text:
. and Green, P. H. and Kiryluk, K. and Alaedini, A.},
   title = {Lack of serologic evidence to link IgA nephropathy with celiac disease or immune reactivity to gluten},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {9},
   number = {4},
   pages = {e94677},
   note = {1932-6203
Moeller, Sina
Canetta, Pietro A
Taylor, Annette K
Arguelles-Grande, Carolina
Snyder, Holly
Green, Peter H
Kiryluk, Krzysztof
Alaedini, Armin
K23-DK090207/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
K23 DK090207/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
U54 DK083912/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
UL1 TR000040/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
U-54-DK-083912/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2014 Apr 14;9(4):e94677. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094677. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {IgA nephropathy is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Mucosal infections and food antigens, including wheat gluten, have been proposed as potential contributing environmental factors. Increased immune reactivity to gluten and/or association with celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten, have been reported in IgA nephropathy. However, studies are inconsistent about this association. We aimed to evaluate the proposed link between IgA nephropathy and celiac disease or immune reactivity to gluten by conducting a comprehensive analysis of associated serologic markers in cohorts of well-characterized patients and controls. Study participants included patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy (n = 99), unaffected controls of similar age, gender, and race (n = 96), and patients with biopsy-proven celiac disease (n = 30). All serum specimens were tested for IgG and IgA antibodies to native gliadin and deamidated gliadin, as well as IgA antibody to transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Anti-TG2 antibody-positive nephropathy patients and unaffected controls were subsequently tested for IgA anti-endomysial antibody and genotyped for celiac disease-associated HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 alleles. In comparison to unaffected controls, there was not a statistically significant increase in IgA or IgG antibody reactivity to gliadin in individuals with IgA nephropathy. In addition, the levels of celiac disease-specific serologic markers, i.e., antibodies to deamidated gliadin and TG2, did not differ between IgA nephropathy patients and unaffected controls. Results of the additional anti-endomysial antibody testing and HLA genotyping were corroborative. The data from this case-control study do not reveal any evidence to suggest a significant role for celiac disease or immune reactivity to gluten in IgA nephropathy.},
   keywords = {Adult
Alleles
Autoantibodies/immunology
Biopsy
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*blood/complications/immunology
Female
GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
Genotype
Glomerulonephritis, IGA/*blood/complications/*immunology
Glutens/*immunology
HLA Antigens/immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/immunology
Immunoglobulin G/immunology
Male
Middle Aged
Surveys and Questionnaires
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24732864},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0094677},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Molina-Infante, J. and Santolaria, S. and Fernandez-Banares, F. and Montoro, M. and Esteve, M.},
   title = {Lymphocytic enteropathy, HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotype and wheat-dependent symptoms: non-celiac wheat sensitivity or Marsh I celiac disease?},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {3},
   pages = {451},
   note = {1572-0241
Molina-Infante, Javier
Santolaria, Santos
Fernandez-Banares, Fernando
Montoro, Miguel
Esteve, Maria
Comment
Letter
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Mar;108(3):451. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.433.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/*blood
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis/*immunology
Gliadin/*immunology
Humans
Male
Triticum/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {23459052},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2012.433},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Molina-Infante, J. and Santolaria, S. and Montoro, M. and Esteve, M. and Fernandez-Banares, F.},
   title = {[Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a critical review of current evidence]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {37},
   number = {6},
   pages = {362-71},
   note = {Molina-Infante, Javier
Santolaria, Santos
Montoro, Miguel
Esteve, Maria
Fernandez-Banares, Fernando
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Spain
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jun-Jul;37(6):362-71. doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2014.01.005. Epub 2014 Mar 22.},
   abstract = {Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is an emerging disorder characterized by intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food in non-celiac patients. Its prevalence has been estimated to be six to ten-times higher than that of celiac disease (CD). A gluten-free diet is the most widely recommended therapy, but the causative agent remains unknown and there are no consensus diagnostic criteria. Recent studies on NCGS have included patients with possibly overlooked minor CD and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome without self-reported gluten intolerance, but showing a response to a gluten-free diet. Furthermore, FODMAPs (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides And Polyols) have recently been postulated as the culprit component for NCGS in wheat, instead of gluten. This review updates evidence on the pathophysiology of NCGS and the efficacy of different dietary interventions in its treatment, stressing the need for proper screening for CD before a diagnosis of NCGS is made.},
   keywords = {Adaptive Immunity
Celiac Disease/diagnosis
Cholinergic Neurons/physiology
Clinical Trials as Topic
Colitis, Lymphocytic/diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects/metabolism
Duodenitis/diagnosis/immunology
Evidence-Based Medicine
Fermentation
Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/diet therapy/etiology
Gastroenterology/organization & administration
Glutens/*adverse effects/immunology
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Intestinal Absorption
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diet therapy/etiology
Malabsorption Syndromes/diagnosis/diet
therapy/epidemiology/*etiology/microbiology
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Prevalence
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Societies, Medical
Spain/epidemiology
Triticum/adverse effects
Celiac disease
Dieta sin gluten
Enfermedad celiaca
Fodmap
FODMAP: oligo, di y monosacaridos fermentables y polioles
Gluten-free diet
Irritable bowel syndrome
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
Sensibilidad al gluten no celiaca
Sindrome del intestino irritable
Trigo
Wheat},
   ISSN = {0210-5705 (Print)
0210-5705},
   Accession Number = {24667093},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.gastrohep.2014.01.005},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Montserrat, V. and Bruins, M. J. and Edens, L. and Koning, F.},
   title = {Influence of dietary components on Aspergillus niger prolyl endoprotease mediated gluten degradation},
   journal = {Food Chem},
   volume = {174},
   pages = {440-5},
   note = {Montserrat, Veronica
Bruins, Maaike J
Edens, Luppo
Koning, Frits
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Food Chem. 2015 May 1;174:440-5. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.053. Epub 2014 Nov 14.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is caused by intolerance to gluten. Oral supplementation with enzymes like Aspergillus niger propyl-endoprotease (AN-PEP), which can hydrolyse gluten, has been proposed to prevent the harmful effects of ingestion of gluten. The influence of meal composition on AN-PEP activity was investigated using an in vitro model that simulates stomach-like conditions. AN-PEP optimal dosage was 20 proline protease units (PPU)/g gluten. The addition of a carbonated drink strongly enhanced AN-PEP activity because of its acidifying effect. While fat did not affect gluten degradation by AN-PEP, the presence of food proteins slowed down gluten detoxification. Moreover, raw gluten was degraded more efficiently by AN-PEP than baked gluten. We conclude that the meal composition influences the amount of AN-PEP needed for gluten elimination. Therefore, AN-PEP should not be used to replace a gluten free diet, but rather to support digestion of occasional and/or inadvertent gluten consumption.},
   keywords = {Aspergillus niger/*enzymology
Celiac Disease/therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Fats/metabolism
Dietary Proteins/metabolism
Digestion
Glutens/*metabolism
Serine Endopeptidases/*metabolism
Diet
Endoprotease
Gluten
Oral supplementation},
   ISSN = {0308-8146 (Print)
0308-8146},
   Accession Number = {25529703},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.053},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Moore, L. R.},
   title = {"But we're not hypochondriacs": the changing shape of gluten-free dieting and the contested illness experience},
   journal = {Soc Sci Med},
   volume = {105},
   pages = {76-83},
   note = {1873-5347
Moore, Lauren Renee
Journal Article
England
Soc Sci Med. 2014 Mar;105:76-83. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.009. Epub 2014 Jan 22.},
   abstract = {"Gluten free" exploded onto the American foodscape in recent years: as of January 2013, 30 percent of U.S. adults reported reducing or eliminating gluten in their diets. How do individuals participate in the expansion of gluten-free dieting, and what are the implications of that expansion? This article is based on 31 in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted between May and October 2012 with gluten-free and -restricted persons. I identify three interrelated factors contributing to the expansion of gluten-free dieting among non-celiacs. Participants broaden the lay understanding of gluten-related disorders, undermine biomedical authority, and diagnose others. Such participant-driven change, termed self-ascriptive looping, is one factor in the diet's rapid popularization. I show how participants question the doctor-patient relationship and increase social contestability for other dieters. My findings challenge previous work on contested illness and suggest food intolerances may require a reconceptualization of contested illness experience.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Attitude to Health
Celiac Disease/diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/*psychology
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Physician-Patient Relations
Qualitative Research
United States
Contested illness
Food intolerance
Gluten free
Illness prototypes
Self-ascriptive looping},
   ISSN = {0277-9536},
   Accession Number = {24509047},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.009},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Moreno, M.},
   title = {Celiac disease in children and adolescents},
   journal = {JAMA Pediatr},
   volume = {168},
   number = {3},
   pages = {300},
   note = {2168-6211
Moreno, Megan
Journal Article
United States
JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Mar;168(3):300. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3331.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
*Celiac Disease/diagnosis/physiopathology/therapy
Child
*Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/physiopathology/therapy
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Infant
United States},
   ISSN = {2168-6203},
   Accession Number = {24590142},
   DOI = {10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3331},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mulder, C. J. and van Wanrooij, R. L. and Bakker, S. F. and Wierdsma, N. and Bouma, G.},
   title = {Gluten-free diet in gluten-related disorders},
   journal = {Dig Dis},
   volume = {31},
   number = {1},
   pages = {57-62},
   note = {1421-9875
Mulder, Chris J J
van Wanrooij, R L J
Bakker, S F
Wierdsma, N
Bouma, G
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Dig Dis. 2013;31(1):57-62. doi: 10.1159/000347180. Epub 2013 Jun 17.},
   abstract = {A gluten-free diet (GFD) is recommended for all patients with coeliac disease (CD). The spectrum of gluten-related disorders in the early 1980s was simple: CD and dermatitis herpetiformis. In the last few years, wheat allergy, gluten ataxia and noncoeliac gluten sensitivity have become new gluten-related topics. Adherence to GFDs in CD is limited and factors influencing adherence are poorly understood. Noncoeliac gluten sensitivity has stimulated the GFD food industry not only in Australia but all over the world. This article provides an overview of GFD in daily practice.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*chemically induced/*diet therapy
Dermatitis Herpetiformis/diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Patient Compliance
Quality of Life},
   ISSN = {0257-2753},
   Accession Number = {23797124},
   DOI = {10.1159/000347180},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Munera-Picazo, S. and Burlo, F. and Carbonell-Barrachina, A. A.},
   title = {Arsenic speciation in rice-based food for adults with celiac disease},
   journal = {Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess},
   volume = {31},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1358-66},
   note = {1944-0057
Munera-Picazo, Sandra
Burlo, Francisco
Carbonell-Barrachina, Angel Antonio
Journal Article
England
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2014;31(8):1358-66. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2014.933491. Epub 2014 Jul 4.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) may affect up to 1% of the Western population. It is a disease whose diagnosis has been made mainly in childhood, but now the profile has changed, with one out of five newly diagnosed individuals being over 65 years old. The only treatment for this population is a gluten-free diet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyse the occurrence of arsenic (As) in gluten-free products, basically those rice-based, intended for celiac adult consumers. The current study demonstrated that these rice-based products contained important contents of total arsenic (t-As) (up to 120 mug kg(-1)) and inorganic arsenic (i-As) (up to 85.8 mug kg(-1)). It was estimated that the contents of t-As and i-As in rice used as the main ingredient of these foods were as high as 235 and 198 mug kg(-1), respectively. The estimated daily intake of i-As was 0.46 and 0.45 mug kg(-1) bw in women and men of 58 and 75 kg of body weight (bw), respectively. These values indicate that a health risk to these consumers cannot be excluded. Finally, legislation is needed to delimit the safety intake by health agencies and to improve the labelling of these special rice-based foods for celiac adult consumers. The label should include information about percentage, geographical origin and cultivar of the rice used; besides and if companies want to clearly prove the safety of their products, the exact content of i-As should also be included.},
   keywords = {Adult
Arsenic/*analysis/classification
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Female
Humans
Limit of Detection
Male
Oryza/*chemistry
Oryza sativa
dietary exposure
food safety
gluten-free food},
   ISSN = {1944-0057},
   Accession Number = {24919988},
   DOI = {10.1080/19440049.2014.933491},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Munera-Picazo, S. and Ramirez-Gandolfo, A. and Burlo, F. and Carbonell-Barrachina, A. A.},
   title = {Inorganic and total arsenic contents in rice-based foods for children with celiac disease},
   journal = {J Food Sci},
   volume = {79},
   number = {1},
   pages = {T122-8},
   note = {1750-3841
Munera-Picazo, Sandra
Ramirez-Gandolfo, Amanda
Burlo, Francisco
Carbonell-Barrachina, Angel Antonio
Journal Article
United States
J Food Sci. 2014 Jan;79(1):T122-8. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12310. Epub 2013 Dec 6.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the villi of the small intestine causing abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea, or bad absorption due to gluten intolerance. The only treatment for this disease consists of a lifelong gluten free diet; this is, celiac people cannot consume products containing gluten, such as wheat, barley, and rye, but they can use rice and corn. Thus, rice flour is mainly used for the manufacturing of the basic products of this population. Unfortunately, rice can contain high contents of total (t-As) and inorganic (i-As) arsenic. The current study demonstrated that products for celiac children with a high percentage of rice contained high concentrations of arsenic (256 and 128 mug kg(-)(1)). The daily intake of i-As ranged from 0.61 to 0.78 mug kg(-)(1) body weight (bw) in children up to 5 y of age; these values were below the maximum value established by the EFSA Panel (8.0 mug kg(-)(1) bw per day), but it should be considered typical of populations with a high exposure to this pollutant. Finally, legislation is needed to improve the labeling of these special rice-based foods for celiac children; label should include information about percentage, geographical origin, and cultivar of the used rice.},
   keywords = {Arsenic/*analysis
Celiac Disease/diet therapy
Child, Preschool
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Flour/analysis
Humans
Infant
Oryza/*chemistry
dietary exposure
food safety
gluten-free food
infant food},
   ISSN = {0022-1147},
   Accession Number = {24313911},
   DOI = {10.1111/1750-3841.12310},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Namatovu, F. and Stromgren, M. and Ivarsson, A. and Lindgren, U. and Olsson, C. and Lindkvist, M. and Sandstrom, O.},
   title = {Neighborhood conditions and celiac disease risk among children in Sweden},
   journal = {Scand J Public Health},
   volume = {42},
   number = {7},
   pages = {572-80},
   note = {1651-1905
Namatovu, Fredinah
Stromgren, Magnus
Ivarsson, Anneli
Lindgren, Urban
Olsson, Cecilia
Lindkvist, Marie
Sandstrom, Olof
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Sweden
Scand J Public Health. 2014 Nov;42(7):572-80. doi: 10.1177/1403494814550173. Epub 2014 Sep 23.},
   abstract = {AIM: To investigate celiac disease (CD) clustering at different geographical levels and to examine the association between neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic conditions and the risk of neighborhood CD. METHODS: We included 2080 children diagnosed with CD between 1998 and 2003, identified from 43 of the 47 reporting hospitals in Sweden. A total of 8036 small area market statistics (SAMS) areas were included; these were nested in 253 municipalities that were further nested into eight 'nomenclature of territorial units for statistics' (NUTS) 2 regions. We performed multilevel logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: We found the highest geographical variation in CD incidence at the municipality level, compared to the region level. The probability of having CD increased in the statistical areas of (SAMS) areas with higher average annual work income, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.24 and 95% CI of 1.76-2.85. Reduced CD risk in neighborhoods was associated with higher average age (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.95-0.97), higher proportion of residents with a university education (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97-0.99), and higher level of industrial and commercial activity (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.44-0.82). We found no significant association between CD risk and population density, proportion of Nordic to non-Nordic inhabitants, nor share of the population with only a compulsory education. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood composition influences cd risk this is one of the first attempts to identify factors explaining geographical variation in CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Celiac Disease/*epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Cluster Analysis
Humans
Infant
Logistic Models
Multilevel Analysis
Registries
Residence Characteristics/*statistics & numerical data
Risk Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
Sweden/epidemiology
Celiac disease
Sweden
demographics
education
environmental risk factors
geography
income
neighborhoods
socioeconomic conditions},
   ISSN = {1403-4948},
   Accession Number = {25249582},
   DOI = {10.1177/1403494814550173},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nanayakkara, M. and Kosova, R. and Lania, G. and Sarno, M. and Gaito, A. and Galatola, M. and Greco, L. and Cuomo, M. and Troncone, R. and Auricchio, S. and Auricchio, R. and Barone, M. V.},
   title = {A celiac cellular phenotype, with altered LPP sub-cellular distribution, is inducible in controls by the toxic gliadin peptide P31-43},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {8},
   number = {11},
   pages = {e79763},
   note = {1932-6203
Nanayakkara, Merlin
Kosova, Roberta
Lania, Giuliana
Sarno, Marco
Gaito, Alessandra
Galatola, Martina
Greco, Luigi
Cuomo, Marialaura
Troncone, Riccardo
Auricchio, Salvatore
Auricchio, Renata
Barone, Maria Vittoria
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2013 Nov 22;8(11):e79763. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079763. eCollection 2013.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. Undigested gliadin peptides P31-43 and P57-68 induce innate and adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses, respectively. Alterations in the cell shape and actin cytoskeleton are present in celiac enterocytes, and gliadin peptides induce actin rearrangements in both the CD mucosa and cell lines. Cell shape is maintained by the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions, sites of membrane attachment to the extracellular matrix. The locus of the human Lipoma Preferred Partner (LPP) gene was identified as strongly associated with CD using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The LPP protein plays an important role in focal adhesion architecture and acts as a transcription factor in the nucleus. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that a constitutive alteration of the cell shape and the cytoskeleton, involving LPP, occurs in a cell compartment far from the main inflammation site in CD fibroblasts from skin explants. We analyzed the cell shape, actin organization, focal adhesion number, focal adhesion proteins, LPP sub-cellular distribution and adhesion to fibronectin of fibroblasts obtained from CD patients on a Gluten-Free Diet (GFD) and controls, without and with treatment with A-gliadin peptide P31-43. We observed a "CD cellular phenotype" in these fibroblasts, characterized by an altered cell shape and actin organization, increased number of focal adhesions, and altered intracellular LPP protein distribution. The treatment of controls fibroblasts with gliadin peptide P31-43 mimics the CD cellular phenotype regarding the cell shape, adhesion capacity, focal adhesion number and LPP sub-cellular distribution, suggesting a close association between these alterations and CD pathogenesis.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*metabolism
Cells, Cultured
Cytoskeletal Proteins/*metabolism
Diet, Gluten-Free/adverse effects
Female
Fibroblasts/drug effects/metabolism
Genome-Wide Association Study
Gliadin/*toxicity
Humans
LIM Domain Proteins/*metabolism
Male
Peptide Fragments/*toxicity},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24278174},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0079763},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nanayakkara, M. and Lania, G. and Maglio, M. and Discepolo, V. and Sarno, M. and Gaito, A. and Troncone, R. and Auricchio, S. and Auricchio, R. and Barone, M. V.},
   title = {An undigested gliadin peptide activates innate immunity and proliferative signaling in enterocytes: the role in celiac disease},
   journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {98},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1123-35},
   note = {1938-3207
Nanayakkara, Merlin
Lania, Giuliana
Maglio, Mariantonia
Discepolo, Valentina
Sarno, Marco
Gaito, Alessandra
Troncone, Riccardo
Auricchio, Salvatore
Auricchio, Renata
Barone, Maria Vittoria
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Oct;98(4):1123-35. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.054544. Epub 2013 Aug 21.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: On ingestion of gliadin, the major protein component of wheat and other cereals, the celiac intestine is characterized by the proliferation of crypt enterocytes with an inversion of the differentiation/proliferation program. Gliadins and A-gliadin peptide P31-43, in particular, act as growth factors for crypt enterocytes in patients with celiac disease (CD). The effects of gliadin on crypt enterocyte proliferation and activation of innate immunity are mediated by epidermal growth factors (EGFs) and innate immunity mediators [interleukin 15 (IL15)]. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the molecular basis of proliferation and innate immune response to gliadin peptides in enterocytes. DESIGN: The CaCo-2 cell line was used to study EGF-, IL15-, and P31-43-induced proliferation. Silencing messenger RNAs and blocking EGF receptor and IL15 antibodies have been used to study proliferation in CaCo-2 cells and intestinal biopsy samples from patients with CD and control subjects. RESULTS: In the CaCo-2 cell model, IL15 and EGF cooperated to induce proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and the respective receptors interacted to activate each other's signaling. In addition, the effects of the P31-43 peptide on CaCo-2 cell proliferation and downstream signaling were mediated by cooperation between EGF and IL15. The increased crypt enterocyte proliferation in intestinal biopsy samples from patients with CD was reduced by EGF receptor and IL15 blocking antibodies only when used in combination. CONCLUSIONS: EGF receptor/IL15R-alpha cooperation regulates intestinal epithelial cell proliferation induced by EGF, IL15, and the gliadin peptide P31-43. Increased proliferation of crypt enterocytes in the intestine of CD patients is mediated by EGF/IL15 cooperation.},
   keywords = {Antibodies/pharmacology
Caco-2 Cells
Celiac Disease/*immunology/*pathology
Cell Proliferation/drug effects
Cells, Cultured
Enterocytes/*immunology/*pathology
Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics/pharmacology/physiology
Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
Gliadin/*immunology/*pharmacology
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Interleukin-15/genetics/pharmacology/physiology
Interleukin-15 Receptor alpha Subunit/antagonists &
inhibitors/genetics/physiology
Peptide Fragments/*immunology/*pharmacology
Phosphorylation
RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/physiology
Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/physiology
Signal Transduction/drug effects/physiology
Transfection},
   ISSN = {0002-9165},
   Accession Number = {23966426},
   DOI = {10.3945/ajcn.112.054544},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nanayakkara, M. and Lania, G. and Maglio, M. and Kosova, R. and Sarno, M. and Gaito, A. and Discepolo, V. and Troncone, R. and Auricchio, S. and Auricchio, R. and Barone, M. V.},
   title = {Enterocyte proliferation and signaling are constitutively altered in celiac disease},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {8},
   number = {10},
   pages = {e76006},
   note = {1932-6203
Nanayakkara, Merlin
Lania, Giuliana
Maglio, Mariantonia
Kosova, Roberta
Sarno, Marco
Gaito, Alessandra
Discepolo, Valentina
Troncone, Riccardo
Auricchio, Salvatore
Auricchio, Renata
Barone, Maria Vittoria
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2013 Oct 18;8(10):e76006. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076006. eCollection 2013.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) occurs frequently, and is caused by ingestion of prolamins from cereals in subjects with a genetic predisposition. The small intestinal damage depends on an intestinal stress/innate immune response to certain gliadin peptides (e.g., A-gliadin P31-43) in association with an adaptive immune response to other gliadin peptides (e.g., A-gliadin P57-68). Gliadin and peptide P31-43 affect epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and CD enterocyte proliferation. The reason why the stress/innate immune and proliferative responses to certain gliadin peptides are present in CD and not in control intestine is so far unknown. The aim of this work is to investigate if, in CD, a constitutive alteration of enterocyte proliferation and signaling exists that may represent a predisposing condition to the damaging effects of gliadin. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to study signaling in CD fibroblasts and intestinal biopsies. Western blot (WB) analysis, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative PCR were also used. We found in CD enterocytes enhancement of both proliferation and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)/ligand system. In CD enterocytes and fibroblasts we found increase of the phosphorylated downstream signaling molecule Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase (ERK); block of the ERK activation normalizes enterocytes proliferation in CD mucosa. In conclusion the same pathway, which gliadin and gliadin peptide P31-43 can interfere with, is constitutively altered in CD cells. This observation potentially explains the specificity of the damaging effects of certain gliadin peptides on CD intestine.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/genetics/*metabolism/*pathology
Cell Proliferation
Child
Child, Preschool
Enterocytes/*metabolism/*pathology
Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics/metabolism
Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
Humans
Infant
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/pathology
Phosphorylation
Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism
*Signal Transduction},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24204586},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0076006},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nijeboer, P. and Bontkes, H. J. and Mulder, C. J. and Bouma, G.},
   title = {Non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Is it in the gluten or the grain?},
   journal = {J Gastrointestin Liver Dis},
   volume = {22},
   number = {4},
   pages = {435-40},
   note = {1842-1121
Nijeboer, Petula
Bontkes, Hetty J
Mulder, Chris J J
Bouma, Gerd
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Romania
J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2013 Dec;22(4):435-40.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the small intestine caused by sensitivity to dietary gluten and related proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. Over the past several years, the concept of non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) has gained significant interest from the scientific community and mass media and the number of individuals embracing a gluten-free diet is rapidly growing. This condition is characterized by gastrointestinal or extraintestinal symptoms that respond to gluten withdrawal without evidence for underlying celiac disease or wheat allergy. Symptoms display significant overlap with the irritable bowel syndrome. Many important factors regarding this relatively novel condition remain to be elucidated; no discriminative markers to support a diagnosis of gluten sensitivity have been identified yet and its pathogenesis remains obscure. Here we review the current knowledge on NCGS, and outline potential pathogenic pathways of different gluten related disorders in order to gain clues about the pathophysiology of this novel condition.},
   keywords = {Animals
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/immunology
Diagnosis, Differential
Diet, Gluten-Free
Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/diet therapy/*immunology
Glutens/*immunology
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis
Predictive Value of Tests
Risk Factors
Wheat Hypersensitivity/diet therapy/immunology},
   ISSN = {1841-8724},
   Accession Number = {24369326},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nordyke, K. and Rosen, A. and Emmelin, M. and Ivarsson, A.},
   title = {Internalizing the threat of risk--a qualitative study about adolescents' experience living with screening-detected celiac disease 5 years after diagnosis},
   journal = {Health Qual Life Outcomes},
   volume = {12},
   pages = {91},
   note = {1477-7525
Nordyke, Katrina
Rosen, Anna
Emmelin, Maria
Ivarsson, Anneli
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014 Jun 11;12:91. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-12-91.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mass screening could identify those with unrecognized celiac disease (CD), but the experience of being detected through screening and living with screening-detected CD should be explored before considering this as acceptable intervention. For this study we invited screening-detected adolescents to describe their experience living with screening-detected CD five years after diagnosis with the aim to explore how their perceptions, practices, and beliefs evolved. METHODS: Adolescents who were diagnosed through a population-based CD screening were invited to write narratives after being diagnosed. Of 153 adolescents who were eventually diagnosed through the screening, 91 wrote narratives one year after diagnosis and 72 five years after diagnosis. A qualitative content analysis resulted in a theme and categories that describe the experience living with screening-detected CD five years after diagnosis. RESULTS: The overall theme--Internalizing the threat of risk--illustrates that being detected through screening and the internalized threat of future health complications have impacted how these adolescents felt about the diagnosis, coped with the gluten-free diet (GFD), and thought about CD screening. This theme is supported by four categories: maintaining an imposed disease identity describes how they continued to define their diagnosis in relation to the screening. They also expressed moving from forced food changes to adapted diet routines by describing habits, routines, coping strategies, and the financial burden of the GFD. They had enduring beliefs of being spared negative consequences, however, even after five years, some doubted they had CD and worried that being detected and eating a GFD might not be beneficial, i.e. continuing to fear it is "all in vain". CONCLUSIONS: There was maintenance and evolution in the perceptions, practices, and beliefs of the adolescents after five years. Some have adjusted to the disease and adapted new habits and coping strategies to deal with the GFD, while others still doubt they have CD or that being detected was beneficial. The transition to adapting to the disease and GFD is ongoing, illustrating the importance of providing ongoing support for those with screening-detected CD as they adjust to this chronic disease and the GFD.},
   keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological
Adolescent
Attitude to Health
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*psychology
Diet, Gluten-Free/psychology
Fear/psychology
Female
Humans
Male
Mass Screening/methods
Narration
Qualitative Research
Risk},
   ISSN = {1477-7525},
   Accession Number = {24915870},
   DOI = {10.1186/1477-7525-12-91},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Olen, O. and Neuman, A. and Koopmann, B. and Ludvigsson, J. F. and Ballardini, N. and Westman, M. and Melen, E. and Kull, I. and Simren, M. and Bergstrom, A.},
   title = {Allergy-related diseases and recurrent abdominal pain during childhood - a birth cohort study},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {40},
   number = {11-12},
   pages = {1349-58},
   note = {1365-2036
Olen, O
Neuman, A
Koopmann, B
Ludvigsson, J F
Ballardini, N
Westman, M
Melen, E
Kull, I
Simren, M
Bergstrom, A
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Dec;40(11-12):1349-58. doi: 10.1111/apt.12965. Epub 2014 Oct 1.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Allergy and immune dysregulation may have a role in the pathophysiology of recurrent abdominal pain of functional origin, but previous studies of allergy-related diseases and abdominal pain have contradictory results. AIM: To examine the association between allergy-related diseases or sensitisation during childhood and abdominal pain at age 12 years. METHODS: In this birth cohort study of 4089 children, parents answered questionnaires regarding asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema and food hypersensitivity ('allergy-related diseases') at ages 0,1,2,4,8 and 12 years. Blood for analyses of allergen-specific IgE was sampled at 4 and 8 years. At 12 years, the children answered questions regarding abdominal pain. Children with coeliac disease or inflammatory bowel disease were excluded. Associations were examined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 2610 children with complete follow-up, 9% (n = 237) reported abdominal pain at 12 years. All allergy-related diseases were associated with concurrent abdominal pain at 12 years and the risk increased with increasing number of allergy-related diseases (P for trend <0.001). Asthma at 1 and 2 years and food hypersensitivity at 8 years were significantly associated with abdominal pain at 12 years. There was an increased risk of abdominal pain at 12 years in children sensitised to food allergens at 4 or 8 years, but in stratified analyses, this was confined to children whose parents had not reported food hypersensitivity at time of sensitisation. CONCLUSION: Allergy-related diseases as well as sensitisation to food allergens were associated with an elevated risk of abdominal pain, and the risk increased with the number of allergy-related diseases.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/*epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Comorbidity
Female
Humans
Hypersensitivity/*epidemiology
Infant
Male
Prevalence
Recurrence
Sweden/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {25270840},
   DOI = {10.1111/apt.12965},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Olivares, M. and Albrecht, S. and De Palma, G. and Ferrer, M. D. and Castillejo, G. and Schols, H. A. and Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Human milk composition differs in healthy mothers and mothers with celiac disease},
   journal = {Eur J Nutr},
   volume = {54},
   number = {1},
   pages = {119-28},
   note = {1436-6215
Olivares, Marta
Albrecht, Simone
De Palma, Giada
Ferrer, Maria Desamparados
Castillejo, Gemma
Schols, Henk A
Sanz, Yolanda
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Eur J Nutr. 2015 Feb;54(1):119-28. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0692-1. Epub 2014 Apr 4.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate whether breast-milk composition and microbiota differ in healthy mothers and mothers with celiac disease (CD) to ultimately contribute to identify additional factors determining CD risk. METHODS: Breast-milk samples from healthy mothers (n = 12) and mothers with CD (n = 12) were collected. Cytokines and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) were analyzed by bead-arrays and flow cytometry and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) were assessed by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) detection. Breast-milk microbiota composition was analyzed by conventional and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULT: Breast milk from CD mothers showed significantly lower levels of interleukin (IL) 12p70 (P < 0.042), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 (P < 0.018) and sIgA (P < 0.003) and almost significantly lower levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma (P < 0.058). Six mothers in each group belonged to the secretor Le(a-b+) type, one to the secretor Le(a-b-) type and five to the non-secretor Le(a+b-) type. CD mothers of non-secretor Le(a+b-) type showed increased Lacto-N-tetraose content (P < 0.042) compared with healthy mothers. CD mothers' milk showed reduced gene copy numbers of Bifidobacterium spp. (P < 0.026) and B. fragilis group (P < 0.044). CONCLUSION: CD mothers' breast milk is characterized by a reduced abundance of immunoprotective compounds (TGF-beta1 and sIgA) and bifidobacteria. The reduction in these components could theoretically diminish the protective effects of breast-feeding on the child's future risk of developing CD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Bacteroides fragilis/classification/genetics/growth & development/*isolation &
purification
Bifidobacterium/classification/genetics/growth & development/*isolation &
purification
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/immunology/*metabolism/microbiology
Cytokines/*analysis/metabolism/secretion
Diet, Gluten-Free
Family Health
Female
Gene Dosage
Genes, Bacterial
Humans
Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/*analysis/metabolism
Interferon-gamma/analysis/metabolism/secretion
Interleukin-12/analysis/metabolism/secretion
Lewis Blood-Group System/metabolism
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Milk, Human/*chemistry/microbiology
Molecular Typing
Oligosaccharides/*analysis/metabolism/secretion
Transforming Growth Factor beta1/analysis/metabolism/secretion},
   ISSN = {1436-6207},
   Accession Number = {24700375},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00394-014-0692-1},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Olivares, M. and Castillejo, G. and Varea, V. and Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled intervention trial to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 in children with newly diagnosed coeliac disease},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {112},
   number = {1},
   pages = {30-40},
   note = {1475-2662
Olivares, Marta
Castillejo, Gemma
Varea, Vicente
Sanz, Yolanda
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2014 Jul 14;112(1):30-40. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514000609. Epub 2014 Apr 28.},
   abstract = {Interactions between the immune system and the intestinal microbiota may play a role in coeliac disease (CD). In the present study, the potential effects of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 in children with newly diagnosed CD were evaluated. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in thirty-three children who received a capsule containing either B. longum CECT 7347 (10(9) colony-forming units) or placebo (excipients) daily for 3 months together with a gluten-free diet (GFD). Outcome measures (baseline and post-intervention) included immune phenotype of peripheral blood cells, serum cytokine concentration, faecal secretory IgA (sIgA) content, anthropometric parameters and intestinal microbiota composition. Comparisons between the groups revealed greater height percentile increases (P= 0.048) in the B. longum CECT 7347 group than in the placebo group, as well as decreased peripheral CD3(+) T lymphocytes (P= 0.004) and slightly reduced TNF-alpha concentration (P= 0.067). Within-group comparisons of baseline and final values did not reveal any differences in T lymphocytes and cytokines in the placebo group, while decreased CD3(+) (P =0.013) and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR(+) T lymphocytes (P =0.029) and slightly reduced TNF-alpha concentration (P= 0.085) were detected in the B. longum CECT 7347 group. Comparison between the groups showed that the administration of B. longum CECT 7347 reduced the numbers of the Bacteroides fragilis group (P= 0.020) and the content of sIgA in stools (P= 0.011) compared with the administration of placebo. Although this is a first exploratory intervention with limitations, the findings suggest that B. longum CECT 7347 could help improve the health status of CD patients who tend to show alterations in gut microbiota composition and a biased immune response even on a GFD.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use
Bacteroides fragilis/growth & development/*immunology/isolation & purification
*Bifidobacterium/immunology
Celiac Disease/blood/*diet therapy/immunology/microbiology
Child
Child Development
Child, Preschool
Combined Modality Therapy
Cytokines/blood
Diet, Gluten-Free
Double-Blind Method
Feces/chemistry/microbiology
Female
Gram-Negative Bacteria/growth & development/immunology/isolation & purification
Gram-Positive Bacteria/growth & development/immunology/isolation & purification
Humans
*Immunity, Mucosal
Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/analysis/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology/microbiology/secretion
Male
Microbial Viability
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {24774670},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114514000609},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Olivares, M. and Laparra, J. M. and Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Host genotype, intestinal microbiota and inflammatory disorders},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {109 Suppl 2},
   pages = {S76-80},
   note = {1475-2662
Olivares, Marta
Laparra, J Moises
Sanz, Yolanda
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Br J Nutr. 2013 Jan;109 Suppl 2:S76-80. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005521.},
   abstract = {Intestinal microbiota may influence human physiology and disease risk due to the role it plays in mediating appropriate immune responses to harmful and innocuous antigens. Colonisation of the intestine in early life seems particularly important as it is the main environmental stimulus for immune system maturation. This is a dynamic process, which depends on both environmental and genetic factors. The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease, involves genetic polymorphisms (e.g. CARD15/nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain 2) related to an excessive inflammatory response to commensal microbiota and to its unbalanced composition. Atopic diseases have also been linked to imbalances in microbiota and to related genetic factors (e.g. TLR4 and CD14 genes), although these associations are still controversial. Research into the relationship between the genetic risk of developing celiac disease (human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/DQ8) and the early colonisation process in infants at family risk of the disease has also reported that the HLA-DQ genotype could influence staphylococcal colonisation. Future observational studies considering both host genetics and microbiota could be critical in defining the complex host-microbe interactions and the respective role each plays in inflammatory disorders.},
   keywords = {Animals
Celiac Disease/genetics/immunology/metabolism/microbiology
Enterocolitis/*genetics/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genotype
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics/metabolism
*Host-Parasite Interactions
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics/immunology/metabolism/microbiology
Intestinal Diseases/*genetics/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {23360883},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114512005521},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Orlando, A. and Linsalata, M. and Notarnicola, M. and Tutino, V. and Russo, F.},
   title = {Lactobacillus GG restoration of the gliadin induced epithelial barrier disruption: the role of cellular polyamines},
   journal = {BMC Microbiol},
   volume = {14},
   pages = {19},
   note = {1471-2180
Orlando, Antonella
Linsalata, Michele
Notarnicola, Maria
Tutino, Valeria
Russo, Francesco
Journal Article
England
BMC Microbiol. 2014 Jan 31;14:19. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-19.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Celiac disease is characterized by enhanced intestinal paracellular permeability due to alterations of function and expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins including ZO-1, Claudin-1 and Occludin. Polyamines are pivotal in the control of intestinal barrier function and are also involved in the regulation of intercellular junction proteins. Different probiotic strains may inhibit gliadin-induced toxic effects and the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L.GG) is effective in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Aims of the study were to establish in epithelial Caco-2 cells whether i) gliadin affects paracellular permeability and polyamine profile; ii) co-administration of viable L.GG, heat-killed L.GG (L.GG-HK) or its conditioned medium (L.GG-CM) preserves the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Additionally, the effects of L.GG on TJ protein expression were tested in presence or absence of polyamines. RESULTS: Administration of gliadin (1 mg/ml) to Caco-2 cells for 6 h caused a significant alteration of paracellular permeability as demonstrated by the rapid decrease in transepithelial resistance with a concomitant zonulin release. These events were followed by a significant increase in lactulose paracellular transport and a slight lowering in ZO-1 and Occludin expression without affecting Claudin-1. Besides, the single and total polyamine content increased significantly. The co-administration of viable L.GG (10(8) CFU/ml), L.GG-HK and L.GG-CM with gliadin significantly restored barrier function as demonstrated by transepithelial resistance, lactulose flux and zonulin release. Viable L.GG and L.GG-HK, but not L.GG-CM, led to a significant reduction in the single and total polyamine levels. Additionally, only the co-administration of viable L.GG with gliadin significantly increased ZO-1, Claudin-1 and Occludin gene expression compared to control cells. When Caco-2 cells treated with viable L.GG and gliadin were deprived in the polyamine content by alpha-Difluoromethylornithine, the expression of TJ protein mRNAs was not significantly different from that in controls or cells treated with gliadin alone. CONCLUSIONS: Gliadin modifies the intestinal paracellular permeability and significantly increases the polyamine content in Caco-2 cells. Concomitant administration of L.GG is able to counteract these effects. Interestingly, the presence of cellular polyamines is necessary for this probiotic to exert its capability in restoring paracellular permeability by affecting the expression of different TJ proteins.},
   keywords = {Caco-2 Cells
Epithelial Cells/*drug effects/metabolism/physiology
Gliadin/*toxicity
Humans
Lactobacillus rhamnosus/*physiology
Permeability/drug effects
Polyamines/*metabolism
*Probiotics
Tight Junctions/*drug effects},
   ISSN = {1471-2180},
   Accession Number = {24483336},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-2180-14-19},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ortiz-Sanchez, J. P. and Cabrera-Chavez, F. and de la Barca, A. M.},
   title = {Maize prolamins could induce a gluten-like cellular immune response in some celiac disease patients},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {5},
   number = {10},
   pages = {4174-83},
   note = {2072-6643
Ortiz-Sanchez, Juan P
Cabrera-Chavez, Francisco
de la Barca, Ana M Calderon
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2013 Oct 21;5(10):4174-83. doi: 10.3390/nu5104174.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune-mediated enteropathy triggered by dietary gluten in genetically prone individuals. The current treatment for CD is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet. However, in some CD patients following a strict gluten-free diet, the symptoms do not remit. These cases may be refractory CD or due to gluten contamination; however, the lack of response could be related to other dietary ingredients, such as maize, which is one of the most common alternatives to wheat used in the gluten-free diet. In some CD patients, as a rare event, peptides from maize prolamins could induce a celiac-like immune response by similar or alternative pathogenic mechanisms to those used by wheat gluten peptides. This is supported by several shared features between wheat and maize prolamins and by some experimental results. Given that gluten peptides induce an immune response of the intestinal mucosa both in vivo and in vitro, peptides from maize prolamins could also be tested to determine whether they also induce a cellular immune response. Hypothetically, maize prolamins could be harmful for a very limited subgroup of CD patients, especially those that are non-responsive, and if it is confirmed, they should follow, in addition to a gluten-free, a maize-free diet.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/diet therapy/*immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Glutens/adverse effects/immunology
Humans
Immunity, Cellular/*drug effects
Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/immunology
Prolamins/adverse effects/*immunology
Triticum/adverse effects/chemistry
Zea mays/*chemistry},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {24152750},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu5104174},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {O'Shea, N. and Arendt, E. and Gallagher, E.},
   title = {State of the art in gluten-free research},
   journal = {J Food Sci},
   volume = {79},
   number = {6},
   pages = {R1067-76},
   note = {1750-3841
O'Shea, Norah
Arendt, Elke
Gallagher, Eimear
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
J Food Sci. 2014 Jun;79(6):R1067-76. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12479. Epub 2014 May 1.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is widespread and is often under diagnosed. It can affect a variety of genetically susceptible people from the young to the old. Presently, the only treatment for celiac patients is lifelong avoidance of any food, drink, sauce, or dressing containing gluten. Scientists and technologists continue in their quest to improve the quality of gluten-free products. Their main goal is to create a product of a similar standard to the gluten-containing products, currently on the market. However, the quality of these products still tends to be poor. Bread products have a low volume, pale crust, crumbly texture, bland flavor and a high rate of staling. Other gluten-free products contain minimal nutrition and substandard product characteristics, for example, pasta having an inferior texture, sauces which separate more easily. The main focus of this review is to discuss the most recent advances in gluten-free research which have arisen between the years 2011 and 2013. In particular, the manuscript focuses on ingredients and processing methods which have been documented to develop or improve the processing characteristics and nutritional properties of gluten-free products.},
   keywords = {Bread
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
*Food Handling
*Food Quality
*Glutens
Humans
Taste
cereal products
flour
food fortification
gluten-free
review},
   ISSN = {0022-1147},
   Accession Number = {24784553},
   DOI = {10.1111/1750-3841.12479},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {O'Shea, N. and Rossle, C. and Arendt, E. and Gallagher, E.},
   title = {Modelling the effects of orange pomace using response surface design for gluten-free bread baking},
   journal = {Food Chem},
   volume = {166},
   pages = {223-30},
   note = {O'Shea, N
Rossle, C
Arendt, E
Gallagher, E
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Food Chem. 2015 Jan 1;166:223-30. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.157. Epub 2014 Jun 9.},
   abstract = {The development of gluten-free bread creates many challenges; producing bread that will match the properties of its wheat counterpart can be difficult. Fruit by-products are know from literature to contain a high level of dietary fibre which could improve the bread properties and fibre contents of gluten-free bread. Therefore, a mathematical design was created; three variables were identified from preliminary tests (water (85-100% flour weight, OP 0-8% flour weight and proofing time 35-100 min) as being crucial in the development of acceptable bread. Results illustrated longer proofing times (p<0.05) and lower orange pomace levels (OP) (p<0.001) produced a bread with a greater specific volume. OP had the most significant (p<0.0001) effect on hardness at 2h and 24h post-baking. The optimised formulation was calculated to contain 5.5% OP, 94.6% water and a proofing time of 49 min. Total fibre content of the control bread (2.1%) was successfully increased t o 3.9% in the OP containing bread. Substituting gluten-free flours with orange pomace flour can help improve the total dietary intake of a coeliac while not negating on the quality properties of the bread.},
   keywords = {Bread/*analysis
Citrus sinensis/*chemistry
Dietary Fiber
Glutens/*analysis
Baking technology
Dietary fibre
Fruit by-products
Modelling},
   ISSN = {0308-8146 (Print)
0308-8146},
   Accession Number = {25053049},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.157},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Paarlahti, P. and Kurppa, K. and Ukkola, A. and Collin, P. and Huhtala, H. and Maki, M. and Kaukinen, K.},
   title = {Predictors of persistent symptoms and reduced quality of life in treated coeliac disease patients: a large cross-sectional study},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {13},
   pages = {75},
   note = {1471-230x
Paarlahti, Pilvi
Kurppa, Kalle
Ukkola, Anniina
Collin, Pekka
Huhtala, Heini
Maki, Markku
Kaukinen, Katri
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2013 Apr 30;13:75. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-13-75.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that many coeliac disease patients suffer from persistent clinical symptoms and reduced health-related quality of life despite a strict gluten-free diet. We aimed to find predictors for these continuous health concerns in long-term treated adult coeliac patients. METHODS: In a nationwide study, 596 patients filled validated Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale and Psychological General Well-Being questionnaires and were interviewed regarding demographic data, clinical presentation and treatment of coeliac disease, time and place of diagnosis and presence of coeliac disease-associated or other co-morbidities. Dietary adherence was assessed by a combination of self-reported adherence and serological tests. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Diagnosis at working age, long duration and severity of symptoms before diagnosis and presence of thyroidal disease, non-coeliac food intolerance or gastrointestinal co-morbidity increased the risk of persistent symptoms. Patients with extraintestinal presentation at diagnosis had fewer current symptoms than subjects with gastrointestinal manifestations. Impaired quality of life was seen in patients with long duration of symptoms before diagnosis and in those with psychiatric, neurologic or gastrointestinal co-morbidities. Patients with persistent symptoms were more likely to have reduced quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: There were a variety of factors predisposing to increased symptoms and impaired quality of life in coeliac disease. Based on our results, early diagnosis of the condition and consideration of co-morbidities may help in resolving long-lasting health problems in coeliac disease.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Celiac Disease/*complications/*diet therapy
Constipation/etiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Diarrhea/etiology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dyspepsia/etiology
Female
Food/adverse effects
Gastroesophageal Reflux/etiology
Gastrointestinal Diseases/complications
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Compliance
*Quality of Life
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
Surveys and Questionnaires
Thyroid Diseases/complications
Time Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {23631482},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-230x-13-75},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pallav, K. and Dowd, S. E. and Villafuerte, J. and Yang, X. and Kabbani, T. and Hansen, J. and Dennis, M. and Leffler, D. A. and Newburg, D. S. and Kelly, C. P.},
   title = {Effects of polysaccharopeptide from Trametes versicolor and amoxicillin on the gut microbiome of healthy volunteers: a randomized clinical trial},
   journal = {Gut Microbes},
   volume = {5},
   number = {4},
   pages = {458-67},
   note = {1949-0984
Pallav, Kumar
Dowd, Scot E
Villafuerte, Javier
Yang, Xiaotong
Kabbani, Toufic
Hansen, Joshua
Dennis, Melinda
Leffler, Daniel A
Newburg, David S
Kelly, Ciaran P
8UL1TR000170-05/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Gut Microbes. 2014 Jul 1;5(4):458-67. doi: 10.4161/gmic.29558. Epub 2014 Jul 9.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Interactions between the microbial flora of the intestine and the human host play a critical role inmaintaining intestinal health and in the pathophysiology of a wide variety of disorders such as antibiotic associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile infection, and inflammatory bowel disease. Prebiotics can confer health benefits by beneficial effects on the intestinal microbiome, whereas antibiotics can disrupt the microbiome leading to diarrhea andother side effects. AIM: To compare the effects of the prebiotic, polysaccharopeptide from Trametes versicolor, to those of the antibiotic,amoxicillin, on the human gut microbiome METHODS: Twenty-four healthy volunteers were randomized to receive PSP, amoxicillin, or no treatment (control).Stool specimens were analyzed using bTEFAP microbial ecology methods on seven occasions over 8 weeks from each participant in the active treatment groups and on three occasions for the controls. RESULTS: Twenty-two of 24 participants completed the protocol. PSP led to clear and consistent microbiome changes consistent with its activity as a prebiotic. Despite the diversity of the human microbiome we noted strong microbiome clustering among subjects. Baseline microbiomes tended to remain stable and to overshadow the treatment effects.Amoxicillin treatment caused substantial microbiome changes most notably an increase in Escherichia/Shigella. Antibiotic associated changes persisted to the end of the study, 42 days after antibiotic therapy ended. CONCLUSIONS: The microbiomes of healthy individuals show substantial diversity but remain stable over time.The antibiotic amoxicillin alters the microbiome and recovery from this disruption can take several weeks. PSP from T. versicolor acts as a prebiotic to modulate human intestinal microbiome composition.},
   keywords = {Adult
Amoxicillin/*administration & dosage
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage
Feces/microbiology
Female
Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Male
Metagenomics
Microbiota/*drug effects
Middle Aged
*Prebiotics
Proteoglycans/*administration & dosage/isolation & purification
Trametes/*chemistry
Young Adult
Trametes versicolor
Turkey tail
amoxicillin
antibiotic
antibiotic associated diarrhea
microbiome
microbiota
polysaccharopeptide
prebiotic},
   ISSN = {1949-0976},
   Accession Number = {25006989},
   DOI = {10.4161/gmic.29558},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Paolella, G. and Caputo, I. and Marabotti, A. and Lepretti, M. and Salzano, A. M. and Scaloni, A. and Vitale, M. and Zambrano, N. and Sblattero, D. and Esposito, C.},
   title = {Celiac anti-type 2 transglutaminase antibodies induce phosphoproteome modification in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {8},
   number = {12},
   pages = {e84403},
   note = {1932-6203
Paolella, Gaetana
Caputo, Ivana
Marabotti, Anna
Lepretti, Marilena
Salzano, Anna Maria
Scaloni, Andrea
Vitale, Monica
Zambrano, Nicola
Sblattero, Daniele
Esposito, Carla
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2013 Dec 31;8(12):e84403. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084403. eCollection 2013.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Celiac disease is an inflammatory condition of the small intestine that affects genetically predisposed individuals after dietary wheat gliadin ingestion. Type 2-transglutaminase (TG2) activity seems to be responsible for a strong autoimmune response in celiac disease, TG2 being the main autoantigen. Several studies support the concept that celiac anti-TG2 antibodies may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Our recent findings on the ability of anti-TG2 antibodies to induce a rapid intracellular mobilization of calcium ions, as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, suggest that they potentially act as signaling molecules. In line with this concept, we have investigated whether anti-TG2 antibodies can induce phosphoproteome modification in an intestinal epithelial cell line. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We studied phosphoproteome modification in Caco-2 cells treated with recombinant celiac anti-TG2 antibodies. We performed a two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by specific staining of phosphoproteins and mass spectrometry analysis of differentially phosphorylated proteins. Of 14 identified proteins (excluding two uncharacterized proteins), three were hypophosphorylated and nine were hyperphosphorylated. Bioinformatics analyses confirmed the presence of phosphorylation sites in all the identified proteins and highlighted their involvement in several fundamental biological processes, such as cell cycle progression, cell stress response, cytoskeletal organization and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of differentially phosphorylated proteins downstream of TG2-antibody stimulation suggests that in Caco-2 cells these antibodies perturb cell homeostasis by behaving as signaling molecules. We hypothesize that anti-TG2 autoantibodies may destabilize the integrity of the intestinal mucosa in celiac individuals, thus contributing to celiac disease establishment and progression. Since several proteins here identified in this study were already known as TG2 substrates, we can also suppose that transamidating activity and differential phosphorylation of the same targets may represent a novel regulatory mechanism whose relevance in celiac disease pathogenesis is still unexplored.},
   keywords = {Antibodies/immunology/*pharmacology
Blotting, Western
Caco-2 Cells
Celiac Disease/*enzymology
Computational Biology
Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
GTP-Binding Proteins/*immunology
Humans
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism
Phosphoproteins/*metabolism
Proteomics
Transglutaminases/*immunology},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24391952},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0084403},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Papadimitriou, D. T. and Marakaki, C. and Fretzayas, A. and Nicolaidou, P. and Papadimitriou, A.},
   title = {Negativation of type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase and insulin in children treated with oral calcitriol},
   journal = {J Diabetes},
   volume = {5},
   number = {3},
   pages = {344-8},
   note = {1753-0407
Papadimitriou, Dimitrios T
Marakaki, Chrisanthi
Fretzayas, Andreas
Nicolaidou, Polyxeni
Papadimitriou, Anastasios
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Australia
J Diabetes. 2013 Sep;5(3):344-8. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.12023. Epub 2013 May 29.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Based on recent knowledge of the possible involvement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the results of its administration in animal models, we conducted a clinical trial by treating high-risk children, positive for T1D autoantibodies, with oral calcitriol. METHODS: The present prospective trial was performed on 12 children (1.5-13 years old) who were investigated for the potential risk of T1D because of an already diagnosed association of celiac disease and autoimmune thyroiditis (four girls), autoimmune thyroiditis at a very young age (two girls, two boys), a diagnosis of T1D in siblings (two boys), and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; one boy, one girl). Serum autoantibody levels, including islet cell autoantibodies, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65, insulin autoantibodies (IAA), and anti-tyrosine phosphatase, and markers of calcium metabolism were evaluated prior to and at 6-monthly intervals after the initiation of 0.25 mug/day calcitriol for 1-3 years. RESULTS: In all children, persistent negativation of the anti-GAD65 antibodies and IAA was observed within 0.4-2.1 years. Of the two children with IGT, the boy proved to have maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) 2, whereas the glycemic profile was normalized in the girl. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small number of subjects and the absence of a control group in the present study, 0.25 mug/day calcitriol effectively negativates anti-GAD65 antibodies and IAA after a median time of 6 months. This simple, safe, and low-cost strategy may prove effective in the prevention of T1D in the future.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Adolescent
Autoantibodies/blood/*immunology
Calcitriol/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Child
Child, Preschool
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis/*immunology/*prevention & control
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Glutamate Decarboxylase/*immunology
Humans
Infant
Insulin/*immunology
Male
Prospective Studies
Risk Factors
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome
Vitamins/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibody
calcitriol
insulin autoantibodies
prevention trial
type 1 diabetes
651},
   ISSN = {1753-0407},
   Accession Number = {23302101},
   DOI = {10.1111/1753-0407.12023},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Parfenov, A. I.},
   title = {[New horizons of gluten sensitivity studies]},
   journal = {Ter Arkh},
   volume = {85},
   number = {2},
   pages = {4-7},
   note = {Parfenov, A I
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Russia (Federation)
Ter Arkh. 2013;85(2):4-7.},
   abstract = {Gluten sensitivity may be a cause of gluten-sensitivity celiac disease (GCD). Some gluten-sensitive subjects may have symptoms of GCD, but lack its characteristic changes in the small bowel mucosa (SBM) and a gluten-free diet results in the disappearance of clinical symptoms of GCD. If there is no gluten allergy, the concept "gluten intolerance (GI) unassociated with celiac disease" is applicable in these cases. There is an increase in the prevalence of GCD and GI, which is associated with the use of gluten in food industry to improve the taste and energy density of foods and with the damaging effect of viruses and bacteria on enterocyte membranes, thereby facilitating the penetration of gluten through SBM. The paper gives an update on progress in the diagnosis of GCD and GI and on prospects for designing gluten-free cereals.},
   keywords = {*Celiac Disease/diagnosis/diet therapy/epidemiology
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
*Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/diet therapy/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0040-3660 (Print)
0040-3660},
   Accession Number = {23653930},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Patel, K. S. and Benshar, O. and Vrabie, R. and Patel, A. and Adler, M. and Hines, G.},
   title = {A major pain in the ... Back and epigastrium: an unusual case of spontaneous celiac artery dissection},
   journal = {J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect},
   volume = {4},
   number = {5},
   pages = {23840},
   note = {Patel, Kumkum Sarkar
Benshar, Orel
Vrabie, Raluca
Patel, Anik
Adler, Marc
Hines, George
Journal Article
United States
J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2014 Nov 25;4(5):23840. doi: 10.3402/jchimp.v4.23840. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {A 60-year-old woman with mitral valve prolapse, chronic low back pain, and a 30-pack year smoking history presented for a second admission of poorly controlled mid-back pain 10 days after her first admission. She had concomitant epigastric pain, sharp/burning in quality, radiating to the right side and to the mid-back, not associated with food nor improving with pain medications. She denied nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, dark stools, or blood per rectum. Our purpose was to determine the cause of the patient's epigastric pain. Physical examination revealed epigastric and mid-back tenderness on palpation. Labs were normal except for a hemoglobin drop from 14 to 12.1 g/dL over 2 days. Abdominal ultrasound and subsequent esophagogastroduodenoscopy were normal. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed the development of a spontaneous celiac artery dissection as the cause of the epigastric pain. The patient was observed without stenting and subsequent CT angiography 4 days later did not reveal worsening of the dissection. She was discharged on aspirin and clopidogrel with outpatient follow-up. Thus far, less than 100 cases of isolated spontaneous celiac artery dissections have been reported. The advent of CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging has increasingly enabled its detection. Risk factors may include hypertension, arteriosclerosis, smoking, and cystic medial necrosis. There is a 5:1 male to female ratio with an average presenting age of 55. Management of dissections may include surgical repair, endovascular stenting, and selective embolization. Limited dissections can be managed conservatively with anti-platelet and/or anticoagulation agents and strict blood pressure control, as done in our patient.},
   keywords = {artery dissection
back pain
celiac artery
celiac trunk
epigastric pain},
   ISSN = {2000-9666 (Print)
2000-9666},
   Accession Number = {25432642},
   DOI = {10.3402/jchimp.v4.23840},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Patelis, N. and Papoutsis, K. and Liakopoulos, D. and Koutsoumpelis, A. and Bakogiannis, C. and Georgopoulos, S.},
   title = {Postprandial lower limb pain: An unusual presentation of visceral arteries occlusion},
   journal = {Vascular},
   volume = {23},
   number = {3},
   pages = {316-8},
   note = {1708-539x
Patelis, Nikolaos
Papoutsis, Konstantinos
Liakopoulos, Dimitrios
Koutsoumpelis, Andreas
Bakogiannis, Christos
Georgopoulos, Sotirios
Case Reports
Journal Article
England
Vascular. 2015 Jun;23(3):316-8. doi: 10.1177/1708538114545805. Epub 2014 Jul 23.},
   abstract = {This case report describes an atypical and unique presentation of mesenteric arteries occlusive disease. The patient presented with typical symptoms of chronic mesenteric ischemia, as well as with an atypical new symptom; postprandial buttock and lower limbs pain. Pain followed the time curve of the postprandial abdominal discomfort, starting 30 min after meals and gradually resolving within 2 h. The patient had been tolerating the signs of chronic mesenteric ischemia quite well by adjusting the quantity of food per meal to relieve symptoms. Angiography showed that the celiac artery, the superior mesenteric artery, and distal aorta were occluded, leaving the inferior mesenteric artery as the only feeding vessel of all abdominal viscera and both the lower limbs. Since an English medical literature search returned only one marginally similar case, we consider this case of iliac arteries' "steal syndrome" from the inferior mesenteric artery unique.},
   keywords = {Aged
Arterial Occlusive Diseases/diagnosis/*surgery
Celiac Artery/diagnostic imaging/*surgery
Constriction, Pathologic/pathology/surgery
Female
Humans
Leg/blood supply
Mesenteric Artery, Inferior
Mesenteric Artery, Superior/*surgery
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion/*surgery
Pain/diagnosis/*surgery
Radiography
Postprandial pain
aortic occlusion
chronic mesenteric ischemia
mesenteric arteries occlusive disease},
   ISSN = {1708-5381},
   Accession Number = {25057158},
   DOI = {10.1177/1708538114545805},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pelkowski, T. D. and Viera, A. J.},
   title = {Celiac disease: diagnosis and management},
   journal = {Am Fam Physician},
   volume = {89},
   number = {2},
   pages = {99-105},
   note = {1532-0650
Pelkowski, Timothy D
Viera, Anthony J
Journal Article
United States
Am Fam Physician. 2014 Jan 15;89(2):99-105.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. It is triggered by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Gluten is a storage protein in wheat, rye, and barley, which are staples in many American diets. Celiac disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa, which leads to atrophy of the small intestinal villi and subsequent malabsorption. The condition may develop at any age. Intestinal manifestations include diarrhea and weight loss. Common extraintestinal manifestations include iron deficiency anemia, decreased bone mineral density, and neuropathy. Most cases of celiac disease are diagnosed in persons with extraintestinal manifestations. The presence of dermatitis herpetiformis is pathognomonic for celiac disease. Diagnosis is supported by a positive tissue transglutaminase serologic test but, in general, should be confirmed by a small bowel biopsy showing the characteristic histology associated with celiac disease. The presence of human leukocyte antigen alleles DQ2, DQ8, or both is essential for the development of celiac disease, and can be a useful genetic test in select instances. Treatment of celiac disease is a gluten-free diet. Dietary education should focus on identifying hidden sources of gluten, planning balanced meals, reading labels, food shopping, dining out, and dining during travel. About 5% of patients with celiac disease are refractory to a gluten-free diet. These patients should be referred to a gastroenterologist for reconsideration of the diagnosis or for aggressive treatment of refractory celiac disease, which may involve corticosteroids and immunomodulators.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Diet, Gluten-Free
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Intestine, Small/pathology},
   ISSN = {0002-838x},
   Accession Number = {24444577},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pellicano, R. and De Angelis, C. and Ribaldone, D. G. and Fagoonee, S. and Astegiano, M.},
   title = {2013 update on celiac disease and eosinophilic esophagitis},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {5},
   number = {9},
   pages = {3329-36},
   note = {2072-6643
Pellicano, Rinaldo
De Angelis, Claudio
Ribaldone, Davide Giuseppe
Fagoonee, Sharmila
Astegiano, Marco
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2013 Aug 22;5(9):3329-36. doi: 10.3390/nu5093329.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder, characterized by small intestinal inflammation and villous atrophy after the ingestion of gluten by genetically susceptible individuals. Several extraintestinal manifestations have been associated to celiac disease. Eosinophilic esophagitis is a primary disorder of the esophagus characterized by upper gastrointestinal symptoms, absence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and more than 15 eosinophils per high-power field in biopsy specimens. Both celiac disease and eosinophilic esophagitis are caused by aberrant, but distinct, immune responses to ingested antigens and can be responsive to restricted food intake. The aim of this review is to assess whether there is an association between these two pathologies. In the majority of the studies examined, including the studies in pediatric population, the prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in subjects with celiac disease was about 10-times that of the general population. We suggest searching for eosinophilic esophagitis in all children undergoing endoscopy for suspicious celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/*physiopathology
Child
Eosinophilic Esophagitis/*diagnosis/*physiopathology
Esophagus/pathology
Humans},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {23974065},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu5093329},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Penagini, F. and Dilillo, D. and Meneghin, F. and Mameli, C. and Fabiano, V. and Zuccotti, G. V.},
   title = {Gluten-free diet in children: an approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {5},
   number = {11},
   pages = {4553-65},
   note = {2072-6643
Penagini, Francesca
Dilillo, Dario
Meneghin, Fabio
Mameli, Chiara
Fabiano, Valentina
Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2013 Nov 18;5(11):4553-65. doi: 10.3390/nu5114553.},
   abstract = {Gluten-free diet (GFD) is the cornerstone treatment for celiac disease (CD). GFD implies a strict and lifelong elimination from the diet of gluten, the storage protein found in wheat, barley, rye and hybrids of these grains, such as kamut and triticale. The absence of gluten in natural and processed foods, despite being the key aspect of GFD, may lead to nutritional consequences, such as deficits and imbalances. The nutritional adequacy of GFD is particularly important in children, this the age being of maximal energy and nutrient requirements for growth, development and activity. In recent years, attention has focused on the nutritional quality of gluten-free products (GFPs) available in the market. It is well recognized that GFPs are considered of lower quality and poorer nutritional value compared to the gluten-containing counterparts. The present review focuses on the nutritional adequacy of GFD at the pediatric age, with the aim being to increase awareness of the potential complications associated with this diet, to identify strategies in order to avoid them and to promote a healthier diet and lifestyle in children with CD.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Child
Diet, Gluten-Free/*standards
Humans
*Nutritional Status
*Nutritive Value},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {24253052},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu5114553},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Penas, E. and Uberti, F. and di Lorenzo, C. and Ballabio, C. and Brandolini, A. and Restani, P.},
   title = {Biochemical and immunochemical evidences supporting the inclusion of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as a gluten-free ingredient},
   journal = {Plant Foods Hum Nutr},
   volume = {69},
   number = {4},
   pages = {297-303},
   note = {1573-9104
Penas, Elena
Uberti, Francesca
di Lorenzo, Chiara
Ballabio, Cinzia
Brandolini, Andrea
Restani, Patrizia
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Netherlands
Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2014 Dec;69(4):297-303. doi: 10.1007/s11130-014-0449-2.},
   abstract = {To date, the only acceptable therapeutic approach for celiac disease (CD) is a strict elimination from the diet of gluten-containing foods, but this diet does not always guarantee an adequate nutritional intake. Pseudocereals are receiving considerable attention as interesting alternatives for the formulation of gluten-free products, and quinoa grains arise as nutritive substitutes of conventional cereals. The aim of this study was the characterization of different quinoa samples corresponding to 11 quinoa varieties, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting techniques to assess their suitability for celiac subjects. Some of these varieties were grown in Italy to assess if the reproduction in a new habitat can guarantee the retention of the "safe" protein pattern. None of the quinoa varieties studied presented protein bands with electrophoretic mobility comparable with those of wheat gliadins, the toxic protein for celiac subjects. All the quinoa samples showed a low binding affinity for both specific anti-gliadin antibodies and IgAs from celiac subjects, confirming that quinoa can be considered as a safe ingredient for celiac patients. However, reliable varieties should be previously selected since the immuno cross-reactivity with anti-gliadin antibodies can vary significantly.},
   keywords = {Antibodies/metabolism
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/immunology
Chenopodium quinoa/*chemistry
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Proteins/*analysis/immunology
Edible Grain
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Gliadin/analysis/immunology
Glutens/*analysis/immunology
Humans
Immunoblotting
Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
Italy
Nutritive Value
Plant Proteins/*analysis/immunology
Seeds/*chemistry
Species Specificity
Triticum},
   ISSN = {0921-9668},
   Accession Number = {25359556},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11130-014-0449-2},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pengelly, S. and Fabricius, M. and McMenamin, D. and Wu, E. and Metzner, M. and Lewis, S. J. and Hosie, K. B.},
   title = {Attendance at iron deficiency anaemia clinic: audit of outcomes 5 years on},
   journal = {Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {15},
   number = {4},
   pages = {423-7},
   note = {1463-1318
Pengelly, S
Fabricius, M
McMenamin, D
Wu, E
Metzner, M
Lewis, S J
Hosie, K B
Journal Article
England
Colorectal Dis. 2013 Apr;15(4):423-7. doi: 10.1111/codi.12040.},
   abstract = {AIM: To determine the long-term outcomes of patients in whom no initial cause for their anaemia is established. METHOD: Six hundred and thirty-nine patients presenting to an iron deficiency anaemia pathway were prospectively entered onto a database. Initial assessment included haematological review, coeliac screen, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonic imaging as per British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines. A 5-year audit of outcomes was undertaken using patient medical records and hospital laboratory databases. RESULTS: A diagnosis was found initially in 266 (42%) patients, with 124 (19%) having a gastrointestinal (GI) luminal neoplasm, 54 (8%) of which were malignant. Twelve patients had a nonluminal or non-GI malignancy. Eighty-eight (14%) had benign upper GI bleeding and 23 (4%) had coeliac disease. One hundred and forty-three (22%) did not have confirmed iron deficiency anaemia on review of haematinics. Complete records were available for 595 (93%) patients at 5 years. Of the 373 patients in whom a cause was not initially diagnosed, 6 (2%) were ultimately diagnosed with a GI luminal malignancy and 18 (5%) with a nonluminal or non-GI malignancy. There was no difference in the incidence of malignancies between those with or without confirmed iron deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients in whom no cause was found at initial investigation resolve on oral iron supplements. Patients with normal ferritin values had as high an incidence of GI malignancies as those with low values and should be investigated. In the over 50s if the anaemia remains after a course of iron further investigation is recommended as there is a significant incidence of both GI and non-GI pathology.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/*diagnosis/drug therapy/*etiology
Celiac Disease/complications
Clinical Audit
*Diagnostic Errors
Dietary Supplements
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/*complications
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/*complications
Humans
Iron/therapeutic use
Male
Middle Aged},
   ISSN = {1462-8910},
   Accession Number = {23020680},
   DOI = {10.1111/codi.12040},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Peters, S. L. and Biesiekierski, J. R. and Yelland, G. W. and Muir, J. G. and Gibson, P. R.},
   title = {Randomised clinical trial: gluten may cause depression in subjects with non-coeliac gluten sensitivity - an exploratory clinical study},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {39},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1104-12},
   note = {1365-2036
Peters, S L
Biesiekierski, J R
Yelland, G W
Muir, J G
Gibson, P R
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 May;39(10):1104-12. doi: 10.1111/apt.12730. Epub 2014 Apr 1.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Current evidence suggests that many patients with self-reported non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) retain gastrointestinal symptoms on a gluten-free diet (GFD) but continue to restrict gluten as they report 'feeling better'. AIM: To investigate the notion that a major effect of gluten in those with NCGS is on mental state and not necessarily on gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS: Twenty-two subjects (24-62 years, five male) with irritable bowel syndrome who had coeliac disease excluded but were symptomatically controlled on a GFD, undertook a double-blind cross-over study. Participants randomly received one of three dietary challenges for 3 days, followed by a minimum 3-day washout before crossing over to the next diet. Challenge gluten-free food was supplemented with gluten (16 g/day), whey (16 g/day) or not supplemented (placebo). End-points included mental state as assessed by the Spielberger State Trait Personality Inventory (STPI), cortisol secretion and gastrointestinal symptoms. RESULTS: Gluten ingestion was associated with higher overall STPI state depression scores compared to placebo [M = 2.03, 95% CI (0.55-3.51), P = 0.010] but not whey [M = 1.48, 95% CI (-0.14 to 3.10), P = 0.07]. No differences were found for other STPI state indices or for any STPI trait measures. No difference in cortisol secretion was identified between challenges. Gastrointestinal symptoms were induced similarly across all dietary challenges. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term exposure to gluten specifically induced current feelings of depression with no effect on other indices or on emotional disposition. Gluten-specific induction of gastrointestinal symptoms was not identified. Such findings might explain why patients with non-coeliac gluten sensitivity feel better on a gluten-free diet despite the continuation of gastrointestinal symptoms.},
   keywords = {Adult
Cross-Over Studies
Depression/*etiology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Double-Blind Method
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/etiology
Glutens/*adverse effects
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*physiopathology
Male
Middle Aged
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {24689456},
   DOI = {10.1111/apt.12730},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pinto, A. and Polo, P. N. and Henry, O. and Redondo, M. C. and Svobodova, M. and O'Sullivan, C. K.},
   title = {Label-free detection of gliadin food allergen mediated by real-time apta-PCR},
   journal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
   volume = {406},
   number = {2},
   pages = {515-24},
   note = {1618-2650
Pinto, Alessandro
Polo, Pedro Nadal
Henry, Olivier
Redondo, M Carmen Bermudo
Svobodova, Marketa
O'Sullivan, Ciara K
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2014 Jan;406(2):515-24. doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7475-z. Epub 2013 Nov 19.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten. The only effective treatment consists in a lifelong gluten-free diet, requiring the food industry to tightly control the gluten contents of their products. To date, several gluten quantification approaches using antibodies are available and recommended by the legal authorities, such as Codex Alimentarius. However, whilst these antibody-based tests exhibit high sensitivity and specificity, the production of antibodies inherently requires the killing of host animals and is time-consuming and relatively expensive. Aptamers are structured single-stranded nucleic acid ligands that bind with high affinity and specificity to their cognate target, and aiming for a cost-effective viable alternative to the use of antibodies. Herein, we report the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)-based selection of a DNA aptamer against gliadin from a combinatorial DNA library and its application in a novel detection assay. Taking into account the hydrophobic nature of the gliadin target, a microtitre plate format was exploited for SELEX, where the target was immobilised via hydrophobic interactions, thus exposing aptatopes accessible for interaction with the DNA library. Evolution was followed using surface plasmon resonance, and following eight rounds of SELEX, the enriched DNA pool was cloned, sequenced and a clear consensus motif was identified. An apta-PCR assay was developed where competition for the aptamer takes place between the surface-immobilised gliadin and gliadin in the target sample, akin to an ELISA competitive format where the more target present in the sample, the less aptamer will bind to the immobilised gliadin. Following competition, any aptamer bound to the immobilised gliadin was heat-eluted and quantitatively amplified using real-time PCR, achieving a detection limit of approx. 2 nM (100 ng mL(-1)). The specificity of the selected aptamer was demonstrated and no cross-reactivity was observed with streptavidin, bovine serum albumin or anti-gliadin IgG.},
   keywords = {Allergens/*analysis
Animals
Aptamers, Nucleotide/*chemistry
Cattle
Cloning, Molecular
Edible Grain/chemistry
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Gene Library
Gliadin/*analysis
Humans
Immunoglobulin G
Limit of Detection
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods
SELEX Aptamer Technique
Serum Albumin, Bovine
Streptavidin
Surface Plasmon Resonance},
   ISSN = {1618-2642},
   Accession Number = {24247552},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00216-013-7475-z},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Poddar, U. and Agarwal, J. and Yachha, S. K. and Srivastava, A.},
   title = {Toddler's diarrhea: is it an under-recognized entity in developing countries?},
   journal = {J Trop Pediatr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {6},
   pages = {470-5},
   note = {1465-3664
Poddar, Ujjal
Agarwal, Jaya
Yachha, Surender Kumar
Srivastava, Anshu
Journal Article
England
J Trop Pediatr. 2013 Dec;59(6):470-5. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmt055. Epub 2013 Jun 27.},
   abstract = {AIM: As there is no report of toddler's diarrhea (TD) from the developing world, we have analyzed our experience of 191 children (<5 years) with chronic diarrhea over 7 years. METHODS: Clinical details, investigations and outcome were retrieved and recorded in a proforma. TD was ascribed in those who had normal growth and no evidence of malabsorption or enteric infections. RESULTS: The etiology of chronic diarrhea was TD 16%, celiac disease (CD) 37%, cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) 35% and others 12%. The mean age of 30 children with TD was 2.7 +/- 1.2 years (22 boys). While comparing TD with CD and CMPA, weight z score (>-2.2) and hemoglobin (>10 or 10.9 g/dL for CD and CMPA, respectively) were independent variables to discriminate TD from CD and CMPA. CONCLUSIONS: TD is common in developing countries like India too. Anthropometry and hemoglobin can differentiate it from CD and CMPA.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Celiac Disease/*complications/epidemiology
Child, Preschool
Chronic Disease/epidemiology
Diarrhea, Infantile/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/therapy
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
India/epidemiology
Infant
Malabsorption Syndromes/complications/epidemiology
Male
Milk Hypersensitivity/*complications/diet therapy/epidemiology
Milk Proteins/*adverse effects
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Prevalence
butter
celiac disease
cow's milk protein allergy
non-specific diarrhea},
   ISSN = {0142-6338},
   Accession Number = {23812015},
   DOI = {10.1093/tropej/fmt055},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pollack, A. and Bayram, C. and Miller, G. and Britt, H.},
   title = {Testing for gluten sensitivity},
   journal = {Aust Fam Physician},
   volume = {43},
   number = {10},
   pages = {673},
   note = {Pollack, Allan
Bayram, Clare
Miller, Graeme
Britt, Helena
Journal Article
Australia
Aust Fam Physician. 2014 Oct;43(10):673.},
   abstract = {There has been both medical and lay interest in the association of gluten with gastrointestinal conditions.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
Food Hypersensitivity/*classification/diagnosis
Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis},
   ISSN = {0300-8495 (Print)
0300-8495},
   Accession Number = {25286421},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pontieri, P. and Mamone, G. and De Caro, S. and Tuinstra, M. R. and Roemer, E. and Okot, J. and De Vita, P. and Ficco, D. B. and Alifano, P. and Pignone, D. and Massardo, D. R. and Del Giudice, L.},
   title = {Sorghum, a healthy and gluten-free food for celiac patients as demonstrated by genome, biochemical, and immunochemical analyses},
   journal = {J Agric Food Chem},
   volume = {61},
   number = {10},
   pages = {2565-71},
   note = {1520-5118
Pontieri, Paola
Mamone, Gianfranco
De Caro, Salvatore
Tuinstra, Mitch R
Roemer, Earl
Okot, Josephine
De Vita, Pasquale
Ficco, Donatella B M
Alifano, Pietro
Pignone, Domenico
Massardo, Domenica R
Del Giudice, Luigi
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Mar 13;61(10):2565-71. doi: 10.1021/jf304882k. Epub 2013 Mar 5.},
   abstract = {Wheat (Triticum spp. L.), rye (Secale cereal L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds contain peptides toxic to celiac patients. Maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) are distant relatives of wheat as well as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and are known to be safe for celiacs. Both immunochemical studies and in vitro and in vivo challenge of wheat-free sorghum food products support this conclusion, although molecular evidence is missing. The goal of the present study was to provide biochemical and genetic evidence that sorghum is safe for celiac patients. In silico analysis of the recently published sorghum genome predicts that sorghum does not contain peptides that are toxic for celiac patients. Aqueous/alcohol-soluble prolamins (kafirins) from different sorghum varieties, including pure lines and hybrids, were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses as well as an established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the R5 antibody. These analyses provide molecular evidence for the absence of toxic gliadin-like peptides in sorghum, confirming that sorghum can be definitively considered safe for consumption by people with celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/metabolism
Diet, Gluten-Free
Food, Organic/*analysis
*Genome, Plant
Humans
Male
Plant Proteins/administration & dosage/chemistry/genetics
Sorghum/*chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0021-8561},
   Accession Number = {23432128},
   DOI = {10.1021/jf304882k},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pozo-Rubio, T. and Capilla, A. and Mujico, J. R. and de Palma, G. and Marcos, A. and Sanz, Y. and Polanco, I. and Garcia-Novo, M. D. and Castillejo, G. and Ribes-Koninckx, C. and Varea, V. and Palau, F. and Ortigosa, L. and Pena-Quintana, L. and Nova, E.},
   title = {Influence of breastfeeding versus formula feeding on lymphocyte subsets in infants at risk of coeliac disease: the PROFICEL study},
   journal = {Eur J Nutr},
   volume = {52},
   number = {2},
   pages = {637-46},
   note = {1436-6215
Pozo-Rubio, Tamara
Capilla, Amalia
Mujico, Jorge R
de Palma, Giada
Marcos, Ascension
Sanz, Yolanda
Polanco, Isabel
Garcia-Novo, Maria Dolores
Castillejo, Gemma
Ribes-Koninckx, Carmen
Varea, Vicente
Palau, Francesc
Ortigosa, Luis
Pena-Quintana, Luis
Nova, Esther
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Eur J Nutr. 2013 Mar;52(2):637-46. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0367-8. Epub 2012 May 11.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: In addition to genetic risk, environmental factors might influence coeliac disease (CD) development. We sought to assess the effect of the interaction between milk-feeding practices and the HLA-DQ genotype on peripheral lymphocyte subsets and their activation markers in infants at familial risk for CD. METHODS: 170 newborns were classified in 3 different genetic risk groups (high risk, HR; intermediate risk, IR; and low risk, LR) after DQB1 and DQA1 typing. Lymphocyte subsets were studied at the age of 4 months by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS: 79 infants were receiving exclusive breastfeeding (BF) and 91 partial breastfeeding or formula feeding (FF). Regarding genetic risk, 40 infants were classified in HR group, 75 in IR group and 55 in LR group. Two-way ANOVA did not show significant interactions between the type of milk feeding and genetic risk group on the lymphocyte subsets analysed. One-way ANOVA for milk-feeding practice alone showed that the percentage of CD4 + CD25+ cells was significantly higher in BF group than in FF group (BF, 10.92 +/- 2.71; FF, 9.94 +/- 2.96; p = 0.026), and absolute counts of CD4 + CD38+ cells were significantly higher in FF group than in BF group (FF, 2,881.23 +/- 973.48; BF, 2,557.95 +/- 977.06; p = 0.038). One-way ANOVA for genetic risk alone showed that absolute counts of NK cells were significantly higher in IR group than HR and LR groups (IR, 539.24 +/- 340.63; HR, 405.01 +/- 239.53; LR, 419.86 +/- 262.85; p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Lymphocyte subset profiles in the early stages of life could be modulated by milk-feeding practices and genetic risk separately. Breastfeeding might have a positive immunomodulatory effect on lymphocyte subsets in infants at risk of CD.},
   keywords = {Analysis of Variance
*Breast Feeding
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism
Celiac Disease/etiology/*genetics/prevention & control
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics/immunology
Humans
Infant
*Infant Formula
Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology/metabolism
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {1436-6207},
   Accession Number = {22576041},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00394-012-0367-8},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pozo-Rubio, T. and de Palma, G. and Mujico, J. R. and Olivares, M. and Marcos, A. and Acuna, M. D. and Polanco, I. and Sanz, Y. and Nova, E.},
   title = {Influence of early environmental factors on lymphocyte subsets and gut microbiota in infants at risk of celiac disease; the PROFICEL study},
   journal = {Nutr Hosp},
   volume = {28},
   number = {2},
   pages = {464-73},
   note = {1699-5198
Pozo-Rubio, Tamara
de Palma, Giada
Mujico, Jorge R
Olivares, Marta
Marcos, Ascension
Acuna, Maria Dolores
Polanco, Isabel
Sanz, Yolanda
Nova, Esther
Journal Article
Observational Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Spain
Nutr Hosp. 2013 Mar-Apr;28(2):464-73. doi: 10.3305/nh.2013.28.2.6310.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: It is known that the HLA genotype can explain about a 40% of the genetic risk of celiac disease (CD), thus, other genetic predisposing factors as well as factors that subtly modulate T cell activation and differentiation need to be studied. This includes environmental factors that are currently believed to impact on the immune system and gut microbiota development. AIM: To assess the associations between early environmental factors (EEF), lymphocyte subsets, and intestinal microbiota composition in infants at familial risk for CD. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SUBJECTS: Fifty-five 4 month-old infants with at least a first-degree relative suffering CD. Infants were classified according to type of delivery, mother's antibiotic intake during pregnancy and during labor, milk-feeding practices, early infections and antibiotic intake, rotavirus vaccine administration, and allergy incidence within the first 18 months of life. METHODS: Lymphocyte subsets and gut microbiota composition were studied at the age of 4 months. RESULTS: Formula feeding and infant's infections were associated with higher CD3+, CD4+, CD4+CD38+, CD4+CD28+ and CD3+CD4+CD45RO+ counts (P0.01). Infant s infections were also associated with higher CD4+CD25+, CD4+HLA-DR+ and NK cell counts (P0.01). Cesarean delivery and rotavirus vaccine administration were associated with lower percentage of CD4+CD25+ cells. Infant's antibiotic intake was associated and correlated with lower counts of Bifidobacterium longum and higher counts of Bacteroides fragilis group. CONCLUSIONS: Infant s infections and antibiotic intake in the first 4 months of life are the EEF more strongly and/or frequently associated to lymphocyte subpopulations and microbiota composition, respectively, in infants at risk of CD.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Bacterial Load
Bacteroides fragilis/physiology
Bifidobacterium/physiology
Breast Feeding
Celiac Disease/*etiology/genetics/*microbiology
*Environment
Female
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Hypersensitivity/epidemiology/immunology
Infant
Infant Formula
Infection/epidemiology
Killer Cells, Natural
Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/*physiology
Male
Microbiota/*physiology
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Risk
Rotavirus Vaccines},
   ISSN = {0212-1611},
   Accession Number = {23822699},
   DOI = {10.3305/nh.2013.28.2.6310},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Prandi, B. and Faccini, A. and Tedeschi, T. and Cammerata, A. and Sgrulletta, D. and D'Egidio, M. G. and Galaverna, G. and Sforza, S.},
   title = {Qualitative and quantitative determination of peptides related to celiac disease in mixtures derived from different methods of simulated gastrointestinal digestion of wheat products},
   journal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
   volume = {406},
   number = {19},
   pages = {4765-75},
   note = {1618-2650
Prandi, Barbara
Faccini, Andrea
Tedeschi, Tullia
Cammerata, Alessandro
Sgrulletta, Daniela
D'Egidio, Maria Grazia
Galaverna, Gianni
Sforza, Stefano
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2014 Jul;406(19):4765-75. doi: 10.1007/s00216-014-7858-9. Epub 2014 May 20.},
   abstract = {During wheat digestion, gluten-derived proteolytic resistant peptides are generated, some of them involved in celiac disease. In vitro digestion models able to mimic the peptides generated in the human gastrointestinal tract are extremely useful to assess the pathogenicity of wheat-derived products. In this paper, samples belonging to three different durum wheat varieties were taken at six different steps of the pasta production chain and two different digestion models present in the literature were assessed on the different samples: a more complex one using artificial fluids simulating the exact composition of digestive juices, and a simplified method based on a peptic-tryptic/chymotryptic treatment of wheat ethanolic extract. An extensive characterization of the peptides generated using two in vitro digestion models was performed through LC-MS/MS techniques and the two methods were compared in order to evaluate qualitative and quantitative differences and their possible implications for varietal screening. Strong differences in the type of peptides produced with the two methods were detected, indicating that the simplified method can still be used for a varietal screening but is not representative of the peptides really generated after physiological human digestion. Results indicate a clear necessity of physiologically accurate models for simulating human gastrointestinal digestion of wheat products.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*immunology
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/*methods
Digestion/immunology
Glutens/*immunology
Humans
Peptides/analysis/*immunology
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/*methods
Triticum/*immunology},
   ISSN = {1618-2642},
   Accession Number = {24842402},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00216-014-7858-9},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Qi, P. F. and Le, C. X. and Wang, Z. and Liu, Y. B. and Chen, Q. and Wei, Z. Z. and Xu, B. J. and Wei, Z. Y. and Dai, S. F. and Wei, Y. M. and Zheng, Y. L.},
   title = {The gamma-gliadin-like gamma-prolamin genes in the tribe Triticeae},
   journal = {J Genet},
   volume = {93},
   number = {1},
   pages = {35-41},
   note = {0973-7731
Qi, Peng-Fei
Le, Cheng-Xing
Wang, Zhao
Liu, Yu-Bin
Chen, Qing
Wei, Zhen-Zhe
Xu, Bin-Jie
Wei, Zheng-Yuan
Dai, Shou-Fen
Wei, Yu-Ming
Zheng, You-Liang
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
India
J Genet. 2014 Apr;93(1):35-41.},
   abstract = {The gamma-prolamins are important components of seed storage proteins in wheat and other Triticeae species. Here, the gamma-prolamin genes from the diploid Triticeae species were systemically characterized. Most of the gamma-prolamins (except 75 K gamma-secalins) characterized were defined as gamma-gliadin-like gamma-prolamins, since they shared same characteristic model structure with gamma-gliadins. Over one-third of these putatively functional gamma-prolamin peptides contained different number of cysteine residues as compared to the eight residues present in gamma-gliadins. Sequence polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium analyses showed the conservation of gamma-prolamin genes in Triticeae species under evolutionary selection. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these gamma-prolamin genes can not be clearly separated according to their genomic origins, reflecting the conservation of gamma-gliadinlike gamma-prolamin genes after the divergence of Triticeae species. A screening of coeliac disease (CD) toxic epitopes shows that the gamma-prolamins from some other genomes contain much fewer epitopes than those from the A, S (B) and D genomes of wheat. These findings contribute to better understanding of gamma-prolamin family in Triticeae and build a ground for breeding less CD-toxic wheat cultivars.},
   keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence
Cysteine/chemistry
Edible Grain/classification/*genetics
Epitopes/chemistry
Genetic Variation
Gliadin/chemistry/*genetics
Molecular Sequence Data
Open Reading Frames
Phylogeny
Prolamins/chemistry/*genetics
Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
Sequence Alignment},
   ISSN = {0022-1333},
   Accession Number = {24840821},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Radcliffe, S. and Sutzko, M. and Jiang, Z. and Freitag, D. and Swoboda, C. and Frank, L. and Rogers, A.},
   title = {Validation of the AgraStrip(R) gluten G12 test kit},
   journal = {J AOAC Int},
   volume = {97},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1638-50},
   note = {Radcliffe, Scott
Sutzko, Meredith
Jiang, Zheng
Freitag, Denise
Swoboda, Christy
Frank, Lukas
Rogers, Adrian
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Validation Studies
United States
J AOAC Int. 2014 Nov-Dec;97(6):1638-50.},
   abstract = {Romer Labs , Inc. developed an immunochromatographic lateral flow assay for the qualitative detection of gluten in raw ingredients, processed foods, finished food products, and environmental surfaces, using the G12 antibody developed by Belen Moron. The G12 antibody targets a 33-mer peptide which is resistant to enzymatic digestion and heat denatiuration, as well as being the fragment of the gliadin protein.to which celiac disease sufferers react, making it a reliable analytical marker. This study was performed to validate the AgraStrip(R) GlutenG12 assay method under the guidance of the AOAC Peiformance Tested MethodsSM (PTM) program against AOAC Official Method of AnalysisSM 2012.01 in rice flour, bread, cookie, ice cream, and chocolate matrixes spiked with either purified gliadin or wheat gluten standard at 0, 3, 8, 15, and 25 ppm concentrations and tested at the 5, 10, and 20 ppm assay thresholds, as well as on, environmental surfaces. Stability, robustness, variation, and lot consistency studies were performed by spiking wheat gluten into a rice flour matrix at 0 and 15 ppm concentrations. The AgraStrip Gluten G12 assay was rigorously evaluated during this study and demonstrates its suitability as an AOAC PTM-certified gluten detection method.},
   keywords = {Antibodies, Immobilized/chemistry
Bread/analysis
Cacao/chemistry
Flour/analysis
Food Analysis/*methods
Gliadin/analysis
Glutens/*analysis
Ice Cream/analysis
Immunochromatography/*methods
Oryza/chemistry},
   ISSN = {1060-3271 (Print)
1060-3271},
   Accession Number = {25334093},
   DOI = {10.5740/jaoacint.14-143},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rahaie, S. and Gharibzahedi, S. M. and Razavi, S. H. and Jafari, S. M.},
   title = {Recent developments on new formulations based on nutrient-dense ingredients for the production of healthy-functional bread: a review},
   journal = {J Food Sci Technol},
   volume = {51},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2896-906},
   note = {Rahaie, Somayeh
Gharibzahedi, Seyed Mohammad Taghi
Razavi, Seyed Hadi
Jafari, Seid Mahdi
Journal Article
Review
India
J Food Sci Technol. 2014 Nov;51(11):2896-906. doi: 10.1007/s13197-012-0833-6. Epub 2012 Sep 1.},
   abstract = {Bread is one of the oldest functional foods which its health effects have been investigated in many studies. The current communication presents a review of published studies in recent years on the topic and looks at possible future trends in the improved nutritional and health qualities which have been applied in the bakery industry, directing it further to the formulation design and production of functional breads. The results show that many beneficial ingredients such as dietary fibers, phenolic antioxidants, marine ingredients, and n-3 fatty acids can be used in the bread industry to increase its functionality and result in healthy products, low in calories, cholesterol and celiac disease. Moreover, the use of psyllium seed, amaranth seed, chestnut flour and prebiotics in gluten-free bread (GFB) baking may be the promising frontier to improve overall appearance, quality, sensory properties, and shelf-life of GFB.},
   keywords = {Antioxidants
Functional bread
Gluten free bread
Nutritional fibers},
   ISSN = {0022-1155 (Print)
0022-1155},
   Accession Number = {26396285},
   DOI = {10.1007/s13197-012-0833-6},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Raheem, M. and Leach, S. T. and Day, A. S. and Lemberg, D. A.},
   title = {The pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis},
   journal = {Front Pediatr},
   volume = {2},
   pages = {41},
   note = {Raheem, Mayumi
Leach, Steven T
Day, Andrew S
Lemberg, Daniel A
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Front Pediatr. 2014 May 30;2:41. doi: 10.3389/fped.2014.0004

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag