-1980s and has declined slightly since. If the observed changes in the community are caused by indirect effects of fishing, there must be a considerable delay in response time, because the observed changes generally proceed up to recent years, although both size and Lmax spectra suggest some levelling off, or even recovery in one of the surveys. Indeed, significant correlations between all community metrics and exploitation rate were obtained only if time lags ≥6 years were introduced.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-10-14},
	journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
	author = {Daan, Niels and Gislason, Henrik and Pope, John G. and Rice, Jake C.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {community metrics, direct and indirect effects of fishing, Lmax spectra, size spectra},
	pages = {177--188},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/VC82DVB4/Daan et al. - 2005 - Changes in the North Sea fish community evidence .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/XWHF2MHZ/177.html:text/html}
}

@article{bianchi:impact:2000,
	title = {Impact of fishing on size composition and diversity of demersal fish communities},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {1054-3139, 1095-9289},
	url = {http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/558},
	doi = {10.1006/jmsc.2000.0727},
	abstract = {By analysing data sets from different world regions we add evidence to documented changes in demersal fish community structure that may be related to fishing. Changes are analysed by community properties that might be expected to capture relevant overall changes – size spectra slopes and intercepts, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and dominance. Cross-system differences in the shape of the integrated community size spectra appear to be related to ecosystem productivity. The slope of size spectra appears to respond in a consistent way to changes in exploitation levels. In most areas studied, but particularly in high-latitude regions, we observe a decreasing trend in the slope, reflecting changes in size composition toward a relative decline in larger fish. The results from tropical regions are less conclusive, partly owing to the difficulty in obtaining consistent data series, but probably also because the generally higher growth rates of the constituent species make the slope less sensitive to changes in fishing. No evidence was found of any decline in species richness, while changes in diversity (richness and evenness) were caused either by changes in patterns of dominance or by changes in the number of species identified resulting from improved survey protocols.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-10-14},
	journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
	author = {Bianchi, G. and Gislason, H. and Graham, K. and Hill, L. and Jin, X. and Koranteng, K. and Manickchand-Heileman, S. and Payá, I. and Sainsbury, K. and Sanchez, F. and Zwanenburg, K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {cross-system comparisons, diversity, fish community structure, size spectrum},
	pages = {558--571},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/5VH5EENJ/Bianchi et al. - 2000 - Impact of fishing on size composition and diversit.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/JCVUKTAZ/558.html:text/html}
}

@article{pusineri:food:2005,
	title = {Food and feeding ecology of juvenile albacore, {Thunnus} alalunga, off the {Bay} of {Biscay}: a case study},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1054-3139, 1095-9289},
	shorttitle = {Food and feeding ecology of juvenile albacore, {Thunnus} alalunga, off the {Bay} of {Biscay}},
	url = {http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/1/116},
	doi = {10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.09.004},
	abstract = {Although immature albacore tuna, Thunnus alalunga, are of economic and social importance in the Bay of Biscay, little is known about their diet and feeding ecology there. For this study, the diet of 78 albacore caught in the French driftnet fishery during summer 1993 is analysed. Fish dominated the diet in terms of relative abundance (86\%N), and reconstituted mass (60\%M), the most important being Maurolicus muelleri (79\%N, 23\%M), Scomberesox saurus (2\%N, 30\%M), and Arctozenus risso (4\%N, 4\%M). Crustaceans were also important in the diet (12\%N, 2\%M), but given their small size, it is questionable whether they were primary or secondary prey. Foraging on cephalopods seemingly took place only occasionally: they represented 2\%N and 39\%M of the total diet, but were absent from the fresh fraction of stomach contents. Prey sizes ranged from 6 to 228 mm. Juvenile albacore consume either epipelagic prey by day, or vertically migrating mesopelagic species that reach the surface layer by night.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-10-19},
	journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
	author = {Pusineri, C. and Vasseur, Y. and Hassani, S. and Meynier, L. and Spitz, J. and Ridoux, V.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {albacore, Bay of Biscay, diet, feeding ecology, Northeast Atlantic, Thunnus alalunga},
	pages = {116--122},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/SIGMQZU4/Pusineri et al. - 2005 - Food and feeding ecology of juvenile albacore, Thu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/phil/Dropbox/biblio/zotero/storage/35KP4BW6/116.html:text/html}
}

@article{rochet:fishing:2012,
	title = {Fishing destabilizes the biomass flow in the marine size spectrum},
	volume = {279},
	issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1727/284},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.0893},
	abstract = {Fishing impacts on marine food webs are predicted by simulations of a size spectrum community model. In this model, predation is determined by predator and prey size and abundance, and drives predator growth and prey mortality. Fishing amplifies temporal oscillations in the biomass flow. Oscillations appear at lower fishing intensity and have wider amplitude when fishing is selective (removes a narrow size range) and/or when large fish are targeted, than when fishing is more balanced (catching a larger size range) or when small fish are targeted. A novel index of size diversity is developed, and is shown to be sensitive to both fishing intensity and selectivity. To avoid unstable food web dynamics with potential harmful consequences for fisheries, limiting both fishing intensity and selectivity might be an appropriate exploitation strategy.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1727},
	urldate = {2014-02-23},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Rochet, M.-J. and Benoît, E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {21632631},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, community stability, ecosystem approach to fisheries management, fishing selectivity, size spectrum},
	pages = {284--2

repository: Philipp-Neubauer/FFWD-Fish

repo_name: Philipp-Neubauer/FFWD-Fish