text:
olarized state. thesis, Ischemia130",
}

@Article{RSM:Bro81,
  author =       "A.M. Brown and K.S. Lee and T. Powell",
  title =        "Voltage Clamp and Internal Perfusion of Single Rat
                 Heart Muscle Cells",
  journal =      j-JP,
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "318",
  pages =        "455--477",
  robnote =      "An early paper of voltage clamp using 2 patch pipettes
                 to measure impedance and a few currents., CardCell030",
}

@Article{RSM:Bro84,
  author =       "R. Bronson",
  title =        "Computer Simulation ; What it is and How it's Done",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1984",
  month =        mar,
  pages =        "95--102",
  robnote =      "An introduction to modelling and computer simulation
                 as they apply to microcomputers. A good one I think.,
                 CompSoft018",
}

@Article{RSM:Bro87,
  author =       "M. A. Brodsky and B. J. Allen and 3rd {Walker, C. J.}
                 and T. P. Casey and C. R. Luckett and W. L. Henry",
  title =        "Amiodarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm after
                 conversion of atrial fibrillation in the setting of a
                 dilated left atrium",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  volume =       "60",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "572--575",
  abstract =     "afib Previous reports suggest that the finding of left
                 atrial (LA) dilatation (greater than 45 mm) by
                 echocardiography identifies patients not likely to
                 maintain sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial
                 fibrillation (AF). However, these studies antedate the
                 availability of amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic agent
                 that reportedly is effective in patients with AF in
                 whom other drug therapy has failed. Thus, patients with
                 LA dimensions between 46 and 60 mm who are
                 significantly compromised by AF can often be maintained
                 in sinus rhythm with amiodarone therapy. However, in
                 patients with larger LA dimensions. AF is likely to
                 return despite aggressive antiarrhythmic therapy with
                 amiodarone, a drug with potentially serious side
                 effects.",
  keywords =     "Adult Aged Amiodarone/*therapeutic use Atrial
                 Fibrillation/*drug therapy/pathology Cardiomyopathy,
                 Dilated/pathology Female Heart Atria/*pathology Heart
                 Valve Diseases/pathology Humans Male Middle Aged
                 Recurrence Time Factors",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bro88,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and C. L Nikias and J.H. Siegel",
  title =        "An Inverse Solution in Electrocardiography in the
                 Frequency Domain",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS88,
  address =      "",
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "970--971",
  robnote =      "Dana's paper on the inverse solution in terms of
                 frequency spectrum parameters thesis, TorsoModel067",
}

@Article{RSM:Bro90,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and C.L. Nikias and J.H. Siegel",
  title =        "Comparison and testing of least-square time-domain
                 inverse solutions in electrocardiography",
  journal =      "J. Biomed. Eng.",
  year =         "1990",
  month =        nov,
  robnote =      "Dana's paper on inverse solution",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bro93,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and G.M. Maratos and G. Ahmad and R.S.
                 MacLeod",
  title =        "The augmented inverse problem of electrocardiography:
                 combined time and space regularization.",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS93,
  year =         "1993",
  pages =        "773--774",
  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bro94,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and R.S. MacLeod and H. Krim",
  title =        "Analysis of Changes in Body Surface Potentials During
                 {PTCA}-Induced Ischemia Using the Temporal Wavelet
                 Transform",
  pages =        "329--332",
  booktitle =    c-CinC,
  year =         "1994",
  publisher =    pub-IEEE,
  robnote =      "Dana's paper from the Computer in Cardiology
                 meeting.",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bro94b,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Imaging the electrical activity of the heart: {D}irect
                 and inverse approaches",
  pages =        "548--552",
  booktitle =    c-ICIP,
  year =         "1994",
  publisher =    pub-IEEE,
  robnote =      "A paper Dana presented on mapping, inverse solutions
                 and electrical imaging",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bro94c,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and H. On and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Spatio-temporal wavelet analysis of body surface
                 potential maps during {PTCA}-induced ischemia",
  pages =        "1208--1209",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS94,
  year =         "1994",
  robnote =      "A paper Hanson presented at EMBS in Baltimore on
                 wavelets with PTCA data",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bro94d,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and H. On and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Multidimensional Multiresolution Analysis of Array
                 {ECG} Signals During {PTCA} Procedures",
  pages =        "552--555",
  booktitle =    "IEEE Symposium on Time-Frequency and Time-Scale",
  year =         "1994",
  publisher =    pub-IEEE,
  robnote =      "TF/TS paper using wavelets on PTCA data, Philadelphia
                 meeting.",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bro94e,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and G. Ahmad and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Multiply constrained inverse electrocardiology:
                 {C}ombining temporal, multiple spatial, and iterative
                 regularization",
  pages =        "137--138",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS94,
  year =         "1994",
  publisher =    pub-IEEE,
  robnote =      "using multiple constraints in an inverse solution,
                 note also the use of truncated conjugant gradient
                 approach to regularization that is described here",
}

@Article{RSM:Bro94f,
  author =       "K. Brockmeier and S. Camani and S.N. Erne and S.
                 DiLuzio and A. Pasquarelli and G.L. Romani",
  title =        "Magnetocardiography and exercise testing",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1994",
  volume =       "27",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "137--142",
  robnote =      "A paper with some weak points looking at recording MCG
                 during exercise in normals. The recordings were all
                 sequential, even the ECG, and the only result of
                 potential interest was that changes in MCG arose that
                 were larger than those in ECG, thus fueling the
                 discussion about the importance of MCG versus ECG.",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bro95,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and R.V. Chary and H. Krim and H. On and
                 R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Wavelet-Based Temporal Segmentation and Analysis of
                 Body Surface Potential Maps during {PTCA}-Induced
                 Ischemia",
  pages =        "243--244",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS95,
  year =         "1995",
  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
  robnote =      "Ram and Dana's paper on using wavelets to find
                 fiducials in BSPM data",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bro96,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and H. Krim and J.C. Pesquet and R.S.
                 MacLeod",
  title =        "Best Basis Segmentation of {ECG} Signals Using Novel
                 Optimality Criteria",
  pages =        "2750--2753",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the ICASSP-96",
  year =         "1996",
}

@Article{RSM:Bro96b,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and R.S. MacLeod and R. Chary and R.J.
                 Gaudette and H. Krim",
  title =        "Temporal and spatial analysis of potential maps via
                 multiresolution decompositions",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1996",
  volume =       "29",
  number =       "Suppl",
  pages =        "114--124",
}

@Article{RSM:Bro97b,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Electrical Imaging of the Heart: Electrophysical
                 Underpinnings and Signal Processing Opportunities",
  journal =      "IEEE Sig. Proc. Mag.",
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "14",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "24--42",
}

@Article{RSM:Bro97d,
  author =       "K. Brockmeier and L. Schmitz and J. Bobadilla Chavez
                 ad M. Burghoff and H. Koch and R. Zimmermann and L.
                 Trahms",
  title =        "Magnetocardiography and 32-lead potential mapping:
                 {R}epolarization in normal subjects during
                 pharmacologically induced stress",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "615",
  robnote =      "Konrad's paper on MCG changes in subjects after
                 exercise in which now BSPM changes are evident",
  bibdate =      "Wed Dec 17 22:57:21 1997",
}

@Article{RSM:Bro99,
  author =       "D.H. Brooks and G.F. Ahmad and R.S. MacLeod and G.M.
                 Maratos",
  title =        "Inverse Electrocardiography by Simultaneous Imposition
                 of Multiple Constraints",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1999",
  volume =       "46",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--18",
}

@Article{RSM:Bru2003,
  author =       "J. Brugada and A. Berruezo and A. Cuesta and J. Osca",
  title =        "Nonsurgical transthoracic Epicardial Radiofrequency
                 Ablation {A} alternative in incessant Ventricular
                 Tachycardia",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "2003",
  volume =       "41",
  pages =        "2036--2043",
  scinote =      "",
}

@Article{RSM:Bru89,
  author =       "J. Brunet",
  title =        "New Challenges to Character Terminals",
  journal =      "Unix World",
  year =         "1989",
  month =        may,
  pages =        "79--83",
  robnote =      "A report of the state of terminal technology,
                 especially the new X-windows standard., CompHard144",
}

@Article{RSM:Bru97,
  author =       "P. Brugada and P. Geelen",
  title =        "Some electrocardiographic patterns predicting sudden
                 cardiac death that every doctor should recognize.",
  journal =      "Acta Cardiol",
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "52",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "473--84",
  robnote =      "Important advances have been made in improving the
                 diagnostic value of simple techniques such as the
                 twelve- lead electrocardiogram. In this article six
                 different electrocardiographic patterns associated to
                 sudden cardiac death are described.",
}

@Article{RSM:Bry85,
  author =       "F. {Bryan, O.} and M.C. Naterella",
  title =        "Testing Large-Scale Simulations",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1985",
  month =        oct,
  pages =        "183--194",
  robnote =      "Using a discrete simulation language to develop large
                 programs., CompSoft016",
}

@Article{RSM:Buc86,
  author =       "D.S. Buckles and K.W. Hewett",
  title =        "Assessment of the Maximum Frequency Components and
                 Digital Sampling of Cardiac {P}urkinje Fiber Action
                 Potentials",
  journal =      j-CBR,
  year =         "1986",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "410--416",
  robnote =      "The answer to a long search on just what the highest
                 frequency components are to reconstruct the action
                 potential, what sampling frequency to use. signal
                 processing. They say that 13 kHz is OK for up to 500
                 V/sec rising phase of AP., CellPhysiol102",
}

@Article{RSM:Bud85,
  author =       "A.J. Buda and A.M. Aisen and J.E. Juni and K.P.
                 Gallagher and R.J. Zotz",
  title =        "Detection and sizing of myocardial ischemia and
                 infarction by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in the
                 canine heart.",
  journal =      j-AHJ,
  year =         "1985",
  month =        dec,
  volume =       "110",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "1284--90",
  robnote =      "The usefulness of NMR imaging to size infarcted and
                 hypoperfused, ischemic myocardium was assessed in 16
                 dogs which underwent coronary artery occlusion and
                 reperfusion.",
}

@Article{RSM:Bud93,
  author =       "D.M. Budgett and D.M. Monro and S.W. Edwards and R.D.
                 Stanbridge",
  title =        "Comparison of measured and computed epicardial
                 potentials from a patient-specific inverse model.",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1993",
  volume =       "26",
  number =       "Suppl",
  pages =        "165--73",
  robnote =      "This study reports the first direct comparison of
                 measured and computed epicardial potentials in which
                 the specific anatomy of a test subject has been used to
                 calculate the inverse electrocardiographic model. The
                 experiment reported here obtained direct measurements
                 from six transcutaneous pacing wires that were attached
                 to points on the epicardial surface of the human heart
                 in an intact subject. From the same subject, a magnetic
                 resonance scan was used to produce a specific thoracic
                 model consisting of 5-mm cubes. The forward model uses
                 the finite difference method to compute a forward
                 transfer matrix that relates each of 26 epicardial
                 regions to body surface measurements. Amplitude
                 differences and time delays in computed potentials were
                 observed, but the morphologic trend was generally well
                 recovered. The results obtained indicate the
                 sensitivity of the inverse model to a number of
                 factors. The robustness of computed epicardial
                 distributions to errors in assumed lung conductivity is
                 shown.",
}

@Article{RSM:Bui2003,
  author =       "M.L. Buist and A.J. Pullan",
  title =        "The effect of torso impedance on epicardial and body
                 surface potentials: {A} modeling study",
  journal =      j-BME,
  volume =       "50",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "816--824",
  year =         "2003",
}

@Article{RSM:Bul2005,
  author =       "H. Bulow and C. Klein and I. Kuehn and R. Hollweck and
                 S. G. Nekolla and K. Schreiber and F. Haas and J. Bohm
                 and B. Schnackenburg and R. Lange and M. Schwaiger",
  title =        "Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: long term
                 reproducibility of the late enhancement signal in
                 patients with chronic coronary artery disease",
  journal =      "Heart",
  volume =       "91",
  number =       "9",
  pages =        "1158--63",
  year =         "2005",
}

@article{RSM:Bul88,
  author  = "C.W. Bullard and A. V. Sebald",
  title   = "Monte {C}arlo Sensitivity Analysis of Input-Output Models",
  journal = "The Reveiw of Economics and Statistics",
  volume  = "70",
  issue   = "4",
  pages   = "708--712",
  year    = "1988"
}

