text:
year = {2011}
}
@article{Shao2016,
abstract = {In the present study, we report naming latencies and norms for 327 photos of objects in Dutch. We provide norms for eight psycholinguistic variables: age of acquisition, familiarity, imageability, image agreement, objective and subjective visual complexity, word frequency, word length in syllables and letters, and name agreement. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses revealed that the significant predictors of photo-naming latencies were name agreement, word frequency, imageability, and image agreement. The naming latencies, norms, and stimuli are provided as supplemental materials.},
author = {Shao, Zeshu and Stiegert, Julia},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0613-0},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {577--584},
title = {{Predictors of photo naming: Dutch norms for 327 photos}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-015-0613-0},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Masterson1998,
abstract = {Druks and Masterson [Druks J, Masterson J. An object and action naming battery with pairwise matching on various psycholinguistic characteristics. (Submitted).] produced a set of 164 object and 102 action pictures which are matched on a range of variables known to affect the availability of picture names. In the present paper we describe the development of the set of pictures and provide the verbal labels for the pictures together with their printed word frequency values and ratings for age-of-acquisition, familiarity and imageability; we also present semantic categories for the verbal labels. Finally, we give visual complexity ratings for the pictures. The materials can be used for a range of psycholinguistic experiments and also for assessment and remediation with clinical populations.},
author = {Masterson, Jackie and Druks, Judit},
doi = {10.1016/S0911-6044(98)00023-2},
issn = {09116044},
journal = {Journal of Neurolinguistics},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {331--354},
title = {{Description of a set of 164 nounsand 102 verbs matched for printed word frequency, familiarityand age-of-acquisition}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0911604498000232},
volume = {11},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Coltheart1981,
abstract = {This paper describes a computerised database of psycholinguistic information. Semantic, syntactic, phonological and orthographic information about some or all of the 98,538 words in the database is accessible, by using a specially-written and very simple programming language. Word-association data are also included in the database. Some examples are given of the use of the database for selection of stimuli to be used in psycholinguistic experimentation or linguistic research.},
author = {Coltheart, Max},
doi = {10.1080/14640748108400805},
issn = {0272-4987},
journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {497--505},
title = {{The MRC Psycholinguistic Database}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/14640748108400805},
volume = {33},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Davies2009,
abstract = {The Corpus of Contemporary American English ( COCA ), which was released online in early 2008, is the first large and diverse corpus of American English. In this paper, we first discuss the design of the corpus — which contains more than 385 million words from 1990–2008 (20 million words each year), balanced between spoken, fiction, popular magazines, newspapers, and academic journals. We also discuss the unique relational databases architecture, which allows for a wide range of queries that are not available (or are quite difficult) with other architectures and interfaces. To conclude, we consider insights from the corpus on a number of cases of genre-based variation and recent linguistic variation, including an extended analysis of phrasal verbs in contemporary American English.},
author = {Davies, Mark},
doi = {10.1075/ijcl.14.2.02dav},
issn = {1384-6655},
journal = {International Journal of Corpus Linguistics},
number = {2},
pages = {159--190},
title = {{The 385+ million word Corpus of Contemporary American English (1990–2008+): Design, architecture, and linguistic insights}},
url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/ijcl.14.2.02dav},
volume = {14},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Yu2015,
abstract = {This article describes a new software tool called RadicalLocator that can be used to automatically identify (e.g., for visual inspection) individual target radicals (i.e., groups of strokes) in written Chinese characters. We first briefly clarify why this software is useful for research purposes and discuss the factors that make this pattern recognition task so difficult. We then describe how the software can be downloaded and installed, and used to identify the radicals in characters for the purposes of, for example, selecting materials for psycholinguistic experiments. Finally, we discuss several known limitations of the software and heuristics for addressing them.},
author = {Yu, Lili and Reichle, Erik D. and Jones, Mathew and Liversedge, Simon P.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0505-8},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Charaters,Chinese,Radicals,Software tool},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {826--836},
pmid = {25169830},
title = {{RadicalLocator: A software tool for identifying the radicals in Chinese characters}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0505-8},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{VanOverschelde2004,
abstract = {The Battig and Montague (1969) category norms have been an invaluable tool for researchers in many fields, with a recent literature search revealing their use in over 1600 projects published in more than 200 different journals. Since 1969, numerous changes have occurred culturally that warrant the collection of new normative data. For instance, in the mid-1960s, the waltz was a popular dance, and undergraduates wore rubbers on their feet. To meet the need for updated norms, we report an expanded version of the Battig and Montague (1969) norms, based on responses from three different sites varying in geographical locations within the United States. The norms were expanded to include new categories (e.g., ad hoc categories) and new measures, most notably latencies for the generated responses. Analyses demonstrated high levels of geographical stability across the new sites, with lower and more variable levels of generational stability between the Battig and Montague norms and the current norms.},
author = {{Van Overschelde}, James P and Rawson, Katherine A and Dunlosky, John},
doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2003.10.003},
issn = {0749596X},
journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
month = {apr},
number = {3},
pages = {289--335},
title = {{Category norms: An updated and expanded version of the Battig and Montague (1969) norms}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749596X03001451},
volume = {50},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Yao2017,
abstract = {In the present study, we collected valence, arousal, concreteness, familiarity, imageability, and context availabili-ty ratings for a total of 1,100 Chinese words. The ratings for all variables were collected with 9-point Likert scales. We tested the reliability of the present database by comparing it to the extant Chinese Affective Word System, and performed split-half correlations for all six variables. We then evaluated the relationships between all variables. Regarding the affective variables, we found a typical quadratic relation between va-lence and arousal, in line with previous findings. Likewise, significant correlations were found between the semantic var-iables. Importantly, we explored the relationships between ratings for the affective variables (i.e., valence and arousal) and concreteness ratings, suggesting that valence and arousal ratings can predict concreteness ratings. This database of af-fective norms will be a valuable source of information for emotion research that makes use of Chinese words, and will enable researchers to use highly controlled Chinese verbal stimuli to more reliably investigate the relation between cog-nition and emotion.},
author = {Yao, Zhao and Wu, Jia and Zhang, Yanyan and Wang, Zhenhong},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0793-2},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Affective variables,Lexical norms,Relationship,Semantic variables},
number = {4},
pages = {1374--1385},
title = {{Norms of valence, arousal, concreteness, familiarity, imageability, and context availability for 1,100 Chinese words}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Tse2017,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2016 Psychonomic Society, Inc.Using a megastudy approach, we developed a database of lexical variables and lexical decision reaction times and accuracy rates for more than 25,000 traditional Chinese two-character compound words. Each word was responded to by about 33 native Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong. This resource provides a valuable adjunct to influential mega-databases, such as the Chinese single-character, English, French, and Dutch Lexicon Projects. Three analyses were conducted to illustrate the potential uses of the database. First, we compared the proportion of variance in lexical decision performance accounted for by six word frequency measures and established that the best predictor was Cai and Brysbaert's (PLoS One, 5, e10729, 2010) contextual diversity subtitle frequency. Second, we ran virtual replications of three previously published lexical decision experiments and found convergence between the original experiments and the present megastudy. Finally, we conducted item-level regression analyses to examine the effects of theoretically important lexical variables in our normative data. This is the first publicly available large-scale repository of behavioral responses pertaining to Chinese two-character compound word processing, which should be of substantial interest to psychologists, linguists, and other researchers.},
author = {Tse, Chi Shing and Yap, Melvin J. and Chan, Yuen Lai and Sze, Wei Ping and Shaoul, Cyrus and Lin, Dan},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0810-5},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Chinese,Compound word,Megastudy,Reaction time,Visual word recognition},
number = {4},
pages = {1503--1519},
title = {{The Chinese Lexicon Project: A megastudy of lexical decision performance for 25,000+ traditional Chinese two-character compound words}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Soares2014,
abstract = {In this study, we present the normative values of the adaptation of the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS-2; Bradley {\&} Lang, 2007a) for European Portuguese (EP). The IADS-2 is a standardized database of 167 naturally occurring sounds that is widely used in the study of emotions. The sounds were rated by 300 college students who were native speakers of EP, in the three affective dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance, by using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). The aims of this adaptation were threefold: (1) to provide researchers with standardized and normatively rated affective sounds to be used with an EP population; (2) to investigate sex and cultural differences in the ratings of affective dimensions of auditory stimuli between EP and the American (Bradley {\&} Lang, 2007a) and Spanish (Fern{\'{a}}ndez-Abascal et al., Psicothema 20:104-113 2008; Redondo, Fraga, Padr{\'{o}}n, {\&} Pi{\~{n}}eiro, Behavior Research Methods 40:784-790 2008) standardizations; and (3) to promote research on auditory affective processing in Portugal. Our results indicated that the IADS-2 is a valid and useful database of digitized sounds for the study of emotions in a Portuguese context, allowing for comparisons of its results with those of other international studies that have used the same database for stimulus selection. The normative values of the EP adaptation of the IADS-2 database can be downloaded along with the online version of this article.},
author = {Soares, Ana Paula and Pinheiro, Ana P. and Costa, Ana and Frade, Carla Sofia and Comesa{\~{n}}a, Montserrat and Pureza, Rita},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0535-2},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic) 1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Affective picture stimuli,Arousal,Dominance,Emotion,European Portuguese,IAPS,Valence},
number = {4},
pages = {1159--1177},
pmid = {23526255},
title = {{Adaptation of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) for European Portuguese}},
volume = {47},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Comesana2014,
abstract = {In the present study, we present normative ratings of free association for 139 European Portuguese (EP) words among 7- to 8-, 9- to 10-, and 11- to 12-year-old children attending the 3rd, 5th, and 7th grades of elementary and middle school in Portugal. For each word, five indices are presented: (a) the percentage of associates, (b) the strength of the first associate, (c) the strength of the second associate, (d) the distance between the first and second associates, and (e) the percentage of idiosyncratic responses. Additionally, grade-level frequency values for each word from the ESCOLEX database (Soares et al., in press) are also provided. As expected, the results revealed developmental changes in the knowledge organization of the children, which occurred at the ages of 9–10 (5th grade) and remained stable in the 11- to 12-year-old children (7th grade). Specifically, we observed a decrease in the percentages of associates and idiosyncratic responses, as well as an increase in the strengths of the first and second associates from the 3rd to the 5th grade. Moreover, a comparative analysis with the previous work of Carneiro, Albuquerque, Fernandez, and Esteves (2004) on EP and Macizo, G{\'{o}}mez-Ariza, and Bajo (2000) on Spanish, for the subsets of common words (16 and 58, respectively), showed that the present norms fit well with previous EP data, but differ from the Spanish data.},
author = {Comesa{\~{n}}a, Montserrat and Fraga, Isabel and Moreira, Ana J{\'{u}}lia and Frade, Carla Sofia and Soares, Ana Paula},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0388-0},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {564--574},
title = {{Free associate norms for 139 European Portuguese words for children from different age groups}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-013-0388-0},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Wu2017,
abstract = {We have developed and tested 144 compound remote associate problems. Across eight experiments, 289 participants were given four time limits (2 sec, 7 sec, 15 sec, or 30 sec) for solving each problem. This paper provides a brief overview of the problems and normative data regarding the percentage of participants solving, and mean time-to-solution for, each problem at each time limit. These normative data can be used in selecting problems on the basis of difficulty or mean time necessary for reaching a solution.},
author = {Wu, Ching Lin and Chen, Hsueh Chih},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0849-3},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Creativity,Mandarin,Problem solving,Remote association},
number = {6},
pages = {2163--2172},
pmid = {14748508},
title = {{Normative data for Chinese compound remote associate problems}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Brysbaert2014,
abstract = {Concreteness ratings are presented for 37,058 English words and 2,896 two-word expressions (such as zebra crossing and zoom in), obtained from over 4,000 participants by means of a norming study using Internet crowdsourcing for data collection. Although the instructions stressed that the assessment of word concreteness would be based on experiences involving all senses and motor responses, a comparison with the existing concreteness norms indicates that participants, as before, largely focused on visual and haptic experiences. The reported data set is a subset of a comprehensive list of English lemmas and contains all lemmas known by at least 85 {\%} of the raters. It can be used in future research as a reference list of generally known English lemmas.},
author = {Brysbaert, Marc and Warriner, Amy Beth and Kuperman, Victor},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0403-5},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {904--911},
title = {{Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-013-0403-5},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Strohminger2016,
abstract = {Faces impart exhaustive information about their bearers, and are widely used as stimuli in psychological research. Yet many extant facial stimulus sets have sub- stantially less detail than faces encountered in real life. In this paper, we describe a new database of facial stimuli, the Multi-Racial Mega-Resolution database (MR2). The MR2 includes 74 extremely high resolution images of European, African, and East Asian faces. This database provides a high-quality, diverse, naturalistic, and well-controlled facial image set for use in research. The MR2 is available under a Creative Commons license, and may be accessed online.},
author = {Strohminger, Nina and Gray, Kurt and Chituc, Vladimir and Heffner, Joseph and Schein, Chelsea and Heagins, Titus Brooks},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0641-9},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Faces,Psychological instruments},
number = {3},
pages = {1197--1204},
pmid = {26311590},
title = {{The MR2: A multi-racial, mega-resolution database of facial stimuli}},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Spinelli2017,
abstract = {In languages where the position of lexical stress within a word is not predictable from print, readers rely on distributional information extracted from the lexicon in order to assign stress. Lexical databases are thus especially important for researchers willing to address stress assignment in those languages. Here we present Q2Stress, a new database aimed to fill the lack of such a resource for Italian. Q2Stress includes multiple cues readers may use in assigning stress, such as type and token frequency of stress patterns as well as their distribution with respect to number of syllables, grammatical category, word beginnings, word endings, and consonant-vowel structures. Furthermore, for the first time, data for both adults and children are available. Q2Stress may help researchers to answer empirical as well as theoretical questions about stress assignment and stress-related issues, and more in general, to explore the orthography-to-phonology relation in reading. Q2Stress is designed as a user-friendly resource, as it comes with scripts allowing researchers to explore and select their own stimuli according to several criteria as well as summary tables for overall data analysis.},
author = {Spinelli, Giacomo and Sulpizio, Simone and Burani, Cristina},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0845-7},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Database,Italian,Reading,Stress assignment,Word recognition},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {2113--2126},
title = {{Q2Stress: A database for multiple cues to stress assignment in Italian}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0845-7},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Speed2017,
abstract = {Perceptual information is important for the meaning of nouns. We present modality exclusivity norms for 485 Dutch nouns rated on visual, auditory, haptic, gustatory, and olfactory associations. We found these nouns are highly multimodal. They were rated most dominant in vision, and least in olfaction. A factor analysis identified two main dimensions: one loaded strongly on olfaction and gustation (reflecting joint involvement in flavor), and a second loaded strongly on vision and touch (reflecting joint involvement in manipulable objects). In a second study, we validated the ratings with similarity judgments. As expected, words from the same dominant modality were rated more similar than words from different dominant modalities; but – more importantly – this effect was enhanced when word pairs had high modality strength ratings. We further demonstrated the utility of our ratings by investigating whether perceptual modalities are differentially experienced in space, in a third study. Nouns were categorized into their dominant modality and used in a lexical decision experiment where the spatial position of words was either in proximal or distal space. We found words dominant in olfaction were processed faster in proximal than distal space compared to the other modalities, suggesting olfactory information is mentally simulated as “close” to the body. Finally, we collected ratings of emotion (valence, dominance, and arousal) to assess its role in perceptual space simulation, but the valence did not explain the data. So, words are processed differently depending on their perceptual associations, and strength of association is captured by modality exclusivity ratings.},
author = {Speed, Laura J. and Majid, Asifa},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-017-0852-3},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Embodiment,Mental simulation,Modality exclusivity,Olfaction,Space},
number = {6},
pages = {2204--2218},
title = {{Dutch modality exclusivity norms: Simulating perceptual modality in space}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Stottinger2016,
abstract = {In many research domains, researchers have employed gradually morphing pictures to study perception under ambiguity. Despite their inherent utility, only a limited number of stimulus sets are available, and those sets vary substantially in quality and perceptual complexity. Here we present normative data for 40 morphing picture series. In all sets, line drawings of pictures of common objects are morphed over 15 iterations into a completely different object. Objects are either morphed from an animate to an inanimate object (or vice versa) or morphed within the animate and inanimate object categories. These pictures, together with the normative naming data presented here, will be of value for research on a diverse range of questions, from perceptual processing to decision making.},
author = {St{\"{o}}ttinger, Elisabeth and Sepahvand, Nazanin Mohammadi and Danckert, James and Anderson, Britt},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0564-5},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Ambiguous figures,Animate,Inanimate,Perceptual updating,Picture morphing},
number = {1},
pages = {201--222},
title = {{Assessing perceptual change with an ambiguous figures task: Normative data for 40 standard picture sets}},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Yee2017,
abstract = {Words are frequently used as stimuli in cognitive psychology experiments, for example, in recognition memory studies. In these experiments, it is often desirable to control for the words' psycholinguistic properties because differences in such properties across experi-mental conditions might introduce undesirable confounds. In order to avoid confounds, stud-ies typically check to see if various affective and lexico-semantic properties are matched across experimental conditions, and so databases that contain values for these properties are needed. While word ratings for these variables exist in English and other European lan-guages, ratings for Chinese words are not comprehensive. In particular, while ratings for sin-gle characters exist, ratings for two-character words—which often have different meanings than their constituent characters, are scarce. In this study, ratings for 292 two-character Chi-nese nouns were obtained from Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong. Affective variables, including valence and arousal, and lexico-semantic variables, including familiarity, concrete-ness, and imageability, were rated in the study. The words were selected from a film subtitle database containing word frequency information that could be extracted and listed along-side the resulting ratings. Overall, the subjective ratings showed good reliability across all rated dimensions, as well as good reliability within and between the different groups of par-ticipants who each rated a subset of the words. Moreover, several well-established relation-ships between the variables found consistently in other languages were also observed in this study, demonstrating that the ratings are valid. The resulting word database can be used in studies where control for the above psycholinguistic variables is critical to the research design. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174569 March 27, 2017 1 / 16 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Yee LTS (2017) Valence, arousal, familiarity, concreteness, and imageability ratings for 292 two-character Chinese nouns in Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong. PLoS ONE 12(3):},
author = {Yee, Lydia T. S.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0174569},
editor = {Papadelis, Christos},
isbn = {1111111111},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {e0174569},
title = {{Valence, arousal, familiarity, concreteness, and imageability ratings for 292 two-character Chinese nouns in Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174569},
volume = {12},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Volkova2014,
abstract = {Emotion expression in human-human interaction takes place via various types of information, including body motion. Research on the perceptual-cognitive mechanisms underlying the processing of natural emotional body language can benefit greatly from datasets of natural emotional body expressions that facilitate stimulus manipulation and analysis. The existing databases have so far focused on few emotion categories which display predominantly prototypical, exaggerated emotion expressions. Moreover, many of these databases consist of video recordings which limit the ability to manipulate and analyse the physical properties of these stimuli. We present a new database consisting of a large set (over 1400) of natural emotional body expressions typical of monologues. To achieve close-to-natural emotional body expressions, amateur actors were narrating coherent stories while their body movements were recorded with motion capture technology. The resulting 3-dimensional motion data recorded at a high frame rate (120 frames per second) provides fine-grained information about body movements and allows the manipulation of movement on a body joint basis. For each expression it gives the positions and orientations in space of 23 body joints for every frame. We report the results of physical motion properties analysis and of an emotion categorisation study. The reactions of observers from the emotion categorisation study are included in the database. Moreover, we recorded the intended emotion expression for each motion sequence from the actor to allow for investigations regarding the link between intended and perceived emotions. The motion sequences along with the accompanying information are made available in a searchable MPI Emotional Body Expression Database. We hope that this database will enable researchers to study expression and perception of naturally occurring emotional body expressions in greater depth.},
author = {Volkova, Ekaterina and de la Rosa, Stephan and B{\"{u}}lthoff, Heinrich H. and Mohler, Betty},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0113647},
editor = {Nardini, Marko},
isbn = {1932-6203},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {e113647},
pmid = {25461382},
title = {{The MPI Emotional Body Expressions Database for Narrative Scenarios}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113647},
volume = {9},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Vidal2017,
abstract = {Written symbols such as letters have been extensively used in cognitive psychology, be it to understand their contribution to written word recognition or to examine processes involved in other mental functions. Sometimes, however, researchers want to manipulate letters while removing their associated characteristics. A powerful solution to do so is to use new characters, devised to be highly similar to letters, but without associated sound or name. Given the growing use of artificial characters in experimental paradigms, the aim of the present study was to make available the Brussels Artificial Character Sets (BACS), two full, strictly controlled, and portable sets of artificial characters for a broad range of experimental situations.},
author = {Vidal, Camille and Content, Alain and Chetail, Fabienne},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0844-8},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Artificial characters,Letters,Similarity,Uppercase/lowercase},
number = {6},
pages = {2093--2112},
title = {{BACS: The Brussels Artificial Character Sets for studies in cognitive psychology and neuroscience}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Tamaoka2017,
abstract = {Most experimental research making use of the Japanese language has involved the 1945 officially standardized kanji (Japanese logographic characters) in the Jōyō kanji list (originally announced by the Japanese government in 1981). However, this list was extensively modified in 2010: five kanji were removed and 196 kanji were added; the latest revision of the list now has a total of 2136 kanji. Using an up-to-date corpus consisting of 11 years' worth of articles printed in the Mainichi Newspaper (2000-2010), we have constructed two novel databases that can be used in psychological research using the Japanese language: (1) a database containing a wide variety of properties on the latest 2136 Jōyō kanji, and (2) a novel database containing 27,950 two-kanji compound words (or jukugo). Based on these two databases, we have created an interactive website ( www.kanjidatabase.com ) to retrieve and store linguistic information to be used in psychological and linguistic experiments. The present paper reports the most important characteristics for the new databases, as well as their value for experimental psychological and linguistic research},
author = {Tamaoka, Katsuo and Makioka, Shogo and Sanders, Sander and Verdonschot, Rinus G.},
doi = {10.1007/s00426-016-0764-3},
issn = {14302772},
journal = {Psychological Research},
number = {3},
pages = {696--708},
title = {{www.kanjidatabase.com: a new interactive online database for psychological and linguistic research on Japanese kanji and their compound words}},
volume = {81},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Sung2016,
abstract = {Textual analysis has been applied to various fields, such as discourse analysis, corpus studies, text leveling, and automated essay evaluation. Several tools have been devel-oped for analyzing texts written in alphabetic languages such as English and Spanish. However, currently there is no tool available for analyzing Chinese-language texts. This article introduces a tool for the automated analysis of simplified and traditional Chinese texts, called the Chinese Readability Index Explorer (CRIE). Composed of four subsystems and incorporating 82 multilevel linguistic features, CRIE is able to conduct the major tasks of segmentation, syntactic parsing, and feature extraction. Furthermore, the integration of linguis-tic features with machine learning models enables CRIE to provide leveling and diagnostic information for texts in lan-guage arts, texts for learning Chinese as a foreign language, and texts with domain knowledge. The usage and validation of the functions provided by CRIE are also introduced.},
author = {Sung, Yao Ting and Chang, Tao Hsing and Lin, Wei Chun and Hsieh, Kuan Sheng and Chang, Kuo En},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0649-1},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {CRIE,Chinese text analysis,Linguistic feature,Readability},
number = {4},
pages = {1238--1251},
pmid = {26424442},
title = {{CRIE: An automated analyzer for Chinese texts}},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Sutton2016,
abstract = {Color has the ability to influence a variety of human behaviors, such as object recognition, the identification of facial expressions, and the ability to categorize stimuli as positive or negative. Researchers have started to examine the relationship between emotional words and colors, and the findings have revealed that brightness is often associated with positive emotional words and darkness with negative emotional words (e.g., Meier, Robinson, {\&} Clore, Psychological Science, 15, 82-87, 2004). In addition, words such as anger and failure seem to be inherently associated with the color red (e.g., Kuhbandner {\&} Pekrun). The purpose of the present study was to construct norms for positive and negative emotion and emotion-laden words and their color associations. Participants were asked to provide the first color that came to mind for a set of 160 emotional items. The results revealed that the color RED was most commonly associated with negative emotion and emotion-laden words, whereas YELLOW and WHITE were associated with positive emotion and emotion-laden words, respectively. The present work provides researchers with a large database to aid in stimulus construction and selection.},
author = {Sutton, Tina M. and Altarriba, Jeanette},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0598-8},
isbn = {1342801505988},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Color associations,Emotion words,Emotion-laden words},
number = {2},
pages = {686--728},
pmid = {25987304},
title = {{Color associations to emotion and emotion-laden words: A collection of norms for stimulus construction and selection}},
volume = {48},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Terzopoulos2017,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2016, The Author(s). In this article, we introduce HelexKids, an online written-word database for Greek-speaking children in primary education (Grades 1 to 6). The database is organized on a grade-by-grade basis, and on a cumulative basis by combining Grade 1 with Grades 2 to 6. It provides values for Zipf, frequency per million, dispersion, estimated word frequency per million, standard word frequency, contextual diversity, orthographic Levenshtein distance, and lemma frequency. These values are derived from 116 textbooks used in primary education in Greece and Cyprus, producing a total of 68,692 different word types. HelexKids was developed to assist researchers in studying language development, educators in selecting age-appropriate items for teaching, as well as writers and authors of educational books for Greek/Cypriot children. The database is open access and can be searched online at www.helexkids.org.},
author = {Terzopoulos, Aris R. and Duncan, Lynne G. and Wilson, Mark A.J. and Niolaki, Georgia Z. and Masterson, Jackie},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0698-5},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Children,Contextual diversity,Frequency,Greek language,Word database},
number = {1},
pages = {83--96},
title = {{HelexKids: A word frequency database for Greek and Cypriot primary school children}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Soares2017,
abstract = {Words are widely used as stimuli in cognitive research. Because of their complexity, using words requires strict control of their objective (lexical and sublexical) and subjective properties. In this work, we present the Minho Word Pool (MWP), a dataset that provides normative values of imageability, concreteness, and subjective frequency for 3,800 (European) Portuguese words-three subjective measures that, in spite of being used extensively in research, have been scarce for Portuguese. Data were collected with 2,357 college students who were native speakers of European Portuguese. The participants rated 100 words drawn randomly from the full set for each of the three subjective indices, using a Web survey procedure (via a URL link). Analyses comparing the MWP ratings with those obtained for the same words from other national and international databases showed that the MWP norms are reliable and valid, thus providing researchers with a useful tool to support research in all neuroscientific areas using verbal stimuli. The MWP norms can be downloaded along with this article or from http://p-pal.di.uminho.pt/about/databases .},
author = {Soares, Ana Paula and Costa, Ana Santos and Machado, Jo{\~{a}}o and Comesa{\~{n}}a, Montserrat and Oliveira, Helena Mendes},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0767-4},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {3},
pages = {1065--1081},
title = {{The Minho Word Pool: Norms for imageability, concreteness, and subjective frequency for 3,800 Portuguese words}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-016-0767-4},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Stadthagen-Gonzalez2017,
abstract = {Most current models of research on emotion recognize valence (how pleasant a stimulus is) and arousal (the level of activation or intensity that a stimulus elicits) as important components in the classification of affective experiences (Barrett, 1998; Kuppens, Tuerlinckx, Russell, {\&} Barrett, 2012). Here we present a set of norms for valence and arousal for a very large set of Spanish words, including items from a variety of frequencies, semantic categories, and parts of speech, including a subset of conjugated verbs. In this regard, we found that there were significant but very small differences between the ratings for conjugations of the same verb, validating the practice of applying the ratings for infinitives to all derived forms of the verb. Our norms show a high degree of reliability and are strongly correlated with those of Redondo, Fraga, Padr{\'{o}}n, and Comesa{\~{n}}a's (2007) Spanish version of the influential Affective Norms for English Words (Bradley {\&} Lang, 1999), as well as those from Warriner, Kuperman, and Brysbaert (2013), the largest available set of emotional norms for English words. Additionally, we included measures of word prevalence-that is, the percentage of participants that knew a particular word-for each variable (Keuleers, Stevens, Mandera, {\&} Brysbaert, 2015). Our large set of norms in Spanish not only will facilitate the creation of stimuli and the analysis of texts in that language, but also will be useful for cross-language comparisons and research on emotional aspects of bilingualism. The norms can be downloaded and available as a supplementary materials to this article.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Stadthagen-Gonzalez, Hans and Imbault, Constance and {P{\'{e}}rez S{\'{a}}nchez}, Miguel A. and Brysbaert, Marc},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-015-0700-2},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Arousal,Conjugated verbs,Emotion,Valence},
number = {1},
pages = {111--123},
pmid = {26850056},
title = {{Norms of valence and arousal for 14,031 Spanish words}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Soler2017,
abstract = {This study presents a normative database of Spanish restricted length word stems that provides useful information for the selection of stimuli in memory experiments with Word Stem Completion (WSC) tasks. The database includes indices relative to stems (total baseline completion, priming baseline completion, priming, number of completions, ratio between given and deleted letters, and syllabic structure), and indices relative to characteristics of the words used to obtain the stems (frequency, familiarity, number of meanings, length, number of syllables, arousal, and valence). A WSC task was performed by 515 participants to calculate priming and baseline indices. An Exploratory Factor Analysis showed that these indices are grouped in four factors: perceptual, lexical, emotional, and response competition. Stepwise regression analyses performed with these factors showed that the lexical, response competition, and perceptual factors predict priming baseline completion, while only the lexical factor predicts priming. The model that best explains the relationship between priming and priming baseline completion was a cubic model, and the optimum baseline values for achieving priming were between .31 and .36. These norms can be downloaded as Supplemental Materials for this article from https://nuvol.uv.es/owncloud/index.php/s/hpj9by1qbENdjfj .},
author = {Soler, Mar{\'{i}}a Jos{\'{e}} and Das{\'{i}}, Carmen and Ruiz, Juan Carlos and Cervera, Teresa},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0834-x},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Implicit memory,Normative database,Priming,Priming baseline completion,Word stems},
number = {5},
pages = {1920--1929},
pmid = {27924442},
title = {{Spanish norms for completion of restricted length word stems}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Dellacqua2000,
abstract = {The present study provides Italian normative measures for 266 line drawings belonging to the new set of pictures developed by Lotto, Dell'Acqua, and Job (in press). The pictures have been standardized on the following measures: number of letters, number of syllables, name frequency, within-category typicality, familiarity, age of acquisition, name agreement, and naming time. In addition to providing the measures, the present study focuses on indirect and direct comparisons (i.e., correlations) of the present norms with databases provided by comparable studies in Italian (in which normative data were collected with Snodgrass {\&} Vanderwart's set of pictures; Nisi, Longoni, {\&} Snodgrass, 2000), in British English (Barry, Morrison, {\&} Ellis, 1997), in American English (Snodgrass {\&} Vanderwart, 1980; Snodgrass {\&} Yuditsky, 1996), in French (Alario {\&} Ferrand, 1999), and in Spanish (Sanfeliu {\&} Fernandez, 1996)},
author = {Dell'acqua, Roberto and Lotto, Lorella and Job, Remo},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200832},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {588--615},
title = {{Naming times and standardized norms for the italian PD/DPSS set of 266 pictures: Direct comparisons with American, English, French, and Spanish published databases}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03200832},
volume = {32},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Vivas2017,
abstract = {? 2016 Psychonomic Society, Inc.Semantic feature production norms provide many quantitative measures of different feature and concept variables that are necessary to solve some debates surrounding the nature of the organization, both normal and pathological, of semantic memory. Despite the current existence of norms for different languages, there are still no published norms in Spanish. This article presents a new set of norms collected from 810 participants for 400 living and nonliving concepts among Spanish speakers. These norms consist of empirical collections of features that participants used to describe the concepts. Four files were elaborated: a concept?feature file, a concept?concept matrix, a feature?feature matrix, and a significantly correlated features file. We expect that these norms will be useful for researchers in the fields of experimental psychology, neuropsychology, and psycholinguistics.},
author = {Vivas, Jorge and Vivas, Leticia and Comesa{\~{n}}a, Ana and Coni, Ana Garc{\'{i}}a and Vorano, Agostina},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0777-2},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Concepts,Feature norms,Semantic memory,Spanish language},
number = {3},
pages = {1095--1106},
title = {{Spanish semantic feature production norms for 400 concrete concepts}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Wen2017,
abstract = {We present Chinese translation norms for 1429 English words. Chinese-English bilinguals (N=28) were asked to provide the first Chinese translation that came to mind for 1429 English words. The results revealed that 71{\%} of the English words received more than one correct translation indicating the large amount of translation ambiguity when translating from English to Chinese. The relationship between translation ambiguity and word frequency, concreteness and language proficiency was investigated. Although the significant correlations were not strong, results revealed that English word frequency was positively correlated with the number of alternative translations, whereas English word concreteness was negatively correlated with the number of translations. Importantly, regression analyses showed that the number of Chinese translations was predicted by word frequency and concreteness. Furthermore, an interaction between these predictors revealed that the number of translations was more affected by word frequency for more concrete words than for less concrete words. In addition, mixed-effects modelling showed that word frequency, concreteness and English language proficiency were all significant predictors of whether or not a dominant translation was provided. Finally, correlations between the word frequencies of English words and their Chinese dominant translations were higher for translation-unambiguous pairs than for translation-ambiguous pairs. The translation norms are made available in a database together with lexical information about the words, which will be a useful resource for researchers investigating Chinese-English bilingual language processing.},
author = {Wen, Yun and van Heuven, Walter J.B.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-016-0761-x},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Chinese-English bilinguals,English to Chinese translation norms,Translation ambiguity},
number = {3},
pages = {1006--1019},
title = {{Chinese translation norms for 1,429 English words}},
volume = {49},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Bates2003,
abstract = {Timed picture naming was compared in seven languages that vary along dimensions known to affect lexical access. Analyses over items focused on factors that determine cross-language universals and cross-language disparities. With regard to universals, number of alternative names had large effects on reaction time within and across languages after target–name agreement was controlled, suggesting inhibitory effects from lexical competitors. For all the languages, word frequency and goodness of depiction had large effects, but objective picture complexity did not. Effects of word structure variables (length, syllable structure, compounding, and initial frication) varied markedly over languages. Strong cross-language correlations were found in naming latencies, frequency, and length. Other-language frequency effects were observed (e.g., Chinese frequencies predicting Spanish reaction times) even after within-language effects were controlled (e.g., Spanish frequencies predicting Spanish reaction times). These surprising cross-language correlations challenge widely held assumptions about the lexical locus of length and frequency effects, suggesting instead that they may (at least in part) reflect familiarity and accessibility at a conceptual level that is shared over languages.},
author = {Bates, Elizabeth and D'Amico, Simona and Jacobsen, Thomas and Sz{\'{e}}kely, Anna and Andonova, Elena and Devescovi, Antonella and Herron, Dan and {Ching Lu}, Ching and Pechmann, Thomas and Pl{\'{e}}h, Csaba and Wicha, Nicole and Federmeier, Kara and Gerdjikova, Irini and Gutierrez, Gabriel and Hung, Daisy and Hsu, Jeanne and Iyer, Gowri and Kohnert, Katherine and Mehotcheva, Teodora and Orozco-Figueroa, Araceli and Tzeng, Angela and Tzeng, Ovid},
doi = {10.3758/BF03196494},
issn = {1069-9384},
journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin {\&} Review},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {344--380},
title = {{Timed picture naming in seven languages}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03196494},
volume = {10},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Gonzalez-Nosti2014,
abstract = {In order to explore the role of the main psycholinguistic variables on visual word recognition, several mega-studies have been conducted in English in recent years. Nevertheless, because the effects of these variables depend on the regularity of the orthographic system, studies must also be done in other languages with different characteristics. The goal of this work was to conduct a lexical decision study in Spanish, a language with a shallow orthography and a high number of words. The influence of psycholinguistic variables on latencies corresponding to 2,765 words was assessed by means of linear mixed-effects modeling. The results show that some variables, such as frequency or age of acquisition, have significant effects on reaction times regardless of the type of words used. Other variables, such as orthographic neighborhood or imageability, were significant only in specific groups of words. Our results highlight the importance of taking into account the peculiarities of each spelling system in the development of reading models.},
author = {Gonz{\'{a}}lez-Nosti, Mar{\'{i}}a and Barb{\'{o}}n, Anal{\'{i}}a and Rodr{\'{i}}guez-Ferreiro, Javier and Cuetos, Fernando},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0383-5},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {517--525},
title = {{Effects of the psycholinguistic variables on the lexical decision task in Spanish: A study with 2,765 words}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-013-0383-5},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Bonin2015,
abstract = {We collected subjective frequency, age-of-acquisition, and imageability norms for 319 acronyms from French adults. Objective printed frequency, bigram frequency, and lengths in letters, phonemes, and syllables, as well as orthographic neighbors, were computed. The time taken to read acronyms aloud was also recorded. Correlational analyses indicated that the relations between the psycholinguistic variables were similar to those usually found for common words (e.g., highly imageable acronyms were more frequent and learned earlier in life than less imageable acronyms), but were generally weaker in the former than in the latter. Linear mixed-model analyses performed on the reading latencies revealed that the main determinants were the voicing feature of initial phonemes, the type of pronunciation of the acronyms (ambiguous vs. unambiguous, typical vs. atypical characteristics), length (number of letters and number of syllables), together with bigram frequency, printed frequency, and imageability. Both objective frequency and imageability interacted reliably with the ambiguous typical and ambiguous atypical properties. Accuracy was predicted by the number of letters and by imageability factors: More errors occurred on longer than on shorter acronyms, and also more errors on less imageable than on more imageable acronyms. The theoretical and methodological implications of the findings for the understanding of acronym reading are discussed. The entire set of norms and the acronym reading times (and accuracy scores), together with the acronym definitions, are provided as supplemental materials.},
author = {Bonin, Patrick and M{\'{e}}ot, Alain and Millotte, S{\'{e}}verine and Bugaiska, Aur{\'{e}}lia},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0466-y},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {251--267},
title = {{Norms and reading times for acronyms in French}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0466-y},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Keefe2014,
abstract = {We present a database of high-definition (HD) videos for the study of traits inferred from whole-body actions. Twenty-nine actors (19 female) were filmed performing different actions—walking, picking up a box, putting down a box, jumping, sitting down, and standing and acting—while conveying different traits, including four emotions (anger, fear, happiness, sadness), untrustworthiness, and neutral, where no specific trait was conveyed. For the actions conveying the four emotions and untrustworthiness, the actions were filmed multiple times, with the actor conveying the traits with different levels of intensity. In total, we made 2,783 action videos (in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional format), each lasting 7 s with a frame rate of 50 fps. All videos were filmed in a green-screen studio in order to isolate the action information from all contextual detail and to provide a flexible stimulus set for future use. In order to validate the traits conveyed by each action, we asked participants to rate each of the actions corresponding to the trait that the actor portrayed in the two-dimensional videos. To provide a useful database of stimuli of multiple actions conveying multiple traits, each video name contains information on the gender of the actor, the action executed, the trait conveyed, and the rating of its perceived intensity. All videos can be downloaded free at the following address: http://www-users.york.ac.uk/{\~{}}neb506/databases.html. We discuss potential uses for the database in the analysis of the perception of whole-body actions.},
author = {Keefe, Bruce D. and Villing, Matthias and Racey, Chris and Strong, Samantha L. and Wincenciak, Joanna and Barraclough, Nick E.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0439-6},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1042--1051},
title = {{A database of whole-body action videos for the study of action, emotion, and untrustworthiness}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-013-0439-6},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Akinina2015,
abstract = {The present article introduces a Russian-language database of 375 action pictures and associated verbs with normative data. The pictures were normed for name agreement, conceptual familiarity, and subjective visual complexity, and measures of age of acquisition, imageability, and image agreement were collected for the verbs. Values of objective visual complexity, as well as information about verb frequency, length, argument structure, instrumentality, and name relation, are also provided. Correlations between these parameters are presented, along with a comparative analysis of the Russian name agreement norms and those collected in other languages. The full set of pictorial stimuli and the obtained norms may be freely downloaded from http://neuroling.ru/en/db.htm for use in research and for clinical purposes.},
author = {Akinina, Yulia and Malyutina, Svetlana and Ivanova, Maria and Iskra, Ekaterina and Mannova, Elena and Dragoy, Olga},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0492-9},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {691--707},
title = {{Russian normative data for 375 action pictures and verbs}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0492-9},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Goldstone1994,
abstract = {Measurements of similarity have typically been obtained through the use of rating, sorting, and perceptual confusion tasks. In the present paper, a new method for measuring similarity is described, in which subjects rearrange items so that their proximity on a computer screen is proportional to their similarity. This method provides very efficient data collection. If a display hasn objects, then, after subjects have rearranged the objects (requiring slightly more thann movements),n(n-1)/2 pairwise similarities can be recorded. As long as the constraints imposed by two-dimensional space are not too different from those intrinsic to psychological similarity, the technique appears to offer an efficient, user-friendly, and intuitive process for measuring psychological similarity.},
author = {Goldstone, Robert},
doi = {10.3758/BF03204653},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {381--386},
title = {{An efficient method for obtaining similarity data}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03204653},
volume = {26},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Miranda2004,
abstract = {OBJETIVO: Este estudo comparou os resultados entre crian{\c{c}}as brasileiras e americanas quanto {\`{a}}omea{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, familiaridade com o conceito representado e complexidade visual de um conjunto de 400 figuras M{\'{E}}TODO: Foram avaliadas 36 crian{\c{c}}as brasileiras (18 meninos) de 5 a 7 anos de idade com caracter{\'{i}}sticas semelhantes {\`{a}}s crian{\c{c}}as americanas. Os procedimentos e medidas empregados no estudo brasileiro foram os mesmos usados para a popula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o americana permitindo compara{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o direta dos dados das duas amostras atrav{\'{e}}s de correla{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es rho de Spearman e testes t de Student. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas correla{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es positivas significativas para todas as medidas entre as amostras brasileira e americana. A an{\'{a}}lise qualitativa demonstrou que ambos os grupos deram nomes modais que diferem do proposto para 59 figuras. As crian{\c{c}}as brasileiras utilizaram nomes que diferem do proposto para 72 figuras nomeadas corretamente pelas americanas. As americanas nomearam diferentemente do nome modal 26 figuras nomeadas corretamente pelas brasileiras. CONCLUS{\~{A}}O: O conjunto de 400 figuras mostrou-se um instrumento adequado para uso em diferentes culturas. Contudo, {\'{e}} aconselh{\'{a}}vel evitar o uso de figuras que produziram inconsist{\^{e}}ncia de nomea{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o nas popula{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es brasileira e norte-americana em estudos em outras culturas com o mesmo grupo et{\'{a}}rio at{\'{e}} que normas espec{\'{i}}ficas estejam dispon{\'{i}}veis.},
author = {Miranda, M{\^{o}}nica Carolina and Pomp{\'{e}}ia, Sabine and Bueno, Orlando F A},
doi = {10.1590/S1516-44462004000400005},
issn = {1516-4446},
journal = {Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {226--233},
title = {{Um estudo comparativo das normas de um conjunto de 400 figuras entre crian{\c{c}}as brasileiras e americanas}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S1516-44462004000400005{\&}lng=pt{\&}tlng=pt},
volume = {26},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Schroeder2015,
abstract = {This article introduces childLex, an online database of German read by children. childLex is based on a corpus of children's books and comprises 10 million words that were syntactically annotated and lemmatized. childLex reports linguistic norms for lexical, superlexical, and sublexical variables in three different age groups: 6-8 (grades 1-2), 9-10 (grades 3-4), and 11-12 years (grades 5-6). Here, we describe how childLex was collected and analyzed. In addition, we provide information about the distributions of word frequency, word length, and orthographic neighborhood size, as well as their intercorrelations. Finally, we explain how childLex can be accessed using a Web interface.},
author = {Schroeder, Sascha and W{\"{u}}rzner, Kay-Michael and Heister, Julian and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0528-1},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1085--1094},
title = {{childLex: a lexical database of German read by children}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-014-0528-1},
volume = {47},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Khanna2011,
abstract = {Age of acquisition (AoA) estimates are provided for 3,460 senses of 1,208 words (i.e., words with multiple meanings e.g., duck). The AoA rating estimates appear to be relatively consistent across participants. The Spearman-Brown split-half reliability coefficient is .95, while the correlations between each participant's ratings and the overall mean ratings yielded correlation coefficients between .325 to .794 with a mean of .69 (SD = .10). These estimates will be of use to those interested in: (a) the influence of AoA on word processing, (b) the influence of AoA on meaning access, (c) the structure of semantic memory, and (d) developmental trends in lexical ambiguity resolution. These AoA estimates can be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society's Web archive of norms, stimuli, and data at www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Khanna, Maya M. and Cortese, Michael J.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-010-0027-y},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Age of acquisition,Ambiguity,Homophones,Polysemy},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {89--96},
pmid = {21287120},
title = {{Age of acquisition estimates for 1,208 ambiguous and polysemous words}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/s13428-010-0027-y},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Kremer2011,
abstract = {The psychological community frequently investigates semantic norms of properties produced by native speakers after being presented concept words, and these norms are of great value for a wide variety of psychological experiments. This paper presents a new set of norms that includes a collection of properties from a production experiment for the German and the Italian languages. Stimuli consisted of 50 concrete objects taken from 10 different concept classes. The data comprise annotations of semantic relation types and several statistical measures, which facilitate the comparison of the two target languages.},
author = {Kremer, Gerhard and Baroni, Marco},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-010-0028-x},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Concept classes,Crosslingual study,Feature production experiment,Parallel norms,Property type annotation,Semantic relations},
number = {1},
pages = {97--109},
pmid = {21287119},
title = {{A set of semantic norms for German and Italian}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Chiarello1999,
abstract = {Dissociations between noun and verb processing are not uncommon after brain injury; yet, precise psycholinguistic comparisons of nouns and verbs are hampered by the underrepresentation of verbs in published semantic word norms and by the absence of contemporary estimates for part-of-speech usage. We report herein imageability ratings and rating response times (RTs) for 1,197 words previously categorized as pure nouns, pure verbs, or words of balanced noun-verb usage on the basis of the Francis and Kucera (1982) norms. Nouns and verbs differed in rated imageability, and there was a stronger correspondence between imageability rating and RT for nouns than for verbs. For all word types, the image-rating-RT function implied that subjects employed an image generation process to assign ratings. We also report a new measure of noun-verb typicality that used the Hyperspace Analog to Language (HAL; Lund {\&} Burgess, 1996) context vectors (derived from a large sample of Usenet text) to compute the mean context distance between each word and all of the pure nouns and pure verbs. For a subset of the items, the resulting HAL noun-verb difference score was compared with part-of-speech usage in a representative sample of the Usenet corpus. It is concluded that this score can be used to estimate the extent to which a given word occurs in typical noun or verb sentence contexts in informal contemporary English discourse. The item statistics given in Appendix B will enable experimenters to select representative examples of nouns and verbs or to compare typical with atypical nouns (or verbs), while holding constant or covarying rated imageability.},
author = {Chiarello, Christine and Shears, Connie and Lund, Kevin},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200739},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {4},
pages = {603--637},
pmid = {10633978},
title = {{Imageability and distributional typicality measures of nouns and verbs in contemporary English}},
volume = {31},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Keuleers2010,
abstract = {Pseudowords play an important role in psycholinguistic experiments, either because they are required for performing tasks, such as lexical decision, or because they are the main focus of interest, such as in nonword-reading and nonce-inflection studies. We present a pseudoword generator that improves on current methods. It allows for the generation of written polysyllabic pseudowords that obey a given language's phonotactic constraints. Given a word or nonword template, the algorithm can quickly generate pseudowords that match the template in subsyllabic structure and transition frequencies without having to search through a list with all possible candidates. Currently, the program is available for Dutch, English, German, French, Spanish, Serbian, and Basque, and, with little effort, it can be expanded to other languages.},
author = {Keuleers, Emmanuel and Brysbaert, Marc},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.3.627},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {627--633},
pmid = {20805584},
title = {{Wuggy: A multilingual pseudoword generator}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{McDougall1999,
abstract = {This paper provides rating norms for a set of symbols and icons selected from a wide variety of sources. These ratings enable the effects of symbol characteristics on user performance to be systematically investigated. The symbol characteristics that have been quantified are considered to be of central relevance to symbol usability research and include concreteness, complexity, meaningfulness, familiarity, and semantic distance. The interrelationships between each of these dimensions is examined and the importance of using normative ratings for experimental research is discussed.},
author = {McDougall, Sin{\'{e}} J.P. and Curry, Martin B. and {De Bruijn}, Oscar},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200730},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)$\backslash$r0743-3808 (Linking)},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {3},
pages = {487--519},
pmid = {10502873},
title = {{Measuring symbol and icon characteristics: Norms for concreteness, complexity, meaningfulness, familiarity, and semantic distance for 239 symbols}},
volume = {31},
year = {1999}
}
@inproceedings{Ktori2008,
abstract = {To conduct experimental investigations into the orthographic processing of Modern Greek, information is needed about the lexical properties known to influence visual word recognition. In this article we introduce GreekLex, a lexical database for Modern Greek, which presents collectively for the first time a series of orthographic measures that can be used for psycholinguistic research. GreekLex consists of 35,304 Modern Greek words ranging in length from 1 to 22 letters, and for each word includes the following statistical information: word length, word-form frequency, lemma frequency, neighborhood density and frequency, transposition neighbors, and addition and deletion neighbors. Furthermore, type and token frequency measures of single letters and bigrams derived from the database are also available. The complete database can be accessed and downloaded freely from www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/GreekLex.},
author = {Ktori, Maria and {Van Heuven}, Walter J.B. and Pitchford, Nicola J.},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.3.773},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {3},
pages = {773--783},
pmid = {18697673},
title = {{GreekLex: A lexical database of Modern Greek}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Lahl2009,
abstract = {This article presents a new database of 2,654 German nouns rated by a sample of 3,907 subjects on three psycholinguistic attributes: concreteness, valence, and arousal. As a new means of data collection in the field of psycholinguistic research, all ratings were obtained via the Internet, using a tailored Web application. Analysis of the obtained word norms showed good agreement with two existing norm sets. A cluster analysis revealed a plausible set of four classes of nouns: abstract concepts, aversive events, pleasant activities, and physical objects. In an additional application example, we demonstrate the usefulness of the database for creating parallel word lists whose elements match as closely as possible. The complete database is available for free from ftp://ftp.uni-duesseldorf.de/pub/psycho/lahl/WWN. Moreover, the Web application used for data collection is inherently capable of collecting word norms in any language and is going to be released for public use as well.},
author = {Lahl, Olaf and G{\"{o}}ritz, Anja S. and Pietrowsky, Reinhard and Rosenberg, Jessica},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.1.13},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {13--19},
pmid = {19182119},
title = {{Using the World-Wide web to obtain large-scale word norms: 190,212 ratings on a set of 2,654 German nouns}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Kievit-Kylar2012,
abstract = {Although many recent advances have taken place in corpus-based tools, the techniques used to guide exploration and evaluation of these systems have advanced little. Typically, the plausibility of a semantic space is explored by sampling the nearest neighbors to a target word and evaluating the neighborhood on the basis of the modeler's intuition. Tools for visualization of these large-scale similarity spaces are nearly nonexistent. We present a new open-source tool to plot and visualize semantic spaces, thereby allowing researchers to rapidly explore patterns in visual data that describe the statistical relations between words. Words are visualized as nodes, and word similarities are shown as directed edges of varying strengths. The "Word-2-Word" visualization environment allows for easy manipulation of graph data to test word similarity measures on their own or in comparisons between multiple similarity metrics. The system contains a large library of statistical relationship models, along with an interface to teach them from various language sources. The modularity of the visualization environment allows for quick insertion of new similarity measures so as to compare new corpus-based metrics against the current state of the art. The software is available at www.indiana.edu/{\~{}}semantic/word2word/.},
author = {Kievit-Kylar, Brent and Jones, Michael N.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0236-7},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Corpus-based models,Latent semantic analysis,Semantic similarity space,Visualization},
number = {3},
pages = {656--674},
pmid = {22810803},
title = {{Visualizing multiple word similarity measures}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Graf1987,
abstract = {Examined completion responses for 40 3-letter word stems (e.g., ABO) produced by 100 undergraduates. Data include a list of the  different words that were written as stem completions, their frequency of occurrence as completions, and their frequency of occurrence in  English according to published norms. Analyses revealed 3 primary factors that determined overall performance on a stem-completion test:  word frequency, word length, and meanings per word. Usually, however, only 1 of these factors made a significant contribution to  performance. It is suggested that results can be used as a database for selecting target words for the construction of completion tests. The  entire list of completion responses is appended.},
author = {Graf, Peter and Williams, Diane},
doi = {10.3758/BF03205611},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {5},
pages = {422--445},
title = {{Completion norms for 40 three-letter word stems}},
volume = {19},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Erickson1987,
abstract = {Supplied normative data for the probability of successfully completing 192 single-solution word fragments. Normative data on the familiarity of 80 college students with the solution words were obtained, using ratings, as were estimates of word frequency from existing norms. Regression analyses were performed to predict fragment completion difficulty from familiarity, frequency, and structural characteristics of the fragments. Familiarity, whether or not first and/or last letters appeared in the fragment, and the ratio of letters to missing letters in the fragment were included in the regression equation as significant predictors of difficulty for this fragment set.},
author = {Erickson, James R. and Gaffney, Carol Renaud and Heath, Wendy P.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03202580},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {jul},
number = {4},
pages = {370--376},
title = {{Difficulty and familiarity norms for 192 single-solution word fragments}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03202580},
volume = {19},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Solso1971,
abstract = {Ten colors and 10 color words were scaled for meaningfulness by means of Noble's m and a' scale. The most frequent verbal responses to colors and color words were also collected.},
author = {Solso, Robert L.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03336121},
issn = {0033-3131},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {301--303},
title = {{Meaningfulness of colors}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03336121},
volume = {23},
year = {1971}
}
@article{Bloom1980,
abstract = {Abstract Completion responses were collected for two sets of sentence contexts, which were designed to produce different distributions of probabilities for the primary responses. The subject population consisted of undergraduate college students. For each context, ...$\backslash$n},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {NIHMS150003},
author = {Bloom, Paul A. and Fischler, Ira},
doi = {10.3758/BF03213783},
eprint = {NIHMS150003},
isbn = {0090-502X (Print)},
issn = {0090502X},
journal = {Memory {\&} Cognition},
number = {6},
pages = {631--642},
pmid = {7219183},
title = {{Completion norms for 329 sentence contexts}},
volume = {8},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Cowan1986,
abstract = {In language-related psychological research, it is often necessary to search for sets of words with certain well-controlled phonological properties. To aid in searches of this kind, this paper presents a matrix of consonant-cluster-free, monosyllabic English words that are classified according to their phonemes. The matrix is of considerable use in the construction of experimental stimuli. Its applications are discussed.},
author = {Cowan, Nelson},
doi = {10.3758/BF03201406},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {5},
pages = {434--446},
title = {{A matrix of consonant-cluster-free monosyllabic words in English}},
volume = {18},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Bullinaria2012,
abstract = {In a previous article, we presented a systematic computational study of the extraction of semantic representations from the word-word co-occurrence statistics of large text corpora. The conclusion was that semantic vectors of pointwise mutual information values from very small co-occurrence windows, together with a cosine distance measure, consistently resulted in the best representations across a range of psychologically relevant semantic tasks. This article extends that study by investigating the use of three further factors--namely, the application of stop-lists, word stemming, and dimensionality reduction using singular value decomposition (SVD)--that have been used to provide improved performance elsewhere. It also introduces an additional semantic task and explores the advantages of using a much larger corpus. This leads to the discovery and analysis of improved SVD-based methods for generating semantic representations (that provide new state-of-the-art performance on a standard TOEFL task) and the identification and discussion of problems and misleading results that can arise without a full systematic study.},
author = {Bullinaria, John A. and Levy, Joseph P.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0183-8},
isbn = {1342801101838},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Corpus statistics,SVD,Semantic representation},
number = {3},
pages = {890--907},
pmid = {22258891},
title = {{Extracting semantic representations from word co-occurrence statistics: Stop-lists, stemming, and SVD}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Berndt1987,
abstract = {Prior probabilities of graphemes and conditional probabilities for their pronunciation as specific phonemes are given based on a corpus of 17,310 English words. Phonemes are as given in recent editions ofWebster's New Collegiate Dictionary, with minor revisions; graphemes are defined as letters or letter clusters corresponding to single phonemes. Grapheme-phoneme probabilities were derived from a revised table of frequency of occurrence of phoneme-to-grapheme correspondences generated in a study of spelling regularities (P. R. Hanna, J. S. Hanna, Hodges, {\&} Rudorf, 1966). This quantitative descriptive information provides an index of the strength of particular grapheme-phoneme associations in English. Suggestions are made for the utilization of these probabilities as estimates of spelling/sound predictability in reading research.},
author = {Berndt, Rita Sloan and Reggia, James A. and Mitchum, Charlotte C.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03207663},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {1},
pages = {1--9},
title = {{Empirically derived probabilities for grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences in english}},
volume = {19},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Martin1981,
abstract = {Heteronyms are words with 2 different possible pronunciations that are associated with 2 (or more) different meanings. They can be used to investigate psychological mechanisms in reading and other cognitive processes. A corpus of English heteronyms has been collected and is tabulated here. In addition, a corpus of English polyphones is tabulated. These are words with different pronunciations that are not associated with different meanings. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Martin, Maryanne and Jones, Gregory V. and Nelson, Douglas L. and Nelson, Louise},
doi = {10.3758/BF03202018},
isbn = {0005-7878},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
number = {3},
pages = {299--307},
title = {{Heteronyms and polyphones: Categories of words with multiple phonemic representations}},
volume = {13},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Schwanenflugel1986,
abstract = {Sentence-completion norms for sentences using a multiple production measure are presented. A subset of these items were taken from the Bloom and Fischler (1980) sentence-completion norms in order to compare the Cloze measure with the present multiple production measure. For both measures, the sentence constraint correlated negatively with the number of responses generated across subjects. Although the Cloze measure and the multiple production measure were highly correlated, sentence predictability was higher when the multiple production measure was used. These sentence norms provide an alternative to norms derived using the Cloze procedure.},
author = {Schwanenflugel, Paula J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03204419},
isbn = {0743-3808$\backslash$r1532-5970},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {4},
pages = {363--371},
title = {{Completion norms for final words of sentences using a multiple production measure}},
volume = {18},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Kerr1991,
abstract = {Normative values for word characteristics were obtained from a sample of 12 college-educated, totally congenitally blind subjects on the basis oftheir ratings of 161 nouns on scales of familiar- ity, concreteness, meaningfulness, and imageability. Thedominantmodality ofimagery foreach image-evoking word and the strongest word associate for each item also were recorded. The same data were collected for a group of sighted subjects, both to provide a comparison group for the blind subjects and totest the comparability of sightedsubjects' ratings with existing norms. Rat- ings for sighted subjects correlated strongly with those norms, although the coefficients were slightly higher for ratings of concreteness and imageability than for ratings of familiarity and meaningfulness. Ratings of blind subjects correlated only slightly lower with existing norms for imagery and concreteness, but considerably lower for familiarity and meaningfulness.},
author = {Kerr, Nancy H. and Johnson, Thomas H.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03209988},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {4},
pages = {461--485},
title = {{Word norms for blind and sighted subjects: Familiarity, concreteness, meaningfulness, imageability, imagery modality, and word associations}},
volume = {23},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Olson1967,
abstract = {CONTAINS 3 LISTS FOR USE IN ANAGRAM STUDIES: (1) A SOURCE LIST GROUPING WORDS ACCORDING TO THEIR ALPHABETIZED FORM, (2) ALL 5-LETTER ENGLISH WORDS WHOSE LETTERS CANNOT BE REARRANGED TO SPELL ANY OTHER WORD, AND (3) AN ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF ALL MULTIPLE- AND SINGLE-SOLUTION 5-LETTER WORDS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Olson, Ronald and Schwartz, Ronald},
journal = {Psychonomic Monograph Supplements},
keywords = {1967,ANAGRAMS,Measurement,Problem Solving,SOURCE LIST OF SINGLE {\&} MULTIPLE SOLUTION 5 LETTER,Testing,Words (Phonetic Units)},
number = {8},
pages = {105--152},
title = {{Single and multiple solution five-letter words.}},
url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true{\&}db=psyh{\&}AN=1968-08100-001{\&}site=ehost-live{\&}scope=site},
volume = {2},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Tresselt1966,
abstract = {NORMATIVE SOLUTION TIMES BASED ON A SAMPLE OF 134 SOLUTION WORDS AND 378 ASSOCIATED ANAGRAMS COMPILED FROM 9 STUDIES ARE PRESENTED, AS WELL AS THE 120 LETTER ORDERS POSSIBLE WITH A 5-LETTER WORD, AND A SKELETON-WORD TEST AND SCORING KEY USED FOR ASSESSING THE DEGREE TO WHICH SS STORE DIGRAM FREQUENCY INFORMATION. (16 REF.)},
author = {Tresselt, M. E. and Mayzner, M. S.},
isbn = {1111111111},
journal = {Psychonomic Monograph Supplements},
number = {15},
pages = {293--298},
title = {{Normative solution times for a sample of 134 solution words and 378 associated anagrams}},
volume = {1},
year = {1966}
}
@article{Shaw1997,
abstract = {Factors that determine unprimed performance in word-stem completion were investigated. Researchers' descriptions of materials used in word-stem completion suggest that normative word frequency, number of alternative completions, and response length are believed to be important. A total of 160 students provided normative responses to each of 914 multiple-completion three-letter word stems, resulting in over 12,000 unique responses. Although the number of alternative responses made correlated well with the number possible, word frequency and length were extremely variable in their relation to response frequency across stems. Creating more precise materials for implicit memory studies appears to require consulting normative response data.},
author = {Shaw, Raymond J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200594},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {401--424},
title = {{Unprimed stem completion is only moderately predicted by word frequency and length}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03200594},
volume = {29},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Benjafield1993,
abstract = {Partly in order to facilitate research on the relation between some standard psychological variables, we gathered normative data on 500 proverbs sampled from theOxford Dictionary of English Proverbs (Wilson, 1970). The scales for which we gathered data are imagery, concreteness, goodness , and familiarity. These norms may be of value to researchers who wish to sample linguistic units larger than the word from a set that contains an extensive number of unfamiliar and familiar items. To illustrate the possible uses to which these data may be put, we presented a causal model of the relation between the four variables mentioned above.},
author = {Benjafield, John and Frommhold, Kris and Keenan, Tom and Muckenheim, Ron and Mueller, Dierk},
doi = {10.3758/BF03204446},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {1},
pages = {27--40},
title = {{Imagery, concreteness, goodness, and familiarity ratings for 500 proverbs sampled from the Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs}},
volume = {25},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Kanske2011,
abstract = {Affective stimuli are increasingly used in emotion research. Typically, stimuli are selected from databases providing affective norms. The validity of these norms is a critical factor with regard to the applicability of the stimuli for emotion research. We therefore probed the validity of the Leipzig Affective Norms for German (LANG) by correlating valence and arousal ratings across different sensory modalities. A sample of 120 words was selected from the LANG database, and auditory recordings of these words were obtained from two professional actors. The auditory stimuli were then rated again for valence and arousal. This cross-modal validation approach yielded very high correlations between auditory and visual ratings ({\textgreater}.95). These data confirm the strong validity of the Leipzig Affective Norms for German and encourage their use in emotion research.},
author = {Kanske, Philipp and Kotz, Sonja A.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-010-0048-6},
isbn = {1554351X (ISSN)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Emotion,Language,Speech},
number = {2},
pages = {409--413},
pmid = {21298569},
title = {{Cross-modal validation of the Leipzig Affective Norms for German (LANG)}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Kanske2010,
abstract = {To facilitate investigations of verbal emotional processing, we introduce$\backslash$nthe Leipzig Affective Norms for German (LANG), a list of 1,000 German$\backslash$nnouns that have been rated for emotional valence, arousal, and concreteness.$\backslash$nA critical factor regarding the quality of normative word data is$\backslash$ntheir reliability. We therefore acquired ratings from a sample that$\backslash$nwas tested twice, with an interval of 2 years, to calculate test-retest$\backslash$nreliability. Furthermore, we recruited a second sample to test reliability$\backslash$nacross independent samples. The results show (1) the typical quadratic$\backslash$nrelation of valence and arousal, replicating previous data, (2) very$\backslash$nhigh test-retest reliability ({\textgreater}.95), and (3) high correlations between$\backslash$nthe two samples ({\textgreater}.85). Because the range of ratings was also very$\backslash$nhigh, we provide a comprehensive set of words with reliable affective$\backslash$nnorms, which makes it possible to select highly controlled subsamples$\backslash$nvarying in emotional status. The database is available as a supplement$\backslash$nfor this article at http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Kanske, Philipp and Kotz, Sonja a},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.4.987},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {987--991},
pmid = {21139165},
title = {{Leipzig Affective Norms for German: A reliability study}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.4.987 http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BRM.42.4.987},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Keuleers2010a,
abstract = {We present a new database of Dutch word frequencies based on film and television subtitles, and we validate it with a lexical decision study involving 14,000 monosyllabic and disyllabic Dutch words. The new SUBTLEX frequencies explain up to 10{\%} more variance in accuracies and reaction times (RTs) of the lexical decision task than the existing CELEX word frequency norms, which are based largely on edited texts. As is the case for English, an accessibility measure based on contextual diversity explains more of the variance in accuracy and RT than does the raw frequency of occurrence counts. The database is freely available for research purposes and may be downloaded from the authors' university site at http://crr.ugent.be/subtlex-nl or from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Keuleers, Emmanuel and Brysbaert, Marc and New, Boris},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.3.643},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {643--650},
pmid = {20805586},
title = {{SUBTLEX-NL: A new measure for Dutch word frequency based on film subtitles}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Kealy2007,
abstract = {There is a longstanding tradition in psychological research for norming lists of words that are used in experimental studies. The present study extends this practice to graphic imagery by obtaining norming data on 24 simple abstract graphic shapes composed of three straight-line segments. The attributes obtained in the norming procedure were the shapes' familiarity, describability, associability, availability, and potential for word association. Results from rating data indicate significantly different, yet reliable, responses by participants to the various shape configurations. Multidimensional scaling analysis of shape ratings identified two underlying dimensions of perceived differences: the continuity of a shape's linear direction and the consistency or regularity of its interior angles. By contrast, performance in generating word associations for figures appeared to be linguistically driven, with initial responses related to the similarity of shapes to letters of the alphabet. The norms and the computer program used to collect them can be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Kealy, William A. and Ritzhaupt, Albert D. and Spears, Cameron},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192998},
isbn = {1554351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {1012--1019},
pmid = {18183920},
title = {{Psychological norms for simple three-line graphic shapes}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Altarriba1999,
abstract = {Normative values on various word characteristics were obtained for abstract, concrete, and emotion words in order to facilitate research on concreteness effects and on the similarities and differences among the three word types. A sample of 78 participants rated abstract, concrete, and emotion words on concreteness, context availability, and imagery scales. Word associations were also gathered for abstract, concrete, and emotion words. The data were used to investigate similarities and differences among these three word types on word attributes, association strengths, and number of associations. These normative data can be used to further research on concreteness effects, word type effects, and word recognition for abstract, concrete, and emotion words.},
author = {Altarriba, J. and Bauer, L. M. and Benvenuto, C.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200738},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)$\backslash$n0743-3808 (Linking)},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior research methods, instruments, {\&} computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc},
number = {4},
pages = {578--602},
pmid = {10633977},
title = {{Concreteness, context availability, and imageability ratings and word associations for abstract, concrete, and emotion words.}},
volume = {31},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Juhasz2013,
abstract = {Sensory experience ratings (SERs) reflect the extent to which a word evokes a sensory and/or perceptual experience in the mind of the reader. Juhasz, Yap, Dicke, Taylor, and Gullick (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64:1683-1691, 2011) demonstrated that SERs predict a significant amount of variance in lexical-decision response times in two megastudies of lexical processing when a large number of established psycholinguistic variables are controlled for. Here we provide the SERs for the 2,857 monosyllabic words used in the Juhasz et al. study, as well as newly collected ratings on 3,000 disyllabic words. New analyses with the combined set of words confirmed that SERs predict a reliable amount of variance in the lexical-decision response times and naming times from the English Lexicon Project (Balota, Yap, Cortese, Hutchison, Kessler, Loftus, {\&} Treiman, Behavior Research Methods 39:445-459, 2007) when a large number of surface, lexical, and semantic variables are statistically controlled for. The results suggest that the relative availability of sensory/perceptual information associated with a word contributes to lexical-semantic processing.},
author = {Juhasz, Barbara J. and Yap, Melvin J.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0242-9},
isbn = {1342801202429},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Embodied cognition,Semantic richness,Sensory experience rating,Visual word recognition},
number = {1},
pages = {160--168},
pmid = {22936106},
title = {{Sensory experience ratings for over 5,000 mono- and disyllabic words}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Gilhooly1980,
abstract = {The problem of word ambiguity has generally been overlooked in compiling lists of words measured on various attributes. In this study, rating measures were obtained on the meanings of 387 words, the ambiguity of which had been established empirically. Imagery, age-of-acquisition, concreteness, and familiarity ratings are reported for each meaning, together with an index of meaning dominance. The results suggest that the most dominant meanings tend to be the most imageable, concrete, familiar, and earliest acquired. Generally satisfactory correlations with other norms were obtained.},
author = {Gilhooly, K. J. and Logie, R. H.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03201694},
isbn = {0005-7878},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
number = {4},
pages = {428--450},
title = {{Meaning-dependent ratings of imagery, age of acquisition, familiarity, and concreteness for 387 ambiguous words}},
volume = {12},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Johnston2010,
abstract = {In the present study, we presented picture-naming latencies along with ratings for a set of important characteristics of pictures and picture names: age of acquisition, frequency, picture-name agreement, name agreement, visual complexity, familiarity, and word length. The validity of these data was established by calculating correlations with previous studies. Regression analyses show that our ratings account for a larger amount of variance in RTs than do previous data. RTs were predicted by all variables except complexity and length. A complete database presenting details about all of these variables is available in the supplemental materials, downloadable from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Johnston, Robert A. and Dent, Kevin and Humphreys, Glyn W. and Barry, Chris},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.2.461},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {461--469},
pmid = {20479176},
title = {{British-English norms and naming times for a set of 539 pictures: The role of age of acquisition}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Walker1970,
abstract = {This paper reports imagery ratings for 338 nouns by a method similar to that of Paivio. For 111 of the nouns a comparison with ratings reported by Paivio with those reported here yielded a correlation of 0.944. Selection of nouns rated for this study was made from stimulus terms employed in various free-word-association studies.},
author = {Walker, Howard J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03209293},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
number = {4},
pages = {165--167},
title = {{Imagery ratings for 338 nouns}},
volume = {2},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Stration1975,
abstract = {The age at which words are first learned appears to be more influential in determining the ease of retrieving words from semantic memory than objective frequency, familiarity, imagery, and meaningfulness. To facilitate research on a wider variety of tasks, we present norms for 543 words for age-of-acquisition, imagery, familiarity, and meaningfulness. Most of the words form single-solution anagrams. There are 471 six-letter nouns and 72 five-letter words. Also reported are the means, 80s, and ranges for each dimension and the intercorrelations between dimensions. Intergroup reliabilities ranged from .847 to .982. Recent studies have indicated that the age at which words are first learned is influential in determining the ease of retrieving words from semantic memory. Frequency of usage during childhood was found to predict latency to name category instances more accurately than adult frequency of usage (Loftus {\&} Suppes, 1972). Age-of-acquisition as rated by young adults was found by Carroll and White (1973) to be a more relevant variable than objective frequency in predicting latency to name pictures. Rated age -of-acquisition also predicted the speed and likelihood of solving anagrams more accurately than rated familiarity, objective frequency, imagery, and meaningfulness (Stratton, Jacobus, {\&} Brinley, Note l). The norms reported in this paper provide adult norms on rated age-of-acquisition, rated imagery, rated familiarity, and meaningfulness for 543 words. Two word samples from these norms were used in an earlier study (see Note 1). METHOD},
author = {Stratton, R. Paul and Jacobus, Kenneth A. and Brinley, Bonnie},
doi = {10.3758/BF03201278},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
number = {1},
pages = {1--6},
title = {{Age-of-acquisition, imagery, familiarity and meaningfulness norms for 543 words}},
volume = {7},
year = {1975}
}
@article{Bestgen2012,
abstract = {In psychology, lexical norms related to the semantic properties of words, such as concreteness and valence, are important research resources. Collecting such norms by asking judges to rate the words is very time consuming, which strongly limits the number of words that compose them. In the present article, we present a technique for estimating lexical norms based on the latent semantic analysis of a corpus. The analyses conducted emphasize the technique's effectiveness for several semantic dimensions. In addition to the extension of norms, this technique can be used to check human ratings to identify words for which the rating is very different from the corpus-based estimate.},
author = {Bestgen, Yves and Vincze, Nadja},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0195-z},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Arousal,Automatic estimation,Concreteness,Dominance,Imagery,Latent semantic analysis (LSA),Lexical norms,Valence},
number = {4},
pages = {998--1006},
pmid = {22396137},
title = {{Checking and bootstrapping lexical norms by means of word similarity indexes}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Friendly1982,
abstract = {400 undergraduates completed booklets made up of words from the Toronto Word Pool. Ss rated the words for imagery or concreteness. Imagery was defined as the ease with which a word aroused a mental image, and concreteness was defined in relation to level of abstraction. The degree to which a word was functionally a noun was estimated in a sentence generation task. The mean and standard deviation of the imagery and concreteness ratings for each item were derived, together with letter and printed frequency counts for the words and indications of sex differences in the ratings. In a follow-up study with 120 undergraduates, norms included a grammatical function code derived from dictionary definitions, a percent noun judgment, indices of statistical approximation to English, and an orthographic neighbor ratio.},
author = {Friendly, Michael and Franklin, Patricia E. and Hoffman, David and Rubin, David C.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03203275},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
number = {4},
pages = {375--399},
title = {{The Toronto Word Pool: Norms for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words}},
volume = {14},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Gilhooly1977,
abstract = {Solution-word imagery appears to affect difficulty of anagram solving. To assist research in this area, imagery, concreteness, age-of-acquisition, familiarity, and meaningfulness values for 205 5-letter words, known to form single-solution anagrams, are presented. None of the words have repeated letters. In an empirical study with university students, intergroup reliabilities were satisfactory on all attributes. Significant correlations were found with previous word lists, and the intercorrelations between dimensions matched previous findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).},
author = {Gilhooly, K. J. and Hay, D.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03202210},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
number = {1},
pages = {12--17},
title = {{Imagery, concreteness, age-of-acquisition, familiarity, and meaningfulness values for 205 five-letter words having single-solution anagrams}},
volume = {9},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Gilhooly1980a,
abstract = {Age-of-acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1,944 words of varying length and frequency of occurrence are presented. The words can all be used as nouns. Intergroup reliabilities are satisfactory on all attributes. Correlations with pre-vious word lists are significant, and the intercorrelations between measures match previous findings. METHOD Table 1 Distribution of Words by Length and Frequency in the Sample of 1,944 Drawn From Thorndike-Lorge (1944) many alternative meanings are unknown or of low salience to most subjects. However, words may be expected to vary in their degree of effective ambiguity, and it is this that we set out to measure. L;;.9 Word Length (L) L.;;5 Thorndike-Lorge Frequency Word Sample A total of 1,944 words were selected from the Thorndike-Lorge (1944) word count by means of a semirandom procedure, in such a way as to fill the cells of a 3 by 3 matrix of word length and frequency (Table I). The overall strategy was to select every 10th word that could be used as a noun. If this was not suitable, the first appropriate word within that group of 10 was selected. It was decided that, for research purposes, a fairly even distribution of words over length by frequency combinations was desirable. Due to the underrepresentation of infrequent short words and frequent long words, the latter were selected in preference to other frequency by length combina-tions to give a more even distribution. The numbers of words selected in each cell aregiven in Table I. Ratings Procedure F or the age-of-acquisition, imagery, concreteness, and famil-iarity ratings, the following procedure was used. The words were printed, in random order, 20 to a page, and alongside each word was a 7-point rating scale. The pages were then shuffled and assembled into booklets, so that each booklet contained the pages in a different random order. Due to the large number of pages, the booklets were divided into three sections, each containing approximately 33{\%} of the words. The three},
author = {Gilhooly, K. J. and Logie, R. H.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03201693},
isbn = {0005-7878},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
number = {4},
pages = {395--427},
title = {{Age-of-acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1,944 words}},
volume = {12},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Ferraro1990,
abstract = {A corpus of 576 words and orthographically legal pseudowords was rated by 150 undergraduates to obtain a subjective estimate of the number of meanings possessed by the stimuli. The information contained in this corpus may be used to supplement current, sources of word-meaning information (e.g., total number of dictionary entries). Experimental evidence is presented that supports the reliability of the normative data.},
author = {Ferraro, F. Richard and Kellas, George},
doi = {10.3758/BF03204432},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {nov},
number = {6},
pages = {491--498},
title = {{Normative data for number of word meanings}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03204432},
volume = {22},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Dale1996,
abstract = {Determined month-by-month norms for comprehension and production of 396 words from 8 to 16 mo, and production of 680 words from 16 to 30 mo, derived from a norming study of 1,789 children aged 8-30 mo that used the Communicative Development Inventories. The norms are available in the form of a database program, LEX, for MS-DOS-based computers.},
author = {Dale, Philip S. and Fenson, Larry},
doi = {10.3758/BF03203646},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {1},
pages = {125--127},
title = {{Lexical development norms for young children}},
volume = {28},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Britton1978,
abstract = {Conducted 7 studies to determine lower bounds for the amount of lexical ambiguity of words used in English text. Two special types of ambiguity are described and quantified, and a refined method for quantifying the ambiguity of individual lexical units is presented. Results of the studies indicate that at least 32{\%} of the words used in English text were ambiguous; it is suggested, however, that this figure is probably conservative. Temporary word definitions established for special purposes occurred in 30{\%} of the sample of texts. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Britton, Bruce K.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03205079},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods {\&} Instrumentation},
number = {1},
pages = {1--7},
title = {{Lexical ambiguity of words used in english text}},
volume = {10},
year = {1978}
}
@article{Bird2001,
abstract = {Age of acquisition and imageability ratings were collected for 2,645 words, including 892 verbs and 213 function words. Words that were ambiguous as to grammatical category were disambiguated: Verbs were shown in their infinitival form, and nouns (where appropriate) were preceded by the indefinite article (such as to crack and a crack). Subjects were speakers of British English selected from a wide age range, so that differences in the responses across age groups could be compared. Within the sub- set of early acquired noun/verb homonyms, the verb forms were rated as later acquired than the nouns, and the verb homonyms of high-imageability nouns were rated as significantly less imageable than their noun counterparts. A small number of words received significantly earlier or later age of acquisition rat- ings when the 20–40 years and 50–80 years age groups were compared. These tend to comprise words that have come to be used more frequently in recent years (either through technological advances or so- cial change), or those that have fallen out of common usage. Regression analyses showed that although word length, familiarity, and concreteness make independent contributions to the age of acquisition measure, frequency and imageability are the most important predictors of rated age of acquisition.},
author = {Bird, Helen and Franklin, Sue and Howard, David},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195349},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {1},
pages = {73--79},
pmid = {11296722},
title = {{Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a large set of words, including verbs and function words}},
volume = {33},
year = {2001}
}
@inproceedings{Hao2008,
abstract = {Early vocabulary development is a reliable predictor of children's later language skills. The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) has provided a powerful tool to assess earlyvocabulary development in English and other languages. However, there have been no published CDI norms for Mandarin Chinese. Given the importance of large-scale comparative data sets for understanding the early childhood lexicon, we have developed an early vocabulary inventory for Mandarin. In this article, we report our efforts in developing this instrument, and discuss the data collected from 884 Chinese families in Beijing over a period of 12-30 months, based on our instrument. Chinese children's receptive and expressive lexicons as assessed by our inventory match well with those reported for English on the basis of CDI. In particular, our data indicate comprehension-production differences, individual differences in early comprehension and in later production, and different lexical development profiles among infants versus toddlers. We also make the checklists and norms of our inventory available to the research community via the Internet; they may be accessed from the Psychonomic Society's Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, at www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Hao, Meiling and Shu, Hua and Xing, Ailing and Li, Ping},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.3.728},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
number = {3},
pages = {728--733},
pmid = {18697668},
title = {{Early vocabulary inventory for Mandarin Chinese}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Hahn2011,
abstract = {Although word co-occurrences within a document have been demonstrated to be semantically useful, word interactions over a local range have been largely neglected by psychologists due to practical challenges. Shannon's (Bell Systems Technical Journal, 27, 379–423, 623–665, 1948) conceptualization of information theory suggests that these interactions should be useful for understanding communica- tion. Computational advances make an examination of local word–word interactions possible for a large text corpus. We used Brants and Franz's (2006) dataset to generate conditional probabilities for 62,474 word pairs and entropy calculations for 9,917 words in Nelson, McEvoy, and Schreiber's (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers, 36, 402–407, 2004) free association norms. Semantic asso- ciativity correlated moderately with the probabilities and was stronger when the two words were not adjacent. The number of semantic associates for a word and the entropy of a word were also correlated. Finally, language entropy decreases from 11 bits for single words to 6 bits per word for four-word sequences. The probabilities and entropies discussed here are included in the supplemental materials for the article.},
author = {Hahn, Lance W. and Sivley, Robert M.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0087-7},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Entropy,Information theory,Semantic association,Text corpus,Word prediction},
number = {3},
pages = {746--760},
pmid = {21557006},
title = {{Entropy, semantic relatedness and proximity}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Hofmann2007,
abstract = {Many recent studies have demonstrated the influence of sublexical frequency measures on language processing, or called for controlling sublexical measures when selecting stimulus material for psycholinguistic studies (Aichert {\&} Ziegler, 2005). The present study discusses which measures should be controlled for in what kind of study, and presents orthographic and phonological syllable, dual unit (bigram and biphoneme) and single unit (letter and phoneme) type and token frequency measures derived from the lemma and word form corpora of the CELEX lexical database (Baayen, Piepenbrock, {\&} Gulikers, 1995). Additionally, we present the SUBLEX software as an adaptive tool for calculating sublexical frequency measures and discuss possible future applications. The measures and the software can be downloaded at www.psychonomic.org.},
author = {Hofmann, Markus J. and Stenneken, Prisca and Conrad, Markus and Jacobs, Arthur M.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193034},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {620--629},
pmid = {17958176},
title = {{Sublexical frequency measures for orthographic and phonological units in German}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Janssen2011,
abstract = {We present a set of 150 pictures with morphologically complex English compound names. The pictures were collected from various sources and were standardized to appear as grayscale line drawings of a fixed size. All the compounds had two constituents and were primarily of the noun-noun type. Following previous studies, we collected name agreement (percentage and H), familiarity, image agreement, and visual complexity norms, as well as frequency estimates for the whole compound word and its first and second constituents. These pictures and their corresponding norms (available from the Psychonomic Society's supplemental archive) are a valuable tool in the study of the morphological representation of complex words in language processing.},
author = {Janssen, Niels and Pajtas, Petra E. and Caramazza, Alfonso},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0065-0},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Compounds,Language,Morphology,Picture naming norms},
number = {2},
pages = {478--490},
pmid = {21424190},
title = {{A set of 150 pictures with morphologically complex English compound names: Norms for name agreement, familiarity, image agreement, and visual complexity}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Griffin1999,
abstract = {When using verbal stimuli, researchers usually equate words on frequency of use. However, for some ambiguous words (e.g., ball as a round object or a formal dance), frequency counts fail to distinguish how often a particular meaning is used. This study evaluates the use of ratings to estimate meaning frequency. Analyses show that ratings correlate highly with word frequency counts when orthographic and meaning frequencies should converge, are not unduly influenced by semantic factors, and may provide a better measure of relative meaning dominance than the word association task does. Furthermore, the ratings allow researchers to equate or manipulate frequency of meaning use for ambiguous and unambiguous words. Ratings for 211 words are reported.},
author = {Griffin, Zenzi M.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200731},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {3},
pages = {520--530},
pmid = {10502874},
title = {{Frequency of meaning use for ambiguous and unambiguous words}},
volume = {31},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Nickerson1984,
abstract = {There exist surprisingly few normative lists of word meanings even though homographs—words having single spellings but two or more distinct meanings—are useful in studying memory and language. The meaning norms that are available all have one or more weaknesses, including: (1) the collection of free associates rather than meanings as responses to the stimulus words; (2) the collection of single rather than multiple responses to the stimulus words; (3) the inclusion of only the two most frequently occurring meaning categories, rather than all meaning categories, for the stimulus words; (4) omission of the responses typical of each meaning category; (5) inadequate randomization of the presentation order of the stimulus words; and (6) unpaced presentation of the stimulus words. We have compiled meaning norms for 90 common English words of low, medium, and high concreteness using a methodology designed to correct these weaknesses. Analysis showed that words of medium concreteness have significantly more first-response meanings than do words of either low or high concreteness, lending support to the view that concreteness is a categorical, rather than a continuous, semantic attribute.},
author = {Nickerson, Carol A. and Cartwright, Desmond S.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03202462},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {4},
pages = {355--382},
title = {{The University Of Colorado Meaning Norms}},
volume = {16},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Hino2011,
abstract = {It is generally assumed that orthographic-phonological (O-P) consistencies are higher for Japanese kana words than for kanji words and that orthographic-semantic (O-S) consistencies are higher for kanji words than for kana words. In order to examine the validity of these assumptions, we attempted to measure the O-P and O-S consistencies for 339 kana words and 775 kanji words. Orthographic neighbors were first generated for each of these words. In order to measure the O-P consistencies of the words, their neighbors were then classified as phonological friends or enemies, based on whether the characters shared with the original word were pronounced the same in the two words. In order to measure the O-S consistencies, the similarity in meaning of each of the neighbors to the original word was rated on a 7-point scale. Based on the ratings, the neighbors were classified as semantic friends or enemies. The results indicated that both the O-P consistencies for kanji words and the O-S consistencies for kana words were greater than previously assumed and that the two scripts were actually quite similar on both types of consistency measures. The implications for the nature of the reading processes for kana and kanji words are discussed.},
author = {Hino, Yasushi and Miyamura, Shinobu and Lupker, Stephen J.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0101-0},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Japanese kana words,Japanese kanji words,Orthographic-phonological consistency,Orthographic-semantic consistency},
number = {4},
pages = {1110--1151},
pmid = {21557009},
title = {{The nature of orthographic-phonological and orthographic-semantic relationships for Japanese kana and kanji words}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Janschewitz2008,
abstract = {Although taboo words are used to study emotional memory and attention, no easily accessible normative data are available that compare taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral words on the same scales. Frequency, inappropriateness, valence, arousal, and imageability ratings for taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral words were made by 78 native-English-speaking college students from a large metropolitan university. The valenced set comprised both positive and negative words, and the emotionally neutral set comprised category-related and category-unrelated words. To account for influences of demand characteristics and personality factors on the ratings, frequency and inappropriateness measures were decomposed into raters' personal reactions to the words versus raters' perceptions of societal reactions to the words (personal use vs. familiarity and offensiveness vs. tabooness, respectively). Although all word sets were rated higher in familiarity and tabooness than in personal use and offensiveness, these differences were most pronounced for the taboo set. In terms of valence, the taboo set was most similar to the negative set, although it yielded higher arousal ratings than did either valenced set. Imageability for the taboo set was comparable to that of both valenced sets. The ratings of each word are presented for all participants as well as for single-sex groups. The inadequacies of the application of normative data to research that uses emotional words and the conceptualization of taboo words as a coherent category are discussed. Materials associated with this article may be accessed at the Psychonomic Society's Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Janschewitz, Kristin},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.4.1065},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {1065--1074},
pmid = {19001397},
title = {{Taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral word norms}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Izura2012,
abstract = {Acronyms are an idiosyncratic part of our everyday vocabulary. Research in word processing has used acronyms as a tool to answer fundamental questions such as the nature of the word superiority effect (WSE) or which is the best way to account for word-reading processes. In this study, acronym naming was assessed by looking at the influence that a number of variables known to affect mainstream word processing has had in acronym naming. The nature of the effect of these factors on acronym naming was examined using a multilevel regression analysis. First, 146 acronyms were described in terms of their age of acquisition, bigram and trigram frequencies, imageability, number of orthographic neighbors, frequency, orthographic and phonological length, print-to-pronunciation patterns, and voicing characteristics. Naming times were influenced by lexical and sublexical factors, indicating that acronym naming is a complex process affected by more variables than those previously considered.},
author = {Izura, Cristina and Playfoot, David},
doi = {