text:
INSANITY}},
url = {http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.67.1.37},
volume = {67},
year = {1910}
}
@article{Medler2005,
author = {Medler, DA and Binder, JR},
title = {{MCWord: An on-line orthographic database of the English language}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Spolsky1971,
abstract = {Bilingual. eduoatiOn programs lave, been established in such. Native American languages as Aleut, Yupik, Tlingit, Haida, AthabaSkan, therokee, Lakota, Navajo, Papago, Pomo, passamagdoddy, Seminole, Tewa, and Zuni. These TrOgrais{\_}include'tle; Choctaw ,Bilingual Education Program, Northern Cleyenne,'Bilingual Education Program, Iakota Bilingual Education:Broject, Rough:Rock ,Demonstration' School BilingualAidultUral Projedt, .Ramal Navajo Tigh School Bilingual Education Program, Papago Bilingual EduCation Program, Seminole Bilingual project; San Juan, Pueblo Tewa Bilingual PrOjeCt, and Wisconsin Native American Languages'PrOject. These-programs are .funded by "three= 'main sources of Federal- fUnds,t-=the, 1965-Elementary and SecOndary{\_}Education Act (ESEA) the 1,968 'ESEA Title ,VII (Bilingual Education Ad4, and Title IV,of the 1972.EdudatiOn Amendments (Indian Education Act).. model ,proposed for the 'description and analysis of :bilingual programs. tries to map all releVant factors .outcya Single,integratedstructura and. to suggest some of the lines ,of interaction (see RC ,009 343). This- report describes 17 of the currently existingNati4e,imerican Bilingual Education programs. pSing the proposed -Model (which is briefly described) as a. guide, the differendeS -among the 17 programs are -disdussed.},
author = {Spolsky, B},
file = {::},
title = {{Navajo Reading Study Progress Report No. 10.}},
url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED059805},
year = {1971}
}
@misc{VAKAR1965,
abstract = {A WORD LIST OF SPOKEN RUSSIAN WAS COMPILED BASED ON AN ACTUAL COUNT OF 10,000 WORDS. THE WORDS WERE COMPOSED OF 50-WORD SAMPLES TAKEN FROM 200 ACTS OF 93 PLAYS PUBLISHED SINCE 1957. IT WAS FOUND THAT JUST 360 WORDS, FROM A TOTAL OF 2,380 WORDS TABULATED, REPRESENTED 73 PERCENT OF ALL OCCURRENCES. THE AUTHOR PREPARED SAMPLE DIALOGUES USING ONLY THESE HIGH-FREQUENCY VOCABULARY ITEMS AS FURTHER PROOF THAT INTELLIGENT COMMUNICATION AT AN ADULT LEVEL WAS POSSIBLE.},
author = {VAKAR, N.P.},
keywords = {Language Patterns,Language Research,Russian,Vocabulary,Word Lists},
month = {jul},
title = {{A WORD COUNT OF SPOKEN RUSSIAN, THE SOVIET USAGE.}},
url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED012352},
year = {1965}
}
@article{Zettersten1978,
author = {Zettersten, A and Ku{\v{c}}era, H},
title = {{A word-frequency list based on American English press reportage}},
url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C25{\&}q=A+word-frequency+list+based+on+American+English+press+reportage{\&}btnG=},
year = {1978}
}
@article{Rawlinson1976,
abstract = {In the first part of this paper bigram frequency counts are given for the first letter- pairs, last letter-pairs and “other” letter-pairs of words of more than three letters. A short discussion of the use and relevance of such tables is given. In the second part, lists of anagram-pairs of words are given for words of length three or more letters, together with approximate percentages of occurrence of such “anagrammatical” words in the English language.},
author = {Rawlinson, G E},
doi = {10.1080/14640747608400546},
issn = {0033-555X},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {125--142},
title = {{Bigram Frequency Counts and Anagram Lists}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/14640747608400546},
volume = {28},
year = {1976}
}
@article{Solso1982,
abstract = {A review of previous word and letter counts in addition to the applications of these counts were reported. A comprehensive count of initial and terminal letters and bigrams was compiled based on the Ku{\v{c}}era and Francis (Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence: Brown Univ. Press, 1967) corpus of English words. The count included frequency of occurrence and versatility, or number of different words in which letters or bigrams occurred. It was shown how such counts can be used to describe "Englishness" and make predictions as to the information load of letters in words and pseudo words. {\textcopyright} 1982 Academic Press, Inc.},
author = {Solso, Robert L. and Juel, Connie and Rubin, David C.},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(82)90581-3},
issn = {00225371},
journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
number = {2},
pages = {220--235},
title = {{The frequency and versatility of initial and terminal letters in English words}},
volume = {21},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Whitten1979,
abstract = {Each of 464 noun pairs was rated for synonymy on a 7-point scale by 100 college students. The purpose of this study was twofold. First, it was designed to provide memory and psycholinguistic researchers with extensive synonym norms. Second, it was designed to evaluate the effects of encoding order on perceived synonymy. The hypothesis that limited semantic-memory access can cause synonym pairs to be rated as more synonymous in one word-order than in the other was tested by presenting each noun pair to 50 judges in one order and to another 50 judges in the reverse order. Mean synonym ratings (averaged across word orders) ranged from 6.79 to 2.24, thus demonstrating the need for normative data on synonyms. A significant number of noun pairs showed strong directional effects such that perceived synonymy was significantly changed by word encoding order. The practical and theoretical importance of these directional effects are discussed. {\textcopyright} 1979 Academic Press, Inc.},
author = {Whitten, William B. and {Newton Suter}, W. and Frank, Michael L.},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(79)90604-2},
issn = {00225371},
journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
number = {1},
pages = {109--127},
title = {{Bidirectional synonym ratings of 464 noun pairs}},
url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/36a442d8b009cf2aa9b48c6e17af7585/1?pq-origsite=gscholar{\&}cbl=1819609},
volume = {18},
year = {1979}
}
@misc{WepmanJosephM.|Hass1969,
abstract = {Relatively little research has been done on the quantitative characteristics of children's word usage. This spoken count was undertaken to investigate those aspects of word usage and frequency which could cast light on lexical processes in grammar and verbal development in children. Three groups of 30 children each (boys and girls) from middle-class background were used. No child had any apparent speech or hearing handicap; all were from relatively urban areas and came from English-speaking homes. Each child was shown a 20-card form of the Thematic Apperception Test and was asked to tell stories for the pictures displayed on the cards. Each story-telling session lasted one hour and was tape-recorded. For each age group there are three word lists: (1) words ordered by frequency of use, (2) words categorized by part-of-speech classes, and (3) words alphabetically ordered. The codification procedure and the rationale for each frequency list are explained in detail.},
author = {{Wepman, Joseph M.|Hass}, Wilbur},
keywords = {Child Language,Computational Linguistics,Form Classes (Languages),Function Words,Language Acquisition,Language Patterns,Speech Communication,Verbal Communication,Vocabulary Development,Word Frequency,Word Lists},
month = {sep},
publisher = {Language Research Associates, 175 East Delaware Place, Chicago, Illinois 60611 ({\$}6.50)},
title = {{A Spoken Word Count (Children--Ages 5, 6 and 7).}},
url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED037716},
year = {1969}
}
@article{Underwood1960,
abstract = {The authors report a series of original studies and analyze previous work in the area. "{\ldots} the position is taken that the frequency with which verbal units have been experienced is the fundamental variable responsible for the characteristics which have been used to define meaningfulness." The implications of the frequency hypothesis were tested in 16 experiments. These experiments deal with the effects of the frequency of letters and letter-combinations on serial and paired-associate learning, the effect of "pronunciability" on learning, the effect of frequency on letter-sequence habits, and the difference in the effect of the meaningfulness of a word depending on whether the word is a stimulus or a response.},
author = {Underwood, B. J.},
title = {{Meaningfulness and verbal learning}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/psycinfo/1961-03113-000},
year = {1960}
}
@book{Toglia1978,
abstract = {Presents information derived from college students' ratings of a large number and variety of individual words (and some nonwords) for 7 basic semantic characteristics (concreteness, imagery, familiarity, pleasantness, number of attributes or features, categorizability, and meaningfulness). The normative information is presented in the form of 8 clusters of words that are mutually similar in their semantic properties, and a complete alphabetical listing of all words is given.},
author = {Toglia, MP and Battig, WF},
title = {{Handbook of semantic word norms.}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/psycinfo/1980-50581-000},
year = {1978}
}
@article{Taylor1967,
abstract = {The method of Glaze was used to scale 320 words and paralogs for meaningfulness. One hundred Ss provided data from which three such measures were derived. Employing the most conventional of these measures (percentage of Ss responding in less than 2.5 sec) to select the items to be learned, a validating study demonstrated the usual relationship between association value and speed of learning. Other investigations have employed the materials successfully for purposes of control when the main interest of the experiment was in some other problem. {\textcopyright} 1967 Academic Press Inc.},
author = {Taylor, John David and Kimble, Gregory A.},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80080-X},
issn = {00225371},
journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
number = {5},
pages = {744--752},
title = {{The association value of 320 selected words and paralogs}},
url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/41fb5cea249229373f7305e9929a060b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar{\&}cbl=1819609},
volume = {6},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Spreen1966,
abstract = {329 nouns of A-frequency were rated on a 7-point scale for concreteness, specificity, and pronunciability by three different groups of Ss. A fourth group was used to scale the words for m by a 30-sec production method. Means of each word for s, c, and m are presented. The interrelationships among all parameters and the second-order partial correlations between m, s, c and number of letters (L) are discussed. {\textcopyright} 1966 Academic Press Inc.},
author = {Spreen, Otfried and Schulz, Rudolph W},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(66)80061-0},
issn = {00225371},
journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
number = {5},
pages = {459--468},
title = {{Parameters of abstraction, meaningfulness, and pronunciability for 329 nouns}},
url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/d47179c4a102469497a667661329e197/1?pq-origsite=gscholar{\&}cbl=1819609},
volume = {5},
year = {1966}
}
@book{PalermoD.S.&Jenkins1964,
abstract = {Word association norms are presented for 2 lists of 200 words including 100 words of the Kent-Rosanoff list. Ss were 250 boys and 250 girls in each of the Grades 4-8, 10, and 12 in the Minneapolis public schools and 500 male and 500 female students in introductory psychology classes at the University of Minnesota. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA )},
author = {Palermo, David S and Jenkins, James J},
booktitle = {Oxford, England: U. Minnesota Press},
keywords = {2100 General Psychology,No terms assigned,association/word,general,grade to colle,grades through colleg,norms for,school,word association norms for},
publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
title = {{Word association norms: Grade school through college}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1965-00017-000},
volume = {469},
year = {1964}
}
@article{Lorge1949,
author = {Lorge, I},
title = {{The semantic count of the 570 commonest English words}},
url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C25{\&}q=The+semantic+count+of+the+570+commonest+English+words{\&}btnG=},
year = {1949}
}
@article{Arlinsky,
abstract = {Six groups, each consisting of 10 Ss, produced strings of 11, 22, or 33 words, under one of two sets of instructions: “structured” instructions which asked S to produce a grammatically acceptable string; “unstructured instructions” which solicited a random, unconstrained string. Each word in S's production was classified into one of six grammatical classes. For the structured instructions the rank ordering of frequency of the six classes was functors (40{\%}), nouns (25{\%}), verbs (13{\%}), adjectives (12{\%}), pronouns (6{\%}), adverbs (3{\%}). For the unstructured instructions the rank ordering of frequency was nouns (68{\%}), adjectives (12{\%}), verbs (11{\%}), functors (4{\%}), adverbs (1{\%}), pronouns (0.55{\%}). The findings were discussed in relation to three questions.},
author = {Arlinsky, Martin and Epstein, William},
doi = {10.3758/bf03343281},
issn = {0033-3131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
number = {1-12},
pages = {555--556},
title = {{The frequency of grammatical classes in the production of verbal strings under two response sets}},
volume = {3},
year = {1965}
}
@article{Burgess1997,
abstract = {Deriving representations of meaning has been a long-standing problem in cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics. The lack of a model for representing semantic and grammatical knowledge has been a handicap in attempting to model the effects of semantic constraints in human syntactic processing. A computational model of high-dimensional context space, the Hyperspace Analogue to Language (HAL), is presented with a series of simulations modelling a variety of human empirical results. HAL learns its representations from the unsupervised processing of 300 million words of conversational text. HAL's high-dimensional context space can be used to (1) provide a basic categorization of semantic and grammatical concepts, (2) model certain aspects of morphological ambiguity in verbs, and (3) provide an account of semantic context effects in syntactic processing. The authors propose that the distributed and contextually derived representations that HAL acquires provide a basis for the subconceptual knowledge that can be used in accounting for a diverse set of cognitive phenomena. ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved)},
author = {Burgess, Curt and Lund, Kevin},
doi = {10.1080/016909697386844},
isbn = {0169-0965},
issn = {01690965},
journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
number = {2-3},
pages = {177--210},
title = {{Modelling Parsing Constraints with High-dimensional Context Space}},
volume = {12},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Lang1997,
abstract = {This paper proposes two new methodologies for the placement of series FACTS devices in deregulated electricity market to reduce congestion. Similar to sensitivity factor based method, the proposed methods form a priority list that reduces the solution space. The proposed methodologies are based on the use of LMP differences and congestion rent, respectively. The methods are computationally efficient, since LMPs are the by-product of a security constrained OPF and congestion rent is a function of LMP difference and power flows. The proposed methodologies are tested and validated for locating TCSC in IEEE 14-, IEEE 30- and IEEE 57-bus test systems. Results obtained with the proposed methods are compared with that of the sensitivity method and with exhaustive OPF solutions. The overall objective of FACTS device placement can be either to minimize the total congestion rent or to maximize the social welfare. Results show that the proposed methods are capable of finding the best location for TCSC installation, that suite both objectives. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {0005-7916(93)E0016-Z},
author = {Lang, P.J. and Bradley, M.M. and Cuthbert, B.N.},
doi = {10.1027/0269-8803/a000147},
eprint = {0005-7916(93)E0016-Z},
isbn = {Technical Report A-4},
issn = {0269-8803},
journal = {NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention},
keywords = {Congestion rent,LMP,OPF,TCSC},
pages = {39--58},
pmid = {8625375},
title = {{International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Technical Manual and Affective Ratings}},
url = {http://www.unifesp.br/dpsicobio/adap/instructions.pdf{\%}5Cnhttp://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/abs/10.1027/0269-8803/a000147},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Lachaud2007,
abstract = {L'{\^{a}}ge d'acquisition et la familiarit{\'{e}} d'un mot sont des facteurs d{\'{e}}cisifs pour l'acc{\`{e}}s au lexique, en production comme en perception. Pour favoriser les recherches sur les m{\'{e}}canismes du traitement lexical en Fran{\c{c}}ais, une base de donn{\'{e}}es lexicales a {\'{e}}t{\'{e}} constitu{\'{e}}e pour un corpus de 1225 mots monosyllabiques et bisyllabiques du Fran{\c{c}}ais. Cet article d{\'{e}}crit la m{\'{e}}thode utilis{\'{e}}e pour le recueil des donn{\'{e}}es, l'information brute obtenue, la proc{\'{e}}dure pour traiter cette information brute, et le contenu de la base de donn{\'{e}}es CHACQFAM obtenu apr{\`{e}}s traitement de l'information brute, ainsi que les proc{\'{e}}dures de validation de ce contenu. CHACQFAM est disponible gratuitement sur le site Internet « http://psycholinguistique.unige.ch/ ». Mots-cl{\'{e}}},
author = {Lachaud, Christian Michel},
doi = {10.4074/S0003503307001030},
issn = {00035033},
journal = {Annee Psychologique},
number = {1},
pages = {39--63},
title = {{Chacqfam : Une base de donn??es renseignant l'??ge d'acquisition estim?? et la familiarit?? pour 1225 mots monosyllabiques et bisyllabiques du fran??ais}},
volume = {107},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Hatzigeorgiu2000,
abstract = {This paper presents the Hellenic National (HNC), which is the corpus of Modern Greek developed by the Institute for Language and Speech Processing (ILSP). The presentation describes all stages of the creation of the corpus: collection of the material, tagging and tokenizing, construction of the database and the online implementation which aims at rendering the corpus accessible over Internet to the research community.},
author = {Hatzigeorgiu, Nick and Gavrilidou, Maria and Piperdis, Stelios and Carayannis, George and Papakostopoulou, Anastasia and Athanasia, Spiliotopoulou and Vacalopoulou, Anna and Labropoulou, Penny and Mantzari, Elena and Harris, Papageorgiou and Iason, Demiros and Markantonatou, Stella and Stainhaouer, Gregory},
pages = {1737--1742},
title = {{Design and implementation of the online ILSP Greek Corpus}},
volume = {III},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Hirata1971,
abstract = {To obtain more complete tables of letter sequences varying in order of approximation to English than those generally available, sequences of zero through fourth-order approximation were computer-generated using tables of single-letter, digram, trigram, and tetragram frequencies. Two sets of tables are presented. One consists of 100 randomly selected 10-letter sequences of each of zero to fourth-order material. The other consists of 40 8-letter sequences of each type, selected with the restriction that no letter appear more than once in the sequence.},
author = {Hirata, Kenichi and Bryden, M P},
doi = {10.3758/BF03335891},
issn = {0033-3131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {322--324},
title = {{Tables of letter sequences varying in order of approximation to English}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03335891},
volume = {25},
year = {1971}
}
@techreport{Bradley1999,
abstract = {Introduction: The Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) is being developed to provide a set of normative emotional ratings for a large number of words in the English language. The goal is to develop a set of verbal materials that have been rated in terms of pleasure, arousal, and dominance to complement the existing International Affective Picture System (IAPS, Lang, Bradley, {\&} Cuthbert, 1999) and International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS; Bradley {\&} Lang, 1999), which are collections of picture and sound stimuli, respectively, that also include these affective ratings. The ANEW, IAPS, and IADS are being developed and distributed by NIMH Center for Emotion and Attention (CSEA) investigators Margaret Bradley and Peter Lang, in order to provide standardized materials that are available to researchers in the study of emotion and attention. The existence of these affective collections should help in comparing results across different investigations of emotion, as well as in allowing replication within and across research labs assessing basic or applied problems in the study of emotion.},
author = {Bradley, Margaret M and Lang, Peter J},
booktitle = {Technical Report},
institution = {The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida},
issn = {10897801},
number = {C-1},
pmid = {1577},
title = {{Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW): Instruction Manual and Affective Ratings}},
year = {1999}
}
@misc{JonesLyleV.|Wepman1966,
author = {{Jones, Lyle V.|Wepman}, Joseph M.},
keywords = {Computational Linguistics,Form Classes (Languages),Speech Communication,Verbal Communication,Word Frequency,Word Lists},
month = {sep},
publisher = {Language Research Associates, 175 East Delaware Place, Chicago, Illinois 60611 ({\$}3.50)},
title = {{A Spoken Word Count.}},
url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED037715},
year = {1966}
}
@article{Johnson1964,
author = {Johnson, Ronald C.},
doi = {10.1080/00223980.1964.9916748},
issn = {19401019},
journal = {Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied},
month = {oct},
number = {2},
pages = {301--305},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis Group},
title = {{Mean Associative Latencies of 200 CVC Trigrams}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223980.1964.9916748},
volume = {58},
year = {1964}
}
@article{HULL1973,
abstract = {A matrix is presented of the errors of perception made by 135 men and women listening to three male and three female speakers reading aloud different randomized lists constructed from the letters of the alphabet and the digits 1—9, heard in white noise. Data from a short-term memory (STM) experiment, using simultaneous visual presentation and immediate ordered recall of two selected vocabularies of nine letters and the digits 1-9, are cited as evidence of phonemic confusion between letters and digits in STM. Conrad (1964) established a high correlation between the systematic errors made by Hsteners identifying letters of the alphabet spoken one at a time in white noise (auditory confusions), and those made by subjects when visually presented with strings of alphabetic material for immediate ordered recall. Briefly, items which sounded similar were more probably confused not only in listening, but also in short-term memory (STM). Once this relationship between auditory and STM errors had been demonstrated, it was possible, using Clarke's constant ratio rule (Clarke, 1957), to select from the listening matrix subsets of letters of diifering probabilities of auditory confusion. Conrad {\&} Hull (1964) have shown that such subsets selected for minimal auditory confusability, whether of three or nine items in the vocabulary, are significantly better recalled, after visual sequential presentation, than subsets of letters of high auditory confusability. In STM tasks using both letters and digits, Wickelgren (1965) with auditory pre-sentation, and Hintzman (1965) using visual stimuli, have shown that inter-class errors are also related to phonemic similarity. Definition of the extent and relative confusability of letters with digits has been hampered by the lack of a complete matrix of auditory confusions amongst these stimuli. The provision of such a matrix was the purpose of this study. METHOD AND PEOCEDTTKB},
author = {HULL, A. J.},
doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01384.x},
issn = {20448295},
journal = {British Journal of Psychology},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {579--585},
pmid = {4757892},
publisher = {Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111)},
title = {{A LETTER‐DIGIT MATRIX OF AUDITORY CONFUSIONS}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01384.x},
volume = {64},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Hayden1969,
abstract = {The study was devised to determine empirically the pronounciability values of 200 nonsense syllables. The rating method of Underwood and Schulz (1960) was employed and 201 college Ss participated. Obtained data were highly reliable in reference to previous research and a marked relationship with m' values was found. Relationships with association value and speed of learning were also determined. It is anticipated that the obtained values will be useful as methodological aids in the design of verbal learning studies.},
author = {Hayden, Benjamin S. and Loud, Lorraine},
doi = {10.2466/pr0.1969.25.2.415},
issn = {0033-2941},
journal = {Psychological Reports},
month = {oct},
number = {2},
pages = {415--418},
publisher = {SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA},
title = {{Some Norms for the Pronounciability of Nonsense Syllables}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2466/pr0.1969.25.2.415},
volume = {25},
year = {1969}
}
@article{Ervin-Tripp1970,
abstract = {This chapter discusses the concepts of substitution, context, and association. The elicited sentences cannot give a particularly biased estimate of word contexts for the stimulus words; however, the substitution task elicits far more antonyms than can be expected on the basis of actual contextual similarities of antonyms. The collocational study involves no editing and gives statistics on text frequencies regardless of the grammatical class of the forms. In connected discourse, nouns, verbs, indefinite pronouns, determiners, prepositions, auxiliaries, nominative pronouns, and copulas are most frequent, with adjectives and adverbs relatively infrequent. For all stimulus words, except verbs and gerunds, there is a significant positive relation between association and substitution, that is, the use of semantically and grammatically paradigmatic words as associates. Where there is high commonality in substitutions, responses tend to be paradigmatic. Where there is a high primary in the precontext or high commonality in the five most common postcontexts, the responses tend to be syntagmatic.},
author = {Ervin-Tripp, Susan M.},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-563050-4.50012-1},
isbn = {9780125630504},
journal = {Norms of Word Association},
month = {jan},
pages = {383--467},
publisher = {Academic Press},
title = {{SUBSTITUTION, CONTEXT, AND ASSOCIATION}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780125630504500121},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Miller1970,
abstract = {This chapter discusses free-association responses to words from the original Kent–Rosanoff word association test obtained from students residing in England and in Australia. It describes the subject populations represented in the present norms and highlights critical aspects of the procedure. The English sample consisted of 200 men and 200 women who were drawn from seven universities located throughout England. Approximately 60{\%} were enrolled in first-year courses in one of the social sciences, while the remainder were studying arts, science, or education. The median age of the subjects was 18 years, 5 months. The Australian samples were drawn from the universities of Sydney and Tasmania. The test was administered individually, using the conventional Kent–Rosanoff procedure. Response latencies were recorded. For the Australian sample, certain other responses were combined: verbs and participles, nouns and adverbs, and variances of nouns, for example, sit and sitting, peace and peaceful, and worm and earthworm.},
author = {Miller, Kenneth M.},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-563050-4.50005-4},
isbn = {9780125630504},
journal = {Norms of Word Association},
month = {jan},
pages = {39--52},
publisher = {Academic Press},
title = {{FREE-ASSOCIATION RESPONSES OF ENGLISH AND AUSTRALIAN STUDENTS TO 100 WORDS FROM THE KENT-ROSANOFF WORD ASSOCIATION TEST}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780125630504500054},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Keppel1970,
abstract = {This chapter discusses free-association responses to the primary purposes and other responses selected from the Palermo–Jenkins norms. A useful supplement to free-association norms is the additional determination of associations to responses that are elicited on the original test. These supplemental norms increase the number of association hierarchies available to the investigator and also provide information concerning the independent probabilities of chains of words. Free-association responses allow the independent manipulation of associative directionality of pairs of words, for example, A and B, that is, it becomes possible to choose word pairs on the basis of either the A-B or B-A associative strength. Listing of the associative probabilities of other words, given in response to B, can greatly increase the size of the pool of associative triads, that is, A-B-C chains. The original norms can be used to discover A-B-C word chains or word pairs varying in degree of bidirectionality. However, such a procedure identifies only a limited number of usable word pairs or chains.},
author = {Keppel, Geoffrey and Strand, Bonnie Z.},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-563050-4.50008-X},
isbn = {9780125630504},
journal = {Norms of Word Association},
month = {jan},
pages = {177--239},
publisher = {Academic Press},
title = {{FREE-ASSOCIATION RESPONSES TO THE PRIMARY RESPONSES AND OTHER RESPONSES SELECTED FROM THE PALERMO-JENKINS NORMS,}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012563050450008X},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Russell1970,
abstract = {This chapter discusses the complete German language norms for responses to 100 words from the Kent–Rosanoff association test. The collection of German language norms for the Kent–Rosanoff word association test was undertaken as one phase of a larger project dealing with the manner in which linguistic habits can modify aspects of behavior such as perception, learning, recall, and generalization. The normative project was carried out in the following manner: a translation from English to German was made of the Kent–Rosanoff word association test, the translated test was administered to a normative group of German students, and the results were analyzed to determine the frequency of each response to each stimulus word. The test forms were prepared on two mimeographed sheets, with numbered stimulus words arranged in columns of 25 words each, two columns to a sheet. The 100 stimulus words of the Kent–Rosanoff word association test occur quite frequently in the English language are considered, as a whole, to be emotionally neutral.},
author = {Russell, Wallace A.},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-563050-4.50006-6},
isbn = {9780125630504},
journal = {Norms of Word Association},
month = {jan},
pages = {53--94},
publisher = {Academic Press},
title = {{THE COMPLETE GERMAN LANGUAGE NORMS FOR RESPONSES TO 100 WORDS FROM THE KENT-ROSANOFF WORD ASSOCIATION TEST}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780125630504500066},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Rosenzweig1970,
abstract = {This chapter discusses the history of use of the Kent–Rosanoff list of word association stimuli. It describes the two sets of French word association norms and the conditions under which they were obtained. The difference between speakers of English and of Western European languages in the diversification of their responses is brought out by the use of the rank-frequency function. The chapter presents a comparison of few of the main characteristics of the sets of Kent–Rosanoff norms among countries and across languages. A simple and frequently used measure of similarity of responses among normative studies is to count the number of items for which the primary responses are identical. This method can be used to compare norms in different languages, to the extent that confidence can be placed in the translation. The chapter also presents a classification of the primary responses of French and American students and workers in terms of grammatical classes of stimuli and responses.},
author = {Rosenzweig, Mark R.},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-563050-4.50007-8},
isbn = {9780125630504},
journal = {Norms of Word Association},
month = {jan},
pages = {95--176},
publisher = {Academic Press},
title = {{INTERNATIONAL KENT ROSANOFF WORD ASSOCIATION NORMS, EMPHASIZING THOSE OF FRENCH MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS AND FRENCH WORKMEN,}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780125630504500078},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Cramer1970,
abstract = {This chapter discusses homographs. As an isolated unit, the identical spelling and pronunciation of the word provides no clue as to which meaning is intended. Although interpretation of the isolated unit can be influenced by the relative frequency with which the word is used to denote one rather than the other, meaning that only the surrounding context makes clear the intended meaning. Such words that have the same form but more than one meaning are called homonyms. If the two meanings of the word are represented by the same spelling, the word is a homograph. If the two meanings of the word are represented by the same pronunciation, the word is a homophone. A word can be both a homograph and a homophone. Some words are homographs but not homophones. Because homonyms are heavily dependent on context for their interpretation, they provide useful material for studying the modification of verbal meaning as a function of experimental variations in context.},
author = {Cramer, Phebe},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-563050-4.50011-X},
isbn = {9780125630504},
journal = {Norms of Word Association},
month = {jan},
pages = {361--382},
publisher = {Academic Press},
title = {{A STUDY OF HOMOGRAPHS}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012563050450011X},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Marshall1970,
abstract = {This chapter discusses single-word free-association norms for 328 responses from the Connecticut cultural norms for verbal items in categories. There are all sorts of ways in which the associative relation between two or more words can be measured. The stimulus items used in a study described in the chapter are presented with the rank and frequency with which these responses were given to the category name in the Connecticut norms listed beside each word. Stimulus items were selected from only 21 of the 43 categories, and the number of stimuli from each category ranged from 10 to 18 words. The frequency with which a word occurs as a response across the sample population of n = 100 determines the order of its listing in the norms. Thus, out of 100 Ss, 65 respond bird to the stimulus bluejay and this response, as the highest frequency response, is listed first in the associative responses to this stimulus. The normative data are presented in the sequence.},
author = {Marshall, George R. and Cofer, Charles N.},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-563050-4.50010-8},
isbn = {9780125630504},
journal = {Norms of Word Association},
month = {jan},
pages = {321--360},
publisher = {Academic Press},
title = {{SINGLE-WORD FREE-ASSOCIATION NORMS FOR 328 RESPONSES FROM THE CONNECTICUT CULTURAL NORMS FOR VERBAL ITEMS IN CATEGORIES}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780125630504500108},
year = {1970}
}
@book{Postman,
abstract = {This chapter discusses free-association responses to the primary purposes and other responses selected from the Palermo–Jenkins norms. A useful supplement to free-association norms is the additional determination of associations to responses that are elicited on the original test. These supplemental norms increase the number of association hierarchies available to the investigator and also provide information concerning the independent probabilities of chains of words. Free-association responses allow the independent manipulation of associative directionality of pairs of words, for example, A and B, that is, it becomes possible to choose word pairs on the basis of either the A-B or B-A associative strength. Listing of the associative probabilities of other words, given in response to B, can greatly increase the size of the pool of associative triads, that is, A-B-C chains. The original norms can be used to discover A-B-C word chains or word pairs varying in degree of bidirectionality. However, such a procedure identifies only a limited number of usable word pairs or chains.},
author = {Postman, Leo Joseph and Keppel, Geoffrey},
booktitle = {Norms of Word Association},
doi = {10.1016/c2013-0-11324-4},
isbn = {9781483268637},
pages = {467},
title = {{Norms of Word Association}},
url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=B0G0BQAAQBAJ{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PP1{\&}dq=Norms+of+word+association{\&}ots=uG7xEVR9mH{\&}sig=U07GapqNB0jRuVw4fPgJr9ArM9Q{\#}v=onepage{\&}q=Norms of word association{\&}f=false},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Bates,
abstract = {The UCSD Center for Research in Language is engaged in a large international study to provide norms for picture naming (both names produced and reaction times) in seven different languages (English, German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Bulgarian, Hungarian) as well as a separate sample of bilinguals (Spanish-English). For all languages, norms have been obtained for 520 line drawings of common objects. For a subset of the languages, norms are being collected for another 275 line drawings of actions. Here we present an overview of the methodology, some preliminary results, and a discussion of plans for publication. A cross-language data base, organized by items, will soon be available on the CRL website, including results of the norming study itself together with available lexical information (frequency, age of acquisition, etc.) for the associated target names.},
author = {Bates, E and Andonova, E},
journal = {CRL Newsletter},
number = {1},
title = {{Introducing the CRL international picture-naming project (CRL-IPNP)}},
url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C25{\&}q=Introducing+the+CRL+International+Picture-Naming+Project+{\%}28CRL-IPNP{\%}29{\&}btnG=},
volume = {12},
year = {2000}
}
@book{Aston1998,
abstract = {The handbook has three major parts. It begins with an introduction to the topic of corpus linguistics, intended to bring the substantial amount of corpusbased work already done in a variety of research areas to the non-specialist reader's attention. It also provides an outline description of the BNC itself. The bulk of the book however is concerned with the use of the SARA search program. This part consists of a series of detailed task descriptions which (it is hoped) will serve to teach the reader how to use SARA eVectively, and at the same time stimulate his or her interest in using the BNC. There are ten tasks, each of which introduces a new group of features of the software and of the corpus, of roughly increasing complexity. At the end of each task there are suggestions for further related work. The last part of the handbook gives a summary overview of the SARA program's commands and capabilities, intended for reference purposes, details of the main coding schemes used in the corpus, and a select bibliography},
author = {Aston, Guy and Burnard, Lou},
isbn = {0748610553},
issn = {1360-6743},
title = {{The BNC Handbook: Exploring the British National Corpus with SARA.}},
year = {1998}
}
@book{Cohen1957,
author = {Cohen, B. H. and Bousfield, W. A. and Whitmarsh, G. A.},
title = {{Cultural norms for verbal items in 43 categories. (Tech. Rep. No. 22)}},
url = {http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0142729},
year = {1957}
}
@article{Castaneda1961,
author = {Castaneda, Alfred and Fahel, Leila Snyder and Odom, Richard},
doi = {10.2307/1125943},
issn = {00093920},
journal = {Child Development},
number = {2},
pages = {297},
title = {{Associative Characteristics of Sixty-Three Adjectives and Their Relation to Verbal Paired-Associate Learning in Children}},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/1125943 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1125943?origin=crossref},
volume = {32},
year = {1961}
}
@article{Desrochers2006,
author = {Desrochers, A},
title = {{OMNILEX: A COMPUTERIZED DATABASE ON THE FRENCH LEXICON}},
url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C25{\&}q=OMNILEX{\%}3A+A+computerized+database+on+the+French+lexicon{\&}btnG=},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Smith1968,
abstract = {95 CVCs were rated for pronounceability (p') on a modification of Underwood and Schulz's 9-point scale. The correlation between testretest mean p' ratings of the CVCs was .99. Correlation between mean p' ratings of CVCs by two different groups of raters was .96. Mean p' ratings of the two groups correlated .88 and .95 with Noble's m' ratings of CVCs. Stability of the means in conjunction with the correlations is evidence that the p' scale may prove to be useful in evaluating CVCs used in verbal learning experiments.},
author = {Smith, O. W. and Badia, P. and Rosenberg, B. G.},
doi = {10.2466/pr0.1968.23.3.691},
issn = {0033-2941},
journal = {Psychological Reports},
month = {dec},
number = {3},
pages = {691--694},
title = {{Pronounceability Ratings of Some CVCs: Their Reliability and Relationship to m ′}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2466/pr0.1968.23.3.691},
volume = {23},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Warren1977,
abstract = {In order to establish the relative dominance of the various alternative meanings of 20 homographs. 100 subjects were given printed lists of words and asked to write a definition for each. Definitions were categorized and the frequency of definitions corresponding to each alternative meaning noted. Substantial variation in meaning dominance imbalance across homographs was observed. A high degree of correspondence between the dominance levels determined in this manner and those obtained by alternative methods was noted.},
author = {Warren, Robert E and Bresnick, Jan H. and Green, John P},
doi = {10.3758/BF03329332},
issn = {00905054},
journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society},
number = {3},
pages = {229--231},
title = {{Definitional dominance distributions for 20 English homographs}},
volume = {10},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Bell1971,
abstract = {Examined multitrial free recall and subjective organization of 1,005 undergraduates. Ss recalled 1 of 48 lists of 16 unrelated words of high, low, or mixed word frequencies. Recall was greater for high- than for low-word-frequency lists, but no performance differences were found in subjective organization. Analyses of the kinds of subjective organization units employed and their frequencies of usage provided evidence that some subjective organization units occur frequently and should be amenable to classification.},
author = {Bell, JA and Shapiro, SI},
journal = {psycnet.apa.org},
title = {{A normative study of organizational strategies in free recall learning.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1971-30158-001},
year = {1971}
}
@article{Danks1972,
author = {Danks, JH},
journal = {Psychonomic Society},
title = {{Associative responses to novel figures}},
url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C25{\&}q=Associative+responses+to+novel+figures{\&}btnG=},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Laehman1965,
abstract = {Single letter responses to each letter of the alphabet were collected from 1611 Ss. Subsamples were instructed either to respond with associations or to attempt to reproduce letter sequences of the English language. The results differed in several ways from previous norms.},
author = {Lachman, Roy and Laughery, Kenneth R},
doi = {10.3758/bf03343351},
issn = {0033-3131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
number = {1-12},
pages = {103--104},
title = {{Letter association and sequence norms}},
volume = {2},
year = {1965}
}
@article{George1970,
abstract = {The meaningfulness of nonsense syllables has generally been considered in terms of Ss' ratings and use of associations and pronounceability. The redundancy of nonsense syllables was quantified by means of their component transitional probabilities, using information-theory measurements. These mathematically derived ratings were in agreement with Ss' ratings of association value and pronounceability used by previous investigators to identify the relative meaningfulness of CVC trigrams. It is hypothesized that the redundancy measures, by measuring the amount of structure in trigrams, are indicative of the potentiality for yielding signification meaning in short verbal units.},
author = {Taylor, Kent B.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03335786},
issn = {00333131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
number = {2},
pages = {101--103},
title = {{An information-theory measurement of CVC trigram meaningfulness}},
volume = {21},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Amster1966,
author = {Amster, H and Keppel, G},
journal = {Psychonomic Press},
title = {{Letter association norms}},
url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C25{\&}q=Letter+association+norms+amster{\&}btnG=},
year = {1966}
}
@article{Lippman1968,
abstract = {2 groups of 21 Ss ranked 20 CVC trigrams, which represented the full-range of meaningfulness values according to established norms, for either pronunciability or ease of learning, and then recalled the trigrams incidentally. 2 additional groups of 21 Ss learned the trigrams by free learning and then ranked the trigrams for either pronunciability or ease of learning. Correlations between mean ranks, group learning measures, and meaningfulness were fairly high.},
author = {Lippman, Louis G and Kintz, B. L.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03331302},
issn = {00333131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
number = {6},
pages = {265--266},
title = {{Group predictions of item differences of CVC trigrams}},
volume = {12},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Ley1975,
abstract = {A list of 75 CVCVC words and paralogs were assessed for associative reaction time, meaningfulness (a', rated association frequency), and pronunciability. Uncorrected split-half reliability coefficients of correlation were, respectively,.97,.89, and.90. Intercorrelations were consistent with those of a list of 319 CVCVCs previously assessed for associative reaction time, meaningfulness (a'), and pronunciability. Sixty-three of the 75 CVCVCs were added to the list of 319. Intercorrelations among the assessment variables for the combined list of 382 CVCVCs were highly consistent with the intercorrelations based on the list of 319. This larger alphabetically ordered single list of 382 CVCVC words and paralogs containing all three assessment values will facilitate selection of units for the purposes of research.},
author = {Ley, Ronald and Tesiny, Edward},
doi = {10.3758/BF03337595},
issn = {00905054},
journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society},
number = {6},
pages = {645--648},
title = {{Associative reaction time, meaningfulness, and pronunciability ratings of 382 words and paralogs}},
volume = {6},
year = {1975}
}
@article{Noble1967,
abstract = {A sample of 100 CVCs was presented to 200 Ss from widely-separated college populations at the Universities of Georgia and Montana in order to obtain comparative ratings of pronounceability (p). The results indicated high within-population reliability coefficients (r ≥.98) and a high between-population correlation coefficient (r =.975). When the ratings were grouped by fives into 20 pairs of means, the Montana norms regressed linearly on the Georgia norms with r =.993.},
author = {Noble, Clyde E},
doi = {10.3758/BF03332277},
issn = {00333131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
number = {10},
pages = {433--434},
title = {{Comparative pronounceability ratings (p) of 100 CVCs in two college populations}},
volume = {8},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Roberts1968,
abstract = {Subjects were given the sense impression adjectives from Underwood {\&} Richardson's (195 6a) list of concept formation materials and had to give associations to each word for 60 sec. Noble's (l952) m technique was used to compute association values},
author = {Roberts, Dennis M},
doi = {10.3758/bf03342440},
issn = {0033-3131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
number = {2},
pages = {121--122},
title = {{Meaningfulness of Underwood and Richardson's (1956a) sense impression descriptive adjectives}},
volume = {13},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Costantini1966,
abstract = {The 343 CCC trigrams having the lowest association values in Witmer's 1935 list were re-evaluated. Reliability of ratings was .89 and the correlation with Witmer's values was. 79. Large changes were found in trigrams such as JFK, QJF, LBJ, LBH, HFC, GXM, DHJ, DXB, etc. There were substantial increases in values of trigrams beginning with D. New norms are presented for experimenters who need more precise control over stimulus materials.},
author = {Costantini, Arthur F and Blackwood, Ralph O.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03331196},
issn = {00333131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
number = {2},
pages = {67--68},
title = {{CCC trigrams of low association value: A re-evaluation}},
volume = {12},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Shapiro1964,
abstract = {Multiple word associations to 52 CVCs were obtained from grade-school-aged children. Meaningfulness values (m) for each word, defined as the mean number of associations, were determined. While m values for the set of words increased with grade-age, the rank ordering of these values was essentially the same within each grade-age-sex group. Sex was not related to m values. Values of m when compared with Noble's m' showed significant agreement both for rank-order comparisons and values dichotomized into high and low categories.},
author = {Shapiro, Sydelle S.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03342824},
issn = {0033-3131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
month = {jan},
number = {1-12},
pages = {127--128},
title = {{Meaningfulness values for 52 CVCs for grade-school-aged children}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03342824},
volume = {1},
year = {1964}
}
@article{Winters1970,
author = {Winters, JJ and Kahn, H},
journal = {Psychonomic Journals},
title = {{Word association norms of adolescent mental retardates}},
url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C25{\&}q=Word+association+norms+of+adolescent+mental+retardates{\&}btnG=},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Gerjouy1965,
abstract = {One hundred institutionalized adolescent educable retardates gave oral free-association responses to the 100 words of the Kent-Rosanoff list presented in an order that was expected to minimize antonym response set. Their responses were tabulated to provide preliminary word-association norms for this subject population.},
author = {Gerjuoy, Irma R. and Gerjuoy, Herbert},
doi = {10.3758/BF03343345},
issn = {0033-3131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
month = {jan},
number = {1-12},
pages = {91--92},
title = {{Preliminary word-association norms for institutionalized adolescent retardates}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03343345},
volume = {2},
year = {1965}
}
@article{Stark1972,
author = {Stark, K},
journal = {Psychonomic Society},
title = {{Synonym responses to 100 free association stimuli}},
url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C25{\&}q=Synonym+responses+to+100+free+association+stimuli{\&}btnG=},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Shapiro1968,
abstract = {COMPILED A SINGLE ALPHABETICAL LISTING BY STIMULUS WORD FROM 20 COLLECTIONS OF NORMATIVE DISCRETE FREE ASSOCIATION DATA. INCLUDED ARE THE PRIMARY RESPONSE TO EACH STIMULUS WORD, THE ASSOCIATIVE PROBABILITY OF THE PRIMARY RESPONSE, THE WORD FREQUENCY OF EACH STIMULUS AND PRIMARY RESPONSE, AND THE NORM SOURCE FOR EACH STIMULUS.},
author = {Shapiro, S I and Palermo, D S},
journal = {Psychonomic Monograph Supplements},
pages = {219--250},
title = {{An atlas of normative free association data}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1968-14936-001},
volume = {2},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Shapiro1966,
abstract = {Word association norms are reported for 200 boys and girls, aged 12 yr. 9 mo.-13 yr. 8 mo. For those words which constituted a retest, analysis showed a high consistency in the primary response. When the primaries were used as S words, Ss frequently responded with the word that had originally produced the primary. In 14 cases, however, a new association was produced and these "chains of association" are presented. ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved)},
author = {Shapiro, Sydelle Stone},
doi = {10.3758/bf03342267},
issn = {0033-3131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {233--234},
title = {{Word association norms: Stability of response and chains of association}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03342267},
volume = {4},
year = {1966}
}
@article{Lovelace1981,
abstract = {A set of word triads are presented that, as stimulus materials for free association, permit the assessment of the relative salience of two varieties of feature enhancement. There are 10 triads of each of four types that differ with respect to how the words of each triad are related. In the first type, the three words share inherent features that determine their membership in a common natural category, words of a second type are from different categories but share a sensory characteristic, the third type share both membership in a natural category and a sensory feature, and the fourth type are unrelated. The distributions of responses to these triad types are presented for a college sample as a baseline for a population of high linguistic ability. Changes in such distributions from 1st to 5th grade are then explored, and differences are shown in the associations produced by 10th- and 11th-grade high school students of high, medium, and low reading levels.},
author = {Lovelace, Eugene A. and Reid, L. Starling and Hunt, Linda C.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03333669},
issn = {0090-5054},
journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {65--68},
title = {{Free associations to conceptually structured word triads}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03333669},
volume = {17},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Bowen1971,
abstract = {The report presents evidence that a lognormal distribution provides a satisfactory model for the relative frequencies of occurrence of 420 conceptual nouns. The nouns had been randomly selected from the Thorndike-Lorge (T-L) source and had been used as the words in a familiarity scale. The model also provides a satisfactory description of the words from the scale which were common to the T-L count and the later Ku{\v{c}}era-Francis (K-F) count and of scaled words in the T-L count which were missing from the K-F count. For common words, there has been a very small shift toward lower frequencies of occurrence in the time between the counts. The shift originated in frequency changes in words from the middle and upper frequency categories of the familiarity scale. The report suggests that differences in types of words are responsible for differences in distributions obtained by Carroll for all words in the K-F count and the distributions presented here. It is suggested, further, that the familiarity scale continues to be useful.},
author = {Bowen, John H},
doi = {10.3758/BF03336054},
issn = {0033-3131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
month = {aug},
number = {2},
pages = {156--158},
title = {{The stability of the printed frequencies of occurrence of 420 English conceptual nouns}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03336054},
volume = {23},
year = {1971}
}
@article{Garskof1967,
author = {Garskof, BE and Houston, JP and Mednick, SA},
journal = {Psychonomic Monograph Supplements},
number = {2},
title = {{Overlap and direct associative strength norms for 480 word pairs}},
url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C25{\&}q=Overlap+and+direct+associative+strength+norms+for+480+word+pairs{\&}btnG=},
volume = {2},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Hager1985,
abstract = {Presents normative data concerning the emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and meaningfulness of 580 German adjectives. Normative data are based on responses of undergraduates at German universities. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Hager, Willi and Mecklenbr{\"{a}}uker, Silvia and M{\"{o}}ller, Holger and Westermann, Rainer},
issn = {00666475},
journal = {Archiv F{\"{u}}r Psychologie},
number = {2},
pages = {75--97},
title = {{Emotionsgehalt, Bildhaftigkeit, Konkretheit und Bedeutungshaltigkeit von 580 Adjektiven: Ein Beitrag zur Normierung und zur Pr{\"{u}}fung einiger Zusammenhangshypothesen.}},
url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true{\&}db=psyh{\&}AN=1987-18254-001{\&}site=ehost-live},
volume = {137},
year = {1985}
}
@article{NEW2007,
abstract = {We examine the use of film subtitles as an approximation of word frequencies in human interactions. Because subtitle files are widely available on the Internet, they may present a fast and easy way to obtain word frequency measures in language registers other than text writing. We compiled a corpus of 52 million French words, coming from a variety of films. Frequency measures based on this corpus compared well to other spoken and written frequency measures, and explained variance in lexical decision times in addition to what is accounted for by the available French written frequency measures.},
author = {NEW, BORIS and BRYSBAERT, MARC and VERONIS, JEAN and PALLIER, CHRISTOPHE},
doi = {10.1017/S014271640707035X},
isbn = {0142-7164},
issn = {0142-7164},
journal = {Applied Psycholinguistics},
month = {oct},
number = {04},
pages = {661--677},
title = {{The use of film subtitles to estimate word frequencies}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S014271640707035X},
volume = {28},
year = {2007}
}
@article{New2001,
abstract = {SUMMARY : A lexical database for contemporary french on internet :LEXIQUEWe pr{\'{e}}sent a new lexical database of French, named Lexique. Based on acorpus oftexts written since 1950 which contained 31 million words, Lexiqueyields 130 000 entries including the inflected forms of verbs, nouns andadjectives. Each entry provides several kinds of information includingfrequency, gender, number, phonological form, graphemic and phonemicunicity points. Several tables give additional statistics such as the frequencies ofvarious units : letters, bigrams, trigrams, phon{\`{e}}mes and syllables. Thedatabase is available for free on the Internet.Key words : word r{\'{e}}cognition, database, frequencies},
author = {New, Boris and Pallier, Christophe and Ferrand, Ludovic and Matos, Rafael},
doi = {10.3406/psy.2001.1341},
isbn = {0003-5033},
issn = {0003-5033},
journal = {L'ann{\'{e}}e Psychologique},
pages = {447--462},
title = {{UNE BASE DE DONNEES LEXICALES DU FRAN{\c{C}}AIS CONTEMPORAIN SUR INTERNET : LEXIQUE™}},
volume = {101},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Mikels2005,
abstract = {The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) is widely used in studies of emotion and has been $\backslash$ncharacterized primarily along the dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance. Even though $\backslash$nresearch has shown that the IAPS is useful in the study of discrete emotions, the categorical structure $\backslash$nof the IAPS has not been characterized thoroughly. The purpose of the present project was to collect $\backslash$ndescriptive emotional category data on subsets of the IAPS in an effort to identify images that elicit $\backslash$none discrete emotion more than others. These data reveal multiple emotional categories for the images $\backslash$nand indicate that this image set has great potential in the investigation of discrete emotions. This $\backslash$narticle makes these data available to researchers with such interests.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {NIHMS150003},
author = {Mikels, Joseph A. and Fredrickson, Barbara L. and Larkin, Gregory R. and Lindberg, Casey M. and Maglio, Sam J. and Reuter-Lorenz, Patricia A.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192732},
eprint = {NIHMS150003},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {626--630},
pmid = {16629294},
title = {{Emotional category data on images from the international affective picture system}},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Roediger1995,
abstract = {Two experiments (modeled after J. Deese's 1959 study) revealed remarkable levels of false recall and false recognition in a list learning paradigm. In Experiment 1, subjects studied lists of 12 words (e.g., bed, rest, awake); each list was composed of associates of 1 nonpresented word (e.g., sleep). On immediate free recall tests, the nonpresented associates were recalled 40{\%} of the time and were later recognized with high confidence. In Experiment 2, a false recall rate of 55{\%} was obtained with an expanded set of lists, and on a later recognition test, subjects produced false alarms to these items at a rate comparable to the hit rate. The act of recall enhanced later remembering of both studied and nonstudied material. The results reveal a powerful illusion of memory: People remember events that never happened. False memories—either remembering events that never happened, or remembering them quite differently from the way they happened—have recently captured the attention of both psychologists and the public at large. The primary impetus for this recent surge of interest is the increase in the number of cases in which memories of previously unrecognized abuse are reported during the course of therapy. Some researchers have argued that certain therapeutic practices can cause the creation of false memories, and therefore, the apparent "recovery" of memories during the course of therapy may actually represent the creation of memories (Lindsay {\&} Read, 1994; Loftus, 1993). Although the concept of false memories is currently enjoying an increase in publicity, it is not new; psychologists have been studying false memories in several laboratory paradigms for years. Schacter (in press) provides an historical overview of the study of memory distortions. Bartlett (1932) is usually credited with conducting the first experimental investigation of false memories; he had subjects read an Indian folktale, "The War of the Ghosts," and recall it repeatedly. Although he reported no aggregate data, but only sample protocols, his results seemed to show distortions in subjects' memories over repeated attempts to recall the story. Interestingly, Bartlett's repeated reproduction results never have been successfully replicated by later researchers (see Gauld {\&} Stephenson, 1967; Roediger, Wheeler, {\&} Rajaram, 1993); indeed, Wheeler and Roediger (1992) showed that recall of prose passages (including "The War of the Ghosts") This research was supported by Grant F49620-92-J-0437 from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. We thank Ron Haas and Lubna Manal for aid in conducting this research. Also, we thank Endel Tulving for bringing the Deese (1959) report to our attention. The manuscript benefited from comments},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803},
author = {Roediger, Henry L. and McDermott, Kathleen B.},
doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803},
eprint = {0278-7393.21.4.803},
isbn = {1939-1285(Electronic);0278-7393(Print)},
issn = {02787393},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},
number = {4},
pages = {803--814},
pmid = {3222},
primaryClass = {10.1037},
title = {{Creating False Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists}},
volume = {21},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Leon2006,
abstract = {In the present study, we tested a computer-based procedure for assessing very concise summaries (50 words long) of two types of text (narrative and expository) using latent semantic analysis (LSA) in comparison with the judgments of four human experts. LSA was used to estimate semantic similarity using six different methods: four holistic (summary-text, summary-summaries, summary-expert summaries, and pregraded-ungraded summary) and two componential (summary-sentence text and summary-main sentence text). A total of 390 Spanish middle and high school students (14-16 years old) and six experts read a narrative or expository text and later summarized it. The results support the viability of developing a computerized assessment tool using human judgments and LSA, although the correlation between human judgments and LSA was higher in the narrative text than in the expository, and LSA correlated more with human content ratings thanwith hu mancoherence ratings. Finally, theholistic methods were found to be more reliable than the componential methods analyzed in this study.},
author = {Le{\'{o}}n, Jos{\'{e}} A. and Olmos, Ricardo and Escudero, Inmaculada and Ca{\~{n}}as, Jos{\'{e}} J. and Salmer{\'{o}}n, Lalo},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193894},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {616--627},
pmid = {17393833},
title = {{Assessing short summaries with human judgments procedure and latent semantic analysis in narrative and expository texts}},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Marcus1993,
abstract = {There is a growing consensus that significant, rapid progress can be made in both text understanding and spoken language understanding by investigating those phenom- ena that occur most centrally in naturally occurring unconstrained materials and by attempting to automatically extract information about language from very large cor- pora. Such corpora are beginning to serve as important research tools for investigators in natural language processing, speech recognition, and integrated spoken language systems, as well as in theoretical linguistics. Annotated corpora promise to be valu- able for enterprises as diverse as the automatic construction of statistical models for the grammar of the written and the colloquial spoken language, the development of explicit formal theories of the differing grammars of writing and speech, the investi- gation of prosodic phenomena in speech, and the evaluation and comparison of the adequacy of parsing models.},
author = {Marcus, Mitchell P and Santorini, Beatrice and Marcinkiewicz, Mary Ann},
doi = {10.1162/coli.2010.36.1.36100},
isbn = {0891-2017},
issn = {08912017},
journal = {Computational Linguistics},
keywords = {POS-Tagging},
number = {2},
pages = {313--330},
title = {{Building a large annotated corpus of English: The Penn Treebank}},
volume = {19},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Marcell2010a,
abstract = {The development of a set of everyday, nonverbal, digitized sounds for use in auditory confrontation naming applications is described. Normative data are reported for 120 sounds of varying lengths representing a wide variety of acoustic events such as sounds produced by animals, people, musical instruments, tools, signals, and liquids. In Study 1, criteria for scoring naming accuracy were developed and rating data were gathered on degree of confidence in sound identification and the perceived familiarity, complexity, and pleasantness of the sounds. In Study 2, the previously developed criteria for scoring naming accuracy were applied to the naming responses of a new sample of subjects, and oral naming times were measured. In Study 3 data were gathered on how subjects categorized the sounds: In the first categorization task - free classification - subjects generated category descriptions for the sounds; in the second task - constrained classification - a different sample of subjects selected the most appropriate category label for each sound from a list of 27 labels generated in the first task. Tables are provided in which the 120 stimuli are sorted by familiarity, complexity, pleasantness, duration, naming accuracy, speed of identification, and category placement. The. WAV sound files are freely available to researchers and clinicians via a sound archive on the World Wide Web; the URL is http://www.cofc.edu/{\~{}}marcellm/confront.htm.},
author = {Marcell, Michael M and Borella, Diane and Greene, Michael and Kerr, Elizabeth and Rogers, Summer},
doi = {10.1076/jcen.22.6.830.949},
isbn = {1380-3395 (Print)$\backslash$r1380-3395 (Linking)},
issn = {1380-3395},
journal = {Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology},
number = {February 2014},
pages = {37--41},
pmid = {11320440},
title = {{Confrontation Naming of Environmental Sounds Confrontation Naming of Environmental Sounds}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/jcen.22.6.830.949},
volume = {22},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Keuleers2010b,
abstract = {In recent years, psycholinguistics has seen a remarkable growth of research based on the analysis of data from large-scale studies of word recognition, in particular lexical decision and word naming. We present the data of the Dutch Lexicon Project (DLP) in which a group of 39 participants made lexical decisions to 14,000 words and the same number of nonwords. To examine whether the extensive practice precludes comparison with the traditional short experiments, we look at the differences between the first and the last session, compare the results with the English Lexicon Project (ELP) and the French Lexicon Project (FLP), and examine to what extent established findings in Dutch psycholinguistics can be replicated in virtual experiments. Our results show that when good nonwords are used, practice effects are minimal in lexical decision experiments and do not invalidate the behavioral data. For instance, the word frequency curve is the same in DLP as in ELP and FLP. Also, the Dutch-English cognate effect is the same in DLP as in a previously published factorial experiment. This means that large-scale word recognition studies can make use of psychophysical and psychometrical approaches. In addition, our data represent an important collection of very long series of individual reaction times that may be of interest to researchers in other areas.},
author = {Keuleers, Emmanuel and Diependaele, Kevin and Brysbaert, Marc},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00174},
isbn = {1664-1078},
issn = {16641078},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
keywords = {Dutch,Lexical decision,Megastudy,Practice effect,Pseudowords,Reaction time,Visual word recognition,Word frequency},
number = {NOV},
pmid = {21833236},
title = {{Practice effects in large-scale visual word recognition studies: A lexical decision study on 14,000 dutch mono-and disyllabic words and nonwords}},
volume = {1},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Deese1964,
abstract = {This paper presents an analysis of the relations among the associative distributions to 278 English adjectives. These adjectives provide a nearly exhaustive sample of adjectives with Thorndike-Lorge frequencies of 50 occurrences per million or greater. The analysis shows that among these adjectives there are 40 pairs of polar opposites or contrasts. Factor analysis of the intersections of associative distributions among these polar opposites reveals that they are nearly completely orthogonal. There is a sizeable correlation between loadings for the pairs big-little and large-small; nearly all the remaining pairs produce correlations close to zero. Some of the pairs define scales on which it is possible to locate parts of the intraverbal meaning of other adjectives. More than 100 adjectives in the present sample are located on one or more scales produced by the basic contrasts. Not all pairs of contrasts, however, have scalar properties; these words define contrasts but not contrasting scales. Finally, not all adjectives are organized by contrast, though it is probable that a very large number, perhaps the majority, are. Finally evidence is presented for the general linguistic validity of the results of factor analysis of associative meaning. Such evidence points to the determination of intraverbal relations in meaning by partial contextual equivalences plus whatever external contingencies exist between words and the environment at large. {\textcopyright} 1964 Academic Press Inc. All rights reserved.},
author = {Deese, James},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(64)80001-3},
isbn = {0022-5371},
issn = {00225371},
journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
number = {5},
pages = {347--357},
title = {{The associative structure of some common english adjectives}},
volume = {3},
year = {1964}
}
@incollection{Jenkins1970,
abstract = {This chapter discusses the 1952 Minnesota word association norms. The Minnesota word association norms are usually known as the Minnesota norms for the Kent–Rosanoff word association test. If the frequency of occurrence of responses to the particular stimulus word is tabulated and then arranged in order of descending frequency, it is customary to describe this series as the associative hierarchy or the associative response hierarchy for the particular stimulus word. There is a general negative relationship between the frequency of popular responses to stimuli and the number of different responses made to the stimuli. The norms have found a wide variety of uses in the experimental laboratory and have also provided a measure of individual differences. The norms provide an index of powerful verbal habits that are shared by members of the college student community.},
author = {Jenkins, James J.},
booktitle = {Norms of Word Association},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-563050-4.50004-2},
isbn = {9780125630504},
pages = {1--38},
title = {{THE 1952 MINNESOTA WORD ASSOCIATION NORMS}},
year = {1970}
}
@misc{Thorndike1945,
abstract = {This is an extension of the 1921 and 1931 Thorndike word books, including the data from these counts and from three other counts of over 4Β million words each. Most of the book comprises Part I, being the list of English words occurring at least once per million words of representative general reading matter. The five columns after each alphabetized entry report (1) numbers stating occurrences per million words, (2) the Thorndike general count of 1931, (3) the Lorge magazine count, (4) the Thorndike count of 120 juvenile books, and (5) the Lorge-Thorndike semantic count. Part II is a list of words occurring at least once per four million words of printed usage but not so often as once per million words. A list of the 500 most frequently encountered words and of the 500 next in order completes the volume. The introduction contains a detailed set of instructions for the use of this material by elementary and secondary school teachers in furthering pupil growth in vocabulary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Thorndike, Edward L and Lorge, Iriving},
booktitle = {Journal of Consulting Psychology},
doi = {10.1037/h0050354},
isbn = {9781436576048},
issn = {0095-8891},
number = {6},
pages = {306--307},
pmid = {72274441},
title = {{The teacher's word book of 30,000 words.}},
volume = {9},
year = {1945}
}
@article{VanEngen2010,
abstract = {This paper describes the development of the Wildcat Corpus of native- and foreign-accented English,a corpus containing scripted and spontaneous speech recordings from 24 native speakers of American English and 52 non-native speakers of English.The core element of this corpus is a set of spontaneous speech recordings, for which a new method of eliciting dialogue-based, laboratory-quality speech recordings was developed (the Diapix task). Dialogues between two native speakers of English, between two non-native speakers of English (with either shared or different LIs), and between one native and one non-native speaker of English are included and analyzed in terms of general measures of communicative efficiency.The overall finding was that pairs of native talkers were most efficient, followed by mixed native/non-native pairs and non-native pairs with shared LI. Non-native pairs with different LIs were least efficient.These results support the hypothesis that successful speech communication depends both on the alignment of talkers to the target language and on the alignment of talkers to one another in terms of native language background.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {NIHMS150003},
author = {van Engen, Kristin J. and Baese-Berk, Melissa and Baker, Rachel E. and Choi, Arim and Kim, Midam and Bradlow, Ann R.},
doi = {10.1177/0023830910372495},
eprint = {NIHMS150003},
isbn = {0023-8309 (Print)$\backslash$r0023-8309 (Linking)},
issn = {00238309},
journal = {Language and Speech},
keywords = {Diapix task,foreign-accented speech,spontaneous speech,task-oriented dialogue,type-token ratio},
number = {4},
pages = {510--540},
pmid = {21313992},
title = {{The wildcat corpus of native-and foreign-accented english: Communicative efficiency across conversational dyads with varying language alignment profiles}},
volume = {53},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Sze2014,
abstract = {The Chinese language has more native speakers than any other language, but research on the reading of Chinese characters is still not as well-developed as it is for the reading of words in alphabetic languages. Two areas notably lacking are the paucity of megastudies in Chinese and the relatively infrequent use of the lexical decision paradigm to investigate single-character recognition. The Chinese Lexicon Project, described in this article, is a database of lexical decision latencies for 2,500 Chinese single characters in simplified script, collected from a sample of native mainland Chinese (Mandarin) speakers (N = 35). This resource will provide a valuable adjunct to influential mega-databases, such as the English, French, and Dutch Lexicon Projects. Using two separate analyses, some advantages associated with megastudies are exemplified. These include the selection of the strongest measure to represent Chinese character frequency (Cai {\&} Brysbaert's (PLoS ONE 5(6): e10729, 2010) subtitle contextual diversity frequency count), and the conducting of virtual studies to replicate and clarify existing findings. The unique morpho-syllabic nature of the Chinese writing system makes it a valuable case study for functional language contrasts. Moreover, this is the first publicly available large-scale repository of behavioral responses pertaining to Chinese language processing (the behavioral dataset is attached to this article, as a supplemental file available for download). For these reasons, the data should be of substantial interest to psychologists, linguists, and other researchers.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Sze, Wei Ping and {Rickard Liow}, Susan J. and Yap, Melvin J.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0355-9},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Logograph,Mandarin,Megastudy,Nonalphabetic,Reaction time,Visual word recognition},
number = {1},
pages = {263--273},
pmid = {23813237},
title = {{The Chinese Lexicon Project: A repository of lexical decision behavioral responses for 2,500 Chinese characters}},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Rossion2004,
abstract = {Theories of object recognition differ to the extent that they consider object representations as being mediated only by the shape of the object, or shape and surface details, if surface details are part of the representation. In particular, it has been suggested that color information may be helpful at recognizing objects only in very special cases, but not during basic-level object recognition in good viewing conditions. In this study, we collected normative data (naming agreement, familiarity, complexity, and imagery judgments) for Snodgrass and Vanderwart's object database of 260 black-and-white line drawings, and then compared the data to exactly the same shapes but with added gray-level texture and surface details (set 2), and color (set 3). Naming latencies were also recorded. Whereas the addition of texture and shading without color only slightly improved naming agreement scores for the objects, the addition of color information unambiguously improved naming accuracy and speeded correct response times. As shown in previous studies, the advantage provided by color was larger for objects with a diagnostic color, and structurally similar shapes, such as fruits and vegetables, but was also observed for man-made objects with and without a single diagnostic color. These observations show that basic-level 'everyday' object recognition in normal conditions is facilitated by the presence of color information, and support a 'shape + surface' model of object recognition, for which color is an integral part of the object representation. In addition, the new stimuli (sets 2 and 3) and the corresponding normative data provide valuable materials for a wide range of experimental and clinical studies of object recognition.},
author = {Rossion, Bruno and Pourtois, Gilles},
doi = {10.1068/p5117},
isbn = {03010066},
issn = {03010066},
journal = {Perception},
number = {2},
pages = {217--236},
pmid = {15109163},
title = {{Revisiting Snodgrass and Vanderwart's object pictorial set: The role of surface detail in basic-level object recognition}},
volume = {33},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Coltheart1979,
abstract = {In lexical decision experiments, subjects have difficulty in responding NO to non-words which are pronounced exactly like English words (e.g. BRANE). This does not necessarily imply that access to a lexical entry ever occurs via a phono- logical recoding of a visually-presented word. The phonological recoding procedure might be so slow that when the letter string presented is a word, access to its lexical entry via a visual representation is always achieved before phonological recoding is completed. If prelexical phonological recodings are produced by using grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules, such recodings can only occur for words which conform to these rules (regular words), since applications of the rules to words which do not conform to the rules (exception words) produce incorrect phonological representations. In two experiments, it was found that time to achieve lexical access (as measured by YES latency in a lexical decision task) was equivalent for regular words and exception words. It was concluded that access to lexical entries in lexical decision experiments of this sort does not proceed by sometimes or always phonologically recoding visually-presented words.},
author = {Coltheart, Max and Besner, Derek and Jonasson, Jon Torfi and Davelaar, Eileen},
doi = {10.1080/14640747908400741},
isbn = {0033-555X},
issn = {0033-555X},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {489--507},
title = {{Phonological encoding in the lexical decision task}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14640747908400741},
volume = {31},
year = {1979}
}
@article{CONRAD1964,
abstract = {Sequences of 6 letters of the alphabet were visually presented for immediate recall to 387 subjects. Errors showed a systematic relationship to original stimuli. This is held to meet a requirement of the decay theory of immediate memory. The same letter vocabulary was used in a test in which subjects were required to identify the letters spoken against a white noise background. A highly significant correlation was found between letters which confused in the listening test, and letters which confused in recall. The role of neurological noise in recall is discussed in relation to these results. It is further argued that information theory is inadequate to explain the memory span, since the nature of the stimulus set, which can be defined quantitatively, as well as the information per item, is likely to be a determining factor.},
author = {CONRAD, R.},
doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00899.x},
issn = {00071269},
journal = {British Journal of Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {75--84},
title = {{ACOUSTIC CONFUSIONS IN IMMEDIATE MEMORY}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00899.x},
volume = {55},
year = {1964}
}
@article{Hermans1994,
abstract = {Based on a sample of 145 Flemish first year psychology students at the University of Leuven (Belgium), affective and subjective familiarity norms were obtained for 740 Dutch words. One group of students (N = 64) rated 370 nouns, and a second group (N = 81) rated 370 personality-trait words on seven-point visual analogue scales, both for the positive-negative, and familiar-unfamiliar dimensions. Test-retest and inter-rate reliability coefficients were very high for both wordsets and response-types. The mean ratings and their standard deviations are presented in the Appendix. Gender differences for specific words are tabulated, and the observed association between the affective and the familiarity ratings is discussed.},
author = {Hermans, Dirk and {De Houwer}, Jan},
isbn = {0033-2879},
issn = {00332879},
journal = {Psychologica Belgica},
keywords = {frequency},
number = {2-3},
pages = {115--139},
pmid = {13071998978928074880},
title = {{Affective and Subjective Familiarity Ratings of 740 Dutch Words}},
volume = {34},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Bai2005,
abstract = {Objective: To develop the native Chinese Affective Picture System (CAPS) for future research on emotion.!Methods: 852 pictures were screened out to make up of CAPS. 46 Chinese university students were collected to rate the valence, arousal and dominance by self-report in a 9-point rating scale for CAPS.!Results: The standard deviations of scores on valence and dominance were greater than that on arousal. Scatter plot showed that the score distribution on the dimension of valence and arousal was wide in CAPS.! Conclusion: Though IAPS (International Affective Picture System) is highly internationally-accessible, there are still significant differences between the two sources. The native Chinese Affective Picture System is necessary.},
author = {Bai, Lu and Ma, Hui and Huang, Yuxia and Luo, Yuejia},
doi = {10.3321/j.issn:1000-6729.2005.11.001},
issn = {1000-6729(Print)},
journal = {Chinese Mental Health Journal},
keywords = {CAPS,IAPS,affective picture,emotion,psychology,psychometric studies},
number = {11},
pages = {719--722},
title = {{The Development of Native Chinese Affective Picture System—A pretest in 46 College Students}},
volume = {19},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Frijda1989,
abstract = {Ss in 2 studies were asked to report on 32 emotional states. Ss were asked to remember instances of experiencing these states and, for each experience, to fill out a questionnaire on appraisal dimensions and action readiness modes. Appraisal patterns as well as patterns of action readiness show distinct relations to various emotional categories, or names; the contributions of both kinds of components to emotion distinction are in part independent and additive. Multiple correlations, predicting action readiness scores from appraisal scores, demonstrated significant relations between particular modes of action readiness and particular appraisal patterns. The results of these studies are interpreted as providing support for the view that emotions can be regarded both as experiences of forms of appraisal and as states of action readiness. Emotions can profitably be analyzed in terms of sets of components, in which action readiness components take an important share. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Frijda, Nico H. and Kuipers, Peter and ter Schure, Elisabeth},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212},
isbn = {1939-1315(ELECTRONIC)},
issn = {00223514},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {212--228},
pmid = {21220612},
title = {{Relations Among Emotion, Appraisal, and Emotional Action Readiness}},
volume = {57},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Fontaine2002,
abstract = {We investigated the cognitive structure of emotions in Indonesia and The Netherlands in a series of three studies. Sets of 120 emotion terms were selected based on local ratings of prototypicality for ‘‘emotion''. With similarity sortings a threedimensional (evaluation, arousal, dominance) and a four-cluster (positive emotion, sadness, fear, anger) structure was found in each group. Of 50 pairs of translationequivalent terms, 42 pairs were also found to be cognitively equivalent. With these equivalent terms a good fit of a common cognitive emotion structure was demonstrated in both countries. In a fourth and final study, the location of two social emotions, ‘‘shame'' and ‘‘guilt'', in the common structure was found to be closer to ‘‘fear'' and somewhat further away from ‘‘anger'' in Indonesia than in the Netherlands.},
author = {Fontaine, Johnny R.J. and Poortinga, Ype H. and Setiadi, Bernadette and Markam, Suprapti S.},
doi = {10.1080/02699933014000130},
isbn = {0269-9931},
issn = {02699931},
journal = {Cognition and Emotion},
number = {1},
pages = {61--86},
pmid = {12359},
title = {{Cognitive structure of emotion terms in Indonesia and The Netherlands}},
volume = {16},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Gabert-Quillen2015,
abstract = {Film clips are widely utilized to elicit emotion in a variety of research studies. Normative ratings for scenes selected for these purposes support the idea that selected clips correspond to the intended target emotion, but studies reporting normative ratings are limited. Using an ethnically diverse sample of college undergraduates, selected clips were rated for intensity, discreteness, valence, and arousal. Variables hypothesized to affect the perception of stimuli (i.e., gender, race-ethnicity, and familiarity) were also examined. Our analyses generally indicated that males reacted strongly to positively valenced film clips, whereas females reacted more strongly to negatively valenced film clips. Caucasian participants tended to react more strongly to the film clips, and we found some variation by race-ethnicity across target emotions. Finally, familiarity with the films tended to produce higher ratings for positively valenced film clips, and lower ratings for negatively valenced film clips. These findings provide normative ratings for a useful set of film clips for the study of emotion, and they underscore factors to be considered in research that utilizes scenes from film for emotion elicitation.},
author = {Gabert-Quillen, Crystal A. and Bartolini, Ellen E. and Abravanel, Benjamin T. and Sanislow, Charles A.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0500-0},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Affect dimensions,Discrete emotions,Emotion elicitation,Emotional films,Gender differences,Validation},
number = {3},
pages = {773--787},
pmid = {24984981},
title = {{Ratings for emotion film clips}},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Keshtiari2015,
abstract = {[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 47(1) of Behavior Research Methods (see record 2015-07948-022). In Table 3, in the column "Lexical Content of the Sentences" in the "Incongruent" row, all five words (“Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Sadness”) should be replaced by “Neutral”.] Research on emotional speech often requires valid stimuli for assessing perceived emotion through prosody and lexical content. To date, no comprehensive emotional speech database for Persian is officially available. The present article reports the process of designing, compiling, and evaluating a comprehensive emotional speech database for colloquial Persian. The database contains a set of 90 validated novel Persian sentences classified in five basic emotional categories (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness), as well as a neutral category. These sentences were validated in two experiments by a group of 1,126 native Persian speakers. The sentences were articulated by two native Persian speakers (one male, one female) in three conditions: (1) congruent (emotional lexical content articulated in a congruent emotional voice), (2) incongruent (neutral sentences articulated in an emotional voice), and (3) baseline (all emotional and neutral sentences articulated in neutral voice). The speech materials comprise about 470 sentences. The validity of the database was evaluated by a group of 34 native speakers in a perception test. Utterances recognized better than five times chance performance (71.4 {\%}) were regarded as valid portrayals of the target emotions. Acoustic analysis of the valid emotional utterances revealed differences in pitch, intensity, and duration, attributes that may help listeners to correctly classify the intended emotion. The database is designed to be used as a reliable material source (for both text and speech) in future cross-cultural or cross-linguistic studies of emotional speech, and it is available for academic research purposes free of charge. To access the database, please contact the first author. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)},
author = {Keshtiari, Niloofar and Kuhlmann, Michael and Eslami, Moharram and Klann-Delius, Gisela},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0467-x},
isbn = {1554-351X, 1554-351X},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Emotion recognition,Emotional speech database,Persian,Prosody,Speech},
number = {1},
pages = {275--294},
pmid = {24853832},
title = {{Recognizing emotional speech in Persian: A validated database of Persian emotional speech (Persian ESD)}},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Guerard2015,
abstract = {The role of objects' motor affordances in cognition is a topic that has gained in popularity over the last decades. However, few studies exist that have normed the different motor dimensions of the objects; this limits researchers regarding usable stimuli, as well as comparability between studies. In the present study, we normed a set of 560 objects on four motor dimensions: the ease with which they can be grasped, moved, and pantomimed and the number of actions they afford. We then examined whether these four dimensions predict objects' naming latency. We believe that these norms will allow researchers interested in the role of motor affordances to have a better control over the dimensions they want to manipulate.},
author = {Gu{\'{e}}rard, Katherine and Lagac{\'{e}}, S{\'{e}}bastien and Brodeur, Mathieu B.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0488-5},
isbn = {1342801404885},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Manipulability,Naming latencies,Norms,Objects},
number = {2},
pages = {443--470},
pmid = {24903695},
title = {{Four types of manipulability ratings and naming latencies for a set of 560 photographs of objects}},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Bonin2015a,
abstract = {We collected sensory experience ratings (SERs) for 1,659 French words in adults. Sensory experience for words is a recently introduced variable that corresponds to the degree to which words elicit sensory and perceptual experiences (Juhasz {\&} Yap Behavior Research Methods, 45, 160-168, 2013; Juhasz, Yap, Dicke, Taylor, {\&} Gullick Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 1683-1691, 2011). The relationships of the sensory experience norms with other psycholinguistic variables (e.g., imageability and age of acquisition) were analyzed. We also investigated the degree to which SER predicted performance in visual word recognition tasks (lexical decision, word naming, and progressive demasking). The analyses indicated that SER reliably predicted response times in lexical decision, but not in word naming or progressive demasking. The findings are discussed in relation to the status of SER, the role of semantic code activation in visual word recognition, and the embodied view of cognition.},
author = {Bonin, Patrick and M{\'{e}}ot, Alain and Ferrand, Ludovic and Buga{\"{i}}ska, Aur{\'{e}}lia},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0503-x},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Grounded cognition,Semantic richness,Sensory experience ratings (SERs),Visual word recognition},
number = {3},
pages = {813--825},
title = {{Sensory experience ratings (SERs) for 1,659 French words: Relationships with other psycholinguistic variables and visual word recognition}},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Boukadi2016,
abstract = {Normative databases for pictorial stimuli are widely used in research on language processing in order to control for a number of psycholinguistic variables in the selected stimuli. Such resources are lacking for Arabic and its dialectal varieties. In the present study, we aimed to provide Tunisian Arabic (TA) normative data for 348 line drawings taken from Cycowicz, Friedman, Rothstein, and Snodgrass (1997), which include Snodgrass and Vanderwart's (1980) 260 pictures. Norms were collected for the following psycholinguistic variables: name agreement, familiarity, subjective frequency, and imageability. Word length data (in numbers of phonemes and syllables) are also listed in the database. We investigated the effects of these variables on word reading in TA. We found that word length and frequency were the best predictors of word-reading latencies in TA. Name agreement was also a significant predictor of word-reading latencies. A particularly interesting finding was that the semantic variables, imageability and familiarity, affected word-reading latencies in TA. Thus, it would seem that TA readers rely on semantics even when reading individual Arabic words that are transparent in terms of orthography-to-phonology mappings. This database represents a precious and much-needed psycholinguistic resource for researchers investigating language processing in Arabic-speaking populations.},
author = {Boukadi, Mariem and Zouaidi, Cirine and Wilson, Maximiliano A.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0602-3},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Arabic,Normative database,Picture naming,Psycholinguistic variables,Visual word recognition,Word reading},
number = {2},
pages = {585--599},
pmid = {26019005},
title = {{Norms for name agreement, familiarity, subjective frequency, and imageability for 348 object names in Tunisian Arabic}},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Birchenough2017,
abstract = {Words that have been learned early in life are responded to faster than words that have been acquired later. Subjective ratings of acquisition ages have been successfully employed to study the effect of age of acquisition (AoA). Although a large number of norms exist in many languages, fewer are available for German. Therefore, subjective AoA ratings for 3,259 German words were collected online, includ-ing 2,363 nouns and 473 verbs. These words were presented in lists of 140 words, and participants rated the age in years at which they had first learned each word. A split-half correla-tion testified to a high internal reliability. There were also high correlations with rated AoA values for subsets of the items that had been collected in previous studies, in both German and English. Age and gender were found to influence the ratings very weakly, in that older and male participants tended to give slightly higher age ratings. Education, multilingualism, and frequent usage of languages other than German did not exert an influence on the rating values. These new ratings will ex-tend the currently existing norms available for language and reading research across languages and will provide re-searchers with a wider choice of word stimuli. The ratings are available expressed in two measurements: age in years, and AoA rated on a 7-point Likert scale.},
author = {Birchenough, Julia M.H. and Davies, Robert and Connelly, Vincent},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0718-0},
isbn = {1554-3528},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Age-of-acquisition,AoA,Estimates,Norms,Ratings},
number = {2},
pages = {484--501},
title = {{Rated age-of-acquisition norms for over 3,200 German words}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Brielmann2014,
abstract = {This article presents the NeoHelp visual stimulus set created to facilitate investigation of need-of-help recognition with clinical and normative populations of different ages, including children. Need-of-help recognition is one aspect of socioemotional development and a necessary precondition for active helping. The NeoHelp consists of picture pairs showing everyday situations: The first item in a pair depicts a child needing help to achieve a goal; the second one shows the child achieving the goal. Pictures of birds in analogue situations are also included. These control stimuli enable implementation of a human-animal categorization task which serves to separate behavioral correlates specific to need-of-help recognition from general differentiation processes. It is a concern in experimental research to ensure that results do not relate to systematic perceptual differences when comparing responses to categories of different content. Therefore, we not only derived the NeoHelp-pictures within a pair from one another by altering as little as possible, but also assessed their perceptual similarity empirically. We show that NeoHelp-picture pairs are very similar regarding low-level perceptual properties across content categories. We obtained data from 60 children in a broad age range (4 to 13 years) for three different paradigms, in order to assess whether the intended categorization and differentiation could be observed reliably in a normative population. Our results demonstrate that children can differentiate the pictures' content regarding both need-of-help category as well as species as intended in spite of the high perceptual similarities. We provide standard response characteristics (hit rates and response times) that are useful for future selection of stimuli and comparison of results across studies. We show that task requirements coherently determine which aspects of the pictures influence response characteristics. Thus, we present NeoHelp, the first open-access standardized visual stimuli set for investigation of need-of-help recognition and invite researchers to use and extend it.},
author = {Brielmann, Aenne A. and Stolarova, Margarita},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0084373},
issn = {19326203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
number = {1},
pmid = {24409294},
title = {{A new standardized stimulus set for studying need-of-help recognition (NeoHelp)}},
volume = {9},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Bambini2014,
abstract = {Defining the specific role of the factors that affect metaphor processing is a fundamental step for fully understanding figurative language comprehension, either in discourse and conversation or in reading poems and novels. This study extends the currently available materials on everyday metaphorical expressions by providing the first dataset of metaphors extracted from literary texts and scored for the major psycholinguistic variables, considering also the effect of context. A set of 115 Italian literary metaphors presented in isolation (Experiment 1) and a subset of 65 literary metaphors embedded in their original texts (Experiment 2) were rated on several dimensions (word and phrase frequency, readability, cloze probability, familiarity, concreteness, difficulty and meaningfulness). Overall, literary metaphors scored around medium-low values on all dimensions in both experiments. Collected data were subjected to correlation analysis, which showed the presence of a strong cluster of variables-mainly familiarity, difficulty, and meaningfulness-when literary metaphor were presented in isolation. A weaker cluster was observed when literary metaphors were presented in the original contexts, with familiarity no longer correlating with meaningfulness. Context manipulation influenced familiarity, concreteness and difficulty ratings, which were lower in context than out of context, while meaningfulness increased. Throughout the different dimensions, the literary context seems to promote a global interpretative activity that enhances the open-endedness of the metaphor as a semantic structure constantly open to all possible interpretations intended by the author and driven by the text. This dataset will be useful for the design of future experimental studies both on literary metaphor and on the role of context in figurative meaning, combining ecological validity and aesthetic aspects of language.},
author = {Bambini, Valentina and Resta, Donatella and Grimaldi, Mirko},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0105634},
issn = {19326203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
number = {9},
pmid = {25244522},
title = {{A dataset of metaphors from the italian literature: Exploring psycholinguistic variables and the role of context}},
volume = {9},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Armstrong2016,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2015, Psychonomic Society, Inc. Relative meaning frequency is a critical factor to consider in studies of semantic ambiguity. In this work, we examined how this measure may change across the European and Rioplatense dialects of Spanish, as well as how the overall distributional properties differ between Spanish and English, using a computer-assisted norming approach based on dictionary definitions (Armstrong, Tokowicz, {\&} Plaut, 2012). The results showed that the two dialects differ considerably in terms of the relative meaning frequencies of their constituent homonyms, and that the overall distributions of relative frequencies vary considerably across languages, as well. These results highlight the need for localized norms to design powerful studies of semantic ambiguity and suggest that dialectal differences may be responsible for some discrepant effects related to homonymy. In quantifying the reliability of the norms, we also established that as few as seven ratings are needed to converge on a highly stable set of ratings. This approach is therefore a very practical means of acquiring essential data in studies of semantic ambiguity, relative to past approaches, such as those based on the classification of free associates. The norms also present new possibilities for studying semantic ambiguity effects within and between populations who speak one or more languages. The norms and associated software are available for download at http://edom.cnbc.cmu.edu/ or http://www.bcbl.eu/databases/edom/.},
author = {Armstrong, Blair C. and Zugarramurdi, Camila and Cabana, {\'{A}}lvaro and {Valle Lisboa}, Juan and Plaut, David C.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0639-3},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Cross-linguistic/dialect differences,Homonyms,Norm reliability,Rating dictionary definitions,Semantic ambiguity},
number = {3},
pages = {950--962},
pmid = {26276519},
title = {{Relative meaning frequencies for 578 homonyms in two Spanish dialects: A cross-linguistic extension of the English eDom norms}},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Beato2016,
abstract = {False-memory illusions have been widely studied using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM). In this paradigm, words semantically related to a single nonpresented critical word are studied. In a later memory test, critical words are often falsely recalled and recognized. The present normative study was conducted to measure the theme identifiability of 60 associative word lists in Spanish that include six words (e.g., stove, coat, blanket, scarf, chill, and bonnet) that are simultaneously associated with three critical words (e.g., HEAT, COLD, and WINTER; Beato {\&} D{\'{i}}ez, Psicothema, 26, 457-463, 2011). Different levels of backward associative strength were used in the construction of the DRM lists. In addition, we used two types of instructions to obtain theme identifiability. In the without-explanation condition, traditional instructions were used, requesting participants to write the theme list. In the with-explanation condition, the false-memory effect and how the lists were built were explained, and an example of a DRM list and critical words was shown. Participants then had to discover the critical words. The results showed that all lists produced theme identifiability. Moreover, some lists had a higher theme identifiability rate (e.g., 61 {\%} for the critical words LOVE, BOYFRIEND, COUPLE) than others (e.g., 24 {\%} for CITY, PLACE, VILLAGE). After comparing the theme identifiabilities in the different conditions, the results indicated higher theme identifiability when the false-memory effect was explained than without such an explanation. Overall, these new normative data provide a useful tool for those experiments that, for example, aim to analyze the wide differences observed in false memory with DRM lists and the role of theme identifiability.},
author = {Beato, Maria Soledad and Cadavid, Sara},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0652-6},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Backward associative strength (BAS),Deese/Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm,Theme identifiability},
number = {4},
pages = {1252--1265},
pmid = {26424441},
title = {{Normative study of theme identifiability: Instructions with and without explanation of the false memory effect}},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Bangert2017,
abstract = {In the vast literature exploring learning, many studies have used paired-associate stimuli, despite the fact that real-world learning involves many different types of information. One of the most popular materials used in studies of learning has been a set of Swahili-English word pairs for which Nelson and Dunlosky (Memory 2; 325-335, 1994) published recall norms two decades ago. These norms involved use of the Swahili words as cues to facilitate recall of the English translation. It is unclear whether cueing in the opposite direction (from English to Swahili) would lead to symmetric recall performance. Bilingual research has suggested that translation in these two different directions involves asymmetric links that may differentially impact recall performance, depending on which language is used as the cue (Kroll {\&} Stewart, Journal of Memory and Language 33; 149-174,1994). Moreover, the norms for these and many other learning stimuli have typically been gathered from college students. In the present study, we report recall accuracy and response time norms for Swahili words when they are cued by their English translations. We also report norms for a companion set of fact stimuli that may be used along with the Swahili-English word pairs to assess learning on a broader scale across different stimulus materials. Data were collected using Amazon's Mechanical Turk to establish a sample that was diverse in both age and ethnicity. These different, but related, stimulus sets will be applicable to studies of learning, metacognition, and memory in diverse samples.},
author = {Bangert, Ashley S. and Heydarian, Nazanin M.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0701-1},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Cued recall,Paired-associate learning},
number = {1},
pages = {124--171},
pmid = {26822669},
title = {{Recall and response time norms for English–Swahili word pairs and facts about Kenya}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{Aguilar2017,
abstract = {The use of the corpus becomes essential in the development of applications based on natural language processing (NLP). In Ecuador, these applications are incompatible because in each region use words outside the context of Spanish. This article presents the development of a corpus compatible with Ecuadorian natural language words. We applied a identification algorithm to take advantage of local literature and power a new data base. The corpus mounted is verified by a quantitative and qualitative comparison with an open access corpus. The result is the first corpus in this country with high scalability and great versatility. {\textcopyright} 2017 IEEE.},
author = {Aguilar, Wilbert G. and Alulema, Darwin and Limaico, Alex and Sandoval, David},
booktitle = {Proceedings - IEEE 11th International Conference on Semantic Computing, ICSC 2017},
doi = {10.1109/ICSC.2017.82},
isbn = {9781509048960},
keywords = {Computational linguistics,Database,Natural language processing,Text processing},
pages = {515--519},
title = {{Development and Verification of a Verbal Corpus Based on Natural Language for Ecuadorian Dialect}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Schmidtke2014,
abstract = {We present the German adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW; Bradley {\&} Lang in Technical Report No. C-1. Gainsville: University of Florida, Center for Research in Psychophysiology). A total of 1,003 Words-German translations of the ANEW material-were rated on a total of six dimensions: The classic ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance (as in the ANEW corpus) were extended with additional arousal ratings using a slightly different scale (see BAWL: V{\~{o}} et al. in Behavior Research Methods 41: 531-538, 2009; V{\~{o}}, Jacobs, {\&} Conrad in Behavior Research Methods 38: 606-609, 2006), along with ratings of imageability and potency. Measures of several objective psycholinguistic variables (different types of word frequency counts, grammatical class, number of letters, number of syllables, and number of orthographic neighbors) for the words were also added, so as to further facilitate the use of this new database in psycholinguistic research. These norms can be downloaded as supplemental materials with this article.},
author = {Schmidtke, David S. and Schr{\"{o}}der, Tobias and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Conrad, Markus},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0426-y},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior research methods},
number = {4},
pages = {1108--1118},
pmid = {24415407},
title = {{ANGST: affective norms for German sentiment terms, derived from the affective norms for English words}},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Alsulaiman2013,
abstract = {Availability of databases is a necessity in the speech processing field. The publically available databases in Arabic language are few. In this paper we describe a rich database for Arabic language. The database is rich in many dimensions: in text, environments, microphone type, number of recording sessions, recording system, the transmission channel, the country of origin, and the mother language. This richness makes the database an important resource for research in Arabic Language processing and very useful in many speech processing tasks, such as speaker recognition, speech recognition, and accent identification. The speakers were speaking in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).},
author = {Alsulaiman, Mansour and Muhammad, Ghulam and Bencherif, Mohamed A. and Mahmood, Awais and Ali, Zulflqar},
doi = {10.1109/AMS.2011.29},
isbn = {978-1-4577-0193-1},
issn = {13448994},
journal = {Information (Japan)},
keywords = {Arabic speech database,Phonetically,Rich database,Speaker recognition,Speech corpus},
number = {6 B},
pages = {4231--4253},
title = {{KSU rich Arabic speech database}},
volume = {16},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Alonso2016,
abstract = {Many studies have shown that how words are processed in a variety of language-related tasks is affected by their age of acquisition (AoA). Most AoA norms have been collected for nouns, a fact that limits the extent to which verb stimuli can be adequately manipulated and controlled in empirical studies. With the aim of increasing the number of verbs with AoA values in Spanish, 900 college students were recruited to provide subjective estimates for a total of 4,640 infinitive and reflexive forms. An AoA score for each verb was obtained by averaging the responses of the participants, and these norms were included, together with additional quantitative information (standard deviations, ranges, and z scores), in a database that can be downloaded with this article as supplemental materials.},
author = {Alonso, Mar{\'{i}}a {\'{A}}ngeles and D{\'{i}}ez, Emiliano and Fernandez, Angel},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0675-z},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Age of acquisition,Spanish norms,Verb norms,Word attributes},
number = {4},
pages = {1337--1342},
pmid = {26494650},
title = {{Subjective age-of-acquisition norms for 4,640 verbs in Spanish}},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Naples2015,
abstract = {Human faces are fundamentally dynamic, but experimental investigations of face perception have traditionally relied on static images of faces. Although naturalistic videos of actors have been used with success in some contexts, much research in neuroscience and psychophysics demands carefully controlled stimuli. In this article, we describe a novel set of computer-generated, dynamic face stimuli. These grayscale faces are tightly controlled for low- and high-level visual properties. All faces are standardized in terms of size, luminance, location, and the size of facial features. Each face begins with a neutral pose and transitions to an expression over the course of 30 frames. Altogether, 222 stimuli were created, spanning three different categories of movement: (1) an affective movement (fearful face), (2) a neutral movement (close-lipped, puffed cheeks with open eyes), and (3) a biologically impossible movement (upward dislocation of eyes and mouth). To determine whether early brain responses sensitive to low-level visual features differed between the expressions, we measured the occipital P100 event-related potential, which is known to reflect differences in early stages of visual processing, and the N170, which reflects structural encoding of faces. We found no differences between the faces at the P100, indicating that different face categories were well matched on low-level image properties. This database provides researchers with a well-controlled set of dynamic faces, controlled for low-level image characteristics, that are applicable to a range of research questions in social perception.},
author = {Naples, Adam and Nguyen-Phuc, Alyssa and Coffman, Marika and Kresse, Anna and Faja, Susan and Bernier, Raphael and McPartland, James C.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0491-x},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Dynamic faces,ERP,Face database,Stimulus set},
number = {2},
pages = {562--570},
pmid = {25028164},
title = {{A computer-generated animated face stimulus set for psychophysiological research}},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Pind2000,
abstract = {This paper presents Icelandic norms for the widely used pictorial stimuli of Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980). Norms