@Article{RSM:Bur1879,
  author =       "J. Burdon-Sanderson and F.J.M. Page",
  title =        "On the time relation of the excitatory process in the
                 ventricle of the heart of the frog",
  journal =      j-JP,
  year =         "1879",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "384--429",
  robnote =      "Do not have a copy of this, but it describes the first
                 reference I have seen of epicardial potentials from
                 acute ischemia",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur2000,
  author =       "J.E. Burnes and B. Taccardi and R.S. MacLeod and Y.
                 Rudy",
  title =        "Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging of
                 electrophysiologically abnormal substrates in infarcted
                 hearts: {A} model study",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "2000",
  volume =       "101",
  pages =        "533--540",
  month =         "Feb.",
  robnote =      "Inverse solutions from a forward solution based on
                 epicardial potentials before and after acute infarction
                 due to injection of alcohol. The heart geometry was
                 placed in the torso tank, then forward computed maps
                 became the input to the inverse solution.",
  bibdate =      "Wed Sep 08 13:54:10 1999",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur2000b,
  author =       "J.E. Burnes and B. Taccardi and Y. Rudy",
  title =        "A Noninvasive Imaging Modality for Cardiac
                 Arrhythmias",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "2000",
  volume =       "102",
  pages =        "2152--2158",
  month =        "Oct.",
  robnote =      "extension of the previous paper to imaging of
                 reentry",
  bibdate =      "Tue Oct 31 22:57:39 2000",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur2001,
  author =       "J.E. Burnes and R.N. Ghanem and A.L. Waldo and Y.
                 Rudy",
  title =        "Imaging dispersion of myocardial repolarization, {I}:
                 comparison of",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "2001",
  month =        sep,
  volume =       "104",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1299--1505",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Body-surface ECG measures (QT dispersion
                 [QTd], QRST integrals) have been used as indices of
                 myocardial repolarization abnormalities with the goal
                 of identifying patients at risk of fatal arrhythmias.
                 The clinical utility of these measures has been
                 questioned. We investigate the complex relationship
                 between epicardial and body-surface potentials in the
                 context of regionally abnormal myocardial
                 repolarization. METHODS AND RESULTS: Epicardial
                 potentials were recorded with a 224-electrode sock from
                 an open-chest dog during control, regional epicardial
                 warming, cooling, and adjacent warming and cooling to
                 induce localized alterations in myocardial
                 repolarization and regions of increased repolarization
                 dispersion. Body-surface potentials were generated from
                 these epicardial potentials in a human torso model.
                 Epicardial estimates of repolarization (activation
                 recovery intervals [ARIs] and QRST integrals) were
                 evaluated for their ability to identify regions with
                 increased repolarization dispersion. Body-surface QRST
                 integrals and QTd in 12-lead ECG and 64-lead
                 body-surface potential maps were evaluated for their
                 ability to detect increased dispersion of myocardial
                 repolarization. Epicardial ARI and QRST integral maps
                 successfully located epicardial regions with increased
                 dispersion of repolarization. The increased dispersion
                 was not consistently reflected in the 12-lead or
                 64-lead ECG QTd or in the body-surface QRST integral
                 maps. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the
                 inadequacy of body-surface measures that are thought to
                 reflect myocardial dispersion of repolarization. In
                 contrast, measures based on epicardial electrograms
                 (ARI or epicardial QRST integral maps) provide
                 physiologically relevant information about myocardial
                 repolarization and can locate regions of increased
                 dispersion.",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 23 18:06:43 2001",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur2008,
  author =	 "B. Burstein and E. Libby and A. Calderone and S. Nattel",
  title =	 "Differential behaviors of atrial versus ventricular
                  fibroblasts: a potential role for platelet-derived growth
                  factor in atrial-ventricular remodeling differences.",
  journal =	 j-C,
  year =	 "2008",
  month =	 "Apr",
  volume =	 "117",
  number =	 "13",
  pages =	 "1630--1641",
  robnote =	 "BACKGROUND: In various heart disease paradigms, atria show
                  stronger fibrotic responses than ventricles. The possibility
                  that atrial and ventricular fibroblasts respond
                  differentially to pathological stimuli has not been
                  examined. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared various
                  morphological, secretory, and proliferative response indexes
                  of canine atrial versus ventricular fibroblasts.  Cultured
                  atrial fibroblasts showed faster cell surface area increases,
                  distinct morphology at confluence, and greater alpha-smooth
                  muscle actin expression than ventricular
                  fibroblasts. Congestive heart failure atria showed larger
                  fractions of fibroblasts in mitotic phases compared with
                  ventricles and displayed enhanced gene expression of
                  fibroblast-selective markers (collagen-1, collagen-3,
                  fibronectin-1).  CONCLUSIONS: Atrial fibroblasts behave
                  differently than ventricular fibroblasts over a range of in
                  vitro and in vivo paradigms, with atrial fibroblasts showing
                  enhanced reactivity that may explain greater atrial fibrotic
                  responses. PDGF signaling is particularly important for
                  atrium-selective fibroblast responses and may represent a
                  novel target for arrhythmogenic atrial structural remodeling
                  prevention.",
  bibdate =	 "Sat May 29 09:09:32 2010",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur2008a,
  author =       "B. Burstein and S. Nattel",
  title =        "Atrial structural remodeling as an antiarrhythmic target.",
  journal =      "J Cardiovasc Pharmacol",
  year =         "2008",
  month =        "Jul",
  volume =       "52",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "4--10",
  robnote =      "afib. Many clinical conditions associated with AF are
                 characterized by prominent atrial fibrosis, and
                 pharmacological strategies targeted at the fibrotic
                 substrate itself may aid in the management of AF.
                 Experimental and clinical data suggest that there exists
                 an interplay among angiotensin II-related signaling,
                 inflammation, and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of
                 AF-promoting structural remodeling, and these processes
                 have become of particular therapeutic interest. This
                 review will highlight pharmacologic approaches that have
                 shown promise for attenuating structural remodeling to
                 achieve antiarrhythmic efficacy in AF.",
  bibdate =      "Sat May 29 09:09:32 2010",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur2008b,
  author =       "B. Burstein and S. Nattel",
  title =        "Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in
                 atrial fibrillation.",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "2008",
  month =        "Feb",
  volume =       "51",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "802--809",
  robnote =      "afib.  The precise mechanisms
                 underlying atrial fibrosis are not fully elucidated, but
                 recent experimental studies and clinical investigations
                 have provided valuable insights. A variety of signaling
                 systems, particularly involving angiotensin II and related
                 mediators, seem to be centrally involved in the promotion
                 of fibrosis. This paper reviews the current understanding
                 of how atrial fibrosis creates a substrate for AF,
                 summarizes what is known about the mechanisms underlying
                 fibrosis and its progression, and highlights emerging
                 therapeutic approaches aimed at attenuating structural
                 remodeling to prevent AF.",
  bibdate =      "Sat May 29 09:09:32 2010",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bur2011,
  author = 	 "B.M. Burton and J.D. Tate and B. Erem and D.J. Swenson and
                  D.F. Wang and D.H. Brooks and P.M. van Dam and
                  R.S. MacLeod",
  title = 	 "A Toolkit for Forward/Inverse Problems in
                  Electrocardiography
                  within the {SCIRun} Problem Solving Environment.",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS2011,
  year = 	 2011,
  organization = "IEEE Eng. in Med. and Biol. Soc.",
  pages =        "1-4",
  pmcid =        "PMC3337752",
  Robnote = 	 "Bret's paper for the EMBC meeting"
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bur2013,
  author =       "B.M. Burton and B. Erem and K. Potter and P. Rosen and
                 C.R. Johnson and D.H. Brooks and R.S. MacLeod",
  booktitle =    c-CinC,
  title =        "Uncertainty visualization in forward and inverse
                 cardiac models",
  year =         "2013",
  volume =       "40",
  pages =        "57--60",
  keywords =     "CIBC",
  NIHMSID =      "551351",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Bur2016,
  author = 	 "B.M. Burton and K. Aras and J.D. Tate and W. Good and
                  R.S. MacLeod",
  title = 	 "The Role of Reduced Left Ventricular, Systolic Blood Volumes
                  in {ST} Segment Potentials Overlying Diseased Tissue of the
                  Ischemic Heart",
  booktitle = c-CinC,
  year = 	 2016,
  volume = 	 43,
  pages = 	 "1--4"}

@PhdThesis{RSM:Bur2018,
  author = 	 "B.M. Burton",
  title = 	 "Subject-Specific Modeling of Partial Thickness Cardiac
                  Ischemia: From Experiment to Body Surface",
  school = 	 "University of Utah",
  year = 	 2018,
  Robnote = 	 "Brett's thesis!"
}

@Article{RSM:Bur2018a,
  author = 	 "B.M. Burton and K.K. Aras and W.W. Good and J.D. Tate and
                  B. Zenger and R.S. MacLeod ",
  title = 	 "Image-Based Modeling of Acute Myocardial Ischemia Using
                  Experimentally Derived Ischemic Zone Source Representations",
  journal = 	 j-JE,
  year = 	 2018,
  volume = 	 51,
  number = 	 4,
  pages = 	 "725--733",
  Robnote = 	 "Brett's thesis paper"
}

@Article{RSM:Bur2018b,
  author = 	 "B.M. Burton and K.K. Aras and W.W. Good and J.D. Tate and
                  B. Zenger and R.S. MacLeod ",
  title = 	 "A Framework for Image-Based Modeling of Acute Myocardial
                  Ischemia Using Intramurally Recorded Extracellular Potential",
  journal = 	 j-ABE,
  year = 	 2018,
  volume = 	 46,
  number = 	 9,
  pages = 	 "1325--1336",
  Robnote = 	 "Brett's thesis paper"
}

@Article{RSM:Bur46,
  author =       "H.C. Burger and J.B. van Milaan",
  title =        "Heart-vector and Leads. {P}art {I}",
  journal =      j-BHJ,
  year =         "1946",
  volume =       "8",
  pages =        "157--61",
  robnote =      "A reference from an article of Milan's on lead theory.
                 Don't have a copy but use it in thesis., ECG091. They
                 describe a glass torso tank used to validate the lead
                 field equations for the Einthoven triangle and found
                 that it should be equilateral at all!",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur47,
  author =       "H.C. Burger and J.B. van Milaan",
  title =        "Heart-vector and Leads. {P}art {II}",
  journal =      j-BHJ,
  year =         "1947",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "154--60",
  robnote =      "A reference from an article of Milan's on lead theory.
                 Important ref for physical models as validation of
                 cardiac sources, forward and inverse solutions. ECG092.
                 They used a torso tank to validate the equation
                 relating dipole components to the standard leads, and
                 also did the first three-dimensional validation of the
                 lead field equations",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur48,
  author =       "H.C. Burger and J.B. van Milaan",
  title =        "Heart-vector and Leads. {P}art {III}: Geometrical
                 representation",
  journal =      j-BHJ,
  year =         "1948",
  volume =       "10",
  pages =        "229--33",
  month =        "Oct.",
  robnote =      "A reference from an article of Milan's on lead theory.
                 ECG093. Review the work of Wilson in the context of
                 their tank measurements to validate the lead field
                 equations. They use a geometric representation as a
                 generalization of Einthoven's triangle.",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur54,
  author =       "H.C. Burger and H.A. Tolhoek and F.G. Backbier",
  title =        "The potential distribition on the body surface caused
                 by a heart vector. Calculations on some simple
                 models.",
  journal =      j-AHJ,
  year =         "1954",
  volume =       "48",
  pages =        "249--263",
  robnote =      "no hard copy, forward solution from dipole sources",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 30 07:58:10 2006",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur57,
  author =       "H.C. Burger",
  title =        "A Theoretical Elucidation of the Notion ``Ventricular
                 Gradient''",
  journal =      j-AHJ,
  year =         "1957",
  volume =       "53",
  pages =        "240--246",
  robnote =      "An early article on the idea of ventricular gradient,
                 what it is (the area under the QRST) and why it is a
                 gradient. thesis., ECG073",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur66,
  author =       "M.J. Burgess and K. Harumi and J.A. Abildskov",
  title =        "Application of a Theotetical {T}-Wave Model to
                 Experimentally Induced {T}-Wave Abnormalities",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1966",
  volume =       "34",
  pages =        "669--678",
  robnote =      "Part 2 of the T-wave model papers, this is the
                 better-written of the two and explains what thoughts go
                 into the model. The repolarization is discussed in
                 terms of the ventricular gradient vector in two
                 components: one that is always there, a background
                 value, the other which can be influenced by external
                 events, the local gradient. Changes in T wave are then
                 explained in terms of changes in the local component of
                 the gradient. One nice finding is the neat corellation
                 between the local gradient, as measured by the change
                 in the refractory period and the area under the T wave
                 as heat is applied to or withdrawn from the heart.,
                 ECG077",
}

@Book{RSM:Bur70,
  author =       "H.C. Burger",
  title =        "Heart and Vector: {P}hysical Basis of
                 Electrocardiography.",
  editor =       "",
  publisher =    "Gordon and Breach",
  address =      "London",
  year =         "1970",
  robnote =      "A reference from an article of Milan's on lead theory.
                 Don't have a copy but use it in thesis., ECG098",
}

@InCollection{RSM:Bur76,
  author =       "M.J. Burgess and R.L. Lux",
  title =        "Physiological basis of the {T} wave",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Electrocardiograpy",
  publisher =    "Grune and Stratton",
  year =         "1976",
  editor =       "R. C Schlant and J.W. Hurst",
  volume =       "2",
  chapter =      "16",
  pages =        "327--337",
  address =      "New York, San Francisco, London",
  robnote =      "Nice background article describing a model Mary Jo and
                 Bob developed to generate T waves",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur78,
  author =       "M.J. Burgess and R.L. Lux and R.F. Wyatt and J.A.
                 Abildskov",
  title =        "The relation of localized myocardial warming to
                 changes in cardiac surface electrograms in dogs",
  journal =      j-CR,
  year =         "1978",
  volume =       "43",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "899--907",
  month =        "Dec.",
  robnote =      "Paper on warming and cooling the heart and its effect
                 on replarization.",
}

@InCollection{RSM:Bur82,
  author =       "M.J. Burgess",
  title =        "Ventricular Repolarization and Electrocardiographoic
                 {T} Wave Formation and Arrhythmia Vulnerability",
  booktitle =    "Excitation and Neural Control of the Heart",
  editor =       "M.N. Levy and M. Vassalle",
  publisher =    "American Physiological Society",
  address =      "Bethesda, Maryland",
  year =         "1982",
  pages =        "181--202",
  robnote =      "Another T wave article and Salt Lake City too.,
                 ECG080",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur87,
  author =       "H.B. Burchell",
  title =        "A Centennial Note on Waller and the First Human
                 Electrocardiogram",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "979--983",
  robnote =      "A nice historic article about the real beginnings of
                 the ECG. A.D. Waller who, around 1894, recorded the
                 first human ECG, not on a coil galvanometer but with a
                 mercury column. Einthoven gives Waller a good deal of
                 credit for the discovery, even for first using the
                 term, ECG052",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur90,
  author =       "R.J. Burns",
  title =        "Cardiac Nuclear Imaging--{C}linical Applications",
  journal =      "Medicine North America",
  year =         "1990",
  month =        feb,
  pages =        "396--404",
  robnote =      ", Cardiol014",
}

@Article{RSM:Bur98,
  author =       "J.E. Burnes and D.C. Kaelber and B. Taccardi and R.L.
                 Lux and P.R. Ershler and Y. Rudy",
  title =        "A field-compatible method for interpolating
                 biopotentials",
  journal =      j-ABE,
  year =         "1998",
  volume =       "26",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "37--47",
  robnote =      "inverse solution based interpolation method",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jan 22 16:22:43 1998",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:But2005,
  author =       "C.R. Butson and C.C. McIntyre",
  title =        "Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus:
                 Model-based analysis of the effects of electrode
                 capacitance on the volume of activation",
  booktitle =    "Proc. 2nd Int. IEEE-EMBS Neural Engineering Conf.",
  year =         "2005",
  organization = "IEEE",
  robnote =      "Chris Butson paper, no hard copy",
  bibdate =      "Fri May 06 15:06:33 2005",
}

@Article{RSM:But2012,
  author =       "C.R. Butson",
  title =        "Computational models of neuromodulation.",
  journal =      "Int Rev Neurobiol",
  year =         "2012",
  volume =       "107",
  pages =        "5--22",
  robnote =      "As neuromodulation therapy has grown, so has the
                 recognition that computational models can provide
                 important insights into the design, operation, and
                 clinical application of neurostimulation systems. Models
                 of deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation have
                 advanced over recent decades from simple, stereotyped
                 models to sophisticated patient-specific models that can
                 incorporate many important details of the stimulation
                 system and the attributes of individual subjects. Models
                 have been used to make detailed predictions of the
                 bioelectric fields produced during stimulation. These
                 predictions have been used as a starting point for further
                 analyses such as stimulation safety, neural response,
                 neurostimulation system design, or clinical outcomes. This
                 chapter provides a review of recent advances and
                 anticipated future directions in computational modeling of
                 neuromodulation.",
  bibdate =      "Sun May 25 06:53:32 2014",
}

@Article{RSM:But2012a,
  author =       "C.R. Butson and G. Tamm and S. Jain and T. Fogal and J.
                 Kruger",
  title =        "Evaluation of Interactive Visualization on Mobile
                 Computing Platforms for Selection of Deep Brain
                 Stimulation Parameters.",
  journal =      "IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph",
  year =         "2012",
  month =        "Mar",
  pages =        "254--254",
  robnote =      "In this paper, we
                 deploy the interactive visualization system ImageVis3D
                 Mobile in an evaluation environment to visualize models of
                 Parkinson’s disease patients who received DBS
                 therapy. We used ImageVis3D Mobile to provide models to
                 movement disorders clinicians and asked them to use the
                 software to determine: 1) which of the four DBS electrode
                 contacts they would select for therapy; and 2) what
                 stimulation settings they would choose. We compared the
                 stimulation protocol chosen from the software versus the
                 stimulation protocol that was chosen via clinical practice
                 (independently of the study). Lastly, we compared the
                 amount of time required to reach these settings using the
                 software versus the time required through standard
                 practice. We found that the stimulation settings chosen
                 using ImageVis3D Mobile were similar to those used in
                 standard of care, but were selected in drastically less
                 time. We show how our visualization system can be used to
                 guide clinical decision making for selection of DBS
                 settings.",
  bibdate =      "Sun May 25 06:53:32 2014",
  pmcid =        "PMC3686862",
}

@Article{RSM:But2015,
  author =       "C.R. Butson and C.C. McIntyre",
  title =        "The Use of Stimulation Field Models for Deep Brain
                 Stimulation Programming.",
  journal =      "Brain Stimul",
  year =         "2015",
  month =        "Sep-Oct",
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "976--978",
  robnote =       "",
  bibdate =      "Sun Feb 24 21:53:57 2019",
}

@Article{RSM:Byi88,
  author =       "C. Byington",
  title =        "How to Get Better Floating-Point Results",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1988",
  month =        mar,
  pages =        "229--238",
  robnote =      "A neat little article about how floting point
                 computations work and what type of errors can effect
                 the results you get with them., CompSoft116",
}

@Article{RSM:Cab90,
  author =       "C. Cabo and J.M. Wharton and P.D. Wolf and R.E. Ideker
                 and W.M. Smith",
  title =        "Activation in unipolar cardiac electrograms: {A}
                 frequency analysis",
  journal =      j-BME,
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "37",
  month =        may,
  pages =        "500--508",
  robnote =      "discrimination between local and distant components of
                 activation based on frequency analysis and first time
                 derivative values. signal processing.",
}

@Article{RSM:Cac82,
  author =       "A.B. Cachelin and J.E. de Peyer and S. Kokubun and H.
                 Reuter",
  title =        "Sodium Channels in Cultured Cardiac Cells",
  journal =      j-JP,
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "34",
  pages =        "389--401",
  robnote =      ", CellPhysiol014",
}

@Article{RSM:Cac84,
  author =       "M.S. Caceci and W.P. Cacheris",
  title =        "Fitting Curves to Data",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1984",
  month =        may,
  pages =        "340--362",
  robnote =      "The Simplex algorithm is the answer, curve fitting,
                 numerical methods, mathematical modelling.,
                 CompSoft036",
}

@Article{RSM:Cak2015,
  author =       "I. Cakulev and J. Sahadevan and A.L. Waldo",
  title =        "Noninvasive diagnostic mapping of supraventricular
                 arrhythmias (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial
                 arrhythmias).",
  journal =      "Card Electrophysiol Clin",
  year =         "2015",
  month =        "Mar",
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "79--88",
  robnote =      "The 12-lead electrocardiogram has limited value in
                 precisely identifying the origin of focal or critical
                 component of reentrant arrhythmias during supraventricular
                 arrhythmias, as well as precisely locating accessory
                 atrioventricular conduction pathways. Because of these
                 limitations, efforts have been made to reconstruct
                 epicardial activation sequences from body surface
                 measurements obtained noninvasively. The last decade has
                 registered significant progress in obtaining clinically
                 useful data from the attempts to noninvasively map the
                 epicardial electrical activity. This article summarizes
                 the recent advances made in this area, specifically
                 addressing the clinical outcomes of such efforts relating
                 to atrial arrhythmias and Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome.",
  bibdate =      "Mon May 11 21:58:58 2015",
}

@Article{RSM:Cal2004,
  author =       "H. Calkins",
  title =        "Cooled ablation",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "2004",
  month =        oct,
  volume =       "15 (Suppl. 1)",
  pages =        "S12--S17",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Cal2005,
  author =       "F. Calderero and A. Ghodrati and D.H. Brooks and G.
                 Tadmoor and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "A Method to Reconstruct Activation Wavefronts Without
                 Isotropy Assumptions Using a Level Sets Approach",
  booktitle =    "Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart",
  year =         "2005",
  robnote =      "paper for the Barcelona conference, level sets,
                 inverse problems",
  bibdate =      "Sun Jun 12 15:24:51 2005",
}

@Article{RSM:Cal2007,
  author =       "H. Calkins and J. Brugada and D.L. Packer and R.
                 Cappato and S.A. Chen and H.J. Crijns and
                 R.J. Damiano Jr and D. W. Davies and D. E. Haines and
                 M. Haissaguerre and Y. Iesaka and W. Jackman and P.
                 Jais and H. Kottkamp and K.H. Kuck and B.D. Lindsay
                 and F.E. Marchlinski and P.M. McCarthy and J.L. Mont
                 and F. Morady and K. Nademanee and A. Natale and C.
                 Pappone and E. Prystowsky and A. Raviele and J.N.
                 Ruskin and R.J. Shemin",
  title =        "afib {HRS}/{EHRA}/{ECAS} expert consensus statement on
                 catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation:
                 recommendations for personnel, policy, procedures and
                 follow-up. ",
  journal =      "Europace",
  volume =       "9",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "335--79",
  year =         "2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Cal2008,
  author =       "M. Callahan and M.J. Cole and J.F. Shepherd and J.G.
                 Stinstra and C.R. Johnson",
  title =        "A Meshing Pipeline for Biomedical Computing",
  journal =      "Engineering with Computers",
  volume =       "25",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "115--130",
  year =         "2009",
  series =       "Special Issue on Computational Bioengineering",
  URL =          "http://www.sci.utah.edu/publications/callahan07/Meshing-Pipeline07.pdf",
}

@Article{RSM:Cal90,
  author =       "J.E. Calvin",
  title =        "Hemodynamic Monitoring During Acute Myocardial
                 Infarction",
  journal =      "Medicine North America",
  year =         "1990",
  month =        feb,
  pages =        "431--438",
  robnote =      ", Cardiol015",
}

@Article{RSM:Cal98,
  author =       "E. Calabi and P.J. Olver and C. Shakiban and A.
                 Tannenbaum and S. Haker",
  title =        "Differential and numerically invariant signature
                 curves applied to object recognition",
  journal =      "Int. J. Comp. Vision",
  year =         "1998",
  volume =       "26",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "107",
  robnote =      "A segmentation method used by Ron Kikinis",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jan 30 10:08:00 1998",
}

@Article{RSM:Cal99,
  author =       "D.J. Callans and J.F. Ren and J. Michele and F.E.
                 Marchlinski and S.M. Dillon",
  title =        "Electroanatomic left ventricular mapping in the
                 porcine model of healed anterior myocardial infarction.
                 Correlation with intracardiac echocardiography and
                 pathological analysis.",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1999",
  month =        oct,
  volume =       "100",
  pages =        "1744--1750",
  robnote =      "Two sets of experiments were performed in adult pigs
                 to refine a new technique for left ventricular mapping.
                 First, detailed endocardial maps were done in 5 normal
                 pigs and 7 pigs 6 to 10 weeks after left anterior
                 descending coronary artery infarction to characterize
                 electrograms in normal and infarcted tissue by
                 electroanatomic mapping (CARTO, Biosense). Electrogram
                 recording sites were verified by intracardiac echo
                 (ICE, 9 MHz) and grouped by location: infarct (area of
                 akinesis by ICE), border (0.5-cm perimeter of akinetic
                 area), and remote. Compared with remote sites,
                 electrograms from infarct sites had smaller amplitudes
                 (1.2+/-0.5 versus 5.1+/-2.1 mV, P<0.001), longer
                 durations (74.2+/-26.3 versus 36.3+/-6.4 ms, P<0.001),
                 and more frequent notched or late components. Border
                 zone electrograms were intermediate in amplitude and
                 duration. Second, infarct characterization by
                 electroanatomic mapping was compared with pathological
                 (exclusion of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining)
                 and ICE measurements. Infarct size by pathology
                 correlated with the area defined by contiguous
                 electrograms with amplitude </=1 mV (r=0.98, P=0.0001).
                 Infarct size by ICE imaging correlated with the area
                 defined by contiguous electrograms with amplitude </=2
                 mV (r=0.95, P=0.0016). CONCLUSIONS: Electroanatomic
                 mapping during sinus rhythm allows accurate 3D
                 characterization of infarct architecture and defines
                 the relationship of electrophysiological and anatomic
                 abnormalities. This technique may prove useful in
                 devising anatomically based strategies for ablation of
                 ventricular tachycardia.",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 1 16:27:20 2001",
}

@Article{RSM:Cam2011,
  author =       "O. Camara and M. Sermesant and P. Lamata and L. Wang and
                 M. Pop and J. Relan and M. De Craene and H. Delingette and
                 H. Liu and S. Niederer and A. Pashaei and G. Plank and D.
                 Romero and R. Sebastian and K.C. Wong and H. Zhang and N.
                 Ayache and A.F. Frangi and P. Shi and N.P. Smith and G.A.
                 Wright",
  title =        "Inter-model consistency and complementarity: learning
                 from ex-vivo imaging and electrophysiological data towards
                 an integrated understanding of cardiac physiology.",
  journal =      "Prog Biophys Mol Biol",
  year =         "2011",
  month =        "Oct",
  volume =       "107",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "122--133",
  robnote =      "Computational models of the heart at various scales and
                 levels of complexity have been independently developed,
                 parameterised and validated using a wide range of
                 experimental data for over four decades. However, despite
                 remarkable progress, the lack of coordinated efforts to
                 compare and combine these computational models has limited
                 their impact on the numerous open questions in cardiac
                 physiology. To address this issue, a comprehensive dataset
                 has previously been made available to the community that
                 contains the cardiac anatomy and fibre orientations from
                 magnetic resonance imaging as well as epicardial
                 transmembrane potentials from optical mapping measured on
                 a perfused ex-vivo porcine heart. This data was used to
                 develop and customize four models of cardiac
                 electrophysiology with different level of details,
                 including a personalized fast conduction Purkinje system,
                 a maximum a posteriori estimation of the 3D distribution
                 of transmembrane potential, the personalization of a
                 simplified reaction-diffusion model, and a detailed
                 biophysical model with generic conduction parameters. This
                 study proposes the integration of these four models into a
                 single modelling and simulation pipeline, after analyzing
                 their common features and discrepancies. The proposed
                 integrated pipeline demonstrates an increase prediction
                 power of depolarization isochrones in different pacing
                 conditions. INRIA",
  bibdate =      "Sun Dec 4 15:51:50 2011",
}

@Article{RSM:Cap2003,
  author =       "R. Cappato and S. Negroni and D. Pecora and S.
                 Bentivegna and P. P. Lupo and A. Carolei and C.
                 Esposito and F. Furlanello and L. De Ambroggi",
  title =        "Prospective assessment of late conduction recurrence
                 across radiofrequency lesions producing electrical
                 disconnection at the pulmonary vein ostium in patients
                 with atrial fibrillation",
  journal =      j-C,
  volume =       "108",
  number =       "13",
  pages =        "1599--1604",
  abstract =     "afib BACKGROUND: In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF)
                 undergoing radiofrequency (RF) electrical disconnection
                 of multiple pulmonary veins (PVs), the incidence of
                 late conduction recurrences has not been systematically
                 determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a prospectively
                 designed, multistep approach, we aimed at assessing the
                 correlation between acute achievement and chronic
                 maintenance of electrical conduction block across RF
                 lesions disconnecting the distal tract of the PV in 43
                 patients (52.3+/-8.2 years) with AF. Forty-one left
                 superior (LS), 42 right superior (RS), 25 left inferior
                 (LI), and 9 right inferior (RI) PVs were targeted
                 during 108 EP procedures (2.6+/-0.5 per patient).
                 Seventeen patients underwent 2 procedures, 23 patients
                 underwent 3 procedures, and 3 patients underwent 4
                 procedures. During the first attempt, electrical
                 disconnection was achieved in 112 PVs (95.7\%). During
                 a next procedure (time interval, 4.6+/-1.9 months),
                 conduction recurrence was observed in 32 of 39 LSPVs
                 (82.1\%), 29 of 40 RSPVs (72.5\%), 20 of 24 LIPVs
                 (83.3\%), and 7 of 9 RIPV (77.8\%). After reablation at
                 gap sites, a later procedure (time interval, 5.1+/-2.4
                 months) revealed a second recurrence in 13 of 22 LSPVs
                 (59.1\%) and 14 of 19 RSPVs (73.7\%). CONCLUSIONS:
                 Conduction recurrence across disconnecting RF lesions
                 can be observed in approximately 80\% of cases 4 months
                 after ablation. After reablation, similar recurrence
                 rates are observed 5 months later. This high rate of
                 late conduction recurrence may contribute significantly
                 to AF recurrence in patients undergoing catheter
                 ablation aiming at disconnection of multiple PVs.",
  keywords =     "Atrial
                 Fibrillation/diagnosis/*physiopathology/*surgery
                 *Catheter Ablation Disease-Free Survival Electric
                 Conductivity Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Male
                 Middle Aged Pulmonary Veins/*physiopathology/*surgery
                 Recurrence Treatment Outcome",
  year =         "2003",
}

@Article{RSM:Cap2005,
  author =       "R. Cappato",
  title =        "Towards more effective techniques for catheter
                 ablation of atrial fibrillation: to aim for electrical
                 disconnection of pulmonary veins or not?",
  journal =      "Eur Heart J",
  volume =       "26",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "627--630",
  keywords =     "afib Atrial Fibrillation/*surgery Catheter
                 Ablation/*methods Electrophysiologic Techniques,
                 Cardiac/methods Heart Atria Humans Pulmonary
                 Veins/*surgery",
  year =         "2005",
}

@Article{RSM:Cap2005a,
  author =       "R. Cappato and H. Calkins and S. A. Chen and W. Davies
                 and Y. Iesaka and J. Kalman and Y. H. Kim and G. Klein
                 and D. Packer and A. Skanes",
  title =        "Worldwide survey on the methods, efficacy, and safety
                 of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation",
  journal =      j-C,
  volume =       "111",
  number =       "9",
  pages =        "1100--1105",
  abstract =     "BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to conduct a
                 worldwide survey investigating the methods, efficacy,
                 and safety of catheter ablation (CA) of atrial
                 fibrillation (AF). The number of patients undergoing
                 this procedure increased from 18 in 1995 to 5050 in
                 2002. The median number of procedures per center was
                 37.5 (range, 1 to 600). The findings of this survey
                 provide a picture of the variable and evolving methods,
                 efficacy, and safety of CA for AF as practiced in a
                 large number of centers worldwide and may serve as a
                 guide to clinicians considering therapeutic options in
                 patients suffering from this arrhythmia.",
  year =         "2005",
}

@Article{RSM:Cap2009,
  author =       "R. Cappato and H. Calkins and S.A. Chen
                 and W. Davies and Y. Iesaka and J. Kalman
                 and Y.H. Kim and G. Klein and A. Natale and
                 D. Packer and A. Skanes and F. Ambrogi
                 and E. Biganzoli",
  title =        "Up-dated Worldwide Survey on the Methods, Efficacy
                 and Safety of Catheter Ablation for Human Atrial
                 Fibrillation",
  journal =      j-CAE,
  Volume = "3",
  Month = "Feb.",
  Number = "1",
  Pages = "32--38",
  year =         "2009",
  abstract =     "afib A questionnaire
                 with 46 questions was sent to 521 centers from 24
                 countries in 4 continents. Complete interviews were
                 collected from 182 centers, of which 85 reported to
                 have performed 20,825 CA procedures on 16,309 patients
                 with AF between 2003 and 2006. The median number of
                 procedures per center was 245 (range, 2 - 2,715). All
                 centers included paroxysmal AF, 85.9\% included also
                 persistent and 47.1\% included also long-lasting AF.
                 Carto-guided left atrial circumferential ablation
                 (48.2\% of patients) and Lasso-guided ostial electrical
                 disconnection (27.4\%) were the most commonly used
                 techniques. Efficacy data were analyzed with centers
                 representing the unit of analysis. Of 16,309 patients
                 with full disclosure of outcome data, 10,488 (median
                 70.0\%; interquartile range 57,7\% - 75.4\%) became
                 asymptomatic without anti-arrhythmic drugs (AADs) and
                 another 2,047 (10.0\%; 0.5\% - 17.1\%) became asymptomatic
                 in the presence of previously ineffective AADs over 18
                 (range, 3 - 24) months follow up. Success rates free of
                 AADs and overall success rates were significantly
                 larger in 9,590 patients with paroxysmal AF (74.9\% and
                 83.2\%) than in 2,800 patients with persistent AF (64.8\%
                 and 75.0\%) and 1,108 patients with long-lasting AF
                 (63.1\% and 72.3\%) (p < 0.0001). Major complications
                 were reported in 741 patients (4.5\%). Conclusions--When
                 analyzed in a large number of EP laboratories
                 worldwide, CA of AF shows to be effective in about 80\%
                 of patients after 1.3 procedures/patient, with about
                 70\% of them not requiring further AADs during
                 intermediate follow-up.",
  URL =          "http://circep.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/CIRCEP.109.859116v1",
}

@Unpublished{RSM:Cap90,
  author =       "F.J.L. Van Cappelle and J.M.T. De Bakker and M.J.
                 Janse",
  title =        "Multichannel endocardial mapping during
                 anti-arrhythmic surgery",
  year =         "1990",
  robnote =      "Arrhythmias, I think this one was submitted somewhere
                 - I got it from Jacque DeBakker, perhaps when I was
                 visiting him in 1990",
}

@Article{RSM:Cap97,
  author =       "R. Cappato and M. Schluter and C Weiss and S Willems
                 and T Meinertz and K.H. Kuck",
  title =        "Mapping of the coronary sinus and great cardiac vein
                 using a 2-French electrode catheter and a right femoral
                 apprach",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "371--376",
  scinote =      "CS cannulation and mapping AV Sulcus with
                 multielectrode catheters (new)",
}

@Book{RSM:Car2006,
  author = 	 "N.T. Carnevale and M.L. Hines The NEURON Book. : , 2006. ",
  title = 	 "The NEURON Book",
  publisher = 	 "Cambridge University Press",
  year = 	 2006,
  address = 	 "Cambridge, UK",
  Robnote = 	 "The main mannual for NEURON software"
}

@Article{RSM:Car80,
  author =       "P Carbonin and M. Di Gennaro and R. Valle",
  title =        "{R} wave increase in partial and global ischemia",
  journal =      j-JE,
  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "13",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "99--100",
  robnote =      "global versus local ischemia and how it changes R-wave
                 amplitude - a letter to the Editor.",
}

@Article{RSM:Car80b,
  author =       "P. Carbonin and M. di Gennaro and R. Valle and R.
                 Beranbei and A. Habed",
  title =        "Intracellular calcium and electrogram in ischemic
                 isolated rat heart",
  journal =      j-AJP,
  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "239",
  pages =        "H380--H390",
  robnote =      "looked at the effect of ischemia on the ECG of isolated
                 rat hearts (langendorff perfusion). They found an
                 increase in R wave amplitude that they linked to
                 calcium regulation",
}

@Article{RSM:Car81,
  author =       "R. Cardinal and M.J. Janse and I. van Eeeden and G.
                 Werner and C.N. d'Alnoncourt and D. Durrer",
  title =        "The effects of lidocaine on intracellular and
                 extracellular potentials, activation, and ventricular
                 arrhythmias during acute regional ischemia in the
                 isolated porcine heart",
  journal =      j-CR,
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "49",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "792--806",
  robnote =      "",
}

@Article{RSM:Car87,
  author =       "E. Carmeliet and G. Biermans and G. Callewaert and J.
                 Vereecke",
  title =        "Potassium Currents in Cardiac Cells",
  journal =      "Experientia",
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "43",
  pages =        "1175--1184",
  robnote =      "Potassium currents in cardiac cells, using voltage
                 clamp and single channel measurements., CardCell016",
}

@Article{RSM:Car97,
  author =       "J.C. Carr and W.R. Fright and R.K. Beatson",
  title =        "Surface interpolation with radial basis functions for
                 medical imaging",
  journal =      j-TMI,
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "16",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--107",
  robnote =      "interpolation of medical images, medical imaging",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jan 06 23:35:33 1998",
}

@Article{RSM:Car98,
  author =       "D. L. Carter and J. R. MacFall and S. T. Clegg and X.
                 Wan and D. M. Prescott and H. C. Charles and T. V.
                 Samulski",
  title =        "Magnetic resonance thermometry during hyperthermia for
                 human high-grade sarcoma",
  journal =      "Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys",
  volume =       "40",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "815--822",
  abstract =     "PURPOSE: To determine the feasibility of measuring
                 temperature noninvasively with magnetic resonance
                 imaging during hyperthermia treatment of human tumors.
                 METHODS: The proton chemical shift detected using
                 phase-difference magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was
                 used to measure temperature in phantoms and human
                 tumors during treatment with hyperthermia. Four adult
                 patients having high-grade primary sarcoma tumors of
                 the lower leg received 5 hyperthermia treatments in the
                 MR scanner using an MRI-compatible radiofrequency
                 heating applicator. Prior to each treatment, an average
                 of 3 fiberoptic temperature probes were invasively
                 placed into the tumor (or phantom). Hyperthermia was
                 applied concurrent with MR thermometry. Following
                 completion of the treatment, regions of interest (ROI)
                 were defined on MR phase images at each temperature
                 probe location, in bone marrow, and in gel standards
                 placed outside the heated region. The median phase
                 difference (compared to pretreatment baseline images)
                 was calculated for each ROI. This phase difference was
                 corrected for phase drift observed in standards and
                 bone marrow. The observed phase difference, with and
                 without corrections, was correlated with the fiberoptic
                 temperature measurements. RESULTS: The phase difference
                 observed with MRI was found to correlate with
                 temperature. Phantom measurements demonstrated a linear
                 regression coefficient of 4.70 degrees phase difference
                 per degree Celsius, with an R2 = 0.998. After human
                 images with artifact were excluded, the linear
                 regression demonstrated a correlation coefficient of
                 5.5 degrees phase difference per degree Celsius, with
                 an R2 = 0.84. In both phantom and human treatments,
                 temperature measured via corrected phase difference
                 closely tracked measurements obtained with fiberoptic
                 probes during the hyperthermia treatments. CONCLUSIONS:
                 Proton chemical shift imaging with current MRI and
                 hyperthermia technology can be used to monitor and
                 control temperature during treatment of large tumors in
                 the distal lower extremity.",
  keywords =     "Adult Feasibility Studies Heat Humans *Hyperthermia,
                 Induced *Magnetic Resonance Imaging Models, Anatomic
                 Sarcoma/*therapy",
  year =         "1998",
}

@Article{RSM:Car99,
  author =       "E. Carmeliet",
  title =        "Cardiac ionic currents and acute ischemia: from
                 channels to arrhythmias",
  journal =      "Physiological Reviews",
  year =         "1999",
  month =        jul,
  volume =       "79",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "917--1017",
}

@Article{RSM:Cas2003,
  author =       "E. Castillo and DA. Bluemke",
  title =        "Cardiac {MR} imaging",
  journal =      "Radiologic Clinics of North America",
  year =         "2003",
  month =        jan,
  volume =       "41",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "17--28",
}

@Article{RSM:Cas2007,
  author = 	 "F. Castells and P. Laguna and L. S{\"o}rnmo and A. Bollmann and
                  J. Millet Roig ",
  title = 	 "Principal Component Analysis in {ECG} Signal Processing",
  journal = 	 "EURASIP J. Advanc. Sig. Proc.",
  year = 	 2007,
  volume = 	 2007,
  pages = 	 "1--21",
  robnote =      "Leducq",
}

@Article{RSM:Cas71,
  author =       "R.B. Case",
  title =        "Ion Alteration During Myocardial Ischemia",
  journal =      "Cardiology",
  year =         "1971",
  volume =       "56",
  pages =        "245--262",
  robnote =      "Ref 16 in Ischemia126, looks at shifts in ionic
                 balance during ischemia, shift of potassium out with
                 little or no sodium accumulation in the cell. don't
                 have a copy of this. thesis, Ischemia145",
}

@Article{RSM:Cas84,
  author =       "D.M. Cassidy and J.A. Vassallo and A.E. Buxton and
                 J.U. Doherty and F.E. Marchlinski and M.E. Josephson",
  title =        "The Value of Catheter Mapping During Sinus Rhythm to
                 Localize Site of Origin of Ventricular Tachycardia",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "69",
  pages =        "1103--1110",
  robnote =      "Describes a study using quadropolar catheter electrode
                 held on the endocardium to look for irregular
                 electrograms during both sinus rhythm and VT. No
                 adequate criteriua was found to separate normal from
                 abnormal beats with sufficient sensitivity and
                 specificity. Gives a bit of general background on
                 endocardial mapping., Arrhythm028",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Cas95,
  author =       "V Caselles and R. Kimmel and G. Sapiro",
  title =        "Geodesic Active Contours",
  booktitle =    "ICCV",
  pages =        "694--699",
  year =         "1995",
}

@Article{RSM:Cat2004,
  author =       "J. E. Cates and A. E. Lefohn and R. T. Whitaker",
  title =        "{GIST}: Am Interactive, {GPU}-Based Level Set
                 Segmentation Tool for 3{D} Medical Images",
  journal =      "unknown",
  year =         "2004",
  OPTmonth =     "",
  OPTvolume =    "",
  OPTnumber =    "",
  OPTpages =     "",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Cat2008,
  author =       "J. Cates and P.T. Fletcher and Z. Warnock and R.
                 Whitaker",
  title =        "A shape analysis framework for small animal
                 phenotyping with application to mice with a targeted
                 disruption of Hoxd11",
  booktitle =    "Proc. IEEE Int. Sym. on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI
                 '08)",
  pages =        "512--516",
  year =         "2008",
}

@Article{RSM:Cat2014,
  author =       "J. Cates and E. Bieging and A. Morris and G. Gardner and
                 N. Akoum and E. Kholmovski and N. Marrouche and C. McGann
                 and R.S. MacLeod",
  title =        "Computational Shape Models Characterize Shape Change of
                 the Left Atrium in Atrial Fibrillation.",
  journal =      "Clin Med Insights Cardiol",
  year =         "2014",
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "Suppl 1",
  pages =        "99--109",
  robnote =      "Shape change of the left atrium (LA) and LA appendage in
                 atrial fibrillation (AF) patients is hypothesized to be
                 linked to AF pathology and to play a role in
                 thrombogenesis; however, many aspects of shape variation
                 in the heart are poorly understood. To date, studies of
                 the LA shape in AF have been limited to empirical
                 observation and summary metrics, such as volume and its
                 likeness to a sphere. This paper describes a more
                 comprehensive approach to the study of the LA shape
                 through the use of computationally derived statistical
                 shape models. We describe practical approaches that we
                 have developed to extract shape parameters automatically
                 from the three-dimensional MR images of the patient. From
                 these images and our techniques, we can produce a more
                 comprehensive description of LA geometric variability than
                 that has been previously possible. We present the
                 methodology and results from two examples of specific
                 analyses using shape models: (1) we describe statistically
                 significant group differences between the normal control
                 and AF patient populations (n = 137) and (2) we describe
                 characteristic shapes of the LA appendage that are
                 associated with the risk of thrombogenesis determined by
                 transesophageal echocardiography (n = 203).",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jan 27 19:49:24 2016",
  pmcid =        "4559307",
}

@Article{RSM:Cat2017,
  abstract =     "The ShapeWorks software is an open-source
                 implementation of a methodology for constructing
                 compact statistical point-based models of shape called
                 Particle-Based Modeling (PBM).",
  author =       "J. Cates and S. Elhabian and R.T. Whitaker",
  DOI =          "10.1016/B978-0-12-810493-4.00012-2",
  journal =      "Statistical Shape and Deformation Analysis",
  month =        jan,
  pages =        "257--298",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  title =        "{ShapeWorks: Particle-Based Shape Correspondence and
                 Visualization Software}",
  year =         "2017",
}

@Article{RSM:Cau89,
  author =       "H.J. Caulfield",
  title =        "Computing with Light",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1989",
  month =        oct,
  pages =        "231--237",
  robnote =      "Optical computing; not storage but actually computing
                 with light. Intro article to an new area.,
                 CompHard170",
}

@Article{RSM:Cha2000,
  author =       "V.P. Chacko and F. Aresta and S.M. Chacko and R.G.
                 Weiss",
  title =        "{MRI/MRS} assessment of in vivo murine cardiac
                 metabolism, morphology, and function at physiological
                 heart rates",
  journal =      j-AJP,
  year =         "2000",
  volume =       "279",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "H2218--H2224",
  robnote =      "Transgenic mice are increasingly used to probe genetic
                 aspects of cardiovascular pathophysiology. However, the
                 small size and rapid rates of murine hearts make
                 noninvasive, physiological in vivo studies of cardiac
                 bioenergetics and contractility difficult. The aim of
                 this report was to develop an integrated, noninvasive
                 means of studying in vivo murine cardiac metabolism,
                 morphology, and function under physiological conditions
                 by adapting and modifying noninvasive cardiac magnetic
                 resonance imaging (MRI) with image-guided (31)P
                 magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques used in
                 humans to mice. Using spatially localized, noninvasive
                 (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MRI
                 at 4.7 T, we observe mean murine in vivo myocardial
                 phosphocreatine-to-ATP ratios of 2.0 +/- 0.2 and left
                 ventricular ejection fractions of 65 +/- 7\\% at
                 physiological heart rates ( approximately 600
                 beats/min). Thus it is now possible to noninvasively
                 study in vivo myocardial bioenergetics, morphology, and
                 contractile function in mice under physiological
                 conditions.",
  bibdate =      "Sun Nov 19 13:50:03 2000",
}

@Article{RSM:Cha2004,
  author =       "T. J. Cha and J. R. Ehrlich and L. Zhang and S.
                 Nattel",
  title =        "Atrial ionic remodeling induced by atrial tachycardia
                 in the presence of congestive heart failure",
  journal =      j-C,
  volume =       "110",
  number =       "12",
  pages =        "1520--6",
  abstract =     "afib BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and congestive
                 heart failure (CHF) produce discrete forms of atrial
                 ionic remodeling. The in vivo effects of atrial
                 tachycardia (AT) remodeling are altered by CHF. This
                 study evaluated underlying mechanisms at the level of
                 ionic remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 4
                 groups of dogs: (1) unpaced controls (CTLs); (2) CHF
                 caused by 2-week ventricular tachypacing (VTP, 240
                 bpm); (3) AT (400 bpm x 7 days); and (4) CHF+AT (2-week
                 VTP with AT for the last 7 days). CHF and CHF+AT groups
                 equally increased left atrial pressure. AF duration was
                 increased in all paced groups. Effective refractory
                 period (ERP) was decreased by 42\\% in AT versus CTL but
                 by only 24\% in AT+CHF versus CHF. CHF reduced L-type
                 Ca2+ (I(Ca)), transient-outward (I(to)), and the slow
                 delayed-rectifier (I(Ks)) currents while increasing the
                 Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (I(NCX)) and not affecting the
                 inward-rectifier (I(K1)) current. AT reduced I(to) and
                 I(Ca) while increasing I(K1) and leaving I(Ks)
                 unaltered. The addition of AT to CHF failed to alter
                 I(to), I(Ks), or I(NCX) beyond the effect of CHF alone,
                 decreased I(Ca) slightly compared with CHF alone, but
                 had smaller effects on I(Ca) and I(K1) compared with AT
                 alone. Thus, CHF+AT, as would occur in a CHF patient
                 who develops AF, produced an ionic remodeling pattern
                 different from that of CHF or AT alone and from what
                 would have been predicted from additive effects of CHF
                 and AT. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of CHF alters
                 AT-induced ionic remodeling. Thus, the ionic remodeling
                 x caused by cardiac arrhythmias in the presence of
                 cardiac pathology is not necessarily predictable from
                 the effects of either alone, with important potential
                 implications for understanding the pathophysiology of
                 arrhythmias in the diseased heart.",
  year =         "2004",
}

@Article{RSM:Cha2004a,
  author =       "Y. M. Cha and M. M. Redfield and W. K. Shen and B. J.
                 Gersh",
  title =        "Atrial fibrillation and ventricular dysfunction: a
                 vicious electromechanical cycle",
  journal =      j-C,
  volume =       "109",
  number =       "23",
  pages =        "2839--43",
  year =         "2004",
  robnotes =     "afib",
}

@Article{RSM:Cha2004b,
  author =       "T. J. Cha and J. R. Ehrlich and L. Zhang and Y. F. Shi
                 and J. C. Tardif and T. K. Leung and S. Nattel",
  title =        "Dissociation between ionic remodeling and ability to
                 sustain atrial fibrillation during recovery from
                 experimental congestive heart failure",
  journal =      j-C,
  volume =       "109",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "412--8",
  abstract =     "afib BACKGROUND: Congestive heart failure (CHF)
                 downregulates atrial transient outward (I(to)), slow
                 delayed rectifier (I(Ks)), and L-type Ca(2+) (I(Ca,L))
                 currents and upregulates Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange current
                 (I(NCX)) (ionic remodeling) and causes atrial fibrosis
                 (structural remodeling). The relative importance of
                 ionic versus structural remodeling in CHF-related
                 atrial fibrillation (AF) is controversial. METHODS AND
                 RESULTS: We measured hemodynamic and echocardiographic
                 parameters, mean duration of burst pacing-induced AF
                 (DAF), and atrial-myocyte ionic currents in dogs with
                 CHF induced by 2-week ventricular tachypacing (240
                 bpm), CHF dogs allowed to recover without pacing for 4
                 weeks (REC), and unpaced controls. Left ventricular
                 ejection fraction averaged 58.6+/-1.2\% (control),
                 36.2+/-2.3\% (CHF, P<0.01), and 57.9+/-1.6\% (REC),
                 indicating full hemodynamic recovery. Similarly, left
                 atrial pressures were 2.2+/-0.3 (control), 13.1+/-1.5
                 (CHF), and 2.4+/-0.4 (REC) mm Hg. CHF reduced I(to)
                 density by approximately 65\% (P<0.01), decreased
                 I(Ca,L) density by approximately 50\% (P<0.01), and
                 diminished I(Ks) density by approximately 40\% (P<0.01)
                 while increasing I(NCX) density by approximately 110\%
                 (P<0.05). In REC, all ionic current densities returned
                 to control values. DAF increased in CHF (1132+/-207
                 versus 14.3+/-8.8 seconds, control) and remained
                 increased with REC (1014+/-252 seconds). Atrial fibrous
                 tissue content also increased in CHF (2.1+/-0.2\% for
                 control versus 10.2+/-0.7\% for CHF, P<0.01), with no
                 recovery observed in REC (9.4+/-0.8\%, P<0.01 versus
                 control, P=NS versus CHF). CONCLUSIONS: With reversal
                 of CHF, there is complete recovery of ionic remodeling,
                 but the prolonged-AF substrate and structural
                 remodeling remain. This suggests that structural, not
                 ionic, remodeling is the primary contributor to AF
                 maintenance in experimental CHF.",
  year =         "2004",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Cha2018,
  author = 	 "C.M. Charlebois and K. Shayestehfard and D.N. Anderson and
                  A. Janson, J.A. Cronin and M. Dannhauer and D.J. Caldwell and
                  L. Sorensen, J.G. Ojemann and D.H. Brooks and R.S. MacLeod
                  and C.R. Butson, A.D. Dorval",
  title = 	 "Validating cortical surface electrode localization
                  uncertainty with simulation and clinical stimulation",
  booktitle = "Soc. for Neurosci.",
  year = 	 2018}

@Article{RSM:Cha71,
  author =       "K.D. Chadda and V.S. Banka and R.H. Helfant",
  title =        "Rate dependent ventricular ectopia following acute
                 coronary occlusion",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1971",
  volume =       "XLIX",
  pages =        "654--658",
  month =        apr,
  robnote =      "Looked at the rate dependence of arrythmias and found
                 that at high and low rates, the liklihood of arrythmias
                 increased in post occlusion acute ischemia",
}

@Article{RSM:Cha86,
  author =       "Y.F. Chang",
  title =        "The Atomcc Toolbox",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  year =         "1986",
  month =        apr,
  pages =        "215--224",
  robnote =      "Using Taylor series to solve ODE's, differential
                 equations, numerical methods, mathematical modelling.,
                 CompSoft029",
}

@Article{RSM:Cha88,
  author =       "L. Charbonneau",
  title =        "Taking Lasers to Heart",
  journal =      "Can. Res.",
  year =         "1988",
  month =        may,
  pages =        "28--29",
  robnote =      "A description of the excimer laser system developed in
                 Ottawa and first used in 1987 to perform angioplasty,
                 but so far only during open heart surgery.,
                 Ischemia076",
}

@Article{RSM:Cha89,
  author =       "W. Chang and T. Akitama and J.F. Richeson and R.T.
                 Faillace and P. Serrino",
  title =        "Origin of the giant {R} wave in acutre transmural
                 myocardial infarctions in the pig.",
  journal =      j-JHJ,
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "30",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "863--883",
  robnote =      "A unique paper, one that looks at the ischemia induced
                 increase in R wave amplitude in epcardial, needle, and
                 even wick electrodes with the pig heart as the model.
                 They suggest that a) R wave increase is fast. coming
                 within 2 minutes and peaking in 8 after occlusion; b)
                 R-wave amplitude is correlated with conduction delay in
                 the ischemic reagion, c) The main reason for the R wave
                 is that a homogenesou, slow wave of depolarization
                 moves into the ischemic zone, free of the cancellation
                 that keeps normal R waves so much smaller, and thus can
                 generate a large R wave. Check here for methods on
                 marking ischemic zone, parameters to monitor during
                 ischemia, and some good use of solid angle theory.",
}

@Article{RSM:Cha95,
  author =       "J.H. Challis",
  title =        "A procedure for determining rigid body transformation
                 parameters",
  journal =      "J. Biomechanics",
  year =         "1995",
  volume =       "28",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "733--737",
  robnote =      "An article that resolved a final issue with the
                 Procrustes method and turned our hearts back right way
                 around. Chiral inversion was occuring with some cases
                 and we had hearts that came back from movesock mirror
                 reversed. This paper explains why and how to fix it.
                 Heart in tank problem resovled (we hope!)",
}

@Article{RSM:Che2002,
  author =       "V.A. Cherepenin and A.Y. Karpov and A.V. Korjenevsky
                 and V.N. Kornienko and Y.S. Kultiasov and M.B. Ochapkin
                 and O.V. Trochanova and J.D. Meister",
  title =        "Three-dimensional {EIT} imaging of breast tissues:
                 system design and clinical testing.",
  journal =      "IEEE Trans Med Imaging",
  year =         "2002",
  month =        jun,
  volume =       "21",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "662--607",
  robnote =      "Results of development and testing of the new medical
                 imaging system are described. The system uses a planar
                 array consisting of 256 electrodes and enables
                 obtaining images of the three-dimensional conductivity
                 distribution in regions below the skin's surface up to
                 several centimeters deep. The developed measuring
                 system and image reconstruction algorithm can be used
                 for breast tissue imaging and diagnostics, in
                 particular for malignant tumor detection. Examples of
                 tomographic images obtained in vivo during clinical
                 tests are presented. The mammary gland, being an
                 organ-target, alters at the background with such
                 physiological events as menstrual cycle, pregnancy,
                 lactation, and postmenopause. The objectives of this
                 paper include estimation of the possibilities of
                 electrical impedance mammography for investigation of
                 mammary glands' state among women with different
                 hormonal status. We found that electrical impedance
                 mammograms from different groups had clear visual
                 distinctions and statistically significant differences
                 in mammary glands' conductivity. Our data on
                 conductivity distribution in the mammary gland during
                 different physiological periods will allow us to use it
                 as normal values in the future, to continue this
                 research on mammary glands with different pathology. No
                 hard copy.",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jan 31 01:53:51 2003",
}

@Article{RSM:Che2004,
  author =       "M.S. Chen and N.F. Marrouche and Y. Khaykin and A.M.
                 Gillinov and O. Wazni and D.O. Martin and A. Rossillo
                 and A. Verma and J. Cummings and D. Erciyes and E. Saad
                 and M. Bhargava and D. Bash and R. Schweikert and D.
                 Burkhardt and M. Williams-Andrews and A. Perez-Lugones
                 and A. Abdul-Karim and W. Saliba and A. Natale",
  title =        "Pulmonary vein isolation for the treatment of atrial
                 fibrillation in patients with impaired systolic
                 function.",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "2004",
  month =        mar,
  volume =       "43",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "1004--1009",
  robnote =      "afib OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the safety and
                 efficacy of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in atrial
                 fibrillation (AF) patients with impaired left
                 ventricular (LV) systolic function. BACKGROUND: To
                 date, PVI has been performed primarily in patients with
                 normal LV function. Yet, many AF patients have impaired
                 LV systolic function. The outcomes of PVI in patients
                 with impaired LV systolic function are unknown.
                 METHODS: We included 377 consecutive patients
                 undergoing PVI between December 2000 and January 2003.
                 Ninety-four patients had impaired LV function (ejection
                 fraction [EF] <40\%), and they comprised the study
                 group. The control group was the remaining 283 patients
                 who had a normal EF. End points included AF recurrence
                 and changes in EF and quality of life (QoL). RESULTS:
                 Mean EF was 36\% in our study group, compared with 54\%
                 in controls. After initial PVI, 73\% of patients with
                 impaired EF and 87\% of patients with normal EF were
                 free of AF recurrence at 14 +/- 6 months (p = 0.03). In
                 the study group, there was a nonsignificant increase in
                 EF of 4.6\% and significant improvement in QoL.
                 Complication rates were low and included a 1\% risk of
                 pulmonary vein stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Although the AF
                 recurrence rate after initial PVI in impaired EF
                 patients was higher than in normal EF subjects, nearly
                 three-fourths of patients with impaired EF remained
                 AF-free. Although our sample size was nonrandomized,
                 our results suggest PVI may be a feasible therapeutic
                 option in AF patients with impaired EF. Randomized
                 studies with more patients and longer follow-up are
                 warranted.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Aug 11 10:47:17 2007",
}

@Article{RSM:Che84,
  author =       "M. Chernin",
  title =        "Digital Radiography",
  journal =      "Curr. Prob. in Daig. Radiol.",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "13",
  pages =        "7--41",
  robnote =      "A nice sort of descriptive review of just how digital
                 radiography works and what sort of hard and software
                 are involved. A good entry into the business. Digital
                 subtraction arteriography. angiography thesis,
                 Ischemia074",
}

@Book{RSM:Che85,
  author =       "W. Cheney and D. Kincaid",
  title =        "Numerical Mathematics and Computing",
  publisher =    "Brooks/Cole Publishing",
  year =         "1985",
  edition =      "Second",
  robnote =      "Excellent basic text in numerical math, included
                 {FORTRAN} code and many examples and applications. Very
                 readable and good coverage of a broad range of
                 topics.",
}

@Article{RSM:Che86,
  author =       "P.S. Chen and P.D. Wolf and F.J. Claydon and E.G.
                 Dixon and H.J. Vidaillet and N.D. Danieley and T.C.
                 Pilkington and R.E. Ideker",
  title =        "The Potential Gradient Field Created by Epicardial
                 Defibrillation Electrodes in Dogs",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1986",
  volume =       "74",
  pages =        "626--636",
  month =         "Sep.",
  robnote =      "A report from the Duke group on defibrillartion
                 potential patterns in dogs. Also contains a method for
                 computing gradients for epicardial electrograms.
                 thesis, Arrhythm024",
}

@Article{RSM:Che90,
  author =       "S.Y. Chen and W.C. Lin and C.C. Liang and C.T. Chen",
  title =        "Improvement on dynamic elastic interpolation technique
                 for reconstructing {3-D} objects from serial cross
                 sections",
  journal =      "IEEE Trans Med Imag",
  volume =       "9",
  year =         "1990",
  pages =        "71--83",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Che91,
  author =       "M. Cheney and D. Isaacson and E.J. Somersalo and E.L.
                 Isaacson and E.J. Coffey",
  title =        "A layer-stripping reconstruction algorithm for
                 impedance imaging",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS91,
  year =         "1991",
  volume =       "13",
  pages =        "3--6",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
  robnote =      "Margaret and David's article from the EMBS meeting on
                 some of their inverse solutions for imedance
                 tomography.",
}

@Article{RSM:Che96,
  author =       "J. Chen and Y. Xue and K. Eto and C. Ni and K.
                 Hashimoto",
  title =        "Effects of dofetilide, a class {III} antiarrhythmic
                 drug, on various ventricular arrhythmias in dogs.",
  journal =      "J Cardiovasc Pharmacol",
  year =         "1996",
  volume =       "28",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "576--84",
  robnote =      "Dofetilide, a new class III antiarrhythmic agent, was
                 tested in various kinds of canine ventricular
                 arrhythmias to compare its effects with those of other
                 class III agents. Dofetilide increased QT interval and
                 showed negative chronotropic effect like that of other
                 class III drugs, but was different in antiarrhythmic
                 profiles from those of other class III agents such as
                 D-sotalol, E-4031, and MS-551 in that it did not
                 prevent the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF)
                 immediately after coronary reperfusion and had some
                 antiarrhythmic effects on digitalis arrhythmia. No hard
                 copy. LQTS.",
}

@Article{RSM:Che97,
  author =       "C.H. Chen and G.G. Lee",
  title =        "Image Segmentation Using Multiresolution Wavelet
                 Analysis and Expectation-Maximization ({EM}) Algorithm
                 for Digital Mammography",
  journal =      "Int. J. Imag. Sys. \& Tech.",
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "491",
  robnote =      "no hard copy",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jan 27 23:41:04 1998",
}

@Article{RSM:Che99,
  author =       "M. Cheney and D. Isaacson and J.C. Newell",
  title =        "Electrical impedance tmography",
  journal =      j-SIAM-R,
  year =         "1999",
  volume =       "41",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "85--101",
  robnote =      "nice review of Margaret and David's work on EIT.",
  bibdate =      "Fri May 05 14:57:31 2000",
}

@InProceedings{RSM:Che99b,
  author =       "L.K. Cheng and and A.J. Pullan",
  title =        "Towards Non-Invasive Electrical Heart Imaging",
  booktitle =    c-EMBS99,
  year =         "1999",
  pages =        "302",
  organization = "IEEE EMBS and BMES",
  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
  robnote =      "nice report of using a pig model to perform validation
                 of the inverse problem.",
  bibdate =      "Wed Oct 27 12:51:20 1999",
}

@Article{RSM:Chi90,
  author =       "D.R. Chialvo and R.F. Gilmour and J. Jalife",
  title =        "Low Dimensional Chaos in Cardiac Tissue",
  journal =      "Nature",
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "343",
  month =        feb,
  pages =        "653--657",
  robnote =      "Chaos, well maybe someday...,CardCell041",
}

@Article{RSM:Chi93,
  author =       "C. de Chillou and L.M. Rodriguez and P. Doevendans and
                 K. Loutsidis and A. van den Dool and J. Metzger and
                 F.W.H.M. Baer and J.L.R.M. Smeets and H.J.J. Wellens",
  title =        "Effects of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram of
                 opening the coronary artery by thrombolytic therapy of
                 percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty during
                 acute myocardial infarction",
  journal =      j-AJC,
  year =         "1993",
  volume =       "71",
  pages =        "805--809",
  robnote =      "This paper suggests that there are still abnormal ECGs
                 after MI in patients who have their vessels opened with
                 PTCA, which when the same end is achieved with
                 thrombolytics, there are fewer abnormal signs. This is
                 all done with the signal averaged ECG (SAECG). There
                 are links between abnormal SAECG and occluded
                 coronaries, and so the authors suggest that PTCA does
                 something different, perhaps not as effective, as
                 thrombolysis.",
}

@Article{RSM:Chi98,
  author =       "M. Chinushi and M. Restivo and E.B. Caref and N.
                 El-Sherif",
  title =        "Electrophysiological basis of arrhythmogenicity of
                 {QT}/{T} alternans in the long-{QT} syndrome:
                 {T}ridimensional analysis of the kinetics of cardiac
                 repolarization.",
  journal =      j-CR,
  year =         "1998",
  volume =       "83",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "614--28",
  robnote =      "three-dimensional mapping of QT/T alternans in a dog
                 model of LQTS, induced by anthopleurin-A.",
}

@Article{RSM:Chl83,
  author =       "J.A. Chlond and D.J. Hitchings",
  title =        "Software Adaptive Physiological Signal Preprocessor",
  journal =      j-MBEC,
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "107--108",
  robnote =      "preprocessor, physiological signal processing,
                 amplifier, A/D convertor, input isolation,
                 Electronics006",
}

@Article{RSM:Cho87,
  author =       "S.K. Chokshi and S. Meyers and P. Abi-Mansour",
  title =        "Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplsty: {T}en
                 Years' Experience",
  journal =      j-PCD,
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "30",
  pages =        "147--210",
  robnote =      "A nice review of the findings from ten years of use of
                 PTCA thesis., Ischemia078",
}

@Article{RSM:Chr2004,
  author =       "TF. Christian and DW. Rettmann and AH. Aletras and SL.
                 Liao and JL. Taylor and RS. Balaban and AE. Arai",
  title =        "Absolute myocardial perfusion in canines measured by
                 using dual-bolus first-pass {MR} imaging",
  journal =      "Radiology",
  year =         "2004",
  month =        sep,
  volume =       "232",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "677--84",
}

@Article{RSM:Chr2009,
  author =       "I.E. Christophersen and L.S. Ravn and E. Budtz-Joergensen
                 and A. Skytthe and S. Haunsoe and J.H. Svendsen and K.
                 Christensen",
  title =        "Familial aggregation of atrial fibrillation: a study in
                 Danish twins.",
  journal =      "Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol",
  year =         "2009",
  month =        "Aug",
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "378--383",
  robnote =      "afib BACKGROUND: Heritability may play a role in nonfamilial
                 atrial fibrillation (AF). We hypothesized that a
                 monozygotic (MZ) twin whose co-twin was diagnosed with AF
                 would have an increased risk of the disease compared with
                 a dizygotic (DZ) twin in the same situation. METHODS AND
                 RESULTS: A sample of 1137 same-sex twin pairs (356 MZ and
                 781 DZ pairs) in which one or both members were diagnosed
                 with AF were identified in The Danish Twin Registry.
                 Concordance rates were twice as high for MZ pairs than for
                 DZ pairs regardless of sex (22.0\% versus 11.6\%,
                 P<0.0001). In a Cox regression of event-free survival
                 times, we compared the time span between occurrences of
                 disease in MZ and DZ twins. The unaffected twin was
                 included when his or her twin-sibling (the index twin) was
                 diagnosed with AF. After adjustment for age at entry, MZ
                 twins had a significantly shorter event-free survival time
                 (hazard ratio, 2.0; 95\% CI, 1.3 to 3.0), thereby
                 indicating a genetic component. Using biometric models, we
                 estimated the heritability of AF to be 62\% (55\% to
                 68\%), due to additive genetics. There were no significant
                 differences across sexes. CONCLUSIONS: All the analyses of
                 twin similarities in the present study indicate that
                 genetic factors play a substantial role in the risk of AF
                 for both sexes. The recurrence risk for co-twins (12\% to
                 22\%) is clinically relevant and suggests that co-twins of
                 AF-affected twins belong to a high-risk group for AF.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Dec 7 22:15:47 2009",
  pmcid =        "2010/08/01 PHST- 2009/04/23 [aheadofprint]",
}

@Article{RSM:Chr2016,
  author =       "J. Chrispin and E. Gucuk Ipek and S. Zahid and A. Prakosa
                 and M. Habibi and D. Spragg and J.E. Marine and H.
                 Ashikaga and J. Rickard and N.A. Trayanova and S.L.
                 Zimmerman and V. Zipunnikov and R.D. Berger and H. Calkins
                 and S. Nazarian",
  title =        "Lack of regional association between atrial late
                 gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance and
                 atrial fibrillation rotors.",
  journal =      "Heart Rhythm",
  year =         "2016",
  month =        "Mar",
  volume =       "13",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "654--660",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: The extent of left atrial (LA) late
                 gadolinium enhancement (LGE), as a surrogate for fibrosis,
                 has been associated with atrial fibrillation (AF)
                 recurrence after catheter ablation. Furthermore, there is
                 ex vivo evidence that islands of fibrosis may anchor
                 fibrillatory rotors. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study
                 was to examine the anatomical association of AF rotors
                 with LA and right atrial (RA) LGE on cardiac magnetic
                 resonance. METHODS: The cohort included 9 patients with
                 persistent AF (mean age 61.1 +/- 9.7 years) who underwent
                 LGE cardiac magnetic resonance before AF ablation using
                 the focal impulse and rotor modulation system. The extent
                 of LA and RA LGE was quantified globally and in each of
                 the 7 sectors: LA posterior/inferior wall, anterior wall,
                 roof, left and right pulmonary vein antra, and RA lateral
                 and septal regions. The multivariable association of rotor
                 incidence with global and per sector LGE extent was
                 examined using multivariable Bernoulli logistic regression
                 estimated by generalized estimating equations. RESULTS:
                 The mean RA and LA volumes were 113.2 +/- 37.31 and 143.03
                 +/- 58.25 mL, respectively. The mean RA and LA LGE burden
                 was 17.2\% +/- 11.0\% and 17.4\% +/- 14.4\%, respectively.
                 A total of 18 LA rotors and 9 RA rotors were identified in
                 all patients. No univariable or multivariable association
                 was observed between global or per sector LGE extent and
                 focal impulse and rotor modulation rotor incidence.
                 CONCLUSION: In this cohort of patients, there was no
                 association between AF rotor incidence and the global or
                 regional extent of RA and LA LGE.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Dec 1 09:03:48 2018",
}

@InCollection{RSM:Chr87,
  author =       "H. Christiansen",
  title =        "{MOSAIC} Triangulation algorithm",
  booktitle =    "{MOVIE.BYU} Program Manual",
  editor =       "",
  publisher =    "Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory",
  address =      "Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah",
  year =         "1987",
  robnote =      "A description of the triangularization algorithm used
                 the movie.byu program. I refer to is in the thesis,
                 NumMath035",
}

@Article{RSM:Chr96,
  author =       "G.E. Christensen and R.D. Rabbitt and M.I. Miller",
  title =        "Deformable templates using large deformation kinematics",
  journal =      j-TIP,
  year =         "1996",
  volume =       "v5",
  pages =        "1435--1447",
  publisher =    "IEEE, Piscataway, NJ",
  robnote =      "A general automatic approach is presented for
                 accommodating local shape variation when mapping a
                 two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) template
                 image into alignment with a topologically similar target
                 image. ",
  bibdate =      "Wed Nov 22 01:21:35 2000",
}

@book{RSM:Chr99,
  author = "P.R. Christian and G. Casella",
  title = "Monte Carlo Statistical Methods",
  publisher = "Springer",
  address = "New York",
  year = "1999"
}

@Article{RSM:Chu90,
  author =       "A. Chu and D.E. Chambers and C.C. Lin and W.D. Kuchl
                 and F.R. Cobb",
  title =        "Ischemia-induced epicardial vasoconstriction: {A}
                 potential mechanism for distant myocardial ischemia",
  journal =      j-CR,
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "66",
  pages =        "1484--1490",
  robnote =      "A study which suggests that construction in one artery
                 can affect the diameter of a different coronary. Sounds
                 impossible, and the changes are very small (3-4\%), but
                 they are mildly significant. They tried to apply alpha
                 and beta block but found no effect on the reponse. Is
                 it real? hard to say. It would be hard to convince me
                 that this is the reason for distant ischemia.",
}

@Book{RSM:Chu92,
  author =       "C.K.~Chui",
  title =        "Wavelets : {A} tutorial in theory and applications",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  year =         "1992",
  address =      "Boston",
  robnote =      "A book of some sort on wavelets from Dana",
}

@Article{RSM:Chu94,
  author =       "E. Chu and J.M. Kalman and M.A. Kwasman and J.C.Y. Jue
                 and P.J. Fitzgerald and L.M. Epstein and N.B. Schiller
                 and P.G. Yock and M.D. Lesh",
  title =        "Intracardiac echocardiography during radiofrequency
                 catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in humans",
  journal =      j-ACC,
  year =         "1994",
  volume =       "24",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "1351--1357",
  robnote =      "afib reconstruction of atrial geometry from echocardigrams,
                 ice, intracardiac echocardiography, first ref to use of
                 ice in patients for atrial catheter ablation",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jan 06 23:42:26 1998",
}

@Article{RSM:Chu97,
  author =       "M. Chung and S.M. Pogwizd and D.P. Miller and M.E.
                 Cain",
  title =        "Three-dimensional mapping of the initiation of
                 nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in the human
                 heart",
  journal =      j-C,
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       "95",
  pages =        "2517--2527",
  annote =       "Sustained VT initiates at discordant sites compared
                 with nonsustained VT. The initiation mechanism can be
                 either a macroreentrant or a facal. It is amazing
                 though, all these finding are based on experiments with
                 1--3 cm interelectrode spacing (bipolar) plus
                 hand-drawn isochrone map. Are we really looking at a
                 focal or maybe a microreentry?",
}

@Article{RSM:Chy2009,
  author =       "J.Y. Chyou and A. Biviano and P. Magno and H. Garan and
                 A.J. Einstein",
  title =        "Applications of computed tomography and magnetic
                 resonance imaging in percutaneous ablation therapy for
                 atrial fibrillation.",
  journal =      "J Interv Card Electrophysiol",
  year =         "2009",
  volume =       "26",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "47--57",
  robnote =      "afib Percutaneous catheter ablation is an established therapy
                 for symptomatic drug-refractory atrial fibrillation (AF).
                 Accurate delineation of relevant anatomy is critical but
                 often challenging and limited in traditional technologies
                 such as intra-procedural fluoroscopy. There has been an
                 increased interest in non-invasive three-dimensional
                 imaging technologies, especially computed tomography (CT)
                 and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as useful tools for
                 patients undergoing AF ablation. Here, we review
                 applications of CT and MRI before, during, and after AF
                 ablation and highlight areas for future research.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 5 05:20:20 2009",
}

@Article{RSM:Cia2008,
  author =       "E.J. Ciaccio and A.W. Chow and R.A. Kaba and D.W.
                 Davies and O.R. Segal and N.S. Peters",
  title =        "Detection of the diastolic pathway, circuit
                 morphology, and inducibility of human postinfarction
                 ventricular tachycardia from mapping in sinus rhythm",
  journal =      j-HR,
  year =         2008,
  volume =    5,
  number =    7,
  pages =     "981--991",
  robnote =      "map3d referenced here",
  bibdate =      "Sun Sep 07 21:35:48 2008",
}

@Article{RSM:Cia2009,
  author =       "E.J. Ciaccio",
  title =        "Reversal of neural and electrophysiologic remodeling in
                 cardiac tissue.",
  journal =      j-HR,
  year =         "2009",
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "76--77",
  robnote =       "",
  bibdate =      "Sun May 29 07:37:41 2011",
}

@Article{RSM:Cia2009a,
  author =       "E.J. Ciaccio and A.B. Biviano and W. Whang and A.L. Wit
                 and H. Garan and J. Coromilas",
  title =        "New methods for estimating local electrical activation
                 rate during atrial fibrillation.",
  journal =      j-HR,
  year =         "2009",
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "21--32",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Dominant frequency (DF) analysis is sometimes
                 limited in its characterization of atrial fibrillation
                 (AF), thus better methodology is needed. OBJECTIVE: To
                 develop methods for analyzing the AF signal without
                 transformation to frequency space, and to compare the
                 methods to DF analysis using both real and simulated data.
                 METHOD: Electrograms were obtained in 11 patients with
                 paroxysmal or persistent AF. Atrial rate (AR) was
                 estimated retrospectively from 8.4-s intervals acquired at
                 8 sites, using DF and 2 new methods: (1) Signals were
                 converted into merged deflections (time complexes [TC]).
                 Mean peak-to-peak cycle length was used to estimate AR.
                 (2) The ensemble average (EA) was calculated with window
                 size (w) ranging from 50 to 500 ms (frequency f = 2 to 20
                 Hz). The dominant peak in the root-mean-square power
                 spectrum of EA versus w was used to estimate AR. Methods
                 were compared using patient data, and in simulations using
                 a Hanning pulse (2-mV peak, 50-ms duration, 120-ms period)
                 with additive random noise, amplitude changes, and phase
                 shift. Data from 10 atrial flutter patients were used to
                 validate rate estimation under static conditions. RESULTS:
                 From pooled AF data (N = 88 sites), mean atrial rate was
                 5.71 Hz (EA), 5.96 Hz (TC), and 5.72 Hz (DF). The mean
                 absolute rate difference was 0.65 Hz (EA-TC), 0.58 Hz
                 (EA-DF), and 0.50 Hz (TC-DF). In simulations, DF, TC, and
                 EA, respectively, correctly predicted rate with additive
                 random noise up to 0.13 mV, 1.4 mV, and 15.2 mV, random
                 phase shift up to 46.3 ms, 28.8 ms, and 51.3 ms, and
                 random amplitude variation ranging from 0 to 4 mV, 1.3 to
                 2.7 mV, and 0 to 4 mV. All methods accurately estimated
                 rate during atrial flutter. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate rate
                 estimation depends on signal periodicity and is influenced
                 by random noise. The EA provides an accurate rate estimate
                 of the periodic component of AF even at high noise levels.",
  bibdate =      "Sun May 29 07:37:41 2011",
}

@Article{RSM:Cia2010,
  author =       "E.J. Ciaccio and C.A. Tennyson and G. Bhagat and S.K.
                 Lewis and P.H. Green",
  title =        "Classification of videocapsule endoscopy image patterns:
                 comparative analysis between patients with celiac disease
                 and normal individuals.",
  journal =      "Biomed Eng Online",
  year =         "2010",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "44",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Quantitative disease markers were developed
                 to assess videocapsule images acquired from celiac disease
                 patients with villous atrophy, and from control patients.
                 METHOD: Capsule endoscopy videoclip images (576 x 576
                 pixels) were acquired at 2/second frame rate (11 celiacs,
                 10 controls) at regions: 1. bulb, 2. duodenum, 3. jejunum,
                 4. ileum and 5. distal ileum. Each of 200 images per
                 videoclip (= 100s) were subdivided into 10 x 10 pixel
                 subimages for which mean grayscale brightness level and
                 its standard deviation (texture) were calculated. Pooled
                 subimage values were grouped into low, intermediate, and
                 high texture bands, and mean brightness, texture, and
                 number of subimages in each band (nine features in all)
                 were used for quantifying regions 1-5, and to determine
                 the three best features for threshold and incremental
                 learning classification. Classifiers were developed using
                 6 celiac and 5 control patients' data as exemplars, and
                 tested on 5 celiacs and 5 controls. RESULTS: Pooled from
                 all regions, the threshold classifier had 80\% sensitivity
                 and 96\% specificity and the incremental classifier had
                 88\% sensitivity and 80\% specificity for predicting
                 celiac versus control videoclips in the test set. Trends
                 of increasing texture from regions 1 to 5 occurred in the
                 low and high texture bands in celiacs, and the number of
                 subimages in the low texture band diminished (r(2) > 0.5).
                 No trends occurred in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Celiac
                 videocapsule images have textural properties that vary
                 linearly along the small intestine. Quantitative markers
                 can assist in screening for celiac disease and localize
                 extent and degree of pathology throughout the small
                 intestine.",
  bibdate =      "Sun May 29 07:37:41 2011",
  pmcid =        "PMC2941491",
}

@Article{RSM:Cia2010a,
  author =       "E.J. Ciaccio and A.B. Biviano and W. Whang and A. Gambhir
                 and H. Garan",
  title =        "Different characteristics of complex fractionated atrial
                 electrograms in acute paroxysmal versus long-standing
                 persistent atrial fibrillation.",
  journal =      j-HR,
  year =         "2010",
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "9",
  pages =        "1207--1215",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Complex fractionated atrial electrograms
                 (CFAEs) may represent a phenomenon associated with sources
                 of atrial fibrillation (AF) and are being used
                 increasingly as targets of catheter ablation. However,
                 current methods have limited efficacy for characterizing
                 CFAEs important to substrate arrhythmogenicity and do not
                 measure electrogram morphology. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of
                 this study was to develop a methodology for quantifying
                 the degree of morphologic heterogeneity in CFAE
                 deflections, and to determine whether there are
                 differences in this measurement between paroxysmal and
                 persistent AF patients. METHODS: Two successive bipolar
                 CFAEs of length 8.4 seconds each were acquired during AF
                 from two sites each at the ostia of the four pulmonary
                 veins (PVs) and from the anterior and posterior left
                 atrial free wall in patients with paroxysmal AF (N = 10)
                 and long-standing persistent AF (N = 10). Extrinsic and
                 intrinsic features of electrogram shape were used to
                 characterize fractionation in CFAE sequences. The
                 extrinsic parameters were the amplitude, upslope,
                 downslope, and width of each deflection. The intrinsic
                 parameter was the voltage profile as characterized by the
                 sum of absolute values. These measurements were compared
                 to the mean interval between CFAE deflections, a standard
                 fractionation indicator. RESULTS: The variability of
                 intrinsic/extrinsic morphologic parameters was higher in
                 paroxysmal than persistent AF at the left superior PV (P <
                 or =.003), the posterior left atrial free wall, anterior
                 left atrial free wall, left inferior PV, and right
                 superior PV (P <.05 for most parameters), and the right
                 inferior PV (not significant). Mean CFAE deflection
                 intervals were longer at all locations in paroxysmal AF
                 but were significant only at the left superior PV and
                 posterior left atrial free wall (P <.05). Quantitative
                 morphologic parameters were not well correlated with
                 dominant frequency (r(2) <0.32); thus, our new measures
                 are robust to changes in activation rate. CONCLUSION: A
                 novel method for quantifying CFAEs, independent of
                 activation rate, has been developed. The method
                 demonstrates greater significance in the difference
                 between CFAE morphology in paroxysmal and long-standing AF
                 compared with mean interval between CFAE deflections. The
                 differences identified suggest that CFAE morphology may
                 evolve as AF persists.",
  bibdate =      "Sun May 29 07:37:41 2011",
}

@Article{RSM:Cia2010b,
  author =       "E.J. Ciaccio and A.B. Biviano and W. Whang and A.L. Wit
                 and J. Coromilas and H. Garan",
  title =        "Optimized measurement of activation rate at left atrial
                 sites with complex fractionated electrograms during atrial
                 fibrillation.",
  journal =      j-JCE,
  year =         "2010",
  volume =       "21",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "133--143",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Complex fractionated atrial electrograms
                 (CFAE) have become targets for catheter ablation of atrial
                 fibrillation (AF). Frequency components of AF signals have
                 also become important markers for identifying potential
                 mechanisms of AF, yet inaccuracies exist, particularly in
                 standard dominant frequency (SDF) calculations especially
                 at CFAE sites. We developed new methodology to improve
                 accuracy of AF rate determinations at such recording
                 sites. OBJECTIVE: To develop optimal methods for
                 estimating activation rates in paroxysmal and persistent
                 AF. METHODS: Electrograms were obtained from one right
                 atrial, coronary sinus, and 6 left atrial (LA) endocardial
                 regions manifesting CFAEs in paroxysmal (N = 7) and
                 persistent (N = 7) AF patients. SDF was measured from 8.4
                 s intervals and compared to (1) optimized DF (ODF)
                 calculated by optimizing the filter coefficients which
                 maximized dominant frequency power, (2) autocorrelation
                 (AC), with the rate estimated as the inverse of the signal
                 phase shift generating the largest autocorrelation
                 coefficient, and (3) ensemble average (EA), with the rate
                 estimated by summing successive signal segments and
                 selecting segment length yielding maximum power. Rate
                 measurements were compared between groups, at baseline and
                 with additive interference, having similar frequency
                 content to the electrograms, to test the robustness of the
                 different methods. RESULTS: From pooled data (N = 168
                 recording sites), a significantly higher LA dominant
                 frequency was found in persistent versus paroxysmal
                 patients using each method (P < 0.001), with a mean value
                 for all methods of 6.23 +/- 0.08 Hz versus 5.32 +/- 0.10
                 Hz, respectively. At the highest additive interference
                 level, the rate measurement error was significantly
                 greater in SDF as compared with EA (P = 0.010) and ODF (P
                 = 0.035), and at all interference levels SDF had the
                 largest error of any method. CONCLUSIONS: SDF appears less
                 robust to additive interference, compared to the ODF and
                 EA methods of estimating the activation rate at CFAE sites
                 in this small group of patients. Use of optimized filter
                 coefficients for DF measurement, or use of correlative
                 methods such as EA, that reinforce the signal rather than
                 filtering the noise, may improve calculation of activation
                 rates.",
  bibdate =      "Sun May 29 07:37:41 2011",
}

@Article{RSM:Cia2011,
  author =       "E.J. Ciaccio and J. Coromilas and A.L. Wit and H. Garan",
  title =        "Onset dynamics of ventricular tachyarrhythmias as
                 measured by dominant frequency.",
  journal =      j-HR,
  year =         "2011",
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "615--623",
  robnote =      "BACKGROUND: Differences in dominant frequency (DF), a
                 measure of electrical activation rate, were used to
                 characterize and classify ventricular tachyarrhythmias
                 (VTA) at onset. METHOD: In canine 3- to 5-day-old infarct
                 border zone, monomorphic re-entrant ventricular
                 tachycardia (MVT) was repeatedly induced by programmed
                 electrical stimulation (14 experiments, total of 23
                 instances used for analysis). Ventricular fibrillation
                 (VF) and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT)
                 occasionally occurred (total of 23 and 4 episodes,
                 respectively, for all experiments). For each of 196 to 312
                 border zone bipolar electrode recordings, the DF and DF
                 spatial derivative (DFD) were calculated to assess
                 electrical activity organization and were used to classify
                 VTAs at onset. For classification, measurements were made
                 at 1.5 and 3 seconds from last stimulus for all recording
                 sites, and at 2.25 and 3 seconds for 3- to 7-site subsets
                 as a test with limited data. RESULTS: At 1.5 seconds after
                 stimulus end, the DF/DFD magnitudes were ordered: MVT <
                 PVT < VF (P < .001). DF/DFD trended upward in VF, downward
                 in MVT, and lacked trend in PVT (P < .001). Based on
                 DF/DFD magnitudes/trends, the MVT/VF classifier accuracy
                 was 94.6\% (all sites/1.5 s), 97.9\% (all sites/3 s),
                 82.6\% (subset sites/2.25 s), and 86.3\% (subset sites/3
                 s). CONCLUSION: VTAs are distinguishable at early onset by
                 degree and trend in organization of electrical activity as
                 estimated by DF and DFD. VF becomes increasingly
                 disorganized, MVT becomes increasingly organized, and PVT
                 remains intermediate. It may be possible to apply this
                 technique for analysis and classification in a clinical
                 setting using currently available special mapping
                 catheters.",
  bibdate =      "Sun May 29 07:37:41 2011",
}

@Article{RSM:Cia2011c,
  author =       "E.J. Ciaccio and A.B. Biviano and W. Whang and J.
                 Coromilas and H. Garan",
  title =        "A new transform for the analysis of complex fractionated
                 atr

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