text:
9284&doi=10.1016%2fS1674-5264%2809%2960308-2&partnerID=40&md5=32d23fbebde11766c7f4c3b4d6459417},
  abbrev_source_title = {Min. Sci. Technol. (China)},
  abstract = {In order to analyze changes in human settlement in Xuzhou city during the past 20 years, changes in land cover and vegetation were investigated based on multi-temporal remote sensing Landsat TM images. We developed a hierarchical classifier system that uses different feature inputs for specific classes and conducted a classification post-processing approach to improve its accuracy. From our statistical analysis of changes in urban land cover from 1987 to 2007, we conclude that built-up land areas have obviously increased, while farmland has seen in a continuous loss due to urban growth and human activities. A NDVI difference approach was used to extract information on changes in vegetation. A false change information elimination approach was developed based on prior knowledge and statistical analysis. The areas of vegetation cover have been in continuous decline over the past 20 years, although some measures have been adopted to protect and maintain urban vegetation. Given the stability of underground coal exploitation since 1990s, urban growth has become the major driving force in vegetation loss, which is different from the vegetation change driven by coal exploitation mainly before 1990. © 2010 China University of Mining and Technology.},
  affiliation = {Department of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Science, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; China Coal Research Institute Tangshan Branch, Tangshan Hebei 063012, China},
  author_keywords = {Hierarchical classifier system; Land cover change; NDVI; NDVI difference; Urban remote sensing; Urban settlement; Urbanization; Vegetation},
  correspondence_address1 = {Du, P.; Department of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Science, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; email: dupjrs@cumt.edu.cn},
  document_type = {Article},
  funding_details = {Program for New Century Excellent Talents in UniversityProgram for New Century Excellent Talents in University, NCET},
  funding_text_1 = {The project is supported by the National High Technology Research and Developmemt Program of China (No.2007AA12Z162), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, Ministry of Education (No.NCET-06-0476) and the Jiangsu Provincial 333 Engineering for High Level Talents (No.BK2006505).},
  langid = {english},
  source = {Scopus},
  keywords = {Classifiers,Hierarchical classifiers,Land-cover change,Landforms,NDVI,NDVI difference,Remote sensing,Statistical methods,Urban remote sensing,Urban settlement,Urbanization,Vegetation}
}

@inproceedings{Dubois202097,
  title = {Characterization of Land Cover Seasonality in Sentinel-1 Time Series Data},
  author = {Dubois, C. and Mueller, M.M. and Pathe, C. and Jagdhuber, T. and Cremer, F. and Thiel, C. and Schmullius, C.},
  date = {2020},
  series = {{{ISPRS Annals}} of the {{Photogrammetry}}, {{Remote Sensing}} and {{Spatial Information Sciences}}},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {97--104},
  doi = {10.5194/isprs-Annals-V-3-2020-97-2020},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090366314&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-Annals-V-3-2020-97-2020&partnerID=40&md5=8195cb703be7d1fe4d5020fb81785efd},
  abstract = {In this study, we analyze Sentinel-1 time series data to characterize the observed seasonality of different land cover classes in eastern Thuringia, Germany and to identify multi-Temporal metrics for their classification. We assess the influence of different polarizations and different pass directions on the multi-Temporal backscatter profile. The novelty of this approach is the determination of phenological parameters, based on a tool that has been originally developed for optical imagery. Furthermore, several additional multitemporal metrics are determined for the different classes, in order to investigate their separability for potential multi-Temporal classification schemes. The results of the study show a seasonality for vegetation classes, which differs depending on the considered class: whereas pastures and broad-leaved forests show a decrease of the backscatter in VH polarization during summer, an increase of the backscatter in VH polarization is observed for coniferous forest. The observed seasonality is discussed together with meteorological information (precipitation and air temperature). Furthermore, a dependence of the backscatter of the pass direction (ascending/descending) is observed particularly for the urban land cover classes. Multi-Temporal metrics indicate a good separability of principal land cover classes such as urban, agricultural and forested areas, but further investigation and use of seasonal parameters is needed for a distinct separation of specific forest sub-classes such as coniferous and deciduous. © Authors 2020. All rights reserved.},
  affiliation = {Department for Earth Observation, Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Institute of Data Science, German Aerospace Center, Jena, Germany; Microwaves and Radar Institute, German Aerospace Center, Wessling, Germany},
  author_keywords = {C-band; Multi-Temporal; Phenology; Sentinel-1; Soil; Time series; Vegetation},
  document_type = {Conference Paper},
  source = {Scopus},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\dubois_et_al_2020_characterization_of_land_cover_seasonality_in_sentinel-1_time_series_data.pdf}
}

@incollection{endlicher2016,
  title = {Stadtnatur Fördert Gutes {{Stadtklima}}},
  booktitle = {Ökosystemleistungen in Der {{Stadt}} – {{Gesundheit}} Schützen Und {{Lebensqualität}} Erhöhen},
  author = {Endlicher, W and Scherer, D and Büter, B and Kuttler, W and Mathey, J and Schneider, C},
  date = {2016},
  series = {3.1},
  pages = {51--63},
  publisher = {{TEEB DE. TU Berlin, UFZ Leipzig}},
  location = {{Berlin, Leipzig}}
}

@article{endreny2020,
  title = {Tree {{Cover Is Unevenly Distributed Across Cities Globally}}, {{With Lowest Levels Near Highway Pollution Sources}}},
  author = {Endreny, Theodore and Sica, Francesco and Nowak, David},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {Frontiers in Sustainable Cities},
  shortjournal = {Front. Sustain. Cities},
  volume = {2},
  publisher = {{Frontiers}},
  issn = {2624-9634},
  doi = {10.3389/frsc.2020.00016},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsc.2020.00016/full},
  urldate = {2020-11-02},
  abstract = {Obtaining accurate tree cover maps within cities is a first step toward managing for equitable access to their ecosystem services. For example, by removing air pollutants trees contribute to fewer health impacts, and tree cover expansion could extend these benefits by targeting the most polluted areas and vulnerable populations. To support strategic tree expansion, this research created urban tree cover maps using the 2017 NASA MOD44B satellite 250 m pixel product for 35 megacities, areas with large levels of pollution and vulnerable populations. Estimates of tree cover from photo-interpretation (PI) were used to characterize map error, city-wide and from low to high tree cover, using 21 bins from 0 to 100\% tree cover. Map accuracy was highest when MOD44B percent tree cover was combined with its tree cover standard deviation product, with average difference of 1.8\% compared with PI estimates of 19.9\% city-wide tree cover. MOD44B estimates of tree cover spatial patterns had strong explanatory value. The maps explained the PI estimates of low to high tree cover at 5\% tree cover intervals with an R2 = 0.97. The Getis Ord Gi* statistic determined a non-random spatial distribution of tree cover within the megacities, with significant clustering into hot spots of relatively high tree cover and cold spots of relatively low tree cover. Tree cover hot spots were most often furthest from downtown, at the rural-urban interface or within higher elevation terrain. Tree cover cold spots were most often in areas of concentrated development and along traffic corridors known for high levels of particulate matter and other air pollutants that could be reduced by trees. Given small increases in exposure to particulate matter are associated with significant increases in death rates from viruses, and that climate change and associated heat waves are forecast to exacerbate health risks to air pollution, we need to improve global urban tree cover. These map products can be used to expand tree cover that strategically contributes to pollutant abatement, human wellbeing, and sustainable cities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Air Pollution,COVID-19,Megacities,MOD44B,Social Justice,tree cover inequality},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\endreny_et_al_2020_tree_cover_is_unevenly_distributed_across_cities_globally,_with_lowest_levels.pdf}
}

@article{ettehadiosgouei2017,
  title = {Analysis of Land Cover/Use Changes Using {{Landsat}} 5 {{TM}} Data and Indices},
  author = {Ettehadi Osgouei, P. and Kaya, S.},
  date = {2017},
  journaltitle = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
  volume = {189},
  number = {4},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  issn = {01676369},
  doi = {10.1007/s10661-017-5818-5},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85014720309&doi=10.1007%2fs10661-017-5818-5&partnerID=40&md5=f91501f7ca3ba22efaa2ff6ffb695a65},
  abbrev_source_title = {Environ. Monit. Assess.},
  abstract = {Urban expansion and unprecedented rural to urban transition, along with a huge population growth, are major driving forces altering land cover/use in metropolitan areas. Many of the land cover classes such as farmlands, wetlands, forests, and bare soils have been transformed during the past years into human settlements. Identification of the city growth trends and the impact of it on the vegetation cover of an area is essential for a better understanding of the sustainability of urban development processes, both planned and unplanned. Analyzing the causes and consequences of land use dynamics helps local government, urban planners, and managers for the betterment of future plans and minimizing the negative effects. This study determined temporal changes in vegetation cover and built-up area in Istanbul (Turkey) using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and built-up area index (BUAI). The temporal data were based on Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in June of 1984, 2002, 2007, 2009, and 2011. The NDVI was applied to all the Landsat images, and the resulting NDVI images were overlaid to generate an NDVI layer stack image. The same procedure was repeated using the SAVI and BUAI images. The layer stack images revealed those areas that had changed in terms of the different indices over the years. To determine temporal change trends, the values of 150 randomly selected control points were extracted from the same locations in the NDVI, SAVI, and BUAI layer stack images. The results obtained from these control points showed that vegetation cover decreased considerably because of a remarkable increase in the built-up area. © 2017, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.},
  affiliation = {Institute of informatics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey; Department of Geomatics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey},
  art_number = {136},
  author_keywords = {BUAI; Land cover/use change; Landsat TM; NDVI; SAVI},
  coden = {EMASD},
  correspondence_address1 = {Ettehadi Osgouei, P.; Institute of informatics, Istanbul Technical UniversityTurkey; email: pettehadi@itu.edu.tr},
  document_type = {Article},
  langid = {english},
  pubmed_id = {28251451},
  source = {Scopus},
  keywords = {BUAI,Cities,city,controlled clinical trial,controlled study,environment,Environment,environmental monitoring,Environmental Monitoring,forest,Forests,government,human,land cover,Land cover/use,Land use,land use change,Landsat thematic mapper,LANDSAT TM,manager,NDVI,population growth,Population Growth,Population statistics,procedures,randomized controlled trial,satellite imagery,SAVI,soil,space flight,Spacecraft,Turkey,Turkey (republic),urban area,Urban growth,urbanization,Urbanization,vegetation,Vegetation,vegetation cover,wetland,Wetlands}
}

@article{fang2020,
  title = {Street Tree Health from Space? {{An}} Evaluation Using {{WorldView-3}} Data and the Washington {{D}}.{{C}}. Street Tree Spatial Database},
  author = {Fang, F. and McNeil, B. and Warner, T. and Dahle, G. and Eutsler, E.},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {Urban Forestry and Urban Greening},
  volume = {49},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126634},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079553700&doi=10.1016%2fj.ufug.2020.126634&partnerID=40&md5=d7c4531c13b97b667737dbe1ff503f5c},
  abstract = {Spatially accurate and timely information on tree health is an essential component of maintaining sustainability in a species-rich urban setting. Our objective was to evaluate the potential of WorldView-3 (WV-3) satellite images from June 11th, July 30th and August 30th, 2017 to detect field-measured health condition classes of 2308 trees within the District of Columbia Department of Transportation's Street Tree Spatial Database. For each street tree in each image, we measured six vegetation indices (VIs), and find that NDVI1 (defined as the normalized ratio of the red and the first of the near infrared bands) on the July image shows the strongest statistical difference among the VI values of trees classified in the field during 2017 as in good, fair, or poor health condition. This result confirms that high spatial resolution remote sensing images provided the opportunity for a timely tree health assessment at individual tree crown level. Notably, the variability in VI attributable to health condition classes is smaller than the large declines in VIs between the June and August image dates. This greendown phenological pattern occurs similarly for trees in all health condition classes, and is thus an essential consideration when comparing VIs from different years or months for tree health assessment. The tree health condition discrimination was overwhelmed by this greendown phenology and the spectral variability in these species-rich urban settings. Based on these findings, we propose useful strategies of using these high-resolution WV-3 data for street tree health management in other cities. © 2020 Elsevier GmbH},
  affiliation = {Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States; Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, United States; Division of Forestry \& Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States; Urban Forestry Division, District Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 20003, United States},
  art_number = {126634},
  author_keywords = {High resolution images; Remote sensing; Urban street tree health; Urban trees; WorldView-3},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\fang_et_al_2020_street_tree_health_from_space.pdf}
}

@article{fang2020a,
  title = {Discriminating Tree Species at Different Taxonomic Levels Using Multi-Temporal {{WorldView-3}} Imagery in {{Washington D}}.{{C}}., {{USA}}},
  author = {Fang, F. and McNeil, B.E. and Warner, T.A. and Maxwell, A.E. and Dahle, G.A. and Eutsler, E. and Li, J.},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  volume = {246},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2020.111811},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084950297&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2020.111811&partnerID=40&md5=07f1cd6ca12cc55d35030ff67011c711},
  abstract = {With the promise of transformative changes for the management of rural and urban forests, the discrimination of tree species from satellite imagery has been a long-standing goal of remote sensing. For the species-rich urban setting of Washington, D.C. USA, we evaluate current prospects toward this goal by combining a Random Forest (RF) object-based tree species classification method with two large datasets 1) A suite of 12 very high resolution (VHR) WorldView-3 images (WV-3), whose image acquisition date cover each pheno-phase of the growing season from April to November; and 2) the 16,496 street trees from Washington D.C. Department of Transportation's (DDOT) field inventory. We classify the 19 most abundant tree species with an overall accuracy of 61.3\% and classify the ten most abundant genera with an overall accuracy of 73.7\%. We observe that (1) there are larger declines in accuracy when attempting to classify species in the same genus, and (2) the most valuable phenological period is fall senescence for classification at different taxonomic levels. Especially if satellite data can be matched to the key pheno-phases, our study highlights that current VHR satellite sensors now have the radiometric, spectral, and spatial resolution to potentially help manage species-rich urban forests. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.},
  affiliation = {Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, United States; Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States; Davis College, Division of Forestry \& Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States; Urban Forestry Division, District Department of Transportation, Washington, DC 20003, United States; State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China},
  art_number = {111811},
  author_keywords = {Phenology; Street trees; Tree species; Urban; Washington D.C.; WorldView3},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus}
}

@article{Ffrench-Constant2016,
  title = {Light Pollution Is Associated with Earlier Tree Budburst across the {{United Kingdom}}},
  author = {Ffrench-Constant, R.H. and Somers-Yeates, R. and Bennie, J. and Economou, T. and Hodgson, D. and Spalding, A. and McGregor, P.K.},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  volume = {283},
  number = {1833},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2016.0813},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84976464232&doi=10.1098%2frspb.2016.0813&partnerID=40&md5=5430432c6f9bacfd28eb2ee1a705b0b6},
  abstract = {The ecological impact of night-time lighting is of concern because of its well demonstrated effects on animal behaviour. However, the potential of light pollution to change plant phenology and its corresponding knock-on effects on associated herbivores are less clear. Here, we test if artificial lighting can advance the timing of budburst in trees. We took a UK-wide 13 year dataset of spatially referenced budburst data from four deciduous tree species and matched it with both satellite imagery of night-time lighting and average spring temperature. We find that budburst occurs up to 7.5 days earlier in brighter areas, with the relationship being more pronounced for laterbudding species. Excluding large urban areas from the analysis showed an even more pronounced advance of budburst, confirming that the urban ‘heat-island’ effect is not the sole cause of earlier urban budburst. Similarly, the advance in budburst across all sites is too large to be explained by increases in temperature alone. This dramatic advance of budburst illustrates the need for further experimental investigation into the impact of artificial night-time lighting on plant phenology and subsequent species interactions. As light pollution is a growing global phenomenon, the findings of this study are likely to be applicable to a wide range of species interactions across the world. © 2016 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
  affiliation = {Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom; Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 UY, United Kingdom; Spalding Associates (Environmental) Ltd, 10 Walsingham Place, Truro, TR1 2RP, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Zoology, Cornwall College Newquay, Newquay, TR7 2LZ, United Kingdom},
  art_number = {20160813},
  author_keywords = {Light pollution; Phenology; Species interactions; Temperature; Tree budburst; Urban heat islands},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\ffrench-constant_et_al_2016_light_pollution_is_associated_with_earlier_tree_budburst_across_the_united.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{filipovich2014,
  title = {Use of Satellite Data in Monitoring Ecological Condition of Urban Landscape},
  author = {Filipovich, V. and Mychak, A. and Krylova, A.},
  date = {2014},
  series = {International {{Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology}} and {{Mining Ecology Management}}, {{SGEM}}},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1061--1068},
  publisher = {{International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference}},
  issn = {13142704},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946747262&partnerID=40&md5=0faa635420abec02be24bda98f1fa921},
  abbrev_source_title = {Int. Multidisciplinary Sci. Geoconf. Surveying Geology Mining Ecology Manage., SGEM},
  abstract = {Space monitoring of urban areas is based on research which uses satellite data, spatialtemporal changes of landscape and functional structure of the city and in selected indicators of the environment that are influenced by urbanization. In this paper on example of certain areas of the Kyiv metropolitan area the application of methodological issues are considered in the analysis of cosmic material changes in the landscape and the functional structure of Kyiv are associated with intense development in the valley of the Dnieper river and within the historical part. The analysis was carried out in two ways: 1) analysis of changes in the landscape and the functional structure of the city according to multispectral space imagery; 2) analysis of the distribution of surface temperatures in the historic part of the city by outer thermal scanner range The basis of the research methodology laid in our Centre processing technology space materials based on the use of so-called spectral indices and image classification with previous studies and the calculation of the underlying surface temperature according to the thermal range (10.40-12.5 microns) Landsat TM, ETM with an estimation the coefficient of a thermal radiation on normalized vegetation index (NDVI). Analysis of calculation results of temperature fields and mapping was performed using GIS. The obtained data indicates that the use of satellite data in monitoring urban landscapes can quickly track the changes of landscape and the functional structure of urban areas, identify dangerous trends in their development and monitor violations of environmental laws that can result in optimal management decisions in environmental and urban planning. Monitoring of the thermal field within the historical part of Kyiv shows that a decrease of natural land cover and sealing with urban areas increased surface heating in that area. As local microclimatic conditions, this can cause violation within protected areas and promote climate change at the regional level. The latest refers to the growth of the “urban heat island" problem, which is given very close attention in almost all developed countries. Thus, protection of vegetation and increasing its range in the historical part of Kyiv is in a priority to preserve ancient architectural ensembles. In addition, in our opinion, it is necessary to introduce the European countries experience for the construction buildings with “green roofs” that reduce the negative impact of high temperature in an urban environment in summer and reduce heat and energy losses in the winter © SGEM2014.},
  affiliation = {State Institution “Scientific Centre for Aerospace Research of the Earth of Institute of Geological Sciences of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine”, Ukraine},
  author_keywords = {Monitoring; Remote sensing; Urban heat islands},
  document_type = {Conference Paper},
  langid = {english},
  source = {Scopus},
  keywords = {Atmospheric temperature,Climate change,Conservation,Construction building,Cosmology,Ecological conditions,Energy dissipation,Environmental protection,Environmental regulations,Geographic information systems,Image classification,Information management,Landforms,Microclimatic conditions,Monitoring,Processing technologies,Remote sensing,Research methodologies,Roofs,Satellites,Space optics,Spatial-temporal changes,Surface properties,Surface temperatures,Urban growth,Urban heat island,Urban planning,Vegetation}
}

@article{filippa2016,
  title = {Phenopix: {{A R}} Package for Image-Based Vegetation Phenology},
  shorttitle = {Phenopix},
  author = {Filippa, Gianluca and Cremonese, Edoardo and Migliavacca, Mirco and Galvagno, Marta and Forkel, Matthias and Wingate, Lisa and Tomelleri, Enrico and Morra di Cella, Umberto and Richardson, Andrew D.},
  date = {2016-04-15},
  journaltitle = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  shortjournal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  volume = {220},
  pages = {141--150},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.01.006},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192316300089},
  urldate = {2021-08-24},
  abstract = {In this paper we extensively describe new software available as a R package that allows for the extraction of phenological information from time-lapse digital photography of vegetation cover. The phenopix R package includes all steps in data processing. It enables the user to: draw a region of interest (ROI) on an image; extract red green and blue digital numbers (DN) from a seasonal series of images; depict greenness index trajectories; fit a curve to the seasonal trajectories; extract relevant phenological thresholds (phenophases); extract phenophase uncertainties. The software capabilities are illustrated by analyzing one year of data from a selection of seven sites belonging to the PhenoCam network (http://phenocam.sr.unh.edu/), including an unmanaged subalpine grassland, a tropical grassland, a deciduous needle-leaf forest, three deciduous broad-leaf temperate forests and an evergreen needle-leaf forest. One of the novelties introduced by the package is the spatially explicit, pixel-based analysis, which potentially allows to extract within-ecosystem or within-individual variability of phenology. We examine the relationship between phenophases extracted by the traditional ROI-averaged and the novel pixel-based approaches, and further illustrate potential applications of pixel-based image analysis available in the phenopix R package.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community ecology,Image analysis,Phenology,Pixel-based analysis},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\TNF3JIKB\\S0168192316300089.html}
}

@article{filippa2018,
  title = {{{NDVI}} Derived from Near-Infrared-Enabled Digital Cameras: {{Applicability}} across Different Plant Functional Types},
  shorttitle = {{{NDVI}} Derived from Near-Infrared-Enabled Digital Cameras},
  author = {Filippa, Gianluca and Cremonese, Edoardo and Migliavacca, Mirco and Galvagno, Marta and Sonnentag, Oliver and Humphreys, Elyn and Hufkens, Koen and Ryu, Youngryel and Verfaillie, Joseph and Morra di Cella, Umberto and Richardson, Andrew D.},
  date = {2018-02},
  journaltitle = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  shortjournal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  volume = {249},
  pages = {275--285},
  issn = {01681923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.11.003},
  url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192317303763},
  urldate = {2021-01-06},
  abstract = {Time series of vegetation indices (e.g. normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) and color indices (e.g. green chromatic coordinate [GCC]) based on radiometric measurements are now available at different spatial and temporal scales ranging from weekly satellite observations to sub-hourly in situ measurements by means of nearsurface remote sensing (e.g. spectral sensors or digital cameras). In situ measurements are essential for providing validation data for satellite-derived vegetation indices. In this study we used a recently developed method to calculate NDVI from near-infrared (NIR) enabled digital cameras (NDVIC) at 17 sites (for a total of 74 year-sites) encompassing six plant functional types (PFT) from the PhenoCam network.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\filippa_et_al_2018_ndvi_derived_from_near-infrared-enabled_digital_cameras.pdf}
}

@article{franklin2020,
  title = {Organizing Principles for Vegetation Dynamics},
  author = {Franklin, Oskar and Harrison, Sandy P. and Dewar, Roderick and Farrior, Caroline E. and Brännström, Åke and Dieckmann, Ulf and Pietsch, Stephan and Falster, Daniel and Cramer, Wolfgang and Loreau, Michel and Wang, Han and Mäkelä, Annikki and Rebel, Karin T. and Meron, Ehud and Schymanski, Stanislaus J. and Rovenskaya, Elena and Stocker, Benjamin D. and Zaehle, Sönke and Manzoni, Stefano and van Oijen, Marcel and Wright, Ian J. and Ciais, Philippe and van Bodegom, Peter M. and Peñuelas, Josep and Hofhansl, Florian and Terrer, Cesar and Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A. and Midgley, Guy and Prentice, I. Colin},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2020-05},
  journaltitle = {Nature Plants},
  volume = {6},
  number = {5},
  pages = {444--453},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2055-0278},
  doi = {10.1038/s41477-020-0655-x},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-020-0655-x},
  urldate = {2021-01-11},
  abstract = {Plants and vegetation play a critical—but largely unpredictable—role in global environmental changes due to the multitude of contributing processes at widely different spatial and temporal scales. In this Perspective, we explore approaches to master this complexity and improve our ability to predict vegetation dynamics by explicitly taking account of principles that constrain plant and ecosystem behaviour: natural selection, self-organization and entropy maximization. These ideas are increasingly being used in vegetation models, but we argue that their full potential has yet to be realized. We demonstrate the power of natural selection-based optimality principles to predict photosynthetic and carbon allocation responses to multiple environmental drivers, as well as how individual plasticity leads to the predictable self-organization of forest canopies. We show how models of natural selection acting on a few key traits can generate realistic plant communities and how entropy maximization can identify the most probable outcomes of community dynamics in space- and time-varying environments. Finally, we present a roadmap indicating how these principles could be combined in a new generation of models with stronger theoretical foundations and an improved capacity to predict complex vegetation responses to environmental change.},
  issue = {5},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\franklin_et_al_2020_organizing_principles_for_vegetation_dynamics.pdf;C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\TQRNSQUY\\s41477-020-0655-x.html}
}

@article{frei2020,
  title = {Climate Change in {{Switzerland}}: {{Impact}} on Hazel, Birch, and Grass Pollen on the Basis of Half a Century of Pollen Records (1969 – 2018)},
  shorttitle = {Climate Change in {{Switzerland}}},
  author = {Frei, Thomas},
  date = {2020-10-12},
  journaltitle = {Allergologie Select},
  shortjournal = {Allergol Select},
  volume = {4},
  eprint = {33064786},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {69--75},
  issn = {2512-8957},
  doi = {10.5414/ALX02180E},
  url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7553561/},
  urldate = {2021-06-21},
  abstract = {As indicated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), human activities are estimated to have caused \textasciitilde{} 1.0~°C of global warming above pre-industrial levels. The impact of this global warming is diverse and pertains also plant biology. The start of the pollen season as well as the observed quantities of pollen have been considered indicators of the impact of climate change. Switzerland has one of the longest pollen time series now – more than half a century. It has been tested whether the impact of climate change is robust by checking with this long time series of different pollen like hazel, birch, and grass as prominent representatives of triggers of hay fever. The results indicate that based on a time series of 50 years, the pollen seasons of hazel, birch, and grass started earlier as the temperature increased. Comparing the annual amount of pollen, a relevant increase is only observed for hazel. However, it must be considered that in the observed 50 years there was a land use change from grass land to built-up land due to the increase of population, and yet certain pollen counts increased considerably.},
  pmcid = {PMC7553561},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\frei_2020_climate_change_in_switzerland.pdf}
}

@article{Fu2019274,
  title = {Characterizing the Spatial Pattern of Annual Urban Growth by Using Time Series {{Landsat}} Imagery},
  author = {Fu, Y. and Li, J. and Weng, Q. and Zheng, Q. and Li, L. and Dai, S. and Guo, B.},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Science of the Total Environment},
  volume = {666},
  pages = {274--284},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.178},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061800498&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.02.178&partnerID=40&md5=099749ec254e95a3885d917fe41661c2},
  abstract = {Previous studies of urbanization have largely focused on the irreversible urban growth process and the conversion of non-urban lands into impervious surfaces, but less on the conversion from impervious surfaces to green space, also referred to as deurbanization. However, urbanization and deurbanization are both typical urban renewal process, which may happen simultaneously during the urban renewal. In this study, we proposed a new method to retrieve and map annual impervious surface percentage (ISP) and to characterize urban growth patterns using time series medium- resolution images. The method is implemented by employing the Cubist tree model for annual ISP inversion (AoCubist), optimizing multi-temporal Landsat composite images to minimize the impact of phenology and inter-year climate variation, and developing the C5.0 decision tree algorithm with temporal-spatial filtering rules to improve the space-time continuity and separability of patterns derived by unsupervised K-means classification. The method was applied to investigate the urban renewal in Guangzhou, China, between 2000 and 2010. The results demonstrate that the use of ISP slope series can capture the spatial variations and temporal trends of urban growth. Validation by fieldwork and comparing with Google Earth imagery indicates that our classification yielded a reasonable overall accuracy, ranging from 88.32\% to 90.85\%. Annual urban expansion rate remained between 4\% and 10\%, while annual deurbanization rate varied from 1\% to 5\%. In addition, the total pixels of rapid deurbanization surpassed that of rapid urban expansion. This finding suggests that various change directions occurred in the urban renewal process and that deurbanization was a way to counter-balance the rapid urbanization. This study provides a solid methodology for ISP change detection and fresh insight into the characteristics of urban growth in terms of timing, duration, and magnitude. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.},
  affiliation = {School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China; College of the Environment \& Ecology, Xiamen University, South Xiangan Road, Xiangan District, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Center for Urban and Environmental Change, Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, United States},
  author_keywords = {Change detection; Deurbanization; Impervious surface percentage (ISP); Landsat; Time series; Urban renewal},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus}
}

@article{fuentes2021,
  title = {Urban {{Green Infrastructure Monitoring Using Remote Sensing}} from {{Integrated Visible}} and {{Thermal Infrared Cameras Mounted}} on a {{Moving Vehicle}}},
  author = {Fuentes, Sigfredo and Tongson, Eden and Gonzalez Viejo, Claudia},
  date = {2021-01},
  journaltitle = {Sensors},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {295},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  doi = {10.3390/s21010295},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/1/295},
  urldate = {2021-03-29},
  abstract = {Climate change forecasts higher temperatures in urban environments worsening the urban heat island effect (UHI). Green infrastructure (GI) in cities could reduce the UHI by regulating and reducing ambient temperatures. Forest cities (i.e., Melbourne, Australia) aimed for large-scale planting of trees to adapt to climate change in the next decade. Therefore, monitoring cities\’ green infrastructure requires close assessment of growth and water status at the tree-by-tree resolution for its proper maintenance and needs to be automated and efficient. This project proposed a novel monitoring system using an integrated visible and infrared thermal camera mounted on top of moving vehicles. Automated computer vision algorithms were used to analyze data gathered at an Elm trees avenue in the city of Melbourne, Australia (n = 172 trees) to obtain tree growth in the form of effective leaf area index (LAIe) and tree water stress index (TWSI), among other parameters. Results showed the tree-by-tree variation of trees monitored (5.04 km) between 2016\–2017. The growth and water stress parameters obtained were mapped using customized codes and corresponded with weather trends and urban management. The proposed urban tree monitoring system could be a useful tool for city planning and GI monitoring, which can graphically show the diurnal, spatial, and temporal patterns of change of LAIe and TWSI to monitor the effects of climate change on the GI of cities.},
  issue = {1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {computer vision,leaf area index,tree monitoring,tree water stress index,urban tree management},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\fuentes_et_al_2021_urban_green_infrastructure_monitoring_using_remote_sensing_from_integrated.pdf}
}

@article{gillner2014,
  title = {Dendrochronological Analysis of Urban Trees: Climatic Response and Impact of Drought on Frequently Used Tree Species},
  shorttitle = {Dendrochronological Analysis of Urban Trees},
  author = {Gillner, Sten and Bräuning, Achim and Roloff, Andreas},
  date = {2014-08-01},
  journaltitle = {Trees},
  shortjournal = {Trees},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1079--1093},
  issn = {1432-2285},
  doi = {10.1007/s00468-014-1019-9},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1019-9},
  urldate = {2019-12-06},
  abstract = {Key message Distinct species-specific differences were found in the response to temperature, precipitation and the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index that are confirmed by pointer year analyzes and superposed epoch analyzes. AbstractTrees in urban environments are exposed to heat stress, low air humidity and soil drought. The increasing temperatures and the more frequent heat and drought events will intensify the stress level of urban trees. We applied a dendrochronological approach to evaluate the species-specific suitability under increasing risk of drought of five tree species at highly sealed urban sites in the city of Dresden (Germany). Climate-growth correlation analyses show that temperatures and water availability from April to July in the current year and in summer and autumn of the previous year are the main determining factors for radial growth. However, distinct species-specific differences were found in the response to temperature, precipitation and the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index. During the study period, the influence of temperature and drought on radial growth during summer months increases for Acer platanoides and Acer pseudoplatanus, whereas no changes occurred for Quercus petraea, Quercus rubra, and P. × hispanica. Pointer year analysis and superposed epoch analyses revealed a species-specific response to extreme climatic events. While for A. platanoides and A. pseudoplatanus a higher number of negative pointer years and significant growth declines in drought years were found, Q. petraea and Q. rubra showed more frequent positive pointer years but no significant growth reductions during drought. Based on these response patterns we classified the studied tree species according to their suitability and drought tolerance for urban sites.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Climate-growth,Drought,Pointer years,Superposed epoch analyzes,Urban tree species},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\7IHA5UEX\\Gillner et al_2014_Dendrochronological analysis of urban trees.pdf}
}

@article{gillner2015,
  title = {Role of Street Trees in Mitigating Effects of Heat and Drought at Highly Sealed Urban Sites},
  author = {Gillner, Sten and Vogt, Juliane and Tharang, Andreas and Dettmann, Sebastian and Roloff, Andreas},
  date = {2015-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  shortjournal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  volume = {143},
  pages = {33--42},
  issn = {0169-2046},
  doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.06.005},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204615001309},
  urldate = {2019-12-03},
  abstract = {Vegetation and trees in particular play a key role in mitigating thermal load in urban areas. The goals of this study were to analyse species-specific microclimatic effects and to identify the role of leaf-area-density, transpiration, and stomatal conductance for cooling effects at urban sites. Air temperature, relative humidity and surface temperature were used to study the effects of six tree species with similar age structure in a residential area with comparable site conditions. Transpiration, stomatal conductance and leaf-area density were measured during the summer months in 2013. Air temperatures and relative humidity were monitored for four trees per street in hourly intervals, and surface temperatures were recorded in the afternoon for three hot days on the shaded and unshaded asphalt surfaces beneath the trees. Species differ significantly in their ability to reduce air and surface temperatures, as well as to increase relative humidity. Trees showing both a high leaf-area density and a high rate of transpiration are more effective in cooling the air temperatures. Differences in the surface temperatures of the tree shaded areas are more pronounced compared to the air temperatures. Thus, the surface temperatures of the full sun exposed areas are up to 15.2K warmer than that in the tree shaded areas. The results provide information to decrease thermal load in urban areas for future tree planting by choosing species with high cooling potential. The highest cooling potential was measured for Corylus colurna and Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’ and the lowest for Ulmus × hollandica ‘Lobel’.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cooling effects,Leaf-area density,Transpiration,Tree species},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\6WGZHKJ3\\S0169204615001309.html}
}

@article{graham2010,
  title = {Public {{Internet-connected}} Cameras Used as a Cross-Continental Ground-Based Plant Phenology Monitoring System},
  author = {Graham, Eric A. and Riordan, Erin C. and Yuen, Eric M. and Estrin, Deborah and Rundel, Philip W.},
  date = {2010},
  journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {16},
  number = {11},
  pages = {3014--3023},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02164.x},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02164.x},
  urldate = {2021-01-26},
  abstract = {Plant phenology is highly sensitive to changes in environmental conditions and can vary widely across landscapes. Current observation methods are either manual for small-scale, high precision measurements or by satellite remote sensing for large-scale, low spatial resolution measurement. The development of inexpensive approaches is necessary to advance large scale, high precision phenology monitoring. The use of publicly available, Internet-connected cameras, often associated with airports, national parks, and roadway conditions, for detecting and monitoring plant phenology at a continental scale can augment existing ground and satellite-based methodologies. We collected twice-daily images from over 1100 georeferenced public cameras across North America from February 2008 to 2009. Using a test subset of these cameras, we compared modeled spring ‘green-up’ with that from co-occurring remote sensing products. Although varying image exposure and color correction introduced noise to camera measurements, we were able to correlate spring green-up across North America with visual validation from images and detect a latitudinal trend. Public cameras had an equivalent or higher ability to detect spring compared with satellite-based data for corresponding locations, with fewer numbers of poor quality days, shorter continuous bad data days, and significantly lower errors of spring estimates. Manual image segmentation into deciduous, evergreen, and understory vegetation allowed detection of spring and fall onset for multiple vegetation types. Additional advantages of a public camera-based monitoring system include frequent image capture (subdaily) and the potential to detect quantitative responses to environmental changes in organisms, species, and communities. Public cameras represent a relatively untapped and freely available resource for supporting large-scale ecological and environmental monitoring.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,digital camera,image processing,plant phenology,remote sensing},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02164.x},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\graham_et_al_2010_public_internet-connected_cameras_used_as_a_cross-continental_ground-based.pdf;C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\B3BG5YX8\\j.1365-2486.2010.02164.html}
}

@article{Granero-Belinchon2020,
  title = {Phenological Dynamics Characterization of Alignment Trees with Sentinel-2 Imagery: {{A}} Vegetation Indices Time Series Reconstruction Methodology Adapted to Urban Areas},
  author = {Granero-Belinchon, C. and Adeline, K. and Lemonsu, A. and Briottet, X.},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {Remote Sensing},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  doi = {10.3390/rs12040639},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080862512&doi=10.3390%2frs12040639&partnerID=40&md5=fba9e46e39d754e7a1fddb3bac427b0a},
  abstract = {This article presents a novel methodology for the characterization of tree vegetation phenology, based on vegetation indices time series reconstruction and adapted to urban areas. The methodology is based on a pixel by pixel curve fitting classification, together with a subsequent Savitzky-Golay filtering of raw phenological curves from pixels classified as vegetation. Moreover, the new method is conceived to face specificities of urban environments such as: the high heterogeneity of impervious/natural elements, the 3D structure of the city inducing shadows, the restricted spatial extent of individual tree crowns and the strong biodiversity of urban vegetation. Three vegetation indices have been studied: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Red Edge Index 1 (NDRE1), which are mainly linked to chlorophyll content and leaf density and Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) mostly correlated to water content and leaf density. The methodology has been designed to allow the analysis of annual and intra-annual vegetation phenological dynamics. Then, different annual and intra-annual criteria for phenology characterization are proposed and criticized. To show the applicability of the methodology, this article focuses on Sentinel-2 (S-2) imagery covering 2018 and the study of groups of London planes in an alignment structure in the French city of Toulouse. Results showed that the new method allows the ability to (1) describe the heterogeneity of phenologies from London planes exposed to different environmental conditions (urban canyons, proximity with a source of water) and (2) to detect intra-annual phenological dynamics linked to changes in meteorological conditions. © 2020 by the author.},
  affiliation = {ONERA-Department of Theoretical and Applied Optics, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, FR-31055, France; Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Meteo-France-CNRS, Toulouse, FR-31057, France},
  art_number = {639},
  author_keywords = {NBR; NDRE1; NDVI; Phenology; Sentinel-2; Time series reconstruction; Urban tree vegetation},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\granero-belinchon_et_al_2020_phenological_dynamics_characterization_of_alignment_trees_with_sentinel-2.pdf}
}

@article{grossiord2020,
  title = {Plant Responses to Rising Vapor Pressure Deficit},
  author = {Grossiord, Charlotte and Buckley, Thomas N. and Cernusak, Lucas A. and Novick, Kimberly A. and Poulter, Benjamin and Siegwolf, Rolf T. W. and Sperry, John S. and McDowell, Nate G.},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {New Phytologist},
  volume = {226},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1550--1566},
  issn = {1469-8137},
  doi = {10.1111/nph.16485},
  url = {https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.16485},
  urldate = {2020-12-04},
  abstract = {Recent decades have been characterized by increasing temperatures worldwide, resulting in an exponential climb in vapor pressure deficit (VPD). VPD has been identified as an increasingly important driver of plant functioning in terrestrial biomes and has been established as a major contributor in recent drought-induced plant mortality independent of other drivers associated with climate change. Despite this, few studies have isolated the physiological response of plant functioning to high VPD, thus limiting our understanding and ability to predict future impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. An abundance of evidence suggests that stomatal conductance declines under high VPD and transpiration increases in most species up until a given VPD threshold, leading to a cascade of subsequent impacts including reduced photosynthesis and growth, and higher risks of carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. Incorporation of photosynthetic and hydraulic traits in ‘next-generation’ land-surface models has the greatest potential for improved prediction of VPD responses at the plant- and global-scale, and will yield more mechanistic simulations of plant responses to a changing climate. By providing a fully integrated framework and evaluation of the impacts of high VPD on plant function, improvements in forecasting and long-term projections of climate impacts can be made.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {mortality,productivity,stomatal conductance,transpiration,warming},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.16485},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\grossiord_et_al_2020_plant_responses_to_rising_vapor_pressure_deficit.pdf;C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\RE3MY8EB\\nph.html}
}

@article{gulyas2006,
  title = {Assessment of the Microclimatic and Human Comfort Conditions in a Complex Urban Environment: {{Modelling}} and Measurements},
  shorttitle = {Assessment of the Microclimatic and Human Comfort Conditions in a Complex Urban Environment},
  author = {Gulyás, Ágnes and Unger, János and Matzarakis, Andreas},
  date = {2006-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Building and Environment},
  shortjournal = {Building and Environment},
  volume = {41},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1713--1722},
  issn = {0360-1323},
  doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.001},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036013230500274X},
  urldate = {2020-03-06},
  abstract = {Several complex thermal indices (e.g. Predicted Mean Vote and Physiological Equivalent Temperature) were developed in the last decades to describe and quantify the thermal environment of humans and the energy fluxes between body and environment. Compared to open spaces/landscapes the complex surface structure of urban areas creates an environment with special microclimatic characteristics, which have a dominant effect on the energy balance of the human body. In this study, outdoor thermal comfort conditions are examined through two field-surveys in Szeged, a South-Hungarian city (population 160,000). The intensity of radiation fluxes is dependent on several factors, such as surface structure and housing density. Since our sample area is located in a heavily built-up city centre, radiation fluxes are mainly influenced by narrow streets and several 20–30-year-old (20–30m tall) trees. Special emphasis is given to the human-biometeorological assessment of the microclimate of complex urban environments through the application of the thermal index PET. The analysis is carried out by the utilization of the RayMan model. Firstly, bioclimatic conditions of sites located close to each other but shaded differently by buildings and plants are compared. The results show that differences in the PET index amongst these places can be as high as 15–20∘C due to the different irradiation. Secondly, the investigation of different modelled environments by RayMan (only buildings, buildings+trees and only trees) shows significant alterations in the human comfort sensation between the situations.},
  keywords = {Hungary,Physiological Equivalent Temperature,Szeged,Thermal comfort,Urban environments},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\XBCG2CGQ\\S036013230500274X.html}
}

@article{han2008,
  title = {Impact of urbanization on vegetation phenology in major cities in Yangtze River Delta region},
  author = {Han, G.-F. and Xu, J.-H. and Yuan, X.-Z.},
  date = {2008},
  journaltitle = {Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology},
  volume = {19},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1803--1809},
  issn = {10019332},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-54949152693&partnerID=40&md5=29db6f4e07234b542bd4a107ec427738},
  abbrev_source_title = {Chin. J. Appl. Ecol.},
  abstract = {Based on the time series NDVI images from 1998 to 2005 and by the method of moving average, the vegetation phenology in urban areas and buffer zones of Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou in Yangtze River Delta region were calculated. The difference of average phenology in urban areas and buffer zones was analyzed, and the relationship between this difference and the distance away from urban edge was studied. The results showed that in 1998 -2005, the urbanization of the cities made the vegetations in their urban area had an earlier start of growing season (SOS), later end of growing season (EOS), longer growing season length (GSL), and smaller NDVIamp (difference of maximal and minimal NDVI in a year). These changes were more obvious in buffer zones if they were closer to urban area. In general, urbanization made the SOS within 4 kilometers away from the urban edge started obviously earlier, and the EOS, GSL and NDVIamp within 10 kilometers away from the urban edge changed obviously. The differences of GSL between urban and buffer zones had a significant logarithmic relationship with the distance away from the urban edge, so did the NDVIamp.},
  affiliation = {College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Department of Geography, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; College of Resource and Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China},
  author_keywords = {Time series NDVI images; Urbanization; Vegetation phenology; Yangtze River delta region},
  correspondence_address1 = {Han, G.-F.; College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; email: newseaboy@163.com},
  document_type = {Article},
  langid = {chinese},
  pubmed_id = {18975761},
  source = {Scopus},
  keywords = {article,Asia,buffer zone,China,city planning,City Planning,classification,development and aging,ecosystem,Ecosystem,environmental monitoring,Environmental Monitoring,Eurasia,Far East,growth,NDVI,phenology,Poaceae,river,Rivers,tree,Trees,urban area,urbanization,Urbanization,vegetation,Yangtze Delta}
}

@article{han2013,
  title = {Land Surface Phenology and Land Surface Temperature Changes along an Urban-Rural Gradient in Yangtze {{River Delta}}, {{China}}},
  author = {Han, G. and Xu, J.},
  date = {2013},
  journaltitle = {Environmental Management},
  volume = {52},
  number = {1},
  pages = {234--249},
  issn = {0364152X},
  doi = {10.1007/s00267-013-0097-6},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879837072&doi=10.1007%2fs00267-013-0097-6&partnerID=40&md5=254ff0eb8133112b235fae858100e9f1},
  abbrev_source_title = {Environ. Manage.},
  abstract = {Using SPOT/VGT NDVI time series images (2002-2009) and MODIS/LST images (2002-2009) smoothed by a Savitzky-Golay filter, the land surface phenology (LSP) and land surface temperature (LST), respectively, are extracted for six cities in the Yangtze River Delta, China, including Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Changzhou, Wuxi, and Suzhou. The trends of the averaged LSP and LST are analyzed, and the relationship between these values is revealed along the urban-rural gradient. The results show that urbanization advances the start of the growing season, postpones the end of the growing season, prolongs the growing season length (GSL), and reduces the difference between maximal NDVI and minimal NDVI in a year (NDVIamp). More obvious changes occur in surface vegetation phenology as the urbanized area is approached. The LST drops monotonously and logarithmically along the urban-rural gradient. Urbanization generally affects the LSP of the surrounding vegetation within 6 km to the urban edge. Except for GSL, the difference in the LSP between urban and rural areas has a significant logarithmic relationship with the distance to the urban edge. In addition, there is a very strong linear relationship between the LSP and the LST along the urban-rural gradient, especially within 6 km to the urban edge. The correlations between LSP and gross domestic product and population density reveal that human activities have considerable influence on the land surface vegetation growth. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.},
  affiliation = {Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area of Education Ministry, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Education Ministry, Department of Geography, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China},
  author_keywords = {Land surface phenology; Land surface temperature; Urban-rural gradient; Urbanization; Yangtze River Delta region},
  coden = {EMNGD},
  correspondence_address1 = {Han, G.; Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area of Education Ministry, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; email: hangf@cqu.edu.cn},
  document_type = {Article},
  funding_details = {National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC, 41001364},
  langid = {english},
  pubmed_id = {23740439},
  source = {Scopus},
  keywords = {article,Atmospheric temperature,Biology,Changzhou,China,Cities,Economic and social effects,environmental monitoring,environmental parameters,geographic distribution,gradient analysis,gross national product,growing season,Hangzhou,human activity,Jiangsu,land surface,land surface phenology,Land surface phenology,Land surface temperature,land surface temperature change,MODIS,Nanjing [Jiangsu],NDVI,phenology,Plant Development,population density,Population statistics,Rivers,rural area,Rural areas,Satellite Imagery,Seasons,Shanghai,smoothing,SPOT,Surface measurement,surface temperature,Suzhou,Temperature,urban area,urban rural difference,Urban-rural gradients,urbanization,Urbanization,vegetation,Vegetation,Wuxi [Jiangsu],Yangtze Delta,Yangtze river delta,Zhejiang}
}

@article{Han2013234,
  title = {Land Surface Phenology and Land Surface Temperature Changes along an Urban-Rural Gradient in Yangtze {{River Delta}}, {{China}}},
  author = {Han, G. and Xu, J.},
  date = {2013},
  journaltitle = {Environmental Management},
  volume = {52},
  number = {1},
  pages = {234--249},
  doi = {10.1007/s00267-013-0097-6},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879837072&doi=10.1007%2fs00267-013-0097-6&partnerID=40&md5=254ff0eb8133112b235fae858100e9f1},
  abstract = {Using SPOT/VGT NDVI time series images (2002-2009) and MODIS/LST images (2002-2009) smoothed by a Savitzky-Golay filter, the land surface phenology (LSP) and land surface temperature (LST), respectively, are extracted for six cities in the Yangtze River Delta, China, including Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Changzhou, Wuxi, and Suzhou. The trends of the averaged LSP and LST are analyzed, and the relationship between these values is revealed along the urban-rural gradient. The results show that urbanization advances the start of the growing season, postpones the end of the growing season, prolongs the growing season length (GSL), and reduces the difference between maximal NDVI and minimal NDVI in a year (NDVIamp). More obvious changes occur in surface vegetation phenology as the urbanized area is approached. The LST drops monotonously and logarithmically along the urban-rural gradient. Urbanization generally affects the LSP of the surrounding vegetation within 6 km to the urban edge. Except for GSL, the difference in the LSP between urban and rural areas has a significant logarithmic relationship with the distance to the urban edge. In addition, there is a very strong linear relationship between the LSP and the LST along the urban-rural gradient, especially within 6 km to the urban edge. The correlations between LSP and gross domestic product and population density reveal that human activities have considerable influence on the land surface vegetation growth. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.},
  affiliation = {Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area of Education Ministry, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Education Ministry, Department of Geography, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China},
  author_keywords = {Land surface phenology; Land surface temperature; Urban-rural gradient; Urbanization; Yangtze River Delta region},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\han_xu_2013_land_surface_phenology_and_land_surface_temperature_changes_along_an.pdf}
}

@article{hanley2021,
  title = {Relating the Climate Envelopes of Urban Tree Species to Their Drought and Thermal Tolerance},
  author = {Hanley, P.A. and Arndt, S.K. and Livesley, S.J. and Szota, C.},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Science of the Total Environment},
  volume = {753},
  publisher = {{Elsevier B.V.}},
  issn = {00489697},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142012},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090407065&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2020.142012&partnerID=40&md5=efaabfcec499a62e64e1216660a80e45},
  abstract = {Analysing the climate envelope of plant species has been suggested as a tool to predict the vulnerability of tree species in future urban climates. However, there is little evidence that the climate envelope of a plant species directly relates to the drought and thermal tolerance of that species, at least not at the resolution required to identify or rank species vulnerability. Here, we attempted to predict drought and thermal tolerance of commonly used urban tree species using climate variables derived exclusively from open-source global occurrence data. We quantified three drought and thermal tolerance traits for 43 urban tree species in a common garden experiment: stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit, leaf water potential at the turgor loss point, and leaf thermal tolerance. We then attempted to predict each tolerance trait from variables derived from the climate envelope of each species, using occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. We found no strong relationships between drought and thermal tolerance traits and climatic variables. Across wide environmental gradients, plant tolerance and climate are inherently linked. But our results suggest that climate envelopes determined from species occurrence data alone may not predict drought or thermal tolerance at the resolution required to select tree species for future urban forests. We should focus on identifying the most relevant strategies and traits required to describe tolerance which in combination with climate envelope analysis should ultimately predict growth and mortality of trees in urban landscapes. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {article,biodiversity,Biodiversity,cell turgor,climate,climate change,Climate Change,Climate variables,climate variation,Climatic variables,drought,Drought,Droughts,Envelope analysis,environmental gradient,Environmental gradient,Forecasting,forest,Forestry,Forests,heat tolerance,Information facilities,leaf water potential,Leaf water potential,mortality,plant leaf,Plant Leaves,Plants (botany),quantitative analysis,stomata,temperature tolerance,Thermal tolerance,tree,Trees,urban climate,Urban growth,vapor pressure,Vapour pressure deficits,water,Water}
}

@article{He20161,
  title = {Effects of Climate Warming on Phenological Characteristics of Urban Forest in {{Shenyang City}}, {{China}}},
  author = {He, X. and Xu, S. and Xu, W. and Chen, W. and Huang, Y. and Wen, H.},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {Chinese Geographical Science},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--9},
  doi = {10.1007/s11769-015-0782-x},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84952299274&doi=10.1007%2fs11769-015-0782-x&partnerID=40&md5=cdf74add73df367783023cc5977a510b},
  abstract = {Change in plant phenology is one of the most sensitive ecological responses to climate warming. Little information is known about the effects of climate warming on phenology of urban tree species in the northern forest of China. In this study, we investigated the phenological characteristics of the main tree species in the urban forest of Shengyang City in China and the correlation between phenology and atmospheric temperature from the discontinuous data during past 42 years over three time periods (from 1962 to 1965, 1977 to 1978, and 2000 to 2005). The results showed that the annual average temperature in Shenyang City showed an increasing trend and increased by 0.96°C from 1962 to 2005 due to climate warming. The germination phenology of the urban trees was negatively correlated with the temperature in winter and early spring. The leafing phenology was mainly influenced by the temperature in spring before leafing. Influenced by climate warming, the germination, leafing, and flowering phenologies of this urban forest in 2005 were 14, 13, and 10 days earlier than those in 1962, respectively. We inferred that further warming in winter might prolong the growing season of urban trees in the northern forest of China. © 2016, Science Press, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, CAS and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.},
  affiliation = {State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China},
  author_keywords = {global climate change; global warming; plant phenology; Shengyang City; urban forest},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\he_et_al_2016_effects_of_climate_warming_on_phenological_characteristics_of_urban_forest_in.pdf}
}

@article{herrero-huerta2018,
  title = {Automatic Tree Parameter Extraction by a {{Mobile LiDAR System}} in an Urban Context},
  author = {Herrero-Huerta, Mónica and Lindenbergh, Roderik and Rodríguez-Gonzálvez, Pablo},
  date = {2018-04-24},
  journaltitle = {PLOS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {e0196004},
  publisher = {{Public Library of Science}},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0196004},
  url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0196004},
  urldate = {2021-01-25},
  abstract = {In an urban context, tree data are used in city planning, in locating hazardous trees and in environmental monitoring. This study focuses on developing an innovative methodology to automatically estimate the most relevant individual structural parameters of urban trees sampled by a Mobile LiDAR System at city level. These parameters include the Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), which was estimated by circle fitting of the points belonging to different height bins using RANSAC. In the case of non-circular trees, DBH is calculated by the maximum distance between extreme points. Tree sizes were extracted through a connectivity analysis. Crown Base Height, defined as the length until the bottom of the live crown, was calculated by voxelization techniques. For estimating Canopy Volume, procedures of mesh generation and α-shape methods were implemented. Also, tree location coordinates were obtained by means of Principal Component Analysis. The workflow has been validated on 29 trees of different species sampling a stretch of road 750 m long in Delft (The Netherlands) and tested on a larger dataset containing 58 individual trees. The validation was done against field measurements. DBH parameter had a correlation R2 value of 0.92 for the height bin of 20 cm which provided the best results. Moreover, the influence of the number of points used for DBH estimation, considering different height bins, was investigated. The assessment of the other inventory parameters yield correlation coefficients higher than 0.91. The quality of the results confirms the feasibility of the proposed methodology, providing scalability to a comprehensive analysis of urban trees.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Algorithms,Dendrology,Lasers,Lidar,Principal component analysis,Remote sensing,Trees,Urban environments},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\herrero-huerta_et_al_2018_automatic_tree_parameter_extraction_by_a_mobile_lidar_system_in_an_urban_context.pdf}
}

@article{hjortjan2016,
  title = {Fine-{{Scale Exposure}} to {{Allergenic Pollen}} in the {{Urban Environment}}: {{Evaluation}} of {{Land Use Regression Approach}}},
  shorttitle = {Fine-{{Scale Exposure}} to {{Allergenic Pollen}} in the {{Urban Environment}}},
  author = {{Hjort Jan} and {Hugg Timo T.} and {Antikainen Harri} and {Rusanen Jarmo} and {Sofiev Mikhail} and {Kukkonen Jaakko} and {Jaakkola Maritta S.} and {Jaakkola Jouni J.K.}},
  date = {2016-05-01},
  journaltitle = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
  shortjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
  volume = {124},
  number = {5},
  pages = {619--626},
  publisher = {{Environmental Health Perspectives}},
  doi = {10.1289/ehp.1509761},
  url = {https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1509761},
  urldate = {2021-06-07},
  abstract = {Background:Despite the recent developments in physically and chemically based analysis of atmospheric particles, no models exist for resolving the spatial variability of pollen concentration at urban scale.Objectives:We developed a land use regression (LUR) approach for predicting spatial fine-scale allergenic pollen concentrations in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland, and evaluated the performance of the models against available empirical data.Methods:We used grass pollen data monitored at 16 sites in an urban area during the peak pollen season and geospatial environmental data. The main statistical method was generalized linear model (GLM).Results:GLM-based LURs explained 79\% of the spatial variation in the grass pollen data based on all samples, and 47\% of the variation when samples from two sites with very high concentrations were excluded. In model evaluation, prediction errors ranged from 6\% to 26\% of the observed range of grass pollen concentrations. Our findings support the use of geospatial data–based statistical models to predict the spatial variation of allergenic grass pollen concentrations at intra-urban scales. A remote sensing–based vegetation index was the strongest predictor of pollen concentrations for exposure assessments at local scales.Conclusions:The LUR approach provides new opportunities to estimate the relations between environmental determinants and allergenic pollen concentration in human-modified environments at fine spatial scales. This approach could potentially be applied to estimate retrospectively pollen concentrations to be used for long-term exposure assessments.Citation:Hjort J, Hugg TT, Antikainen H, Rusanen J, Sofiev M, Kukkonen J, Jaakkola MS, Jaakkola JJ. 2016. Fine-scale exposure to allergenic pollen in the urban environment: evaluation of land use regression approach. Environ Health Perspect 124:619–626;\hspace{0.6em}http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509761},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\hjort_jan_et_al_2016_fine-scale_exposure_to_allergenic_pollen_in_the_urban_environment.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Huang2009300,
  title = {Study of Impacts of Urbanization Process on Phenology Using Multisource Satellite Data},
  author = {Huang, Q. and Xu, H. and Yang, X. and Shi, P.},
  date = {2009},
  series = {American {{Society}} for {{Photogrammetry}} and {{Remote Sensing Annual Conference}} 2009, {{ASPRS}} 2009},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {300--305},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868583799&partnerID=40&md5=bac2d0f14d71b99a8e8fc0efbfd832f4},
  abstract = {Phenology is an indicator of the impact of climate on vegetation. As the representation of human activities, urbanization affects vegetation phenology by changing the local climate such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc. Recent studies starts to focus on the impacts of urbanization intensity on phenology. In order to understand the relationship between urbanization intensity and phenology, we identified the phenological transitional dates based on NDVI from SPOT/VGT and used a eveloped urban index ranges from 0-1 to represent intensity of urbanization using data from Defense Satellite Meteorological Program - Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS). The relationship between urban index and phenological transition dates from 1999 to 2002 were analyzed. It is found that there's a not-so significant linear relationship between urban index and phenological transitional dates anomaly. However, when the excluded the biophysical factors, the local climatic variation is the key factor determining the phenology anomaly, while urbanization level also has influence on it.},
  affiliation = {Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100875, China},
  document_type = {Conference Paper},
  source = {Scopus}
}

@article{ImageAI,
  title = {{{ImageAI}}, an Open Source Python Library Built to Empower Developers to Build Applications and Systems with Self-Contained {{Computer Vision}} Capabilities},
  author = {{Moses} and Olafenwa, John},
  date = {2018/-0003},
  url = {https://github.com/OlafenwaMoses/ImageAI}
}

@article{itakura2020,
  title = {Automatic {{Tree Detection}} from {{Three-Dimensional Images Reconstructed}} from 360° {{Spherical Camera Using YOLO}} V2},
  author = {Itakura, Kenta and Hosoi, Fumiki},
  date = {2020-01},
  journaltitle = {Remote Sensing},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {988},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  doi = {10.3390/rs12060988},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/6/988},
  urldate = {2021-01-11},
  abstract = {It is important to grasp the number and location of trees, and measure tree structure attributes, such as tree trunk diameter and height. The accurate measurement of these parameters will lead to efficient forest resource utilization, maintenance of trees in urban cities, and feasible afforestation planning in the future. Recently, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been receiving considerable attention, compared with conventional manual measurement techniques. However, it is difficult to use LiDAR for widespread applications, mainly because of the costs. We propose a method for tree measurement using 360\° spherical cameras, which takes omnidirectional images. For the structural measurement, the three-dimensional (3D) images were reconstructed using a photogrammetric approach called structure from motion. Moreover, an automatic tree detection method from the 3D images was presented. First, the trees included in the 360\° spherical images were detected using YOLO v2. Then, these trees were detected with the tree information obtained from the 3D images reconstructed using structure from motion algorithm. As a result, the trunk diameter and height could be accurately estimated from the 3D images. The tree detection model had an F-measure value of 0.94. This method could automatically estimate some of the structural parameters of trees and contribute to more efficient tree measurement.},
  issue = {6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {360-degree camera,automatic detection,deep learning,machine learning,spherical camera,structure from motion,three-dimensional (3D),tree height,tree trunk diameter,YOLO},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\itakura_hosoi_2020_automatic_tree_detection_from_three-dimensional_images_reconstructed_from_360°.pdf;C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\LESQWAH8\\htm.html;C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\NEHQPC5Q\\htm.html}
}

@article{jamei2019,
  title = {Spatial Structure of Surface Urban Heat Island and Its Relationship with Vegetation and Built-up Areas in {{Melbourne}}, {{Australia}}},
  author = {Jamei, Y. and Rajagopalan, P. and Sun, Q.C.},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Science of the Total Environment},
  volume = {659},
  pages = {1335--1351},
  publisher = {{Elsevier B.V.}},
  issn = {00489697},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.308},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059557034&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2018.12.308&partnerID=40&md5=3c3ff2a91478c7287fbfa4f39049006b},
  abbrev_source_title = {Sci. Total Environ.},
  abstract = {Due to the intensity of urban development around the world, there is an increasing body of studies attempting to investigate urban heat island (UHI) in various spatial and temporal scales. In surface heat urban island (SUHI) studies, extended periods of time, broader regions and local government area (LGA) level have become more crucial and will shed light on causes of UHI. Moreover, the spatial pattern and structure of SUHI will be useful for policy-makers to develop mitigation strategies. This study focused on three objectives. Firstly, analyzing land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference built-up (NDBI) and vegetation (NDVI) indices. Secondly, investigating interrelationships among LST, NDVI, and NDBI. Thirdly, identifying LST patterns in the Melbourne metropolitan area. These objectives were achieved through three different methods. The modified automatic mapping method for the first objective, the correlation analysis for the second, and spatial statistical methods for the third. The methodological innovations of this study were considering LGA in interrelationship analysis among LST, NDBI and NDVI, and calculation of NDVI for each acquisition date. The results indicated that the clustering pattern of LST expanded toward the north-west and south-east during the period of the study. Furthermore, the north-west part of the city has the highest positive (0.6) correlation between NDBI and LST, and the south-east part of the city has the lowest negative (−0.8) correlation between NDVI and LST. The most significant increase and decrease in mean LST happened respectively from January 6th to 22nd 2017, and January 14th to 30th January 2014. The temperature degree altered from 19.61 °C to 27.86 °C in inner western suburbs, and from 35.49 °C to 26.88 °C in most LGA's. These findings are critical for planners to localize UHI mitigation action plans, target hot spots in LGA's and allocate resources to respond to the adverse effect of UHI. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.},
  affiliation = {School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Science Cluster, Department of Geospatial Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia},
  author_keywords = {Land surface temperature (LST); Melbourne metropolitan area; Spatial distribution; Surface urban heat island (SUHI)},
  coden = {STEVA},
  correspondence_address1 = {Jamei, Y.; School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT UniversityAustralia; email: Yashar.jamei@rmit.edu.au},
  document_type = {Article},
  langid = {english},
  pubmed_id = {31096344},
  source = {Scopus},
  keywords = {Article,Atmospheric temperature,Australia,correlation analysis,environmental factor,environmental monitoring,environmental temperature,heat,heat island,histogram,land surface,Land surface temperature,Landforms,Local government areas,mapping,Melbourne,Methodological innovations,metropolitan area,Metropolitan area,Normalized differences,priority journal,risk evaluation and mitigation strategy,spatial analysis,Spatial and temporal scale,spatial distribution,Spatial distribution,summer,Surface measurement,Surface properties,surface temperature,Surface urban heat islands,Thermal pollution,urban area,Urban growth,vegetation,Vegetation,vegetation dynamics,Victoria [Australia]}
}

@article{Jeong2019627,
  title = {Impact of Urbanization on Spring and Autumn Phenology of Deciduous Trees in the {{Seoul Capital Area}}, {{South Korea}}},
  author = {Jeong, S.-J. and Park, H. and Ho, C.-H. and Kim, J.},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Biometeorology},
  volume = {63},
  number = {5},
  pages = {627--637},
  doi = {10.1007/s00484-018-1610-7},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054167691&doi=10.1007%2fs00484-018-1610-7&partnerID=40&md5=dfb73e58ef11034cd0a4f08d87e5aab4},
  abstract = {Urbanization exerts anthropogenic forcing that affects regional climate and ecosystems. With increasing levels of urbanization associated with urban population growth in the near future, understanding of the impact of urbanization on terrestrial ecosystems is important for predicting future environmental changes. This study evaluates the impact of urbanization on spring and autumn phenology by addressing the relationship between population density and phenology at nine stations in the Seoul Capital Area (SCA), South Korea during 1991–2010. We analyze the spring budburst dates for the six species (Prunus mume, Forsythia koreana, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Prunus yedoensis, Prunus persica, and Prunus pyrifolia) and the leaf coloring date for the two species (Ginkgo biloba and Acer palmatum). Regardless of species, the density of the urban population shows significant negative (positive) relationships with spring (autumn) phenology. In the SCA, urban population increases are related to earlier spring budburst up to 13 days and delayed leaf coloring up to 15 days. The most apparent spring budburst sensitivity is observed in Prunus mume, whereas the most dominant autumn leaf coloring sensitivity is observed in Acer palmatum. The relationship between population density and phenology is supported by the difference in nocturnal temperatures between stations which varies with the population density. Our results suggest that, in addition to global warming, future population growth should be considered in ecosystem assessments of human-induced environmental changes. © 2018, ISB.},
  affiliation = {Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Climate Research Division, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwuipo-si, South Korea},
  author_keywords = {Autumn leaf coloring; Phenology; Population growth; Seoul Capital Area; Spring budburst; Urbanization},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\jeong_et_al_2019_impact_of_urbanization_on_spring_and_autumn_phenology_of_deciduous_trees_in_the.pdf}
}

@article{jia2018,
  title = {Vegetation Growth Enhancement in Urban Environments of the {{Conterminous United States}}},
  author = {Jia, Wenxiao and Zhao, Shuqing and Liu, Shuguang},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {24},
  number = {9},
  pages = {4084--4094},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.14317},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.14317},
  urldate = {2020-02-25},
  abstract = {Cities are natural laboratories for studying vegetation responses to global environmental changes because of their climate, atmospheric, and biogeochemical conditions. However, few holistic studies have been conducted on the impact of urbanization on vegetation growth. We decomposed the overall impacts of urbanization on vegetation growth into direct (replacement of original land surfaces by impervious built-up) and indirect (urban environments) components, using a conceptual framework and remotely sensed data for 377 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the conterminous United States (CONUS) in 2001, 2006, and 2011. Results showed that urban pixels are often greener than expected given the amount of paved surface they contain. The vegetation growth enhancement due to indirect effects occurred in 88.4\%, 90.8\%, and 92.9\% of urban bins in 2001, 2006, and 2011, respectively. By defining offset value as the ratio of the absolute indirect and direct impact, we obtained that growth enhancement due to indirect effects compensated for about 29.2\%, 29.5\%, and 31.0\% of the reduced productivity due to loss of vegetated surface area on average in 2001, 2006, and 2011, respectively. Vegetation growth responses to urbanization showed little temporal variation but large regional differences with higher offset value in the western CONUS than in the eastern CONUS. Our study highlights the prevalence of vegetation growth enhancement in urban environments and the necessity of differentiating various impacts of urbanization on vegetation growth, and calls for tailored field experiments to understand the relative contributions of various driving forces to vegetation growth and predict vegetation responses to future global change using cities as harbingers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {direct effect,enhanced vegetation index,global environmental change,indirect effect,remote sensing,urban intensity,urban-rural gradients,vegetation growth},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\LHD9EMJW\\Jia et al_2018_Vegetation growth enhancement in urban environments of the Conterminous United.pdf;C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\JMY7DJLH\\gcb.html}
}

@article{jochner2013,
  title = {Using Phenology to Assess Urban Heat Islands in Tropical and Temperate Regions},
  author = {Jochner, S. and Alves-Eigenheer, M. and Menzel, A. and Morellato, L.P.C.},
  date = {2013},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Climatology},
  volume = {33},
  number = {15},
  pages = {3141--3151},
  publisher = {{John Wiley and Sons Ltd}},
  issn = {08998418},
  doi = {10.1002/joc.3651},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897086691&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.3651&partnerID=40&md5=f3a76375611e5bc6623e1398809696a8},
  abbrev_source_title = {Int. J. Climatol.},
  abstract = {The study of urban phenology is relevant to assess the effects of heat islands and the potential impacts of climate change on plants. Temperature is the main factor regulating plant development in moist/temperate regions. However, plants in tropical cities may respond to additional environmental cues, such as air humidity. We examined whether differences in air temperature and humidity along an urban-rural gradient influenced phenological onset dates of trees in a temperate mid-latitude city (Munich, Germany) and a city in the neotropics (Campinas, Brazil). (Dis)similarities were identified incorporating equivalent study design based on identical methods for recording phenology and site-specific meteorological data. We found that phenological onset dates of silver birch (Betula pendula) were able to describe local temperature variations in Munich. Correlation coefficients between mean temperature and onset dates of Betula were significant and varied between r=-0.48 and r=-0.72. However, onset dates for yellow trumpet tree (Tabebuia chrysotricha), false Brazilwood (Caesalpinia pluviosa) and rosewood (Tipuana tipu) in Campinas were rather variable, and the magnitude and significance of correlation coefficients with temperature varied greatly among species/phenophases. Nevertheless, we detected significant correlations, especially between Tipuana phenophases and temperature and between leaf unfolding of Tabebuia and humidity. Our findings revealed that the phenology of Tipuana was sufficiently sensitive to detect urban heat island effects in Campinas and might be a useful indicator of temperature variations and, in turn, of global warming. Because Tipuana is widely used for urban arborization in South America, we foresee many applications for monitoring heat islands in the neotropics. Furthermore, the fact that most phenophases of Tabebuia were not responsive to temperature stressed the importance of humidity variables. Additional species and phenophases should be explored to identify the further potential of phenology for monitoring heat islands in tropical cities. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society.},
  affiliation = {Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany; Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Plant Phenology and Seed Dispersal Group, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro (SP), Brazil},
  author_keywords = {BBCH; Brazil; Germany; Humidity; Phenology; Temperature; Urban climate},
  coden = {IJCLE},
  correspondence_address1 = {Jochner, S.; Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; email: jochner@wzw.tum.de},
  document_type = {Article},
  funding_details = {Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, ME 179/3-1},
  langid = {english},
  source = {Scopus},
  keywords = {air temperature,Atmospheric humidity,Atmospheric temperature,Bavaria,BBCH,Betula,Betula pendula,Biology,Brazil,Caesalpinia echinata,Caesalpinia pluviosa,Campinas,Cecropia obtusifolia,climate effect,Forestry,Germany,Global warming,heat island,humidity,Humidity,Meteorology,Munich,phenology,Phenology,plant,Sao Paulo [Brazil],Sarracenia alata,Tabebuia,Tabebuia chrysotricha,temperate environment,Temperature,Temperature distribution,Tipuana,Tipuana tipu,tropical region,Tropics,urban atmosphere,Urban climates}
}

@article{Jochner20133141,
  title = {Using Phenology to Assess Urban Heat Islands in Tropical and Temperate Regions},
  author = {Jochner, S. and Alves-Eigenheer, M. and Menzel, A. and Morellato, L.P.C.},
  date = {2013},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Climatology},
  volume = {33},
  number = {15},
  pages = {3141--3151},
  doi = {10.1002/joc.3651},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897086691&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.3651&partnerID=40&md5=f3a76375611e5bc6623e1398809696a8},
  abstract = {The study of urban phenology is relevant to assess the effects of heat islands and the potential impacts of climate change on plants. Temperature is the main factor regulating plant development in moist/temperate regions. However, plants in tropical cities may respond to additional environmental cues, such as air humidity. We examined whether differences in air temperature and humidity along an urban-rural gradient influenced phenological onset dates of trees in a temperate mid-latitude city (Munich, Germany) and a city in the neotropics (Campinas, Brazil). (Dis)similarities were identified incorporating equivalent study design based on identical methods for recording phenology and site-specific meteorological data. We found that phenological onset dates of silver birch (Betula pendula) were able to describe local temperature variations in Munich. Correlation coefficients between mean temperature and onset dates of Betula were significant and varied between r=-0.48 and r=-0.72. However, onset dates for yellow trumpet tree (Tabebuia chrysotricha), false Brazilwood (Caesalpinia pluviosa) and rosewood (Tipuana tipu) in Campinas were rather variable, and the magnitude and significance of correlation coefficients with temperature varied greatly among species/phenophases. Nevertheless, we detected significant correlations, especially between Tipuana phenophases and temperature and between leaf unfolding of Tabebuia and humidity. Our findings revealed that the phenology of Tipuana was sufficiently sensitive to detect urban heat island effects in Campinas and might be a useful indicator of temperature variations and, in turn, of global warming. Because Tipuana is widely used for urban arborization in South America, we foresee many applications for monitoring heat islands in the neotropics. Furthermore, the fact that most phenophases of Tabebuia were not responsive to temperature stressed the importance of humidity variables. Additional species and phenophases should be explored to identify the further potential of phenology for monitoring heat islands in tropical cities. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society.},
  affiliation = {Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany; Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Plant Phenology and Seed Dispersal Group, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro (SP), Brazil},
  author_keywords = {BBCH; Brazil; Germany; Humidity; Phenology; Temperature; Urban climate},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\jochner_et_al_2013_using_phenology_to_assess_urban_heat_islands_in_tropical_and_temperate_regions.pdf}
}

@article{Kabano2020,
  title = {Sensitivity of Canopy Phenology to Local Urban Environmental Characteristics in a Tropical City},
  author = {Kabano, P. and Harris, A. and Lindley, S.},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {Ecosystems},
  doi = {10.1007/s10021-020-00571-y},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092463923&doi=10.1007%2fs10021-020-00571-y&partnerID=40&md5=0b23eeac9481dc78a6ef6fa957016222},
  abstract = {Canopy phenology is sensitive to variability in local environmental settings. In temperate climates, urban phenological processes and their determinants are relatively well understood. Equivalent understanding of processes in tropical urban settings is, however, less resolved. In this paper, we explore the influence of local urban environmental characteristics (that is, degree of urbanization, land cover and urban climate) on canopy phenology of two deciduous tree species (Jacaranda mimosifolia, n = 48, and Tabebuia rosea, n = 24) in a tropical city (Kampala, Uganda). Our study design involved ground monitoring and field sampling in 2017, with a focus on the dry season. We found that both species experienced significantly higher rates of canopy cover decline in heavily built-up neighborhoods (p ¡ 0.05 for both species). Moreover, Jacaranda was more sensitive to differences in the degree of urbanization than Tabebuia, both in terms of total percentage tree canopy cover (p ¡ 0.01) and net leaf loss (p ¡ 0.05). Total percentage tree canopy cover for Jacaranda declined with increasing proportion of impervious cover (that is, roads and paved cover) and was positively related to relative humidity (p ¡ 0.01), a variable correlated with soil moisture. Net leaf loss in Jacaranda increased with the decreasing proportion of pervious land cover and as nighttime air temperature increased (p ¡ 0.01). In contrast, land cover and urban climate had no significant influence on either measure of phenological traits for Tabebuia. These results provide new evidence of the effect of urbanization on canopy phenology of different tree species in the tropics. Such knowledge offers new insights into the spatial and temporal differences in the physiological functional traits of trees and also serves as a proxy for possible species responses under future climate change. © 2020, The Author(s).},
  affiliation = {Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands},
  author_keywords = {Dry season; land cover; Relative humidity; Soil moisture; Tree canopy phenology; Tropics; UHI effect; Urban climate; Vegetation},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\kabano_et_al_2020_sensitivity_of_canopy_phenology_to_local_urban_environmental_characteristics_in.pdf}
}

@article{Kabano2021,
  title = {Evidence of Urban Heat Island Impacts on the Vegetation Growing Season Length in a Tropical City},
  author = {Kabano, P. and Lindley, S. and Harris, A.},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  volume = {206},
  doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103989},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096003471&doi=10.1016%2fj.landurbplan.2020.103989&partnerID=40&md5=c05d6c9a696c63c4532cb6066bb7147e},
  abstract = {Knowledge about the impacts of urban heat islands (UHI) and associated thermal gradients on vegetation seasonality (i.e. phenology) is vital for understanding spatial patterns in vegetation ecosystem functions. However, in contrast to temperate cites, there is little evidence to show how UHI influences landscape phenological processes in the tropics. In this study, we examined vegetation phenological responses to urban form, distance from the city centre and surface temperatures, in the tropical city of Kampala, Uganda. Estimates of vegetation growing season length and land surface temperature were derived from MODIS satellite imagery for multiple years (2013–2015) and urban form was characterised using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification. We showed that growing season length increased along the urban–rural gradient (p ¡ 0.001) and was longest in the least built-up LCZ class (p ¡ 0.001). Growing season length was significantly reduced as land surface temperature increased (p ¡ 0.001). These findings contrast with results reported for temperate cities, where higher temperatures are often associated with longer vegetation growing seasons. Our findings suggest that enhanced surface temperatures associated with UHI are a limiting factor to season length in the urban tropics. Urban planners in tropical cities should therefore account for vegetation sensitivity to UHI when developing targeted management strategies aiming to optimise the benefits accrued from vegetation. © 2020 The Author(s)},
  affiliation = {Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education \& Development, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, United Kingdom; Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-information Management, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands},
  art_number = {103989},
  author_keywords = {Land surface temperature; Landscape phenology; Local climate zones; Tropics; Urban heat island},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus}
}

@article{kabano2021,
  title = {Evidence of Urban Heat Island Impacts on the Vegetation Growing Season Length in a Tropical City},
  author = {Kabano, P. and Lindley, S. and Harris, A.},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  volume = {206},
  publisher = {{Elsevier B.V.}},
  issn = {01692046},
  doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103989},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096003471&doi=10.1016%2fj.landurbplan.2020.103989&partnerID=40&md5=c05d6c9a696c63c4532cb6066bb7147e},
  abstract = {Knowledge about the impacts of urban heat islands (UHI) and associated thermal gradients on vegetation seasonality (i.e. phenology) is vital for understanding spatial patterns in vegetation ecosystem functions. However, in contrast to temperate cites, there is little evidence to show how UHI influences landscape phenological processes in the tropics. In this study, we examined vegetation phenological responses to urban form, distance from the city centre and surface temperatures, in the tropical city of Kampala, Uganda. Estimates of vegetation growing season length and land surface temperature were derived from MODIS satellite imagery for multiple years (2013–2015) and urban form was characterised using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification. We showed that growing season length increased along the urban–rural gradient (p {$<$} 0.001) and was longest in the least built-up LCZ class (p {$<$} 0.001). Growing season length was significantly reduced as land surface temperature increased (p {$<$} 0.001). These findings contrast with results reported for temperate cities, where higher temperatures are often associated with longer vegetation growing seasons. Our findings suggest that enhanced surface temperatures associated with UHI are a limiting factor to season length in the urban tropics. Urban planners in tropical cities should therefore account for vegetation sensitivity to UHI when developing targeted management strategies aiming to optimise the benefits accrued from vegetation. © 2020 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {growing season,heat island,high temperature,Kampala,land surface,limiting factor,MODIS,satellite imagery,seasonality,Uganda,urban planning}
}

@inproceedings{karakacankuzucu2017,
  title = {{{TESTING}} the {{POTENTIAL}} of {{VEGETATION INDICES}} for {{LAND USE}}/{{COVER CLASSIFICATION USING HIGH RESOLUTION DATA}}},
  author = {Karakacan Kuzucu, A. and Bektas Balcik, F.},
  editor = {Karas I.R., Rahman A.A., Isikdag U.},
  date = {2017},
  series = {{{ISPRS Annals}} of the {{Photogrammetry}}, {{Remote Sensing}} and {{Spatial Information Sciences}}},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4W4},
  pages = {279--283},
  publisher = {{Copernicus GmbH}},
  issn = {21949042},
  doi = {10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-4-W4-279-2017},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85037121389&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-annals-IV-4-W4-279-2017&partnerID=40&md5=69c62aad8eb74bb9c7ba7bd16f9bff23},
  abbrev_source_title = {ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci.},
  abstract = {Accurate and reliable land use/land cover (LULC) information obtained by remote sensing technology is necessary in many applications such as environmental monitoring, agricultural management, urban planning, hydrological applications, soil management, vegetation condition study and suitability analysis. But this information still remains a challenge especially in heterogeneous landscapes covering urban and rural areas due to spectrally similar LULC features. In parallel with technological developments, supplementary data such as satellite-derived spectral indices have begun to be used as additional bands in classification to produce data with high accuracy. The aim of this research is to test the potential of spectral vegetation indices combination with supervised classification methods and to extract reliable LULC information from SPOT 7 multispectral imagery. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Ratio Vegetation Index (RATIO), the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) were the three vegetation indices used in this study. The classical maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm were applied to classify SPOT 7 image. Catalca is selected region located in the north west of the Istanbul in Turkey, which has complex landscape covering artificial surface, forest and natural area, agricultural field, quarry/mining area, pasture/scrubland and water body. Accuracy assessment of all classified images was performed through overall accuracy and kappa coefficient. The results indicated that the incorporation of these three different vegetation indices decrease the classification accuracy for the MLC and SVM classification. In addition, the maximum likelihood classification slightly outperformed the support vector machine classification approach in both overall accuracy and kappa statistics. © Authors 2017.},
  affiliation = {Buyukcekmece Municipality, Buyukcekmece Istanbul, 34535, Turkey; ITU, Civil Engineering Faculty, Geomatics Engineering Department, Maslak Istanbul, 34469, Turkey},
  author_keywords = {Land use/Land cover; Maximum Likelihood Classification; SPOT 7; Support Vector Machine; Vegetation Indices},
  correspondence_address1 = {Karakacan Kuzucu, A.; Buyukcekmece MunicipalityTurkey; email: aysin.kuzucu@bcekmece.bel.tr},
  document_type = {Conference Paper},
  langid = {english},
  source = {Scopus}
}

@article{kaspar2015,
  title = {Überblick über die Geschichte der phänologischen Beobachtung und den Status der phänologischen Datenbank des Deutschen Wetterdienstes},
  author = {Kaspar, Dr Frank and Zimmermann, Kirsten and Polte-Rudolf, Christine},
  date = {2015},
  journaltitle = {Phänologie-Journal},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {8},
  langid = {german},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\Zotero\\storage\\UBFVI2VC\\Kaspar et al. - Überblick über die Geschichte der phänologischen B.pdf}
}

@article{katz2019,
  title = {Effect of Intra-Urban Temperature Variation on Tree Flowering Phenology, Airborne Pollen, and Measurement Error in Epidemiological Studies of Allergenic Pollen},
  author = {Katz, D.S.W. and Dzul, A. and Kendel, A. and Batterman, S.A.},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Science of the Total Environment},
  volume = {653},
  pages = {1213--1222},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.020},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056214284&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2018.11.020&partnerID=40&md5=f30f09e26ee4cead069df737a151fec2},
  abstract = {Temperature gradients in cities can cause inter-neighborhood differences in the timing of pollen release. However, most epidemiological studies examining allergenic pollen utilize daily measurements from a single pollen monitoring station with the implicit assumption that the measured time series of airborne pollen concentrations applies across the study areas, and that the temporal mismatch between concentrations at the counting station and elsewhere in the study area is negligible. This assumption is tested by quantifying temperature using satellite imagery, observing flowering times of oak (Quercus) and mulberry (Morus) trees at multiple sites, and collecting airborne pollen. Epidemiological studies of allergenic pollen are reviewed and temperatures within their study areas are quantified. In this one-year study, peak oak flowering time was well explained by average February nighttime temperature (R 2 = 0.94), which varied by 6 °C across Detroit. This relationship was used to predict flowering phenology across the study region. Peak flowering ranged from April 20–May 13 and predicted a substantial portion of relative airborne oak pollen concentrations in Detroit (R 2 = 0.46) and at the regional pollen monitoring station (R 2 = 0.61). The regional pollen monitoring station was located in a cooler outlying area where peak flowering occurred around May 12 and peak pollen concentrations were measured on May 15. This provides evidence that the timing of pollen release varies substantially within a metropolitan area and challenges the assumption that pollen measurements at a single location are representative of an entire city. Across the epidemiological studies, 50\% of study areas were not within 1 °C (equal to a lag or lead of 4 days in flowering time) of temperatures at the pollen measurement location. Epidemiological studies using a single pollen station as a proxy for pollen concentrations are prone to significant measurement error if the study area is climatically variable. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},
  affiliation = {School of Public Health, University of Michigan- Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Lakeshore Ear, Nose, and Throat, Saint Claire Shores, MI, United States},
  author_keywords = {Aerobiology; Allergic rhinitis; Pollen concentrations; Pollen exposure; Quercus},
  document_type = {Article},
  source = {Scopus},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\katz_et_al_2019_effect_of_intra-urban_temperature_variation_on_tree_flowering_phenology,.pdf}
}

@article{katz2020,
  title = {Urban-Scale Variation in Pollen Concentrations: A Single Station Is Insufficient to Characterize Daily Exposure},
  shorttitle = {Urban-Scale Variation in Pollen Concentrations},
  author = {Katz, Daniel S. W. and Batterman, Stuart A.},
  date = {2020-09-01},
  journaltitle = {Aerobiologia},
  shortjournal = {Aerobiologia},
  volume = {36},
  number = {3},
  pages = {417--431},
  issn = {1573-3025},
  doi = {10.1007/s10453-020-09641-z},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-020-09641-z},
  urldate = {2021-06-07},
  abstract = {Epidemiological analyses of airborne allergenic pollen often use concentration measurements from a single station to represent exposure across a city, but this approach does not account for the spatial variation of concentrations within the city. Because there are few descriptions of urban-scale variation, the resulting exposure measurement error is unknown but potentially important for epidemiological studies. This study examines urban-scale variation in pollen concentrations by measuring pollen concentrations of 13 taxa over 24-h periods twice weekly at 25 sites in two seasons in Detroit, Michigan. Spatiotemporal variation is described using cumulative distribution functions and regression models. Daily pollen concentrations across the 25 stations varied considerably, and the average quartile coefficient of dispersion was 0.63. Measurements at a single site explained 3–85\% of the variation at other sites, depending on the taxon, and 95\% prediction intervals of pollen concentrations generally spanned one to two orders of magnitude. These results demonstrate considerable heterogeneity of pollen levels at the urban scale and suggest that the use of a single monitoring site will not reflect pollen exposure over an urban area and can lead to sizable measurement error in epidemiological studies, particularly when a daily time step is used. These errors might be reduced by using predictive daily pollen levels in models that combine vegetation maps, pollen production estimates, phenology models, and dispersion processes, or by using coarser time steps in the epidemiological analysis.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\katz_batterman_2020_urban-scale_variation_in_pollen_concentrations.pdf}
}

@article{keenan2020,
  title = {On Quantifying the Apparent Temperature Sensitivity of Plant Phenology},
  author = {Keenan, Trevor F. and Richardson, Andrew D. and Hufkens, Koen},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {New Phytologist},
  volume = {225},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1033--1040},
  issn = {1469-8137},
  doi = {10.1111/nph.16114},
  url = {https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.16114},
  urldate = {2021-01-13},
  abstract = {Many plant phenological events are sensitive to temperature, leading to changes in the seasonal cycle of ecosystem function as the climate warms. To evaluate the current and future implications of temperature changes for plant phenology, researchers commonly use a metric of temperature sensitivity, which quantifies the change in phenology per degree change in temperature. Here, we examine the temperature sensitivity of phenology, and highlight conditions under which the widely used days-per-degree sensitivity approach is subject to methodological issues that can generate misleading results. We identify several factors, in particular the length of the period over which temperature is integrated, and changes in the statistical characteristics of the integrated temperature, that can affect the estimated apparent sensitivity to temperature. We show how the resulting artifacts can lead to spurious differences in apparent temperature sensitivity and artificial spatial gradients. Such issues are rarely considered in analyses of the temperature sensitivity of phenology. Given the issues identified, we advocate for process-oriented modelling approaches, informed by observations and with fully characterised uncertainties, as a more robust alternative to the simple days-per-degree temperature sensitivity metric. We also suggest approaches to minimise and assess spurious influences in the days-per-degree metric.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {autumn,bud-burst,ecosystem,growing degree days,land surface,spring,warming},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.16114},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\ahurl\\transfer\\OneDrive\\_literature\\keenan_et_al_2020_on_quantifying_the_apparent_temperature_sensitivity_of_plant_phenology.pdf}
}

@article{khan2021,
  title = {Analyzing the Local and Climatic Conditions Affecting the Urban Overheating Magnitude during the {{Heatwaves}} ({{HWs}}) in a Coastal City: {{A}} Case Study of the Greater {{Sydney}} Region},
  author = {Khan, H.S. and Santamouris, M. and Paolini, R. and Caccetta, P. and Kassomenos, P.},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Science of the Total Environment},
  volume = {755},
  publisher = {{Elsevier B.V.}},
  issn = {00489697},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142515},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092019050&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2020.142515&partnerID=40&md5=0bf4504ee283049c7a4c721592dfce77},
  abstract = {Urban overheating coincides with Heatwaves (HWs) and the thermal stress might get amplified in cities. To predict the interactions between urban overheating and HWs, the surface energy balance response to HWs is crucial. HW is a regional phenomenon and the climatic conditions may influence the local conditions to alter the energy budget contrast between a city and its adjacent peripheral areas. The interactions between the urban overheating and HWs are explored in a coastal city (Sydney Australia), also in the proximity of dry landmass, while considering the site characteristics, distance from the coast, and the population density. A positive response between urban overheating and HWs is reported. Advective heat flux in the form of a dualistic circulation system is found responsible for exacerbating the urban overheating magnitude (ΔT) during the HWs and altering the available energy balance. Land-coastal distance is also found as an important contributor in magnifying the urban-suburban temperature contrast. Considering the future urbanization in western Sydney, surfaces capable of retaining higher moisture content are prescribed to reduce the occurrence of extreme HW events. Activation of the ventilation corridor for the coastal wind penetration in western Sydney is another recommendation of this study. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {advection,article,atmospheric circulation,Australia,Available energy,Budget control,Circulation systems,climate,climate conditions,Climatic conditions,Coastal cities,energy balance,Energy balance,extreme hot weather,heat flux,Heat flux,heat wave,heating,Local conditions,moisture,New South Wales,Population densities,population density,Population statistics,seashore,Site characteristics,site characterization,Sydney [New South Wales],Temperature contrast,urban climate,Urban growth,urbanization}
}

@article{kotowska2021,
  title = {Evaluating {{Google Street View}} for Tracking Invasive Alien Plants along Roads},
  author = {Kotowska, D. and Pärt, T. and Żmihorski, M.},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Ecological Indicators},
  volume = {121},
  publisher = {{Elsevier B.V.}},
  issn = {1470160X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107020},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092287958&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolind.2020.107020&partnerID=40&md5=0730d2676423d63c3b2169e91a377daf},
  abstract = {Invasive alien plants are considered a major driver of global biodiversity loss. Therefore, there is a huge demand of spatial and temporal data on their distribution for investigating possible drivers of species invasions and for predictions of future distributions. We use Google Street View imagery (GSV) as a new source of spatial and temporal data. GSV provides millions of panoramic views along road networks worldwide allowing for the identification of many plant species, including invasive ones. Thus, GSV has a great potential to support ecological research in documenting species distribution, but reliable validation of its precision and accuracy is lacking. Here, we describe and evaluate an approach using GSV to visually track the spread of invasive alien plants, the North American goldenrods (Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea) occurring abundantly along road network in Poland (Central Europe). We determined presence/absence of the species along 160 randomly selected transects of a length of 500 m by visual inspection of GSV images and compared it with field surveys at the same transects. We show that the occurrence of goldenrods in GSV is a reliable predictor of their occurrence in the wild. Sampling parameters, like road width, season when GSV pictures were taken and number of months elapsed since taking the GSV pictures, did not change the correlation between outputs of the two methods (GSV and field sampling). Furthermore, both the occurrence of goldenrods observed in the field and their occurrence in GSV have similar relations to habitat characteristics investigated (the same direction of relationship and similar effect size). We suggest Google Street View images may be an additional tool to be used in the detection and tracking of the spread of invasive alien plants along roadsides. The approach may be useful in assessing temporal changes in roadside vegetation and managing problematic plant species across large spatial scales and may contribute to the further development of more efficient sampling methods in ecological studies. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {biodiversity,Biodiversity,biological invasion,Detection and tracking,Ecological studies,Ecology,Efficient sampling,field method,image analysis,invasive species,Motor transportation,Poland [Central Europe],Population distribution,precision,road,Roadside vegetation,Roadsides,sampling,Sampling parameters,satellite data,satellite imagery,software,Solidago canadensis,Species distributions,tracking,Visual inspection}
}

@article{krehbiel2016,
  title = {Web-Enabled Landsat Data Time Series for Monitoring Urban Heat Island Impacts on Land Surface Phenology},
  author = {Krehbiel, C.P. and Jackson, T. and Henebry, G.M.},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2043--2050},
  publisher = {{Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}},
  issn = {19391404},
  doi = {10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2496951},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84949844107&doi=10.1109%2fJSTARS.2015.2496951&partnerID=40&md5=eed77ad94d484631feb6dae0593e0274},
  abbrev_source_title = {IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens.},
  abstract = {Urbanization increases the impacts of cities on the natural environment, in part by altering local environmental conditions. The Web-Enabled Landsat Data (WELD) archive (2003-2012) provides an opportunity to analyze the impacts of urbanization and urban heat islands (UHIs) on vegetation dynamics in and around cities. Here, we modeled the WELD normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) product as a convex quadratic function of thermal time and derived land surface phenology (LSP) metrics to investigate the influence of UHIs on LSP along an urban-rural gradient and to characterize the response of vegetation to urbanization for two cities in the U.S. Northern Great Plains. Results show that for perennial vegetation, proximity to city center is positively associated with increased duration of growing season in thermal time. We found a linear relationship between the modeled rate of vegetation green-up and the peak height of NDVI for developed and forest pixels and after croplands were converted to developed land covers. © 2015 IEEE.},
  affiliation = {South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States},
  art_number = {7335573},
  author_keywords = {Environmental monitoring; geospatial analysis; remote sensing; urban areas; vegetation mapping},
  document_type = {Article},
  langid = {english},
  source = {Scopus},
  keywords = {Atmospheric temperature,Biology,Environmental conditions,environmental monitoring,Great Plains,heat island,land surface,Land surface phenology,Landforms,Landsat,Linear relationships,Natural environments,NDVI,Normalized difference vegetation index,Northern great plains,phenology,Quadratic function,remote sensing,spatial analysis,Surface measurement,time series,United States,urbanization,Vegetation,Vegetation dynamics,vegetation mapping,Welds}
}

@article{Krehbiel20162043,
  title = {Web-Enabled Landsat Data Time Series for Monitoring Urban Heat Island Impacts on Land Surface Phenology},
  author = {Krehbiel, C.P. and Jackson, T. and Henebry, G.M.},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2043--2050},
  doi = {10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2496951},
  url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib