text:
{Stein, Karen
P42 ES010349/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
R01 CA107431/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
T32 HL125294/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
United States
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014 Jul;114(7):986-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.03.008. Epub 2014 Apr 14.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diagnosis/diet therapy
*Diet
Diet, Gluten-Free
*Feeding Behavior
Feeding and Eating Disorders/diet therapy
Food, Organic
Glutens/adverse effects
*Health Communication
Humans
Micronutrients/deficiency
Nutritionists
Public Health},
   ISSN = {2212-2672 (Print)
2212-2672},
   Accession Number = {24731508},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jand.2014.03.008},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stenberg, R. and Dahle, C. and Magnuson, A. and Hellberg, D. and Tysk, C.},
   title = {Increased prevalence of antibodies against dietary proteins in children and young adults with cerebral palsy},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {2},
   pages = {233-8},
   note = {1536-4801
Stenberg, Reidun
Dahle, Charlotte
Magnuson, Anders
Hellberg, Dan
Tysk, Curt
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Feb;56(2):233-8. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318272cbf4.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Undernourishment is common in children with cerebral palsy (CP), but the reasons are unknown. We previously reported elevated levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG antibodies against gliadin (AGA) and tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in 99 children and young adults with CP without characteristic findings of gluten enteropathy in small bowel biopsies. Our aim was to perform a case-control study of IgG antibodies against other dietary antigens, AGA, anti-tTG, and IgE antibodies against wheat and gluten. METHODS: Sera from 99 cases with CP and 99 healthy, age- and sex-matched controls were analysed with fluorescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of IgG antibodies against beta-lactoglobulin, casein, egg white, IgG- and IgA-AGA, IgA-anti-tTG, and IgE antibodies against gluten and wheat. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the odds ratio in cases with CP for having elevated levels of IgG antibodies against beta-lactoglobulin was 17.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-128), against casein 11.0 (95% CI 2.6-46.8), and against egg white 7.0 (95% CI 1.6-30.8). The IgE responses for wheat/gluten were generally low. The tetraplegic and dyskinetic CP subtypes had significantly higher frequencies of elevated levels for all of the tested antibodies except IgG against egg white, and IgA-anti-tTG. A significantly lower weight was seen in cases with CP with positive versus negative serology. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of IgG against dietary antigens were more frequent in the CP group compared with controls, and particularly in the tetraplegic and dyskinetic CP subtypes with the most severe neurologic handicap and undernourishment. Hypothetically, malnourishment may cause increased intestinal permeability and thus immunization against dietary antigens.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Antibodies/*blood
Autoantibodies/blood
Body Weight
Case-Control Studies
Caseins/immunology
*Celiac Disease/complications/immunology
*Cerebral Palsy/complications/immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Dietary Proteins/*immunology
Egg White
Female
Glutens/immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Immunoglobulin E/blood
Immunoglobulin G/blood
Infant
Lactoglobulins/immunology
Male
Malnutrition/*etiology/immunology
Transglutaminases/immunology
Triticum/immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {22983381},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e318272cbf4},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stenberg, R. and Hadjivassiliou, M. and Aeschlimann, P. and Hoggard, N. and Aeschlimann, D.},
   title = {Anti-transglutaminase 6 antibodies in children and young adults with cerebral palsy},
   journal = {Autoimmune Dis},
   volume = {2014},
   pages = {237107},
   note = {Stenberg, Reidun
Hadjivassiliou, Marios
Aeschlimann, Pascale
Hoggard, Nigel
Aeschlimann, Daniel
Journal Article
United States
Autoimmune Dis. 2014;2014:237107. doi: 10.1155/2014/237107. Epub 2014 Apr 2.},
   abstract = {Objectives. We have previously reported a high prevalence of gluten-related serological markers (GRSM) in children and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP). The majority had no enteropathy to suggest coeliac disease (CD). Antibodies against transglutaminase 6 (anti-TG6) represent a new marker associated with gluten-related neurological dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anti-TG6 antibodies in this group of individuals with an early neurological injury resulting in CP. Materials and Methods. Sera from 96 patients with CP and 36 controls were analysed for IgA/IgG class anti-TG6 by ELISA. Results. Anti-TG6 antibodies were found in 12/96 (13%) of patients with CP compared to 2/36 (6%) in controls. The tetraplegic subgroup of CP had a significantly higher prevalence of anti-TG6 antibodies 6/17 (35%) compared to the other subgroups and controls. There was no correlation of anti-TG6 autoantibodies with seropositivity to food proteins including gliadin. Conclusions. An early brain insult and associated inflammation may predispose to future development of TG6 autoimmunity.},
   ISSN = {2090-0422 (Print)
2090-0430},
   Accession Number = {24804082},
   DOI = {10.1155/2014/237107},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stordal, K. and Haugen, M. and Brantsaeter, A. L. and Lundin, K. E. and Stene, L. C.},
   title = {Association between maternal iron supplementation during pregnancy and risk of celiac disease in children},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {12},
   number = {4},
   pages = {624-31.e1-2},
   note = {1542-7714
Stordal, Ketil
Haugen, Margaretha
Brantsaeter, Anne Lise
Lundin, Knut E A
Stene, Lars C
N01ES75558/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
U01 NS047537/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
1 UO1 NS 047537-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
2 UO1 NS 047537-06A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Apr;12(4):624-31.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.061. Epub 2013 Oct 7.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of our study was to determine whether the use of iron supplements during pregnancy affects the risk for celiac disease in children. METHODS: We assessed data from the prospective Norwegian Mother and Child cohort study, in which individuals with celiac disease were identified by answers on questionnaires and linkage to the Norwegian Patient Register. Complete data were available for 78,846 children (mean age 5.9 years, range 2-12 years); 314 children were identified with celiac disease. Questionnaires were given to pregnant women to collect information on use of iron-containing supplements, diet, anemia, and levels of hemoglobin. RESULTS: Celiac disease was diagnosed in 4.65 of 1000 children whose mothers took iron supplements while they were pregnant, compared with 3.15 of 1000 children whose mothers did not. After adjusting for children's age, sex, and age of gluten introduction, and the presence of celiac disease in mothers, iron supplementation during pregnancy remained significantly associated with celiac disease in children (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.68; P = .019). However, celiac disease was not associated with the mothers' intake of iron from foods (adjusted OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.97-1.03). Anemia before or during the early stages of pregnancy was not significantly associated with the risk of celiac disease in children (adjusted OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.84-2.00; P = .24). The use of iron supplements during pregnancy remained significantly associated with celiac disease in children after adjusting for children who were given iron supplements before 18 months of age, which itself was associated with celiac disease. CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective Norwegian Mother and Child cohort study, we found an increased risk of celiac disease in children whose mothers used iron supplements during pregnancy; this association does not appear to arise from maternal anemia.},
   keywords = {Anemia/*prevention & control
Celiac Disease/*epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Diet/*adverse effects/*methods
Female
Humans
Iron/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Male
Norway/epidemiology
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications/*prevention & control
Prevalence
Prospective Studies
Risk Assessment
Surveys and Questionnaires
Enteropathy
Genetic Factor
Immune Development
MoBa Study},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {24112997},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.061},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Strohle, A. and Wolters, M. and Hahn, A.},
   title = {[Celiac disease--the chameleon among the food intolerances]},
   journal = {Med Monatsschr Pharm},
   volume = {36},
   number = {10},
   pages = {369-80; quiz 381-2},
   note = {Strohle, Alexander
Wolters, Maike
Hahn, Andreas
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2013 Oct;36(10):369-80; quiz 381-2.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder resulting from gluten intolerance and is based on a genetically predisposition. Symptoms occur upon exposure to prolamin from wheat, rye, barley and related grain. The pathogenesis of celiac disease has not yet been sufficiently elucidated but is being considered as an autoimmune process. At its core are the deamidation of prolamin fragments, the building of specific antibodies and the activation of cytotoxic T-cells. The immunological inflammatory process is accompanied by structural damages of the enterocytes (villous atrophy, colonization and crypt hyperplasia). The symptoms and their extent depend on the type of the celiac disease; classic and non-classic forms are being distinguished (atypical, oligosymptomatic, latent and silent celiac disease). Characteristics of the classic presentation are malabsorption syndrome and intestinal symptoms such as mushy diarrhea and abdominal distension. The diagnosis of celiac disease is based on four pillars: Anamnesis and clinical presentation, serological evidence of coeliac specific antibodies (IgA-t-TG; IgA-EmA), small intestine biopsy and improvement of symptoms after institution of a gluten-free diet. The basis of the therapy is a lifelong gluten-free diet, i. e. wheat, rye, barley, spelt, green-core, faro-wheat, kamuth and conventional oats as well as food items obtained therefrom. Small amounts of up to 50 mg gluten per day are usually tolerated by most patients; amounts of > or = 100 mg/day lead mostly to symptoms. Gluten-free foods contain < or = 20 ppm or 20 mg/kg (Sign: symbol of the 'crossed ear' or label 'gluten-free'). At the beginning of the therapy the fat and lactose intake may need to be reduced; also the supplementation of single micronutrients (fat-soluble vitamins, folic acid, B12, iron, and calcium) may be required. Alternative therapies are being developed but have not yet been clinically tested.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/complications
Avena/immunology
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/diet therapy/pathology/*therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Glutens
Hordeum/immunology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/pathology
Secale/immunology
Triticum/immunology},
   ISSN = {0342-9601 (Print)
0342-9601},
   Accession Number = {24266248},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Syrigou, E. and Angelakopoulou, A. and Merikas, E. and Syrigos, K.},
   title = {Soy allergy complicating disease management in a child with coeliac disease},
   journal = {Pediatr Allergy Immunol},
   volume = {25},
   number = {8},
   pages = {826-8},
   note = {1399-3038
Syrigou, Ekaterini
Angelakopoulou, Aspasia
Merikas, Emmanouil
Syrigos, Konstantinos
Case Reports
Letter
England
Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014 Dec;25(8):826-8. doi: 10.1111/pai.12302.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Allergens/immunology
Autoantibodies/blood
Celiac Disease/complications/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
Diagnosis, Differential
Feeding Behavior
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/complications/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Glutens/immunology
HLA-DQ Antigens/metabolism
Humans
Soybeans/adverse effects/*immunology
food allergy
food intolerances
gluten-free diet
refractory coeliac disease},
   ISSN = {0905-6157},
   Accession Number = {25376325},
   DOI = {10.1111/pai.12302},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tanner, G. J. and Blundell, M. J. and Colgrave, M. L. and Howitt, C. A.},
   title = {Quantification of Hordeins by ELISA: the correct standard makes a magnitude of difference},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {8},
   number = {2},
   pages = {e56456},
   note = {1932-6203
Tanner, Gregory J
Blundell, Malcolm J
Colgrave, Michelle L
Howitt, Crispin A
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56456. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056456. Epub 2013 Feb 28.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coeliacs require a life-long gluten-free diet supported by accurate measurement of gluten (hordein) in gluten-free food. The gluten-free food industry, with a value in excess of $6 billion in 2011, currently depends on two ELISA protocols calibrated against standards that may not be representative of the sample being assayed. AIM: The factors affecting the accuracy of ELISA analysis of hordeins in beer were examined. RESULTS: A simple alcohol-dithiothreitol extraction protocol successfully extracts the majority of hordeins from barley flour and malt. Primary hordein standards were purified by FPLC. ELISA detected different classes of purified hordeins with vastly different sensitivity. The dissociation constant (Kd) for a given ELISA reaction with different hordeins varied by three orders of magnitude. The Kd of the same hordein determined by ELISA using different antibodies varied by up to two orders of magnitude. The choice of either ELISA kit or hordein standard may bias the results and confound interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate determination of hordein requires that the hordein standard used to calibrate the ELISA reaction be identical in composition to the hordeins present in the test substance. In practice it is not feasible to isolate a representative hordein standard from each test food. We suggest that mass spectrometry is more reliable than ELISA, as ELISA enumerates only the concentration of particular amino-acid epitopes which may vary between different hordeins and may not be related to the absolute hordein concentration. MS quantification is undertaken using peptides that are specific and unique enabling the quantification of individual hordein isoforms.},
   keywords = {Calibration/standards
Celiac Disease/*prevention & control
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/*methods
Chromatography, Liquid
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/*methods
Glutens/*analysis
Humans
Mass Spectrometry/methods},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {23509607},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0056456},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tanpowpong, P. and Broder-Fingert, S. and Katz, A. J. and Camargo, C. A., Jr.},
   title = {Predictors of dietary gluten avoidance in adults without a prior diagnosis of celiac disease},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {31},
   number = {1},
   pages = {236-8},
   note = {1873-1244
Tanpowpong, Pornthep
Broder-Fingert, Sarabeth
Katz, Aubrey J
Camargo, Carlos A Jr
Journal Article
United States
Nutrition. 2015 Jan;31(1):236-8. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.07.001. Epub 2014 Jul 30.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Prior studies have shown that dietary gluten avoidance (DGA) is relatively common in children without previously diagnosed celiac disease (CD), and several clinical predictors of DGA have been found. However, available data on predictors of DGA in adults without diagnosed CD are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the independent predictors of DGA in this population. METHODS: We performed a structured medical record review of 376 patients, ages >/= 20 y, who had never been formally diagnosed with CD, presenting for an initial CD evaluation (ICD-9-CM 579.0) between January 2000 and December 2010 at two large Boston teaching hospitals. We collected data including demographic characteristics, medical history, history of CD serology before referral, and self-reported DGA. Predictors of DGA were determined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Mean age was 47 (SD = 17) years. We found that 41 patients (10.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9-14.5) had avoided gluten at some time in their lives. Most patients had subjective abdominal complaints or bowel movement changes. History of CD seropositivity before referral was noted in 14%. Independent predictors of DGA (P < 0.05) were lactose intolerance (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1-7.5), food allergy (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.04-13.7), and history of positive serology of less-specific CD markers before the referral (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3-7.9). CONCLUSIONS: Gluten avoidance is common in a clinic population of adults without prior CD diagnosis. The recognized predictors suggest that DGA may associate with conditions presenting with nonspecific gastrointestinal complaints and perhaps with the perceived benefits of DGA among patients with prior history of positive CD serology.},
   keywords = {Adult
Biomarkers/blood
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*epidemiology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology
Glutens/administration & dosage
Humans
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
Young Adult
Allergy
Diarrhea
Lactose
Predictors
Serology},
   ISSN = {0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {25441597},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2014.07.001},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tanpowpong, P. and Camargo, C. A.},
   title = {Early-life vitamin D deficiency and childhood-onset coeliac disease},
   journal = {Public Health Nutr},
   volume = {17},
   number = {4},
   pages = {823-6},
   note = {1475-2727
Tanpowpong, Pornthep
Camargo, Carlos A
Journal Article
England
Public Health Nutr. 2014 Apr;17(4):823-6. doi: 10.1017/S1368980013003510.},
   abstract = {Many studies have investigated the aetiological roles of genetic and environmental factors in coeliac disease (CD) with the long-term goal of developing an effective primary prevention strategy. CD is a condition with dysregulated systemic and intestinal mucosal immune responses to dietary gluten proteins among genetically predisposed individuals. We recently described spring birth as a novel risk factor for CD in children. We believe that the association between season of birth and CD is due to seasonal differences in sunlight exposure and subsequent vitamin D status. Concomitant with global increases in CD prevalence, vitamin D deficiency also is increasingly recognized in children worldwide. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency can cause improper immune responses, abnormal intestinal mucosal integrity and impaired local defence to pathogenic microbial agents. In conjunction with other potential aetiological factors, we propose a hypothesis model of early-life vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of childhood-onset CD.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*epidemiology/etiology/genetics
Child, Preschool
Dietary Supplements
*Feeding Behavior
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Seasons
Sunlight
Vitamin D/*administration & dosage/blood
Vitamin D Deficiency/complications/*epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1368-9800},
   Accession Number = {24581000},
   DOI = {10.1017/s1368980013003510},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tapsas, D. and Falth-Magnusson, K. and Hogberg, L. and Forslund, T. and Sundqvist, T. and Hollen, E.},
   title = {Urinary nitric oxide metabolites in children with celiac disease after long-term consumption of oats-containing gluten-free diet},
   journal = {Scand J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {49},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1311-7},
   note = {1502-7708
Tapsas, Dimitrios
Falth-Magnusson, Karin
Hogberg, Lotta
Forslund, Tony
Sundqvist, Tommy
Hollen, Elisabet
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov;49(11):1311-7. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2014.946081. Epub 2014 Sep 29.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Oats are accepted in the gluten-free diet (GFD) for children with celiac disease (CD). Some reports have indicated, however, that not all celiac patients tolerate oats. We have previously shown that some children still have high levels of urinary nitric oxide (NO) metabolites as markers of intestinal inflammation after 1 year on GFD with oats. In this study, we measured urinary NO metabolites in CD children who had been consuming oats-containing GFD for an extended, 2-6-year period, also taking into consideration ordinary consumption of nitrite/nitrate-rich foods close to the urine sampling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Morning urinary nitrite/nitrate concentrations were measured in 188 pediatric CD patients. A questionnaire was used to elucidate factors possibly affecting the urinary levels, for example, dietary factors, asthma, or urinary tract infection. RESULTS: Oats were consumed by 89.4% of the patients for a median time of 3 years. The median nitrite/nitrate level was 980 muM. The majority (70.2%) who consumed oats had low levels of urinary nitrite/nitrate, that is, <1400 muM, while 29.8% demonstrated high levels, that is, >1400 muM. Nitrite/nitrate-rich foods did not significantly influence the urinary concentrations. CONCLUSION: The urinary levels of NO metabolites revealed two subpopulations, one with high and one with low levels. The high levels could be possibly due to poor adherence to the GFD, sensitivity to oats, or some unknown factor(s). Nitrate-rich foods, asthma, or urinary tract infection did not affect the result. The elevated levels of NO metabolites could indicate mucosal inflammation and pinpoint the need of careful follow-up of children on oats-containing GFD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
*Avena
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/urine
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet, Gluten-Free/*methods
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Nitrates/urine
Nitric Oxide/*urine
Nitrites/urine
Prognosis
Time Factors
celiac disease
gluten-free diet
oats
urinary nitrite/nitrate.},
   ISSN = {0036-5521},
   Accession Number = {25263796},
   DOI = {10.3109/00365521.2014.946081},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tapsas, D. and Falth-Magnusson, K. and Hogberg, L. and Hammersjo, J. A. and Hollen, E.},
   title = {Swedish children with celiac disease comply well with a gluten-free diet, and most include oats without reporting any adverse effects: a long-term follow-up study},
   journal = {Nutr Res},
   volume = {34},
   number = {5},
   pages = {436-41},
   note = {1879-0739
Tapsas, Dimitrios
Falth-Magnusson, Karin
Hogberg, Lotta
Hammersjo, Jan-Ake
Hollen, Elisabet
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Nutr Res. 2014 May;34(5):436-41. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.04.006. Epub 2014 Apr 18.},
   abstract = {The only known treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet (GFD), which initially meant abstention from wheat, rye, barley, and oats. Recently, oats free from contamination with wheat have been accepted in the GFD. Yet, reports indicate that all celiac disease patients may not tolerate oats. We hypothesized that celiac children comply well with a GFD and that most have included oats in their diet. A food questionnaire was used to check our patients; 316 questionnaires were returned. Mean time on the GFD was 6.9 years, and 96.8% of the children reported that they were trying to keep a strict GFD. However, accidental transgressions occurred in 263 children (83.2%). In 2 of 3 cases, mistakes took place when the patients were not at home. Symptoms after incidental gluten intake were experienced by 162 (61.6%) patients, mostly (87.5%) from the gastrointestinal tract. Small amounts of gluten (<4 g) caused symptoms in 38% of the cases, and 68% reported symptoms during the first 3 hours after gluten consumption. Oats were included in the diet of 89.4% of the children for a mean of 3.4 years. Most (81.9%) ate purified oats, and 45.3% consumed oats less than once a week. Among those who did not consume oats, only 5.9% refrained because of symptoms. General compliance with the GFD was good. Only the duration of the GFD appeared to influence adherence to the diet. Most patients did not report adverse effects after long-term consumption of oats.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
*Avena
Celiac Disease/complications/*diet therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
*Diet, Gluten-Free/adverse effects
Edible Grain/*adverse effects
*Feeding Behavior
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*etiology
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
Male
Surveys and Questionnaires
Sweden
Celiac disease
Children
Food questionnaire
GFD compliance
Oats},
   ISSN = {0271-5317},
   Accession Number = {24916557},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nutres.2014.04.006},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tavakkoli, A. and Green, P. H.},
   title = {Probiotic therapy for celiac disease},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {47},
   number = {2},
   pages = {101-3},
   note = {1539-2031
Tavakkoli, Anna
Green, Peter H
Comment
Editorial
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Feb;47(2):101-3. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31827b507d.},
   keywords = {Bifidobacterium/*growth & development
Celiac Disease/*therapy
Female
Humans
Intestines/*microbiology
Male
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {23314665},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e31827b507d},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tavakkoli, A. and Lewis, S. K. and Tennyson, C. A. and Lebwohl, B. and Green, P. H.},
   title = {Characteristics of patients who avoid wheat and/or gluten in the absence of Celiac disease},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {59},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1255-61},
   note = {1573-2568
Tavakkoli, Anna
Lewis, Suzanne K
Tennyson, Christina A
Lebwohl, Benjamin
Green, Peter H R
Journal Article
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2014 Jun;59(6):1255-61. doi: 10.1007/s10620-013-2981-6. Epub 2013 Dec 28.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal symptoms that respond to the removal of wheat and/or gluten are becoming more common. Patients who avoid wheat and/or gluten (PWAWG) are a heterogeneous group and predominantly self-diagnosed prior to presenting for clinical evaluation. SPECIFIC AIM: We characterized PWAWGs seen at a tertiary care referral center and compared them to patients with celiac disease (CD) and subjects in the National Health and Nutrition examination survey (NHANES). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study evaluating patients seen by four gastroenterologists at a CD referral center. Baseline characteristics, laboratory values, and medical comorbidities were compared to CD patients who presented at the same center and subjects enrolled in NHANES. RESULTS: Eighty-four PWAWGs were identified and compared to 585 CD patients and 2,686 NHANES patients. Thirty-two alternative diagnoses were made in 25 (30%) PWAWGs, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and fructose/lactose intolerance. When compared to patients with CD, PWAWGs had similar body mass index (BMI, 23.1 vs. 23.5, p = 0.54) and mean hemoglobin value (13.4 vs. 13.3, p = 0.6). When compared to male and female patients in NHANES, BMI, folate, and mean hemoglobin values were lower in PWAWGs. Both male and female PWAWGs had a lower prevalence of hypertension. CONCLUSION: While there are similarities between CD and PWAWGs that could possibly be due to shared HLA haplotypes or an effect of the gluten-free diet, alternative diagnoses are common in these patients. PWAWGs have a similar cardiovascular profile as CD patients in terms of lower BMI and lower prevalence of hypertension.},
   keywords = {Adult
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology
Diet, Gluten-Free/*statistics & numerical data
Dietary Proteins/adverse effects
Female
Food Analysis
Food Hypersensitivity
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Male
Patient Compliance
Self Report
*Triticum},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {24374645},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-013-2981-6},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Taylor, E. and Dickson-Swift, V. and Anderson, K.},
   title = {Coeliac disease: the path to diagnosis and the reality of living with the disease},
   journal = {J Hum Nutr Diet},
   volume = {26},
   number = {4},
   pages = {340-8},
   note = {1365-277x
Taylor, E
Dickson-Swift, V
Anderson, K
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013 Aug;26(4):340-8. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12009. Epub 2012 Nov 29.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease (CD) is an under-diagnosed and often misunderstood disease, yet is one of the most common food intolerance disorders. The only treatment available to prevent the health impacts of CD is a lifelong, strict gluten-free diet (GFD). There are few studies that explore the experiences of diagnosis and the everyday experiences of living with this chronic condition. METHODS: Utilising a qualitative study design, and purposive sampling, the present study describes the experiences of 10 women with coeliac disease in Victoria, Australia. Individual interviews were conducted with women aged between 31 and 60 years who had been diagnosed with CD for at least 2 years. RESULTS: A thematic analysis of the interview transcripts highlighted a number of issues for those living with the disease. Reactions to diagnosis, transition to a GFD and the changes needed to live with CD are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: A range of recommendations including the need to increase CD awareness and education and further research on the impacts of living with the disease are made.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Attitude to Health
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*diet therapy
Cost of Illness
*Diet, Gluten-Free
*Feeding Behavior
Female
Humans
Interviews as Topic
Middle Aged
Patient Compliance
Qualitative Research
Victoria
coeliac disease
coping
gluten-free diet
interviews
qualitative},
   ISSN = {0952-3871},
   Accession Number = {23190398},
   DOI = {10.1111/jhn.12009},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tchekmedyian, A. J. and Coronel, E. and Czul, F.},
   title = {"Leopard skin sign": the use of narrow-band imaging with magnification endoscopy in celiac disease},
   journal = {Rev Gastroenterol Peru},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {321-4},
   note = {1609-722x
Tchekmedyian, Asadur J
Coronel, Emmanuel
Czul, Frank
Journal Article
Peru
Rev Gastroenterol Peru. 2014 Oct-Dec;34(4):321-4.},
   abstract = {Celiac Disease (CD) is an immune reaction to gluten containing foods such as rye, wheat and barley. This condition affects individuals with a genetic predisposition; it targets the small bowel and may cause symptoms including diarrhea, malabsorption, weight loss, abdominal pain and bloating. The diagnosis is made by serologic testing of celiac-specific antibodies and confirmed by histology. Certain endoscopic characteristics, such as scalloping, reduction in the number of folds, mosaic-pattern mucosa or nodular mucosa, are suggestive of CD and can be visualized under white light endoscopy. Due to its low sensitivity, endoscopy alone is not recommended to diagnose CD; however, enhanced visual identification of suspected mucosal abnormalities through the use of new technologies, such as narrow band imaging with magnification (NBI-ME), could assist in targeting biopsies and thereby increasing the sensitivity of endoscopy. This is a case series of seven patients with serologic and histologic diagnoses of CD who underwent upper endoscopies with NBI-ME imaging technology as part of their CD evaluation. By employing this imaging technology, we could identify patchy atrophy sites in a mosaic pattern, with flattened villi and alteration of the central capillaries of the duodenal mucosa. We refer to this epithelial pattern as "Leopard Skin Sign". Since epithelial lesions are easily seen using NBI-ME, we found it beneficial for identifying and targeting biopsy sites. Larger prospective studies are warranted to confirm our findings.},
   keywords = {Adult
Celiac Disease/*pathology
Duodenoscopy/*methods
Duodenum/*pathology
Female
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
*Narrow Band Imaging},
   ISSN = {1022-5129},
   Accession Number = {25594756},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Thies, F. and Masson, L. F. and Boffetta, P. and Kris-Etherton, P.},
   title = {Oats and bowel disease: a systematic literature review},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {112 Suppl 2},
   pages = {S31-43},
   note = {1475-2662
Thies, Frank
Masson, Lindsey F
Boffetta, Paolo
Kris-Etherton, Penny
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Br J Nutr. 2014 Oct;112 Suppl 2:S31-43. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514002293.},
   abstract = {Whole-grain foods such as oats may protect against colorectal cancer and have benefits on inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac disease. The present study aimed to systematically review the literature describing intervention studies that investigated the effects of oats or oat bran on risk factors for bowel disease. A literature search was conducted using Embase, Medline and the Cochrane library, which identified 654 potential articles. Thirty-eight articles describing twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Two studies carried out in participants with a history of colorectal adenomas found no effects of increased oat-bran intake on indirect risk makers for colorectal cancer. One of two interventions with oat bran in patients with ulcerative colitis showed small improvements in the patients' conditions. Most of the eleven studies carried out in adults with coeliac disease showed no negative effects of uncontaminated oat consumption. The fourteen studies carried out in volunteers with no history of bowel disease suggest that oats or oat bran can significantly increase stool weight and decrease constipation, but there is a lack of evidence to support a specific effect of oats on bowel function compared with other cereals. A long-term dietary intake of oats or oat bran could benefit inflammatory bowel disorders, but this remains to be proven. A protective effect on colorectal adenoma and cancer incidence has not yet been convincingly shown. The majority of patients with coeliac disease could consume up to 100 g/d of uncontaminated oats, which would increase the acceptability of, and adherence to, a gluten-free diet.},
   keywords = {*Avena
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Colitis, Ulcerative/diet therapy
Colonic Diseases/*diet therapy/prevention & control
Colorectal Neoplasms/prevention & control
Constipation/*prevention & control
*Diet
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Fiber/*therapeutic use
Edible Grain
Glutens
Humans},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {25267242},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114514002293},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Thomas, L. V. and Ockhuizen, T. and Suzuki, K.},
   title = {Exploring the influence of the gut microbiota and probiotics on health: a symposium report},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {112 Suppl 1},
   pages = {S1-18},
   note = {1475-2662
Thomas, Linda V
Ockhuizen, Theo
Suzuki, Kaori
Journal Article
England
Br J Nutr. 2014 Jul;112 Suppl 1:S1-18. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514001275.},
   abstract = {The present report describes the presentations delivered at the 7th International Yakult Symposium, 'The Intestinal Microbiota and Probiotics: Exploiting Their Influence on Health', in London on 22-23 April 2013. The following two themes associated with health risks were covered: (1) the impact of age and diet on the gut microbiota and (2) the gut microbiota's interaction with the host. The strong influence of the maternal gut microbiota on neonatal colonisation was reported, as well as rapid changes in the gut microbiome of older people who move from community living to residential care. The effects of dietary changes on gut metabolism were described and the potential influence of inter-individual microbiota differences was noted, in particular the presence/absence of keystone species involved in butyrate metabolism. Several speakers highlighted the association between certain metabolic disorders and imbalanced or less diverse microbiota. Data from metagenomic analyses and novel techniques (including an ex vivo human mucosa model) provided new insights into the microbiota's influence on coeliac, obesity-related and inflammatory diseases, as well as the potential of probiotics. Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were suggested as targets for intervention. Host-microbiota interactions were explored in the context of gut barrier function, pathogenic bacteria recognition, and the ability of the immune system to induce either tolerogenic or inflammatory responses. There was speculation that the gut microbiota should be considered a separate organ, and whether analysis of an individual's microbiota could be useful in identifying their disease risk and/or therapy; however, more research is needed into specific diseases, different population groups and microbial interventions including probiotics.},
   keywords = {Animals
Congresses as Topic
Humans
Immunity, Mucosal
Intestinal Diseases/immunology/microbiology/*prevention & control
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/*microbiology
Metabolic Diseases/immunology/microbiology/prevention & control
Microbiota
Nutrition Disorders/immunology/microbiology/prevention & control
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {24953670},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114514001275},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Thompson, T. and Simpson, S.},
   title = {A comparison of gluten levels in labeled gluten-free and certified gluten-free foods sold in the United States},
   journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {69},
   number = {2},
   pages = {143-6},
   note = {1476-5640
Thompson, T
Simpson, S
Comparative Study
Journal Article
England
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015 Feb;69(2):143-6. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.211. Epub 2014 Oct 1.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diet therapy
Commerce
*Diet, Gluten-Free
*Food Labeling
Glutens/*analysis
Humans
United States},
   ISSN = {0954-3007},
   Accession Number = {25271013},
   DOI = {10.1038/ejcn.2014.211},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Toh, S. and Avorn, J. and D'Agostino, R. B., Sr. and Gurwitz, J. H. and Psaty, B. M. and Rothman, K. J. and Saag, K. G. and Sturkenboom, M. C. and Vandenbroucke, J. P. and Winterstein, A. G. and Strom, B. L.},
   title = {Re-using Mini-Sentinel data following rapid assessments of potential safety signals via modular analytic programs},
   journal = {Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf},
   volume = {22},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1036-45},
   note = {1099-1557
Toh, Sengwee
Avorn, Jerry
D'Agostino, Ralph B Sr
Gurwitz, Jerry H
Psaty, Bruce M
Rothman, Kenneth J
Saag, Kenneth G
Sturkenboom, Miriam C J M
Vandenbroucke, Jan P
Winterstein, Almut G
Strom, Brian L
Journal Article
England
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013 Oct;22(10):1036-45. doi: 10.1002/pds.3478. Epub 2013 Aug 7.},
   abstract = {The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s Mini-Sentinel pilot has created a distributed data system with over 125 million lives and nearly 350 million person-years of observation time. The pilot allows the FDA to use modular analytic programs to assess suspected safety signals quickly. The FDA convened a committee to assess the implications of such rapid assessments on subsequent analyses of the same product-outcome pair using the same data. The committee offers several non-binding recommendations based on the strength of the knowledge of the suspected association before running the analysis: signal generation (an analysis with no prior), signal refinement (an analysis with a weak or moderate prior), and signal evaluation (an analysis with a strong prior). The committee believes that modular programs (MPs) are most useful for signal refinement. If MPs are used for analyses with no or weak/moderate priors, the committee members generally agree that the data may be re-used if certain conditions are met. When there is a strong prior, the committee recommends that a protocol-based assessment be used; Mini-Sentinel data may be analyzed by MPs and re-used only under very uncommon circumstances. The committee agrees that any subsequent assessment of the same product-outcome pair that follows an MP analysis should not be interpreted as independent confirmation of the association, such as would be established via replication of the same product-outcome association in two different populations. Instead, the follow-up assessment should be interpreted as an analysis that has reduced insofar as possible systematic errors that may have been present or residual in the original MP analysis. The committee also discussed how this general framework may apply to two completed rapid assessments of dabigatran and bleeding risk and of olmesartan and celiac disease risk.},
   keywords = {*Drug Monitoring
Humans
Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals
Software/*standards
Statistics as Topic/*methods/*standards
Time Factors
United States
*United States Food and Drug Administration
Mini-Sentinel
active surveillance
data splitting
empirical Bayesian
pharmacoepidemiology},
   ISSN = {1053-8569},
   Accession Number = {23922322},
   DOI = {10.1002/pds.3478},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tomlin, J. and Slater, H. and Muganthan, T. and Beattie, R. M. and Afzal, N. A.},
   title = {Parental knowledge of coeliac disease},
   journal = {Inform Health Soc Care},
   volume = {40},
   number = {3},
   pages = {240-53},
   note = {1753-8165
Tomlin, Jade
Slater, Harriet
Muganthan, Trishula
Beattie, Robert Mark
Afzal, Nadeem Ahmad
Journal Article
England
Inform Health Soc Care. 2015;40(3):240-53. doi: 10.3109/17538157.2014.907806. Epub 2014 Apr 30.},
   abstract = {AIM: Little information exists regarding parental knowledge of CD at diagnosis. We aimed for assessment of parental information at disease diagnosis to help us develop a tailored coeliac information package. METHODS: Children and teenagers referred for endoscopy and duodenal biopsy, with the sole indication for the diagnosis of CD, were prospectively recruited to the study. Parents were asked information and concerns regarding use of GFD. RESULTS: Sixty-three children (median 6.9 yrs (IQR 3.71-10.94)) and families were prospectively recruited in the study. The parents were very knowledgeable with an impressive 98% of the parents understanding that GFD is the treatment of CD; 95% knowing that this treatment is for life. However, specific dietary information was lacking with one-third correctly identifying all the Gluten containing foods. Internet (70.6%) was the most common source of information. Knowing someone with CD (p = 0.038), particularly in the same household in the family (p = 0.013) and researching about the disease (p = 0.001) rather than level of parental education (p = ns) was predictive of better parental knowledge. CONCLUSION: Internet is a major influence to parental knowledge in today's age but there is a continued need for hospitals regarding provision of accurate information and alleviating anxieties regarding use of GFD.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/*therapy
Child
Consumer Health Information
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Interviews as Topic
*Parents
Google
coeliac
gluten-free diet
information
internet
parents},
   ISSN = {1753-8157},
   Accession Number = {24786762},
   DOI = {10.3109/17538157.2014.907806},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Trivedi, M. S. and Shah, J. S. and Al-Mughairy, S. and Hodgson, N. W. and Simms, B. and Trooskens, G. A. and Van Criekinge, W. and Deth, R. C.},
   title = {Food-derived opioid peptides inhibit cysteine uptake with redox and epigenetic consequences},
   journal = {J Nutr Biochem},
   volume = {25},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1011-8},
   note = {1873-4847
Trivedi, Malav S
Shah, Jayni S
Al-Mughairy, Sara
Hodgson, Nathaniel W
Simms, Benjamin
Trooskens, Geert A
Van Criekinge, Wim
Deth, Richard C
R21 DA030225/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
R21DA030225/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Nutr Biochem. 2014 Oct;25(10):1011-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.05.004. Epub 2014 Jun 6.},
   abstract = {Dietary interventions like gluten-free and casein-free diets have been reported to improve intestinal, autoimmune and neurological symptoms in patients with a variety of conditions; however, the underlying mechanism of benefit for such diets remains unclear. Epigenetic programming, including CpG methylation and histone modifications, occurring during early postnatal development can influence the risk of disease in later life, and such programming may be modulated by nutritional factors such as milk and wheat, especially during the transition from a solely milk-based diet to one that includes other forms of nutrition. The hydrolytic digestion of casein (a major milk protein) and gliadin (a wheat-derived protein) releases peptides with opioid activity, and in the present study, we demonstrate that these food-derived proline-rich opioid peptides modulate cysteine uptake in cultured human neuronal and gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial cells via activation of opioid receptors. Decreases in cysteine uptake were associated with changes in the intracellular antioxidant glutathione and the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine. Bovine and human casein-derived opioid peptides increased genome-wide DNA methylation in the transcription start site region with a potency order similar to their inhibition of cysteine uptake. Altered expression of genes involved in redox and methylation homeostasis was also observed. These results illustrate the potential of milk- and wheat-derived peptides to exert antioxidant and epigenetic changes that may be particularly important during the postnatal transition from placental to GI nutrition. Differences between peptides derived from human and bovine milk may contribute to developmental differences between breastfed and formula-fed infants. Restricted antioxidant capacity, caused by wheat- and milk-derived opioid peptides, may predispose susceptible individuals to inflammation and systemic oxidation, partly explaining the benefits of gluten-free or casein-free diets.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antioxidants/*pharmacology
Caco-2 Cells
Caseins/metabolism
Cell Line, Tumor
Cysteine/*metabolism
DNA Methylation/drug effects
*Epigenesis, Genetic
Epithelial Cells/drug effects/metabolism
Gliadin/metabolism
Glutathione/metabolism
Humans
Hydrolysis
Intestines/metabolism
Linear Models
Milk/chemistry
Opioid Peptides/isolation & purification/*pharmacology
Oxidation-Reduction
S-Adenosylmethionine/metabolism
Triticum/chemistry
Autism spectrum disorder
Casomorphin
Celiac disease
Gliadin
Glutathione
Gluten-free/casein-free diet
Schizophrenia},
   ISSN = {0955-2863},
   Accession Number = {25018147},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.05.004},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Troili, G. M. and Businaro, R. and Massoni, F. and Ricci, L. and Petrone, L. and Ricci, P. and Ricci, S.},
   title = {[Investigation on a group of autistic children: risk factors and medical social considerations]},
   journal = {Clin Ter},
   volume = {164},
   number = {4},
   pages = {e273-8},
   note = {1972-6007
Troili, G M
Businaro, R
Massoni, F
Ricci, L
Petrone, L
Ricci, P
Ricci, S
English Abstract
Journal Article
Italy
Clin Ter. 2013;164(4):e273-8. doi: 10.7417/CT.2013.1587.},
   abstract = {AIMS: The aim of this work is to study the association between autism in a group of autistic children and risk factors for specific familiar diseases and developmental disease in the early years of life, through a medical social investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this study, we have submitted an anamnestic questionnaire to 29 autistic children and their families in a South Italy region (Basilicata), collecting data about children and their parents. RESULTS: The results show that many children have a family history of autoimmune diseases (psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, Takayasu's arteritis), allergies and food intolerances, suggesting a putative involvement of the immune system in autism etiopathogenesis. Analyzing residences areas of patients, Potenza and Matera, with their environmental factors (radioactive waste repositories, incinerators, intensive farming), we demonstrate that the particular territorial characteristics don't affect autism. CONCLUSIONS: Autistic disorder is a spectrum of neurologic disorders complex both in etiopathogenesis and healthcare. So we aim to continue the study already undertaken on cytokines of autistic subjects serum and to extend it through biomolecular approaches assessing the presence of specific genetic polymorphisms in order to identify the physiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying the disease and to evaluate the predictive risk with the aim to improve care interventions.},
   keywords = {*Autistic Disorder/epidemiology/genetics
Child
Humans
Risk Factors
Sociological Factors},
   ISSN = {0009-9074},
   Accession Number = {24045522},
   DOI = {10.7417/ct.2013.1587},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Troncone, R. and Discepolo, V.},
   title = {Celiac disease and autoimmunity},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59 Suppl 1},
   pages = {S9-s11},
   note = {1536-4801
Troncone, Riccardo
Discepolo, Valentina
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Jul;59 Suppl 1:S9-S11. doi: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000450394.30780.ea.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) has a multifactorial etiology with complex genetics and frequently occurs in association with other autoimmune disorders. Even though triggered by a dietary antigen, it shows many autoimmune features, the most peculiar being the presence of high titers of anti-tissue transglutaminase 2 autoantibodies, produced in the small intestinal mucosa since the early stages of the disease. More than 60% of CD-associated susceptibility loci are shared with at least another autoimmune condition, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms. In particular, recognition of peptides by HLA molecules, posttranslational modifications required for optimal peptide binding and immune mechanisms leading to tissue damage have been found in CD as well as in other autoimmune diseases. This review briefly summarizes the main autoimmune features of CD, underlining the similarities with other autoimmune disorders, in particular with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the role of gluten and microbiome in driving autoimmunity is discussed.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/*biosynthesis/blood
Autoimmune Diseases/blood/genetics/*immunology
*Autoimmunity
Celiac Disease/blood/genetics/*immunology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
GTP-Binding Proteins/blood/*immunology
Genetic Loci
Glutens/*immunology
HLA Antigens/*immunology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
Intestine, Small/immunology
Microbiota
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Transglutaminases/blood/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24979198},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000450394.30780.ea},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tsiountsioura, M. and Wong, J. E. and Upton, J. and McIntyre, K. and Dimakou, D. and Buchanan, E. and Cardigan, T. and Flynn, D. and Bishop, J. and Russell, R. K. and Barclay, A. and McGrogan, P. and Edwards, C. and Gerasimidis, K.},
   title = {Detailed assessment of nutritional status and eating patterns in children with gastrointestinal diseases attending an outpatients clinic and contemporary healthy controls},
   journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {68},
   number = {6},
   pages = {700-6},
   note = {1476-5640
Tsiountsioura, M
Wong, J E
Upton, J
McIntyre, K
Dimakou, D
Buchanan, E
Cardigan, T
Flynn, D
Bishop, J
Russell, R K
Barclay, A
McGrogan, P
Edwards, C
Gerasimidis, K
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jun;68(6):700-6. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.286. Epub 2014 Jan 15.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In the era of modern multidisciplinary clinical management, very little is known about the prevalence and presentation of malnutrition in children with gastrointestinal disorders (GastroD) particularly employing composite, global measures of nutritional status. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Anthropometry, body composition, dietary intake, eating habits and grip strength were assessed with bedside methods in 168 patients from outpatient gastroenterology clinics (n, median (IQR) years; Crohn's disease (CD): n=53, 14.2 (11.6:15.4); ulcerative colitis (UC): n=27, 12.2 (10.7:14.2); coeliac disease: n=31, 9.3 (7.5:13.6); other GastroD: n=57, 9.8 (7.2:13.8)) and compared with 62 contemporary healthy controls (n, median (IQR): 9.8 (6.9:13.8)) and the results of the recent UK, National Diet and Nutritional Survey (NDNS). RESULTS: Children with CD had lower BMI z-scores than controls (median (IQR): -0.3 (-0.9:0.4) vs 0.3 (-0.6:1.4); P=0.02) but only 2% were classified as thin (BMI z-score <-2 s.d.). The prevalence of obesity in children with UC was 19%, 6% in CD, 11% in children with other GastroD and 15% in controls. No difference was found in grip strength measurement between groups. Except for CD children, the proportion of patients with suboptimal micronutrient intake was similar to that of controls and the cohort of children from the latest NDNS. A higher proportion of children with CD had suboptimal intake for riboflavin, vitamin B6 and calcium and consumed significantly more meat products, juices (including carbonated drinks), spreads/jams and crisps and savoury snacks and significantly fewer portions of dairy, fish, fruits and vegetables compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: GastroD affect children's body composition, growth, strength, dietary intake and eating habits, particularly CD, but to a lesser extent than expected.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Body Composition
*Body Mass Index
*Body Weight
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/complications
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
Crohn Disease/complications
*Diet
*Feeding Behavior
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*complications
Hand Strength
Hospitalization
Humans
Male
Micronutrients/administration & dosage
*Nutrition Assessment
*Nutritional Status
Obesity/complications/epidemiology
Prevalence
Thinness/complications/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0954-3007},
   Accession Number = {24424079},
   DOI = {10.1038/ejcn.2013.286},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Tucci, F. and Astarita, L. and Abkari, A. and Abu-Zekry, M. and Attard, T. and Ben Hariz, M. and Bilbao, J. R. and Boudraa, G. and Boukthir, S. and Costa, S. and Djurisic, V. and Hugot, J. P. and Irastorza, I. and Kansu, A. and Kolacek, S. and Magazzu, G. and Micetic-Turk, D. and Misak, Z. and Roma, E. and Rossi, P. and Terzic, S. and Velmishi, V. and Arcidiaco, C. and Auricchio, R. and Greco, L.},
   title = {Celiac disease in the Mediterranean area},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   pages = {24},
   note = {1471-230x
Tucci, Francesca
Astarita, Luca
Abkari, Abdelhak
Abu-Zekry, Mona
Attard, Thomas
Ben Hariz, Mongi
Bilbao, Jose Ramon
Boudraa, Ghazalia
Boukthir, Samir
Costa, Stefano
Djurisic, Veselinka
Hugot, Jean-Pierre
Irastorza, Inaki
Kansu, Aydan
Kolacek, Sanja
Magazzu, Giuseppe
Micetic-Turk, Dusanka
Misak, Zrinjka
Roma, Eleftheria
Rossi, Pasqualino
Terzic, Selma
Velmishi, Virtut
Arcidiaco, Carmela
Auricchio, Renata
Greco, Luigi
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2014 Feb 11;14:24. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-14-24.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The World Gastroenterology Organization recommends developing national guidelines for the diagnosis of Celiac Disease (CD): hence a profile of the diagnosis of CD in each country is required. We aim to describe a cross-sectional picture of the clinical features and diagnostic facilities in 16 countries of the Mediterranean basin. Since a new ESPGHAN diagnostic protocol was recently published, our secondary aim is to estimate how many cases in the same area could be identified without a small intestinal biopsy. METHODS: By a stratified cross-sectional retrospective study design, we examined clinical, histological and laboratory data from 749 consecutive unselected CD children diagnosed by national referral centers. RESULTS: The vast majority of cases were diagnosed before the age of 10 (median: 5 years), affected by diarrhea, weight loss and food refusal, as expected. Only 59 cases (7.8%) did not suffer of major complaints. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) assay was available, but one-third of centers reported financial constraints in the regular purchase of the assay kits. 252 cases (33.6%) showed tTG values over 10 times the local normal limit. Endomysial antibodies and HLA typing were routinely available in only half of the centers. CD was mainly diagnosed from small intestinal biopsy, available in all centers. Based on these data, only 154/749 cases (20.5%) would have qualified for a diagnosis of CD without a small intestinal biopsy, according to the new ESPGHAN protocol. CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional study of CD in the Mediterranean referral centers offers a puzzling picture of the capacities to deal with the emerging epidemic of CD in the area, giving a substantive support to the World Gastroenterology Organization guidelines.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Africa, Northern
Anorexia/etiology
Antibodies/blood
Biopsy/*utilization
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/genetics/pathology
Child
Child, Preschool
Cross-Sectional Studies
Diarrhea/etiology
Europe, Eastern
Female
GTP-Binding Proteins
Genotyping Techniques/*utilization
HLA Antigens/genetics
Haplotypes
Humans
Infant
Intestine, Small/*pathology
Male
Mediterranean Region
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Retrospective Studies
Serologic Tests/*utilization
Transglutaminases/blood
Vomiting/etiology
Weight Loss},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {24517104},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-230x-14-24},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Uvackova, L. and Skultety, L. and Bekesova, S. and McClain, S. and Hajduch, M.},
   title = {MS(E) based multiplex protein analysis quantified important allergenic proteins and detected relevant peptides carrying known epitopes in wheat grain extracts},
   journal = {J Proteome Res},
   volume = {12},
   number = {11},
   pages = {4862-9},
   note = {1535-3907
Uvackova, Lubica
Skultety, Ludovit
Bekesova, Slavka
McClain, Scott
Hajduch, Martin
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Proteome Res. 2013 Nov 1;12(11):4862-9. doi: 10.1021/pr400336f. Epub 2013 Sep 5.},
   abstract = {The amount of clinically relevant, allergy-related proteins in wheat grain is still largely unknown. The application of proteomics may create a platform not only for identification and characterization, but also for quantitation of these proteins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the data-independent quantitative mass spectrometry (MS(E)) approach in combination with 76 wheat allergenic sequences downloaded from the AllergenOnline database ( www.allergenonline.org ) as a starting point. Alcohol soluble extracts of gliadin and glutenin proteins were analyzed. This approach has resulted in identification and quantification of 15 allergenic protein isoforms that belong to amylase/trypsin inhibitors, gamma-gliadins, and high or low molecular weight glutenins. Additionally, several peptides carrying four previously discovered epitopes of gamma-gliadin B precursor have been detected. These data were validated against the UniProt database, which contained 11764 Triticeae protein sequences. The identified allergens are discussed in relation to Baker's asthma, food allergy, wheat dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and celiac disease (i.e., gluten-sensitive enteropathy). In summary, the results showed that the MS(E) approach is suitable for quantitative analysis and allergens profiling in wheat varieties and/or other food matrices.},
   keywords = {Antigens, Plant/genetics/metabolism
Databases, Genetic
Epitopes/*genetics
Mass Spectrometry/methods
Plant Extracts/*genetics
Plant Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
Proteomics
Triticum/*chemistry},
   ISSN = {1535-3893},
   Accession Number = {24007624},
   DOI = {10.1021/pr400336f},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Uy, N. and Graf, L. and Lemley, K. V. and Kaskel, F.},
   title = {Effects of gluten-free, dairy-free diet on childhood nephrotic syndrome and gut microbiota},
   journal = {Pediatr Res},
   volume = {77},
   number = {1-2},
   pages = {252-5},
   note = {1530-0447
Uy, Natalie
Graf, Lauren
Lemley, Kevin V
Kaskel, Frederick
T32 DK007110/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK 007110/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Pediatr Res. 2015 Jan;77(1-2):252-5. doi: 10.1038/pr.2014.159. Epub 2014 Oct 13.},
   abstract = {Emerging evidence suggests an association between food sensitivity and gut microbiota in children with nephrotic syndrome. Diminished proteinuria resulted from eliminating cow's milk and the use of an oligoantigenic diet which excluded gluten, especially in patients with immune-related conditions, i.e., celiac disease and nephrotic syndrome. The mechanisms underlying the association of diet, gut microbiota, and dysregulation of the immune system are unknown. Gut microbiota is influenced by a number of factors including diet composition and other environmental epigenetic exposures. The imbalance in gut microbiota may be ameliorated by gluten-free and dairy-free diets. Gluten-free diet increased the number of unhealthy bacteria while reducing bacterial-induced cytokine production of IL-10. Thus, gluten-free diet may influence the composition and immune function of gut microbiota and should be considered a possible environmental factor associated with immune-related disease, including nephrotic syndrome. Furthermore, the imbalance of gut microbiota may be related to the development of cow's milk protein allergy. Investigations are needed to fill the gaps in our knowledge concerning the associations between the gut microbiome, environmental exposures, epigenetics, racial influences, and the propensity for immune dysregulation with its inherent risk to the developing individual.},
   keywords = {Child
Diet, Gluten-Free/*adverse effects
Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology
Humans
Kidney Diseases/*microbiology
Lactose Intolerance/*physiopathology
Microbiota/*physiology
Nephrotic Syndrome/*diet therapy/etiology/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0031-3998},
   Accession Number = {25310757},
   DOI = {10.1038/pr.2014.159},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Valerii, M. C. and Ricci, C. and Spisni, E. and Di Silvestro, R. and De Fazio, L. and Cavazza, E. and Lanzini, A. and Campieri, M. and Dalpiaz, A. and Pavan, B. and Volta, U. and Dinelli, G.},
   title = {Responses of peripheral blood mononucleated cells from non-celiac gluten sensitive patients to various cereal sources},
   journal = {Food Chem},
   volume = {176},
   pages = {167-74},
   note = {Valerii, Maria Chiara
Ricci, Chiara
Spisni, Enzo
Di Silvestro, Raffaella
De Fazio, Luigia
Cavazza, Elena
Lanzini, Alberto
Campieri, Massimo
Dalpiaz, Alessandro
Pavan, Barbara
Volta, Umberto
Dinelli, Giovanni
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Food Chem. 2015 Jun 1;176:167-74. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.061. Epub 2014 Dec 23.},
   abstract = {Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is still an undefined syndrome whose triggering mechanisms remain unsettled. This study aimed to clarify how cultured peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMC) obtained from NCGS patients responded to contact with wheat proteins. Results demonstrated that wheat protein induced an overactivation of the proinflammatory chemokine CXCL10 in PBMC from NCGS patients, and that the overactivation level depends on the cereal source from which proteins are obtained. CXCL10 is able to decrease the transepithelial resistance of monolayers of normal colonocytes (NCM 460) by diminishing the mRNA expression of cadherin-1 (CDH1) and tight junction protein 2 (TJP2), two primary components of the tight junction strands. Thus, CXCL10 overactivation is one of the mechanisms triggered by wheat proteins in PBMC obtained from NCGS patients. This mechanism is activated to a greater extent by proteins from modern with respect to those extracted from ancient wheat genotypes.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Autoimmune Diseases/blood
Celiac Disease/blood
Diet, Gluten-Free/*methods
Edible Grain/chemistry/*immunology
Food Hypersensitivity/immunology
Glutens/chemistry/*immunology
Humans
Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*immunology
Male
Middle Aged
Triticum/chemistry/*immunology
Young Adult
Ancient grains
Cxcl10
Non celiac gluten sensitivity
Wheat proteins},
   ISSN = {0308-8146 (Print)
0308-8146},
   Accession Number = {25624220},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.061},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {van Hees, N. J. and Giltay, E. J. and Geleijnse, J. M. and Janssen, N. and van der Does, W.},
   title = {DHA serum levels were significantly higher in celiac disease patients compared to healthy controls and were unrelated to depression},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {9},
   number = {5},
   pages = {e97778},
   note = {1932-6203
van Hees, Nathalie J M
Giltay, Erik J
Geleijnse, Johanna M
Janssen, Nadine
van der Does, Willem
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2014 May 19;9(5):e97778. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097778. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Celiac disease (CD), a genetically predisposed intolerance for gluten, is associated with an increased risk of major depressive disorder (MDD). We investigated whether dietary intake and serum levels of the essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) found in fatty fish play a role in this association. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 71 adult CD patients and 31 healthy volunteers, matched on age, gender and level of education, who were not using n-3 PUFA supplements. Dietary intake, as assessed using a 203-item food frequency questionnaire, and serum levels of EPA and DHA were compared in analyses of covariance, adjusting for potential confounders. Serum PUFA were determined using gas chromatography. RESULTS: Mean serum DHA was significantly higher in CD patients (1.72 mass%) than controls (1.28 mass%) after multivariable adjustment (mean diff. 0.45 mass%; 95% CI: 0.22-0.68; p = 0.001). The mean intake of EPA plus DHA did not differ between CD patients and controls after multivariable adjustment (0.15 and 0.22 g/d, respectively; p = 0.10). There were no significant differences in intake or serum levels of EPA and DHA between any of the CD patient groups (never depressed, current MDD, minor/partially remitted MDD, remitted MDD) and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Patients on a long term gluten-free diet had similar intakes of EPA plus DHA compared to controls. Contrary to expectations, DHA serum levels were significantly higher in CD patients compared to healthy controls and were unrelated to MDD status.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Analysis of Variance
Celiac Disease/*blood
Chromatography, Gas
Cohort Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Depression/*blood
*Diet
Docosahexaenoic Acids/*blood
Eicosapentaenoic Acid/blood
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Netherlands
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24841484},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0097778},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Vangone, A. and Abdel-Azeim, S. and Caputo, I. and Sblattero, D. and Di Niro, R. and Cavallo, L. and Oliva, R.},
   title = {Structural basis for the recognition in an idiotype-anti-idiotype antibody complex related to celiac disease},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {9},
   number = {7},
   pages = {e102839},
   note = {1932-6203
Vangone, Anna
Abdel-Azeim, Safwat
Caputo, Ivana
Sblattero, Daniele
Di Niro, Roberto
Cavallo, Luigi
Oliva, Romina
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2014 Jul 30;9(7):e102839. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102839. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {Anti-idiotype antibodies have potential therapeutic applications in many fields, including autoimmune diseases. Herein we report the isolation and characterization of AIM2, an anti-idiotype antibody elicited in a mouse model upon expression of the celiac disease-specific autoantibody MB2.8 (directed against the main disease autoantigen type 2 transglutaminase, TG2). To characterize the interaction between the two antibodies, a 3D model of the MB2.8-AIM2 complex has been obtained by molecular docking. Analysis and selection of the different obtained docking solutions was based on the conservation within them of the inter-residue contacts. The selected model is very well representative of the different solutions found and its stability is confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the binding mode it adopts is very similar to that observed in most of the experimental structures available for idiotype-anti-idiotype antibody complexes. In the obtained model, AIM2 is directed against the MB2.8 CDR region, especially on its variable light chain. This makes the concurrent formation of the MB2.8-AIM2 complex and of the MB2.8-TG2 complex incompatible, thus explaining the experimentally observed inhibitory effect on the MB2.8 binding to TG2.},
   keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/*chemistry/metabolism
Autoantibodies/chemistry/metabolism
Binding Sites, Antibody
Celiac Disease/*immunology
GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
Humans
Mice
*Molecular Docking Simulation
Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Molecular Sequence Data
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {25076134},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0102839},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Veen, M. and te Molder, H. and Gremmen, B. and van Woerkum, C.},
   title = {If you can't eat what you like, like what you can: how children with coeliac disease and their families construct dietary restrictions as a matter of choice},
   journal = {Sociol Health Illn},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {592-609},
   note = {1467-9566
Veen, Mario
te Molder, Hedwig
Gremmen, Bart
van Woerkum, Cees
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Sociol Health Illn. 2013 May;35(4):592-609. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01519.x. Epub 2012 Oct 12.},
   abstract = {Although it is recognised that a gluten-free diet has many social implications for coeliac disease patients, not much is known about how such patients actually manage these implications in their everyday interactions. This article examines how dietary restrictions are treated by patients and their families. Data from recorded mealtime conversations of seven Dutch families with children suffering from coeliac disease were analysed using discursive psychology. We found two main discursive strategies by which patients and their families manage the diet during mealtime interactions. A reference to pleasure is used to manage the tension between the child's agency and parental responsibility in the face of health requirements and, by softening the denial of food, the diet is normalised and treated as a shared family practice. The analysis shows that the gluten-free diet is demedicalised and treated as a matter of choice rather than prescription. We conclude with the practical implications of these findings.},
   keywords = {Adult
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Child
Diet, Gluten-Free
*Family Health
*Food Preferences
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Meals/psychology
Netherlands
Parent-Child Relations
Patient Compliance/*psychology
Psychology, Social/*methods},
   ISSN = {0141-9889},
   Accession Number = {23057798},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01519.x},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Vernia, P. and Loizos, P. and Di Giuseppantonio, I. and Amore, B. and Chiappini, A. and Cannizzaro, S.},
   title = {Dietary calcium intake in patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {8},
   number = {4},
   pages = {312-7},
   note = {1876-4479
Vernia, Piero
Loizos, Panagiotis
Di Giuseppantonio, Irene
Amore, Barbara
Chiappini, Ambra
Cannizzaro, Santi
Journal Article
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Apr;8(4):312-7. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.09.008. Epub 2013 Oct 3.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Osteopenia and increased risk for fractures in IBD result from several factors. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the dietary intake of calcium in IBD patients. METHODS: A 22-item quantitative validated frequency food questionnaire was used for quantifying dietary calcium in relation to gender and age, in 187 IBD patients, 420 normal- and 276 diseased controls. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Mann-Whitney, chi-square- and T-tests. RESULTS: The mean calcium intake was 991.0 +/- 536.0 (105.8% Recommended Daily Allowances) and 867.6 +/- 562.7 SD mg/day (93.8% RDA) in healthy and diseased controls, and 837.8 +/- 482.0 SD mg/day (92.7% RDA) in IBD, P<0.001. Calcium intake was high in celiac disease (1165.7 +/- 798.8 SD mg/day, 120% RDA), and non-significantly lower in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn's disease (798.7 +/- 544.1 SD mg/day vs 881.9 +/- 433.0). CD and UC females, but not males, had a mean calcium intake well under RDA. In all study groups the intake was lower in patients believing that consumption of lactose-containing food induced symptoms, versus those who did not (105.8% vs 114.3% RDA in normal controls; 100.4% vs 87.6% RDA in IBD). CONCLUSIONS: Diet in IBD patients contained significantly less calcium than in healthy controls. Gender and age, more than diagnosis, are central in determining inadequate calcium intake, more so in IBD. Self-reported lactose intolerance, leading to dietary restrictions, is the single major determinant of low calcium intake. Inadequate calcium intake is present in one third of IBD patients and represents a reversible risk factor for osteoporosis, suggesting the need for tailored nutritional advice in IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology/prevention & control
Calcium, Dietary/*therapeutic use
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/drug therapy
Crohn Disease/complications/drug therapy
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*drug therapy
Male
Middle Aged
Osteoporosis/etiology/prevention & control
Sex Factors
Young Adult
Crohn's disease
Dietary calcium
Ibd
Lactose intolerance
Osteoporosis
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {24090907},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2013.09.008},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Veropalumbo, C. and Campanozzi, A. and De Gregorio, F. and Correra, A. and Raia, V. and Vajro, P.},
   title = {Shwachman-Diamond syndrome with autoimmune-like liver disease and enteropathy mimicking celiac disease},
   journal = {Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol},
   volume = {39},
   number = {1},
   pages = {e1-4},
   note = {2210-741x
Veropalumbo, Claudio
Campanozzi, Angelo
De Gregorio, Fabiola
Correra, Antonio
Raia, Valeria
Vajro, Pietro
Case Reports
Journal Article
France
Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;39(1):e1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.06.017. Epub 2014 Aug 14.},
   abstract = {Liver abnormalities that normalize during infancy as well an enteropathy are reported in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS). The pathogenesis of both conditions is unknown. We report two SDS cases with autoimmune-like (antismooth muscle and/or antinuclear antibody positivity) liver disease and antigliadin antibody positive inflammatory enteropathy. Hypertransaminasemia did not resolve after immunosuppressive therapy and/or a gluten-free diet. These transient autoimmune phenomena and gut-liver axis perturbations may have played a role in transient SDS hepatopathy and enteropathy. Our report may stimulate other studies to define the relationship between the SDS genetic defect and intestinal permeability as the pathogenic mechanism underlying SDS related liver and intestinal inflammation.},
   keywords = {Bone Marrow Diseases/*complications
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency/*complications
Female
Hepatitis, Autoimmune/*complications
Humans
Infant
Intestinal Diseases/*complications/*diagnosis
Lipomatosis/*complications},
   ISSN = {2210-7401},
   Accession Number = {25129842},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.clinre.2014.06.017},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Verrill, L. and Zhang, Y. and Kane, R.},
   title = {Food label usage and reported difficulty with following a gluten-free diet among individuals in the USA with coeliac disease and those with noncoeliac gluten sensitivity},
   journal = {J Hum Nutr Diet},
   volume = {26},
   number = {5},
   pages = {479-87},
   note = {1365-277x
Verrill, L
Zhang, Y
Kane, R
Comparative Study
Journal Article
England
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013 Oct;26(5):479-87. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12032. Epub 2013 Jan 24.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Individuals with coeliac disease (CD) and those with noncoeliac gluten sensitivity (GS) have reported difficulty following a gluten-free diet (GFD); however, few studies have explored the link between the food label, gluten-free (GF) claims and the difficulty associated with following a GFD. METHODS: The present study surveyed adults with CD (n = 1,583) and adults with GS (n = 797) about their reported difficulty following a GFD, including assessing the role of food labels and GF claims, as well as other factors known to contribute to this difficulty. A two-sample t-test and chi-squared tests for equality of means or proportions were used for the descriptive data and ordinal logistic regression (OLR) was used to model associations. RESULTS: On average, individuals with GS reported slightly more difficulty following the GFD than did participants with CD. According to the OLR results, reading the food label often was significantly associated with less reported difficulty following a GFD, whereas consuming packaged processed foods and looking for GF claims more often were significantly associated with more reported difficulty for both respondent groups. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with GS may rely more heavily on the GF claim for information about a product's gluten content. Individuals with CD, on the other hand, may be more experienced food label readers and may rely more on the ingredient list for finding GF foods. More studies are needed aiming to understand the role of the food label in facilitating consumers' ability to follow a GFD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Chi-Square Distribution
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diet therapy
Food Labeling/*methods
Glutens/administration & dosage
Humans
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Young Adult
coeliac disease
food allergy
food labelling
intolerance},
   ISSN = {0952-3871},
   Accession Number = {23347179},
   DOI = {10.1111/jhn.12032},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Versalovic, J.},
   title = {The human microbiome and probiotics: implications for pediatrics},
   journal = {Ann Nutr Metab},
   volume = {63 Suppl 2},
   pages = {42-52},
   note = {1421-9697
Versalovic, James
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Switzerland
Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;63 Suppl 2:42-52. doi: 10.1159/000354899. Epub 2013 Nov 8.},
   abstract = {Steady advances in our knowledge of the composition and function of the human microbiome at multiple body sites including the gut, skin and airways will likely contribute to our understanding of mechanisms of probiotic action by beneficial microbes. Microbe:microbe and microbe:human interactions are important considerations as we select probiotics for pediatric patients in the future. Although our knowledge about the composition of the microbiome is progressing rapidly, many gaps exist about the functional capacity and metabolic machinery of the human microbiome. Based on a limited amount of data, probiotics appear capable of altering the composition and function of the microbiome. Probiotics may be part of dietary strategies that combine ways to enhance microbiome function with nutrients that may be converted to active compounds promoting human health. Probiotics have yielded beneficial effects in numerous studies in the context of different diseases in pediatric gastroenterology. These disease states include necrotizing enterocolitis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis, acute gastroenteritis and irritable bowel syndrome. In the skin and airways, it is unclear if probiotics can affect the function of the microbiome to reduce the impact of diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. An enhanced understanding of the effects of probiotics on the microbiome should facilitate selection of optimal probiotic strains for specific diseases in the future.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease
Child
Clostridium difficile
Diet
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
Gastroenterology
Humans
Immunity
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Intestines/microbiology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
*Microbiota
*Pediatrics
*Probiotics},
   ISSN = {0250-6807},
   Accession Number = {24217035},
   DOI = {10.1159/000354899},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Villanacci, V. and Lanzini, A. and Lanzarotto, F. and Ricci, C.},
   title = {Observations on the paper of Carroccio et al. "non-celiac wheat sensitivity diagnosed by double-blind placebo-controlled challenge: exploring a new clinical entity"},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {4},
   pages = {619-20},
   note = {1572-0241
Villanacci, Vincenzo
Lanzini, Alberto
Lanzarotto, Francesco
Ricci, Chiara
Comment
Letter
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Apr;108(4):619-20. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.22.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/*blood
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis/*immunology
Gliadin/*immunology
Humans
Male
Triticum/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {23552312},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2013.22},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Vincentini, O. and Maialetti, F. and Gonnelli, E. and Silano, M.},
   title = {Gliadin-dependent cytokine production in a bidimensional cellular model of celiac intestinal mucosa},
   journal = {Clin Exp Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {4},
   pages = {447-54},
   note = {1591-9528
Vincentini, Olimpia
Maialetti, Francesca
Gonnelli, Elena
Silano, Marco
Journal Article
Italy
Clin Exp Med. 2015 Nov;15(4):447-54. doi: 10.1007/s10238-014-0325-2. Epub 2014 Dec 2.},
   abstract = {The downstream cascade of the inflammatory response to gliadin in celiac intestinal mucosa encompasses the early activation of the innate immunity that triggers the adaptive response. Therefore, the in vitro study of the pathogenic mechanism of celiac disease (CD) on enterocytes alone or mucosal T lymphocytes alone does not fully consider all the aspects of gliadin-dependent inflammation. Although the in vitro culture of specimens of intestinal mucosa obtained from celiac patients is the gold standard for the study of CD, this technique presents several technical challenges and the bioptic specimens are not easily available. So, in this paper, we described the gliadin-dependent cytokine production in a bidimensional cellular system, which is able to mimic both the innate and the adaptive steps of the mucosal immune response of CD. In the upper compartment, the intestinal epithelial cells are grown on a filter, and in the lower compartment, the mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of celiac patients are cultured. Cells were apically exposed to the toxic gliadin peptide p31-43 for 3 h and then with the immunodominant gliadin fragment palpha-9 for 21 h. The incubation with gliadin peptides resulted in increased levels of IL-15, INF-gamma, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-1beta, and CCL 2, 3 and 4 in the basal supernatants, with respect to cells exposed to medium alone. The p31-43-driven epithelial priming of mucosal response consists of transglutaminase (TG2)-mediated deamidation of the immunostimulatory gliadin peptides, as demonstrated by the inhibition of palpha-9 activity, when the system is exposed to blocking anti-TG2 antibody.},
   keywords = {Adaptive Immunity
Adolescent
Celiac Disease/*pathology
Cell Culture Techniques
Cells, Cultured
Child
Cytokines/biosynthesis/*metabolism
Epithelial Cells/drug effects/physiology
Female
Gliadin/*immunology/toxicity
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology/*pathology
Male
Models, Biological
Monocytes/physiology
Celiac disease
Gliadin peptides
In vitro model},
   ISSN = {1591-8890},
   Accession Number = {25447031},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10238-014-0325-2},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Volta, U. and Bardella, M. T. and Calabro, A. and Troncone, R. and Corazza, G. R.},
   title = {An Italian prospective multicenter survey on patients suspected of having non-celiac gluten sensitivity},
   journal = {BMC Med},
   volume = {12},
   pages = {85},
   note = {1741-7015
Volta, Umberto
Bardella, Maria Teresa
Calabro, Antonino
Troncone, Riccardo
Corazza, Gino Roberto
Study Group for Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Med. 2014 May 23;12:85. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-85.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is still an undefined syndrome with several unsettled issues despite the increasing awareness of its existence. We carried out a prospective survey on NCGS in Italian centers for the diagnosis of gluten-related disorders, with the aim of defining the clinical picture of this new syndrome and to establish roughly its prevalence compared with celiac disease. METHODS: From November 2012 to October 2013, 38 Italian centers (27 adult gastroenterology, 5 internal medicine, 4 pediatrics, and 2 allergy) participated in this prospective survey. A questionnaire was used in order to allow uniform and accurate collection of clinical, biochemical, and instrumental data. RESULTS: In total, 486 patients with suspected NCGS were identified in this 1-year period. The female/male ratio was 5.4 to 1, and the mean age was 38 years (range 3-81). The clinical picture was characterized by combined gastrointestinal (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea and/or constipation, nausea, epigastric pain, gastroesophageal reflux, aphthous stomatitis) and systemic manifestations (tiredness, headache, fibromyalgia-like joint/muscle pain, leg or arm numbness, 'foggy mind,' dermatitis or skin rash, depression, anxiety, and anemia). In the large majority of patients, the time lapse between gluten ingestion and the appearance of symptoms varied from a few hours to 1 day. The most frequent associated disorders were irritable bowel syndrome (47%), food intolerance (35%) and IgE-mediated allergy (22%). An associated autoimmune disease was detected in 14% of cases. Regarding family history, 18% of our patients had a relative with celiac disease, but no correlation was found between NCGS and positivity for HLA-DQ2/-DQ8. IgG anti-gliadin antibodies were detected in 25% of the patients tested. Only a proportion of patients underwent duodenal biopsy; for those that did, the biopsies showed normal intestinal mucosa (69%) or mild increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes (31%). The ratio between suspected NCGS and new CD diagnoses, assessed in 28 of the participating centers, was 1.15 to 1. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective survey shows that NCGS has a strong correlation with female gender and adult age. Based on our results, the prevalence of NCGS seems to be only slightly higher than that of celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Celiac Disease/epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*epidemiology/etiology
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology
Glutens/*adverse effects
HLA-DQ Antigens/immunology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
Italy/epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Prospective Studies
Sex Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1741-7015},
   Accession Number = {24885375},
   DOI = {10.1186/1741-7015-12-85},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Volta, U. and Caio, G. and Tovoli, F. and De Giorgio, R.},
   title = {Gut-liver axis: an immune link between celiac disease and primary biliary cirrhosis},
   journal = {Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {7},
   number = {3},
   pages = {253-61},
   note = {1747-4132
Volta, Umberto
Caio, Giacomo
Tovoli, Francesco
De Giorgio, Roberto
Journal Article
Review
England
Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Mar;7(3):253-61. doi: 10.1586/egh.13.5.},
   abstract = {The association between celiac disease and primary biliary cirrhosis is well established. The breakdown of gut-liver axis equilibrium plays a central role in the development of immune disorders involving the small bowel and liver. In celiac disease, immunologically active molecules generated from the cross-linking between tissue transglutaminase and food/bacterial antigens reach the liver through the portal circulation owing to the increased intestinal permeability. A molecular mimicry between bacterial antigens and the pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 component, recognized by antimitochondrial autoantibodies, may have a role in primary biliary cirrhosis pathogenesis. An aberrant intestinal T lymphocyte homing to the liver may contribute to trigger immune hepatic damage. Both celiac disease and primary biliary cirrhosis share several features, including a higher prevalence in females, autoimmune comorbidities and specific autoantibodies. Reciprocal screening for both diseases is recommended, as an early diagnosis with the appropriate treatment can improve the outcome of these patients.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/epidemiology/*immunology/physiopathology
Comorbidity
Female
Gastrointestinal Tract/*immunology/physiopathology
Humans
Liver/*immunology/physiopathology
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/epidemiology/*immunology/physiopathology
Male
Prevalence
T-Lymphocytes/pathology},
   ISSN = {1747-4124},
   Accession Number = {23445234},
   DOI = {10.1586/egh.13.5},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Volta, U. and Caio, G. and Tovoli, F. and De Giorgio, R.},
   title = {Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: questions still to be answered despite increasing awareness},
   journal = {Cell Mol Immunol},
   volume = {10},
   number = {5},
   pages = {383-92},
   note = {2042-0226
Volta, Umberto
Caio, Giacomo
Tovoli, Francesco
De Giorgio, Roberto
Journal Article
Review
China
Cell Mol Immunol. 2013 Sep;10(5):383-92. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2013.28. Epub 2013 Aug 10.},
   abstract = {Recently, the increasing number of patients worldwide who are sensitive to dietary gluten without evidence of celiac disease or wheat allergy has contributed to the identification of a new gluten-related syndrome defined as non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Our knowledge regarding this syndrome is still lacking, and many aspects of this syndrome remain unknown. Its pathogenesis is heterogeneous, with a recognized pivotal role for innate immunity; many other factors also contribute, including low-grade intestinal inflammation, increased intestinal barrier function and changes in the intestinal microbiota. Gluten and other wheat proteins, such as amylase trypsin inhibitors, are the primary triggers of this syndrome, but it has also been hypothesized that a diet rich in fermentable monosaccharides and polyols may elicit its functional gastrointestinal symptoms. The epidemiology of this condition is far from established; its prevalence in the general population is highly variable, ranging from 0.63% to 6%. From a clinical point of view, non-celiac gluten sensitivity is characterized by a wide array of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms that occur shortly after the ingestion of gluten and improve or disappear when gluten is withdrawn from the diet. These symptoms recur when gluten is reintroduced. Because diagnostic biomarkers have not yet been identified, a double-blind placebo-controlled gluten challenge is currently the diagnostic method with the highest accuracy. Future research is needed to generate more knowledge regarding non-celiac gluten sensitivity, a condition that has global acceptance but has only a few certainties and many unresolved issues.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diagnosis/etiology/immunology
Cytokines/genetics/*immunology
Diagnosis, Differential
Europe/epidemiology
Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology/*immunology
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Inflammation
Intestines/*immunology/microbiology/pathology
Microbiota/immunology
Prevalence
United States/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1672-7681},
   Accession Number = {23934026},
   DOI = {10.1038/cmi.2013.28},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Vriezinga, S. L. and Auricchio, R. and Bravi, E. and Castillejo, G. and Chmielewska, A. and Crespo Escobar, P. and Kolacek, S. and Koletzko, S. and Korponay-Szabo, I. R. and Mummert, E. and Polanco, I. and Putter, H. and Ribes-Koninckx, C. and Shamir, R. and Szajewska, H. and Werkstetter, K. and Greco, L. and Gyimesi, J. and Hartman, C. and Hogen Esch, C. and Hopman, E. and Ivarsson, A. and Koltai, T. and Koning, F. and Martinez-Ojinaga, E. and te Marvelde, C. and Pavic, A. and Romanos, J. and Stoopman, E. and Villanacci, V. and Wijmenga, C. and Troncone, R. and Mearin, M. L.},
   title = {Randomized feeding intervention in infants at high risk for celiac disease},
   journal = {N Engl J Med},
   volume = {371},
   number = {14},
   pages = {1304-15},
   note = {1533-4406
Vriezinga, Sabine L
Auricchio, Renata
Bravi, Enzo
Castillejo, Gemma
Chmielewska, Anna
Crespo Escobar, Paula
Kolacek, Sanja
Koletzko, Sibylle
Korponay-Szabo, Ilma R
Mummert, Eckart
Polanco, Isabel
Putter, Hein
Ribes-Koninckx, Carmen
Shamir, Raanan
Szajewska, Hania
Werkstetter, Katharina
Greco, Luigi
Gyimesi, Judit
Hartman, Corina
Hogen Esch, Caroline
Hopman, Erica
Ivarsson, Anneli
Koltai, Tunde
Koning, Frits
Martinez-Ojinaga, Eva
te Marvelde, Chantal
Pavic, Ana
Romanos, Jihane
Stoopman, Els
Villanacci, Vincenzo
Wijmenga, Cisca
Troncone, Ricardo
Mearin, M Luisa
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 2;371(14):1304-15. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1404172.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: A window of opportunity has been suggested for reducing the risk of celiac disease by introducing gluten to infants at 4 to 6 months of age. METHODS: We performed a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dietary-intervention study involving 944 children who were positive for HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 and had at least one first-degree relative with celiac disease. From 16 to 24 weeks of age, 475 participants received 100 mg of immunologically active gluten daily, and 469 received placebo. Anti-transglutaminase type 2 and antigliadin antibodies were periodically measured. The primary outcome was the frequency of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease at 3 years of age. RESULTS: Celiac disease was confirmed by means of biopsies in 77 children. To avoid underestimation of the frequency of celiac disease, 3 additional children who received a diagnosis of celiac disease according to the 2012 European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition diagnostic criteria (without having undergone biopsies) were included in the analyses (80 children; median age, 2.8 years; 59% were girls). The cumulative incidence of celiac disease among patients 3 years of age was 5.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6 to 6.8), with similar rates in the gluten group and the placebo group (5.9% [95% CI, 3.7 to 8.1] and 4.5% [95% CI, 2.5 to 6.5], respectively; hazard ratio in the gluten group, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.91). Rates of elevated levels of anti-transglutaminase type 2 and antigliadin antibodies were also similar in the two study groups (7.0% [95% CI, 4.7 to 9.4] in the gluten group and 5.7% [95% CI, 3.5 to 7.9] in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.73). Breast-feeding, regardless of whether it was exclusive or whether it was ongoing during gluten introduction, did not significantly influence the development of celiac disease or the effect of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: As compared with placebo, the introduction of small quantities of gluten at 16 to 24 weeks of age did not reduce the risk of celiac disease by 3 years of age in this group of high-risk children. (Funded by the European Commission and others; PreventCD Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN74582487.).},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/blood
Biopsy
Breast Feeding
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/genetics/*prevention & control
Child
Child, Preschool
*Diet
Dietary Proteins/*administration & dosage
Double-Blind Method
Female
GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
Genotype
Gliadin/immunology
Glutens/*administration & dosage
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
Humans
Infant
Intestine, Small/pathology
Male
Proportional Hazards Models
Prospective Studies
Risk
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {0028-4793},
   Accession Number = {25271603},
   DOI = {10.1056/NEJMoa1404172},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Vriezinga, S. L. and Mearin, M. L.},
   title = {[Gluten tolerance as a result of earlier exposure?]},
   journal = {Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd},
   volume = {157},
   number = {23},
   pages = {A6349},
   note = {1876-8784
Vriezinga, Sabine L
Mearin, M L Luisa
English Abstract
Journal Article
Netherlands
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2013;157(23):A6349.},
   abstract = {In a recently published article in Pediatrics on the Swedish coeliac disease 'epidemic', it is suggested that the gradual introduction of gluten-containing foods from 4 months of age, preferably while breastfeeding is still ongoing, is favourable for the prevention of coeliac disease. This stirred up the discussion about the timing of introduction of gluten to the diet of infants in the Netherlands, where gluten-containing foods are mostly introduced from 6 months of age onwards. The retrospective character of data collection, however, has to be taken into account when interpreting the Swedish study. Future results of prospective studies on gluten introduction and coeliac disease, such as the PreventCD family study (www.preventcd.com), should provide the information necessary for deciding on a change in the Dutch guidelines for the introduction of gluten to the diet of young children.},
   keywords = {*Breast Feeding
Celiac Disease/*prevention & control
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Glutens/*immunology
Humans
Immune Tolerance
Infant
Male
Milk, Human/*immunology
Netherlands
Weaning},
   ISSN = {0028-2162},
   Accession Number = {23739606},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Walker, W. A.},
   title = {Initial intestinal colonization in the human infant and immune homeostasis},
   journal = {Ann Nutr Metab},
   volume = {63 Suppl 2},
   pages = {8-15},
   note = {1421-9697
Walker, W Allan
P30 DK040561/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Switzerland
Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;63 Suppl 2:8-15. doi: 10.1159/000354907. Epub 2013 Nov 8.},
   abstract = {The paradigm of disease burden in the developed world has changed drastically in the last few decades from predominately infections to immune-mediated diseases (autoimmunity and allergy) because of alterations in the Western lifestyle (improved sanitation, immunizations, antibiotic usage and altered dietary intake). A diverse balanced microbiota is necessary for the development of an appropriate innate and adaptive immune response. There is strong evidence that disruption of the normal colonization process can lead to alterations in the important symbiotic relationship that is necessary for immune homeostasis. For example, infants born by cesarean section or receiving excessive perinatal antibiotics have inadequate initial colonization and aberrant mucosal immune function. As a result, later in childhood, they express an increased incidence in asthma and autoimmune diseases (e.g. celiac disease). An important component of initial colonization is the infant's diet. Breast milk contains a variety of nondigestible oligosaccharides which function as prebiotics preferentially stimulating proliferation of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, important health-promoting bacteria, and cause fermentation of the oligosaccharides into short-chain fatty acids. In the absence of breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, formula containing pre- and probiotics may overcome an initial inadequate colonization process and help establish a normal mucosal immune system.},
   keywords = {Asthma
Autoimmune Diseases
Bifidobacterium/growth & development
Female
Fermentation
Homeostasis
Humans
Immunity/*physiology
Infant Formula
*Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Infant, Newborn
Intestines/embryology/*microbiology
Lactobacillus/growth & development
Microbiota/physiology
Milk, Human
Oligosaccharides/metabolism
Prebiotics
Pregnancy
Probiotics/administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {0250-6807},
   Accession Number = {24217032},
   DOI = {10.1159/000354907},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wang, A. and Banerjee, S. and Barth, B. A. and Bhat, Y. M. and Chauhan, S. and Gottlieb, K. T. and Konda, V. and Maple, J. T. and Murad, F. and Pfau, P. R. and Pleskow, D. K. and Siddiqui, U. D. and Tokar, J. L. and Rodriguez, S. A.},
   title = {Wireless capsule endoscopy},
   journal = {Gastrointest Endosc},
   volume = {78},
   number = {6},
   pages = {805-15},
   note = {1097-6779
ASGE Technology Committee
Wang, Amy
Banerjee, Subhas
Barth, Bradley A
Bhat, Yasser M
Chauhan, Shailendra
Gottlieb, Klaus T
Konda, Vani
Maple, John T
Murad, Faris
Pfau, Patrick R
Pleskow, Douglas K
Siddiqui, Uzma D
Tokar, Jeffrey L
Rodriguez, Sarah A
Journal Article
Review
United States
Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 Dec;78(6):805-15. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.06.026. Epub 2013 Oct 8.},
   abstract = {Over the last decade, WCE has established itself as a valuable test for imaging the small intestine. It is a safe and relatively easy procedure to perform that can provide valuable information in the diagnosis of small-bowel conditions. Its applications still remain limited within the esophagus and colon. Future developments may include improving visualization within the esophagus and developing technologies that may allow manipulation of the capsule within the GI tract and biopsy capabilities.},
   keywords = {*Capsule Endoscopes
*Capsule Endoscopy/adverse effects/instrumentation
Celiac Disease/diagnosis
Colon
Crohn Disease/diagnosis
Esophageal Diseases/diagnosis
Esophagus
Gastrointestinal Diseases/complications/*diagnosis
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology
Humans
Intestinal Neoplasms/diagnosis
Intestinal Polyps/*diagnosis
Intestine, Small
Dbe
Fda
Food and Drug Administration
Nsaid
Ogib
Wce
double-balloon endoscopy
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
obscure GI bleeding
wireless capsule endoscopy},
   ISSN = {0016-5107},
   Accession Number = {24119509},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.gie.2013.06.026},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Washington, M. C. and Aglan, A. H. and Sayegh, A. I.},
   title = {The stomach and/or upper duodenum contain sites of action that control meal size and intermeal interval length by exogenous rat gastrin releasing peptide},
   journal = {Peptides},
   volume = {55},
   pages = {41-6},
   note = {1873-5169
Washington, Martha C
Aglan, Amnah H
Sayegh, Ayman I
1SC1DK094972-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Peptides. 2014 May;55:41-6. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.02.004. Epub 2014 Feb 18.},
   abstract = {The site(s) of action that control the reduction of food intake in response to the amphibian skin peptide bombesin (Bn) has been determined to be the area supplied by the celiac artery (CA), i.e., the stomach and the upper duodenum. Here, we investigated the gastrointestinal site(s) of action which controls meal size (MS) (normal rat chow) and intermeal interval length (IMI) by the mammalian homologues of Bn gastrin releasing peptides (GRP-10, GRP-27 and GRP-29, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 nmol/kg) infused in the CA, the cranial mesenteric artery (CMA, supplying the small and large intestine), the femoral artery (FA, control) and the portal vein (PV, draining the gastrointestinal tract, control) in freely fed rats immediately prior to the onset of the dark cycle. We found that (1) GRP-29 (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 nmol/kg) and GRP-27 (0.2 and 0.5 nmol/kg) in the CA and GRP-29 (0.5 nmol/kg) in the CMA reduced the MS relative to saline, (2) GRP-29 (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 nmol/kg) and GRP-27 (0.2 and 0.5 nmol/kg) in the CA prolonged the IMI, (3) GRP-29 (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 nmol/kg) in the CA and GRP-29 (0.5 nmol/kg) in the CMA increased the satiety ratio (SR, IMI/MS - the amount of food consumed per a given unit of time) and (4) neither peptide nor route showed any effect on the second MS. These results support an upper gastrointestinal site of action for MS and IMI length by GRP-27 and GRP-29, which is most likely the stomach and/or the duodenum.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Appetite Regulation
Duodenum/*metabolism
Energy Intake
Feeding Behavior
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide/*physiology
Male
Organ Specificity
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Stomach/*metabolism
Celiac artery
Cranial mesenteric artery
Food intake
Grp
Portal vein},
   ISSN = {0196-9781},
   Accession Number = {24556509},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.peptides.2014.02.004},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Whiteley, P.},
   title = {Nutritional management of (some) autism: a case for gluten- and casein-free diets?},
   journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
   volume = {74},
   number = {3},
   pages = {202-7},
   note = {1475-2719
Whiteley, Paul
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Proc Nutr Soc. 2015 Aug;74(3):202-7. doi: 10.1017/S0029665114001475. Epub 2014 Oct 14.},
   abstract = {Autism spectrum disorders represent a diverse and heterogeneous array of conditions unified by the variable presence of specific behaviours impacting social and communicative functions (social affect) alongside other presentation. Common overt characteristics may come about as a consequence of several different genetic and biological processes differentially manifesting across different people or groups. The concept of plural 'autisms' is evolving, strengthened by an increasingly important evidence base detailing different developmental trajectories across the autism spectrum and the appearance of comorbidity variably interacting with core symptoms and onwards influencing quality of life. Reports that dietary intervention, specifically the removal of foods containing gluten and/or casein from the diet, may impact on the presentation of autism for some, complement this plural view of autism. Evidence suggestive of differing responses to the use of a gluten- and casein-free diet, defined as best- and non-response, has combined with some progress on determining the underlying genetic and biological correlates potentially related to such dietary elements. The preliminary suggestion of a possible diet-related autism phenotype is the result. This review will highlight several pertinent aspects onwards to an effect of food in some cases of autism including research on the pharmacological activity of food metabolites, immune response, issues with gut barrier function and some contribution from the gut microbiota. These represent promising areas in need of far greater research inspection in order to potentially define such a diet-related subgroup on the autism spectrum.},
   keywords = {Autistic Disorder/*diet therapy/genetics
*Caseins
Diet Therapy/*methods
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Humans
ASD autism spectrum disorders
Autism spectrum disorder
CD coeliac disease
Casein
Diet
GFCF gluten- and casein-free
GI gastrointestinal
Gluten
Intervention},
   ISSN = {0029-6651},
   Accession Number = {25311313},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0029665114001475},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wierdsma, N. J. and van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren, M. A. and Berkenpas, M. and Mulder, C. J. and van Bodegraven, A. A.},
   title = {Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are highly prevalent in newly diagnosed celiac disease patients},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {5},
   number = {10},
   pages = {3975-92},
   note = {2072-6643
Wierdsma, Nicolette J
van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren, Marian A E
Berkenpas, Marijke
Mulder, Chris J J
van Bodegraven, Ad A
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2013 Sep 30;5(10):3975-92. doi: 10.3390/nu5103975.},
   abstract = {Malabsorption, weight loss and vitamin/mineral-deficiencies characterize classical celiac disease (CD). This study aimed to assess the nutritional and vitamin/mineral status of current "early diagnosed" untreated adult CD-patients in the Netherlands. Newly diagnosed adult CD-patients were included (n = 80, 42.8 +/- 15.1 years) and a comparable sample of 24 healthy Dutch subjects was added to compare vitamin concentrations. Nutritional status and serum concentrations of folic acid, vitamin A, B(6), B(1)(2), and (25-hydroxy) D, zinc, haemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin were determined (before prescribing gluten free diet). Almost all CD-patients (87%) had at least one value below the lower limit of reference. Specifically, for vitamin A, 7.5% of patients showed deficient levels, for vitamin B(6) 14.5%, folic acid 20%, and vitamin B(1)(2) 19%. Likewise, zinc deficiency was observed in 67% of the CD-patients, 46% had decreased iron storage, and 32% had anaemia. Overall, 17% were malnourished (>10% undesired weight loss), 22% of the women were underweight (Body Mass Index (BMI) < 18.5), and 29% of the patients were overweight (BMI > 25). Vitamin deficiencies were barely seen in healthy controls, with the exception of vitamin B(1)(2). Vitamin/mineral deficiencies were counter-intuitively not associated with a (higher) grade of histological intestinal damage or (impaired

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag