text:
the data collection, the Plant Ecology group
   at the University of Bern for hosting MR, the Botanical Garden of Bern
   for allowing the pollinator observations, Anne Kempel, Thomas Chrobock,
   Wayne Dawson and Rudolf Rohr for Statistics advice, the Swiss Federal
   Commission for Scholarships for Foreign Students, and the International
   Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology for supporting MR, the
   Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Project KL1866/3-1) for funding; Noelie
   Maurel and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous
   version of the manuscript.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{57}},
Times-Cited = {{13}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{55}},
Journal-ISO = {{Biol. Conserv.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{CB3AY}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000349501400014}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000380152100013,
Author = {Huang, Wei-Fone and Skyrm, Kim and Ruiter, Rene and Solter, Leellen},
Title = {{Disease management in commercial bumble bee mass rearing, using
   production methods, multiplex PCR detection techniques, and regulatory
   assessment}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{54}},
Number = {{5}},
Pages = {{516-524}},
Abstract = {{Recent concerns about the potential for pathogens to be transmitted from
   managed bumble bees and honey bees to local natural populations of
   bumble bees and other native pollinators have resulted in questions
   about the role of pathogen introductions in declines of some native
   Bombus species. It is in the interest of the bumble bee rearing
   industry, which succeeds best when managed colonies are healthy and
   vigorous, and the safety of the environment into which the bees are
   introduced, to ensure that managed bees are not foci of disease. Visual
   detection methods using gross pathology and light microscopy, while
   generally efficacious if a thorough inspection routine is followed, have
   the disadvantage of detecting most pathogens only after maturation to
   the transmissible stage. Koppert Biological Systems, the only company
   currently rearing bumble bees in the US, has instituted a detection
   method using multiplex real-time PCR to evaluate colonies for presence
   of three pathogens, Nosema bombi, Crithidia bombi, and Apicystis bombi,
   all chronic pathogens with potential to build to high prevalence in
   rearing facilities. Added to a rigorous inspection system, PCR methods
   ensure that these pathogens are detected quickly and are eliminated.}},
Publisher = {{TAYLOR \& FRANCIS LTD}},
Address = {{2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Solter, L (Corresponding Author), Univ Illinois, Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Prairie Res Inst, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
   Huang, Wei-Fone; Solter, Leellen, Univ Illinois, Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Prairie Res Inst, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
   Skyrm, Kim; Ruiter, Rene, Koppert Biol Syst, Howell, MI USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1080/00218839.2016.1173352}},
ISSN = {{0021-8839}},
EISSN = {{2078-6913}},
Keywords = {{Bombus spp; bumble bees; quality control; mass rearing; pathogen
   detection; Nosema bombi; Crithidia bombi; Apicystis bombi; multiplex
   real-time PCR}},
Keywords-Plus = {{MELTING-CURVE ANALYSIS; REAL-TIME PCR; WORLDWIDE MIGRATION; PARASITIC
   MITES; NOSEMA-CERANAE; APIS-MELLIFERA; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; PATHOGEN;
   POPULATIONS; IDENTIFICATION}},
Research-Areas = {{Entomology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Entomology}},
Author-Email = {{lsolter@illinois.edu}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Koppert Biological Systems, Inc.}},
Funding-Text = {{Funding for development of the multiplex real-time PCR methodology was
   provided by Koppert Biological Systems, Inc.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{40}},
Times-Cited = {{6}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{2}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{26}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Apic. Res.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{DR8MN}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000380152100013}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000379060400006,
Author = {Geslin, Benoit and Le Feon, Violette and Kuhlmann, Michael and
   Vaissiere, Bernard E. and Dajoz, Isabelle},
Title = {{The bee fauna of large parks in downtown Paris, France}},
Journal = {{ANNALES DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{51}},
Number = {{5-6}},
Pages = {{487-493}},
Abstract = {{In recent years, a growing number of studies have focused on the
   potential interest of urban green areas for supporting biodiversity.
   Private gardens, urban parks or green roofs may support relatively high
   densities of diverse wild bees. Knowledge is lacking regarding bee
   assemblages in Paris, the French capital, and one of the most densely
   populated part of France. In this context, we here provide a first
   assessment of the taxonomic and functional composition of bee
   assemblages in three urban parks in downtown Paris. Bees were sampled
   with a set of three coloured pan traps per park. Fifteen 24-hour
   sessions were performed from April to July 2011. We captured 425
   specimens from 44 species representing five families and 11 genera. The
   assemblage was dominated by Halictidae (15 species representing 70.1\%
   of total abundance), especially the eusocial species Lasioglossum morio
   that made 25.2\% of total abundance. From a functional point of view,
   there were only two species of parasitic bees that made 1.2\% of total
   abundance. Most non-parasitic species were polylectic and below-ground
   nesting. This study highlights the importance of preserving and managing
   urban parks and other green areas to promote the conservation of wild
   bees and ultimately the functionality of pollination service in urban
   ecosystems.}},
Publisher = {{SOC ENTOMOLOGIQUE FRANCE}},
Address = {{45 RUE BUFFON, 75005 PARIS, FRANCE}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Geslin, B (Corresponding Author), Avignon Univ, Aix Marseille Univ, Inst Mediterraneen Biodiversite \& Ecol Marine \& C, CNRS,IRD, Av Escadrille N Niemen, F-13397 Marseille 20, France.
   Geslin, Benoit, Avignon Univ, Aix Marseille Univ, Inst Mediterraneen Biodiversite \& Ecol Marine \& C, CNRS,IRD, Av Escadrille N Niemen, F-13397 Marseille 20, France.
   Geslin, Benoit; Dajoz, Isabelle, Univ Paris 07, Inst Ecol \& Sci Environm Paris iEES Paris, iEES Paris, CNRS,UPMC,IRD,INRA,UPEC,UMR 7618, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Le Feon, Violette; Vaissiere, Bernard E., INRA, Lab Pollinisat \& Ecol Abeilles, UR Abeilles \& Environm 406, F-84914 Avignon, France.
   Kuhlmann, Michael, Nat Hist Museum, Deptartment Life Sci, London SW7 5BD, England.}},
DOI = {{10.1080/00379271.2016.1146632}},
ISSN = {{0037-9271}},
EISSN = {{2168-6351}},
Keywords = {{wild bee assemblage; dominance; Lasioglossum; functional traits; urban
   ecology}},
Keywords-Plus = {{DIVERSITY; HYMENOPTERA; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; GARDENS; TAXA}},
Research-Areas = {{Entomology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Entomology}},
Author-Email = {{benoit.geslin@imbe.fr}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Geslin, Benoit/AAP-7068-2020}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Geslin, Benoit/0000-0002-2464-7998}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Region Ile-de-France through DIM AstreaRegion Ile-de-France {[}ASTREA
   2009-01-22]; R2DS programs}},
Funding-Text = {{This work was supported by the Region Ile-de-France through DIM Astrea
   {[}ASTREA 2009-01-22] and R2DS programs.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{43}},
Times-Cited = {{10}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{3}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{49}},
Journal-ISO = {{Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{DQ2VC}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000379060400006}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000378548200017,
Author = {Simon Pinilla-Gallego, Mario and Nates-Parra, Guiomar},
Title = {{Floral visitors and pollinators in wild population of Andean blueberry
   (Vaccinium meridionale) in Colombian Andean forest}},
Journal = {{REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE ENTOMOLOGIA}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{41}},
Number = {{1}},
Pages = {{112-119}},
Month = {{JAN-JUN}},
Abstract = {{Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale) is a native plant from South
   America with a high potential for national and international use. The
   aim of this study was to identify the floral visitors and potential
   pollinators of the Andean blueberry in two growing areas. The study was
   done in four samplings areas distributed in Guacheta (Cundinamarca),
   Raquira and San Miguel de Sema (Boyaca) during the first blooming season
   of 2012. The floral visitors were recorded between 06:00 and 17:00 h,
   visitors behavior was recorded and pollen samples obtained from their
   bodies. The Pollination Probability Index (PPI) of the main visitors was
   calculated, and also the contribution to the pollination service through
   the Pollination Importance Index (PII). A total of 11 insect species was
   identified visiting Andean blueberry, of which Apis mellifera, Bombus
   hortulanus and B. rubicundus were the most frequently in all sampling
   areas. Both species of Bombus vibrate flowers to remove pollen, been B.
   hortulanus the visitor that transported the most Andean blueberry
   pollen. Apis mellifera visits flowers to gather nectar, but it can also
   transport Andean blueberry pollen. The contribution of the main visitors
   to the Andean blueberry pollination varies between sampling areas, been
   highest the contribution of A. mellifera in Guacheta-Raquira, and the B.
   hortulanus in San Miguel de Sema.}},
Publisher = {{SOC COLOMBIANA ENTOMOLOGIA-SOCOLEN}},
Address = {{APARTADO AEREO 11366, SANTAFE DE BOGOTA, D.C. 00000, COLOMBIA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{Spanish}},
Affiliation = {{Pinilla-Gallego, MS (Corresponding Author), Univ Nacl Colombia, Biol, Carrera 45 26-85, Bogota, Colombia.
   Simon Pinilla-Gallego, Mario, Univ Nacl Colombia, Biol, Carrera 45 26-85, Bogota, Colombia.
   Nates-Parra, Guiomar, Univ Nacl Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.}},
ISSN = {{0120-0488}},
Keywords = {{Wild bees; Bombus hortulanus; Bombus rubicundus; Pollination; Wild
   pollinators}},
Keywords-Plus = {{CRANBERRY VACCINIUM; APIS-MELLIFERA; BEES; ERICACEAE; CONSERVATION;
   COMPETITION; HONEYBEES}},
Research-Areas = {{Entomology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Entomology}},
Author-Email = {{simonpinilla@yahoo.com
   mgnatesp@unal.edu.co}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{36}},
Times-Cited = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{7}},
Journal-ISO = {{Rev. Colomb. Entomol.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{DP5OZ}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000378548200017}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000359648500001,
Author = {Ruano Iraheta, Carlos Enrique and Hernandez Martinez, Miguel Angel and
   Alas Romero, Luis Alonso and Claros Alvarez, Marco Evelio and Rosales
   Arevalo, David and Rodriguez Gonzalez, Victor Alfredo},
Title = {{Stingless bee distribution and richness in El Salvador (Apidae,
   Meliponinae)}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{54}},
Number = {{1}},
Pages = {{1-10}},
Month = {{JAN 1}},
Abstract = {{This is the first complete inventory of stingless bees in El Salvador.
   It includes the spatial distribution of wild and managed colonies and
   the relationships between their occurrence and vegetation cover,
   altitude and temperature. Applying a stratified sampling, we located
   wild colonies (n=477) and managed colonies (n=686) of stingless bees in
   tropical forests, agricultural fields and urban areas. Each stratum (14)
   was a department (political division) of El Salvador. We made maps of
   the distribution of the most common wild and managed species. We
   analysed spatial distribution of colonies through the Clark and Evans
   Index (CEI). For the estimation of diversity between departments, the
   Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) was calculated. The relationship
   between species richness and vegetation cover was analysed through the
   chi-square test. Linear regression was used to evaluate the effects of
   altitude and temperature on species richness. We concluded that: (a)
   there are at least 20 species, six subgenera and 10 genera of stingless
   bees in El Salvador; (b) the departments with highest levels of
   diversity were Santa Ana (H=2.55), Chalatenango (H=2.41), Morazan
   (H=2.31) and La Libertad (H=2.22); (c) the most abundant wild species,
   was Tetragonisca angustula (n=156, relative abundance=32.70\%) and was
   found in each department in clustered pattern (CEI=.26, p<.001); (d)
   Melipona beecheii (n=405, relative abundance=59.04\%) was the most
   frequent managed species, mainly found in a clustered pattern (CEI=.28,
   p<.001) in the northern and the western part of El Salvador; (e) the
   species richness is associated with the vegetation cover: increased with
   coniferous forest (X-2=336.1, p<.001), fruit trees (X-2=41.8, p<.001),
   and with temperature (r=.86, p=.0015) but decreased with altitude
   (r=-.87, p=.001).}},
Publisher = {{TAYLOR \& FRANCIS LTD}},
Address = {{4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Iraheta, CER (Corresponding Author), Univ El Salvador, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Zootecnia, San Salvador, El Salvador.
   Ruano Iraheta, Carlos Enrique, Univ El Salvador, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Zootecnia, San Salvador, El Salvador.
   Hernandez Martinez, Miguel Angel; Alas Romero, Luis Alonso, Univ El Salvador, Fac Ciencias Agron, Lab Sistemas Informac Geog Unidad Posgrado, San Salvador, El Salvador.
   Claros Alvarez, Marco Evelio, Univ El Salvador, Fac Multidisciplinaria Oriente, Dept Agron, San Miguel, El Salvador.
   Rosales Arevalo, David, Univ El Salvador, Fac Multidisciplinaria Occidente, Dept Biol, Santa Ana, El Salvador.
   Rodriguez Gonzalez, Victor Alfredo, Univ El Salvador, Fac Multidisciplinaria Paracentral, Dept Agron, San Vicente, El Salvador.}},
DOI = {{10.1080/00218839.2015.1029783}},
ISSN = {{0021-8839}},
EISSN = {{2078-6913}},
Keywords = {{stingless bees; meliponiculture; species richness; diversity; relative
   abundance; GIS; El Salvador}},
Keywords-Plus = {{POLLINATION; COMMUNITY; DIVERSITY; FOREST}},
Research-Areas = {{Entomology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Entomology}},
Author-Email = {{carlos.ruano3@ues.edu.sv}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Council of Scientific Research, University of El Salvador (CIC-UES)}},
Funding-Text = {{This research was supported by Council of Scientific Research,
   University of El Salvador (CIC-UES).}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{46}},
Times-Cited = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{23}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Apic. Res.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{CP1PU}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000359648500001}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000354331400004,
Author = {Shelby, Natasha and Peterson, Merrill A.},
Title = {{Despite Extensive Pollinator Sharing, Invasive Blackberry Has Negligible
   Impacts on Reproductive Success of a Rare Native Wildflower}},
Journal = {{NORTHWEST SCIENCE}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{89}},
Number = {{1}},
Pages = {{47-57}},
Month = {{JAN}},
Abstract = {{Plant invasions have the potential to disrupt community dynamics and
   impair essential ecosystem services, including the pollination of native
   flowers. Invaders most likely to invoke pollinator competition are
   characterized by conspicuous, resource-rich blooms and long flowering
   periods, while the natives most likely to be impacted are obligate
   out-crossers that are sensitive to disturbance or locally rare. We
   investigated the effects of a widespread showy invader of the Pacific
   Northwest, Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry), on an imperiled
   endemic wildflower, Sidalcea hendersonii. We observed pollinators,
   quantified pollen deposition and conducted pollen-supplementation
   experiments on S. hendersonii plants growing at three distances (1 m, 15
   m and 50 m) from well-established blackberry patches in five adjacent
   field plots. Individual R. armeniacus flowers received more than three
   times as many total visits as S. hendersonii inflorescences; however,
   there was minimal overlap between the pollinator assemblages visiting
   the two species. R. armeniacus pollen was present on 67\% of S.
   hendersonii stigmas; however, there was no significant relationship
   between distance and invasive pollen deposition or distance and natural
   seed set. Pollen-supplementation experiments revealed that S.
   hendersonii was moderately pollen-limited at all distances, and
   reproductive output was actually higher at the distance treatment
   closest to the invader, suggesting a positive proximity effect unrelated
   to pollination. Thus, although inconstant pollinator foraging and
   prodigious heterospecific pollen deposition suggest R. armeniacus
   influences pollinator interactions, it does not appear that the invader
   directly limits the reproductive success of S. hendersonii.}},
Publisher = {{NORTHWEST SCIENTIFIC ASSOC}},
Address = {{JEFFREY DUDA, USGS, WESTERN FISHERIES RES CTR, 6505 NE 65 ST, SEATTLE,
   WA 98115 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Shelby, N (Corresponding Author), Western Washington Univ, Dept Biol, 516 High St, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA.
   Shelby, Natasha; Peterson, Merrill A., Western Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.3955/046.089.0104}},
ISSN = {{0029-344X}},
EISSN = {{2161-9859}},
Keywords = {{pollinator competition; pollen supplementation; scanning electron
   microscopy}},
Keywords-Plus = {{POLLEN LIMITATION; PLANT REPRODUCTION; LYTHRUM-SALICARIA;
   MIMULUS-RINGENS; SEED PRODUCTION; COMPETITION; RUBUS; COMMUNITIES;
   VISITATION; DIVERSITY}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Ecology}},
Author-Email = {{Natasha.Shelby17@gmail.com}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Shelby, Natasha/I-5818-2019}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Shelby, Natasha/0000-0001-9097-3663}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Washington Native Plant Society; Western Washington University's Office
   of Research and Sponsored Programs}},
Funding-Text = {{This work was funded by grants from the Washington Native Plant Society
   and Western Washington University's Office of Research and Sponsored
   Programs. We thank WWU professors Anu Singh-Cundy, David Hooper and
   Brian Bingham for helpful advice with techniques and analyses, Melanie
   Gisler for unpublished data, Jeannie Gilbert for greenhouse support,
   Erin Macri and Sarah Steely of Scientific and Technical Services for SEM
   training and support, Breana Langford Mosterd and Emily Grason for field
   assistance, and WDFW and private landowners for permission to conduct
   this research on their properties.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{57}},
Times-Cited = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{3}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{67}},
Journal-ISO = {{Northwest Sci.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{CH9BQ}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000354331400004}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000353304300012,
Author = {Wright, Ivan R. and Roberts, Stuart P. M. and Collins, Bonnie E.},
Title = {{Evidence of forage distance limitations for small bees (Hymenoptera:
   Apidae)}},
Journal = {{EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{112}},
Number = {{2}},
Pages = {{303-310}},
Abstract = {{The distribution of ground-nesting bees was investigated using transects
   of water traps in a mosaic of nesting and forage habitats at Shotover
   Hill in Oxfordshire, UK. The site includes a large area of
   ground-nesting bee activity and is adjoined on three sides by floristic
   hay meadows. This study showed that the females of small bee species
   (<1.5 mm intertegular span) that were foraging in the hay meadows
   demonstrated a functional limitation to their homing range. The
   abundance of small bees declined rapidly with increasing distance from
   areas of high density nesting; declining more rapidly than might be
   expected from uniform dispersal into the surrounding landscape. By
   modelling the occurrence of bees along each transect it was found that
   the probability of observing a small bee in the hay meadows was reduced
   to 10\% at a distance of 250-370 m from the nesting habitat. The result
   emphasises the scale on which habitat fragmentation will begin to impact
   upon bee diversity, and the relative contribution of managed ``pollen
   and nectar{''} strips to areas of nesting habitat.}},
Publisher = {{CZECH ACAD SCI, INST ENTOMOLOGY}},
Address = {{BRANISOVSKA 31, CESKE BUDEJOVICE 370 05, CZECH REPUBLIC}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Wright, IR (Corresponding Author), Shotover Wildlife, 15 Blenheim Way, Oxford OX33 1SB, England.
   Wright, Ivan R.; Collins, Bonnie E., Shotover Wildlife, Oxford OX33 1SB, England.}},
DOI = {{10.14411/eje.2015.028}},
EISSN = {{1802-8829}},
Keywords = {{Hymenoptera; Apidae; ground-nesting bees; forage; flight distance;
   partial habitats; habitat fragmentation}},
Keywords-Plus = {{TRAP-NESTING BEES; SOLITARY BEES; BODY-SIZE; OFFSPRING PRODUCTION;
   LANDSCAPE-SCALE; MEGACHILIDAE; HABITATS; RANGE; POLLINATION; BUMBLEBEES}},
Research-Areas = {{Entomology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Entomology}},
Author-Email = {{irwright@shotover-wildlife.org.uk
   spmr@msn.com}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{38}},
Times-Cited = {{16}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{71}},
Journal-ISO = {{Eur. J. Entomol.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{CG5BJ}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000353304300012}},
OA = {{Other Gold}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000353087500006,
Author = {Ortiz, P. L. and Berjano, R. and Talavera, M. and Rodriguez-Zayas, L.
   and Arista, M.},
Title = {{Flower colour polymorphism in Lysimachia arvensis: How is the red morph
   maintained in Mediterranean environments?}},
Journal = {{PERSPECTIVES IN PLANT ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{17}},
Number = {{2}},
Pages = {{142-150}},
Abstract = {{The maintenance of floral polymorphisms within natural populations is
   enigmatic, because directional selection imposed by biotic or abiotic
   selective agents combined with random genetic drift should lead to the
   rapid loss of floral variation. Lysimachia arvensis is a polymorphic
   species with red and blue flowers, red colour being genetically
   dominant. Both morphs show differences in fitness due to climatic
   factors, and the blue performs better in xeric Mediterranean
   environments where red-flowered plants persist in low proportion.
   Although the role of abiotic factors as selective agent has been
   studied, the selection mediated by pollinators has still not been
   considered. Experimental manipulations of morph frequencies were made to
   measure the effect of flower colour on pollinator visitation. Moreover,
   selection analyses on both male and female fitness were used in three
   populations with different morph proportions. Blue flowers are perceived
   by pollinators as UV-blue while red flowers are perceived as UV, but the
   contrast between blue flowers and the background is stronger than that
   of red flowers. Solitary bees were the main pollinators and exerted
   phenotypic selection on flower colour (quantified by bee vision) but not
   on flower size. Blue flowers were visited at a higher rate than
   expected, based on their frequency in populations. In the three
   populations studied, male success was markedly higher in the blue morph
   but colour had no consistent effect on female success. We found strong
   directional phenotypic selection for blue flowers through male function
   in the two blue-biased populations, and through female function only in
   the most blue-biased population. Therefore, in Mediterranean areas, not
   only is the blue morph favoured by climatic factors, but it is also
   selected by pollinators. Thus, selection by pollinators or climatic
   factors does not explain the maintenance of red flowered plants in
   Mediterranean areas. The delayed selfing mechanism of L. arvensis could
   offer reproductive assurance when outcross pollen is limited, mitigating
   the effects of both biotic and abiotic selective agents and protecting
   the red morph. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.}},
Publisher = {{ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN \& FISCHER VERLAG}},
Address = {{OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Arista, M (Corresponding Author), Univ Seville, Dept Biol Vegetal \& Ecol, Apdo 1095, E-41080 Seville, Spain.
   Ortiz, P. L.; Berjano, R.; Talavera, M.; Rodriguez-Zayas, L.; Arista, M., Univ Seville, Dept Biol Vegetal \& Ecol, E-41080 Seville, Spain.}},
DOI = {{10.1016/j.ppees.2015.01.004}},
ISSN = {{1433-8319}},
Keywords = {{Floral evolution; Phenotypic selection; Male and female fitness;
   Mediterranean; Pollinator preference; Reproductive assurance}},
Keywords-Plus = {{POLLINATOR-MEDIATED SELECTION; FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION;
   NATURAL-SELECTION; FLORAL-COLOR; POLEMONIUM-VISCOSUM; BOMBUS-TERRESTRIS;
   BUMBLE BEES; ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE; PHENOTYPIC SELECTION; REPRODUCTIVE
   SUCCESS}},
Research-Areas = {{Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Plant Sciences; Ecology}},
Author-Email = {{marista@us.es}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ballesteros, Pedro Luis Ortiz/G-3099-2015
   Arista, Montserrat/D-1096-2018
   Berjano, Regina/AAC-9955-2019
   Berjano, Regina/L-3975-2014
   Berjano, Regina/AAE-6076-2020
   }},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Ballesteros, Pedro Luis Ortiz/0000-0002-4150-565X
   Arista, Montserrat/0000-0003-0914-9525
   Berjano, Regina/0000-0001-8345-7951
   Berjano, Regina/0000-0001-8345-7951
   Talavera, Maria/0000-0001-9445-2670}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{FEDER fundsEuropean Union (EU); Spanish MINCYT {[}CGL2009-08257]; MINECO
   {[}CGL2012-33270]}},
Funding-Text = {{This work was supported with FEDER funds and grants from the Spanish
   MINCYT (CGL2009-08257) and MINECO (CGL2012-33270) to M.A. The authors
   thank to Servicio General de Invernadero and Servicio General de
   Herbario of the Sevilla University. The authors thank to Donana Natural
   Park and Grazalema Natural Park to allow the study in situ of natural
   populations.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{83}},
Times-Cited = {{14}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{48}},
Journal-ISO = {{Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{CG2EK}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000353087500006}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000351810300004,
Author = {Rincon-Rabanales, Manuel and Roubik, David W. and Guzman, Miguel A. and
   Salvador-Figueroa, Miguel and Adriano-Anaya, Lourdes and Ovando, Isidro},
Title = {{High yields and bee pollination of hermaphroditic rambutan (Nephelium
   lappaceum L.) in Chiapas, Mexico}},
Journal = {{FRUITS}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{70}},
Number = {{1}},
Pages = {{23-27}},
Month = {{JAN-FEB}},
Abstract = {{Introduction. Many cultivated plants do well with exotic pollinators,
   and native pollinators can also serve exotic crops. Both can be
   optimized for agriculture. We studied Nephelium lappaceum L.
   (Sapindaceae), an andro-dioecious Asian plant, in tropical Mexico. The
   hermaphrodite flowers were not known to shed viable pollen, and
   outcrossing from male pollinating plants was thought essential for
   efficient horticulture. Materials and methods. We used the locally
   developed CERI61 variety of rambutan and conducted experiments on
   pollination and fruit yield. An orchard of 1,000 trees was studied
   intensively during two flowering seasons in Chiapas, Mexico. Plantation
   yields were recorded for 10 years. We compared open pollination
   experiments with pollinator exclusion and `induced pollination'
   treatments. We caged some trees with colonies of stingless bees:
   Scaptotrigona and Tetragonisca. Results and discussion. Caged flowers
   produced fruit, with no male plant present. Pollen dehisced and was
   viable on approximately 5\% of flowers. Trees caged with pollinators,
   and open pollination treatments revealed 9.1 times more mature fruit
   than trees without pollinators. Fruit mass was significantly higher in
   induced pollination treatments. Yields exceeding 7 t ha(-1) were
   obtained during a ten-year test period. Scaptotrigona mexicana (Apidae,
   Meliponini) was the main pollinator, followed by social halictid bees
   (Halictus hesperus). Feral Africanized honeybees were not strongly
   attracted to flowers. Conclusion. Both stingless bee species in open
   pollination treatments and within cages showed that fruit production
   increased nearly 10-fold in this variety of rambutan. Although
   outcrossing versus selfing did not affect initial mature fruit set, a
   superior fruit yield, in weight and size, was obtained from selfing
   mediated by pollinators in caged trees.}},
Publisher = {{INT SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE-ISHS}},
Address = {{PO BOX 500, LEUVEN, 3001, BELGIUM}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Ovando, I (Corresponding Author), Univ Autonoma Chiapas, Ctr Biociencias, Carretera Puerto Madero Km 2-0, Chiapas 30700, Mexico.
   Rincon-Rabanales, Manuel; Salvador-Figueroa, Miguel; Adriano-Anaya, Lourdes; Ovando, Isidro, Univ Autonoma Chiapas, Ctr Biociencias, Chiapas 30700, Mexico.
   Roubik, David W., Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   Guzman, Miguel A., El Colegio Frontera Sur ECOSUR, Chiapas 30700, Mexico.}},
DOI = {{10.1051/fruits/2014039}},
ISSN = {{0248-1294}},
EISSN = {{1625-967X}},
Keywords = {{Mexico; Chiapas; rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum); pollinators; Apidae;
   bees; selfing}},
Research-Areas = {{Food Science \& Technology; Agriculture}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Food Science \& Technology; Horticulture}},
Author-Email = {{isidro.ovando@unach.mx}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{, Miguel Angel/0000-0003-4453-3418
   Adriano-Anaya, Lourdes/0000-0002-4356-5429}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Instituto para el Desarrollo Sustentable en Mesoamerica A.C. (IDESMAC)}},
Funding-Text = {{The authors thank the Instituto para el Desarrollo Sustentable en
   Mesoamerica A.C. (IDESMAC), for supporting thesis development (MAO),
   Ing. Alfonso Espino for orchard facilities, the students of
   Biotechnology at UNACH for field assistance, and G. Nieto for electronic
   microscope images. DWR acknowledges Baird fund support, Smithsonian
   Institution. We thank Julieta Grajales-Conesa for her advice and support
   during the correction of the manuscript.}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{23}},
Times-Cited = {{3}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{20}},
Journal-ISO = {{Fruits}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{CE4OQ}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000351810300004}},
DA = {{2020-11-05}},
}

@article{ ISI:000349505400007,
Author = {Melathopoulos, Andony P. and Cutler, G. Christopher and Tyedmers, Peter},
Title = {{Where is the value in valuing pollination ecosystem services to
   agriculture?}},
Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{109}},
Pages = {{59-70}},
Month = {{JAN}},
Abstract = {{Current national and global scale monetary valuation of pollination
   services do not accurately estimate the contribution of wild pollinators
   to agricultural production. First, ecosystem (wild) pollination services
   remain largely bundled with those of managed pollinators. This problem
   is compounded by the fact that the dependency of crops on pollination, a
   key parameter used in current valuations, does not reflect variation in
   pollinator density, crop cultivars and growing conditions that exist in
   practice. Over half of the 153 billion of estimated global pollination
   service value in 2005 is based on estimates of pollinator dependency
   from crops with fewer than three field studies that measure actual
   levels of pollinator activity and corresponding fruit set. The resulting
   uncertainty may be most distorting when applied to widely-planted
   intensive oilseed crops. Furthermore, current valuations are underpinned
   by simplistic assumptions regarding the likelihood of pollinator decline
   and the impact on agricultural prices. Although efforts to motivate wild
   pollinator protection through their ecosystem service value remain
   highly circumscribed by conceptual and empirical limitations, we
   identify the need to go beyond technical solutions and develop a
   critical framework that could account for why pollinator conservation
   has come to be predominantly justified in these terms to begin with. (C)
   2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}},
Publisher = {{ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}},
Address = {{PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Melathopoulos, AP (Corresponding Author), Dalhousie Univ, Sch Resource \& Environm Studies, Kenneth C Rowe Management Bldg,6100 Univ Ave, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
   Melathopoulos, Andony P.; Tyedmers, Peter, Dalhousie Univ, Sch Resource \& Environm Studies, Kenneth C Rowe Management Bldg,6100 Univ Ave, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
   Cutler, G. Christopher, Dalhousie Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada.
   Tyedmers, Peter, Dalhousie Univ, Coll Sustainabil, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.}},
DOI = {{10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.11.007}},
ISSN = {{0921-8009}},
EISSN = {{1873-6106}},
Keywords = {{Ecosystem servicesValuationWild pollinator}},
Keywords-Plus = {{COFFEE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS; WILD BEE POLLINATORS; HONEY-BEES; ECONOMIC
   VALUE; BUMBLE BEES; LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY; CROP POLLINATION; UNITED-STATES;
   NATIVE BEES; FRUIT-SET}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology; Business \& Economics}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies}},
Author-Email = {{Andony.Melathopoulos@dal.ca}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Tyedmers, Peter H/I-7490-2012
   Tyedmers, Peter/N-1334-2019}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Tyedmers, Peter H/0000-0002-5150-0756
   Tyedmers, Peter/0000-0002-5150-0756}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canadian
   Pollination Initiative (NSERC-CANPOUN); NSERC Alexander Graham Bell
   Graduate Scholarship}},
Funding-Text = {{We thank Andrew Biro, Clare Kremen and Kate Sherren for the helpful
   comments on this manuscript and an additional anonymous reviewer for the
   constructive criticisms. Of course all limitations of the work remain
   entirely with the authors. This work was supported by the National
   Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canadian Pollination
   Initiative (NSERC-CANPOUN) and a NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Graduate
   Scholarship to AM. This publication is number 113 of NSERC-CANPOLIN.}},
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