text:
Lindfors, K. and Maki, M.},
   title = {Advances in the treatment of coeliac disease: an immunopathogenic perspective},
   journal = {Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {11},
   number = {1},
   pages = {36-44},
   note = {1759-5053
Kaukinen, Katri
Lindfors, Katri
Maki, Markku
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jan;11(1):36-44. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.141. Epub 2013 Aug 6.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease is a common and fairly well-characterized systemic disorder that mainly affects the small intestine, but also has extraintestinal manifestations. The environmental trigger (gluten derived from wheat, rye and barley), the genetic predisposition conferred by the HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes and many steps in the disease pathogenesis are known. This knowledge has enabled researchers to suggest novel alternative treatments or adjunctive therapies to the gluten-free diet, which is currently the only available and effective treatment for the condition. This Review focuses on emerging and potential treatment strategies that are based on the current concept of the disease pathophysiology. The search for novel future treatment modes, including nonpharmacological and pharmacological approaches, is also outlined. The potential pitfalls associated with the various research avenues are also discussed.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/etiology/*immunology/*therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Enzyme Therapy
Humans
Probiotics},
   ISSN = {1759-5045},
   Accession Number = {23917697},
   DOI = {10.1038/nrgastro.2013.141},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kaukinen, K. and Maki, M.},
   title = {Coeliac disease in 2013: new insights in dietary-gluten-induced autoimmunity},
   journal = {Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {11},
   number = {2},
   pages = {80-2},
   note = {1759-5053
Kaukinen, Katri
Maki, Markku
Journal Article
Review
England
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Feb;11(2):80-2. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.232. Epub 2013 Dec 10.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease comprises intolerance against dietary wheat, rye and barley gluten and is one of the most common food-related life-long disorders in Western countries. In 2013, new knowledge of the clinical diversity of coeliac disease and further details about the autoimmune aspects of this disorder have emerged.},
   keywords = {Age Factors
Autoantibodies/metabolism
Autoimmunity/*physiology
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Intestines/immunology},
   ISSN = {1759-5045},
   Accession Number = {24322900},
   DOI = {10.1038/nrgastro.2013.232},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kautto, E. and Ivarsson, A. and Norstrom, F. and Hogberg, L. and Carlsson, A. and Hornell, A.},
   title = {Nutrient intake in adolescent girls and boys diagnosed with coeliac disease at an early age is mostly comparable to their non-coeliac contemporaries},
   journal = {J Hum Nutr Diet},
   volume = {27},
   number = {1},
   pages = {41-53},
   note = {1365-277x
Kautto, E
Ivarsson, A
Norstrom, F
Hogberg, L
Carlsson, A
Hornell, A
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2014 Feb;27(1):41-53. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12125. Epub 2013 May 24.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Food habits, nutrient needs and intakes differ between males and females, although few nutritional studies on patients with coeliac disease (CD) have reported results stratified by gender. OBJECTIVES: To compare energy and nutrient intakes among 13-year olds diagnosed with CD in early childhood with those of a non-coeliac (NC) age- and gender-matched control group, and also with estimated average requirements (EAR). METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in Sweden 2006-2007 within the coeliac screening study ETICS (Exploring The Iceberg of Coeliacs in Sweden). Dietary intake was assessed among 37 adolescents (23 girls) diagnosed with CD at median age 1.7 years (CD group) and 805 (430 girls) NC controls (NC group) using a food-frequency questionnaire covering 4 weeks. Reported energy intake was validated by comparison with the calculated physical activity level (PAL). RESULTS: Regardless of CD status, most adolescents reported an intake above EAR for most nutrients. However, both groups had a low intake of vitamin C, with 13% in the CD-group and 25% in the NC-group below EAR, and 21% of boys in the CD-group below EAR for thiamine. The intake of fatty acids was unbalanced, with a high intake of saturated and a low intake of unsaturated fats. Girls and boys in the CD-group had an overall lower nutrient density in reported food intake compared to girls and boys in the NC-group. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrient intake of adolescent girls and boys with CD was mostly comparable to intakes of NC controls. Dietitians should take the opportunity to reinforce a generally healthy diet when providing information about the gluten-free diet.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Body Weight
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
Child
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Child, Preschool
Diet Records
Diet, Gluten-Free
*Energy Intake
*Feeding Behavior
Female
Humans
Infant
Male
Micronutrients/administration & dosage
*Nutrition Assessment
Nutritional Requirements
Reproducibility of Results
Sweden
adolescents
coeliac disease
dietary assessment
gluten-free diet},
   ISSN = {0952-3871},
   Accession Number = {23701396},
   DOI = {10.1111/jhn.12125},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kautto, E. and Ryden, P. J. and Ivarsson, A. and Olsson, C. and Norstrom, F. and Hogberg, L. and Carlsson, A. and Hagfors, L. and Hornell, A.},
   title = {What happens to food choices when a gluten-free diet is required? A prospective longitudinal population-based study among Swedish adolescent with coeliac disease and their peers},
   journal = {J Nutr Sci},
   volume = {3},
   pages = {e2},
   note = {Kautto, E
Ryden, P J
Ivarsson, A
Olsson, C
Norstrom, F
Hogberg, L
Carlsson, A
Hagfors, L
Hornell, A
Journal Article
England
J Nutr Sci. 2014 Feb 13;3:e2. doi: 10.1017/jns.2013.24. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {A dietary survey was performed during a large screening study in Sweden among 13-year-old adolescents. The aim was to study how the intake of food groups was affected by a screening-detected diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD) and its gluten-free (GF) treatment. Food intake was reported using a FFQ, and intake reported by the adolescents who were diagnosed with CD was compared with the intake of two same-aged referent groups: (i) adolescents diagnosed with CD prior to screening; and (ii) adolescents without CD. The food intake groups were measured at baseline before the screening-detected cases were aware of their CD, and 12-18 months later. The results showed that food intakes were affected by screen-detected CD and its dietary treatment. Many flour-based foods were reduced such as pizza, fish fingers and pastries. The results also indicated that bread intake was lower before the screened diagnosis compared with the other studied groups, but increased afterwards. Specially manufactured GF products (for example, pasta and bread) were frequently used in the screened CD group after changing to a GF diet. The present results suggest that changing to a GF diet reduces the intake of some popular foods, and the ingredients on the plate are altered, but this do not necessarily include a change of food groups. The availability of manufactured GF replacement products makes it possible for adolescents to keep many of their old food habits when diagnosed with CD in Sweden.},
   keywords = {CD, coeliac disease
Coeliac disease
ETICS, Exploring the Iceberg of Celiacs in Sweden
EU, European Union
FIL, food intake level
Food choices
GF, gluten free
Gluten-free diets
PAL, physical activity level
Screening},
   ISSN = {2048-6790 (Print)
2048-6790},
   Accession Number = {25191610},
   DOI = {10.1017/jns.2013.24},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kazan, V. and Qu, W. and Al-Natour, M. and Abbas, J. and Nazzal, M.},
   title = {Celiac artery compression syndrome: a radiological finding without clinical symptoms?},
   journal = {Vascular},
   volume = {21},
   number = {5},
   pages = {293-9},
   note = {1708-539x
Kazan, V
Qu, W
Al-Natour, M
Abbas, J
Nazzal, M
Journal Article
England
Vascular. 2013 Oct;21(5):293-9. doi: 10.1177/1708538113478750. Epub 2013 May 7.},
   abstract = {The aim of the paper is to determine the incidence of celiac artery compression (CAC) based on computed tomography (CT) scan and correlate the findings to the clinical presentation of patients presenting for CT scan in a hospital. Abdominal CT scans of patients were reviewed between September 2010 and November 2010. CAC was diagnosed if the celiac axis appeared to have a hook or U-shaped appearance with stenosis. The medical records of the patients were reviewed for gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea), as well as food fear and weight loss. Patients with CAC had lower incidence of symptoms compared with those without CAC (42.1 versus 65.3%, P = 0.042). A total of 450 patients were evaluated. In the end, 284 had both complete medical records and CT scans. The mean age for all patients was 51.3 +/- 1.2 years. There were 124 men (42.6%) and 160 (57.4%) women. Nineteen (6.7%) patients had radiological evidence of CAC. CAC is not an uncommon CT finding in patients presenting for CT scan.},
   keywords = {Asymptomatic Diseases
Celiac Artery/*abnormalities/diagnostic imaging
*Computed Tomography Angiography
Constriction, Pathologic/*diagnostic imaging/epidemiology
Female
Humans
Incidence
Male
Medical Records
Middle Aged
*Multidetector Computed Tomography
Ohio/epidemiology
Predictive Value of Tests
Prospective Studies
Cta
celiac artery
celiac artery compression syndrome
extrinsic compression},
   ISSN = {1708-5381},
   Accession Number = {23508388},
   DOI = {10.1177/1708538113478750},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Keenan, J. I. and Day, A. S.},
   title = {Risks for celiac disease: bacteria make it three},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {58},
   number = {11},
   pages = {3066-7},
   note = {1573-2568
Keenan, J I
Day, A S
Comment
Editorial
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2013 Nov;58(11):3066-7. doi: 10.1007/s10620-013-2839-y.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/*classification
Celiac Disease/*microbiology
Female
*Food Microbiology
Foodborne Diseases/*microbiology
Gastroenteritis/*microbiology
Humans
Male},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {23979439},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-013-2839-y},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kenrick, K. and Day, A. S.},
   title = {Coeliac disease: where are we in 2014?},
   journal = {Aust Fam Physician},
   volume = {43},
   number = {10},
   pages = {674-8},
   note = {Kenrick, Kristin
Day, Andrew S
Journal Article
Australia
Aust Fam Physician. 2014 Oct;43(10):674-8.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune condition affecting at least 1% of the population, many of whom remain undiagnosed. It is characterised by chronic inflammation of the small-intestinal mucosa and triggered by eating gluten. It is challenging to diagnose be-cause of the many and varied ways in which it may present. OBJECTIVE: To present up-to-date information on CD as we now understand it, with recommendations on whom to test and how to test them, and how to manage patients once they are diagnosed. DISCUSSION: Primary care practitioners have a crucial role in improving rates of CD diagnosis, and in the ongoing care of patients with CD. A blood test for coeliac-specific antibodies will identify most patients who need to undergo duodenal biopsy to make the diagnosis. Management encompasses supporting patients with adherence to the gluten-free diet and conducting a CD-focused clinical review every 1-2 years.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis/genetics/therapy
Celiac Disease/*complications/*diagnosis/*diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Edible Grain/adverse effects
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology/pathology
Prevalence},
   ISSN = {0300-8495 (Print)
0300-8495},
   Accession Number = {25286422},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Koerner, T. B. and Cleroux, C. and Poirier, C. and Cantin, I. and La Vieille, S. and Hayward, S. and Dubois, S.},
   title = {Gluten contamination of naturally gluten-free flours and starches used by Canadians with celiac disease},
   journal = {Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess},
   volume = {30},
   number = {12},
   pages = {2017-21},
   note = {1944-0057
Koerner, Terence B
Cleroux, Chantal
Poirier, Christine
Cantin, Isabelle
La Vieille, Sebastien
Hayward, Stephen
Dubois, Sheila
Journal Article
England
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2013;30(12):2017-21. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2013.840744. Epub 2013 Oct 14.},
   abstract = {A large national investigation into the extent of gluten cross-contamination of naturally gluten-free ingredients (flours and starches) sold in Canada was performed. Samples (n = 640) were purchased from eight Canadian cities and via the internet during the period 2010-2012 and analysed for gluten contamination. The results showed that 61 of the 640 (9.5%) samples were contaminated above the Codex-recommended maximum level for gluten-free products (20 mg kg(-)(1)) with a range of 5-7995 mg kg(-)(1). For the ingredients that were labelled gluten-free the contamination range (5-141 mg kg(-)(1)) and number of samples were lower (3 of 268). This picture was consistent over time, with approximately the same percentage of samples above 20 mg kg(-)(1) in both the initial set and the subsequent lot. Looking at the total mean (composite) contamination for specific ingredients the largest and most consistent contaminations come from higher fibre ingredients such as soy (902 mg kg(-)(1)), millet (272 mg kg(-)(1)) and buckwheat (153 mg kg(-)(1)). Of the naturally gluten-free flours and starches tested that do not contain a gluten-free label, the higher fibre ingredients would constitute the greatest probability of being contaminated with gluten above 20 mg kg(-)(1).},
   keywords = {Canada
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Diet Surveys
Diet, Gluten-Free/*adverse effects
Dietary Fiber/analysis
Edible Grain/adverse effects/*chemistry/economics
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Fagopyrum/adverse effects/chemistry/economics
Flour/adverse effects/*analysis/economics
*Food Contamination
Food Handling
Food Labeling
Glutens/adverse effects/*analysis
Humans
Internet
Nuts/adverse effects/chemistry/economics
Panicum/adverse effects/chemistry/economics
Seeds/adverse effects/chemistry
Soy Foods/adverse effects/analysis/economics
Starch/adverse effects/*chemistry/economics},
   ISSN = {1944-0057},
   Accession Number = {24124879},
   DOI = {10.1080/19440049.2013.840744},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Koning, F. and Mol, M. and Mearin, M. L.},
   title = {The million-dollar question: is "gluten-free" food safe for patients with celiac disease?},
   journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {97},
   number = {1},
   pages = {3-4},
   note = {1938-3207
Koning, Frits
Mol, Marieke
Mearin, M Luisa
Comment
Editorial
United States
Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Jan;97(1):3-4. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.053777. Epub 2012 Dec 5.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*physiopathology
Diet, Gluten-Free/*standards
Food/*standards
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
*Models, Statistical},
   ISSN = {0002-9165},
   Accession Number = {23221576},
   DOI = {10.3945/ajcn.112.053777},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Korneychuk, N. and Ramiro-Puig, E. and Ettersperger, J. and Schulthess, J. and Montcuquet, N. and Kiyono, H. and Meresse, B. and Cerf-Bensussan, N.},
   title = {Interleukin 15 and CD4(+) T cells cooperate to promote small intestinal enteropathy in response to dietary antigen},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {146},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1017-27},
   note = {1528-0012
Korneychuk, Natalia
Ramiro-Puig, Emma
Ettersperger, Julien
Schulthess, Julie
Montcuquet, Nicolas
Kiyono, Hiroshi
Meresse, Bertrand
Cerf-Bensussan, Nadine
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Gastroenterology. 2014 Apr;146(4):1017-27. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.12.023. Epub 2013 Dec 18.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: CD4(+) T cells specific for dietary gluten and interleukin 15 (IL15) contribute to the pathogenesis of celiac disease. We investigated whether and how they interact to damage the intestine using mice that overexpress human IL15 in the intestinal epithelium and have CD4(+) T cells specific for ovalbumin, a dietary antigen. METHODS: We crossed mice with CD4(+) T cells specific for ovalbumin (OTII) with mice that overexpress human IL15 under an intestine-specific promoter (B6 x IL15Tge). The offspring (OTII x IL15Tge mice) received control or ovalbumin-containing diets until 3 months of age. Enteropathy was monitored by weight, ratio of villous:crypt length, and the number of intestinal lymphocytes. Phenotype, cytokine production, and degranulation of mucosal and spleen lymphocytes were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Regulatory T-cell function and CD8(+) T-cell activation were analyzed in co-culture assays. RESULTS: Exposure to ovalbumin reduced growth and led to enteropathy in OTII x IL15Tge mice but not in control OTII x B6 littermates. Enteropathy was associated with expansion of mucosal granzyme B(+) CD8(+) T cells, and developed despite increased frequency of functional ovalbumin-specific regulatory T cells. Ovalbumin-activated CD4(+) T cells secreted IL2, which along with IL15 stimulated expansion of noncognate intestinal cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, which did not respond to regulatory T cells and induced epithelial damage. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that in mice given food antigen, cooperation between IL15 and CD4(+) T cells is necessary and sufficient to activate CD8(+) T cells and damage the small intestine. We propose that this process is involved in the development of celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Adoptive Transfer
Animals
*Antigens
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism/transplantation
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism
Celiac Disease/*immunology/metabolism/pathology
Cell Degranulation
Cell Proliferation
Cells, Cultured
Coculture Techniques
Cytokines/metabolism
DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency/genetics
*Diet
Disease Models, Animal
Granzymes/metabolism
Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics/metabolism
Humans
Immunity, Mucosal
Interleukin-15/genetics/*metabolism
Interleukin-2/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/metabolism
Intestine, Small/*immunology/metabolism/pathology
Lymphocyte Activation
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mice, Knockout
Ovalbumin/administration & dosage/*immunology
Phenotype
Signal Transduction
Spleen/immunology/metabolism
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology/metabolism
beta 2-Microglobulin/deficiency/genetics
Gluten Allergy
Immune Regulation
Mouse Model
Treg Cells},
   ISSN = {0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {24361466},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2013.12.023},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Krupa-Kozak, U.},
   title = {Pathologic bone alterations in celiac disease: etiology, epidemiology, and treatment},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {30},
   number = {1},
   pages = {16-24},
   note = {1873-1244
Krupa-Kozak, Urszula
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Nutrition. 2014 Jan;30(1):16-24. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.05.027.},
   abstract = {Low bone mineral density (BMD), osteopenia, and osteoporosis are frequent complications of celiac disease (CD). The etiology of pathologic bone alterations in CD is multifactorial; however, two main mechanisms are involved: intestinal malabsorption and chronic inflammation. A strict gluten-free diet (GFD) is thought to be the only effective treatment for CD; but treating bone complications related to CD remains complex. The objective of this review is to elucidate the bones problems related to CD and to increase awareness of osteoporosis development, considered as a sign of atypical CD presentation. Currently, a question of whether GFD alone is an effective treatment to correct the bone alterations in patients with CD is under debate. This review presents factors contributing to pathologic bone derangement, recent research on the epidemiology of low BMD, osteoporosis, and fractures, and the treatment of bone problems in patients with CD. The roles of calcium and transport mechanisms are additionally presented.},
   keywords = {Bone Density
Bone and Bones/*pathology
Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage
Celiac Disease/complications/*epidemiology/pathology/therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Supplements
Fractures, Bone/*epidemiology/etiology/pathology/therapy
Humans
Osteoporosis/*epidemiology/etiology/*pathology/*therapy
Vitamin D/administration & dosage
Calcium
Celiac disease
Gluten
Inflammation
Intestinal absorption
Osteoporosis},
   ISSN = {0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {24290593},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2013.05.027},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Krzesiek, E. and Iwanczak, B.},
   title = {[Anemia in selected diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in children]},
   journal = {Pol Merkur Lekarski},
   volume = {34},
   number = {203},
   pages = {289-92},
   note = {Krzesiek, Elzbieta
Iwanczak, Barbara
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Poland
Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2013 May;34(203):289-92.},
   abstract = {Anemia is a frequent symptom of diseases of alimentary tract, also in children. Among others, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and Helicobacter pylori are most often complicated by anemia. Not infrequently these disorders are accompanied by more than one type of anemia and moreover its pathogenesis may be complex. In children with inflammatory bowel disease iron deficiency anemia is predominant, which is caused by the loss and insufficient supply of iron, but also in this group of diseases anemia of chronic diseases pose a problem. In patient with celiac disease, especially in small children, the main cause of anemia is malabsorption of iron, also its loss due to microdamage of the intestine mucosa has also been observed. In Helicobacter pylori infection the origin of anemia is still being discussed. The treatment of iron deficiency anemia (most frequent in the diseases of the alimentary tract) consists mainly of the treatment of underlying disease, supply of iron in food and in the form of drugs. Transfusions of blood ingredients are done only in severe anemia leading to hemodynamic disturbances. Iron may be supplemented either by oral or intravenous route.},
   keywords = {Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/*epidemiology/prevention & control
Causality
Celiac Disease/epidemiology
Child
Comorbidity
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*epidemiology
Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology/microbiology
Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/epidemiology
Iron/metabolism/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1426-9686 (Print)
1426-9686},
   Accession Number = {23894782},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kumar, P. and Lau, P. W. and Kale, S. and Johnson, S. and Pareek, V. and Utikar, R. and Lali, A.},
   title = {Kafirin adsorption on ion-exchange resins: isotherm and kinetic studies},
   journal = {J Chromatogr A},
   volume = {1356},
   pages = {105-16},
   note = {1873-3778
Kumar, Prashant
Lau, Pei Wen
Kale, Sandeep
Johnson, Stuart
Pareek, Vishnu
Utikar, Ranjeet
Lali, Arvind
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
J Chromatogr A. 2014 Aug 22;1356:105-16. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.035. Epub 2014 Jun 19.},
   abstract = {Kafirin is a natural, hydrophobic and celiac safe prolamin protein obtained from sorghum seeds. Today kafirin is found to be useful in designing delayed delivery systems and coatings of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals where its purity is important and this can be obtained by adsorptive chromatography. This study is the first scientific insight into the isotherm and kinetic studies of kafirin adsorption on anion- and cation-exchange resins for practical applications in preparative scale chromatography. Adsorption isotherms of kafirin were determined for five anion- and two cation-exchange resins in batch systems. Isotherm parameters such as maximum binding capacity and dissociation constant were determined from Langmuir isotherm, and adsorptive capacity and affinity constant from Freundlich isotherm. Langmuir isotherm was found to fit the adsorption equilibrium data well. Batch uptake kinetics for kafirin adsorption on these resins was also carried out and critical parameters including the diffusion coefficient, film mass transfer coefficient, and Biot number for film-pore diffusion model were calculated. Both the isotherm and the kinetic parameters were considered for selection of appropriate resin for kafirin purification. UNOsphere Q (78.26 mg/ml) and Toyopearl SP-650M (57.4 mg/ml) were found to offer better kafirin binding capacities and interaction strength with excellent uptake kinetics under moderate operating conditions. With these adsorbents, film diffusion resistance was found to be major governing factor for adsorption (Bi<10 and delta<1). Based on designer objective function, UNOsphere Q was found be best adsorbent for binding of kafirin. The data presented is valuable for designing large scale preparative adsorptive chromatographic kafirin purification systems.},
   keywords = {Adsorption
Anion Exchange Resins/*chemistry
Cation Exchange Resins/*chemistry
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Diffusion
Kinetics
Plant Extracts/*chemistry/isolation & purification
Plant Proteins/*chemistry/isolation & purification
Seeds/chemistry
Sorghum/chemistry
Adsorption isotherm
Chromatography
Kafirin
Prolamin},
   ISSN = {0021-9673},
   Accession Number = {25022481},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.035},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kumaraguru, N. and Koglmeier, J.},
   title = {Early spontaneous recovery of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a 3-year-old child with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome},
   journal = {Indian J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {33},
   number = {3},
   pages = {295-6},
   note = {0975-0711
Kumaraguru, Nandhini
Koglmeier, Jutta
Case Reports
Letter
India
Indian J Gastroenterol. 2014 May;33(3):295-6. doi: 10.1007/s12664-013-0388-0.},
   keywords = {Bone Marrow Diseases/*complications/diagnosis/genetics/therapy
Celiac Disease/etiology
Child, Preschool
Dairy Products/adverse effects
Diet, Gluten-Free
Eczema/etiology/therapy
Exocrine Pancreatic
Insufficiency/complications/diagnosis/*etiology/genetics/*therapy
Female
Humans
Lipomatosis/*complications/diagnosis/genetics/therapy
Pancrelipase/administration & dosage
Triticum/adverse effects
Vitamin D Deficiency/etiology},
   ISSN = {0254-8860},
   Accession Number = {24052373},
   DOI = {10.1007/s12664-013-0388-0},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kverka, M. and Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H.},
   title = {Two faces of microbiota in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: triggers and drugs},
   journal = {Apmis},
   volume = {121},
   number = {5},
   pages = {403-21},
   note = {1600-0463
Kverka, Miloslav
Tlaskalova-Hogenova, Helena
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Denmark
APMIS. 2013 May;121(5):403-21. doi: 10.1111/apm.12007. Epub 2012 Oct 24.},
   abstract = {The prevalence of chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, or rheumatic diseases, is steadily increasing in developed countries. This increase is probably accelerated by environmental factors, such as decrease in infectious burden or changes in food processing. These lifestyle changes then strongly influence the strongest stimulus for the immune system - commensal microbiota. Despite the differences in the affected organ, the immune-mediated diseases have one or more factors in common - microbe either as a trigger or as a protector, mucosal barrier dysfunction, and dysregulation of the immune system. The core questions, which microbes are involved and how these diseases can be cured or even prevented still remain unsolved. Powered by the recent progress in technology, by new insights into the function of immune system, by advances in microbiome research, and extended use of gnotobiological techniques, these mechanisms are now being unravelled and new therapeutic possibilities are emerging. To secure their niche, the microbes devised many ingenious ways, how to dampen the inflammation. Nonpathogenic microorganisms or microbial components isolated from probiotic, commensal or even pathogenic microbes could be, therefore, used to interfere with the pathogenetic mechanisms of immune-mediated diseases.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/*microbiology/physiopathology/therapy
Celiac Disease/microbiology/physiopathology/therapy
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology/physiopathology
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Hypersensitivity/*microbiology/physiopathology/therapy
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*microbiology/physiopathology/therapy
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/physiopathology
*Metagenome
Periodontal Diseases/microbiology/physiopathology/therapy
Probiotics/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0903-4641},
   Accession Number = {23094605},
   DOI = {10.1111/apm.12007},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {La Vieille, S. and Dubois, S. and Hayward, S. and Koerner, T. B.},
   title = {Estimated levels of gluten incidentally present in a Canadian gluten-free diet},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {6},
   number = {2},
   pages = {881-96},
   note = {2072-6643
La Vieille, Sebastien
Dubois, Sheila
Hayward, Stephen
Koerner, Terence B
Journal Article
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2014 Feb 21;6(2):881-96. doi: 10.3390/nu6020881.},
   abstract = {Avoiding exposure to gluten is currently the only effective treatment for celiac disease. However, the evidence suggests that for most affected individuals, exposure to less than 10 mg/day is unlikely to cause histological changes to the intestinal mucosa. The daily diet of people with celiac disease does not rely solely on gluten-free pre-packaged foods, but also on naturally gluten-free grains (e.g., rice, buckwheat, ...) and foods with grain-derived ingredients (i.e., flour and starches) used for cooking and baking at home. The objective of this study was to estimate the level of incidental gluten potentially present in gluten-free diets from a Canadian perspective. We have conducted gluten exposure estimations from grain-containing foods and foods with grain-derived ingredients, taking into consideration the various rates of food consumption by different sex and age groups. These estimates have concluded that if gluten was present at levels not exceeding 20 ppm, exposure to gluten would remain below 10 mg per day for all age groups studied. However, in reality the level of gluten found in naturally gluten-free ingredients is not static and there may be some concerns related to the flours made from naturally gluten-free cereal grains. It was found that those containing a higher level of fiber and that are frequently used to prepare daily foods by individuals with celiac disease could be a concern. For this category of products, only the flours and starches labelled "gluten-free" should be used for home-made preparations.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Canada
Celiac Disease/diet therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Edible Grain/chemistry
Energy Intake
Female
Flour/analysis
Glutens/*analysis
Humans
Infant
Male
Middle Aged
Starch/analysis
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {24566442},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu6020881},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lachance, L. R. and McKenzie, K.},
   title = {Biomarkers of gluten sensitivity in patients with non-affective psychosis: a meta-analysis},
   journal = {Schizophr Res},
   volume = {152},
   number = {2-3},
   pages = {521-7},
   note = {1573-2509
Lachance, Laura R
McKenzie, Kwame
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Review
Netherlands
Schizophr Res. 2014 Feb;152(2-3):521-7. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.001. Epub 2013 Dec 22.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dohan first proposed that there may be an association between gluten sensitivity and schizophrenia in the 1950s. Since then, this association has been measured using several different serum biomarkers of gluten sensitivity. At this point, it is unclear which serum biomarkers of gluten sensitivity are elevated in patients with schizophrenia. However, evidence suggests that the immune response in this group is different from the immune response to gluten found in patients with Celiac disease. METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed to identify all original articles that measured biomarkers of gluten sensitivity in patients with schizophrenia and non-affective psychoses compared to a control group. Three databases were used: Ovid MEDLINE, Psych INFO, and Embase, dating back to 1946. Forward tracking and backward tracking were undertaken on retrieved papers. A meta-analysis was performed of specific biomarkers and reported according to MOOSE guidelines. RESULTS: 17 relevant original articles were identified, and 12 met criteria for the meta-analysis. Five biomarkers of gluten sensitivity were found to be significantly elevated in patients with non-affective psychoses compared to controls. The pooled odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were Anti-Gliadin IgG OR=2.31 [1.16, 4.58], Anti-Gliadin IgA OR=2.57 [1.13, 5.82], Anti-TTG2 IgA OR=5.86 [2.88, 11.95], Anti-Gliadin (unspecified isotype) OR=7.68 [2.07, 28.42], and Anti-Wheat OR=2.74 [1.06, 7.08]. Four biomarkers for gluten sensitivity, Anti-EMA IgA, Anti-TTG2 IgG, Anti-DGP IgG, and Anti-Gluten were not found to be associated with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: Not all serum biomarkers of gluten sensitivity are elevated in patients with schizophrenia. However, the specific immune response to gluten in this population differs from that found in patients with Celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Biomarkers/*blood
Celiac Disease/*complications
Databases, Bibliographic/statistics & numerical data
Female
Gliadin/immunology
Glutens/*immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulins/blood
Male
Psychotic Disorders/*complications/*immunology
Sensitivity and Specificity
Transglutaminases/immunology
Food sensitivity
Gliadin
Gluten
Gluten sensitivity
Psychotic disorders
Schizophrenia},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   Accession Number = {24368154},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.001},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lamacchia, C. and Camarca, A. and Picascia, S. and Di Luccia, A. and Gianfrani, C.},
   title = {Cereal-based gluten-free food: how to reconcile nutritional and technological properties of wheat proteins with safety for celiac disease patients},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {6},
   number = {2},
   pages = {575-90},
   note = {2072-6643
Lamacchia, Carmela
Camarca, Alessandra
Picascia, Stefania
Di Luccia, Aldo
Gianfrani, Carmen
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2014 Jan 29;6(2):575-90. doi: 10.3390/nu6020575.},
   abstract = {The gluten-free diet is, to date, the only efficacious treatment for patients with Celiac Disease. In recent years, the impressive rise of Celiac Disease incidence, dramatically prompted changes in the dietary habit of an increasingly large population, with a rise in demand of gluten-free products. The formulation of gluten-free bakery products presents a formidable challenge to cereal technologists. As wheat gluten contributes to the formation of a strong protein network, that confers visco-elasticity to the dough and allows the wheat flour to be processed into a wide range of products, the preparation of cereal-based gluten-free products is a somehow difficult process. This review focuses on nutritional and technological quality of products made with gluten-free cereals available on the market. The possibility of using flour from naturally low toxic ancient wheat species or detoxified wheat for the diet of celiacs is also discussed.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Flour/*analysis
Food Handling
Glutens/administration & dosage
Humans
Nutritive Value
Plant Proteins/*administration & dosage
Triticum/*chemistry},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {24481131},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu6020575},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Laparra, J. M. and Olivares, M. and Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Oral administration of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 ameliorates gliadin-induced alterations in liver iron mobilisation},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {110},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1828-36},
   note = {1475-2662
Laparra, Jose Moises
Olivares, Marta
Sanz, Yolanda
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2013 Nov;110(10):1828-36. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513001098. Epub 2013 May 9.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten intake, causing intestinal inflammation and mucosal damage commonly associated with the malabsorption of nutrients and ferropenic anaemia. The present study evaluates the effects of the oral administration of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 on gliadin-mediated alterations in hepatic Fe deposition and Hb concentration, liver transferrin receptor (TfR)-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha and hepcidin (Hamp) expression (mRNA), and active hepcidin peptide production by liquid chromatography-MS/MS. Weanling rats, sensitised or not with interferon (IFN)-gamma, were fed with gliadins and/or the bifidobacterial strain. Gliadin feeding increased hepatic Fe deposition; however, only gliadin-fed sensitised animals showed lower Hb concentrations than the controls. TfR2 expression decreased after gliadins were fed to both sensitised and non-sensitised animals,and restored by the administration of B. longum. These observations were accompanied by increases in IL-6 expression levels in all the treatment groups; however, TNF-alpha expression only increased significantly in animals fed gliadins alone or together with B. longum if they had previously been sensitised with IFN-gamma. Liver expression levels of Hamp diminished in all cases to the lowest values in animals sensitised with IFN-gamma after being fed with gliadins and/or bifidobacteria. In these animals, plasma Hamp active peptide concentrations significantly increased when compared with the controls. Significant correlations were calculated between Hamp expression and liver Fe contents (liver Fe = 1/0.0032 + 0.032 x Hamp(exp)), and Hb concentrations (Hb = 11.49 + 10.13 x (Hamp(exp))1/2). These data indicate that oral administration of B. longum ameliorates gliadin-mediated perturbations in liver Fe deposition and mobilisation.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Anemia/*drug therapy/etiology/metabolism
Animals
*Bifidobacterium
Celiac Disease/complications/*drug therapy/metabolism
Female
Gliadin/*adverse effects
Hemoglobins/metabolism
Hepcidins/metabolism
Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
Interleukin-6/metabolism
Iron/*metabolism
Liver/*metabolism
Malabsorption Syndromes/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {23657133},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114513001098},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lee, H. J. and Anderson, Z. and Ryu, D.},
   title = {Gluten contamination in foods labeled as "gluten free" in the United States},
   journal = {J Food Prot},
   volume = {77},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1830-3},
   note = {1944-9097
Lee, Hyun Jung
Anderson, Zach
Ryu, Dojin
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
United States
J Food Prot. 2014 Oct;77(10):1830-3. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-149.},
   abstract = {Gluten is the main storage protein in grains and consists of gliadin and glutenin occurring in the same ratio. Persons suffering from intolerances, including celiac disease, must avoid foods containing gluten or products containing wheat, barley, and rye. Accordingly, gluten detection is of high interest for the food safety of celiac patients. This study was designed to determine the concentrations of gluten in foods labeled "gluten free" available in the United States. Seventy-eight samples labeled gluten free were collected and analyzed using a gliadin competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The gluten content was calculated based on the assumption of the same ratio between gliadin and glutenin. Forty-eight (61.5%) of the 78 samples contained less than the limit of quantification of 10 mg/kg for gluten. In addition, 14 (17.9%) of the 78 samples labeled gluten free contained less gluten than the guidelines established by the Codex Alimentarius for gluten-free labeling (20 mg/kg). However, 16 samples (20.5%) did contain gluten levels of >/=20 mg/kg, ranging from 20.3 to 60.3 mg/kg. In particular, five of eight breakfast cereal samples showed gluten contents higher than 20 mg/kg. These results may be of concern, as gluten sensitivity is known to vary among celiac disease patients.},
   keywords = {Consumer Product Safety
Edible Grain
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Food Contamination/*analysis
*Food Labeling
Gliadin/analysis
Glutens/*analysis
Hordeum
Reproducibility of Results
Triticum
United States
United States Food and Drug Administration},
   ISSN = {0362-028x},
   Accession Number = {25285507},
   DOI = {10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-149},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Leiss, O.},
   title = {[Fiber, food intolerances, FODMAPs, gluten and functional gastrointestinal disorders--update 2014]},
   journal = {Z Gastroenterol},
   volume = {52},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1277-98},
   note = {1439-7803
Leiss, O
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Z Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov;52(11):1277-98. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1385225. Epub 2014 Nov 12.},
   abstract = {The controversial effects of dietary fiber on symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders are summarized. Studies concerning adverse reaction to foods are mentioned and the possible role of food allergy and food intolerances, especially pseudoallergic reactions to biogenes amines, in symptom provocation is discussed. The known effects of lactose deficiency and fructose malabsorption are reviewed. The FODMAP concept (fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols) is presented in more detail and recent studies on pathophysiological effects of FODMAP constituents and of therapeutic effects of a low FODMAP diet on symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome are discussed. Finally, studies on the new disorder non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) are summarized and the state of the discussion whether wheat intolerance is due to gluten or the grains is given.},
   keywords = {Carbohydrates/*adverse effects
Dietary Fiber/*adverse effects
Evidence-Based Medicine
Fermentation
Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/*etiology/*prevention & control
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*etiology
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Polymers/*adverse effects},
   ISSN = {0044-2771},
   Accession Number = {25390215},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0034-1385225},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Leung, J. and Crowe, S. E.},
   title = {Food allergy and food intolerance},
   journal = {World Rev Nutr Diet},
   volume = {111},
   pages = {76-81},
   note = {1662-3975
Leung, John
Crowe, Sheila E
Journal Article
Switzerland
World Rev Nutr Diet. 2015;111:76-81. doi: 10.1159/000362302. Epub 2014 Nov 17.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/physiopathology
*Diet
Food/*adverse effects
*Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis
Humans
Immunoglobulin E/immunology
Lactose Intolerance
Malnutrition/prevention & control
Nutritionists},
   ISSN = {0084-2230},
   Accession Number = {25418393},
   DOI = {10.1159/000362302},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lionetti, E. and Castellaneta, S. and Francavilla, R. and Pulvirenti, A. and Tonutti, E. and Amarri, S. and Barbato, M. and Barbera, C. and Barera, G. and Bellantoni, A. and Castellano, E. and Guariso, G. and Limongelli, M. G. and Pellegrino, S. and Polloni, C. and Ughi, C. and Zuin, G. and Fasano, A. and Catassi, C.},
   title = {Introduction of gluten, HLA status, and the risk of celiac disease in children},
   journal = {N Engl J Med},
   volume = {371},
   number = {14},
   pages = {1295-303},
   note = {1533-4406
Lionetti, Elena
Castellaneta, Stefania
Francavilla, Ruggiero
Pulvirenti, Alfredo
Tonutti, Elio
Amarri, Sergio
Barbato, Maria
Barbera, Cristiana
Barera, Graziano
Bellantoni, Antonella
Castellano, Emanuela
Guariso, Graziella
Limongelli, Maria Giovanna
Pellegrino, Salvatore
Polloni, Carlo
Ughi, Claudio
Zuin, Giovanna
Fasano, Alessio
Catassi, Carlo
SIGENP (Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition) Working Group on Weaning and CD Risk
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 2;371(14):1295-303. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1400697.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relationship between the risk of celiac disease and both the age at which gluten is introduced to a child's diet and a child's early dietary pattern is unclear. METHODS: We randomly assigned 832 newborns who had a first-degree relative with celiac disease to the introduction of dietary gluten at 6 months (group A) or 12 months (group B). The HLA genotype was determined at 15 months of age, and serologic screening for celiac disease was evaluated at 15, 24, and 36 months and at 5, 8, and 10 years. Patients with positive serologic findings underwent intestinal biopsies. The primary outcome was the prevalence of celiac disease autoimmunity and of overt celiac disease among the children at 5 years of age. RESULTS: Of the 707 participants who remained in the trial at 36 months, 553 had a standard-risk or high-risk HLA genotype and completed the study. At 2 years of age, significantly higher proportions of children in group A than in group B had celiac disease autoimmunity (16% vs. 7%, P=0.002) and overt celiac disease (12% vs. 5%, P=0.01). At 5 years of age, the between-group differences were no longer significant for autoimmunity (21% in group A and 20% in group B, P=0.59) or overt disease (16% and 16%, P=0.78 by the log-rank test). At 10 years, the risk of celiac disease autoimmunity was far higher among children with high-risk HLA than among those with standard-risk HLA (38% vs. 19%, P=0.001), as was the risk of overt celiac disease (26% vs. 16%, P=0.05). Other variables, including breast-feeding, were not associated with the development of celiac disease. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the delayed introduction of gluten nor breast-feeding modified the risk of celiac disease among at-risk infants, although the later introduction of gluten was associated with a delayed onset of disease. A high-risk HLA genotype was an important predictor of disease. (Funded by the Fondazione Celiachia of the Italian Society for Celiac Disease; CELIPREV ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00639444.).},
   keywords = {Age Factors
Age of Onset
Autoantibodies/blood
Breast Feeding
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/genetics/*prevention & control
Child
Child, Preschool
*Diet
Dietary Proteins/*administration & dosage
Female
GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
Genotype
Gliadin/immunology
*Glutens/administration & dosage
HLA Antigens/*genetics
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Intestine, Small/pathology
Kaplan-Meier Estimate
Male
Prospective Studies
Risk
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {0028-4793},
   Accession Number = {25271602},
   DOI = {10.1056/NEJMoa1400697},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lionetti, E. and Catassi, C.},
   title = {Co-localization of gluten consumption and HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 genotypes, a clue to the history of celiac disease},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {46},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1057-63},
   note = {1878-3562
Lionetti, Elena
Catassi, Carlo
Journal Article
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2014 Dec;46(12):1057-63. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.08.002. Epub 2014 Sep 4.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten in genetically susceptible persons. Despite its detrimental effects on human health, it has not disappeared over time. The current evolutionary theory is that celiac disease is more common in areas reached later by agricultural revolution than in countries that started consumption of wheat earlier, due to negative selection caused by celiac disease. We reviewed data on worldwide prevalence of celiac disease, wheat consumption, and frequencies of HLA-celiac-disease-predisposing-genotypes to investigate their mutual relationship. Studies assessing prevalence of celiac disease were identified through a MEDLINE search. Wheat consumption and frequencies of HLA-DQ2-DQ8 were obtained from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and allelefrequencies.net database. Correlations between celiac disease, wheat consumption, and HLA were analyzed by linear regression. We observed a significant correlation between wheat consumption and HLA DQ2 (p=0.01) and the sum of DQ2 and DQ8 (p=0.01) frequencies. Wheat consumption and HLA-DQ2 tend to co-localize in different continents. The correlation between the prevalence of celiac disease and either DQ2 and/or DQ8, or the product of DQ2+DQ8*wheat consumption was not statistically significant. Co-localization of gluten consumption and HLA-celiac-disease-predisposing-genotypes can be explained by positive selection of HLA-DQ2 genes in wheat-consuming areas, and "demic diffusion" of Middle East farmers into Europe.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Biological Evolution
Celiac Disease/*epidemiology/genetics
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet/*statistics & numerical data
Genetic Markers
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
*Genotype
Global Health
Glutens
HLA-DQ Antigens/*genetics
Humans
Infant
Linear Models
Prevalence
*Triticum
Young Adult
Celiac disease
Evolution
Hla
Wheat},
   ISSN = {1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {25200477},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2014.08.002},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lombardi, E. and Bergamo, P. and Maurano, F. and Bozzella, G. and Luongo, D. and Mazzarella, G. and Rotondi Aufiero, V. and Iaquinto, G. and Rossi, M.},
   title = {Selective inhibition of the gliadin-specific, cell-mediated immune response by transamidation with microbial transglutaminase},
   journal = {J Leukoc Biol},
   volume = {93},
   number = {4},
   pages = {479-88},
   note = {1938-3673
Lombardi, Emanuela
Bergamo, Paolo
Maurano, Francesco
Bozzella, Giuseppina
Luongo, Diomira
Mazzarella, Giuseppe
Rotondi Aufiero, Vera
Iaquinto, Gaetano
Rossi, Mauro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Leukoc Biol. 2013 Apr;93(4):479-88. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0412182. Epub 2012 Oct 29.},
   abstract = {CD is an immune-mediated enteropathy caused by the ingestion of wheat gluten. The modification of gluten by intestinal tTGase plays a crucial role in CD pathogenesis. In this study, we observed that extensive transamidation of wheat flour with K-C2H5 by mTGase yielded spf and K-gliadins fractions. By Western blot, we found that these modifications were associated with strongly reduced immune cross-reactivity. With the use of DQ8 tg mice as a model of gluten sensitivity, we observed a dramatic reduction in IFNgamma production in gliadin-specific spleen cells challenged with spf and K-gliadins in vitro (n=12; median values: 813 vs. 29 and 99; control vs. spf and K-gliadins, P=0.012 for spf, and P=0.003 for K-gliadins). For spf, we also observed an increase in the IL-10/IFNgamma protein ratio (n=12; median values: 0.3 vs. 4.7; control vs. spf, P=0.005). In intestinal biopsies from CD patients challenged in vitro with gliadins (n=10), we demonstrated further that K-gliadins dramatically reduced the levels of antigen-specific IFNgamma mRNA in all specimens responsive to native gliadins (four of 10; P<0.05). As cytotoxic effects have been described for gliadins, we also studied GST and caspase-3 activities using the enterocytic Caco-2 cell line. We found that neither activities were modified by flour transamidation. Our results indicate that K-C2H5 cross-linking via mTGase specifically affects gliadin immunogenicity, reversing the inducible inflammatory response in models of gluten sensitivity without affecting other aspects of the biological activity of gliadins.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Biopsy
Caco-2 Cells
Caspase 3/genetics/metabolism
Celiac Disease/*immunology/metabolism/pathology
Child
Female
Flour
Gene Expression/drug effects
Gliadin/immunology/metabolism/*pharmacology
Glutathione Transferase/genetics/metabolism
Humans
Immunity, Cellular/*drug effects
Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis/immunology
Interleukin-10/biosynthesis/immunology
Lymphocytes/cytology/*drug effects/immunology
Male
Middle Aged
Protein Isoforms/immunology/metabolism/pharmacology
RNA, Messenger/genetics
Spleen/cytology/drug effects/immunology
Transglutaminases/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0741-5400},
   Accession Number = {23108099},
   DOI = {10.1189/jlb.0412182},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lozinsky, A. C. and Boe, C. and Palmero, R. and Fagundes-Neto, U.},
   title = {Fructose malabsorption in children with functional digestive disorders},
   journal = {Arq Gastroenterol},
   volume = {50},
   number = {3},
   pages = {226-30},
   note = {1678-4219
Lozinsky, Adriana Chebar
Boe, Cristiane
Palmero, Ricardo
Fagundes-Neto, Ulysses
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Brazil
Arq Gastroenterol. 2013 Jul-Sep;50(3):226-30. doi: 10.1590/S0004-28032013000200040.},
   abstract = {CONTEXT: Fructose is a monosaccharide frequently present in natural and artificial juice fruits. When the concentration of fructose in certain food is present in excess of glucose concentration some individuals may develop fructose malabsorption. OBJECTIVES: To report the frequency of fructose malabsorption utilizing the hydrogen breath test in children with gastrointestinal and/or nutritional disorders. METHODS: Between July 2011 and July 2012, 43 patients with gastrointestinal and/or nutritional disorders, from both sexes, were consecutively studied, utilizing the hydrogen breath test with loads of the following carbohydrates: lactose, glucose, fructose and lactulose. Fructose was offered in a 10% aqueous solution in the dose of 1 g/kg body weight. Samples were collected fasting and at every 15 minutes after the intake of the aqueous solution for a 2 hour period. Malabsorption was considered when there was an increase of >20 ppm of hydrogen over the fasting level, and intolerance was diagnosed if gastrointestinal symptoms would appear. RESULTS: The age of the patients varied from 3 months to 16 years, 24 were boys. The following diagnosis were established: irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea in 16, functional abdominal pain in 8, short stature in 10, lactose intolerance in 3, celiac disease in 1, food allergy in 1 and giardiasis in 1 patient. Fructose malabsorption was characterized in 13 (30.2%) patients, and intolerance in 1 (2.3%) patient. The most frequent fructose malabsorption was characterized in 7 (16.3%) patients with irritable bowel syndrome and in 4 (9.3%) patients with functional abdominal pain. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional abdominal pain were the main cause of fructose malabsorption.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Breath Tests
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Fructose/*metabolism
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*complications
Humans
Infant
Intestinal Absorption/physiology
Malabsorption Syndromes/complications/*diagnosis/physiopathology
Male
Malnutrition/complications/diagnosis/physiopathology},
   ISSN = {0004-2803},
   Accession Number = {24322196},
   DOI = {10.1590/s0004-28032013000200040},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ludvigsson, J. F. and Green, P. H.},
   title = {The missing environmental factor in celiac disease},
   journal = {N Engl J Med},
   volume = {371},
   number = {14},
   pages = {1341-3},
   note = {1533-4406
Ludvigsson, Jonas F
Green, Peter H R
Comment
Editorial
United States
N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 2;371(14):1341-3. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe1408011.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*prevention & control
*Diet
Dietary Proteins/*administration & dosage
Female
Glutens/*administration & dosage
HLA Antigens/*genetics
Humans
Male},
   ISSN = {0028-4793},
   Accession Number = {25271608},
   DOI = {10.1056/NEJMe1408011},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {MacCulloch, K. and Rashid, M.},
   title = {Factors affecting adherence to a gluten-free diet in children with celiac disease},
   journal = {Paediatr Child Health},
   volume = {19},
   number = {6},
   pages = {305-9},
   note = {MacCulloch, Katherine
Rashid, Mohsin
Journal Article
Canada
Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Jun;19(6):305-9.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The treatment of celiac disease is a strict, life-long gluten-free (GF) diet. This diet is complex and can be challenging. Factors affecting adherence to the GF diet are important to identify for improving adherence. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that inhibit or improve adherence to a GF diet in children with celiac disease. METHODS: Patients (<18 years of age) with biopsy-confirmed celiac disease followed by the gastroenterology service at a tertiary care paediatric institution were surveyed using a mailed questionnaire. Factors influencing adherence to a GF diet were scored from 1 to 10 based on how often they were problematic (1 = never, 10 = always). Parents of patients <13 years of age were instructed to complete the survey with their child. Adolescents >/=13 years of age were asked to complete the survey themselves. RESULTS: Of 253 subjects, 126 completed the survey; the median age was 12 years (range two to 18 years). Forty percent were adolescents. Overall, participants reported good adherence at home and school, but lower adherence at social events. Adolescents reported lower adherence compared with parents. Availability of GF foods and cost were the most significant barriers. Other factors identified to help with a GF diet included education for schools/restaurants and improved government support. CONCLUSIONS: Availability, cost and product labelling are major barriers to adherence to a GF diet. Better awareness, improved labelling and income support are needed to help patients.},
   keywords = {Adherence
Celiac disease
Compliance
Gluten-free diet},
   ISSN = {1205-7088 (Print)
1205-7088},
   Accession Number = {25332660},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Maitre, S. and Maniu, C. M. and Buss, G. and Maillard, M. H. and Spertini, F. and Ribi, C.},
   title = {[Food allergy or food intolerance?]},
   journal = {Rev Med Suisse},
   volume = {10},
   number = {426},
   pages = {846-50, 852-3},
   note = {Maitre, S
Maniu, C-M
Buss, G
Maillard, M H
Spertini, F
Ribi, C
English Abstract
Journal Article
Switzerland
Rev Med Suisse. 2014 Apr 16;10(426):846-50, 852-3.},
   abstract = {Adverse food reactions can be classified into two main categories depending on wether an immune mechanism is involved or not. The first category includes immune mediated reactions like IgE mediated food allergy, eosinophilic oesophagitis, food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome and celiac disease. The second category implies non-immune mediated adverse food reactions, also called food intolerances. Intoxications, pharmacologic reactions, metabolic reactions, physiologic, psychologic or reactions with an unknown mechanism belong to this category. We present a classification of adverse food reactions based on the pathophysiologic mechanism that can be useful for both diagnostic approach and management.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/immunology
Eosinophilic Esophagitis/immunology
Food/*adverse effects
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis/immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulin E/immunology},
   ISSN = {1660-9379 (Print)
1660-9379},
   Accession Number = {24834642},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Makharia, G. K.},
   title = {Current and emerging therapy for celiac disease},
   journal = {Front Med (Lausanne)},
   volume = {1},
   pages = {6},
   note = {Makharia, Govind K
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Front Med (Lausanne). 2014 Mar 24;1:6. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2014.00006. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {At present, strict and lifelong gluten-free diet is the only effective treatment for celiac disease. Even small amounts of gluten (50 mg/day) can be immunogenic; therefore all food and food items and drugs that contain gluten and its derivatives must be eliminated completely from the diet. While prescribing gluten-free diet is easy; the key to the success is the dietary counseling by a nutrition specialist and maintenance of adherence to GFD by the patient. In recent times, a number of targets to halt the process of immunological injury have been explored to find out alternative treatment for celiac disease. These targets include exploration of ancient wheat if they are less immunogenic, intra-luminal digestion of gluten using prolylendopeptidases, pretreatment of whole gluten with bacterial-derived peptidase before ingestion; prevention of passage of immunogenic peptides through the tight junctions such as zonulin antagonists, Blocking of HLA-DQ2 to prevent binding of immunogenic peptides, inhibition of transglutaminase 2, immune-modulation, and induction of tolerance to gluten using gluten tolerizing vaccines, use of gluten-sequestering polymers, use of anti-inflammatory drugs (glucocorticoids, budesonides) and anti-cytokines such as anti TNF-alpha, and anti-interleukin-15. While many of these targets are still in the pre-clinical phase, some of them including zonulin antagonist and endopeptidases have already reached phase II and phase III clinical trials. Furthermore, while these targets appear very exciting; they at best are likely to be used as adjunctive therapy rather than a complete replacement for gluten-free diet.},
   keywords = {HLA-blockers
ancient wheat
endopeptidases
glucocorticoids
gluten-free
probiotics
transglutaminase inhibitor
zonulin antagonist},
   ISSN = {2296-858X (Print)
2296-858x},
   Accession Number = {25705619},
   DOI = {10.3389/fmed.2014.00006},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Makharia, G. K. and Mulder, C. J. and Goh, K. L. and Ahuja, V. and Bai, J. C. and Catassi, C. and Green, P. H. and Gupta, S. D. and Lundin, K. E. and Ramakrishna, B. S. and Rawat, R. and Sharma, H. and Sood, A. and Watanabe, C. and Gibson, P. R.},
   title = {Issues associated with the emergence of coeliac disease in the Asia-Pacific region: a working party report of the World Gastroenterology Organization and the Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology},
   journal = {J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {29},
   number = {4},
   pages = {666-77},
   note = {1440-1746
Makharia, Govind K
Mulder, Chris J J
Goh, Khean Lee
Ahuja, Vineet
Bai, Julio C
Catassi, Carlo
Green, Peter H R
Gupta, Siddhartha Datta
Lundin, Knut E A
Ramakrishna, Balakrishnan Siddartha
Rawat, Ramakant
Sharma, Hanish
Sood, Ajit
Watanabe, Chikako
Gibson, Peter R
World Gastroenterology Organization-Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology Working Party on Celiac Disease
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Australia
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Apr;29(4):666-77.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: Once thought to be uncommon in Asia, coeliac disease (CD) is now being increasingly recognized in Asia-Pacific region. In many Asian nations, CD is still considered to be either nonexistent or very rare. In recognition of such heterogeneity of knowledge and awareness, the World Gastroenterology Organization and the Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology commissioned a working party to address the key issues in emergence of CD in Asia. METHODS: A working group consisting of members from Asia-Pacific region, Europe, North America, and South America reviewed relevant existing literature with focus on those issues specific to Asia-Pacific region both in terms of what exists and what needs to be done. RESULTS: The working group identified the gaps in epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of CD in Asian-Pacific region and recommended the following: to establish prevalence of CD across region, increase in awareness about CD among physicians and patients, and recognition of atypical manifestations of CD. The challenges such as variability in performance of serological tests, lack of population-specific cut-offs values for a positive test, need for expert dietitians for proper counseling and supervision of patients, need for gluten-free infrastructure in food supply and creation of patient advocacy organizations were also emphasized. CONCLUSIONS: Although absolute number of patients with CD at present is not very large, this number is expected to increase over the next few years or decades. It is thus appropriate that medical community across the Asia-Pacific region define extent of problem and get prepared to handle impending epidemic of CD.},
   keywords = {Asia/epidemiology
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*epidemiology/therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Gastroenterology/*organization & administration
Genetic Testing
Humans
Prevalence
Serologic Tests
Societies, Medical/*organization & administration},
   ISSN = {0815-9319},
   Accession Number = {24783246},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Maloney, W. J. and Raymond, G. and Hershkowitz, D. and Rochlen, G.},
   title = {Oral and dental manifestations of celiac disease},
   journal = {N Y State Dent J},
   volume = {80},
   number = {4},
   pages = {45-8},
   note = {Maloney, William James
Raymond, George
Hershkowitz, David
Rochlen, Glenn
Journal Article
Review
United States
N Y State Dent J. 2014 Jun-Jul;80(4):45-8.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by the malabsorption of nutrients because the villi of the small intestines are unable to process these nutrients. It is brought on by gluten food products. A pattern of enamel defects and oral aphthae are common findings in celiac disease, thus making the dentist an integral part of the diagnostic team.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
Celiac Disease/*complications/immunology/physiopathology
Dental Enamel/*abnormalities
Humans
Stomatitis, Aphthous/*etiology},
   ISSN = {0028-7571 (Print)
0028-7571},
   Accession Number = {25219065},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mamone, G. and Camarca, A. and Fierro, O. and Sidney, J. and Mazzarella, G. and Addeo, F. and Auricchio, S. and Troncone, R. and Sette, A. and Gianfrani, C.},
   title = {Immunogenic peptides can be detected in whole gluten by transamidating highly susceptible glutamine residues: implication in the search for gluten-free cereals},
   journal = {J Agric Food Chem},
   volume = {61},
   number = {3},
   pages = {747-54},
   note = {1520-5118
Mamone, Gianfranco
Camarca, Alessandra
Fierro, Olga
Sidney, John
Mazzarella, Giuseppe
Addeo, Francesco
Auricchio, Salvatore
Troncone, Riccardo
Sette, Alessandro
Gianfrani, Carmen
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Jan 23;61(3):747-54. doi: 10.1021/jf3040435. Epub 2013 Jan 11.},
   abstract = {Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) plays a central role in celiac disease (CD) pathogenesis by strongly enhancing the immunogenicity of gluten, the CD-triggering antigen. By deamidating specific glutamine (Q) residues, TG2 favors the binding of gluten peptides to DQ2/8 molecules and, subsequently, their recognition by cognate T cells. Six peptides were previously identified within wheat gliadin whole extracts by tagging the TG2-susceptible Q residues with monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and nanospray tandem mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS/MS). The immunogenicity of these peptides was next tested in gliadin-specific T-cell lines established from CD intestinal mucosa. Four peptides, corresponding to known epitopes of alpha- and gamma-gliadins, induced cell proliferation and interferon (IFN)-gamma production. Interestingly, one of the two non-T-cell stimulatory peptides corresponded to the 31-49 alpha-gliadin peptide implicated in the innate immune activation in CD mucosa. This study describes a strategy for identifying immunogenic gluten peptides potentially relevant for CD pathogenesis in protein extracts from wheat and other edible cereals.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Antibody Formation/*immunology
Celiac Disease/*immunology
Cell Line
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics/immunology
GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/immunology
Gliadin/chemistry/immunology
Glutamine/chemistry
Glutens/chemistry/*immunology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
Middle Aged
Peptides/*immunology
T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Transglutaminases/genetics/immunology
Triticum/*chemistry/immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0021-8561},
   Accession Number = {23244345},
   DOI = {10.1021/jf3040435},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mansueto, P. and Seidita, A. and D'Alcamo, A. and Carroccio, A.},
   title = {Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: literature review},
   journal = {J Am Coll Nutr},
   volume = {33},
   number = {1},
   pages = {39-54},
   note = {1541-1087
Mansueto, Pasquale
Seidita, Aurelio
D'Alcamo, Alberto
Carroccio, Antonio
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Am Coll Nutr. 2014;33(1):39-54. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.869996.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: A significant percentage of the general population report problems caused by wheat and/or gluten ingestion, even though they do not have celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy (WA), because they test negative both for CD-specific serology and histopathology and for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated assays. Most patients report both gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal symptoms, and all report improvement of symptoms on a gluten-free diet. This clinical condition has been named non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). AIM: We attempt to define the current pathogenic, clinical, and diagnostic criteria of this "new" disease, to provide a practical view that might be useful to evaluate, diagnose, and manage NCGS patients. METHODS: We reviewed the international literature through PubMed and Medline, using the search terms "wheat (hyper)sensitivity," "wheat allergy," "wheat intolerance," "gluten (hyper)sensitivity," and "gluten intolerance," and we discuss current knowledge about NCGS. RESULTS: It has been demonstrated that patients suffering from NCGS are a heterogeneous group, composed of several subgroups, each characterized by different pathogenesis, clinical history, and, probably, clinical course. NCGS diagnosis can be reached only by excluding CD and WA. Recent evidence shows that a personal history of food allergy in infancy, coexistent atopy, positive for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antigliadin antibodies and flow cytometric basophil activation test, with wheat and duodenal and/or ileum-colon intraepithelial and lamina propria eosinophil counts, could be useful to identify NCGS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should aim to identify reliable biomarkers for NCGS diagnosis and to better define the different NCGS subgroups. Key teaching points: * Most patients report both gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal symptoms, and all agree that there is an improvement of symptoms on a gluten-free diet. * NCGS diagnosis can be reached only by excluding celiac disease and wheat allergy. * Patients suffering from NCGS are a heterogeneous group, composed of several subgroups, each characterized by different pathogenesis, clinical history, and, probably, clinical course. * A personal history of food allergy in infancy, coexistent atopy, positive IgG antigliadin antibodies (AGA) and flow cytometric basophil activation test, with wheat and duodenal and/or ileum-colon intraepithelial and lamina propria eosinophil counts, could be useful to identify NCGS patients. * Future research should aim to identify reliable biomarkers for NCGS diagnosis and to better define the different NCGS subgroup.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
Diet, Gluten-Free
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis
Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis/*etiology
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Triticum/*chemistry},
   ISSN = {0731-5724},
   Accession Number = {24533607},
   DOI = {10.1080/07315724.2014.869996},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Martin, J. and Geisel, T. and Maresch, C. and Krieger, K. and Stein, J.},
   title = {Inadequate nutrient intake in patients with celiac disease: results from a German dietary survey},
   journal = {Digestion},
   volume = {87},
   number = {4},
   pages = {240-6},
   note = {1421-9867
Martin, Julia
Geisel, Tabea
Maresch, Constanze
Krieger, Kathrin
Stein, Jurgen
Journal Article
Switzerland
Digestion. 2013;87(4):240-6. doi: 10.1159/000348850. Epub 2013 Jun 6.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease (CD) is a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD). Research has been carried out in various countries into the nutritional adequacy of the GFD in terms of macro- and micronutrients, mostly presenting conflicting results. However, no data for Germany are available to date. AIM: To elucidate the nutritional composition of a GFD and to compare it with non-GFD in a representative German non-CD population. METHODS AND PATIENTS: A total of 1,000 patients who were members of the German Celiac Society (DZG) were invited to fill out a prospective 7-day food diary and a questionnaire. Data from 88 patients aged 14-80 years were analyzed and compared to the DACH reference values and to data from the German National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NVS II). RESULTS: No significant difference was observed for the intake of energy and macronutrients in male celiac patients compared to the NVS II. Only the fiber intake of male patients was significantly lower than that of the general population. Female patients, however, showed a significantly higher fat intake, but lower carbohydrate consumption. The average daily micronutrient intake of male and female patients, specifically of vitamin B1, B2, B6, folic acid, magnesium and iron, was significantly lower in celiac patients compared to the NVS II. CONCLUSION: This study reveals inadequate nutrient intake by male and female celiac patients in Germany. Based on our findings, regular (laboratory) monitoring of celiac patients should be recommended.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Supplements
Energy Intake
Female
Germany
Health Surveys
Humans
Male
Micronutrients
Middle Aged
Nutrition Surveys
Prospective Studies
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0012-2823},
   Accession Number = {23751356},
   DOI = {10.1159/000348850},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Martin, U. and Mercer, S. W.},
   title = {A comparison of general practitioners prescribing of gluten-free foods for the treatment of coeliac disease with national prescribing guidelines},
   journal = {J Hum Nutr Diet},
   volume = {27},
   number = {1},
   pages = {96-104},
   note = {1365-277x
Martin, U
Mercer, S W
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2014 Feb;27(1):96-104. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12116. Epub 2013 May 2.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder that is considered to affect approximately one in 100 people. In the UK, gluten-free (GF) foods can be prescribed by general practitioners (GPs) to treat this condition and there are national guidelines on the quantities of GF food an individual should receive on prescription. Information on actual prescribing behaviour by GPs, and how this compares with guideline recommendations, is scarce. The present study aimed to describe GPs prescribing practice of GF foods, within one locality in the UK, comparing this with national guidelines. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of GP electronic medical records for all patients with a gluten-sensitive enteropathy diagnosis and/or those prescribed GF food between April 2010 and March 2011 was carried out in 16 GP practices in the west of Scotland, serving a total of 85 667 patients. RESULTS: Of 175 (0.18% of the total practice population) patients, 152 were identified with coeliac disease, eight with dermatitis herpetiformis and six with both conditions. A further nine patients received GF foods on prescriptions with no recorded diagnosis. There was a positive association between adherence to the prescribing guidelines and female sex (P < 0.0001) and (for those with a recorded diagnosis) increasing age (P = 0.001). There was no significant association between either socio-economic deprivation or co-morbidities and adherence to the prescribing guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: There was significant under prescribing of GF foods in those identified. Further research is required to establish whether these results are representative of wider practice in the UK.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*diet therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
Dermatitis Herpetiformis/diagnosis/diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
*General Practitioners
Glutens/administration & dosage
Guideline Adherence
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
*Nutrition Policy
Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data
Retrospective Studies
Socioeconomic Factors
United Kingdom
Young Adult
coeliac disease
dermatitis herpetiformis
general practitioners
gluten-free foods
prescriptions},
   ISSN = {0952-3871},
   Accession Number = {23634961},
   DOI = {10.1111/jhn.12116},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Martinez-Olmos, M. A. and Peino, R. and Prieto-Tenreiro, A. and Lage, M. and Nieto, L. and Lord, T. and Molina-Perez, E. and Dominguez-Munoz, J. E. and Casanueva, F. F.},
   title = {Intestinal absorption and pancreatic function are preserved in anorexia nervosa patients in both a severely malnourished state and after recovery},
   journal = {Eur Eat Disord Rev},
   volume = {21},
   number = {3},
   pages = {247-51},
   note = {1099-0968
Martinez-Olmos, Miguel Angel
Peino, Roberto
Prieto-Tenreiro, Alma
Lage, Mary
Nieto, Laura
Lord, Teresa
Molina-Perez, Esther
Dominguez-Munoz, Juan Enrique
Casanueva, Felipe F
Journal Article
England
Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2013 May;21(3):247-51. doi: 10.1002/erv.2223. Epub 2013 Feb 7.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterised by a refusal to normal body weight accompanied by a marked restriction of food intake, frequently leading to severe malnutrition. In severe malnutrition and wasting syndromes, mucosal atrophy, altered gastrointestinal motility and pancreatic atrophy, which alter digestive function and can exacerbate malnutrition, have been described. The objective of this work was to determine intestinal absorption and pancreatic function in severely malnourished AN patients before and after recovery. METHODS: Ten severely malnourished AN women were studied at hospital admittance (body mass index = 11.44-16.16 kg/m(2)) and after weight recovery with artificial nutrition (body mass index >/= 20 kg/m(2)). A (13)C-labelled triglycerides digestion test, faecal elastase test and d-xylose absorption test were performed. RESULTS: In nine patients, (13)C-labelled triglycerides digestion tests and the faecal elastase and d-xylose tests were normal both before and after weight recovery. In one patient, the results were abnormal, and they led to the detection of a previously undiagnosed celiac disease in addition to her AN. CONCLUSION: In this series, there was neither intestinal absorption nor pancreatic function disturbances in severely malnourished AN patients either before or after weight recovery. The usefulness of these tests in the differentiation of functional versus structural changes needs further studies.},
   keywords = {Absorption
Adult
Anorexia Nervosa/*physiopathology/therapy
Body Composition
Female
Humans
Intestinal Absorption/*physiology
Malnutrition/*physiopathology/therapy
Nutritional Status
Pancreas/*physiopathology},
   ISSN = {1072-4133},
   Accession Number = {23389861},
   DOI = {10.1002/erv.2223},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Matoori, S. and Fuhrmann, G. and Leroux, J. C.},
   title = {Celiac disease: a challenging disease for pharmaceutical scientists},
   journal = {Pharm Res},
   volume = {30},
   number = {3},
   pages = {619-26},
   note = {1573-904x
Matoori, Simon
Fuhrmann, Gregor
Leroux, Jean-Christophe
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Pharm Res. 2013 Mar;30(3):619-26. doi: 10.1007/s11095-012-0951-x. Epub 2012 Dec 11.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten-containing grains that affects ~1% of the white ethnic population. In the last decades, a rise in prevalence of CD has been observed that cannot be fully explained by improved diagnostics. Genetic predisposition greatly influences the susceptibility of individuals towards CD, though environmental factors also play a role. With no pharmacological treatments available, the only option to keep CD in remission is a strict and permanent exclusion of dietary gluten. Such a gluten-free diet is difficult to maintain because of gluten's omnipresence in food (e.g., additive in processed food). The development of adjuvant therapies which would permit the intake of small amounts of gluten would be desirable to improve the quality of life of patients on a gluten-free diet. Such therapies include gluten-degrading enzymes, polymeric binders, desensitizing vaccines, anti-inflammatory drugs, transglutaminase 2 inhibitors, and HLA-DQ2 blockers. However, many of these approaches pose pharmaceutical challenges with respect to drug formulation and stability, or application route and dosing interval. This perspective article discusses how pharmaceutical scientists may deal with these challenges and contribute to the implementation of novel therapeutic options for patients with CD.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/*drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Enzyme Therapy
GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
Glutens/metabolism
HLA-DQ Antigens/immunology
Humans
Permeability/drug effects
Transglutaminases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0724-8741},
   Accession Number = {23229860},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11095-012-0951-x},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Matos, M. E. and Rosell, C. M.},
   title = {Understanding gluten-free dough for reaching breads with physical quality and nutritional balance},
   journal = {J Sci Food Agric},
   volume = {95},
   number = {4},
   pages = {653-61},
   note = {1097-0010
Matos, Maria E
Rosell, Cristina M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
J Sci Food Agric. 2015 Mar 15;95(4):653-61. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6732. Epub 2014 May 27.},
   abstract = {In the last decade the development of gluten-free foodstuffs has attracted great attention as a result of better diagnoses of coeliac disease and a greater knowledge of the relationship between gluten-free products and health. The increasing interest has prompted extensive research into the development of gluten-free foodstuffs that resemble gluten-containing foods. This review aims to provide some insights on dough functionality and process conditions regarding bread quality and to point out recent research dealing with the nutritional composition of those products. Gluten-free dough results from the combination of different ingredients, additives, and the processing aids required for building up network structures responsible for bread quality. Some relationships between dough rheology and bread characteristics were established to identify possible predictor parameters. Regarding bread-making processes, the impact of mixing, dough treatment and baking is stated. Nutritional quality is an important asset when developing gluten-free breads, and different strategies for improving it are reviewed. Gluten-free bread quality is dependent on ingredients and additives combination, but also processing can provide a way to improve bread quality. Nutritive value of the gluten-free breads must be always in mind when setting up recipes, for obtaining nutritionally balanced bread with adequate glycaemic index.},
   keywords = {Bread/*analysis/standards
Chemical Phenomena
*Diet, Gluten-Free
*Food Handling
*Food Quality
*Food-Processing Industry/trends
Humans
Mechanical Phenomena
Nutritive Value
Terminology as Topic
bread
dough
gluten-free
nutrition
process
quality
raw materials},
   ISSN = {0022-5142},
   Accession Number = {24816770},
   DOI = {10.1002/jsfa.6732},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mattila, E. and Kurppa, K. and Ukkola, A. and Collin, P. and Huhtala, H. and Forma, L. and Lahdeaho, M. L. and Kekkonen, L. and Maki, M. and Kaukinen, K.},
   title = {Burden of illness and use of health care services before and after celiac disease diagnosis in children},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {57},
   number = {1},
   pages = {53-6},
   note = {1536-4801
Mattila, Eeva
Kurppa, Kalle
Ukkola, Anniina
Collin, Pekka
Huhtala, Heini
Forma, Leena
Lahdeaho, Marja-Leena
Kekkonen, Leila
Maki, Markku
Kaukinen, Katri
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jul;57(1):53-6.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Prevalence of celiac disease in children is approximately 1%, but most patients remain unrecognized by reason of variable clinical presentation. Undetected patients may have an increased burden of illness and use of health care services because of nonspecific complaints. We investigated these issues prospectively in newly detected patients with celiac disease before and after diagnosis in a large nationwide cohort of children. METHODS: A validated questionnaire was sent to consecutive families whose children had been diagnosed as having celiac disease within 1 year. The survey contained questions about the use of medical consultations, on-demand drugs, vitamins and herbal products, children's absenteeism from day care or school and, parents' work absenteeism. A follow-up questionnaire was sent after 1 year of receiving a gluten-free diet. RESULTS: A total of 132 families responded. A total of 44 children were diagnosed because of gastrointestinal and 88 because of extraintestinal symptoms or by risk-group screening. On treatment, outpatient visits to primary health care decreased from a mean of 3.0 to 1.3 visits per year (P < 0.001), the number of hospitalizations from 0.2 to 0.1 (P = 0.008), and antibiotic prescriptions from 1.0 to 0.5/year (P < 0.001). Visits to secondary and tertiary health care increased from 0.6 to 1.4 (P < 0.001), mostly for celiac surveillance. Use of vitamins, micronutrients, and herbal products increased from 7.3 to 10.2 pills per month (P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a gluten-free diet resulted in reduced use of health care services and antibiotic prescriptions in children. Our findings support active case-finding and risk-group screening for celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*diet therapy/physiopathology/therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
*Cost of Illness
*Diet, Gluten-Free
*Dietary Supplements
Early Diagnosis
Family
Female
Finland
Follow-Up Studies
Health Care Surveys
Humans
Infant
Male
*Patient Acceptance of Health Care
Prospective Studies
Retrospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23961546},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mayer, H. and Marconi, O. and Regnicoli, G. F. and Perretti, G. and Fantozzi, P.},
   title = {Production of a saccharifying rice malt for brewing using different rice varieties and malting parameters},
   journal = {J Agric Food Chem},
   volume = {62},
   number = {23},
   pages = {5369-77},
   note = {1520-5118
Mayer, Heidi
Marconi, Ombretta
Regnicoli, Gian Franco
Perretti, Giuseppe
Fantozzi, Paolo
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Jun 11;62(23):5369-77. doi: 10.1021/jf501462a. Epub 2014 May 28.},
   abstract = {This study was conducted to produce rice malt suitable for beer brewing. An all-rice beer would be particularly appealing to individuals with celiac disease because rice does not contain gluten proteins. Furthermore, rice malt could also contribute to new beer flavors and brands. A screening of 10 rice varieties was conducted. The varieties Balilla and Centauro were found to be suitable for the production of an all-rice malt beer without the need of exogenous enzymes. They were characterized by a low diastatic power but nevertheless they saccharified well, likely due to other endogenous amylolytic enzymes such as limit dextrinase and alpha-glucosidase. The addition of CaCl2 and lactic acid during mashing lowered the pH value and increased saccharification. However, the Balilla variety saccharified without the need of these additives. We also show that the soluble nitrogen and free amino nitrogen content of rice malt wort can be increased by the incorporation of the acrospires and rootlets during mashing.},
   keywords = {Amino Acids/analysis
Beer/analysis
Carbohydrates/*analysis
Fermentation
Food Handling/*methods
Oryza/*chemistry/classification},
   ISSN = {0021-8561},
   Accession Number = {24837876},
   DOI = {10.1021/jf501462a},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mazzarella, G. and Bergamo, P. and Maurano, F. and Luongo, D. and Rotondi Aufiero, V. and Bozzella, G. and Palmieri, G. and Troncone, R. and Auricchio, S. and David, C. and Rossi, M.},
   title = {Gliadin intake alters the small intestinal mucosa in indomethacin-treated HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice},
   journal = {Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol},
   volume = {307},
   number = {3},
   pages = {G302-12},
   note = {1522-1547
Mazzarella, Giuseppe
Bergamo, Paolo
Maurano, Francesco
Luongo, Diomira
Rotondi Aufiero, Vera
Bozzella, Giuseppina
Palmieri, Gianna
Troncone, Riccardo
Auricchio, Salvatore
David, Chella
Rossi, Mauro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014 Aug 1;307(3):G302-12. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00002.2014. Epub 2014 Jun 12.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is an enteropathy caused by the ingestion of wheat gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. A complete understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms in CD has been hindered because of the lack of adequate in vivo models. In the present study, we explored the events after the intragastric administration of gliadin and of the albumin/globulin fraction from wheat in human leukocyte antigen-DQ8 transgenic mice (DQ8 mice) treated with indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenases (COXs). After 10 days of treatment, mice showed a significant reduction of villus height, increased crypt depth, increased number of lamina propria-activated macrophages, and high basal interferon-gamma secretion in mesenteric lymph nodes, all of which were specifically related to gliadin intake, whereas the albumin/globulin fraction of wheat was unable to induce similar changes. Cotreatment with NS-398, a specific inhibitor of COX-2, also induced the intestinal lesion. Enteropathy onset was further characterized by high levels of oxidative stress markers, similar to CD. Biochemical assessment of the small intestine revealed the specific activation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, high caspase-3 activity, and a significant increase of tissue transglutaminase protein levels associated with the intestinal lesion. Notably, after 30 days of treatment, enteropathic mice developed serum antibodies toward gliadin (IgA) and tissue transglutaminase (IgG). We concluded that gliadin intake in combination with COX inhibition caused a basal inflammatory status and an oxidative stress condition in the small intestine of DQ8 mice, thus triggering the mucosal lesion and, subsequently, an antigen-specific immunity.},
   keywords = {Animals
Apoptosis
Caspase 3/metabolism
Celiac Disease/*chemically induced/genetics/immunology/metabolism/pathology
Cyclooxygenase 2/*metabolism
Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/*toxicity
Disease Models, Animal
GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology/metabolism
*Gliadin/immunology
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics/*metabolism
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Immunoglobulin G/blood
Indomethacin/*toxicity
Intestinal Mucosa/*drug effects/immunology/metabolism/pathology
Intestine, Small/*drug effects/immunology/metabolism/pathology
Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
Mice
Mice, Transgenic
Nitrobenzenes/toxicity
Oxidative Stress/drug effects
Sulfonamides/toxicity
Time Factors
Transglutaminases/immunology/metabolism
cyclooxygenases
enteropathy
gliadin
indomethacin
transgenic mice},
   ISSN = {0193-1857},
   Accession Number = {24924747},
   DOI = {10.1152/ajpgi.00002.2014},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mazzeo, M. F. and Bonavita, R. and Maurano, F. and Bergamo, P. and Siciliano, R. A. and Rossi, M.},
   title = {Biochemical modifications of gliadins induced by microbial transglutaminase on wheat flour},
   journal = {Biochim Biophys Acta},
   volume = {1830},
   number = {11},
   pages = {5166-74},
   note = {Mazzeo, Maria F
Bonavita, Roberta
Maurano, Francesco
Bergamo, Paolo
Siciliano, Rosa A
Rossi, Mauro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Nov;1830(11):5166-74. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.021. Epub 2013 Jul 25.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder caused by the ingestion of wheat gluten. A lifelong, gluten-free diet is required to normalize the intestinal mucosa. We previously found that transamidation by microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) suppressed the gliadin-specific immune response in intestinal T-cell lines from CD patients and in models of gluten sensitivity. METHODS: SDS-PAGE, Western blot, ELISA, tissue transglutaminase (tTGase) assay and nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS experiments were used to analyze prolamins isolated from treated wheat flour. RESULTS: Gliadin and glutenin yields decreased to 7.6+/-0.5% and 7.5+/-0.3%, respectively, after a two-step transamidation reaction that produced a water-soluble protein fraction (spf). SDS-PAGE, Western blot and ELISA analyses confirmed the loss of immune cross-reactivity with anti-native gliadin antibodies in residual transamidated gliadins (K-gliadins) and spf as well as the occurrence of neo-epitopes. Nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS experiments identified some native and transamidated forms of celiacogenic peptides including p31-49 and confirmed that mTGase had similar stereo-specificity of tTGase. Those peptides resulted to be 100% and 57% modified in spf and K-gliadins, respectively. In particular, following transamidation p31-49 lost its ability to increase tTGase activity in Caco-2 cells. Finally, bread manufactured with transamidated flour had only minor changes in baking characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The two-step transamidation reaction modified the analyzed gliadin peptides, which are known to trigger CD, without influencing main technological properties. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our data shed further light on a detoxification strategy alternative to the gluten free diet and may have important implications for the management of CD patients.},
   keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence
Caco-2 Cells
Cell Line, Tumor
*Flour
Gliadin/chemistry/*metabolism
Glutens/metabolism
Humans
Molecular Sequence Data
Peptides/metabolism
Transglutaminases/chemistry/*metabolism
Triticum/*metabolism
Cd
Celiac disease
Gfd
Gliadin
K-c(2)h(5)
K-gliadins
Microbial transglutaminase
PEPs
Transamidation
gluten-free diet
insoluble transamidated gliadin
lysine ethyl ester
mTGase
nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS
prolyl endopeptidases
spf
tTGase
tandem mass spectrometry coupled with nano-reverse phase liquid chromatography
tissue transglutaminase
water-soluble protein fraction},
   ISSN = {0006-3002 (Print)
0006-3002},
   Accession Number = {23891939},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.021},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mazzeo, T. and Brambillasca, F. and Pellegrini, N. and Valmarana, R. and Corti, F. and Colombo, C. and Agostoni, C.},
   title = {Evaluation of visual and taste preferences of some gluten-free commercial products in a group of celiac children},
   journal = {Int J Food Sci Nutr},
   volume = {65},
   number = {1},
   pages = {112-6},
   note = {1465-3478
Mazzeo, Teresa
Brambillasca, Francesca
Pellegrini, Nicoletta
Valmarana, Rossella
Corti, Fabiola
Colombo, Carla
Agostoni, Carlo
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Feb;65(1):112-6. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2013.836740. Epub 2013 Oct 1.},
   abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate the visual and taste liking of three commercial gluten-free (GF) foods in a group of celiac children. Thirty celiac children, with diagnosis of celiac disease from more than 2 years, were recruited and 28 (21 females and 7 males, mean age 8.7 years) completed the study. Subjects performed individually six sensory tests, two for each product in different days separated by a week. In the test day, children had to evaluate the liking of the same type of product but of different four brands, before and after tasting them with a 5-point facial rating scale. Overall, the results showed that the majority of children appreciated more the appearance than the taste of all the GF products analysed. The present study provides the first and useful indications on the hedonic perceptions of celiac children about some commercial GF products.},
   keywords = {Bread/analysis/economics
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
*Food Preferences
*Foods, Specialized/analysis/economics
Humans
Italy
Male
Outpatient Clinics, Hospital
Sensation
Taste
Visual Perception},
   ISSN = {0963-7486},
   Accession Number = {24079778},
   DOI = {10.3109/09637486.2013.836740},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mazzeo, T. and Cauzzi, S. and Brighenti, F. and Pellegrini, N.},
   title = {The development of a composition database of gluten-free products},
   journal = {Public Health Nutr},
   volume = {18},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1353-7},
   note = {1475-2727
Mazzeo, Teresa
Cauzzi, Silvia
Brighenti, Furio
Pellegrini, Nicoletta
Journal Article
England
Public Health Nutr. 2015 Jun;18(8):1353-7. doi: 10.1017/S1368980014001682. Epub 2014 Aug 28.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To develop a composition database of a number of foods representative of different categories of gluten-free products in the Italian diet. DESIGN: The database was built using the nutritional composition of the products, taking into consideration both the composition of the ingredients and the nutritional information reported on the product label. SETTING: The nutrient composition of each ingredient was obtained from two Italian databases (European Institute of Oncology and the National Institute for Food and Nutrition). SUBJECTS: The study developed a food composition database including a total of sixty foods representative of different categories of gluten-free products sold on the Italian market. The composition of the products included in the database is given in terms of quantity of macro- and micronutrients per 100 g of product as sold, and includes the full range of nutrient data present in traditional databases of gluten-containing foods. RESULTS: As expected, most of the products had a high content of carbohydrates and some of them can be labelled as a source of fibre (>3 g/100 g). Regarding micronutrients, among the products considered, breads, pizzas and snacks were especially very high in Na content (>400-500 mg/100 g). CONCLUSIONS: This database provides an initial useful tool for future nutritional surveys on the dietary habits of coeliac people.},
   keywords = {Bread/analysis
*Databases, Factual
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Carbohydrates/analysis
Dietary Fats/analysis
Dietary Fiber/analysis
Dietary Proteins/analysis
*Food Analysis
Glutens/administration & dosage/*analysis
Micronutrients/analysis
Nutritive Value
Snacks
Sodium, Dietary/analysis
Food composition database},
   ISSN = {1368-9800},
   Accession Number = {25166854},
   DOI = {10.1017/s1368980014001682},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {McNamee, T. and Hyland, T. and Harrington, J. and Cadogan, S. and Honari, B. and Perera, K. and Fitzgerald, A. P. and Perry, I. J. and Cahill, M. R.},
   title = {Haematinic deficiency and macrocytosis in middle-aged and older adults},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {8},
   number = {11},
   pages = {e77743},
   note = {1932-6203
McNamee, Therese
Hyland, Trish
Harrington, Janas
Cadogan, Sharon
Honari, Bahman
Perera, Kanthi
Fitzgerald, Anthony P
Perry, Ivan J
Cahill, Mary R
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2013 Nov 7;8(11):e77743. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077743. eCollection 2013.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and determinants of haematinic deficiency (lack of B12 folate or iron) and macrocytosis in blood from a national population-based study of middle-aged and older adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 1,207 adults aged >/=45 years, recruited from a sub-study of the Irish National Survey of Lifestyle Attitudes and Nutrition (SLAN 2007). Participants completed a health and lifestyle questionnaire and a standard food frequency questionnaire. Non-fasting blood samples were obtained for measurement of full blood count and expert morphological assessment, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor assay (sTfR), B12, folate and coeliac antibodies. Blood samples were also assayed for thyroid function (T4, TSH), liver function, aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). RESULTS: The overall prevalence (95% C.I.) of anaemia (Hb <13.5 g/dl men and 11.3 g/dl women) was 4.6% (2.9%-6.4%) in men and 1.0% (0.2%-1.9%) in women. Iron deficiency (ferritin <17 ng/ml men and <11 ng/ml in women) was detected in 6.3% of participants (3.7% in males and 8.7% in females, p<0.001). Based on both low ferritin and raised sTfR (>21 nmol/ml) only 2.3% were iron-deficient. 3.0% and 2.7% were found to have low levels of serum folate (<2.3 ng/ml) and serum B12 (<120 ng/l) respectively. Clinically significant macrocytosis (MCV>99fl) was detected in 8.4% of subjects. Strong, significant and independent associations with macrocytosis were observed for lower social status, current smoking status, moderate to heavy alcohol intake, elevated GGT levels, deficiency of folate and vitamin B12, hypothyroidism and coeliac disease. The population attributable fraction (PAF) for macrocytosis associated with elevated GGT (25.0%) and smoking (24.6%) was higher than for excess alcohol intake (6.3%), folate deficiency (10.5%) or vitamin B12 (3.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Haematinic deficiency and macrocytosis are common in middle-aged/older adults in Ireland. Macrocytosis is more likely to be attributable to an elevated GGT and smoking than vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Celiac Disease/blood/epidemiology
Female
Folic Acid/blood
*Folic Acid Deficiency/blood/epidemiology
*Hematologic Diseases/blood/epidemiology
Humans
Hypothyroidism/blood/epidemiology
Ireland/epidemiology
Iron/blood/*deficiency
Male
Middle Aged
Receptors, Transferrin/blood
Smoking/adverse effects/blood/epidemiology
Thyrotropin/blood
Transaminases/blood
Vitamin B 12/blood
*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/blood/epidemiology
gamma-Glutamyltransferase/blood},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24244281},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0077743},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mearin, F. and Pena, E. and Balboa, A.},
   title = {[Importance of diet in irritable bowel syndrome]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {37},
   number = {5},
   pages = {302-10},
   note = {Mearin, Fermin
Pena, Enrique
Balboa, Agustin
English Abstract
Journal Article
Spain
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 May;37(5):302-10. doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2013.12.010. Epub 2014 Feb 28.},
   abstract = {About two-thirds of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients associate their symptoms with certain foods. We reviewed food-related factors putatively associated with manifestations of IBS. Soluble fiber may improve constipation but frequently increases bloating and abdominal pain. Carbohydrate malabsorption seems to be more frequent in IBS. A low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols) diet significantly reduces IBS symptoms and has been suggested as a therapeutic option. Serological screening for celiac disease should be done in patients without constipation. Moreover, non-celiac disease gluten sensitivity, defined as gluten intolerance once celiac disease and wheat allergy have been ruled out, should be considered in these patients. There is no specific diet for IBS patients but small and frequent meals, avoiding greasy foods, dairy products, many carbohydrates, caffeine and alcohol, is recommended.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/complications
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/complications/*diet therapy/physiopathology
Celiac disease
Diet
Dieta
Enfermedad celiaca
Fodmap
Fructose
Gluten
Irritable bowel syndrome
Lactosa
Lactose
Sindrome del intestino irritable
fructosa},
   ISSN = {0210-5705 (Print)
0210-5705},
   Accession Number = {24582764},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.gastrohep.2013.12.010},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mearin, F. and Rey, E. and Balboa, A.},
   title = {[Functional and motor digestive disorders]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {36 Suppl 2},
   pages = {3-14},
   note = {Mearin, Fermin
Rey, Enrique
Balboa, Agustin
English Abstract
Journal Article
Spain
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Oct;36 Suppl 2:3-14. doi: 10.1016/S0210-5705(13)70048-7.},
   abstract = {This article discusses the most interesting studies on functional and motility gastrointestinal disorders presented in Digestive Diseases Week (DDW) in 2013. New data were reported on the clinical importance of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) and on how they can produce numerous disturbances such as inflammatory bowel disease. These disturbances are associated with somatic functional disease and particularly with fatigue. In addition, new data have emerged on the physiopathology of these disorders, with some studies reporting that environmental factors and events in early infancy can favor their development. Data were also presented on how bile acids can increase susceptibility to diarrhea in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and on how the type of food intake can favor the development of symptoms. More data are available on the presence of underlying celiac disease in patients with IBS, which should prompt us to investigate this disease in our patients. Likewise, indiscriminate application of a gluten-free diet in patients with IBS has been shown not to produce a clear improvement. Regarding the physiopathology of functional dyspepsia (FD), results have been presented on how psychological factors can modify gastric accommodation and how this is in turn related to visceral hypersensitivity and gastric emptying. Regarding therapy, mirtazapine can improve symptoms and lead to weight gain in patients with severe FD and substantial weight loss. Results were presented on new drugs for IBS such as ibodutant and on old drugs with new applications such as mesalazine and ebastine. The antinociceptive effect of linaclotide is now better understood and a meta-analysis has shown its effectiveness in IBS with constipation as the main symptom. In patients with constipation, pelvic floor dysynergy can be diagnosed by a simple clinical interview and rectal touch. More data are available on the efficacy of prucalopride (which has been shown to accelerate colon transit time) and data were provided on plecanatide, a potential new drug that could be useful in constipation. Finally, results were presented on the use of botulinum toxin injection in patients with spastic motility disorders of the esophagus. Also worthy of mention is a study confirming a higher frequency of esophageal cancer patients with achalasia who receive treatment.},
   keywords = {*Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis/therapy
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/therapy
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/therapy
Acalasia
Dispepsia funcional
Enfermedad celiaca
Estrenimiento funcional
Functional gastrointestinal disorders
Functional dyspepsia
Irritable bowel
syndrome
Functional constipation
Achalasia
Celiac disease
Sindrome del intestino irritable
Trastornos funcionales digestivos},
   ISSN = {0210-5705 (Print)
0210-5705},
   Accession Number = {24160947},
   DOI = {10.1016/s0210-5705(13)70048-7},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Miranda, J. and Lasa, A. and Bustamante, M. A. and Churruca, I. and Simon, E.},
   title = {Nutritional differences between a gluten-free diet and a diet containing equivalent products with gluten},
   journal = {Plant Foods Hum Nutr},
   volume = {69},
   number = {2},
   pages = {182-7},
   note = {1573-9104
Miranda, J
Lasa, A
Bustamante, M A
Churruca, I
Simon, E
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2014 Jun;69(2):182-7. doi: 10.1007/s11130-014-0410-4.},
   abstract = {The gluten-free (GF) products market represents one of the most prosperous markets in the field of food and beverages in the immediate future. Historically, counselling for celiac disease has focused on the absence of gluten in foods, however the nutritional quality of GF foodstuffs is an important aspect to consider. The aim of the present work was to compare the nutritional composition of the 206 GF rendered products most consumed in Spain, against the composition of 289 equivalent foods with gluten, and to make a comparison between the diet including GF products and the same diet with equivalent products with gluten in a 58 adult celiac population. The results of the present collaborative study pointed out differences in calorie, macronutrient, fiber, sodium, salt and cholesterol content between GF rendered and gluten-containing foodstuffs. Thus, calorie and nutrient intake in a GF diet is different when compared to its equivalent diet with gluten. Following a diet based on GF products could suppose a nutritional imbalance for celiac patients as well as for non-celiacs who follow a diet that includes many GF rendered foodstuffs.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Cholesterol/analysis
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Fiber/analysis
Dietary Proteins/analysis
Female
Food Analysis
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Nutrition Surveys
*Nutritive Value
Spain
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0921-9668},
   Accession Number = {24578088},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11130-014-0410-4},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Moeller, S. and Canetta, P. A. and Taylor, A. K. and Arguelles-Grande, C. and Snyder, H

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib