text:
.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {albedo soil moisture LSM 1878 Hydrology: Water/energy interactions
	1840 Hydrology: Hydrometeorology 1814 Hydrology: Energy budgets 1843
	Hydrology: Land/atmosphere interactions 1866 Hydrology: Soil moisture},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {Dependence of bare soil albedo on soil moisture on the moraine of
	the Zongo glacier (Bolivia): Implications for land surface modeling},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011709}
}

@ARTICLE{Gash1997,
  author = {Gash, J. H. C. and Nobre, C. A.},
  title = {Climatic effects of Amazonian deforestation: Some results from ABRACOS},
  journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {78},
  pages = {823-830},
  number = {5},
  month = {May},
  __markedentry = {[Sue:]},
  abstract = {This paper reviews the climatological measurements and some of the
	modeling in the Anglo-Brazilian Amazonian Climate Observational Study
	(ABRACOS) project. The local-scale, mesoscale, and large-scale climatic
	impacts of Amazonian deforestation are demonstrated. The difference
	in radiation and energy balance between forest and clearing gives
	higher air temperatures in the clearings, particularly in the dry
	season. In areas of substantial deforestation, higher sensible heat
	fluxes from the cleared forest produce deeper convective boundary
	layers, with differences in cloud cover being observed and mesoscale
	circulations being predicted. The use of the ABRACOS data for calibrating
	general circulation model land surface schemes is discussed.},
  comment = {gash97},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0003-0007},
  keywords = {RAIN-FOREST TROPICAL FOREST CARBON-DIOXIDE MICROMETEOROLOGY ALBEDO
	IMPACT},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climatic effects of Amazonian deforestation: Some results from ABRACOS},
  timestamp = {2014.07.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997XD57200005}
}

@ARTICLE{Gedney2000,
  author = {Gedney, N. and Valdes, P. J.},
  title = {{T}he effect of {A}mazonian deforestation on the northern hemisphere
	circulation and climate},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {3053-3056},
  number = {19},
  abstract = {Concern about tropical deforestation has often focused on local climate
	or ecological change. Less research has been carried out on its possible
	effects on the global climate, although possible mechanisms for such
	an occurrence have been proposed. Here we use a general circulation
	model (GCM) to show that complete Amazonian deforestation can result
	in changes in the climate far afield from the region of deforestation.
	In particular, the model predicts statistically significant changes
	to winter rainfall over the NE Atlantic, extending towards western
	Europe. These are associated with large-scale circulation changes
	in middle and high latitudes. Simulation of these circulation changes
	with a simple model confirms the physical mechanism responsible (planetary
	wave propagation) implying that the result is robust and relatively
	independent of the GCM used.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {GCM model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The effect of Amazonian deforestation on the northern hemisphere circulation
	and climate},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Georgescu2008,
  author = {Georgescu, M. and Miguez-Macho, G. and Steyaert, L. T. and Weaver,
	C. P.},
  title = {{S}ensitivity of summer climate to anthropogenic land-cover change
	over the {G}reater {P}hoenix, {AZ}, region},
  journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {1358-1373},
  number = {7},
  abstract = {This work evaluates the first-order effect of land-use/land-cover
	change (LULCC) on the summer climate of one of the nation's most
	rapidly expanding metropolitan complexes, the Greater Phoenix, AZ,
	region. High-resolution-2-km grid spacing-Regional Atmospheric Modeling
	System (RAMS) simulations of three "wet" and three "dry" summers
	were carried out for two different land-cover reconstructions for
	the region: a circa 1992 representation based on satellite observations,
	and a hypothetical land-cover scenario where the anthropogenic landscape
	of irrigated agriculture and urban pixels was replaced with current
	semi-natural vegetation. Model output is evaluated with respect to
	observed air temperature, dew point, and precipitation. Our results
	suggest that development of extensive irrigated agriculture adjacent
	to the urban area has dampened any regional-mean warming due to urbanization.
	Consistent with previous observationally based work, LULCC produces
	a systematic increase in precipitation to the north and east of the
	city, though only under dry conditions. This is due to a change in
	background atmospheric stability resulting from the advection of
	both warmth from the urban core and moisture from the irrigated area.
	(c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0140-1963},
  keywords = {model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Sensitivity of summer climate to anthropogenic land-cover change over
	the Greater Phoenix, AZ, region},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@BOOK{Australia2009,
  title = {Atlas of Australian Resources, Third series, Vegetation},
  year = {2009},
  author = {{Geoscience Australia}},
  volume = {6},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Atlas of Australian resources, Third Series, Vegetation},
  timestamp = {2013.08.15}
}

@ARTICLE{Giambelluca2011,
  author = {Giambelluca, TW and DeLay, JK and Nullet, MA and Scholl, M and Gingerich,
	SB},
  title = {Interpreting canopy water balance and fog screen observations: {S}eparating
	cloud water from wind-blown rainfall at two contrasting forest sites
	in {H}awai’i},
  journal = {Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and Management},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {342},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0521760356},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Interpreting canopy water balance and fog screen observations: separating
	cloud water from wind-blown rainfall at two contrasting forest sites
	in Hawai’i},
  timestamp = {2013.08.12}
}

@ARTICLE{Gianotti2012,
  author = {Gianotti, R. L. and Zhang, D. F. and Eltahir, E. A. B.},
  title = {{A}ssessment of the Regional Climate Model Version 3 over the Maritime
	Continent Using Different Cumulus Parameterization and Land Surface
	Schemes},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {638-656},
  number = {2},
  month = {Jan},
  abstract = {This paper describes an assessment of the Regional Climate Model,
	version 3 (RegCM3), coupled to two land surface schemes: the Biosphere
	Atmosphere Transfer System, version le (BATS1e), and the Integrated
	Biosphere Simulator (IBIS). The model's performance in simulating
	precipitation over the Maritime Continent was evaluated against the
	3-hourly Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite
	Precipitation Analysis 3B42 product. It is found that the model suffers
	from three major errors in reproducing the observed rainfall histogram:
	underestimation of the frequency of dry periods, overestimation of
	the frequency of low-intensity rainfall, and underestimation of the
	frequency of high-intensity rainfall. Additionally, the model does
	not accurately reproduce the observed timing of the diurnal rainfall
	peak, particularly over land. These four errors persisted regardless
	of the choice of lateral boundary conditions, convective parameterization
	scheme, or land surface scheme. The magnitude of the wet dry bias
	in the simulated volumes of rainfall was, however, strongly dependent
	on the choice of the convection scheme and lateral boundary conditions.
	The Grell convection scheme with Fritsch-Chappell closure was the
	best performing of the convection schemes, having the smallest error
	magnitudes in both the rainfall histogram and average diurnal cycle,
	and also having good representation of the land surface energy and
	evapotranspiration components. The 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40)
	was found to produce better simulations of observed rainfall when
	used as lateral boundary conditions than did the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis.
	Discussion of the nature of the major model errors is provided, along
	with some suggestions for improvement.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Assessment of the Regional Climate Model Version 3 over the Maritime
	Continent Using Different Cumulus Parameterization and Land Surface
	Schemes},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000299649600014}
}

@ARTICLE{Gibbard2005,
  author = {Gibbard, S. and Caldeira, K. and Bala, G. and Phillips, T. J. and
	Wickett, M.},
  title = {{C}limate effects of global land cover change},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {32},
  number = {23},
  abstract = {When changing from grass and croplands to forest, there are two competing
	effects of land cover change on climate: an albedo effect which leads
	to warming and an evapotranspiration effect which tends to produce
	cooling. It is not clear which effect would dominate. We have performed
	simulations of global land cover change using the NCAR CAM3 atmospheric
	general circulation model coupled to a slab ocean model. We find
	that global replacement of current vegetation by trees would lead
	to a global mean warming of 1.3 degrees C, nearly 60% of the warming
	produced under a doubled CO2 concentration, while replacement by
	grasslands would result in a cooling of 0.4 degrees C. It has been
	previously shown that boreal forestation can lead to warming; our
	simulations indicate that mid-latitude forestation also could lead
	to warming. These results suggest that more research is necessary
	before forest carbon storage should be deployed as a mitigation strategy
	for global warming.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {Albedo effect coupled GCM-slab ocean model Evapotranspiration effect
	model Reforestation Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climate effects of global land cover change},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Giese2009,
  author = {Giese, M. and Gao, Y. Z. and Zhao, Y. and Pan, Q. M. and Lin, S.
	and Peth, S. and Brueck, H.},
  title = {{E}ffects of grazing and rainfall variability on root and shoot decomposition
	in a semi-arid grassland},
  journal = {Applied Soil Ecology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {8-18},
  number = {1},
  month = {Jan},
  abstract = {Overgrazing increasingly affects large areas of Inner Mongolian semi-arid
	grasslands. Consequences for ecosystem functions and, in particular,
	for the decomposition as a key process of ecosystem carbon (C) and
	nitrogen (N) cycling are still unclear. We studied the effects of
	grazing on shoot and root decomposition with the litter bag method
	in a long-term grazing exclosure (UG79), a moderate winter grazed
	(WG) and a long-term heavily grazed site (HG). We separated the effects
	of local environmental factors and litter quality as altered by grazing.
	Growing seasons of average and very low precipitation allowed us
	to study the effect of inter annual rainfall variability on decomposition.
	Grazing-induced differences in environmental factors of the three
	studied grassland sites had no effect on decay rates of shoot and
	root dry mass. Also differences in litter quality among the grazing
	sites were not reflected by root decomposition dynamics. The accelerated
	shoot decay at site HG could not clearly be linked to litter quality
	parameters. Shoot decay rates were more or less constant, even under
	very dry conditions. This indicates the possibility of photodegradation
	(solar UV-B radiation) to control aboveground decomposition in this
	semi-arid ecosystem. By selecting the best predictors of root decomposition
	from regression analysis, we found that soil water content was the
	best parameter explaining the dynamics. Net N immobilization was
	generally not detected during the decay process of shoot and root.
	It is likely, when root decomposition is strongly reduced in dry
	periods, shoot decomposition becomes relatively more important for
	nutrient cycling. A separate analysis of shoot and root decay dynamics
	is required in order to describe C and N cycling in this semi-arid
	grassland. The grazing impact on C and N fluxes through decomposition
	of plant material likely exhibits a strong interaction with seasonal
	rainfall pattern. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0929-1393},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Effects of grazing and rainfall variability on root and shoot decomposition
	in a semi-arid grassland},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000262872800002}
}

@ARTICLE{Gimeno2010,
  author = {Gimeno, Luis and Drumond, Anita and Nieto, Raquel and Trigo, Ricardo
	M. and Stohl, Andreas},
  title = {{O}n the origin of continental precipitation},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {37},
  number = {13},
  abstract = {About 9 out of 10 liters of water evaporated from the oceans every
	year precipitates back onto oceans. However, the remaining 10% that
	get transported to continents play an irreplaceable role feeding
	the land branch of the hydrological cycle. Here we use an objective
	3-D Lagrangian model (FLEXPART) to detect major oceanic moisture
	source areas and the associated continental regions significantly
	influenced by each moisture source. Our results reveal a highly asymmetrical
	supply of oceanic moisture to the continents, with the Northern Atlantic
	subtropical ocean source impacting the continents considerably more
	than the large Southern Indian and North Pacific sources. Also, the
	small Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea basins are important moisture
	sources for relatively large land areas. The Indian subcontinent
	receives moisture from six different major oceanic source regions.
	Future changes in meteorological conditions over the oceanic moisture
	source regions may have an impact on water availability for many
	river basins.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {continental precipitation sources of moisture Langrangian approach
	3309 Atmospheric Processes: Climatology 1833 Hydrology: Hydroclimatology
	1836 Hydrology: Hydrological cycles and budgets 3354 Atmospheric
	Processes: Precipitation 3319 Atmospheric Processes: General circulation},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {On the origin of continental precipitation},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043712}
}

@ARTICLE{Gorgen2006,
  author = {Görgen, K. and Lynch, A. H. and Marshall, A. G. and Beringer, J.},
  title = {Impact of abrupt land cover changes by savanna fire on northern {A}ustralian
	climate},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {111},
  pages = {D19106},
  number = {D19},
  abstract = {Dry season fires are probably the largest natural and anthropogenic
	disturbance in the Australian tropical savannas. A large fraction
	of this biome is burned annually. The changed surface properties
	immediately following a fire and during the regrowth period can lead
	to a significant modification of the surface-atmosphere coupling.
	A fire/regrowth scheme has been developed for the Conformal-Cubic
	Atmospheric Model. In a highly constrained setup, it uses forcing
	perturbations that describe the key impacts of a fire as well as
	the changes of the parameters controlling a vegetation regrowth function
	in the soil-canopy model. In good qualitative agreement with observations,
	the fires lead to abrupt changes in the surface radiation and energy
	balances. The boundary layer changes lead subsequently to a regionally
	significantly stronger convection and an intensification of the cyclonic
	circulation in the area of the Pilbara heat low. There is an enhanced
	moisture flux into the lower troposphere that helps to increase precipitation.
	Given a temporal overlap of the regrowth period and the monsoonal
	wet season, there is a significant influence on the simulated precipitation
	associated with the Australian summer monsoon. This is a first step
	of a sensitivity study on the responses of the simulated earth-atmosphere
	system over northern Australia at various scales to the impact of
	temporary land surface changes induced by savanna fire.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {2156-2202},
  keywords = {Australian savanna wildfire C-CAM vegetation regrowth 1632 Land cover
	change 3307 Boundary layer processes 3309 Climatology 3322 Land/atmosphere
	interactions},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of abrupt land cover changes by savanna fire on northern Australian
	climate},
  timestamp = {2013.08.26},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006860}
}

@ARTICLE{Gorgen20061,
  author = {Grgen, K. and Lynch, A. H. and Marshall, A. G. and Beringer, J.},
  title = {Impact of abrupt land cover changes by savanna fire on northern Australian
	climate},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {111},
  pages = {D19106},
  number = {D19},
  abstract = {Dry season fires are probably the largest natural and anthropogenic
	disturbance in the Australian tropical savannas. A large fraction
	of this biome is burned annually. The changed surface properties
	immediately following a fire and during the regrowth period can lead
	to a significant modification of the surface-atmosphere coupling.
	A fire/regrowth scheme has been developed for the Conformal-Cubic
	Atmospheric Model. In a highly constrained setup, it uses forcing
	perturbations that describe the key impacts of a fire as well as
	the changes of the parameters controlling a vegetation regrowth function
	in the soil-canopy model. In good qualitative agreement with observations,
	the fires lead to abrupt changes in the surface radiation and energy
	balances. The boundary layer changes lead subsequently to a regionally
	significantly stronger convection and an intensification of the cyclonic
	circulation in the area of the Pilbara heat low. There is an enhanced
	moisture flux into the lower troposphere that helps to increase precipitation.
	Given a temporal overlap of the regrowth period and the monsoonal
	wet season, there is a significant influence on the simulated precipitation
	associated with the Australian summer monsoon. This is a first step
	of a sensitivity study on the responses of the simulated earth-atmosphere
	system over northern Australia at various scales to the impact of
	temporary land surface changes induced by savanna fire.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {2156-2202},
  keywords = {Australian savanna wildfire C-CAM vegetation regrowth 1632 Land cover
	change 3307 Boundary layer processes 3309 Climatology 3322 Land/atmosphere
	interactions},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of abrupt land cover changes by savanna fire on northern Australian
	climate},
  timestamp = {2013.08.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006860}
}

@ARTICLE{Griensven2006,
  author = {van Griensven, A. and Meixner, T. and Grunwald, S. and Bishop, T.
	and Diluzio, M. and Srinivasan, R.},
  title = {A global sensitivity analysis tool for the parameters of multi-variable
	catchment models},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {324},
  pages = {10-23},
  number = {1-4},
  abstract = {Over-parameterisation is a well-known and often described problem
	in hydrological models, especially for distributed models. Therefore,
	methods to reduce the number of parameters via sensitivity analysis
	are important for the efficient use of these models. This paper describes
	a novel sampling strategy that is a combination of latin-hypercube
	and one-factor-at-a-time sampling that allows a global sensitivity
	analysis for a long list of parameters with only a limited number
	of model runs. The method is illustrated with an application of the
	water flow and water quality parameters of the distributed water
	quality program SWAT, considering flow, suspended sediment, total
	nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate and ammonia outputs at several
	locations in the Upper North Bosque River catchment in Texas and
	the Sandusky River catchment in Ohio. The application indicates that
	the methodology works successfully. The results also show that hydrologic
	parameters are dominant in controlling water quality predictions.
	Finally, the sensitivity results are not transferable between basins
	and thus the analysis needs to be conducted separately for each study
	catchment.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  keywords = {Model parameters River Sensitivity analysis Water quality},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A global sensitivity analysis tool for the parameters of multi-variable
	catchment models},
  timestamp = {2013.01.02},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169405004488}
}

@ARTICLE{Guerschman2008,
  author = {Guerschman, J.P. and Van Dijk, A. and McVicar, T.R. and Van Niel,
	T.G. and Li, L. and Liu, Y. and Pe\~{n}a-Arancibia, J.},
  title = {{W}ater balance estimates from satellite observations over the {M}urray-{D}arling
	{B}asin},
  journal = {Report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Murray-Darling
	Basin Sustainable Yields project},
  year = {2008},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Water balance estimates from satellite observations over the Murray-Darling
	Basin},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Guswa2002,
  author = {Guswa, Andrew J. and Celia, M. A. and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I.},
  title = {Models of soil moisture dynamics in ecohydrology: {A} comparative
	study},
  journal = {Water Resources Research},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {5-1 - 5-15},
  number = {9},
  abstract = {An accurate description of plant ecology requires an understanding
	of the interplay between precipitation, infiltration, and evapotranspiration.
	A simple model for soil moisture dynamics, which does not resolve
	spatial variations in saturation, facilitates analytical expressions
	of soil and plant behavior as functions of climate, soil, and vegetation
	characteristics. Proper application of such a model requires knowledge
	of the conditions under which the underlying simplifications are
	appropriate. To address this issue, we compare predictions of evapotranspiration
	and root zone saturation over a growing season from a simple bucket-filling
	model to those from a more complex, vertically resolved model. Dimensionless
	groups of key parameters measure the quality of the match between
	the models. For a climate, soil, and woody plant characteristic of
	an African savanna the predictions of the two models are quite similar
	if the plant can extract water from locally wet regions to make up
	for roots in dry portions of the soil column; if not, the match is
	poor.},
  comment = {guswa02},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  keywords = {1818 Hydrology: Evapotranspiration 1851 Hydrology: Plant ecology 1866
	Hydrology: Soil moisture 1875 Hydrology: Unsaturated zone},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  shorttitle = {Models of soil moisture dynamics in ecohydrology: A comparative study},
  timestamp = {2013.08.20},
  url = {http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2002/2001WR000826.shtml http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000826}
}

@BOOK{Hagemann1999,
  title = {{D}erivation of global {GCM} boundary conditions from 1 km land use
	satellite data},
  publisher = {Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie},
  year = {1999},
  author = {Hagemann, S. and Botzet, M. and Dümenil, L. and Machenhauer, B.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Derivation of global GCM boundary conditions from 1 km land use satellite
	data},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30}
}

@ARTICLE{Hales2004,
  author = {Hales, Katrina and Neelin, J. David and Zeng, Ning},
  title = {{S}ensitivity of Tropical Land Climate to Leaf Area Index: {R}ole
	of Surface Conductance versus Albedo},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {1459-1473},
  number = {7},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Sensitivity of Tropical Land Climate to Leaf Area Index: Role of Surface
	Conductance versus Albedo*},
  timestamp = {2012.12.16},
  url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0442%282004%29017%3C1459%3ASOTLCT%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@BOOK{Hartmann1994,
  title = {{G}lobal physical climatology},
  publisher = {Academic Press, Inc},
  year = {1994},
  author = {Hartmann, Dennis L.},
  volume = {56},
  series = {International Geophysics},
  address = {San Diego},
  comment = {hartmann94},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {0123285305},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Global physical climatology},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Hasler2007,
  author = {Hasler, Natalia and Avissar, Roni},
  title = {{W}hat Controls Evapotranspiration in the {A}mazon Basin?},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {380-395},
  number = {3},
  month = {2007/06/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1525-755X},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {What Controls Evapotranspiration in the Amazon Basin?},
  timestamp = {2012.07.19},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JHM587.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Hastie1986,
  author = {Hastie, Trevor and Tibshirani, Robert},
  title = {Generalized additive models},
  journal = {Statistical science},
  year = {1986},
  pages = {297-310},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0883-4237},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Generalized additive models},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Hatton1997,
  author = {Hatton, TJ and Salvucci, GD and Wu, HI},
  title = {Eagleson’s optimality theory of an ecohydrological equilibrium: quo
	vadis?},
  journal = {Functional Ecology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {665-674},
  number = {6},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1365-2435},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Eagleson’s optimality theory of an ecohydrological equilibrium: quo
	vadis?},
  timestamp = {2013.07.20}
}

@ARTICLE{Hatton1993,
  author = {Hatton, T. J. and Pierce, L. L. and Walker, J.},
  title = {{E}cohydrological Changes in the {M}urray-{D}arling {B}asin .2. {D}evelopment
	and Tests of a Water-Balance Model},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {274-282},
  number = {2},
  comment = {hatton93},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0021-8901},
  keywords = {regional water balance canopy conductance soil water potential soil
	evaporation eucalyptus-maculata hook forest leaf-area incomplete
	cover canopy dynamics row crop evapotranspiration evaporation transpiration
	responses trees},
  owner = {Sue},
  pdf = { 1. The hydrological part of the FOREST-BGC model was originally developed to estimate evaporation (ET) loss from coniferous forests in the USA. Application of the model to eucalypt communities in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) in Australia required both modification and testing of the model. 2. A soil evaporation component was added following Ritchie (1972). Leaf water potential, originally expressed as a function of soil water content (given as a fraction of field capacity), was altered to reflect soil water potential. To model better the interaction between the evaporation of free intercepted water from the canopy and transpiration, the model was modified after McNaughton & Black (1973) to reflect the suppression of transpiration by a wet canopy. 3. The modified model was tested against data from two Australian plant communities. The first data set was a lysimeter study of water loss from a coastal eucalypt forest; the second soil moisture data set was from a semi-arid eucalypt woodland in the MDB. Predicted soil water deficits agreed well with observed values in both systems. The study demonstrated the potential of such a model for estimating how changes in land cover or climate might affect local and regional water balances.},
  shorttitle = {Ecohydrological Changes in the Murray-Darling Basin .2. Development
	and Tests of a Water-Balance Model},
  timestamp = {2012.12.16},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993LD45700007}
}

@ARTICLE{Hauck2011,
  author = {Hauck, Christian and Barthlott, Christian and Krauss, Liane and Kalthoff,
	Norbert},
  title = {{S}oil moisture variability and its influence on convective precipitation
	over complex terrain},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {137},
  pages = {42-56},
  number = {S1},
  abstract = {Soil moisture monitoring data from the Convective and Orographically-induced
	Precipitation Study (COPS) 2007 are combined with operational and
	high-resolution simulations with the weather forecast system GME/COSMO-DE
	to analyse the discrepancies between observed and modelled soil moisture
	fields and their potential impacts on convective precipitation forecasts.
	We use data from the newly installed soil moisture monitoring network
	comprising 47 stations with soil moisture sensors installed at three
	different depths within the COPS area in southwest Germany. The obtained
	soil moisture fields are compared to their related representation
	within the global model GME interpolated with high-resolution soil
	and surface data to a 2.8 km resolution yielding soil moisture values
	on the same grid as the high-resolution model COSMO-DE. Systematic
	differences between modelled and measured soil moisture values are
	found and used to determine the potential impact of large soil moisture
	biases for the modelling of convective processes. This is achieved
	by conducting sensitivity tests using COSMO-DE, in which the initialisation
	fields of soil moisture are varied. Results show a general mean bias
	towards too dry soil conditions, both in GME during the whole COPS
	period, as well as in the high-resolution modelling of specific COPS
	IOPs with COSMO-DE. The influence of this bias on simulated precipitation
	is significant and non-trivial and depends on the specifics of the
	analysed case study. The results presented in this study demonstrate
	that soil moisture has a considerable impact on convection-related
	parameters over complex and heterogeneous terrain, but that no simple
	relationship regarding the sign of the soil moistureâ€“precipitation
	feedback could be identified due to a complex interplay between various
	factors that favour or inhibit convection initiation. Copyright Â©
	2011 Royal Meteorological Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1477-870X},
  keywords = {COPS soil moisture monitoring network COSMO model Black Forest convection
	initiation},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  shorttitle = {Soil moisture variability and its influence on convective precipitation
	over complex terrain},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.766}
}

@ARTICLE{Heck2001,
  author = {Heck, Pamela and Lüthi, Daniel and Wernli, Heini and Schär, Christoph},
  title = {{C}limate impacts of {E}uropean-scale anthropogenic vegetation changes:
	{A} sensitivity study using a regional climate model},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {106},
  pages = {7817-7835},
  number = {D8},
  abstract = {Summertime seasonal simulations with a regional climate model covering
	Europe and the North Atlantic are used to assess the sensitivity
	of the European climate with respect to continental-scale anthropogenic
	vegetation changes. An ensemble of six control integrations with
	present-day vegetation parameters (April until August, 1987-1992)
	is compared against an ensemble of six sensitivity experiments (for
	the same time period and years) using a potential distribution as
	obtained from a vegetation model. The two vegetation distributions
	differ strongly in the Mediterranean region, reflecting the anthropogenic
	deforestation that took place during the last 2000 years. The numerical
	simulations reveal that the additional vegetation in the sensitivity
	experiment leads to a moister and cooler spring, followed by a drier
	and warmer summer. The following key physical processes were identified:
	Evapotranspiration is increased in the simulation with potential
	vegetation during the period from April until mid-July, thus cooling
	the Earth surface, moistening the boundary layer, reducing vertical
	stability, and eventually enhancing precipitation. In mid-July, soil
	moisture values in the experiment with potential vegetation drop
	locally below a critical value (as a consequence of the larger springtime
	evapotranspiration rates), whereupon transpiration is almost completely
	inhibited during the following 2 months. This leads to a sign reversal
	of the sensitivity to vegetation cover. This contrasting behavior
	during spring and summer is consistently simulated for all 6 years
	considered. The results thus demonstrate that vegetation substantially
	impacts upon the summertime climate in the Mediterranean region.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {Climate impacts of European-scale anthropogenic vegetation changes:
	A sensitivity study using a regional climate model},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900673}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Heerwaarden2010a,
  author = {van Heerwaarden, Chiel C.},
  title = {{S}urface evaporation and water vapor transport in the convective
	boundary layer},
  school = {Wageningen University},
  year = {2010},
  address = {Wageningen},
  endnotereftype = {Thesis},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Surface evaporation and water vapor transport in the convective boundary
	layer},
  timestamp = {2012.07.18}
}

@ARTICLE{Heerwaarden2010,
  author = {van Heerwaarden, Chiel C. and de Arellano, Jordi Vil\`{a} -Guerau
	and Gounou, Amanda and Guichard, Fran\c{c}oise and Couvreux, Fleur},
  title = {{U}nderstanding the Daily Cycle of Evapotranspiration: {A} Method
	to Quantify the Influence of Forcings and Feedbacks},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {1405-1422},
  number = {6},
  month = {2010/12/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1525-755X},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {Understanding the Daily Cycle of Evapotranspiration: A Method to Quantify
	the Influence of Forcings and Feedbacks},
  timestamp = {2012.07.17},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1272.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Henderson-Sellers1993,
  author = {Henderson-Sellers, A. and Dickinson, R. E. and Durbidge, T. B. and
	Kennedy, P. J. and McGuffie, K. and Pitman, A. J.},
  title = {TROPICAL DEFORESTATION - MODELING LOCAL-SCALE TO REGIONAL-SCALE CLIMATE
	CHANGE},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {98},
  pages = {7289-7315},
  number = {D4},
  abstract = {A tropical deforestation experiment has been conducted in which the
	tropical moist forest throughout the Amazon Basin and SE Asia has
	been replaced by scrub grassland in a version of the National Center
	for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (Version 1), which
	also incorporates a mixed layer ocean and the Biosphere-Atmosphere
	Transfer Scheme. In both regions we find a smaller temperature increase
	than did all other previous experiments except that of Henderson-Sellers
	and Gornitz (1984); indeed, temperatures decrease in some months.
	On the other hand, we find larger runoff decreases and a larger difference
	between the changes in evaporation and precipitation than all earlier
	experiments indicating a basin-wide decrease in moisture convergence.
	Disturbances in South America extend beyond the region of land-surface
	change causing temperature reductions and precipitation increases
	to the south of the deforested Amazon. Changes to the surface climate
	in the deforested area take between 1 to 2 years to become fully
	established although the root zone soil moisture is still decreasing
	in year 3 and the variability of soil moisture and total cloud amount
	continue increasing throughout the 6-year integration. Besides temperature
	and precipitation, other fields show statistically significant alterations,
	especially evaporation and net surface radiation (both decreased).},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {Amazon model precipitation Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {TROPICAL DEFORESTATION - MODELING LOCAL-SCALE TO REGIONAL-SCALE CLIMATE
	CHANGE},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Herbert2010,
  author = {Herbert, C. and Paillard, D. and Dubrulle, B.},
  title = {{E}ntropy production and multiple equilibria: {T}he case of the ice-albedo
	feedback},
  journal = {Entropy},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {325-355},
  abstract = {Nonlinear feedbacks in the Earth System provide mechanisms that can
	prove very useful in understanding complex dynamics with relatively
	simple concepts. For example, the temperature and the ice cover of
	the planet are linked in a positive feedback which gives birth to
	multiple equilibria for some values of the solar constant: fully
	ice-covered Earth, ice-free Earth and an intermediate unstable solution.
	In this study, we show an analogy between a classical dynamical system
	approach to this problem and a Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) principle
	view, and we suggest a glimpse on how to reconcile MEP with the time
	evolution of a variable. It enables us in particular to resolve the
	question of the stability of the entropy production maxima. We also
	compare the surface heat flux obtained with MEP and with the bulk-aerodynamic
	formula.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Entropy production and multiple equilibria: the case of the ice-albedo
	feedback},
  timestamp = {2012.12.13}
}

@BOOK{Hipel1994,
  title = {{T}ime series modelling of water resources and environmental systems},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science Ltd},
  year = {1994},
  author = {Hipel, K.W. and McLeod, A.I.},
  volume = {45},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {0444892702},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Time series modelling of water resources and environmental systems},
  timestamp = {2012.01.11}
}

@ARTICLE{Hirota2011,
  author = {Hirota, Marina and Oyama, Marcos Daisuke and Nobre, Carlos},
  title = {{C}oncurrent climate impacts of tropical {S}outh {A}merica land-cover
	change},
  journal = {Atmospheric Science Letters},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {261-267},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {The climatic effects of concurrent land-cover changes in Amazonia
	and Northeast Brazil (NEB) were evaluated by simulations using the
	Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies Atmospheric General
	Circulation Model (CPTEC-AGCM). Three experiments were performed:
	Amazon savannization, NEB desertification and both land-cover changes
	occurring concurrently. We found that land-cover change from adjacent
	areas do affect both Amazon and NEB regions and that the negative
	precipitation anomaly in NEB due to concurrent land-cover changes
	in Amazon and NEB is weaker than the linear addition of the anomalies
	considering the land-cover changes separately (synergistic behaviour).
	A simple mechanism was proposed to explain this behaviour. Copyright.
	2011 Royal Meteorological Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1530-261X},
  keywords = {amazonia CPTEC_AGCM model northeast brazil precipitation South America},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Concurrent climate impacts of tropical South America land-cover change},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/asl.329/asset/329_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=h9973zkd&s=344008da75f577d9fd66bde692b1cf1d37ee5f28}
}

@ARTICLE{Hirsch1985,
  author = {Hirsch, Robert M. and Gilroy, Edward J.},
  title = {{D}etectability of step trends in the rate of atmospheric deposition
	of sulfate},
  journal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {773-784},
  number = {5},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1752-1688},
  keywords = {precipitation chemistry statistics trends network design},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {DETECTABILITY OF STEP TRENDS IN THE RATE OF ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION
	OF SULFATE1},
  timestamp = {2012.01.11},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb00171.x}
}

@ARTICLE{Hnatiuk2003,
  author = {Hnatiuk, R. and Tickle, P. and Wood, MS and Howell, C.},
  title = {{D}efining {A}ustralian forests},
  journal = {Australian Forestry},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {176-183},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0004-9158},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Defining Australian forests},
  timestamp = {2011.12.21}
}

@ARTICLE{Hoerling2006,
  author = {Hoerling, Martin and Hurrell, James and Eischeid, Jon and Phillips,
	Adam},
  title = {{D}etection and Attribution of Twentieth-Century Northern and Southern
	{A}frican Rainfall Change},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {3989-4008},
  number = {16},
  month = {2006/08/01},
  abstract = {The spatial patterns, time history, and seasonality of African rainfall
	trends since 1950 are found to be deducible from the atmosphere’s
	response to the known variations of global sea surface temperatures
	(SSTs). The robustness of the oceanic impact is confirmed through
	the diagnosis of 80 separate 50-yr climate simulations across a suite
	of atmospheric general circulation models. Drying over the Sahel
	during boreal summer is shown to be a response to warming of the
	South Atlantic relative to North Atlantic SST, with the ensuing anomalous
	interhemispheric SST contrast favoring a more southern position of
	the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone. Southern African drying
	during austral summer is shown to be a response to Indian Ocean warming,
	with enhanced atmospheric convection over those warm waters driving
	subsidence drying over Africa.

	The ensemble of greenhouse-gas-forced experiments, conducted as part
	of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
	Climate Change, fails to simulate the pattern or amplitude of the
	twentieth-century African drying, indicating that the drought conditions
	were likely of natural origin. For the period 2000-49, the ensemble
	mean of the forced experiments yields a wet signal over the Sahel
	and a dry signal over southern Africa. These rainfall changes are
	physically consistent with a projected warming of the North Atlantic
	Ocean compared with the South Atlantic Ocean, and a further warming
	of the Indian Ocean. However, considerable spread exists among the
	individual members of the multimodel ensemble.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {Detection and Attribution of Twentieth-Century Northern and Southern
	African Rainfall Change},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3842.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Hoffmann2003,
  author = {Hoffmann, W. A. and Schroeder, W. and Jackson, R. B.},
  title = {{R}egional feedbacks among fire, climate, and tropical deforestation},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {108},
  number = {D23},
  abstract = {Numerous studies with general circulation models suggest that tropical
	deforestation can result in regional-scale climate change; namely,
	increased air temperature and wind speed and reduced precipitation
	and relative humidity. To quantify how this climate change should
	affect fire risk, we used the National Center for Atmospheric Research
	(NCAR) CCM3.2 general circulation model and remote sensing to estimate
	the effect of tropical deforestation on fire risk through the McArthur
	forest fire danger index (FFDI). Deforestation reduced precipitation
	and relative humidity and increased wind speed in the Amazon, Congo,
	and Indonesia/New Guinea. FFDI increased by 41, 56, and 58% in these
	three regions, respectively, primarily owing to higher wind speeds
	and reduced precipitation. Actual fire occurrence in the Amazon,
	as determined from NOAA-12 images, was strongly correlated with the
	FFDI calculated from meteorological data ( P much less than 0.0001).
	Using the observed relationship between FFDI and fire occurrence,
	we estimate increases in fire frequency of 44, 80, and 123%, in the
	Amazon, Congo, and Indonesia, respectively, with deforestation. In
	all three regions the largest relative increases in fire risk occurred
	in the more humid areas with the lowest original fire risk.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Regional feedbacks among fire, climate, and tropical deforestation},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Hogg2000,
  author = {Hogg, E. H. and Price, D. T. and Black, T. A.},
  title = {{P}ostulated feedbacks of deciduous forest phenology on seasonal
	climate patterns in the western {C}anadian interior},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {4229-4243},
  number = {24},
  abstract = {A large portion of the western Canadian interior exhibits a distinctive
	seasonal pattern in long-term mean surface temperatures characterized
	by anomalously warmer conditions in spring and autumn than would
	be expected from a sinusoidal model. The anomaly is greatest over
	the southern boreal forest of western Canada, where trembling aspen
	(Populus tremuloides Michx.)-a deciduous, broad-leaved species-is
	an important component. In this region, mean temperatures are 2 degrees
	-3 degreesC warmer in April and October but nearly 2 degreesC cooler
	in June and July, relative to a best-fitting sinusoidal function.
	Another feature of the climate in this region is that average precipitation
	is low (15-30 mm month(-1)) from October to April but increases sharply
	during the summer growing season (50-100 mm month(-1) from June to
	August). Eddy correlation and sap flow measurements in a boreal aspen
	forest indicate profound seasonal changes in transpiration and energy
	partitioning associated with the deciduous nature of the forest canopy.
	Latent heat (water vapor) flux reaches a maximum during the summer
	period when leaves are present, while sensible heat flux is highest
	in early spring when the forest is leafless. Thus, it is postulated
	that feedbacks of leaf phenology of aspen forests, which occupy a
	large area of the western Canadian interior, may contribute significantly
	to the distinctive seasonal patterns of mean temperature and precipitation
	that occur in this region.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Postulated feedbacks of deciduous forest phenology on seasonal climate
	patterns in the western Canadian interior},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000165989100001 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0442%282000%29013%3C4229%3APFODFP%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@ARTICLE{Hohenegger2009,
  author = {Hohenegger, Cathy and Brockhaus, Peter and Bretherton, Christopher
	S. and Sch\"{a}r, C.r, Christoph},
  title = {{T}he {S}oil {M}oisture - {P}recipitation {F}eedback in {S}imulations
	with {E}xplicit and {P}arameterized {C}onvection},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {5003-5020},
  number = {19},
  month = {2009/10/01},
  abstract = {Moist convection is a key aspect of the extratropical summer climate
	and strongly affects the delicate balance of processes that determines
	the surface climate in response to larger-scale forcings. Previous
	studies using parameterized convection have found that the feedback
	between soil moisture and precipitation is predominantly positive
	(more precipitation over wet soils) over Europe. Here this feedback
	is investigated for one full month (July 2006) over the Alpine region
	using two different model configurations. The first one employs regional
	climate simulations performed with the Consortium for Small-Scale
	Modeling Model in Climate Mode (CCLM) on a grid spacing of 25 km.
	The second one uses the same model but integrated on a cloud-resolving
	grid of 2.2 km, allowing an explicit treatment of convection. Each
	configuration comprises one control and two sensitivity experiments.
	The latter start from perturbed soil moisture initial conditions.
	Comparison of the simulated soil moisture-precipitation feedback
	reveals significant differences between the two systems. The 25-km
	simulations sustain a strong positive feedback, while those at 2.2-km
	resolution are associated with a predominantly negative feedback.
	Thus the two systems yield not only different strengths of this key
	feedback but also different signs. This has important implications,
	with the cloud-resolving model exhibiting a shorter soil moisture
	memory and a smaller soil moisture-temperature feedback. Analysis
	shows that the different feedback signs relate to the sensitivity
	of the simulated convective development to the presence of a stable
	layer sitting on top of the planetary boundary layer. In the 2.2-km
	integrations, dry initial soil moisture conditions yield more vigorous
	thermals (owing to stronger daytime heating), which can more easily
	break through the stable air barrier, thereby leading to deep convection
	and ultimately to a negative soil moisture-precipitation feedback
	loop. In the 25-km integrations, deep convection is much less sensitive
	to the stable layer because of the design of the employed convective
	parameterization. The authors also show that there are considerable
	differences in the simulated soil moisture-precipitation feedback
	between low-resolution modeling frameworks using different cloud
	convection schemes.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {The Soil Moistureâ€“Precipitation Feedback in Simulations with Explicit
	and Parameterized Convection},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2604.1}
}

@BOOK{Holland2011,
  title = {Transpiration Water Use and Ecophysiology of Riparian Vegetation
	at the Bookpurnong Floodplain},
  publisher = {CSIRO},
  year = {2011},
  author = {Holland, K. and Doody, T.M. and Jolly, I.D. and Australia, S. and
	Authority, M.D.B.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Transpiration Water Use and Ecophysiology of Riparian Vegetation at
	the Bookpurnong Floodplain},
  timestamp = {2012.12.22}
}

@STANDARD{Holper2011,
  title = {Climate Change, Science Information Paper: Australian Rainfall-Past,
	Present and Future},
  author = {Holper, Paul N.},
  howpublished = {Canberra: CSIRO},
  year = {2011},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climate Change, Science Information Paper: Australian Rainfall: Past,
	Present and Future},
  timestamp = {2013.08.21}
}

@ARTICLE{Hopkins1993,
  author = {Hopkins, MS and Ash, J. and Graham, AW and Head, J. and Hewett, RK},
  title = {{C}harcoal evidence of the spatial extent of the {E}ucalyptus woodland
	expansions and rainforest contractions in {N}orth {Q}ueensland during
	the late {P}leistocene},
  journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
  year = {1993},
  pages = {357-372},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0305-0270},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Charcoal evidence of the spatial extent of the Eucalyptus woodland
	expansions and rainforest contractions in North Queensland during
	the late Pleistocene},
  timestamp = {2012.07.17}
}

@ARTICLE{Hossain2010,
  author = {Hossain, F.},
  title = {{E}mpirical Relationship between Large Dams and the Alteration in
	Extreme Precipitation},
  journal = {Natural Hazards Review},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {97-101},
  number = {3},
  month = {Aug},
  abstract = {This study looks at the empirical relationship between the presence
	of large dams and the potential alteration in extreme precipitation
	patterns in their vicinity. The global analysis indicates that extreme
	precipitation has altered considerably more than mean precipitation
	during the last century. We found this alteration to be more pronounced
	during the postdam period where the 99th percentile of precipitation
	experienced an average of 4% increase per year in magnitude. While
	the density of dams within a given radius did not correlate tangibly
	with the change in the percentile value, the frequency of rain (average
	number of rainy days per year) was found to have twice as much correlation
	during the postdam period than during the predam period. In general,
	dams in the regions of southern Africa, India, the Western United
	States, and Central Asia were found to have increased extreme precipitation
	more than other regions. It also appeared that large dams alter extreme
	precipitation patterns more in the arid/semiarid regions more than
	other places. The study confirms that the impact of large dams on
	extreme precipitation is clearly a function of surrounding mesoscale
	and land-use conditions and that more research is necessary to gain
	insights on the physical mechanisms of precipitation alteration by
	dams. What is needed hereafter to understand how a reservoir triggers
	changes in precipitation patterns and affects dam safety is a coupled
	land-atmosphere modeling approach. Due to the interactions of the
	atmospheric processes with surface water, understanding and predicting
	the effect that human-modified flood-frequency behavior has on sustainable
	dam design and reservoir operations cannot be achieved by stand-alone
	hydrologic-hydraulic models as has been historically pursued by the
	engineering profession.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1527-6988},
  keywords = {asia},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Empirical Relationship between Large Dams and the Alteration in Extreme
	Precipitation},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000294424200002 http://link.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=NHREFO000011000003000097000001}
}

@ARTICLE{Howden2012,
  author = {Howden, Saffron},
  title = {It's official: Australia no longer in drought},
  journal = {Brisbane Times},
  year = {2012},
  note = {27 April, 2012. {A}vailable online at \url{http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/environment/weather/its-official-australia-no-longer-in-drought-20120427-1xpsp.html},
	viewed on 23/08/2013},
  endnotereftype = {Newspaper Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {It's official: Australia no longer in drought},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Hughes2003,
  author = {Hughes, Lesley},
  title = {{C}limate change and {A}ustralia: {T}rends, projections and impacts},
  journal = {Austral Ecology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {423-443},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {Abstract  This review summarizes recent research in Australia on:
	(i) climate and geophysical trends over the last few decades; (ii)
	projections for climate change in the 21st century; (iii) predicted
	impacts from modelling studies on particular ecosystems and native
	species; and (iv) ecological effects that have apparently occurred
	as a response to recent warming. Consistent with global trends, Australia
	has warmed ∼0.8°C over the last century with minimum temperatures
	warming faster than maxima. There have been significant regional
	trends in rainfall with the northern, eastern and southern parts
	of the continent receiving greater rainfall and the western region
	receiving less. Higher rainfall has been associated with an increase
	in the number of rain days and heavy rainfall events. Sea surface
	temperatures on the Great Barrier Reef have increased and are associated
	with an increase in the frequency and severity of coral bleaching
	and mortality. Sea level rises in Australia have been regionally
	variable, and considerably less than the global average. Snow cover
	and duration have declined significantly at some sites in the Snowy
	Mountains. CSIRO projections for future climatic changes indicate
	increases in annual average temperatures of 0.4-2.0°C by 2030 (relative
	to 1990) and 1.0-6.0°C by 2070. Considerable uncertainty remains
	as to future changes in rainfall, El Niño Southern Oscillation events
	and tropical cyclone activity. Overall increases in potential evaporation
	over much of the continent are predicted as well as continued reductions
	in the extent and duration of snow cover. Future changes in temperature
	and rainfall are predicted to have significant impacts on most vegetation
	types that have been modelled to date, although the interactive effect
	of continuing increases in atmospheric CO2 has not been incorporated
	into most modelling studies. Elevated CO2 will most likely mitigate
	some of the impacts of climate change by reducing water stress. Future
	impacts on particular ecosystems include increased forest growth,
	alterations in competitive regimes between C3 and C4 grasses, increasing
	encroachment of woody shrubs into arid and semiarid rangelands, continued
	incursion of mangrove communities into freshwater wetlands, increasing
	frequency of coral bleaching, and establishment of woody species
	at increasingly higher elevations in the alpine zone. Modelling of
	potential impacts on specific Australian taxa using bioclimatic analysis
	programs such as bioclim consistently predicts contraction and/or
	fragmentation of species' current ranges. The bioclimates of some
	species of plants and vertebrates are predicted to disappear entirely
	with as little as 0.5-1.0°C of warming. Australia lacks the long-term
	datasets and tradition of phenological monitoring that have allowed
	the detection of climate-change-related trends in the Northern Hemisphere.
	Long-term changes in Australian vegetation can be mostly attributed
	to alterations in fire regimes, clearing and grazing, but some trends,
	such as encroachment of rainforest into eucalypt woodlands, and establishment
	of trees in subalpine meadows probably have a climatic component.
	Shifts in species distributions toward the south (bats, birds), upward
	in elevation (alpine mammals) or along changing rainfall contours
	(birds, semiarid reptiles), have recently been documented and offer
	circumstantial evidence that temperature and rainfall trends are
	already affecting geographic ranges. Future research directions suggested
	include giving more emphasis to the study of climatic impacts and
	understanding the factors that control species distributions, incorporating
	the effects of elevated CO2 into climatic modelling for vegetation
	and selecting suitable species as indicators of climate-induced change.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1442-9993},
  keywords = {Australia climate change climate projections rainfall species impacts
	temperature},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {Blackwell Science Pty},
  shorttitle = {Climate change and Australia: Trends, projections and impacts},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01300.x}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hurrell2009,
  author = {Hurrell, J.},
  title = {{D}ecadal climate prediction: {C}hallenges and opportunities},
  booktitle = {IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {6},
  publisher = {IOP Publishing},
  endnotereftype = {Conference Proceedings},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Decadal climate prediction: Challenges and opportunities},
  timestamp = {2011.12.21}
}

@ARTICLE{Hyndman2000,
  author = {Hyndman, Rob J. and Grunwald, Gary K.},
  title = {{A}pplications: {G}eneralized {A}dditive {M}odelling of {M}ixed {D}istribution
	{M}arkov {M}odels with {A}pplication to {M}elbourne's {R}ainfall},
  journal = {Australian \& New Zealand Journal of Statistics},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {145-158},
  number = {2},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1467-842X},
  keywords = {binary time series droughts dry spells gamma time series generalized
	additive model generalized linear model Markov model mixture distribution
	non-Gaussian time series southern oscillation index.},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Applications: Generalized Additive Modelling of Mixed Distribution
	Markov Models with Application to Melbourne's Rainfall},
  timestamp = {2012.02.27},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-842X.00115}
}

@ARTICLE{Jarvis1976,
  author = {Jarvis, PG},
  title = {The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and
	stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series
	B, Biological Sciences},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {273},
  pages = {593-610},
  number = {927},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0080-4622},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal
	conductance found in canopies in the field},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17}
}

@ARTICLE{Jarvis1986,
  author = {Jarvis, PG and McNaughton, KG},
  title = {{S}tornatal control of transpiration: {S}caling up from leaf to region},
  journal = {Adv. Ecol. Res},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {1-49},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Stornatal control of transpiration: Scaling up from leaf to region},
  timestamp = {2012.12.16}
}

@ARTICLE{Jauregui1991,
  author = {Jauregui, E.},
  title = {{E}ffects of revegetation and new artificial water bodies on the
	climate of northeast {M}exico-city},
  journal = {Energy and Buildings},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {447-455},
  number = {3-4},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0378-7788},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {EFFECTS OF REVEGETATION AND NEW ARTIFICIAL WATER BODIES ON THE CLIMATE
	OF NORTHEAST MEXICO-CITY},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FZ90700020}
}

@ARTICLE{Jayawickreme2011,
  author = {Jayawickreme, Dushmantha H. and Santoni, Celina S. and Kim, John
	H. and Jobb\'{a}gy, Esteban G. and Jackson, Robert B.},
  title = {{C}hanges in hydrology and salinity accompanying a century of agricultural
	conversion in {A}rgentina},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {2367-2379},
  number = {7},
  month = {2011/10/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Ecological Society of America},
  shorttitle = {Changes in hydrology and salinity accompanying a century of agricultural
	conversion in Argentina},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-2086.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Jones2009,
  author = {Jones, D.A. and Wang, W. and Fawcett, R.},
  title = {High-quality spatial climate data-sets for Australia},
  journal = {Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {233-248},
  number = {4},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {High-quality spatial climate data-sets for Australia},
  timestamp = {2014.05.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Junkermann2009,
  author = {Junkermann, W. and Hacker, J. and Lyons, T. and Nair, U.},
  title = {{L}and use change suppresses precipitation},
  journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {6531-6539},
  number = {17},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1680-7316},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Land use change suppresses precipitation},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000269778500018}
}

@ARTICLE{Kamruzzaman2011,
  author = {Kamruzzaman, M. and Beecham, S. and Metcalfe, A. V.},
  title = {{N}on-stationarity in rainfall and temperature in the {M}urray {D}arling
	{B}asin},
  journal = {Hydrological Processes},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {1659-1675},
  number = {10},
  abstract = {Two analyses, one based on multiple regression and the other using
	the Holt-Winters algorithm, for investigating non-stationarity in
	environmental time series are presented. They are applied to monthly
	rainfall and average maximum temperature time series of lengths between
	38 and 108 years, from six stations in the Murray Darling Basin and
	four cities in eastern Australia. The first analysis focuses on the
	residuals after fitting regression models which allow for seasonal
	variation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Southern
	Oscillation Index (SOI). The models provided evidence that rainfall
	is reduced during periods of negative SOI, and that the interaction
	between PDO and SOI pronounces this effect during periods of negative
	PDO. Following this, there was no evidence of any trend in either
	the PDO or SOI time series. The residuals from this regression were
	analysed with a cumulative sum (CUSUM) technique, and the statistical
	significance was assessed using a Monte Carlo method. The residuals
	were also analysed for volatility, autocorrelation, long-range dependence
	and spatial correlation. For all ten rainfall and temperature time
	series, CUSUM plots of the residuals provided evidence of non-stationarity
	for both temperature and rainfall, after removing seasonal effects
	and the effects of PDO and SOI. Rainfall was generally lower in the
	first half of the twentieth century and higher during the second
	half. However, it decreased again over the last 10 years. This pattern
	was highlighted with 5-year moving average plots. The residuals for
	temperature showed a complementary pattern with increases in temperature
	corresponding to decreased rainfall. The second analysis decomposed
	the rainfall and temperature time series into random variation about
	an underlying level, trend and additive seasonal effects and changes
	in the level; trend and seasonal effects were tracked using a Holt-Winters
	algorithm. The results of this analysis were qualitatively similar
	to those of the regression analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley
	& Sons, Ltd.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1099-1085},
  keywords = {CUSUM Holt-Winters rainfall temperature climate change},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  shorttitle = {Non-stationarity in rainfall and temperature in the Murray Darling
	Basin},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7928}
}

@ARTICLE{Kanae2001,
  author = {Kanae, S. and Oki, T. and Musiake, K.},
  title = {{I}mpact of deforestation on regional precipitation over the {I}ndochina
	{P}eninsula},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {51-70},
  number = {1},
  month = {Feb},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1525-755X},
  keywords = {asia},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Impact of deforestation on regional precipitation over the Indochina
	Peninsula},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000167250800006 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1525-7541%282001%29002%3C0051%3AIODORP%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@ARTICLE{Kanamitsu2003,
  author = {Kanamitsu, M. and Mo, K. C.},
  title = {{D}ynamical effect of land surface processes on summer precipitation
	over the southwestern {U}nited {S}tates},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {496-509},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {The physical mechanism of summertime precipitation over Arizona and
	New Mexico (AZNM) is examined using regional model experiments. Two
	sets of regional model simulations with different physics packages
	produce very different precipitation (P) over the Southwest including
	AZNM. The better simulation that produces a wet monsoon similar to
	the observations has larger evaporation (E) over AZNM and stronger
	moisture flux from the Gulf of California into AZNM. Diagnostics
	of the simulations suggested that the increase in precipitation is
	not due to the increase in evaporation locally but rather to the
	change in moisture flux. Regional model experiments were then designed
	to isolate the impact of local E and the large-scale flow. Both regional
	model experiments and diagnostics support the following physical
	mechanism: There is an increase in E in the realistic simulation
	due to the change in land surface physics. This increase in E is
	compensated by the decrease in sensible heat, which leads to the
	colder land surface. Associated with this cooling, the surface pressure
	raises and the Southwest heat low weakens due to the increase in
	the surface pressure. This alters the large-scale low-level circulation
	and increases the occurrence of the low-level moisture surge events
	from the Gulf of California into AZNM, and accordingly, increases
	P. The mechanism is also found in observations of day-to-day variation
	of precipitation over AZNM.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {Arizona Evapotranspiration effect model moisture flow effect New Mexico
	precipitation RCM South America summer},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Dynamical effect of land surface processes on summer precipitation
	over the southwestern United States},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Kashaigili2010,
  author = {Kashaigili, J. J. and Majaliwa, A. M.},
  title = {{I}ntegrated assessment of land use and cover changes in the {M}alagarasi
	river catchment in {T}anzania},
  journal = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {730-741},
  number = {13-14},
  abstract = {Malagarasi river catchment represents one of the largest and most
	significant transboundary natural ecosystems in Africa. The catchment
	constitutes about one third of the catchment area of Lake Tanganyika
	and contains ecosystems of both national and international importance
	(i.e. Muyovozi Wetland Ramsar site). It has been increasingly said
	that increased anthropogenic activities have had negative impacts
	on the Muyovozi wetland in particular and other catchment resources.
	Nevertheless, these beliefs are little supported by quantitative
	data. A study on the dynamics of land use and cover in the Malagarasi
	river catchment therefore investigated long-term and seasonal changes
	that have occurred as a result of human activities in the area for
	the periods between 1984 and 2001. Landsat TM and ETM+ images were
	used to locate and quantify the changes. Perceptions of local people
	on historical changes and drivers for the changes were also collected
	and integrated in the assessment. The study revealed a significant
	change in land use and cover within a period of 18 year. Between
	1984 and 2001, the woodland and wetland vegetation covers declined
	by 0.09% and 2.51% per year. Areas with settlements and cultivation
	increased by 1.05% annually while bushed grassland increased at 1.93%
	annually. The perceived principal drivers for the changes were found
	to include fire, cultivation along rivers and lake shores, overgrazing,
	poor law enforcement, insufficient knowledge on environmental issues,
	increasing poverty, deforestation and population growth. The human
	population growth rate stands at 4.8% against a national figure of
	2.9%. The most perceived environmental problems include drying of
	streams and rivers, change in rainfall, loss of soil fertility, soil
	erosion and reduced crop yield. The study concludes that, there has
	been significant changes in land use and cover in the catchment and
	these require concerted actions to reverse the changes. The study
	highlights the importance of integrating remote sensing and local
	knowledge in understanding the dynamics catchment resources and generating
	information that could be used to overcome the catchment management
	problems. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1474-7065},
  keywords = {land use land cover changes malagarasi river catchment muyovozi wetland
	perceptions remote sensing tropical regions accuracy classification
	dynamics city},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Integrated assessment of land use and cover changes in the Malagarasi
	river catchment in Tanzania},
  timestamp = {2011.11.01},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000283831700020}
}

@ARTICLE{Kaufmann2007,
  author = {Kaufmann, R. K. and Seto, K. C. and Schneider, A. and Liu, Z. T.
	and Zhou, L. M. and Wang, W. L.},
  title = {{C}limate response to rapid urban growth: {E}vidence of a human-induced
	precipitation deficit},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {2299-2306},
  number = {10},
  month = {May},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Climate response to rapid urban growth: Evidence of a human-induced
	precipitation deficit},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000246902500022 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JCLI4109.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Kim1998,
  author = {Kim, C. P. and Entekhabi, D.},
  title = {{F}eedbacks in the {L}and-{S}urface and {M}ixed-{L}ayer {E}nergy
	{B}udgets},
  journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {1-21},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {A mixed-layer model of the surface energy budget and the planetary
	boundary layer (PBL) is developed, based on the prognostic equations
	for soil temperature, mixed layer potential temperature and specific
	humidity and the growth and abrupt collapse of the PBL. Detailed
	parameterizations of the longwave radiative fluxes are included.
	The feedbacks in the uncoupled (i.e. surface energy budget with non-responding
	PBL) and coupled land surface and atmospheric mixed-layer energy
	budgets are examined. A simplified, time continuous, version of the
	model, in which the specific humidity budget is the balance of evapotranspiration
	and dry-air entrainment, and the PBL height is given by the lifted
	condensation level, is shown to be in good agreement with the complete
	model. By forcing the simplified model with daily mean rather than
	periodic solar radiation, an equilibrium model state is achieved
	where the fluxes are in close agreement with the daily mean fluxes
	corresponding to the periodic forcing. The model also agrees favorably
	with measurements from the FIFE field experiment. Feedbacks are examined
	using the equilibrium model state. The uncoupled and coupled model
	sensitivities with respect to the minimal stomatal resistance and
	the atmospheric specific humidity not only differ in magnitude, but
	in sign as well. This results puts into question the extent to which
	uncoupled land-surface models that are forced with atmospheric variables
	may be used in sensitivity studies.},
  comment = {kim98b},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  keywords = {feedback ET model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Feedbacks in the Land-Surface and Mixed-Layer Energy Budgets},
  timestamp = {2012.11.12},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001094008513}
}

@ARTICLE{Kim1998a,
  author = {Kim, Cornelis P. and Entekhabi, Dara},
  title = {Impact of soil heterogeneity in a mixed-layer model of the planetary
	boundary layer},
  journal = {Hydrological Sciences—Journal—des Sciences Hydrologiques},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {633},
  number = {4},
  comment = {kim98a},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of soil heterogeneity in a mixed-layer model of the planetary
	boundary layer},
  timestamp = {2012.12.22},
  url = {http://www.itia.ntua.gr/hsj/43/hysj_43_04_0633.pdf}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kingham1998,
  author = {Kingham, R.A.},
  title = {Geology of the {M}urray-{D}arling {B}asin - Simiplified Lithostrtigrapic
	Groupings},
  institution = {Australian Geological Survey Organisation},
  year = {1998},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Geology of the Murray-Darling Basin - Simiplified Lithostrtigrapic
	Groupings},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17}
}

@ARTICLE{Kirby2006,
  author = {Kirby, Kathryn R. and Laurance, William F. and Albernaz, Ana K. and
	Schroth, GÃ¶tz and Fearnside, Philip M. and Bergen, Scott and Venticinque,
	Eduardo M. and da Costa, Carlos},
  title = {{T}he future of deforestation in the {B}razilian {A}mazon},
  journal = {Futures},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {432-453},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {Concern about the future of Amazonian forests is growing as both the
	extent and rate of primary forest destruction increase. We combine
	spatial information on various biophysical, demographic and infrastructural
	factors in the Brazilian Amazon with satellite data on deforestation
	to evaluate the relative importance of each factor to deforestation
	in the region. We assess the sensitivity of results to alternative
	sampling methodologies, and compare our results to those of previous
	empirical studies of Amazonian deforestation. Our findings, in concert
	with those of previous studies, send a clear message to planners:
	both paved and unpaved roads are key drivers of the deforestation
	process. Proximity to previous clearings, high population densities,
	low annual rainfall, and long dry seasons also increase the likelihood
	that a site will be deforested; however, roads are consistently important
	and are the factors most amenable to policymaking. We argue that
	there is ample evidence to justify a fundamental change in current
	Amazonian development priorities if additional large-scale losses
	of forests and environmental services are to be avoided.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0016-3287},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The future of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328705001400}
}

@ARTICLE{Kishtawal2010,
  author = {Kishtawal, C. M. and Niyogi, D. and Tewari, M. and Pielke, R. A.
	and Shepherd, J. M.},
  title = {{U}rbanization signature in the observed heavy rainfall climatology
	over {I}ndia},
  journal = {International journal of climatology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1908-1916},
  number = {13},
  month = {Nov},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Urbanization signature in the observed heavy rainfall climatology
	over India},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000284211300002 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/joc.2044/asset/2044_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=gv1g6kbs&s=b76905eb8ba08b829c6e5fb3688550927ef3f343}
}

@ARTICLE{Kleidon2006,
  author = {Kleidon, A.},
  title = {{T}he climate sensitivity to human appropriation of vegetation productivity
	and its thermodynamic characterization},
  journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {109-127},
  number = {1-2},
  month = {Nov},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0921-8181},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {The climate sensitivity to human appropriation of vegetation productivity
	and its thermodynamic characterization},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000242539300008}
}

@ARTICLE{Kleidon2000,
  author = {Kleidon, A. and Fraedrich, K. and Heimann, M.},
  title = {{A} green planet versus a desert world: {E}stimating the maximum
	effect of vegetation on the land surface climate},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {471-493},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {We quantify the maximum possible influence of vegetation on the global
	climate by conducting two extreme climate model simulations: in a
	first simulation ('desert world'), values representative of a desert
	are used for the land surface parameters for all non glaciated land
	regions. At the other extreme, a second simulation is performed ('green
	planet') in which values are used which are most beneficial for the
	biosphere's productivity. Land surface evapotranspiration more than
	triples in the presence of the 'green planet', land precipitation
	doubles (as a second order effect) and near surface temperatures
	are lower by as much as 8 K in the seasonal mean resulting from the
	increase in latent heat flux. The differences can be understood in
	terms of more absorbed radiation at the surface and increased recycling
	of water. Most of the increase in net surface radiation originates
	from less thermal radiative loss and not from increases in solar
	radiation which would be expected from the albedo change. To illustrate
	the differences in climatic character and what it would imply for
	the vegetation type, we use the Koppen climate classification. Both
	cases lead to similar classifications in the extra tropics and South
	America indicating that the character of the climate is not substantially
	altered in these regions. Fundamental changes occur over Africa,
	South Asia and Australia, where large regions are classified as arid
	(grassland/desert) climate in the 'desert world' simulation while
	classified as a forest climate in the 'green planet' simulation as
	a result of the strong influence of maximum vegetation on the climate.
	This implies that these regions are especially sensitive to biosphere-atmosphere
	interaction.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0165-0009},
  keywords = {Africa Australia compare different LC model precipitation South America
	south asia Tropics},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A green planet versus a desert world: Estimating the maximum effect
	of vegetation on the land surface climate},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Klingaman2008,
  author = {Klingaman, Nicholas P. and Butke, Jason and Leathers, Daniel J. and
	Brinson, Kevin R. and Nickl, Elsa},
  title = {{M}esoscale {S}imulations of the land surface effects of historical
	logging in a moist continental climate regime},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {2166-2182},
  number = {8},
  abstract = {An enhanced knowledge of the feedbacks from land surface changes on
	regional climates is of great importance in the attribution of climate
	change. To explore the effects of deforestation on a midlatitude
	climate regime, two sets of two five-member ensembles of 28-day simulations
	were conducted using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National
	Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) coupled to
	the "Noah" land surface model. The four ensembles represented conditions
	in summer ( August) and winter ( February) across the northern mid-Atlantic
	United States before and after extensive late-nineteenth-century
	logging of hardwood forests in central and northern Pennsylvania.
	Prelogging ensembles prescribed a vegetative cover of an evergreen
	needleleaf forest; postlogging ensembles prescribed sparse vegetation
	and bare soil to simulate clear-cut deforestation. The results of
	the MM5 experiments showed a decided seasonality in the response
	of the land surface-atmosphere system to deforestation, with much
	stronger effects arising in summer. In August, deforestation caused
	a repartitioning of the surface energy budget, beginning with a decrease
	in the latent heat flux of more than 60 W m(-2) across the land cover-forcing
	area, representing almost one-half of the latent heat flux under
	prelogging land cover. Concomitant with this decrease in evapotranspiration,
	mean 2-m air temperatures warmed by at least 1.5 degrees C. Increases
	in sensible heat flux led to a 150-m mean increase in the height
	of the atmospheric boundary layer over the deforested area. Low-level
	atmospheric mixing ratios and total precipitation decreased under
	clear-cut conditions. Mean soil moisture increased in all model levels
	to 150 cm because of a decrease in vegetative uptake of water, except
	at the 5-cm level at which such decreases were effectively balanced
	by greater soil evaporation and less precipitation. A strong diurnal
	variation in the response to deforestation of ground and lower-atmosphere
	temperatures and heat fluxes was also identified for the summer season.
	The February simulations showed the effects of deforestation during
	low-insolation months to be small and variable. The strong response
	of the summer land surface-atmosphere system to deforestation shown
	here suggests that land cover changes can appreciably affect regional
	climates. Thus, the role of human-induced and naturally occurring
	land cover variability should not be ignored in the attribution of
	climate change.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1558-8424},
  keywords = {midlatitude model summer},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Mesoscale Simulations of the land surface effects of historical logging
	in a moist continental climate regime},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30}
}

@ARTICLE{Klink1995,
  author = {Klink, K.},
  title = {{TEMPORAL} {SENSITIVITY} {OF} {REGIONAL} {CLIMATE} {TO} {LAND}-{SURFACE}
	{HETEROGENEITY}},
  journal = {Physical Geography},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {289-314},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {Increased interest in climate change at local and regional scales
	has prompted climate simulations for regional areas, but tests of
	climate models have not specifically examined the impacts of regional
	heterogeneity, and they have largely overlooked possible temporal
	sensitivity. In this study I used a coupled surface-atmosphere mesoscale
	model to evaluate the effects of regional heterogeneity in five land-surface
	parameters that have the strongest impacts on the surface energy
	balance: albedo, roughness, canopy resistance, rooting profile, and
	soil water content. I included temporal variability in climate sensitivity
	by completing a series of mid-month simulations representative of
	the June-September growing season. I modeled land surfaces of maize
	contrasted with bare soil, grass, or coniferous trees. Roughness
	discontinuities were important factors in determining regional energy
	balance and surface temperature for all three surface contrasts.
	The effects varied over the growing season as a function of maize
	height. Canopy resistance was equally important, especially during
	the middle of the season when the maize canopy was at its fullest
	extent. Albedo effects appeared to be secondary, but often were more
	important in September. Changes in soil water content had little
	impact because vegetation in these simulations was not stressed by
	low soil moisture. The importance of roots in these simulations was
	primarily a function of their presence or absence, rather than of
	the specific profile assigned to each vegetation type. Roughness
	and canopy resistance discontinuities appeared to play the largest
	role in determining the regional average energy balance and surface
	temperature for growing season dates.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0272-3646},
  keywords = {model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {TEMPORAL SENSITIVITY OF REGIONAL CLIMATE TO LAND-SURFACE HETEROGENEITY},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@MISC{Knox2011,
  author = {Knox, J. and Daccache, A. and Hess, T.},
  title = {{W}hat is the impact of infrastructural investments in roads, electricity
	and irrigation on agricultural productivity?},
  howpublished = {Collaboration for Environmental Evidence: www.environmentalevidence.org/SR11007.html},
  year = {2011},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {What is the impact of infrastructural investments in roads, electricity
	and irrigation on agricultural productivity?},
  timestamp = {2011.12.21}
}

@ARTICLE{Koehler2007,
  author = {Köhler, Lars and Tobón, Conrado and Frumau, K. F. Arnoud and Bruijnzeel,
	L. A.},
  title = {Biomass and water storage dynamics of epiphytes in old-growth and
	secondary montane cloud forest stands in Costa Rica},
  journal = {Plant Ecology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {193},
  pages = {171-184},
  number = {2},
  month = {2007/12/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1385-0237},
  keywords = {Bryophytes Canopy Rain forest Rainfall interception Succession Water
	storage capacity},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  shorttitle = {Biomass and water storage dynamics of epiphytes in old-growth and
	secondary montane cloud forest stands in Costa Rica},
  timestamp = {2012.12.23},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9256-7}
}

@ARTICLE{Koehler2007a,
  author = {Köhler, Lars and Tobón, Conrado and Frumau, K. F. Arnoud and Bruijnzeel,
	L. A.},
  title = {Biomass and water storage dynamics of epiphytes in old-growth and
	secondary montane cloud forest stands in Costa Rica},
  journal = {Plant Ecology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {193},
  pages = {171-184},
  number = {2},
  month = {2007/12/01},
  note = {(Sampurno)},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1385-0237},
  keywords = {Bryophytes Canopy Rain forest Rainfall interception Succession Water
	storage capacity},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  shorttitle = {Biomass and water storage dynamics of epiphytes in old-growth and
	secondary montane cloud forest stands in Costa Rica},
  timestamp = {2013.08.27},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9256-7}
}

@ARTICLE{Konings2011,
  author = {Konings, A.G. and Dekker, S.C. and Rietkerk, M. and Katul, G.G.},
  title = {{D}rought sensitivity of patterned vegetation determined by rainfall-land
	surface feedbacks},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {116},
  pages = {1-15},
  number = {G04},
  month = {G04008},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Drought sensitivity of patterned vegetation determined by rainfall-land
	surface feedbacks},
  timestamp = {2012.12.13}
}

@ARTICLE{Konings2010,
  author = {Konings, Alexandra G. and Katul, Gabriel G. and Porporato, Amilcare},
  title = {The rainfall-no rainfall transition in a coupled land-convective
	atmosphere system},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {L14401},
  number = {14},
  abstract = {A one-dimensional representation of the atmospheric boundary layer
	(ABL) depth is coupled to a soil moisture bucket model to dynamically
	explore the relative roles of surface and free atmospheric conditions
	on convective precipitation occurrence and resulting soil moisture
	states. This occurrence is taken to depend on the crossing of the
	ABL height and the lifting condensation level in the presence of
	pure convective instability. If rainfall occurs (unrealistically)
	whenever these conditions are met, and free atmospheric conditions
	are constant, the resulting system state evolves towards a limit
	cycle with precipitation every day or every few days, or to a completely
	dry state. The free atmospheric humidity profile has a larger effect
	on determining the stationary soil moisture state than the temperature
	profile. The effect of dry air entrainment on surface energy partitioning
	decreases soil moisture sensitivity to free atmospheric conditions.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {convective precipitation soil moisture dry air entrainment 1843 Hydrology:
	Land/atmosphere interactions 1866 Hydrology: Soil moisture 3307 Atmospheric
	Processes: Boundary layer processes 1818 Hydrology: Evapotranspiration},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {The rainfall-no rainfall transition in a coupled land-convective atmosphere
	system},
  timestamp = {2013.08.19},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043967}
}

@ARTICLE{Koster2004,
  author = {Koster, R. D. and Dirmeyer, P. A. and Guo, Z. C. and Bonan, G. and
	Chan, E. and Cox, P. and Gordon, C. T. and Kanae, S. and Kowalczyk,
	E. and Lawrence, D. and Liu, P. and Lu, C. H. and Malyshev, S. and
	McAvaney, B. and Mitchell, K. and Mocko, D. and Oki, T. and Oleson,
	K. and Pitman, A. and Sud, Y. C. and Taylor, C. M. and Verseghy,
	D. and Vasic, R. and Xue, Y. K. and Yamada, T. and Team, Glace},
  title = {{R}egions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {305},
  pages = {1138-1140},
  number = {5687},
  month = {Aug 20},
  comment = {koster04},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  keywords = {climate predictability variability temperature prediction simulation
	rainfall},
  owner = {Sue},
  pdf = { Previous estimates of land-atmosphere interaction (the impact of soil moisture on precipitation) have been limited by a lack of observational data and by the model dependence of computational estimates. To counter the second limitation, a dozen climate-modeling groups have recently performed the same highly controlled numerical experiment as part of a coordinated comparison project. This allows a multimodel estimation of the regions on Earth where precipitation is affected by soil moisture anomalies during Northern Hemisphere summer. Potential bene its of this estimation may include improved seasonal rainfall forecasts.},
  shorttitle = {Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000223557400043}
}

@ARTICLE{Koster2003,
  author = {Koster, R. D. and Suarez, M. J. and Higgins, R. W. and Van den Dool,
	H. M.},
  title = {Observational evidence that soil moisture variations affect precipitation},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {30},
  number = {5},
  month = {Mar 12},
  comment = {koster03},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {persistence},
  owner = {Sue},
  pdf = { [1] Land-atmosphere feedback, by which precipitation-induced soil moisture anomalies affect subsequent precipitation, may be an important element of Earth's climate system, but its very existence has never been demonstrated conclusively at regional to continental scales. Evidence for the feedback is sought in a 50-year observational precipitation dataset covering the United States. The precipitation variance and autocorrelation fields are characterized by features that agree (in structure, though not in magnitude) with those produced by an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Because the model-generated features are known to result from land-atmosphere feedback alone, the observed features are suggestive of the existence of feedback in nature.},
  shorttitle = {Observational evidence that soil moisture variations affect precipitation},
  timestamp = {2013.08.19},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000182151300006}
}

@ARTICLE{Kueppers2007,
  author = {Kueppers, L. M. and Snyder, M. A. and Sloan, L. C.},
  title = {{I}rrigation cooling effect: {R}egional climate forcing by land-use
	change},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  month = {Feb},
  abstract = {Regional detection of a greenhouse warming signal relies on extensive,
	long-term measurements of temperature. The potentially confounding
	impact of land-cover and land-use change on trends in temperature
	records has mostly focused on the influence of urban heat islands.
	Here we use a regional climate model to show that a regional irrigation
	cooling effect (ICE) exists, opposite in sign to urban heat island
	effects. The magnitude of the ICE has strong seasonal variability,
	causing large dry-season decreases in monthly mean and maximum temperatures,
	but little change in rainy-season temperatures. Our model produced
	a negligible effect on monthly minimum temperature. In California,
	the modeled regional ICE is of similar magnitude, but opposite sign,
	to predictions for future regional warming from greenhouse gases.
	Given our results for California and the global importance of irrigated
	agriculture, past expansion of irrigated land has likely affected
	observations of surface temperature, potentially masking the full
	warming signal caused by greenhouse gas increases.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Irrigation cooling effect: Regional climate forcing by land-use change},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000244201600004}
}

@ARTICLE{Kundzewicz2004,
  author = {Kundzewicz, Z.W. and Robson, A.J.},
  title = {Change detection in hydrological records-a review of the methodology/Revue
	méthodologique de la détection de changements dans les chroniques
	hydrologiques},
  journal = {Hydrological sciences journal},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {General guidance is offered as to the methodology of change detection
	in time series of hydrological data, embracing stages such as preparing
	a suitable data set, exploratory analysis, application of adequate
	statistical tests and interpretation of results. Although the paper
	cannot go into full details of the many existing tests, it gives
	an easy-to-follow overview, offering practical hints and describing
	caveats and misconceptions. It serves as a refresher, raising attention
	to essential things that have often been ignored. A particular recommendation
	of the paper is that greater use of distribution-free testing methods,
	particularly resampling methods, should be made. These methods are
	recommended because they are particularly suited to hydrological
	data, which are often strongly skewed (non-normal), seasonal and
	serially correlated. Resampling techniques are flexible, robust and
	powerful, and require only minimal assumptions to be made about the
	data.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0262-6667},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Change detection in hydrological records—a review of the methodology/Revue
	méthodologique de la détection de changements dans les chroniques
	hydrologiques},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Laio2001,
  author = {Laio, F. and Porporato, A. and Ridolfi, L. and Rodriguez-Iturbe,
	I.},
  title = {Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: {A}ctive role in hydrologic
	processes and response to water stress: II. Probabilistic soil moisture
	dynamics},
  journal = {Advances in Water Resources},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {707-723},
  number = {7},
  comment = {laio01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0309-1708},
  keywords = {Soil moisture Vegetation Ecohydrology Stochastic processes Hydrology
	Water stress Water balance Savannas Grasslands Crossing analysis},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes
	and response to water stress: II. Probabilistic soil moisture dynamics},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCF-42YF9H0-2/2/5698c4f05fb403344588e9f9f64283f6}
}

@ARTICLE{Lasco2010,
  author = {Lasco, RodelD and Evangelista, RemediosS and Pulhin, FlorenciaB},
  title = {{P}otential of Community-Based Forest Management to Mitigate Climate
	Change in the {P}hilippines},
  journal = {Small-scale Forestry},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {429-443},
  number = {4},
  month = {2010/12/01},
  abstract = {Community-based forest management (CBFM) is the principal strategy
	in managing inhabited â€˜forest landâ€™ in the Philippines. It involves
	the participation of local communities in various forestry activities
	to achieve sustainable forestry, advance social justice and improve
	socioeconomic welfare, and promote a stable and healthy environment.
	This paper analyses the potential benefits of agroforestry farms
	in CBFM sites to mitigate climate change. The incorporation of trees
	in farms and landscapes has led to enhanced carbon storage and sequestration.
	Half a million hectares of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites in the
	Philippines are estimated to store 25 MtC while sequestering 2.7
	MtC annually. Lessons are drawn from three carbon sequestration projects
	under development using CBFM as the main approach. Income from carbon
	credits is not sufficient to recover the cost of tree planting. The
	transaction costs of forestry CDM projects are substantial and could
	prove to be the greatest barrier to project fruition. Government
	institutions must find ways to encourage project developers by simplifying
	rules and regulations for forestry carbon projects. Forest definition
	must be assessed. Project developers and the government could also
	explore the voluntary carbon market which is more flexible than the
	CDM market. Policy and technical studies must be conducted to ascertain
	the potential of the REDD for CBFM sites in the country.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1873-7617},
  keywords = {Community-based forest management Carbon credits Clean development
	mechanism},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  shorttitle = {Potential of Community-Based Forest Management to Mitigate Climate
	Change in the Philippines},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11842-010-9132-0}
}

@ARTICLE{Lawrence2007,
  author = {Lawrence, David M. and Thornton, Peter E. and Oleson, Keith W. and
	Bonan, Gordon},
  title = {{T}he partitioning of evapotranspiration into transpiration, soil
	evaporation, and canopy evaporation in a {GCM}: {I}mpacts on land-atmosphere
	interaction},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {862 - 880},
  abstract = {Although the global partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) into transpiration,
	soil evaporation, and canopy evaporation is not well known, most
	current land surface schemes and the few available observations indicate
	that transpiration is the dominant component on the global scale,
	followed by soil evaporation and canopy evaporation. The Community
	Land Model version 3 (CLM3), however, does not reflect this global
	view of ET partitioning, with soil evaporation and canopy evaporation
	far outweighing transpiration. One consequence of this unrealistic
	ET partitioning in CLM3 is that photosynthesis, which is linked to
	transpiration through stomatal conductance, is significantly underestimated
	on a global basis. A number of modifications to CLM3 vegetation and
	soil hydrology parameterizations are described that improve ET partitioning
	and reduce an apparent dry soil bias in CLM3. The modifications reduce
	canopy interception and evaporation, reduce soil moisture stress
	on transpiration, increase transpiration through a more realistic
	canopy integration scheme, reduce within-canopy soil evaporation,
	eliminate lateral drainage of soil water, increase infiltration of
	water into the soil, and increase the vertical redistribution of
	soil water. The partitioning of ET is improved, with notable increases
	seen in transpiration (13%-41% of global ET) and photosynthesis (65-148
	Pg C yr1). Soils are wetter and exhibit a far more distinct soil
	moisture annual cycle and greater interseasonal soil water storage,
	which permits plants to sustain transpiration through the dry season.
	The broader influences of improved ET partitioning on land-atmosphere
	interaction are diverse. Stronger transpiration and reduced canopy
	evaporation yield an extended ET response to rain events and a shift
	in the precipitation distribution toward more frequent small- to
	medium-size rain events. Soil moisture memory time scales decrease
	particularly at deeper soil levels. Subsurface soil moisture exerts
	a slightly greater influence on precipitation. These results indicate
	that partitioning of ET is an important responsibility for land surface
	schemes, a responsibility that will gain in relevance as GCMs evolve
	to incorporate ever more complex treatments of the earth’s carbon
	and hydrologic cycles.},
  comment = {lawrence07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The partitioning of evapotranspiration into transpiration, soil evaporation,
	and canopy evaporation in a GCM: impacts on land-atmosphere interaction},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Lawrence2004,
  author = {Lawrence, P.},
  title = {{M}odeling the climate impacts of {A}ustralian land cover change},
  school = {University of Queensland},
  year = {2004},
  type = {PhD thesis},
  address = {Brisbane, Queensland, Australia},
  abstract = {Australian land cover has been significantly altered since European
	settlement, primarily for agricultural utilisation, with native vegetation
	widely replaced or modified for cropping and intensive animal production.
	While there have been numerous investigations into the regional and
	near surface climate impacts of Australian land cover change, these
	investigations have not included the climate impacts of larger-scale
	changes in atmospheric circulation and their associated feedbacks,
	or the impacts of longer-term soil moisture feedbacks. In this research
	the CSIRO General Circulation Model (GCM) was used to investigate
	the climate impacts of Australian land cover change, with larger-scale
	and longer-term feedbacks included.

	To avoid the common problem of overstating the magnitude and spatial
	extent of changes in land surface conditions prescribed in GCM land
	cover change experiments, the current Australian land surface properties
	were described from finer-scale, satellite derived land cover datasets,
	with land surface conditions extrapolating from remnant native vegetation
	to pre-clearing extents to recreate the pre-clearing land surface
	properties. Aggregation rules were applied to the fine-scale data
	to generate the land surface parameters of the GCM, ensuring the
	equivalent sub-grid heterogeneity and land surface biogeophysics
	were captured in both the current and pre-clearing land surface parameters.

	The differences in climate simulated in the pre-clearing and current
	experiments were analysed for changes in Australian continental and
	regional climate to assess the modelled climate impacts of Australian
	land cover change. The changes in modelled climate were compared
	to observed changes in Australian precipitation over the last 50
	and 100 years to assess whether modelled results could be detected
	in the historical record. The differences in climate simulation also
	were analysed at the global scale to assess the impacts of local
	changes on larger scale circulation and climate at distance from
	the land cover changes.

	The Australian continental and regional analyses demonstrated that
	Australian land cover change did have statistically significant impacts
	on air temperature and precipitation simulated in the CSIRO GCM.
	The statistically significant DJF warming and drying modelled over
	south east Queensland, with causal links back to historical land
	cover change in the region, corresponded with strong drying trends
	over the last 50 years for the region. As this region and the areas
	to the north and west, continue to be actively cleared, this has
	significant implications for land use management planning in Queensland.

	The statistically significant increase in JJA precipitation modelled
	over south west Western Australia was opposite to the observed drying
	trends identified from 100 and 50 year analyses of observed precipitation.
	This result was significant for the region, as it demonstrated that
	the increased JJA latent heat fluxes over agricultural land had the
	potential to increase cloud cover and precipitation. This finding
	supported field studies and satellite observations over the region
	that showed winter latent heat fluxes were higher over agricultural
	land than over adjacent native vegetation, and preferentially formed
	cumulus clouds with higher water content over the agricultural land.
	The modelling results therefore suggest the strong drying trend over
	south west Western Australia has been in response to other climatic
	forcing, rather than from historical land cover change.

	The global analysis identified global scale changes in atmospheric
	circulation responding to the changes in circulation around Australia.
	A change in the DJF Australian monsoon flow appeared to influence
	the wind flow across the Indian and Pacific oceans, with impacts
	on air temperature and precipitation in Asia, Europe and North America,
	as well as in Australia. The changes in cloud cover, soil moisture
	and snow cover over these areas resulted in larger changes in surface
	fluxes than occurred over the regions of Australian land cover change.
	A northward shift in JJA mid latitude westerly wind flow around Australia,
	had impacts over Australia and further to the north, resulting in
	a northward shift and increased flow in the JJA Asian monsoon. The
	increased Asian monsoon flow impacted the wind flow and circulation
	over the Indian and Pacific oceans, with impacts on air temperature,
	and precipitation over Asia, Europe and North America. Again the
	changes in cloud cover and soil moisture over these areas resulted
	in larger changes in surface fluxes than occurred over the regions
	of Australia land cover change.},
  endnotereftype = {Thesis},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Modeling the climate impacts of Australian land cover change},
  timestamp = {2012.06.28}
}

@ARTICLE{Lawrence2010,
  author = {Lawrence, Peter J. and Chase, Thomas N.},
  title = {{I}nvestigating the climate impacts of global land cover change in
	the community climate system model},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {2066-2087},
  number = {13},
  abstract = {Recently, (Pitman et al., 2009) found a wide range of bio-geophysical
	climate impacts from historical land cover change when modelled in
	a suite of current global climate models (GCMs). The bio-geophysical
	climate impacts of human land cover change, however, have been investigated
	by a wide range of general circulation modelling, regional climate
	modelling, and observational studies. In this regard the IPCC 4th
	assessment report specifies radiative cooling of 0.2 W/m(2) as the
	dominant global impact of human land cover change since 1750, but
	states this has a low to medium level of scientific understanding.
	To further contribute to the understanding of the possible climatic
	impacts of anthropogenic land cover change, we have performed a series
	of land cover change experiments with the community land model (CLM)
	within the community climate system model (CCSM). To do this we have
	developed a new set of potential vegetation land surface parameters
	to represent land cover change in CLM. The new parameters are consistent
	with the potential vegetation biome mapping of (Ramankutty and Foley,
	1999), with the plant functional types (PFTs) and plant phenology
	consistent with the current day Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
	(MODIS) land surface parameters of (Lawrence and Chase, 2007). We
	found that land cover change in CCSM resulted in widespread regional
	warming of the near surface atmosphere, but with limited global impact
	on near surface temperatures. The experiments also found changes
	in precipitation, with drier conditions regionally, but with limited
	impact on average global precipitation. Analysis of the surface fluxes
	in the CCSM experiments found the current day warming was predominantly
	driven by changes in surface hydrology through reduced evapo-transpiration
	and latent heat flux, with the radiative forcing playing a secondary
	role. We show that these finding are supported by a wide range of
	observational field studies, satellite studies and regional and global
	climate modelling studies. Copyright (C) 2010 Royal Meteorological
	Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  keywords = {CCSM Evapotranspiration global heat fluxes LCC model precipitation
	Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Investigating the climate impacts of global land cover change in the
	community climate system model},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/joc.2061/asset/2061_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=h9974unt&s=3efd6bac1e26a21745367cadd9fa9218081447c7}
}

@ARTICLE{Lawrence2012,
  author = {Lawrence, Peter J. and Feddema, Johannes J. and Bonan, Gordon B.
	and Meehl, Gerald A. and O'Neill, Brian C. and Oleson, Keith W. and
	Levis, Samuel and Lawrence, David M. and Kluzek, Erik and Lindsay,
	Keith and Thornton, Peter E.},
  title = {{S}imulating the Biogeochemical and Biogeophysical Impacts of Transient
	Land Cover Change and Wood Harvest in the Community Climate System
	Model ({CCSM}4) from 1850 to 2100},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {3071-3095},
  number = {9},
  abstract = {To assess the climate impacts of historical and projected land cover
	change in the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4),
	new time series of transient Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4)
	plant functional type (PFT) and wood harvest parameters have been
	developed. The new parameters capture the dynamics of the Coupled
	Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) land cover change and
	wood harvest trajectories for the historical period from 1850 to
	2005 and for the four representative concentration pathway (RCP)
	scenarios from 2006 to 2100. Analysis of the biogeochemical impacts
	of land cover change in CCSM4 reveals that the model produced a historical
	cumulative land use flux of 127.7 PgC from 1850 to 2005, which is
	in general agreement with other global estimates of 156 PgC for the
	same period. The biogeophysical impacts of the transient land cover
	change parameters were cooling of the near-surface atmosphere over
	land by -0.1 degrees C, through increased surface albedo and reduced
	shortwave radiation absorption. When combined with other transient
	climate forcings, the higher albedo from land cover change was counteracted
	by decreasing snow albedo from black carbon deposition and high-latitude
	warming. The future CCSM4 RCP simulations showed that the CLM4 transient
	PFT parameters can be used to represent a wide range of land cover
	change scenarios. In the reforestation scenario of RCP 4.5, CCSM4
	simulated a drawdown of 67.3 PgC from the atmosphere into the terrestrial
	ecosystem and product pools. By contrast the RCP 8.5 scenario with
	deforestation and high wood harvest resulted in the release of 30.3
	PgC currently stored in the ecosystem.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {albedo model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Simulating the Biogeochemical and Biogeophysical Impacts of Transient
	Land Cover Change and Wood Harvest in the Community Climate System
	Model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Lawton2001,
  author = {Lawton, R. and Nair, U. and Pielke, R. and Welch, R.},
  title = {{C}limatic impact of tropical lowland deforestation on nearby montane
	cloud forests},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {294},
  pages = {584-7},
  number = {5542},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {00368075},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Climatic impact of tropical lowland deforestation on nearby montane
	cloud forests},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {http://ezproxy.library.usyd.edu.au/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/213562712?accountid=14757}
}

@ARTICLE{Lean1993,
  author = {Lean, J. and Rowntree, P. R.},
  title = {{A} {GCM} SIMULATION OF THE IMPACT OF {A}MAZONIAN DEFORESTATION ON
	CLIMATE USING AN IMPROVED CANOPY REPRESENTATION},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {119},
  pages = {509-530},
  number = {511},
  abstract = {To obtain a good estimate of the impact of Amazonian deforestation
	on local climate it is critical that the representation of the forest
	canopy within general circulation models (GCMs) is as realistic as
	possible. Recent measurements from the Amazonian forest have highlighted
	major weaknesses in the Meteorological Office GCM simulation of the
	interception of rainfall from the forest canopy. Here, we present
	results for Amazonia from a new 3-year control experiment which incorporates

repository: WillemVervoort/RainfallLandcover

repo_name: WillemVervoort/RainfallLandcover

gha_language: PostScript