text:
#
# base recipe: meta/recipes-support/apr/apr-util_1.5.2.bb
# base branch: daisy
#

SUMMARY = "Apache Portable Runtime Utility Library"
DESCRIPTION = "APR is Apache's Portable Runtime Library, designed to be a support library \
that provides a predictable and consistent interface to underlying \
platform-specific implementations."
HOMEPAGE = "http://apr.apache.org/"

PR = "r2"

inherit debian-package
PV = "1.5.4"

DEPENDS = "apr expat autotools-dev-native"

BBCLASSEXTEND = "native"

LICENSE = "Apache-2.0"
LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=519e0a18e03f7c023070568c14b077bb \
                    file://include/apu_version.h;endline=17;md5=806685a84e71f10c80144c48eb35df42"

SRC_URI += " \
file://configfix.patch \
file://configure_fixes.patch \
file://run-ptest \
"

# base on debian/rules
EXTRA_OECONF = " \
    LTFLAGS=--no-silent \
    --with-apr=${STAGING_BINDIR_CROSS}/apr-1-config \
    --enable-layout=Debian \
    --includedir=${includedir}/apr-1.0 \
    --with-expat=${STAGING_DIR_HOST}${prefix} \
"
CACHED_CONFIGUREVARS += "ac_cv_prog_AWK=mawk"
CACHED_CONFIGUREVARS += " \
    ${@base_conditional('DPKG_ARCH','i386',\
      'apr_lock_method=USE_PROC_PTHREAD_SERIALIZE',\
      'ac_cv_func_pthread_mutexattr_setpshared=no \
       ac_cv_func_sem_open=no'\
      ,d)}"

PACKAGECONFIG ??= "db53 ldap mysql odbc openssl pgsql sqlite3"
PACKAGECONFIG[db53] = " \
    --with-dbm=db53 --with-berkeley-db=${STAGING_DIR_HOST}${prefix}, \
    --without-berkeley-db,db"
PACKAGECONFIG[gdbm] = " \
    --with-dbm=gdbm --with-gdbm=${STAGING_DIR_HOST}${prefix}, \
    --without-gdbm,gdbm"
PACKAGECONFIG[ldap] = " \
    --with-ldap=yes --with-ldap-include=${STAGING_INCDIR}/ --with-ldap-lib=${STAGING_LIBDIR}, \
    --with-ldap=no,libldap openldap"
PACKAGECONFIG[mysql] = " \
    --with-mysql=${STAGING_DIR_HOST}${prefix} MYSQL_CONFIG=${STAGING_BINDIR_CROSS}/mysql_config, \
    --without-mysql,mysql"
PACKAGECONFIG[odbc] = "--with-odbc=${STAGING_DIR_HOST}${prefix},--without-odbc,unixodbc"
PACKAGECONFIG[openssl] = " \
    --with-crypto --with-openssl=${STAGING_DIR_HOST}${prefix}, \
    --without-openssl,openssl"
PACKAGECONFIG[pgsql] = "--with-pgsql=${STAGING_DIR_HOST}${prefix},--without-pgsql,postgresql"
PACKAGECONFIG[sqlite3] = "--with-sqlite3=${STAGING_DIR_HOST}${prefix},--without-sqlite3,sqlite3"
PACKAGECONFIG[sqlite2] = "--with-sqlite2=${STAGING_DIR_HOST}${prefix},--without-sqlite2,sqlite"
PACKAGECONFIG[freetds] = "--with-freetds=${STAGING_DIR_HOST}${prefix},--without-freetds,freetds"

inherit autotools-brokensep lib_package binconfig

OE_BINCONFIG_EXTRA_MANGLE = " -e 's:location=source:location=installed:'"

do_configure_prepend() {
	# use config.guess and config.sub in sysroot
	sed -i "s|\([[:space:]]\)/usr/share|\1${STAGING_DATADIR_NATIVE}|g" ${S}/buildconf
	./buildconf --with-apr=$(apr-1-config --srcdir)
}

do_configure_append_class-native() {
	sed -i "s#LIBTOOL=\$(SHELL) \$(apr_builddir)#LIBTOOL=\$(SHELL) ${STAGING_BINDIR_NATIVE}#" ${S}/build/rules.mk
	# sometimes there isn't SHELL
	sed -i "s#LIBTOOL=\$(apr_builddir)#LIBTOOL=${STAGING_BINDIR_NATIVE}#" ${S}/build/rules.mk
}

do_install_append() {
	install -D -m 0644 ${S}/build/find_apu.m4 ${D}${datadir}/apr-1.0/build/find_apu.m4
	ln -sf apu-1-config ${D}${bindir}/apu-config
}

# apu-config is a symlink, only apu-1-config should be modified
BINCONFIG_GLOB = "apu-1-config"

PACKAGES =+ "libaprutil1-ldap libaprutil1-dbd-mysql libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 \
             libaprutil1-dbd-odbc libaprutil1-dbd-pgsql"

FILES_libaprutil1-ldap = "${libdir}/apr-util-1/apr_ldap-1.so"
FILES_libaprutil1-dbd-mysql = "${libdir}/apr-util-1/apr_dbd_mysql-1.so"
FILES_libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 = "${libdir}/apr-util-1/apr_dbd_sqlite3-1.so"
FILES_libaprutil1-dbd-odbc = "${libdir}/apr-util-1/apr_dbd_odbc-1.so"
FILES_libaprutil1-dbd-pgsql = "${libdir}/apr-util-1/apr_dbd_pgsql-1.so"

FILES_${PN} += " \
    ${libdir}/apr-util-1/apr_dbm_db-1.so \
    ${libdir}/apr-util-1/apr_crypto_openssl-1.so \
"
FILES_${PN}-dev += " \
    ${libdir}/aprutil.exp \
    ${libdir}/apr-util-1/*.a \
    ${libdir}/apr-util-1/*.la \
    ${libdir}/apr-util-1/*[!-1].so \
    ${datadir}/apr-1.0/build/* \
"
FILES_${PN}-dbg += "${libdir}/apr-util-1/.debug/*"
FILES_${PN}-staticdev += "${libdir}/apr-util-1/*.a"

RDEPENDS_libaprutil1-ldap += "${PN}"
RDEPENDS_libaprutil1-dbd-mysql += "${PN}"
RDEPENDS_libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 += "${PN}"
RDEPENDS_libaprutil1-dbd-odbc += "${PN}"
RDEPENDS_libaprutil1-dbd-pgsql += "${PN}"

DEBIANNAME_${PN} = "libaprutil1"
DEBIANNAME_${PN}-dev = "libaprutil1-dev"

RPROVIDES_${PN} += "libaprutil1"
RPROVIDES_${PN}-dev += "libaprutil1-dev"

inherit ptest

do_compile_ptest() {
	cd ${S}/test
	oe_runmake
}

do_install_ptest() {
	t=${D}${PTEST_PATH}/test
	mkdir $t
	for i in testall data; do \
		cp -r ${S}/test/$i $t; \
	done
}

repository: manut/meta-combo

repo_name: manut/meta-combo

branch_name: refs/heads/morty


text:
@article{reeves2017additivity,
  title={Additivity of Information in Multilayer Networks via Additive Gaussian Noise Transforms},
  author={Reeves, Galen},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.04580},
  year={2017}
}
@inproceedings{tishby2015deep,
  title={Deep learning and the information bottleneck principle},
  author={Tishby, Naftali and Zaslavsky, Noga},
  booktitle={Information Theory Workshop (ITW), 2015 IEEE},
  pages={1--5},
  year={2015},
  organization={IEEE}
}
@article{shwartz2017opening,
  title={Opening the black box of deep neural networks via information},
  author={Shwartz-Ziv, Ravid and Tishby, Naftali},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.00810},
  year={2017}
}

@article{Marylou2018entropy,
  title={Entropy and mutual information in models of deep neural networks},
  author={Marylou Gabrié, Andre Manoel, Clément Luneau, Jean Barbier},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.09785},
  year={2018}
}

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

gha_license_id: MIT

gha_language: Jupyter Notebook

extension: bib


text:
@Article{citetidyverse,
    title = {Apartment Building Registration},
    author = {Municipal Licensing/Standards},
    year = {2020},
    journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
    volume = {4},
    number = {43},
    pages = {1686},
    doi = {10.21105/joss.01686},
  }


text:
DESCRIPTION = "croniter provides iteration for datetime object with cron like format"
SECTION = "devel/python"
LICENSE = "MIT"
LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=b8ee59850b882cbf623188489ea748e2"

PYPI_PACKAGE = "croniter"

SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "1a6df60eacec3b7a0aa52a8f2ef251ae3dd2a7c7c8b9874e73e791636d55a361"

inherit pypi setuptools3

RDEPENDS:${PN} += " python3-dateutil python3-natsort"

repository: openembedded/meta-openembedded

repo_name: openembedded/meta-openembedded

gha_language: BitBake

extension: bb


text:
@article{2013ApJ...763...42O,
 abstract = {The optical light curve of some supernovae (SNe) may be powered by the
outward diffusion of the energy deposited by the explosion shock
(the so-called shock breakout) in optically thick
(\ensuremathτ >åisebox-0.5ex~ 30)
circumstellar matter (CSM). Recently, it was shown that the
radiation-mediated and radiation-dominated shock in an optically
thick wind must transform into a collisionless shock and can
produce hard X-rays. The X-rays are expected to peak at late
times, relative to maximum visible light. Here we report on a
search, using Swift/XRT and Chandra, for X-ray emission from 28
SNe that belong to classes whose progenitors are suspected to be
embedded in dense CSM. Our sample includes 19 Type IIn SNe, one
Type Ibn SN, and eight hydrogen-poor superluminous SNe (SLSN-I
such as SN 2005ap). Two SNe (SN 2006jc and SN 2010jl) have X-ray
properties that are roughly consistent with the expectation for
X-rays from a collisionless shock in optically thick CSM.
However, the X-ray emission from SN 2006jc can also be explained
as originating in an optically thin region. Thus, we propose
that the optical light curve of SN 2010jl is powered by shock
breakout in CSM. We suggest that two other events (SN 2010al and
SN 2011ht) were too X-ray bright during the SN maximum optical
light to be explained by the shock-breakout model. We conclude
that the light curves of some, but not all, SNe IIn/Ibn are
powered by shock breakout in CSM. For the rest of the SNe in our
sample, including all of the SLSN-I events, our X-ray limits are
not deep enough and were typically obtained too early (i.e.,
near the SN maximum light) for definitive conclusions about
their nature. Late-time X-ray observations are required in order
to further test whether these SNe are indeed embedded in dense
CSM. We review the conditions required for a shock breakout in a
wind profile. We argue that the timescale, relative to maximum
light, for the SN to peak in X-rays is a probe of the column
density and the density profile above the shock region. In SNe
whose X-ray emission slowly rises, and peaks at late times, the
optical light curve is likely powered by the diffusion of shock
energy in a dense CSM. We note that if the CSM density profile
falls faster than a constant-rate wind-density profile, then
X-rays may escape at earlier times than estimated for the wind-
profile case. Furthermore, if the CSM has a region in which the
density profile is very steep relative to a steady wind-density
profile, or if the CSM is neutral, then the radio free-free
absorption may be sufficiently low for radio emission to be
detected.},
 adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
 adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...763...42O},
 archiveprefix = {arXiv},
 author = {Ofek, E.~O. and Fox, D. and Cenko, S.~B. and Sullivan, M. and
Gnat, O. and Frail, D.~A. and Horesh, A. and Corsi, A. and
Quimby, R.~M. and Gehrels, N. and Kulkarni, S.~R. and
Gal-Yam, A. and Nugent, P.~E. and Yaron, O. and
Filippenko, A.~V. and Kasliwal, M.~M. and Bildsten, L. and
Bloom, J.~S. and Poznanski, D. and Arcavi, I. and Laher, R.~R. and
Levitan, D. and Sesar, B. and Surace, J.},
 doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/763/1/42},
 eid = {42},
 eprint = {1206.0748},
 journal = {\apj},
 keywords = {stars: mass-loss, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SN 2006jc SN 2010jl, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena},
 month = {Jan},
 number = {1},
 pages = {42},
 primaryclass = {astro-ph.HE},
 title = {X-Ray Emission from Supernovae in Dense Circumstellar Matter Environments: A Search for Collisionless Shocks},
 volume = {763},
 year = {2013}
}

repository: profjsb/my-content

repo_name: profjsb/my-content

gha_language: TeX


text:
@article{melymcb-0055,
 art_number = {021303},
 author = {Perge, C. and Aguirre, M.A. and Gago, P.A. and Pugnaloni, L.A. and Le Tourneau, D. and Géminard, J.-C.},
 document_type = {Article},
 doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.85.021303},
 journal = {Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics},
 note = {cited By 24},
 number = {2},
 source = {Scopus},
 title = {Evolution of pressure profiles during the discharge of a silo},
 url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857559348&doi=10.1103%2fPhysRevE.85.021303&partnerID=40&md5=156215f3495275178c90cbd78f205df8},
 volume = {85},
 year = {2012}
}


text:
@article{agcu,
   author = {Hui, Jian and Zhang, Hengrui and Hu, Qingyun and Zhang, Zhan and Ren, Yang and Zhang, Lanting and Wang, Hong},
   title = {Investigation of synchrotron X-ray induced oxidation of Ag–Cu thin-film},
   journal = {Materials Letters},
   volume = {272},
   pages = {127843},
   ISSN = {0167-577X},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.matlet.2020.127843},
   url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167577X20305486},
   year = {2020},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

repository: Henrium/hrzhang-homepage

repo_name: Henrium/hrzhang-homepage


text:
@Article{brandsma_severe_2010,
  title = {Severe encephalopathy and polyneuropathy induced by dichloroacetate},
  volume = {257},
  issn = {1432-1459},
  doi = {10.1007/s00415-010-5654-9},
  pages = {2099--2100},
  number = {12},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Neurology},
  shortjournal = {J. Neurol.},
  author = {Dieta Brandsma and Thomas P. C. Dorlo and John H. Haanen and Jos H. Beijnen and Willem Boogerd},
  date = {2010-12-01},
  pmid = {20632025},
  keywords = {Antineoplastic Agents, Dichloroacetic Acid, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxins, Polyneuropathies},
}

repository: thomasdorlo/thomasdorlo

repo_name: thomasdorlo/thomasdorlo


text:
/*
  *
  ======================================
  Theme Name: APECE Web
  Author: Mahbubur Rahman
  GitLab Link: https://gitlab.com/mahbubcu14/apece-web.git
  version:1;
*/

/**
 *Contents
 *
 *******************************
  1.body
**/

/*
  1.body
*/
body{
  font-size:1px;
  line-height:25px;
  font-family: 'Source Sans Pro',Arial,sans-serif;
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 1.6;
  color: #696969;
  background-color: rgba(245, 245, 245, 0.67);
  margin:60px 0px 0px 0px;
  padding: 0;

}

html,body{
  height: 100%;
}
div{
  display: block;
}

/*css for body End*/

/**
  *Typography
  *
*/

a{
  text-decoration: none;
}

/*
*Typography end
*/

/*
*APECE Header
*/

.margin-bottom-40{
  margin-bottom: 40px;
}
.navbar {
    margin-bottom: 0;
    background: linear-gradient(MidnightBlue,RoyalBlue);
    z-index: 9999;
    border: 0;
    border-radius: 0;
}

.navbar li a, .navbar .navbar-brand {
    color: #fff !important;
}

.navbar-nav li a:hover, .navbar-nav li.active a {
    color: #3166dc !important;
    background-color: #fff !important;
    transition: all 1s;
}

/*
Side bar List
*/

.main-box{
  background: white;
  border: 1px solid lightgray;
  padding-left: 0px;
  padding-right: 0px;
  box-shadow: 4px 4px 8px lightgray;
  margin-bottom:40px;
}
.min-back{
  background: url('../disaster.jpg');
  background-size: cover;
  border-radius: 0px!important;
 margin-bottom: 0px;

}

.min-title{
  color: #82f167;
  font-family:monospace;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px #1b8c48;
  font-weight: 600;
}
@@media (min-width:600px){
  .min-title{
    font-size: 20px;
  }
}

.min-menu ul {
    list-style-type: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
    border: 1px solid #e7e7e7;
    color: white;
    background-color: #4CAF50;
}

.min-menu li {
    float: left;
}

.min-menu li a {
    display: block;
    color: white;
    text-align: center;
    padding: 14px 16px;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.min-menu li a:hover:not(.active) {
    background-color: #ddd;
}

ul.quick-link{
  list-style-type: none;
  margin-top: 20px;
}
.quick-link li{
color: white;
  background:#d44747;
font-family: 'PT Sans',sans-serif;
font-size: 13px;
  border-radius: 5px;
padding: 8px 0px 7px 20px;
margin: 3px;
text-transform: uppercase;

display: block;
}

.quick-link li:hover{
  background: #c71c1c;
  transition: all 0.3s;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.padding-bottom-40{
  padding-bottom: 40px;
}
.headline{
  display: block;
margin: 10px 0 15px 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d0c0;
border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-bottom-style: solid;
border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 208, 192);
}

.headline h2, .headline h3, .headline h4 {
    font-weight: 300;
    margin: 0 0 -2px 0;
    padding-right: 10px;
    display: inline-block;
    font-size: 1.51429em;
    font-family: 'Open Sans',Arial,sans-serif;
    line-height: 1.1;
    color: #5f574f;
    font-weight: 200;
}

.su-link{
  color:#b53331;

}

.su-link:hover{
  text-decoration: none;
}

 /*Highlights*/
 .stu-highlight img{

 }

.moto{
  font-family: "Source Sans Pro",Arial;
    background-color: #f2f1eb;
    border-radius: 4px;
    padding: 15px;
    color: #2e2d29;
}

 .footer {
     background-color: #b53331;
     color: #ffffff;
     font-family: 'PT Sans', sans-serif;
     text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px darkred;
 }

.footer li,.footer address,.footer p{
    font-family: 'PT Sans', sans-serif;
    font-size: 13px;
}

.footer h3{
  font-size: 1.4em;
  font-weight: 500;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: white;
  margin-right: .4em
}
.footer-logo{
  height:100px;
  width: 70px;
  align:center;
  margin-left: 30%;
  text-shadow: 3px 3px 6px black;
}

/*Social icon css Start*/
.icon li{
	list-style-type: none;
	float: left;
	padding: 5px;
}

.icon li a{
  border-bottom:none;
}

.icon li a i {
	color: #ffffff !important;
	width: 50px;
	height: 50px;
  border: solid 1px #68ace6;
	border-radius: 25px;
	font-size: 30px;
	text-align: center;
	margin-right: 10px;
	padding-top: 15%;

}

 .icon li a i:hover {
    background-color: #92c8f7 !important;
    transition: all 0.3s;
}

/*Social icon css end */

.copyright{
  background-color: rgb(167, 48, 48);
  font-family: 'Oranienbaum', serif;
  padding-top: 10px;
  text-align: center;
}

.row-center{
  text-align: center;
}
.col{
    display:block;
    border-top: solid 1px #F8F8FF;
  border-left: solid 1px #F8F8FF;
  padding-top: 20px;
  color: white;
  height: 250px;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  box-shadow: 3px 3px 6px #888;

}
.col>a{
  color:white;
}

.f{
    background:#e2d270;

}
.s{
    background:#c14a35;

}

.t{
    background:#428e3e;

}

.fo{
    background:#2b77b9;

}
.fi{
    background:#c74f7b;

}
.si{
    background:#309bd0;

}.sev{
background: darkblue;
}

.ei{
background: skyblue;
}

.f:hover,.s:hover,.t:hover,.fo:hover,.fi:hover,.si:hover,.sev:hover,.ei:hover{
   background: gray;
   transition: background 1s;
}

@media only screen and (min-width : 768px) {
  .col{
    margin-left: 4%;
    margin-right: 4%;
  }
   }

.table{
  border:solid 1px #e8caca;
  box-shadow:4px -3px 8px #ccc0c0;
}

button .btn-block{
  height: 50px;

}

button a{
  color: white;
  text-decoration: none;
}

button a:hover{
  color: white;
  text-decoration: none;
}

/*
roboto slap
open sans
oswald
pt sans
open sans condensed
*/

.info{
  display: block;

}

.info i{
  width: 100px;
	height: 100px;
	border-radius: 50px;
  border: 1px solid white;
	font-size: 40px;
  padding-top: 30px;
  text-align: center;
}

.info i:hover{
color: green;
background-color: white;
border: 1px solid white;
transition: all 0.6s;
}

.info h4{
  font-family: 'Oswald', sans-serif;
    font-size: 30px;

}
p.card-p{
  padding-top: 8px;
  font-size: 13px;
  text-align: center;
  padding-left: 15px;
  padding-right: 15px;
font-family: 'PT Sans', sans-serif;
padding-bottom: 10px;
}

.news-image{
position: relative;
overflow: hidden;
width: 100%;
margin-bottom: 10px;
float: left;
}
.news-image>img{
  width: 100%;
  position: relative;
transition: .2s ease-out 0s;
}
.news-image>img:hover{
   transform: scale(1.2);
   opacity: 0.8;
  transition: all 0.2s;

}

.news-image h2{
  padding: 15px;
  display:block;
  position: absolute;
  bottom:0%;
  right: 0%;
  background: #b91457;
  margin: 0px;
  min-width: 100%;
  color: #ef5848;
  background: rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.8);
  border-top-left-radius: 25px;
  max-height: 80%;
  font-size: 2rem;

}
.sub{
  font-size: 14px;
  color: #ffffff;
  font-weight: lighter;
}
.news-summery{
}

.links{
background:#efedd8;

}

.links ul{
  list-style-type: none;
  margin-left: 0px;
  margin-right: 0px;

}

.links ul li{
  display: block;
  padding-top: 2px;
  padding-bottom: 2px;
  margin-left: -38px;
  border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(213, 208, 192);;
}
.links ul li h4{
  color: #da3320;
    font-size: 1.6rem;
    display: initial;
}

.links ul li p{
  color: inherit;
  font-size: 12px;
}

.date{
  color:skyblue;
  font-weight: lighter;
  font-size: 12px;
  text-align: right;
}
.margin-top-30{
  margin-top: 30px;
}

.alumni-highlight,.stu-highlight{
  margin-bottom: 30px;
}
.alumni-highlight h4,.stu-highlight h4{
    text-align:left;
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text:
%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk.
%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/

%% Created for Jacky Cao at 2019-03-21 19:24:42 +0000

%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8)

@article{collins2006community,
	Author = {Collins, William D and Bitz, Cecilia M and Blackmon, Maurice L and Bonan, Gordon B and Bretherton, Christopher S and Carton, James A and Chang, Ping and Doney, Scott C and Hack, James J and Henderson, Thomas B and others},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-21 19:24:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-21 19:24:42 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Climate},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {2122--2143},
	Title = {{The community climate system model version 3 (CCSM3)}},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{lopez2014wwbs,
	Author = {Lopez, Hosmay and Kirtman, Ben P},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-21 19:04:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-21 19:04:50 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	Number = {17},
	Pages = {10--114},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {{WWBs, ENSO predictability, the spring barrier and extreme events}},
	Volume = {119},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{duan2009exploring,
	Author = {Duan, Wansuo and Liu, Xinchao and Zhu, Keyun and Mu, Mu},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-21 14:12:31 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-21 14:12:38 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	Number = {C4},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {{Exploring the initial errors that cause a significant ``spring predictability barrier'' for El Ni{\~n}o events}},
	Volume = {114},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{kirtman2001current,
	Author = {Kirtman, BP and Shukla, J and Balmaseda, M and Graham, N and Penland, C and Xue, Y and Zebiak, S},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-21 11:42:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-21 11:42:35 +0000},
	Publisher = {International CLIVAR Project Office},
	Title = {{Current status of ENSO forecast skill: a report to the CLIVAR working group on seasonal to interannual prediction}},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{mu2010extension,
	Author = {Mu, Mu and Duan, W and Wang, Q and Zhang, R},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-21 10:23:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-21 10:23:35 +0000},
	Journal = {Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {211--220},
	Publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
	Title = {{An extension of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation approach and its applications}},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{yu2012does,
	Author = {Yu, Yanshan and Mu, Mu and Duan, Wansuo},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-21 09:54:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-21 09:55:04 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Climate},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1263--1277},
	Title = {{Does model parameter error cause a significant ``spring predictability barrier'' for El Ni{\~n}o events in the Zebiak--Cane model?}},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{jin2008current,
	Author = {Jin, Emilia K and Kinter, James L and Wang, Bin and Park, C-K and Kang, I-S and Kirtman, BP and Kug, J-S and Kumar, A and Luo, J-J and Schemm, J and others},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-20 16:12:04 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-20 16:12:10 +0000},
	Journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {647--664},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{Current status of ENSO prediction skill in coupled ocean--atmosphere models}},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{jan2005did,
	Author = {Jan van Oldenborgh, Geert and Balmaseda, Magdalena A and Ferranti, Laura and Stockdale, Timothy N and Anderson, David LT},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-19 11:18:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-19 11:18:51 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of climate},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {3240--3249},
	Title = {{Did the ECMWF seasonal forecast model outperform statistical ENSO forecast models over the last 15 years?}},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{wright1985southern,
	Author = {Wright, Peter B},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-17 10:13:40 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-17 10:13:49 +0000},
	Journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {398--412},
	Publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	Title = {{The Southern Oscillation: An ocean--atmosphere feedback system?}},
	Volume = {66},
	Year = {1985}}

@article{webster1992monsoon,
	Author = {Webster, Peter J and Yang, Song},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-17 10:12:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-17 10:12:25 +0000},
	Journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	Number = {507},
	Pages = {877--926},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {{Monsoon and ENSO: Selectively interactive systems}},
	Volume = {118},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{troup1965southern,
	Author = {Troup, AJ},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-17 10:00:24 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-17 10:00:31 +0000},
	Journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	Number = {390},
	Pages = {490--506},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {{The `southern oscillation'}},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {1965}}

@article{trenberth1976spatial,
	Author = {Trenberth, Kevin E},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-17 09:24:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-17 09:24:53 +0000},
	Journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	Number = {433},
	Pages = {639--653},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {{Spatial and temporal variations of the Southern Oscillation}},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {1976}}

@article{xue1994prediction,
	Author = {Xue, Yan and Cane, MA and Zebiak, SE and Blumenthal, MB},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-16 20:19:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-16 20:19:50 +0000},
	Journal = {Tellus A},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {512--528},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {{On the prediction of ENSO: A study with a low-order Markov model}},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{goswami1991predictability,
	Author = {Goswami, BN and Shukla, J},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-16 20:19:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-16 20:19:17 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Climate},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {3--22},
	Title = {{Predictability of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model}},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{balmaseda1994enso,
	Author = {Balmaseda, Magdalena A and Anderson, David LT and Davey, Michael K},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-16 20:17:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-16 20:17:56 +0000},
	Journal = {Tellus A},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {497--511},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {{ENSO prediction using a dynamical ocean model coupled to statistical atmospheres}},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{latif1992much,
	Author = {Latif, Mojib and Graham, Nicholas E},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-16 20:01:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-16 20:18:06 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {951--962},
	Title = {{How much predictive skill is contained in the thermal structure of an oceanic GCM?}},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{levine2015annual,
	Author = {Levine, Aaron FZ and McPhaden, Michael J},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-16 19:41:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-16 19:41:43 +0000},
	Journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {5034--5041},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {{The annual cycle in ENSO growth rate as a cause of the spring predictability barrier}},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{torrence1998annual,
	Author = {Torrence, Christopher and Webster, Peter J},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-16 11:03:38 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-16 11:03:43 +0000},
	Journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	Number = {550},
	Pages = {1985--2004},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {{The annual cycle of persistence in the El N{\~n}o/Southern Oscillation}},
	Volume = {124},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{qian1997multiple,
	Author = {Qian, Weihong and Wang, Shaowu},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-15 19:12:21 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-15 19:12:29 +0000},
	Journal = {Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {577--583},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{Multiple time-space scale atmosphere-ocean interactions and improvement of Zebiak-Cane model}},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{wang2001unified,
	Author = {Wang, Chunzai},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-15 08:59:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-15 08:59:27 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Climate},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {98--115},
	Title = {{A unified oscillator model for the El Ni{\~n}o--Southern Oscillation}},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{duan2015revealing,
	Author = {Duan, Wansuo and Zhao, Peng},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-14 17:04:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-14 17:04:57 +0000},
	Journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	Number = {9-10},
	Pages = {2351--2367},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{Revealing the most disturbing tendency error of Zebiak--Cane model associated with El Ni{\~n}o predictions by nonlinear forcing singular vector approach}},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{duan2013behaviors,
	Author = {Duan, Wansuo and Yu, Yanshan and Xu, Hui and Zhao, Peng},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-14 16:23:34 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-14 16:33:41 +0000},
	Journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	Number = {5-6},
	Pages = {1399--1413},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{Behaviors of nonlinearities modulating the El Ni{\~n}o events induced by optimal precursory disturbances}},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{ashok2007nino,
	Author = {Ashok, Karumuri and Behera, Swadhin K and Rao, Suryachandra A and Weng, Hengyi and Yamagata, Toshio},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-14 16:22:03 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-14 16:33:36 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	Number = {C11},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {{El Ni{\~n}o Modoki and its possible teleconnection}},
	Volume = {112},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{rasmusson1982variations,
	Author = {Rasmusson, Eugene M and Carpenter, Thomas H},
	Date-Added = {2019-03-14 16:17:15 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-14 16:33:28 +0000},
	Journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {354--384},
	Title = {{Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Ni{\~n}o}},
	Volume = {110},
	Year = {1982}}

@article{Neelin:1998aa,
	Abstract = {Beginning from the hypothesis by Bjerknes {$[$}1969{$]$} that ocean‐atmosphere interaction was essential to the El Ni{\~n}o‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, the Tropical Ocean‐Global Atmosphere (TOGA) decade has not only confirmed this but has supplied detailed theory for mechanisms setting the underlying period and possible mechanisms responsible for the irregularity of ENSO. Essentials of the theory of ocean dynamical adjustment are reviewed from an ENSO perspective. Approaches to simple atmospheric modeling greatly aided development of theory for ENSO atmospheric feedbacks but are critically reviewed for current stumbling blocks for applications beyond ENSO. ENSO theory has benefitted from an unusually complete hierarchy of coupled models of various levels of complexity. Most of the progress during the ENSO decade came from models of intermediate complexity, which are sufficiently detailed to compare to observations and to use in prediction but are less complex than coupled general circulation models. ENSO theory in simple models lagged behind ENSO simulation in intermediate models but has provided a useful role in uniting seemingly diverse viewpoints. The process of boiling ENSO theory down to a single consensus model of all aspects of the phenomenon is still a rapidly progressing area, and theoretical limits to ENSO predictability are still in debate, but a thorough foundation for the discussion has been established in the TOGA decade.},
	Author = {Neelin, J. David and Battisti, David S. and Hirst, Anthony C. and Jin, Fei‐Fei and Wakata, Yoshinobu and Yamagata, Toshio and Zebiak, Stephen E.},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-04 19:49:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-02-04 19:49:17 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1029/97JC03424},
	Isbn = {0148-0227},
	Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	Number = {C7},
	Pages = {14261--14290},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {ENSO theory},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC03424}}

@article{Neelin:1991aa,
	Abstract = {Abstract A modified shallow water model with simplified mixed layer dynamics and a sea surface temperature (SST) equation is employed to gain a theoretical understanding of the modes and mechanisms of coupled air-sea interaction in the tropics. Approximations suggested by a scaling analysis are used to obtain analytic results for the eigenmodes of the system. A slow time scale, unstable eigenmode associated with the time derivative of the SST equation is suggested to be important in giving rise to interannual oscillations. This slow SST mode is not necessarily linked to conventional equatorial oceanic wave modes. A useful limit of this mode is explored in which the wave speed of uncoupled oceanic wave modes is fast compared to the time scales that arise from the coupling. This is referred to as the fast-wave limit. The dispersion relationship in this limit is used to present a number of coupled feedback mechanisms, which contribute simultaneously to the instability of the SST mode. It is suggested that interannual oscillations observed in a hybrid coupled general circulation model (HGCM) are related to the slow SST mode. A method of testing applicability of the fast-wave limit in any coupled model through distorted physics experiments is presented. Such experiments with the HGCM are employed to demonstrate that the fast-wave limit is quite a good approximation for interannual oscillations at moderate coupling. It is shown that the time delay associated with oceanic wave propagation across the basin is not essential to the existence of interannual coupled oscillations. Asymptotic expressions are also derived for the eigenvalues of coupled Rossby and Kelvin wave modes in the simple model. The manner in which various coupling mechanisms affect the stability of these modes is discussed and the results are used to explain the behavior of a secondary bifurcation found in the HGCM in terms of coupled Kelvin wave instability. For coupled Rossby and Kelvin modes, various coupling mechanisms oppose one another, suggesting that instability of these modes will be less robust to changes of model parameters and basic state than that of the SST mode, in which all coupling mechanisms tend to give growth.},
	Annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0584:TSSSTM>2.0.CO;2},
	Author = {Neelin, J. David},
	Booktitle = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	Da = {1991/02/01},
	Date = {1991/02/01},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-04 19:48:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-02-04 19:49:11 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0584:TSSSTM>2.0.CO;2},
	Isbn = {0022-4928},
	Journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	Journal1 = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	M3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0584:TSSSTM>2.0.CO;2},
	Month = {2019/02/04},
	N2 = {Abstract A modified shallow water model with simplified mixed layer dynamics and a sea surface temperature (SST) equation is employed to gain a theoretical understanding of the modes and mechanisms of coupled air-sea interaction in the tropics. Approximations suggested by a scaling analysis are used to obtain analytic results for the eigenmodes of the system. A slow time scale, unstable eigenmode associated with the time derivative of the SST equation is suggested to be important in giving rise to interannual oscillations. This slow SST mode is not necessarily linked to conventional equatorial oceanic wave modes. A useful limit of this mode is explored in which the wave speed of uncoupled oceanic wave modes is fast compared to the time scales that arise from the coupling. This is referred to as the fast-wave limit. The dispersion relationship in this limit is used to present a number of coupled feedback mechanisms, which contribute simultaneously to the instability of the SST mode. It is suggested that interannual oscillations observed in a hybrid coupled general circulation model (HGCM) are related to the slow SST mode. A method of testing applicability of the fast-wave limit in any coupled model through distorted physics experiments is presented. Such experiments with the HGCM are employed to demonstrate that the fast-wave limit is quite a good approximation for interannual oscillations at moderate coupling. It is shown that the time delay associated with oceanic wave propagation across the basin is not essential to the existence of interannual coupled oscillations. Asymptotic expressions are also derived for the eigenvalues of coupled Rossby and Kelvin wave modes in the simple model. The manner in which various coupling mechanisms affect the stability of these modes is discussed and the results are used to explain the behavior of a secondary bifurcation found in the HGCM in terms of coupled Kelvin wave instability. For coupled Rossby and Kelvin modes, various coupling mechanisms oppose one another, suggesting that instability of these modes will be less robust to changes of model parameters and basic state than that of the SST mode, in which all coupling mechanisms tend to give growth.},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {584--606},
	Publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	Title = {The Slow Sea Surface Temperature Mode and the Fast-Wave Limit: Analytic Theory for Tropical Interannual Oscillations and Experiments in a Hybrid Coupled Model},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {1991},
	Year1 = {1991},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048%3C0584:TSSSTM%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{Picaut663,
	Abstract = {Recent findings about zonal displacements of the Pacific warm pool required a notable modification of the delayed action oscillator theory, the current leading theory for the El Ni{\~n}o{\textendash}Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Simulations with a linearized coupled ocean-atmosphere model resulted in 3- to 6-year ENSO-like oscillations, with many of the variable model parameters found to be very close to their observed values. This simple model suggests that ocean processes that are ignored or underestimated in the delayed action oscillator theory, such as zonal current convergence, zonal advection of sea surface temperature, and equatorial wave reflection from the eastern ocean boundary, are fundamental to the development of the ENSO, in particular to its manifestations in the central equatorial Pacific.},
	Author = {Picaut, J. and Masia, F. and du Penhoat, Y.},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-04 17:38:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-14 16:35:16 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.277.5326.663},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Number = {5326},
	Pages = {663--666},
	Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	Title = {{An Advective-Reflective Conceptual Model for the Oscillatory Nature of the ENSO}},
	Volume = {277},
	Year = {1997},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/277/5326/663},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5326.663}}

@article{wang1999effects,
	Author = {Wang, Chunzai and Weisberg, Robert H and Yang, Huijun},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-04 17:36:51 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-14 16:34:22 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of the atmospheric sciences},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1391--1403},
	Title = {{Effects of the wind speed--evaporation--SST feedback on the El Ni{\~n}o--Southern Oscillation}},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Weisberg:1997aa,
	Annote = {doi: 10.1029/97GL00689},
	Author = {Weisberg, Robert H. and Wang, Chunzai},
	Booktitle = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	Da = {1997/04/01},
	Date = {1997/04/01},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-04 17:35:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-03-14 16:34:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1029/97GL00689},
	Isbn = {0094-8276},
	Journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	Journal1 = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	Journal2 = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
	M3 = {doi: 10.1029/97GL00689},
	Month = {2019/02/04},
	N2 = {A data-based hypothesis is presented on the mechanism of the El Ni{\~n}o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a major determinant of interannual global climate variability. The hypothesis emphasizes the importance of off-equator sea surface temperature and sea level pressure variations west of the dateline for initiating equatorial easterly winds over the far western Pacific. These winds compete with westerly winds over the equatorial central Pacific enabling the coupled ocean-atmosphere system to oscillate. Consistent with this hypothesis, an analogical oscillator model is constructed that produces ENSO-like oscillations. The proposed mechanism differs from the delayed oscillator paradigm in that wave reflection at the western boundary is not a necessary condition for the coupled ocean-atmosphere system to oscillate.},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {779--782},
	Publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	Title = {{A Western Pacific Oscillator Paradigm for the El Ni{\~n}o-Southern Oscillation}},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {1997},
	Year1 = {1997},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00689}}

@article{Gill:1980aa,
	Abstract = {A simple analytic model is constructed to elucidate some basic features of the response of the tropical atmosphere to diabatic heating. In particular, there is considerable east-west asymmetry which can be illustrated by solutions for heating concentrated in an area of finite extent. This is of more than academic interest because heating in practice tends to be concentrated in specific areas. For instance, a model with heating symmetric about the equator at Indonesian longitudes produces low-level easterly flow over the Pacific through propagation of Kelvin waves into the region. It also produces low-level westerly inflow over the Indian Ocean (but in a smaller region) because planetary waves propagate there. In the heating region itself the low-level flow is away from the equator as required by the vorticity equation. The return flow toward the equator is farther west because of planetary wave propagation, and so cyclonic flow is obtained around lows which form on the western margins of the heating zone. Another model solution with the heating displaced north of the equator provides a flow similar to the monsoon circulation of July and a simple model solution can also be found for heating concentrated along an inter-tropical convergence line.},
	Author = {Gill, A. E.},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-03 19:29:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-02-03 19:30:01 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1002/qj.49710644905},
	Isbn = {1477-870X},
	Journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	Number = {449},
	Pages = {447--462},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {Some simple solutions for heat‐induced tropical circulation},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {1980},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644905}}

@article{Zebiak:1987aa,
	Abstract = {Abstract A coupled atmosphere-ocean model is developed and used to study the ENSO (El Ni\~n/Southern Oscillation) phenomenon. With no anomalous external forcing, the coupled model reproduces certain key features of the observed phenomenon. including the recurrence of warm events at irregular intervals with a preference for three to four years. It is shown that the mean sea surface temperature, wind and ocean current fields determine the characteristic spatial structure of ENSO anomalies. The tendency for phase-locking of anomalies is explained in terms of a variation in coupling strength associated with the annual cycle in the mean fields. Sensitivity studies reveal that both the amplitude and the time of scale of the oscillation are sensitive to several parameters that affect the strength of the atmosphere?ocean coupling. Stronger coupling implies larger oscillations with a longer time scale. A critical element of the model oscilliation is the variability in the equatorial heat content of the upper ocean. Equatorial heat content increases prior to warm events and decreases sharply during the events. A theory for this variability and the associated transitions between the non-El Ni{\~n}o and El Ni{\~n}o states is presented. Implications of the model results for the prediction of El Ni{\~n}o events are discussed.},
	Annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<2262:AMENO>2.0.CO;2},
	Author = {Zebiak, Stephen E. and Cane, Mark A.},
	Booktitle = {Monthly Weather Review},
	Da = {1987/10/01},
	Date = {1987/10/01},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-02 14:27:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-02-02 14:30:28 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<2262:AMENO>2.0.CO;2},
	Isbn = {0027-0644},
	Journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	Journal1 = {Mon. Wea. Rev.},
	M3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<2262:AMENO>2.0.CO;2},
	Month = {2019/02/02},
	N2 = {Abstract A coupled atmosphere-ocean model is developed and used to study the ENSO (El Ni\~n/Southern Oscillation) phenomenon. With no anomalous external forcing, the coupled model reproduces certain key features of the observed phenomenon. including the recurrence of warm events at irregular intervals with a preference for three to four years. It is shown that the mean sea surface temperature, wind and ocean current fields determine the characteristic spatial structure of ENSO anomalies. The tendency for phase-locking of anomalies is explained in terms of a variation in coupling strength associated with the annual cycle in the mean fields. Sensitivity studies reveal that both the amplitude and the time of scale of the oscillation are sensitive to several parameters that affect the strength of the atmosphere?ocean coupling. Stronger coupling implies larger oscillations with a longer time scale. A critical element of the model oscilliation is the variability in the equatorial heat content of the upper ocean. Equatorial heat content increases prior to warm events and decreases sharply during the events. A theory for this variability and the associated transitions between the non-El Ni{\~n}o and El Ni{\~n}o states is presented. Implications of the model results for the prediction of El Ni{\~n}o events are discussed.},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {2262--2278},
	Publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	Title = {{A Model El Ni\~{n}o--Southern Oscillation}},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {115},
	Year = {1987},
	Year1 = {1987},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115%3C2262:AMENO%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{Wang:2001aa,
	Abstract = {Abstract The delayed oscillator, the western Pacific oscillator, the recharge?discharge oscillator, and the advective?reflective oscillator have been proposed to interpret the oscillatory nature of the El Ni{\~n}o?Southern Oscillation (ENSO). All of these oscillator models assume a positive ocean?atmosphere feedback in the equatorial eastern and central Pacific. The delayed oscillator assumes that the western Pacific is an inactive region and wave reflection at the western boundary provides a negative feedback for the coupled system to oscillate. The western Pacific oscillator emphasizes an active role of the western Pacific in ENSO. The recharge?discharge oscillator argues that discharge and recharge of equatorial heat content cause the coupled system to oscillate. The advective?reflective oscillator emphasizes the importance of zonal advection associated with wave reflection at both the western and eastern boundaries. Motivated by the existence of these different oscillator models, a unified oscillator model is formulated and derived from the dynamics and thermodynamics of the coupled ocean?atmosphere system. Consistent with ENSO anomaly patterns observed in the tropical Pacific, this oscillator model considers sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific, zonal wind stress anomalies in both the equatorial central Pacific and the equatorial western Pacific, and thermocline depth anomalies in the off-equatorial western Pacific. If the western Pacific wind-forced response is neglected, thermocline and zonal wind stress anomalies in the western Pacific are decoupled from the coupled system, and the unified oscillator reduces to the delayed oscillator. If wave reflection at the western boundary is neglected, the unified oscillator reduces to the western Pacific oscillator. The mathematical form of the recharge?discharge oscillator can also be derived from this unified oscillator. Most of the physics of the advective?reflective oscillator are implicitly included in the unified oscillator, and the negative feedback of wave reflection at the eastern boundary is added to the unified oscillator. With appropriate model parameters chosen to be consistent with those of previous oscillator models, the unified oscillator model oscillates on interannual timescales.},
	Annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0098:AUOMFT>2.0.CO;2},
	Author = {Wang, Chunzai},
	Booktitle = {Journal of Climate},
	Da = {2001/01/01},
	Date = {2001/01/01},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-02 13:17:25 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-02-02 13:17:40 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0098:AUOMFT>2.0.CO;2},
	Isbn = {0894-8755},
	Journal = {Journal of Climate},
	Journal1 = {J. Climate},
	M3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0098:AUOMFT>2.0.CO;2},
	Month = {2019/02/02},
	N2 = {Abstract The delayed oscillator, the western Pacific oscillator, the recharge?discharge oscillator, and the advective?reflective oscillator have been proposed to interpret the oscillatory nature of the El Ni{\~n}o?Southern Oscillation (ENSO). All of these oscillator models assume a positive ocean?atmosphere feedback in the equatorial eastern and central Pacific. The delayed oscillator assumes that the western Pacific is an inactive region and wave reflection at the western boundary provides a negative feedback for the coupled system to oscillate. The western Pacific oscillator emphasizes an active role of the western Pacific in ENSO. The recharge?discharge oscillator argues that discharge and recharge of equatorial heat content cause the coupled system to oscillate. The advective?reflective oscillator emphasizes the importance of zonal advection associated with wave reflection at both the western and eastern boundaries. Motivated by the existence of these different oscillator models, a unified oscillator model is formulated and derived from the dynamics and thermodynamics of the coupled ocean?atmosphere system. Consistent with ENSO anomaly patterns observed in the tropical Pacific, this oscillator model considers sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific, zonal wind stress anomalies in both the equatorial central Pacific and the equatorial western Pacific, and thermocline depth anomalies in the off-equatorial western Pacific. If the western Pacific wind-forced response is neglected, thermocline and zonal wind stress anomalies in the western Pacific are decoupled from the coupled system, and the unified oscillator reduces to the delayed oscillator. If wave reflection at the western boundary is neglected, the unified oscillator reduces to the western Pacific oscillator. The mathematical form of the recharge?discharge oscillator can also be derived from this unified oscillator. Most of the physics of the advective?reflective oscillator are implicitly included in the unified oscillator, and the negative feedback of wave reflection at the eastern boundary is added to the unified oscillator. With appropriate model parameters chosen to be consistent with those of previous oscillator models, the unified oscillator model oscillates on interannual timescales.},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {98--115},
	Publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	Title = {A Unified Oscillator Model for the El Ni{\~n}o--Southern Oscillation},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2001},
	Year1 = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3C0098:AUOMFT%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{Jin:1997aa,
	Abstract = {Abstract A new conceptual model for ENSO has been constructed based upon the positive feedback of tropical ocean?atmosphere interaction proposed by Bjerknes as the growth mechanism and the recharge?discharge of the equatorial heat content as the phase-transition mechanism suggested by Cane and Zebiak and by Wyrtki. This model combines SST dynamics and ocean adjustment dynamics into a coupled basinwide recharge oscillator that relies on the nonequilibrium between the zonal mean equatorial thermocline depth and wind stress. Over a wide range of the relative coupling coefficient, this recharge oscillator can be either self-excited or stochastically sustained. Its period is robust in the range of 3?5 years. This recharge oscillator model clearly depicts the slow physics of ENSO and also embodies the delayed oscillator (Schopf and Suarez; Battisti and Hirst) without requiring an explicit wave delay. It can also be viewed as a mixed SST?ocean dynamics oscillator due to the fact that it arises from the merging of two uncoupled modes, a decaying SST mode and a basinwide ocean adjustment mode, through the tropical ocean?atmosphere coupling. The basic characteristics of this recharge oscillator, including the relationship between the equatorial western Pacific thermocline depth and the eastern Pacific SST anomalies, are in agreement with those of ENSO variability in the observations and simulations with the Zebiak?Cane model.},
	Annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0811:AEORPF>2.0.CO;2},
	Author = {Jin, Fei-Fei},
	Booktitle = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	Da = {1997/04/01},
	Date = {1997/04/01},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-02 12:42:44 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-02-02 12:49:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0811:AEORPF>2.0.CO;2},
	Isbn = {0022-4928},
	Journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	Journal1 = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	M3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0811:AEORPF>2.0.CO;2},
	Month = {2019/02/02},
	N2 = {Abstract A new conceptual model for ENSO has been constructed based upon the positive feedback of tropical ocean?atmosphere interaction proposed by Bjerknes as the growth mechanism and the recharge?discharge of the equatorial heat content as the phase-transition mechanism suggested by Cane and Zebiak and by Wyrtki. This model combines SST dynamics and ocean adjustment dynamics into a coupled basinwide recharge oscillator that relies on the nonequilibrium between the zonal mean equatorial thermocline depth and wind stress. Over a wide range of the relative coupling coefficient, this recharge oscillator can be either self-excited or stochastically sustained. Its period is robust in the range of 3?5 years. This recharge oscillator model clearly depicts the slow physics of ENSO and also embodies the delayed oscillator (Schopf and Suarez; Battisti and Hirst) without requiring an explicit wave delay. It can also be viewed as a mixed SST?ocean dynamics oscillator due to the fact that it arises from the merging of two uncoupled modes, a decaying SST mode and a basinwide ocean adjustment mode, through the tropical ocean?atmosphere coupling. The basic characteristics of this recharge oscillator, including the relationship between the equatorial western Pacific thermocline depth and the eastern Pacific SST anomalies, are in agreement with those of ENSO variability in the observations and simulations with the Zebiak?Cane model.},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {811--829},
	Publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	Title = {{An Equatorial Ocean Recharge Paradigm for ENSO. Part I: Conceptual Model}},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {1997},
	Year1 = {1997},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054%3C0811:AEORPF%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{Suarez:1988aa,
	Abstract = {Abstract A simple nonlinear model is proposed for the El Ni{\~n}o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Its key feature is the inclusion of oceanic wave transit effects through a negative, delayed feedback. A linear stability analysis and numerical results are presented to show that the period of the oscillation is typically several times the delay. It is argued such an effect can account for the long time scale of ENSO.},
	Annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<3283:ADAOFE>2.0.CO;2},
	Author = {Suarez, Max J. and Schopf, Paul S.},
	Booktitle = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	Da = {1988/11/01},
	Date = {1988/11/01},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-02 12:34:13 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-02-02 12:49:19 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<3283:ADAOFE>2.0.CO;2},
	Isbn = {0022-4928},
	Journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	Journal1 = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	M3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<3283:ADAOFE>2.0.CO;2},
	Month = {2019/02/02},
	N2 = {Abstract A simple nonlinear model is proposed for the El Ni{\~n}o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Its key feature is the inclusion of oceanic wave transit effects through a negative, delayed feedback. A linear stability analysis and numerical results are presented to show that the period of the oscillation is typically several times the delay. It is argued such an effect can account for the long time scale of ENSO.},
	Number = {21},
	Pages = {3283--3287},
	Publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	Title = {{A Delayed Action Oscillator for ENSO}},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {1988},
	Year1 = {1988},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045%3C3283:ADAOFE%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{Battisti:1988aa,
	Abstract = {Abstract The behavior of a tropical coupled atmosphere/ocean model is analyzed for a range of different background states and ocean geometries. The model is essentially that of Cane and Zebiak for the tropical Pacific, except only temporally constant background states are considered here. For realistic background states and ocean geometry, the model solutions feature oscillations of period of 3?5 yr. By comparing the full model solution with a linearized version of the model, it is shown that the basic mechanism of the oscillation is contained within linear theory. A simple linear analog model is derived that describes the nature of the interannual variability in the coupled tropical atmosphere?ocean system. The analog model highlights the properties that produce coupled atmosphere?ocean instability in the eastern ocean basin, and the equatorial wave dynamics in the western ocean basin that are responsible for a delayed, negative feedback into this instability growth. The growth rate of the local instability c together with the magnitude b and lag of the wave-induced processes determine the nature of the interannual variability displayed in the coupled model. Specifically, these processes determine the growth rate of the coupled system and, when the solutions are oscillatory, the period of the oscillation. The terms b, c, and are set by the background state of the atmosphere and ocean, and the geometry of the ocean basin. The simple analog model is used to design and interpret a set of experiments using the full linear and nonlinear numerical models of the coupled atmosphere ocean system in the Pacific. In these experiments, we examine the effects of the assumed basic state and ocean geometry on the interannual variability of the coupled system. The simple model is shown to be a remarkably good proxy of the full linear and nonlinear numerical models. The limiting nonlinearity in the full numerical model is shown to be the dependence of the temperature of the upward water on the thermocline depth. However, we find the essential processes that describe the local instability growth rate and period of the interannual oscillations in the coupled system are linear. Nonlinearities primarily act as a bound on the amplitude of the final state oscillations, and decrease the period of the firm state oscillations by about 10 percent from that obtained in the small amplitude regime of the full coupled model and the linear analog model. The nonlinear analog model for the full numerical model is derived, and compared with that proposed by Suarez and Schopf. The numerical and analog models help to explain why organized, large amplitude, interannual variability is prominent in the tropical Pacific basin, and not in Atlantic and Indian basins.},
	Annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<1687:IVIATA>2.0.CO;2},
	Author = {Battisti, David S. and Hirst, Anthony C.},
	Booktitle = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	Da = {1989/06/01},
	Date = {1988/06/15},
	Date-Added = {2019-02-02 12:34:02 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-02-02 12:49:24 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<1687:IVIATA>2.0.CO;2},
	Isbn = {0022-4928},
	Journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	Journal1 = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	M3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<1687:IVIATA>2.0.CO;2},
	Month = {2019/02/02},
	N2 = {Abstract The behavior of a tropical coupled atmosphere/ocean model is analyzed for a range of different background states and ocean geometries. The model is essentially that of Cane and Zebiak for the tropical Pacific, except only temporally constant background states are considered here. For realistic background states and ocean geometry, the model solutions feature oscillations of period of 3?5 yr. By comparing the full model solution with a linearized version of the model, it is shown that the basic mechanism of the oscillation is contained within linear theory. A simple linear analog model is derived that describes the nature of the interannual variability in the coupled tropical atmosphere?ocean system. The analog model highlights the properties that produce coupled atmosphere?ocean instability in the eastern ocean basin, and the equatorial wave dynamics in the western ocean basin that are responsible for a delayed, negative feedback into this instability growth. The growth rate of the local instability c together with the magnitude b and lag of the wave-induced processes determine the nature of the interannual variability displayed in the coupled model. Specifically, these processes determine the growth rate of the coupled system and, when the solutions are oscillatory, the period of the oscillation. The terms b, c, and are set by the background state of the atmosphere and ocean, and the geometry of the ocean basin. The simple analog model is used to design and interpret a set of experiments using the full linear and nonlinear numerical models of the coupled atmosphere ocean system in the Pacific. In these experiments, we examine the effects of the assumed basic state and ocean geometry on the interannual variability of the coupled system. The simple model is shown to be a remarkably good proxy of the full linear and nonlinear numerical models. The limiting nonlinearity in the full numerical model is shown to be the dependence of the temperature of the upward water on the thermocline depth. However, we find the essential processes that describe the local instability growth rate and period of the interannual oscillations in the coupled system are linear. Nonlinearities primarily act as a bound on the amplitude of the final state oscillations, and decrease the period of the firm state oscillations by about 10 percent from that obtained in the small amplitude regime of the full coupled model and the linear analog model. The nonlinear analog model for the full numerical model is derived, and compared with that proposed by Suarez and Schopf. The numerical and analog models help to explain why organized, large amplitude, interannual variability is prominent in the tropical Pacific basin, and not in Atlantic and Indian basins.},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1687--1712},
	Publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	Title = {{Interannual Variability in a Tropical Atmosphere--Ocean Model: Influence of the Basic State, Ocean Geometry and Nonlinearity}},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {1988},
	Year1 = {1988},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046%3C1687:IVIATA%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{Hameed:2018aa,
	Abstract = {Super El Ni{\~n}os, the strongest and most powerful of El Ni{\~n}os, impact economies, societies, and ecosystems disproportionately. Despite their importance, we do not fully understand how super El Ni{\~n}os develop their intensity and unique characteristics. Here, combining observational analyses with simple numerical simulations, we suggest that eastern Pacific intensified super El Ni{\~n}os result from the interaction of an El Ni{\~n}o and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. Further, we identify a self-limiting behavior inherent to El Ni{\~n}o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. This behavior---a consequence of the atmospheric Kelvin wave response that develops to the east of ENSO's convective anomalies---dampens sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the eastern Pacific, thereby preventing super El Ni{\~n}os from developing through tropical Pacific dynamics alone. Our model explains the features of the large 1972, 1982, and 1997 El Ni{\~n}os; the large SST anomalies during the 2015 El Ni{\~n}o, however, were likely enhanced by strong decadal variability.},
	Author = {Hameed, Saji N. and Jin, Dachao and Thilakan, Vishnu},
	Da = {2018/06/28},
	Date-Added = {2019-01-20 11:23:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-01-20 11:26:27 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-04803-7},
	Id = {Hameed2018},
	Isbn = {2041-1723},
	Journal = {Nature Communications},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {2528},
	Title = {{A model for super El Ni{\~n}os}},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04803-7}}

@article{Takahashi2018,
	Abstract = {The existence of two regimes for El Ni{\~{n}}o (EN) events, moderate and strong, has been previously shown in the GFDL CM2.1 climate model and also suggested in observations. The two regimes have been proposed to originate from the nonlinearity in the Bjerknes feedback, associated with a threshold in sea surface temperature ({\$}{\$}T{\_}c{\$}{\$}Tc) that needs to be exceeded for deep atmospheric convection to occur in the eastern Pacific. However, although the recent 2015--16 EN event provides a new data point consistent with the sparse strong EN regime, it is not enough to statistically reject the null hypothesis of a unimodal distribution based on observations alone. Nevertheless, we consider the possibility suggestive enough to explore it with a simple theoretical model based on the nonlinear Bjerknes feedback. In this study, we implemented this nonlinear mechanism in the recharge-discharge (RD) ENSO model and show that it is sufficient to produce the two EN regimes, i.e. a bimodal distribution in peak surface temperature (T) during EN events. The only modification introduced to the original RD model is that the net damping is suppressed when T exceeds {\$}{\$}T{\_}c{\$}{\$}Tc, resulting in a weak nonlinearity in the system. Due to the damping, the model is globally stable and it requires stochastic forcing to maintain the variability. The sustained low-frequency component of the stochastic forcing plays a key role for the onset of strong EN events (i.e. for {\$}{\$}T>T{\_}c{\$}{\$}T>Tc), at least as important as the precursor positive heat content anomaly (h). High-frequency forcing helps some EN events to exceed {\$}{\$}T{\_}c{\$}{\$}Tc, increasing the number of strong events, but the rectification effect is small and the overall number of EN events is little affected by this forcing. Using the Fokker--Planck equation, we show how the bimodal probability distribution of EN events arises from the nonlinear Bjerknes feedback and also propose that the increase in the net feedback with increasing T is a necessary condition for bimodality in the RD model. We also show that the damping strength determines both the adjustment time-scale and equilibrium value of the ensemble spread associated with the stochastic forcing.},
	Author = {Takahashi, Ken and Karamperidou, Christina and Dewitte, Boris},
	Date-Added = {2019-01-20 11:23:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-01-20 11:26:22 +0000},
	Day = {09},
	Doi = {10.1007/s00382-018-4100-z},
	Issn = {1432-0894},
	Journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	Month = {Feb},
	Title = {{A theoretical model of strong and moderate El Ni{\~{n}}o regimes}},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4100-z}}

@article{doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0009.1,
	Abstract = { AbstractThe El Ni{\~n}o of 2015/16 was among the strongest El Ni{\~n}o events observed since 1950 and took place almost two decades after the previous major event in 1997/98. Here, perspectives of the event are shared by scientists from three national meteorological or climate services that issue regular operational updates on the status and prediction of El Ni{\~n}o--Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Public advisories on the unfolding El Ni{\~n}o were issued in the first half of 2015. This was followed by significant growth in sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, a peak during November 2015--January 2016, subsequent decay, and its demise during May 2016. The life cycle and magnitude of the 2015/16 El Ni{\~n}o was well predicted by most models used by national meteorological services, in contrast to the generally overexuberant model predictions made the previous year. The evolution of multiple atmospheric and oceanic measures demonstrates the rich complexity of ENSO, as a coupled ocean--atmosphere phenomenon with pronounced global impacts. While some aspects of the 2015/16 El Ni{\~n}o rivaled the events of 1982/83 and 1997/98, we show that it also differed in unique and important ways, with implications for the study and evaluation of past and future ENSO events. Unlike previous major El Ni{\~n}os, remarkably above-average SST anomalies occurred in the western and central equatorial Pacific but were milder near the coast of South America. While operational ENSO systems have progressed markedly over the past several decades, the 2015/16 El Ni{\~n}o highlights several challenges that will continue to test both the research and operational forecast communities. },
	Author = {L'Heureux, Michelle L. and Takahashi, Ken and Watkins, Andrew B. and Barnston, Anthony G. and Becker, Emily J. and Di Liberto, Tom E. and Gamble, Felicity and Gottschalck, Jon and Halpert, Michael S. and Huang, Boyin and Mosquera-V{\'a}squez, Kobi and Wittenberg, Andrew T.},
	Date-Added = {2019-01-12 13:44:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-01-12 13:54:34 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0009.1},
	Journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {1363-1382},
	Title = {{Observing and Predicting the 2015/16 El Ni{\~n}o}},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0009.1}}

@article{An:2008aa,
	Abstract = {Abstract Using ocean data assimilation products, variability of eastern Pacific Ocean tropical instability waves (TIWs) and their interaction with the El Ni{\~n}o?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were analyzed. TIWs are known to heat the cold tongue through horizontal advection. Conversely, variability of the cold tongue influences TIW variability (TIWV). During La Ni{\~n}a, TIWs are more active and contribute to anomalous warming. During El Ni{\~n}o, TIWs are suppressed and induce an anomalous cooling. TIWV thus acts as negative feedback to ENSO. Interestingly, this feedback is stronger during La Ni{\~n}a than during El Ni{\~n}o. To investigate this negative/asymmetric feedback, a simple parameterization for the horizontal thermal flux convergence due to TIWs was incorporated into a simple ENSO model. The model results suggested that asymmetric thermal heating associated with TIWs can explain the El Ni{\~n}o?La Ni{\~n}a asymmetry (with larger-amplitude El Ni{\~n}os).},
	Annote = {doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI1701.1},
	Author = {An, Soon-Il},
	Booktitle = {Journal of Climate},
	Da = {2008/08/01},
	Date = {2008/08/01},
	Date-Added = {2019-01-12 13:11:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-01-20 11:27:55 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1175/2008JCLI1701.1},
	Isbn = {0894-8755},
	Journal = {Journal of Climate},
	Journal1 = {J. Climate},
	M3 = {doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI1701.1},
	Month = {2019/01/12},
	N2 = {Abstract Using ocean data assimilation products, variability of eastern Pacific Ocean tropical instability waves (TIWs) and their interaction with the El Ni{\~n}o?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were analyzed. TIWs are known to heat the cold tongue through horizontal advection. Conversely, variability of the cold tongue influences TIW variability (TIWV). During La Ni{\~n}a, TIWs are more active and contribute to anomalous warming. During El Ni{\~n}o, TIWs are suppressed and induce an anomalous cooling. TIWV thus acts as negative feedback to ENSO. Interestingly, this feedback is stronger during La Ni{\~n}a than during El Ni{\~n}o. To investigate this negative/asymmetric feedback, a simple parameterization for the horizontal thermal flux convergence due to TIWs was incorporated into a simple ENSO model. The model results suggested that asymmetric thermal heating associated with TIWs can explain the El Ni{\~n}o?La Ni{\~n}a asymmetry (with larger-amplitude El Ni{\~n}os).},
	Number = {15},
	Pages = {3680--3686},
	Publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	Title = {{Interannual Variations of the Tropical Ocean Instability Wave and ENSO}},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2008},
	Year1 = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI1701.1}}

@article{doi:10.1175/JAS4029.1,
	Abstract = { Abstract Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in the equatorial Pacific are known to play a significant role in the development of El Ni{\~n}o events. They have typically been treated as a purely stochastic external forcing of ENSO. Recent observations, however, show that WWB characteristics depend upon the large-scale SST field. The consequences of such a WWB modulation by SST are examined using an ocean general circulation model coupled to a statistical atmosphere model (i.e., a hybrid coupled model). An explicit WWB component is added to the model with guidance from a 23-yr observational record. The WWB parameterization scheme is constructed such that the likelihood of WWB occurrence increases as the western Pacific warm pool extends: a ``semistochastic'' formulation, which has both deterministic and stochastic elements. The location of the WWBs is parameterized to migrate with the edge of the warm pool. It is found that modulation of WWBs by SST strongly affects the characteristics of ENSO. In particular, coupled feedbacks between SST and WWBs may be sufficient to transfer the system from a damped regime to one with self-sustained oscillations. Modulated WWBs also play a role in the irregular timing of warm episodes and the asymmetry in the size of warm and cold events in this ENSO model. Parameterizing the modulation of WWBs by an increase of the linear air--sea coupling coefficient seems to miss important dynamical processes, and a purely stochastic representation of WWBs elicits only a weak ocean response. Based upon this evidence, it is proposed that WWBs may need to be treated as an internal part of the coupled ENSO system, and that the detailed knowledge of wind burst dynamics may be necessary to explain the characteristics of ENSO. },
	Author = {Gebbie, Geoffrey and Eisenman, Ian and Wittenberg, Andrew and Tziperman, Eli},
	Date-Added = {2019-01-12 13:09:58 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-01-20 11:27:13 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1175/JAS4029.1},
	Journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {3281-3295},
	Title = {{Modulation of Westerly Wind Bursts by Sea Surface Temperature: A Semistochastic Feedback for ENSO}},
	Volume = {64},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS4029.1}}

@book{ruddiman_climate,
	Author = {William F. Ruddiman},
	Date-Added = {2019-01-10 10:14:19 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-01-20 11:27:48 +0000},
	Edition = {2nd},
	Publisher = {W. H. Freeman and Company},
	Title = {{Earth's Climate: Past and Future}},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{doi:10.1175/1520-04931969097,
	Author = {Bjerknes, J.},
	Date-Added = {2019-01-09 19:00:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-01-20 11:27:37 +0000},
	Journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {163-172},
	Title = {{Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific}},
	Volume = {97},
	Year = {1969}}

@incollection{wang2017nino,
	Author = {Wang, Chunzai and Deser, Clara and Yu, Jin-Yi and DiNezio, Pedro and Clement, Amy},
	Booktitle = {{Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific}},
	Date-Added = {2019-01-09 18:35:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-01-12 14:23:12 +0000},
	Pages = {85--106},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{El Ni{\~n}o and southern oscillation (ENSO): a review}},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{1997BAMS...78.2771T,
	Adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
	Adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997BAMS...78.2771T},
	Author = {{Trenberth}, K.~E.},
	Date-Added = {2019-01-09 18:34:17 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2019-01-09 18:34:17 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2771:TDOENO>2.0.CO;2},
	Journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	Month = dec,
	Pages = {2771-2777},
	Title = {{The Definition of El Ni{\~n}o.}},
	Volume = 78,
	Year = 1997,
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078%3C2771:TDOENO%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@misc{hudf_image,
	Annote = {[Online; accessed 1st January 2018]},
	Author = {NASA and ESA and S. Beckwith and {HUDF Team}},
	Date-Added = {2018-11-05 20:11:36 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-11-05 20:24:29 +0000},
	Howpublished = {\url{https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30946}},
	Month = {May},
	Note = {[Online; accessed 5th November 2018]},
	Title = {{Hubble Ultra Deep Field}},
	Year = {2018}}


text:
@inproceedings{Rosen-Zvi2004,
 author = {Rosen-Zvi, Michal and Griffiths, Thomas and Steyvers, Mark and Smyth, Padhraic},
 title = {The Author-topic Model for Authors and Documents},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence},
 series = {UAI '04},
 year = {2004},
 isbn = {0-9749039-0-6},
 location = {Banff, Canada},
 pages = {487--494},
 numpages = {8},
 url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1036843.1036902},
 acmid = {1036902},
 publisher = {AUAI Press},
 address = {Arlington, Virginia, United States},
}
@incollection{NIPS2005_2906,
title = {Correlated Topic Models},
author = {John D. Lafferty and David M. Blei},
booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 18},
editor = {Y. Weiss and B. Sch\"{o}lkopf and J. C. Platt},
pages = {147--154},
year = {2006},
publisher = {MIT Press},
url = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/2906-correlated-topic-models.pdf}
}
@article{Alghamdi2015,
year = {2015},
author = {Rubayyi Alghamdi and Khalid Alfalqi},
title = {A Survey of Topic Modeling in Text Mining},
journal = {International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications},
doi = {10.14569/IJACSA.2015.060121},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2015.060121},
publisher = {The Science and Information Organization},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
}
@inbook{Salomatin2009MultifieldCT,
author = {Konstantin Salomatin and Yiming Yang and Abhimanyu Lad},
title = {Multi-field Correlated Topic Modeling},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining},
chapter = {},
pages = {628-637},
doi = {10.1137/1.9781611972795.54},
URL = {https://epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/1.9781611972795.54},
eprint = {https://epubs.siam.org/doi/pdf/10.1137/1.9781611972795.54}
}
@Article{Rexha2018,
author="Rexha, Andi
and Kr{\"o}ll, Mark
and Ziak, Hermann
and Kern, Roman",
title="Authorship identification of documents with high content similarity",
journal="Scientometrics",
year="2018",
month="Apr",
day="01",
volume="115",
number="1",
pages="223--237",
abstract="The goal of our work is inspired by the task of associating segments of text to their real authors. In this work, we focus on analyzing the way humans judge different writing styles. This analysis can help to better understand this process and to thus simulate/ mimic such behavior accordingly. Unlike the majority of the work done in this field (i.e. authorship attribution, plagiarism detection, etc.) which uses content features, we focus only on the stylometric, i.e. content-agnostic, characteristics of authors. Therefore, we conducted two pilot studies to determine, if humans can identify authorship among documents with high content similarity. The first was a quantitative experiment involving crowd-sourcing, while the second was a qualitative one executed by the authors of this paper. Both studies confirmed that this task is quite challenging. To gain a better understanding of how humans tackle such a problem, we conducted an exploratory data analysis on the results of the studies. In the first experiment, we compared the decisions against content features and stylometric features. While in the second, the evaluators described the process and the features on which their judgment was based. The findings of our detailed analysis could (1) help to improve algorithms such as automatic authorship attribution as well as plagiarism detection, (2) assist forensic experts or linguists to create profiles of writers, (3) support intelligence applications to analyze aggressive and threatening messages and (4) help editor conformity by adhering to, for instance, journal specific writing style.",
issn="1588-2861",
doi="10.1007/s11192-018-2661-6",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2661-6"
}
@inproceedings{Minto2007,
 author = {Minto, Shawn and Murphy, Gail C.},
 title = {Recommending Emergent Teams},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories},
 series = {MSR '07},
 year = {2007},
 isbn = {0-7695-2950-X},
 pages = {5--},
 url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2007.27},
 doi = {10.1109/MSR.2007.27},
 acmid = {1269021},
 publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
 address = {Washington, DC, USA},
}
@inproceedings{Yan2013,
 author = {Yan, Xiaohui and Guo, Jiafeng and Lan, Yanyan and Cheng, Xueqi},
 title = {A Biterm Topic Model for Short Texts},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22Nd International Conference on World Wide Web},
 series = {WWW '13},
 year = {2013},
 isbn = {978-1-4503-2035-1},
 location = {Rio de Janeiro, Brazil},
 pages = {1445--1456},
 numpages = {12},
 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2488388.2488514},
 doi = {10.1145/2488388.2488514},
 acmid = {2488514},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {biterm, content analysis, short text, topic model},
}
@inproceedings{AldebeiHJ016,
  author    = {Khaled Aldebei and
               Xiangjian He and
               Wenjing Jia and
               Jie Yang},
  title     = {Unsupervised Multi-Author Document Decomposition Based on Hidden Markov
               Model},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2016, August 7-12, 2016, Berlin, Germany, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://aclweb.org/anthology/P/P16/P16-1067.pdf},
  timestamp = {Mon, 15 Aug 2016 15:53:28 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/bib/conf/acl/AldebeiHJ016},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@InProceedings{kiran2010,
author="G.V.R., Kiran
and Shankar, Ravi
and Pudi, Vikram",
editor="Setchi, Rossitza
and Jordanov, Ivan
and Howlett, Robert J.
and Jain, Lakhmi C.",
title="Frequent Itemset Based Hierarchical Document Clustering Using Wikipedia as External Knowledge",
booktitle="Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems",
year="2010",
publisher="Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
address="Berlin, Heidelberg",
pages="11--20",
abstract="High dimensionality is a major challenge in document clustering. Some of the recent algorithms address this problem by using frequent itemsets for clustering. But, most of these algorithms neglect the semantic relationship between the words. On the other hand there are algorithms that take care of the semantic relations between the words by making use of external knowledge contained in WordNet, Mesh, Wikipedia, etc but do not handle the high dimensionality. In this paper we present an efficient solution that addresses both these problems. We propose a hierarchical clustering algorithm using closed frequent itemsets that use Wikipedia as an external knowledge to enhance the document representation. We evaluate our methods based on F-Score on standard datasets and show our results to be better than existing approaches.",
isbn="978-3-642-15390-7"
}
@article{wang2003,
author = {C. M, Benjamin and Ke, Fung and Martin Ester, Wang},
year = {2003},
month = {04},
pages = {},
title = {Hierarchical Document Clustering Using Frequent Itemsets}
}
@article{Agrawal1993,
author = {Agrawal, Rakesh and Imielinski, T and Swami, Arun},
year = {1993},
month = {01},
pages = {},
title = {Mining Associations Between Sets of Items in Massive Databases},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM-SIGMOD 1993 International Conference on Management of Data, 1993}
}
@inproceedings{rehurek_lrec,
title = {{Software Framework for Topic Modelling with Large Corpora}},
author = {Radim {\v R}eh{\r u}{\v r}ek and Petr Sojka},
booktitle = {{Proceedings of the LREC 2010 Workshop on New Challenges for NLP Frameworks}},
pages = {45--50},
year = 2010,
month = May,
day = 22,
publisher = {ELRA},
address = {Valletta, Malta},
note={\url{http://is.muni.cz/publication/884893/en}},
language={English}
}
@article{Feige2002,
author = {Feige, Uriel and Krauthgamer, Robert},
title = {A Polylogarithmic Approximation of the Minimum Bisection},
journal = {SIAM J. Comput.},
issue_date = {2002},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
month = apr,
year = {2002},
issn = {0097-5397},
pages = {1090--1118},
numpages = {29},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/S0097539701387660},
doi = {10.1137/S0097539701387660},
acmid = {586910},
publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics},
address = {Philadelphia, PA, USA},
keywords = {approximation algorithms, divide and conquer, dynamic programming, graph partitioning, graph separators},
}
@article{TACL582,
        author = {Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and Billingsley, Richard  and Du, Lan  and Johnson, Mark },
        title = {Improving Topic Models with Latent Feature Word Representations},
        journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
        volume = {3},
        year = {2015},
        keywords = {},
        abstract = {Probabilistic topic models are widely used to discover latent topics in document collections, while latent feature vector representations of words have been used to obtain high performance in many NLP tasks. In this paper, we extend two different Dirichlet multinomial topic models by incorporating latent feature vector representations of words trained on very large corpora to improve the word-topic mapping learnt on a smaller corpus. Experimental results show that by using information from the external corpora, our new models produce significant improvements on topic coherence, document clustering and document classification tasks, especially on datasets with few or short documents.},
        issn = {2307-387X},
        url = {https://transacl.org/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/582},
        pages = {299--313}
}
@inproceedings{Chen2015,
  title={User Based Aggregation for Biterm Topic Model},
  author={Weizheng Chen and Jinpeng Wang and Yan Zhang and Hongfei Yan and Xiaoming Li},
  booktitle={ACL},
  year={2015}
}
@article{LimCB16,
  author    = {Kar Wai Lim and
               Changyou Chen and
               Wray L. Buntine},
  title     = {Twitter-Network Topic Model: {A} Full Bayesian Treatment for Social
               Network and Text Modeling},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1609.06791},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.06791},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1609.06791},
  timestamp = {Wed, 07 Jun 2017 14:41:52 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/bib/journals/corr/LimCB16},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@book{lambert2018,
  title={A Student’s Guide to Bayesian Statistics},
  author={Lambert, B.},
  isbn={9781526418265},
  url={https://books.google.com/books?id=CLZBDwAAQBAJ},
  year={2018},
  publisher={SAGE Publications}
}
@unknown{Zhao2016,
author = {Zhao, Yukun and Liang, Shangsong and Ren, Zhaochun and Ma, Jun and Yilmaz, Emine and de Rijke, Maarten},
year = {2016},
month = {07},
pages = {155-164},
title = {Explainable User Clustering in Short Text Streams}
}
@article{doi:10.1093/llc/fqt066,
author = {Eder, Maciej},
title = {Does size matter? Authorship attribution, small samples, big problem},
journal = {Digital Scholarship in the Humanities},
volume = {30},
number = {2},
pages = {167-182},
year = {2015},
doi = {10.1093/llc/fqt066},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqt066},
eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/dsh/30/2/10.1093_llc_fqt066/4/fqt066.pdf},
abstract = {The aim of this study is to find such a minimal size of text samples for authorship attribution that would provide stable results independent of random noise. A few controlled tests for different sample lengths, languages, and genres are discussed and compared. Depending on the corpus used, the minimal sample length varied from 2,500 words (Latin prose) to 5,000 or so words (in most cases, including English, German, Polish, and Hungarian novels). Another observation is connected with the method of sampling: contrary to common sense, randomly excerpted ‘bags of words’ turned out to be much more effective than the classical solution, i.e. using original sequences of words (‘passages’) of desired size. Although the tests have been performed using the Delta method (Burrows, J.F. (2002). ‘Delta’: a measure of stylistic difference and a guide to likely authorship. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 17(3): 267–87) applied to the most frequent words, some additional experiments have been conducted for support vector machines and k-NN applied to most frequent words, character 3-grams, character 4-grams, and parts-of-speech-tag 3-grams. Despite significant differences in overall attributive success rate between particular methods and/or style markers, the minimal amount of textual data needed for reliable authorship attribution turned out to be method-independent.}
}
@article{Yang2016,
 author = {Yang, Yi and Pan, Shimei and Lu, Jie and Topkara, Mercan and Song, Yangqiu},
 title = {The Stability and Usability of Statistical Topic Models},
 journal = {ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst.},
 issue_date = {August 2016},
 volume = {6},
 number = {2},
 month = jul,
 year = {2016},
 issn = {2160-6455},
 pages = {14:1--14:23},
 articleno = {14},
 numpages = {23},
 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2954002},
 doi = {10.1145/2954002},
 acmid = {2954002},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {LDA, Statistical topic model, constrained topic model, non-disruptive topic model update, stability, text analytics, usability},
}
@article{Ren2013,
author = {Li Ren},
year = {2013},
title = {A Survey on Statistical Topic Modeling}
}

repository: probinso/expert-modeling-system

repo_name: probinso/expert-modeling-system

gha_license_id: NOASSERTION