text:
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.1.183},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {183--190},
pmid = {18411541},
title = {{Semantic feature production norms for a large set of objects and events}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Mohindra1983,
abstract = {Reported a systematic investigation of the most popular synonym for each of 279 nouns in a test with 50 Ss drawn from a variety of college departments. A further 50 Ss performed the same task for the synonyms used in a previous rating task devised by the present authors (see PA; Vol 67:3240) for each of the 279 nouns. The preferred synonym, number of Ss giving it, and the number giving the previously used synonym are provided. The ratings from the previous task were correlated with the number of Ss giving the previously used synonym. Though the correlations were significant, they accounted for less than 15{\%} of the variance. The present data should be of value in a number of tasks investigating perception, memory, and judgment in relation to meaning, enabling control of both accessibility of a synonym and rated similarity.},
author = {Mohindra, Naresh},
doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8295.1983.tb01846.x},
issn = {20448295},
journal = {British Journal of Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {91--106},
title = {{Preferred synonyms for each noun of 279 synonym pairs}},
volume = {74},
year = {1983}
}
@article{VanBelle2009,
abstract = {A new stimulus set of 60 male-face stimuli in seven in-depth orientations was developed. The set can be used in research on configural versus featural mechanisms of face processing. Configural, or holistic, changes are produced by changing the global form of the face, whereas featural, or part-based, changes are attained by altering the local form of internal facial features. For each face in the set, there is one other face that differs only by its global form and one other face that differs only by its internal features. In all faces, extrafacial cues have been eliminated or standardized. The stimulus set also contains a color-coded division of each face in areas of interest, which is useful for eye movement research on face scanning strategies. We report a matching experiment with upright and inverted face pairs that demonstrates that the face stimulus set is indeed useful for research on configural and featural face perception. The stimulus set may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society's archive (brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental) or from our Web site (http://ppw.kuleuven.be/labexppsy/newSite/resources).},
author = {van Belle, Goedele and de Smet, Michael and de Graef, Peter and van Gool, Luc and Verfaillie, Karl},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.2.279},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {279--283},
pmid = {19363168},
title = {{Configural and featural processing during face perception: A new stimulus set}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{VanCasteren2007,
abstract = {In most experiments that involve between-subjects or between-items factorial designs, the items and/or the participants in the various experimental groups differ on one or more variables, but need to be matched on all other factors that can affect the outcome measure. Matching large groups of items or participants on multiple dimensions is a difficult and time-consuming task, yet failure to match conditions will lead to suboptimal experiments. We describe a computer program, "Match", that automates this process by selecting the best-matching items from larger sets of candidate items. In most cases, the program produces near-optimal solutions in amatter of minutes and selects matches that are typically superior to those obtained using hand matching or other semiautomated processes. We report the results of a case study in which Match was used to generate matched sets of experimental items (words varying in length and frequency) for a published study on language processing. The program was able to come up with better-matching item sets than those hand-selected by the authors of the original study, and in a fraction of the time originally taken up with stimulus matching.},
author = {{Van Casteren}, Maarten and Davis, Matthew H.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192992},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {973--978},
pmid = {18183914},
title = {{Match: A program to assist in matching the conditions of factorial experiments}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{New2013,
abstract = {The aim of this article is to describe a database of diphone positional frequencies in French. More specifically, we provide frequencies for word-initial, word-internal, and word-final diphones of all words extracted from a subtitle corpus of 50 million words that come from movie and TV series dialogue. We also provide intra- and intersyllable diphone frequencies, as well as interword diphone frequencies. To our knowledge, no other such tool is available to psycholinguists for the study of French sequential probabilities. This database and its new indicators should help researchers conducting new studies on speech segmentation.},
author = {New, Boris and Spinelli, Elsa},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0285-y},
isbn = {1554-351x},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Database,Diphone frequency,Speech segmentation},
number = {3},
pages = {758--764},
pmid = {23239073},
title = {{Diphones-fr: A French database of diphone positional frequency}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Nelson1980a,
abstract = {Normative data were collected on 300 general-information questions from a wide variety of topics, including history, sports, art, geography, literature, and entertainment. Male and female undergraduates at two different universities made a one-word response to each question either in a response booklet or at a computer console. The reported data include the following for each question: (a) probability of recall for all 270 undergraduates, for males versus females, and for University of Washington subjects versus University of California, Irvine, subjects, (b) latency of correct recall, (c) latency of errors, and (d) feeling-of-knowing ratings for nonrecalled items. Correlations among these dependent variables, along with measures of reliability, are also reported. {\textcopyright} 1980 Academic Press, Inc.},
author = {Nelson, Thomas O. and Narens, Louis},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90266-2},
isbn = {0022-5371},
issn = {00225371},
journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
number = {3},
pages = {338--368},
title = {{Norms of 300 general-information questions: Accuracy of recall, latency of recall, and feeling-of-knowing ratings}},
volume = {19},
year = {1980}
}
@inproceedings{Nielsen2011,
abstract = {Sentiment analysis of microblogs such as Twitter has recently gained a fair amount of attention. One of the simplest sentiment analysis approaches compares the words of a posting against a labeled word list, where each word has been scored for valence, -- a 'sentiment lexicon' or 'affective word lists'. There exist several affective word lists, e.g., ANEW (Affective Norms for English Words) developed before the advent of microblogging and sentiment analysis. I wanted to examine how well ANEW and other word lists performs for the detection of sentiment strength in microblog posts in comparison with a new word list specifically constructed for microblogs. I used manually labeled postings from Twitter scored for sentiment. Using a simple word matching I show that the new word list may perform better than ANEW, though not as good as the more elaborate approach found in SentiStrength.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {1103.2903},
author = {Nielsen, Finn {\AA}rup},
booktitle = {CEUR Workshop Proceedings},
doi = {10.1016/j.knosys.2015.06.015},
eprint = {1103.2903},
isbn = {9140235351},
issn = {16130073},
pages = {93--98},
title = {{A new ANEW: Evaluation of a word list for sentiment analysis in microblogs}},
volume = {718},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Montefinese2013,
abstract = {Semantic norms for properties produced by native speakers are valuable tools for researchers interested in the structure of semantic memory and in category-specific semantic deficits in individuals following brain damage. The aims of this study were threefold. First, we sought to extend existing semantic norms by adopting an empirical approach to category (Exp. 1) and concept (Exp. 2) selection, in order to obtain a more representative set of semantic memory features. Second, we extensively outlined a new set of semantic production norms collected from Italian native speakers for 120 artifactual and natural basic-level concepts, using numerous measures and statistics following a feature-listing task (Exp. 3b). Finally, we aimed to create a new publicly accessible database, since only a few existing databases are publicly available online.},
author = {Montefinese, Maria and Ambrosini, Ettore and Fairfield, Beth and Mammarella, Nicola},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0263-4},
isbn = {1342801202634},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Accessibility,Conceptual representations,Feature listing,Semantic norms,Significance},
number = {2},
pages = {440--461},
pmid = {23055168},
title = {{Semantic memory: A feature-based analysis and new norms for Italian}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{PAIVIO1968,
abstract = {GROUPS OF SS, 17-46 YR. OLD COLLEGE STUDENTS, WERE USED TO SCALE 925 NOUNS ON ABSTRACTNESS-CONCRETENESS (C), IMAGERY (I), AND MEANINGFULNESS (M). CONCRETENESS WAS DEFINED IN TERMS OF DIRECTNESS OF REFERENCE TO SENSE EXPERIENCE, AND I, IN TERMS OF WORD'S CAPACITY TO AROUSE NONVERBAL IMAGES; C AND I WERE RATED ON 7-POINT SCALES. MEANINGFULNESS WAS DEFINED IN TERMS OF THE MEAN NUMBER OF WRITTEN ASSOCIATIONS IN 30 SEC. THE MEAN SCALE VALUES FOR THESE VARIABLES ARE PRESENTED FOR EACH OF THE 925 NOUNS. ALSO REPORTED ARE THE INTERCORRELATIONS OF THE VARIABLES, TOGETHER WITH AN EXAMINATION OF THE WORDS FOR WHICH C, I, AND M VALUES ARE MOST CLEARLY DIFFERENTIATED; AND RELIABILITY DATA, INCLUDING COMPARISONS WITH SCALE VALUES FOR THE VARIABLES FROM OTHER STUDIES. (45 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {PAIVIO, ALLAN and YUILLE, JOHN C. and MADIGAN, STEPHEN A.},
doi = {10.1037/h0025327},
isbn = {0022-1015},
issn = {00221015},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology},
keywords = {IMAGERY {\&},MEANINGFULNESS, COLLEGE STUDENTS,NOUN CONCRETENESS {\&}},
number = {1 PART 2},
pages = {1--25},
pmid = {5672258},
title = {{CONCRETENESS, IMAGERY, AND MEANINGFULNESS VALUES FOR 925 NOUNS}},
volume = {76},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Yates1978,
abstract = {The priming technique was used to investigate the conditions under which a homograph's dominant and/or nondominant semantic sense will be retrieved. Subjects verified whether “A(n) A is a(n) B” when A was an ambiguous word and B was a word corresponding to either a dominant or an unusual semantic sense of word A. When word B most often corresponded to the dominant sense of word A (Experiment I), a Priming by Dominance interaction was obtained in the reaction time (RT) data; viz, the facilitatory effect of priming was greater for the dominant-sense sentences than for the unusual-sense sentences. When the word B equally often corresponded to the dominant and unusual senses of A (Experiment 2), the facilitatory effect of priming was equal for the dominant-sense and unusual-sense sentences. These results were interpreted within the framework of a two-stage model of lexical access (d. Posner {\&} Snyder, 1975; Neely, 1977). An application of this two-stage model to the now rather extensive literature on homographic processing helps clear up the apparent contradictions that have been prevalent in this literature.},
author = {Yates, Jack},
doi = {10.3758/BF03198254},
issn = {0090502X},
journal = {Memory {\&} Cognition},
number = {6},
pages = {636--643},
title = {{Priming dominant and unusual senses of ambiguous words}},
volume = {6},
year = {1978}
}
@article{Cannard2008,
abstract = {In picture-naming tasks, participants name a picture as quickly as possible. In several studies, when the participant did not provide the picture name in the first seconds after object presentation, the examiner provided phonemic or semantic cues. Under these conditions, word retrieval should be easier, thus lowering the age of acquisition (AoA). The goal of the present study was to collect objective norms of AoA in French without any kind of cue. The results were then compared with other European databases that relied on picture-naming tasks conducted with phonemic or semantic cues. Globally, the data of all the databases are significantly correlated. However, the AoA measures in these databases are always lower than in our study, except in Alvarez and Cuetos (2007), who did not provide any assistance to the participant. Therefore, giving phonemic and/or semantic cues lowers the AoA values, indicating that the values from different databases in this domain should be taken with caution. The objective AoA norms from this study may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society's Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Cannard, Christine and Kandel, Sonia},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.4.1055},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {1055--1064},
pmid = {19001396},
title = {{Impact of semantic or phonemic cues in picture-naming tasks on the calculation of the objective age-of-acquisition norms: A cross-linguistic study}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Wilding1981,
abstract = {Ratings were obtained from 100 subjects on a seven-point scale of the degree of synonymity of 279 pairs of nouns, half the subjects rating the pairs presented in one order and half in the other. Alternative synonyms were also invited. Mean ratings ranged from 6.76 to 3.34. Forty-six pairs were identical with those presented in a similar American study by Whitten et al. (1979). While the British ratings showed some differences from the American ones, the two sets of ratings were significantly correlated over these pairs. As in the American study, order of presentation significantly affected rated similarity in some pairs, though the American and British studies were not highly consistent in this respect. No distinguishing characteristic of such pairs was apparent.},
author = {Wilding, John and Mohindra, Naresh},
doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8295.1981.tb02181.x},
issn = {20448295},
journal = {British Journal of Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {231--240},
title = {{Ratings of the degree of synonymity of 279 noun pairs}},
volume = {72},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Cannard2005,
abstract = {Picture naming has become an important experimental paradigm in cognitive psychology. Young children are more variable than adults in their naming responses and less likely to know the object or its name. A consequence is that the interpretation of the two classical measures used by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) for scoring name agreement in adults (the percentage of agreement, based on modal name, and the H statistic, based on alternative names) will differ because of the high rate of "don't know object" responses, common in young children, relative to the low rate of "don't know object" responses more characteristic of adults. The present study focused on this methodological issue in young French children (3-8 years old), using a set of 145 Snodgrass-Vanderwart pictures. Our results indicate that the percentage of agreement based on the expected name is a better measure of picture-naming performance than are the commonly used measures. The norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Cannard, Christine and Blaye, Agn{\`{e}}s and Scheuner, Nelly and Bonthoux, Fran{\c{c}}oise},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192710},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {417--425},
pmid = {16405136},
title = {{Picture naming in 3- To 8-year-old French children: Methodological considerations for name agreement}},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Cordier2005,
abstract = {Familiarity with a word can be divided into two main components: familiarity with the form of the word (due to both its lexicality and its specific form) and familiarity with its meaning. In this study, ratings of familiarity were compared for words whose meaning was unknown to participants (UM words), for words of known meaning (KM words), and for unknown words (U words). Linguistic and experiential frequencies were equivalent. Rated familiarity was lower for UM than KM words and even lower for U words. Next, we built pseudowords from these stimuli by changing one letter and submitted them to two familiarity rating tasks that differed in the nature of the additional stimuli: either only nonwords or nonwords plus words. It was assumed that familiarity ratings would be lower for pseudowords built from UM words than for pseudowords built from KM words. The data were consistent with this assumption, and ratings depended on the initial categories of stimuli. These results support the view that usual word familiarity has two components, familiarity with form and familiarity with meaning, and a double source, processing of word form and processing of word meaning. The full set of these materials and norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Cordier, Fran{\c{c}}oise and {Le Ny}, Jean Fran{\c{c}}ois},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192724},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {528--537},
pmid = {16405150},
title = {{Evidence for several components of word familiarity}},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Desrochers2009,
abstract = {Subjective frequency and imageability estimates for a sample of 3,600 French nouns were collected from two independent groups of 72 young adults each. Both groups received standard instructions and provided their ratings on a 7-point scale. The timing, sequencing, presentation of lexical stimuli, and recording of responses were controlled by a computer. All estimates of internal consistency and test-retest reliability ({\textgreater} or =.98) confirm the high level of precision and reliability of the ratings. Correlations with ratings drawn from similar studies were found to be positive and significant for subjective frequency (r {\textgreater} or = .85) and for imageability (r {\textgreater} or = .69). Subjective frequency was positively and significantly correlated with objective frequency estimates drawn from 10 different sources (r {\textgreater} or = .42). Subjective frequency and imageability were significantly correlated (r = .26), a relationship that was driven primarily by a sudden drop in imageability ratings for words with a subjective frequency rating below 2.5. The methodological implications of these findings are discussed. The ratings can be downloaded as supplemental materials from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Desrochers, Alain and Thompson, Glenn L.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.2.546},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {546--557},
pmid = {19363197},
title = {{Subjective frequency and imageability ratings for 3,600 French nouns}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Ziegler1996,
abstract = {Recent studies suggest that performance attendant on visual word perception is affected not only bythe "traditional" feedforward inconsistency (spelling ---7phonology) but also by its feedback incon- sistency (phonology ---7spelling). The present study presents a statistical analysis of the bidirectional inconsistency for all French monosyllabic words. Weshow that French is relatively consistent from spelling to phonology but highlyinconsistent from phonology to spelling. Appendixes Band Clist prior and conditional probabilities for all inconsistent mappings and thus provide a valuable tool for con- trolling, selecting, and constructing stimulus materials for psycholinguistic and neuropsychological research. Such large-scale statistical analyses about a language's structure are crucial for develop- ing metrics of inconsistency, generating hypotheses for cross-linguistic research, and building com- putational models of reading. When},
author = {Ziegler, Johannes C. and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Stone, Gregory O.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200539},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {4},
pages = {504--515},
title = {{Statistical analysis of the bidirectional inconsistency of spelling and sound in French}},
volume = {28},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Chung2007,
abstract = {A new Real-Time Subjective Emotionality Assessment (RTSEA) system was developed for this study. The system is composed of two parts: an emotionality input and evaluation parts. An experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness of the RTSEA system. The present study compared Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) with the RTSEA by presenting 28 subjects with pictures that aroused either positive or negative emotion. Following the experiment, a subjective assessment using a questionnaire was given to the same subjects. According to the correlation coefficients, changes of the RTSEA had strong correlations with the changes of the GSR. Also, the questionnaire results showed marked similarity to the average responses of the RTSEA. In conclusion, the most remarkable characteristic of the present system is that it not only assesses the average emotionality when stimuli are presented, but also shows the trend of change in emotionality over time.},
author = {Chung, Soon Cheol and Min, Yoon K.I. and Lee, Bongsoo and Tack, Gye Rae and Yi, Jeong Han and You, J. I.Hye and Jun, Jae Hun and Min, Byung Chan},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192853},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {144--150},
title = {{Development of the Real-Time Subjective Emotionality Assessment (RTSEA) system}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Lotto2010,
abstract = {The present study provides a set of objective age of acquisition (AoA) norms for 223 Italian words that may be useful for conducting cross-linguistic studies or experiments on Italian language processing. The data were collected by presenting children from the ages of 2 to 11 with a normed picture set (Lotto, Dell'Acqua, {\&} Job, 2001). Following the study of Morrison, Chappell, and Ellis (1997), we report two measures of objective AoA. Both measures strongly correlated with each other, and they also showed a good correlation with the rated AoA provided by adult participants. Furthermore, we assessed the relationship between the AoA measures and other variables used in psycholinguistic experiments. Regression analyses showed that familiarity, typicality, and word frequency were significant predictors of AoA. AoA, but not word frequency, was found to determine naming latencies. Finally, we present a path model in which AoA is a mediator in predicting speed in picture naming. The norms and the picture set can also be downloaded from http://dpss.psy.unipd.it/files/strumenti.php and from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Lotto, Lorella and Surian, Luca and Job, Remo},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.1.126},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {126--133},
pmid = {20160292},
title = {{Objective age of acquisition for 223 italian words: Norms and effects on picture naming speed}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{DeDeyne2008a,
abstract = {Features are at the core of many empirical and modeling endeavors in the study of semantic concepts. This article is concerned with the delineation of features that are important in natural language concepts and the use of these features in the study of semantic concept representation. The results of a feature generation task in which the exemplars and labels of 15 semantic categories served as cues are described. The importance of the generated features was assessed by tallying the frequency with which they were generated and by obtaining judgments of their relevance. The generated attributes also featured in extensive exemplar by feature applicability matrices covering the 15 different categories, as well as two large semantic domains (that of animals and artifacts). For all exemplars of the 15 semantic categories, typicality ratings, goodness ratings, goodness rank order, generation frequency, exemplar associative strength, category associative strength, estimated age of acquisition, word frequency, familiarity ratings, imageability ratings, and pairwise similarity ratings are described as well. By making these data easily available to other researchers in the field, we hope to provide ample opportunities for continued investigations into the nature of semantic concept representation. These data may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society's Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {de Deyne, Simon and Verheyen, Steven and Ameel, Eef and Vanpaemel, Wolf and Dry, Matthew J. and Voorspoels, Wouter and Storms, Gert},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.4.1030},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {1030--1048},
pmid = {19001394},
title = {{Exemplar by feature applicability matrices and other Dutch normative data for semantic concepts}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Dimitropoulou2009,
abstract = {The appropriate selection of both pictorial and linguistic experimental stimuli requires a previous language-specific standardization process of the materials across different variables. Considering that such normative data have not yet been collected for Modern Greek, in this study normative data for the color version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set (Rossion {\&} Pourtois, 2004) were collected from 330 native Greek adults. Participants named the pictures (providing name agreement ratings) and rated them for visual complexity and age of acquisition. The obtained measures represent a useful tool for further research on Greek language processing and constitute the first picture normative study for this language. The picture norms from this study and previous ones may be downloaded from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Dimitropoulou, Mar{\'{i}}a and Du{\~{n}}abeitia, Jon Andoni and Blitsas, Panagiotis and Carreiras, Manuel},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.2.584},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {may},
number = {2},
pages = {584--589},
pmid = {19363201},
title = {{A standardized set of 260 pictures for Modern Greek: Norms for name agreement, age of acquisition, and visual complexity}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BRM.41.2.584},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{DeDeyne2008b,
abstract = {This study describes the collection of a large set of word association norms. In a continuous word association task, norms for 1,424 Dutch words were gathered. For each cue, three association responses were obtained per participant. In total, an average of 268 responses were collected for each cue. We investigated the relationship with similar procedures, such as discrete association tasks and exemplar generation tasks. The results show that the use of a continuous task allows the study of weaker associations in comparison with a discrete task. The effects of the continuous tasks were investigated for set size and the availability characteristics of the responses, measured through word frequency, age of acquisition, and imageability. Finally, we compared our findings to those of a semantically constrained version of the association task in which participants generated responses within the domain of a semantic category. Results of this comparison are discussed. The Appendix cited in this article is available at www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {{De Deyne}, Simon and Storms, Gert},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.1.198},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {198--205},
pmid = {18411543},
title = {{Word associations: Norms for 1,424 Dutch words in a continuous task}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Barbarotto2005,
abstract = {We provide objective data concerning the age of acquisition (AoA) of words from 202 Italian children 34-69 months of age. We investigated picture naming with 80 concrete words belonging to eight semantic categories that are included in a widely used battery for the study of naming and semantic memory. For each word, we calculated three different indices: two directly expressing the age at which a picture was given the correct name by at least 75{\%} of the subjects, and one expressing the overall percentage of our children who were correct in the task. (For the latter index, we provide separate values for boys and girls.). The correlation between objective indices of AoA and adult estimates culled from the literature was not very high. Moreover, objective indices showed low correlations with frequency and familiarity, in contrast to adult ratings. We conclude that adult estimates of AoA present validity problems and should be used with caution. The full set of stimuli is available at www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Barbarotto, Riccardo and Laiacona, Marcella and Capitani, Erminio},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192735},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {644--650},
pmid = {16629297},
title = {{Objective versus estimated age of word acquisition: A study of 202 Italian children}},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{DellaRosa2010,
abstract = {The main objective of this study is to investigate the abstract-concrete dichotomy by introducing a new variable: the mode of acquisition (MoA) of a concept. MoA refers to the way in which concepts are acquired: through experience, through language, or through both. We asked 250 participants to rate 417 words on seven dimensions: age of acquisition, concreteness, familiarity, context availability, imageability, abstractness, and MoA. The data were analyzed by considering MoA ratings and their relationship with the other psycholinguistic variables. Distributions for concreteness, abstractness, and MoA ratings indicate that they are qualitatively different. A partial correlation analysis revealed that MoA is an independent predictor of concreteness or abstractness, and a hierarchical multiple regression analysis confirmed MoA as being a valid predictor of abstractness. Strong correlations with measures for the English translation equivalents in the MRC database confirmed the reliability of our norms. The full database of MoA ratings and other psycholinguistic variables may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental or www.abstract-project.eu.},
author = {{Della Rosa}, Pasquale A. and Catrical{\`{a}}, Eleonora and Vigliocco, Gabriella and Cappa, Stefano F.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.4.1042},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {1042--1048},
pmid = {21139171},
title = {{Beyond the abstract—concrete dichotomy: Mode of acquisition, concreteness, imageability, familiarity, age of acquisition, context availability, and abstractness norms for a set of 417 Italian words}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BRM.42.4.1042},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Barca2002,
abstract = {The present study describes normative measures for 626 Italian simple nouns. The database (LEXVAR.XLS) is freely available for down-loading on the Web site http://wwwistc.ip.rm.cnr.it/materia/database/. For each of the 626 nouns, values for the following variables are reported: age of acquisition, familiarity, imageability, concreteness, adult written frequency, child written frequency, adult spoken frequency, number of orthographic neighbors, mean bigram frequency, length in syllables, and length in letters. A classification of lexical stress and of the type of word-initial phoneme is also provided. The intercorrelations among the variables, a factor analysis, and the effects of variables and of the extracted factors on word naming are reported. Naming latencies were affected primarily by a factor including word length and neighborhood size and by a word frequency factor. Neither a semantic factor including imageability, concreteness, and age of acquisition nor a factor defined by mean bigram frequency had significant effects on pronunciation times. These results hold for a language with shallow orthography, like Italian, for which lexical nonsemantic properties have been shown to affect reading aloud. These norms are useful in a variety of research areas involving the manipulation and control of stimulus attributes.},
author = {Barca, Laura and Burani, Cristina and Arduino, Lisa S},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195471},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)$\backslash$r0743-3808 (Linking)},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {424--434},
pmid = {12395559},
title = {{Word naming times and psycholinguistic norms for Italian nouns}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BF03195471},
volume = {34},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Hendrick1974,
abstract = {12 Ss in each of grades K, 2, 4, and 6 rated the likability of 22 common trait adjectives. The mean ratings and standard deviations are given for each trait. Analysis of variance indicated that only 2 of the 22 traits showed significant differences across grade levels. The data indicated that the evaluative meaning for this set of traits was remarkably stable and that the conventional meaning of common trait words is achieved at an early age },
author = {Hendrick, Clyde and Hoving, Kenneth L. and Franz, Christine M.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03334205},
isbn = {0090-5054, 0090-5054},
issn = {00905054},
journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society},
number = {2},
pages = {91--92},
title = {{Children' s likableness ratings of 22 trait adjectives}},
volume = {4},
year = {1974}
}
@inproceedings{Carletta2003,
abstract = {Multimodal corpora that show humans interacting via language are now relatively easy to collect. Current tools allow one either to apply sets of time-stamped codes to the data and consider their timing and sequencing or to describe some specific linguistic structure that is present in the data, built over the top of some form of transcription. To further our understanding of human communication, the research community needs code sets with both timings and structure, designed flexibly to address the research questions at hand. The NITE XML Toolkit offers library support that software developers can call upon when writing tools for such code sets and, thus, enables richer analyses than have previously been possible. It includes data handling, a query language containing both structural and temporal constructs, components that can be used to build graphical interfaces, sample programs that demonstrate how to use the libraries, a tool for running queries, and an experimental engine that builds interfaces on the basis of declarative specifications.},
author = {Carletta, Jean and Evert, Stefan and Heid, Ulrich and Kilgour, Jonathan and Robertson, Judy and Voormann, Holger},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195511},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {353--363},
pmid = {14587542},
title = {{The NITE XML Toolkit: Flexible annotation for multimodal language data}},
volume = {35},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Davis2005,
abstract = {This article describes a Windows program that enables users to obtain a broad range of statistics concerning the properties of word and nonword stimuli, including measures of word frequency, orthographic similarity, orthographic and phonological structure, age of acquisition, and imageability. It is designed for use by researchers in psycholinguistics, particularly those concerned with recognition of isolated words. The program computes measures of orthographic similarity on line, either with respect to a default vocabulary of 30,605 words or to a vocabulary specified by the user. In addition to providing standard orthographic neighborhood measures, the program can be used to obtain information about other forms of orthographic similarity, such as transposed-letter similarity and embedded-word similarity. It is available, free of charge, from the following Web site: http://www.maccs.mq. edu.au/colin/N-Watch/.},
author = {Davis, Colin J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03206399},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)$\backslash$n1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {65--70},
pmid = {16097345},
title = {{N-watch: A program for deriving neighborhood size and other psycholinguistic statistics}},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Fuhrman1989,
abstract = {Four hundred stimulus behaviors and their mean normative ratings for kindness, intelligence, goodness, and normality were presented for use in person perception and memory studies. Each of the four normative ratings was based on a separate sample of 35 to 39 undergraduate students from the University of Illinois. Rankings of the mean ratings were provided to facilitate a quick comparison of the behavior ratings along each of the four trait dimensions. In addition, a cluster analysis of the behaviors was reported, using the mean kindness, intelligence, and normality ratings as defining variables. Six clusters were distinguished: (1) behaviors that primarily conveyed kindness; (2) behaviors that primarily conveyed unkindness; (3) behaviors that conveyed an unusual amount of intelligence; (4) behaviors that conveyed general intelligence; (5) behaviors that conveyed a general lack of intelligence; and (6) behaviors that conveyed very little information about kindness or intelligence.},
author = {Fuhrman, Robert W. and Bodenhausen, Galen V. and Lichtenstein, Meryl},
doi = {10.3758/BF03210581},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {6},
pages = {587--597},
title = {{On the trait implications of social behaviors: Kindness, intelligence, goodness, and normality ratings for 400 behavior statements}},
volume = {21},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Block2010,
abstract = {Three decades after their publication, Bloom and Fischler's (1980) sentence completion norms continue to demonstrate widespread utility. The aim of the present study was to extend this contribution by expanding the existing database of high-constraint, high cloze probability sentences. Using the criteria established by Bloom and Fischler, we constructed 398 new sentences and presented these along with 100 sentences from their original list to be normed using a sample of 400 participants. Of the 498 sentences presented, 400 met criteria for high cloze probability-that is, .67 or higher probability of being completed by a specific single word. Of these, 321 sentences were from the new set and an additional 79 were from Bloom and Fischler's set. A high degree of correspondence was observed between responses obtained by Bloom and Fischler for their high-constraint set. A second experiment utilized an N400 event-related potential paradigm to provide further validation of the contextual constraint for the newly generated set. As expected, N400 amplitude was greater for sentences that violated contextual expectancy by ending in a word other than the newly established completion norm. Sentence completion norms are frequently used in cognitive research, and this larger database of high cloze probability sentences is expected to be of benefit to the research community for many years to come. The full set of stimuli and sentence completion norms from this study may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Block, Cady K. and Baldwin, Carryl L.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.3.665},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic) 1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {665--670},
pmid = {20805588},
title = {{Cloze probability and completion norms for 498 sentences: Behavioral and neural validation using event-related potentials}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Brysbaert2009,
abstract = {Word frequency is the most important variable in research on word processing and memory. Yet, the main criterion for selecting word frequency norms has been the availability of the measure, rather than its quality. As a result, much research is still based on the old Kucera and Francis frequency norms. By using the lexical decision times of recently published megastudies, we show how bad this measure is and what must be done to improve it. In particular, we investigated the size of the corpus, the language register on which the corpus is based, and the definition of the frequency measure. We observed that corpus size is of practical importance for small sizes (depending on the frequency of the word), but not for sizes above 16-30 million words. As for the language register, we found that frequencies based on television and film subtitles are better than frequencies based on written sources, certainly for the monosyllabic and bisyllabic words used in psycholinguistic research. Finally, we found that lemma frequencies are not superior to word form frequencies in English and that a measure of contextual diversity is better than a measure based on raw frequency of occurrence. Part of the superiority of the latter is due to the words that are frequently used as names. Assembling a new frequency norm on the basis of these considerations turned out to predict word processing times much better than did the existing norms (including Kucera {\&} Francis and Celex). The new SUBTL frequency norms from the SUBTLEX(US) corpus are freely available for research purposes from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental, as well as from the University of Ghent and Lexique Web sites.},
author = {Brysbaert, Marc and New, Boris},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.4.977},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554-3528},
journal = {Behavior research methods},
keywords = {Data Interpretation, Statistical,Humans,Language,Memory,Memory: physiology,Mental Processes,Mental Processes: physiology,Recognition (Psychology),Reference Standards,Statistical,Vocabulary},
number = {4},
pages = {977--90},
pmid = {19897807},
title = {{Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: a critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897807},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Brysbaert2012,
abstract = {The SUBTLEX-US corpus has been parsed with the CLAWS tagger, so that researchers have information about the possible word classes (parts-of-speech, or PoSs) of the entries. Five new columns have been added to the SUBTLEX-US word frequency list: the dominant (most frequent) PoS for the entry, the frequency of the dominant PoS, the frequency of the dominant PoS relative to the entry's total frequency, all PoSs observed for the entry, and the respective frequencies of these PoSs. Because the current definition of lemma frequency does not seem to provide word recognition researchers with useful information (as illustrated by a comparison of the lemma frequencies and the word form frequencies from the Corpus of Contemporary American English), we have not provided a column with this variable. Instead, we hope that the full list of PoS frequencies will help researchers to collectively determine which combination of frequencies is the most informative.},
author = {Brysbaert, Marc and New, Boris and Keuleers, Emmanuel},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0190-4},
isbn = {1554-3528},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Lexical decision,Part-of-speech information,SUBTLEX,Subtitles,Word frequency},
number = {4},
pages = {991--997},
pmid = {22396136},
title = {{Adding part-of-speech information to the SUBTLEX-US word frequencies}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Cardillo2010,
abstract = {Despite the ubiquity and importance of metaphor in thought and communication, its neural mediation remains elusive. We suggest that this uncertainty reflects, in part, stimuli that have not been designed with recent conceptual frameworks in mind or that have been hampered by inadvertent differences between metaphoric and literal conditions. In this article, we begin addressing these shortcomings by developing a large, flexible, extensively normed, and theoretically motivated set of metaphoric and literal sentences. On the basis of the results of three norming studies, we provide 280 pairs of closely matched metaphoric and literal sentences that are characterized along 10 dimensions: length, frequency, concreteness, familiarity, naturalness, imageability, figurativeness, interpretability, valence, and valence judgment reaction time. In addition to allowing for control of these potentially confounding lexical and sentential factors, these stimuli are designed to address questions about the role of novelty, metaphor type, and sensory-motor grounding in determining the neural basis of metaphor comprehension. Supplemental data for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {NIHMS150003},
author = {Cardillo, Eileen R. and Schmidt, Gwenda L. and Kranjec, Alexander and Chatterjee, Anjan},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.3.651},
eprint = {NIHMS150003},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {651--664},
pmid = {20805587},
title = {{Stimulus design is an obstacle course: 560 matched literal and metaphorical sentences for testing neural hypotheses about metaphor}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Anastasi2005,
abstract = {The present study provides norms for Spanish word lists that have been used to create false memories in native speakers of Spanish. The word lists reported are based on the Roediger and McDermott (1995) lists that have been used extensively to examine illusory memories. We employed Roediger and McDermott's critical lures, translated them into Spanish, and created semantically associated Spanish word lists by testing native Spanish speakers. The resulting lists were then normed with additional native Spanish speakers. Overall, the participants recalled 53{\%} of the list items and 32{\%} of the critical lures with the word lists developed. In addition, 74{\%} of the list items and 69{\%} of the critical lures were recognized by the participants. The present study adds to the literature by providing a set of Spanish lists that can be used by researchers interested in evaluating false memories in individuals who speak Spanish. These norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Anastasi, Jeffrey S. and {De Leon}, Alicia and Rhodes, Matthew G.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192733},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)
1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {631--637},
pmid = {16629295},
title = {{Normative data for semantically associated Spanish word lists that create false memories}},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Alonso2011,
abstract = {Frequency of occurrence is an important attribute of lexical units, and one that is widely used in psychological research and theorization. Although printed frequency norms have long been available for Spanish, and subtitle-based norms have more recently been published, oral frequency norms have not been systematically compiled for a representative set of words. In this study, a corpus of over three million units, representing present-day use of the language in Spain, was used to derive a frequency count of spoken words. The corpus consisted of 913 separate documents that contained transcriptions of oral recordings obtained in a wide variety of situations, mostly radio and television programs. The resulting database, containing absolute and relative frequency values for 67,979 orally produced words, is presented. Validity analyses showed significant correlations of oral frequency with other frequency measures and suggest that oral frequency can predict some types of lexical processing with the same or higher levels of precision, when contrasted with text- or subtitle-based frequencies. In conclusion, we discuss ways in which these oral frequency norms can be put to use. The norms can be downloaded from www.springerlink.com.},
author = {Alonso, Mar{\'{i}}a Angeles and Fernandez, Angel and D{\'{i}}ez, Emiliano},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0062-3},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Frequency estimates,Spanish norms,Spoken word frequency,Word frequency},
number = {2},
pages = {449--458},
pmid = {21416306},
title = {{Oral frequency norms for 67,979 Spanish words}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Algarabel1988,
abstract = {This paper presents the University of Valencia's computerized word pool. This is a database that includes 16,109 Spanish words, together with 11 psychological variables for limited groups of items. The purpose behind the creation of this database was to have available a large quantity of verbal stimuli in a well-controlled system, ready for automatic selection. The description in-cludes a summary of statistics on each of the 11 psychological variables, together with a correla-tional and factor analysis of them. This statistical analysis produces results close to those ob-tained for equivalent English material.},
author = {Algarabel, Salvador and Ruiz, Juan Carlos and Sanmartin, Jaime},
doi = {10.3758/BF03202684},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {4},
pages = {398--403},
title = {{The University of Valencia's computerized word pool}},
volume = {20},
year = {1988}
}
@article{Beato2011,
abstract = {A normative study was conducted using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM) to obtain false recognition for 60 six-word lists in Spanish, designed with a completely new methodology. For the first time, lists included words (e.g., bridal, newlyweds, bond, commitment, couple, to marry) simultaneously associated with three critical words (e.g., love, wedding, marriage). Backward associative strength between lists and critical words was taken into account when creating the lists. The results showed that all lists produced false recognition. Moreover, some lists had a high false recognition rate (e.g., 65{\%}; jail, inmate, prison: bars, prisoner, cell, offender, penitentiary, imprisonment). This is an aspect of special interest for those DRM experiments that, for example, record brain electrical activity. This type of list will enable researchers to raise the signal-to-noise ratio in false recognition event-related potential studies as they increase the number of critical trials per list, and it will be especially useful for the design of future research.},
author = {Beato, Maria Soledad and D??ez, Emiliano},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-010-0045-9},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Backward associative strength,DRM paradigm,False memory,False recognition},
number = {2},
pages = {499--507},
pmid = {21298572},
title = {{False recognition production indexes in Spanish for 60 DRM lists with three critical words}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Corral2009,
abstract = {The LEXIN database offers psycholinguistic indexes of the 13,184 different words (types) computed from 178,839 occurrences of these words (tokens) contained in a corpus of 134 beginning readers widely used in Spain. This database provides four statistical indicators: F (overall word frequency), D (index of dispersion across selected readers), U (estimated frequency per million words), and SFI (standard frequency index). It also gives information about the number of letters, syntactic category, and syllabic structure of the words included. To facilitate comparisons, LEXIN provides data from LEXESP's (Sebasti{\'{a}}n-Gall{\'{e}}s, Mart{\'{i}}, Cuetos, {\&} Carreiras, 2000), Alameda and Cuetos's (1995), and Mart{\'{i}}nez and Garc{\'{i}}a's (2004) Spanish adult psycholinguistic frequency databases. Access to the LEXIN database is facilitated by a computer program. The LEXIN program allows for the creation of word lists by letting the user specify searching criteria. LEXIN can be useful for researchers in cognitive psychology, particularly in the areas of psycholinguistics and education.},
author = {Corral, Silvia and Ferrero, Marta and Goikoetxea, Edurne},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.4.1009},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {1009--1017},
pmid = {19897809},
title = {{LEXIN: A lexical database from Spanish kindergarten and first-grade readers}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Santiago1996,
abstract = {Two databases of Spanish surface word forms are presented. Surface word forms are words considered as orthographically or phonologically specified without reference to their meaning or syntactic category. The databases are based on the productive written vocabulary of children between the ages of 6 and 10 years. Statistical and structural information is presented concerning surface word-form frequency, consonant-vowel (CV) structure, number of syllables, syllables, syllable CV structure, and subsyllabic units. LEX I was intended to aid in the study of reading processes. Entries were orthographic surface word forms; words were divided in their components following orthographic criteria. LEX II was designed for spoken language research. Accordingly, words were transcribed phonologically and phonological criteria were applied in extracting the internal units. Information about stress location was also provided. Together, LEX I and LEX II represent a useful tool for psycholinguists interested in the study of people acquiring Spanish as a first or foreign language and of Spanish-speaking populations in general},
author = {Santiago, Julio and Justicia, Fernando and Palma, Alfonso and Huertas, Dolores and Guti{\'{e}}rrez, Nicol{\'{a}}s},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200522},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {3},
pages = {418--426},
title = {{LEX I and II: Two databases of surface word forms for psycholinguistic research in Spanish}},
volume = {28},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Sanfeliu1996,
abstract = {Collected normative data for 254 line drawings from the set used by J. G. Snodgrass and M. Vanderwart (see record 1981-06756-001) to be used in research with Spanish-speaking samples. 261 Spanish-speaking Ss participated in 1 of 6 tasks: name agreement, familiarity, complexity, image agreement, picture-name agreement, and image variability. Each S responded to every drawing. Results are compared to those obtained by Snodgrass and Vanderwart from English-speaking Ss. There were small but significant differences for familiarity and complexity. The English-speaking sample rated the pictures as more familiar; the Spanish Ss judged the pictures as slightly more simple. The evidence justifies the statement that normative data of cognitive stimuli cannot be taken into another language directly, because object names common in one language may not be so in another, or objects that have a specific name in one language may have a generic name in another. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Sanfeliu, M. Carmen and Fernandez, Angel},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200541},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
number = {4},
pages = {537--555},
title = {{A set of 254 Snodgrass-Vanderwart pictures standardized for Spanish: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity}},
volume = {28},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Amano2007,
abstract = {Two-word familiarity sets were measured in different years (1995 and 2002) and places (Kanto and Kinki, in Japan) for a large number of Japanese words, to examine the reliability of familiarity ratings. The correlation between the word familiarities of the two sets was extremely high (r ? .958, N ? 10,515). It is suggested that familiarity rating, at least for ordinary words found in a dictionary, is very reliable and not greatly affected by differences in years and places.},
author = {Amano, Shigeaki and Kasahara, Kaname and Kondo, Tadahisa},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192997},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {1008--1011},
pmid = {18183919},
title = {{Reliability of familiarity rating of ordinary Japanese words for different years and places}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Carneiro2008,
abstract = {This study presents Portuguese category norms for children of three different age groups: preschoolers (3- to 4-year-olds), second graders (7- to 8-year-olds), and preadolescents (11- to 12-year-olds). Three hundred Portuguese children (100 in each group) completed an exemplar-generation task. Preschoolers generated exemplars for 13 categories, second graders generated exemplars for 17 categories, and preadolescents generated exemplars for 21 categories. For each group, responses within each category were organized according to frequency of production in order to derive exemplar-production norms for sets of tested categories. The results also included information about the number of responses and exemplars, idiosyncratic and inappropriate responses, and commonality and diversity indexes for all the categories. A comparison of these children's norms with the Portuguese adult norms was also presented. The full set of norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Carneiro, Paula and Albuquerque, Pedro and Fernandez, Angel},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.40.1.177},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {177--182},
pmid = {18411540},
title = {{Portuguese category norms for children}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BRM.40.1.177},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Alvarez2007,
abstract = {Age of acquisition is one of the most important variables in picture naming. For this reason, a large number of findings concerning age-of-acquisition data have been published in recent years in a number of different languages. In this article, objective age-of-acquisition data in Spanish for 328 pictures were collected from a pool of 760 children, half of whom were boys and the other half girls. A total of 246 pictures were selected from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) set, and 82 were new pictures. Like the results of other studies, we found that objective age of acquisition correlates less than rated age of acquisition with familiarity and frequency, which indicates that the objective measure is less contaminated by other variables than are rated estimates. A very high correlation was obtained between the norms from this study and those published in English, French, Icelandic, and Italian. These norms will be very useful to Spanish psycholinguists and clinicians. Related materials may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society Web archive at www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
author = {{\'{A}}lvarez, Bernardo and Cuetos, Fernando},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193006},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {377--383},
pmid = {17958148},
title = {{Objective age of acquisition norms for a set of 328 words in Spanish}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Castro2010,
abstract = {A set of semantically neutral sentences and derived pseudosentences was produced by two native European Portuguese speakers varying emotional prosody in order to portray anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and neutrality. Accuracy rates and reaction times in a forced-choice identification of these emotions as well as intensity judgments were collected from 80 participants, and a database was constructed with the utterances reaching satisfactory accuracy (190 sentences and 178 pseudosentences). High accuracy (mean correct of 75{\%} for sentences and 71{\%} for pseudosentences), rapid recognition, and high-intensity judgments were obtained for all the portrayed emotional qualities. Sentences and pseudosentences elicited similar accuracy and intensity rates, but participants responded to pseudosentences faster than they did to sentences. This database is a useful tool for research on emotional prosody, including cross-language studies and studies involving Portuguese-speaking participants, and it may be useful for clinical purposes in the assessment of brain-damaged patients. The database is available for download from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {doi:10.3758/BRM.42.1.74},
author = {Castro, S{\~{a}}o Lu{\'{i}}s and Lima, C{\'{e}}sar F.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.1.74},
eprint = {BRM.42.1.74},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {74--81},
pmid = {20160287},
primaryClass = {doi:10.3758},
title = {{Recognizing emotions in spoken language: A validated set of Portuguese sentences and pseudosentences for research on emotional prosody}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Chikamatsu2000,
abstract = {This paper describes a Japanese logographic character (kanji) frequency list, which is based on an analysis of the largest recently available corpus of Japanese words and characters. This corpus comprised a full year of morning and evening editions of a major newspaper, containing more than 23 million kanji characters and more than 4,000 different kanji characters. This paper lists the 3,000 most frequent kanji characters, as well as an analysis of kanji usage and correlations between the present list and previous Japanese frequency lists. The authors believe that the present list will help researchers more accurately and efficiently control the selection of kanji characters in cognitive science research and interpret related psycholinguistic data.},
author = {Chikamatsu, N and Yokoyama, S and Nozaki, H and Long, E and Fukuda, S},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200819},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
keywords = {Cognitive Science,Cognitive Science: methods,Handwriting,Humans,Japan,Language,Reading,Vocabulary},
number = {3},
pages = {482--500},
pmid = {11029823},
title = {{A Japanese logographic character frequency list for cognitive science research.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11029823},
volume = {32},
year = {2000}
}
@misc{Dasi2004,
abstract = {In this article, normative data on the familiarity and difficulty of 196 single-solution Spanish word fragments are presented. The database includes the following indices: difficulty, familiarity, frequency, number of meanings, number of letters given in the fragment, first and/or last letters given, and ratio of letters to blanks. A factor analysis was performed on difficulty, and two factors were obtained. Frequency, familiarity, and number of meanings loaded highly on the first factor, which we consider to measure lexical processes, whereas number of letters in the fragment, first and/or last letters given, and ratio of letters to blanks loaded highly on the second factor, which we judge to be determined by perceptual information. Regression analyses using factor scores as predictors showed that both factors accounted for a significant part of the completion probability scores. The full set of these norms may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society Web archive at},
author = {Das{\'{i}}, Carmen and Soler, Mar{\'{i}}a Jos{\'{e}} and Ruiz, Juan Carlos},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195602},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {559--563},
pmid = {15641444},
title = {{Normative data on the familiarity and difficulty of 196 Spanish word fragments}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Dasi2007,
abstract = {Word-fragment completion is a frequently used test in implicit memory research. A database of 196 Spanish fragments was recently published (Das{\{}$\backslash$'i{\}}, Soler, {\&} Ruiz, 2004) in which the fragments were described for indices, such as difficulty, familiarity, frequency, number of meanings, and so on (www.psychonomic.org/archive). In this work, a new index, the priming index, is described for the same 196 fragments. This index is calculated for each fragment by subtracting the difficulty index (the proportion of correct completion when the fragment is not studied) from the proportion of correct completion when the fragment is studied, and it means the capacity of an item to be primed. In order to determine whether the new index performs well, we have replicated some important experimental effects, such as priming, frequency, and difficulty. We consider that this index can help researchers to better select stimuli for fragment-completion tasks.},
author = {Das{\'{i}}, Carmen and Soler, Mar{\'{i}}a Jos{\'{e}} and Ruiz, Juan Carlos},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193005},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {3},
pages = {371--376},
title = {{Priming index of the Spanish word fragments from the Das{\'{i}}, Soler, and Ruiz (2004) database}},
volume = {39},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Emmerich1979,
abstract = {Ratings of concreteness and picturability and production data for meaningfulness of 310 words were gathered from 207 6th-grade children and 265 college adults. Adults also provided ratings of imagery value. Correlations among the various stimulus attributes indicated that for adults, imagery, concreteness, and picturability were overlapping attributes. For children, however, the attributes of concreteness and picturability did not overlap as much.},
author = {Emmerich, Helen J.},
doi = {10.1037/0012-1649.15.4.464},
issn = {00121649},
journal = {Developmental Psychology},
keywords = {age differences,ratings of word meaningfulness {\&}},
number = {4},
pages = {464--466},
title = {{Developmental differences in ratings of meaningfulness, concreteness, and picturability}},
volume = {15},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Davis2005a,
abstract = {This article describes a Windows program that enables users to obtain a broad range of statistics concerning the properties of word and nonword stimuli in Spanish, including word frequency, syllable frequency, bigram and biphone frequency, orthographic similarity, orthographic and phonological structure, concreteness, familiarity, imageability, valence, arousal, and age-of-acquisition measures. It is designed for use by researchers in psycholinguistics, particularly those concerned with recognition of isolated words. The program computes measures of orthographic similarity online, with respect to either a default vocabulary of 31,491 Spanish words or a vocabulary specified by the user. In addition to providing standard orthographic and phonological neighborhood measures, the program can be used to obtain information about other forms of orthographic similarity, such as transposed-letter similarity and embedded-word similarity. It is available, free of charge, from the following Web site: www.maccs.mq.edu.au/-colin/B-Pal.},
author = {Davis, Colin J. and Perea, Manuel},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192738},
isbn = {1554-3528},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {665--671},
pmid = {16629300},
title = {{BuscaPalabras: A program for deriving orthographic and phonological neighborhood statistics and other psycholinguistic indices in Spanish}},
volume = {37},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Duchon2013,
abstract = {This article introduces EsPal: a Web-accessible repository containing a comprehensive set of properties of Spanish words. EsPal is based on an extensible set of data sources, beginning with a 300 million token written database and a 460 million token subtitle database. Properties available include word frequency, orthographic structure and neighborhoods, phonological structure and neighborhoods, and subjective ratings such as imageability. Subword structure properties are also available in terms of bigrams and trigrams, biphones, and bisyllables. Lemma and part-of-speech information and their corresponding frequencies are also indexed. The website enables users either to upload a set of words to receive their properties or to receive a set of words matching constraints on the properties. The properties themselves are easily extensible and will be added over time as they become available. It is freely available from the following website: http://www.bcbl.eu/databases/espal/ .},
author = {Duchon, Andrew and Perea, Manuel and Sebasti{\'{a}}n-Gall{\'{e}}s, Nuria and Mart{\'{i}}, Antonia and Carreiras, Manuel},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0326-1},
isbn = {1040359019},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Corpus linguistics,Psycholinguistics,Subtitles,Word frequency,Word recognition},
number = {4},
pages = {1246--1258},
pmid = {23468181},
title = {{EsPal: One-stop shopping for Spanish word properties}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Dodds2011,
abstract = {Individual happiness is a fundamental societal metric. Normally measured through self-report, happiness has often been indirectly characterized and overshadowed by more readily quantifiable economic indicators such as gross domestic product. Here, we examine expressions made on the online, global microblog and social networking service Twitter, uncovering and explaining temporal variations in happiness and information levels over timescales ranging from hours to years. Our data set comprises over 46 billion words contained in nearly 4.6 billion expressions posted over a 33 month span by over 63 million unique users. In measuring happiness, we use a real-time, remote-sensing, non-invasive, text-based approach---a kind of hedonometer. In building our metric, made available with this paper, we conducted a survey to obtain happiness evaluations of over 10,000 individual words, representing a tenfold size improvement over similar existing word sets. Rather than being ad hoc, our word list is chosen solely by frequency of usage and we show how a highly robust metric can be constructed and defended.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {1101.5120},
author = {Dodds, Peter Sheridan and Harris, Kameroncker Decker and Kloumann, Isabel M. and Bliss, Catherine A. and Danforth, Christopher M.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0026752},
eprint = {1101.5120},
isbn = {1932-6203},
issn = {19326203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
number = {12},
pmid = {22163266},
title = {{Temporal patterns of happiness and information in a global social network: Hedonometrics and Twitter}},
volume = {6},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Cameirao2010,
abstract = {Age of acquisition (AoA) is an important psycholinguistic variable that affects the speed and accuracy of lexical processing in tasks such as word naming, picture naming, and lexical decision. In the present work, we collected AoA ratings for 1,749 Portuguese words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs), using a 9-point scale that was first proposed by Carroll and White (1973). We analyzed the relation between AoA ratings and other psycholinguistic variables (length measures, neighborhood density, written-word frequency, familiarity, imageability, and concreteness), and we assessed reliability by correlating our ratings with those from other databases presented for Portuguese, English, Spanish, and Italian. The full database can be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Cameir{\~{a}}o, Manuela L. and Vicente, Selene G.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.2.474},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554-351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
month = {may},
number = {2},
pages = {474--480},
pmid = {20479178},
title = {{Age-of-acquisition norms for a set of 1,749 Portuguese words}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.3758/BRM.42.2.474},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Engel1973,
abstract = {Used correlation functions obtained in 2 experiments with undergraduate Os (N = 10) as a basis for describing human visual letter recognition. Visual images were filtered by means of autocorrelation for pattern information. This operation gave the relative visibilities or legibilities of the characters. The visual impressions were then cross-correlated with a set of memory records whose outputs described the relative probabilities that the stimulus was a given character. This operation described confusion errors. Finally "response bias" was described in terms of the reliability with which a memory record provides identification of a given stimulus. In these terms response bias represented an attempt by the recognition system to minimize errors in high-information responses, at the expense of producing more low-information responses as errors. (French summary)},
author = {Engel, G. R. and Dougherty, W. G. and Jones, G. B.},
doi = {10.1037/h0082482},
issn = {00084255},
journal = {Canadian journal of psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {317--326},
pmid = {4778715},
title = {{Correlation and letter recognition.}},
volume = {27},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Carneiro2007,
abstract = {Two experiments attempted to resolve previous contradictory findings concerning developmental trends in false memories within the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm by using an improved methodology--constructing age-appropriate associative lists. The research also extended the DRM paradigm to preschoolers. Experiment 1 (N=320) included children in three age groups (preschoolers of 3-4 years, second-graders of 7-8 years, and preadolescents of 11-12 years) and adults, and Experiment 2 (N=64) examined preschoolers and preadolescents. Age-appropriate lists increased false recall. Although preschoolers had fewer false memories than the other age groups, they showed considerable levels of false recall when tested with age-appropriate materials. Results were discussed in terms of fuzzy-trace, source-monitoring, and activation frameworks.},
author = {Carneiro, Paula and Albuquerque, Pedro and Fernandez, Angel and Esteves, Francisco},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01059.x},
issn = {00093920},
journal = {Child Development},
number = {4},
pages = {1171--1185},
pmid = {17650132},
title = {{Analyzing false memories in children with associative lists specific for their age}},
volume = {78},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Chang2009,
abstract = {Frequency, familiarity, and age of acquisition are important factors for word recognition that must be considered by researchers of language acquisition. Current psycholinguistic databases, based on studies of native English speakers, include objective frequency count, subjective rating of familiarity, and age of acquisition. One can easily employ those databases to obtain a stimulus list for one's studies. For word recognition researchers interested in non-native English speakers in of Taiwan, however, there is currently no existing database. In this study, we created a psycholinguistic database which includes subjective familiarity rating and age of acquisition for 3,080 English words. Participants were 120 college students in Taiwan. They were asked to make judgments about 4,000 stimulus words. For recognized stimulus words, participants gave a rating of familiarity and self-report of age of acquisition; for non-recognized words, participants were asked to move on to the next stimulus word. Further analysis of the database showed that familiarity index, age of acquisition, and number of syllables are important factors for the recognition of a word. Variance in word recognition ratings for each factor was explained and implications were discussed.},
author = {Chang, Ting-Ting and Lee, Jun Ren},
journal = {Bulletin of Educational Psychology},
keywords = {AOA,EFL,familiarity rating},
number = {2},
pages = {441--452},
title = {{Familiarity and Age of Acquisition Ratings for English Words by Taiwanese College Students}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{DeDeyne2013,
abstract = {In this article, we describe the most extensive set of word associations collected to date. The database contains over 12,000 cue words for which more than 70,000 participants generated three responses in a multiple-response free association task. The goal of this study was (1) to create a semantic network that covers a large part of the human lexicon, (2) to investigate the implications of a multiple-response procedure by deriving a weighted directed network, and (3) to show how measures of centrality and relatedness derived from this network predict both lexical access in a lexical decision task and semantic relatedness in similarity judgment tasks. First, our results show that the multiple-response procedure results in a more heterogeneous set of responses, which lead to better predictions of lexical access and semantic relatedness than do single-response procedures. Second, the directed nature of the network leads to a decomposition of centrality that primarily depends on the number of incoming links or in-degree of each node, rather than its set size or number of outgoing links. Both studies indicate that adequate representation formats and sufficiently rich data derived from word associations represent a valuable type of information in both lexical and semantic processing.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {gr-qc/0208024},
author = {{De Deyne}, Simon and Navarro, Daniel J. and Storms, Gert},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0260-7},
eprint = {0208024},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Lexical centrality,Lexical decision,Semantic network,Semantic relatedness,Word associations},
number = {2},
pages = {480--498},
pmid = {23055165},
primaryClass = {gr-qc},
title = {{Better explanations of lexical and semantic cognition using networks derived from continued rather than single-word associations}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Denkinger2014,
abstract = {Planning, predicting, reasoning, and acting often depend crucially on the correct encoding and application of knowledge concerning the temporal and causal ordering of events. Yet no pictorial stimulus set is optimized for investigating the processing of temporal and causal order information. We introduce a novel stimulus set of 265 black-and-white line drawings depicting a diverse array of recognizable events. Most of the images in the stimulus set (N = 222) share a thematic or conceptual association with one other image in the set, and the stimuli were created and extensively normed such that the image pairs vary in the degrees to which they share a causal, ordered relation with one another. The stimuli were standardized in a series of normative tasks, including concept/noun/verb agreement, perceived frequency, visual similarity, and indexes of three features of causal associations between events (i.e., temporal proximity, exclusivity, and priority). Both younger adults (ages 18-30 years) and older adults (ages 60-80 years) contributed normative data, allowing for broad applications of the stimuli to the study of normal and age-related changes in the encoding, retention, and retrieval of information regarding temporal and causal order. Complete normative data sets are available in the online supplemental materials, and the full stimulus set is available by contacting the first author.},
author = {Denkinger, Benjamin and Koutstaal, Wilma},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0338-x},
issn = {15543528},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Associative learning,Causal learning,Memory,Serial order,Temporal order},
number = {1},
pages = {229--239},
pmid = {23619974},
title = {{A set of 265 pictures standardized for studies of the cognitive processing of temporal and causal order information}},
volume = {46},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Smith-Spark2006,
abstract = {Matching stimuli across a range of influencing variables is no less important for studies of face recognition than it is for those of word processing. Whereas a number of corpora exist to allow experimenters to select a carefully controlled set of word stimuli, similar databases for famous faces do not exist. This article, therefore, provides researchers in the area of face recognition with a useful resource on which to base their stimulus selection. In the first phase of the investigation, British adults over 40 years of age were requested to generate the names of famous people (or celebrities) that they thought they would recognize and to write these down. The most frequently named celebrities were then rated by adults from the same age population for familiarity, distinctiveness, and age of acquisition. The result is a database of 696 famous people, with an indication of their relative eminence in the public consciousness and rated for these important variables. Phoneme counts are also provided for each famous person, together with family name frequency counts in the general population, where available. Materials and links may be accessed at www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
author = {Smith-Spark, James H. and Moore, Viv and Valentine, Tim and Sherman, Susan M.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193890},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {590--597},
pmid = {17393829},
title = {{Stimulus generation, ratings, phoneme counts, and group classifications for 696 famous people by British adults over 40 years of age}},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Stadtlander2000,
abstract = {A three-phased study was conducted in order to develop a standardized list of touch-related adjec-tives. The final list consisted of 306 words that were categorized in 440 instances according to the Le-derman and Klatzky (1987, 1990)dimensions of haptic properties (some words were classified in more than one dimension). The Kucera and Francis (1967)frequency of occurrence in written English for all words in the final list was also determined. A correlation was found between frequency of occurrence on the list and Kucera and Francis frequency. An analysis of the word dimensions and future applica-tions are discussed.},
author = {Stadtlander, Lee M. and Murdoch, Latona D.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03200831},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {4},
pages = {579--587},
pmid = {11189859},
title = {{Frequency of occurrence and rankings for touch-related adjectives}},
volume = {32},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Spencer2009,
abstract = {Orthographic transparency metrics for opaque or deep languages, such as French and English, have tended to focus on feedforward and/or feedback directions, with claims made for the influence of both on reading. In the present study, data for five transparency metrics for southern British English, three of which are neither feedforward nor feedback, are presented, demonstrating the complex relationships between the metrics and offering an explanation for feedback effects in children's reading accuracy. The structure of such metrics from a variety of corpus sizes and origins is investigated, and it is concluded that large corpus sizes do not make a substantial contribution to the value of such metrics, when compared with smaller samples, and that adult and child corpuses have very similar profiles. Probabilities of occurrence for the phonemes, graphemes, and sonographs in this study may be downloaded from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Spencer, Kenneth A.},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.41.1.220},
isbn = {1554-351X (Print)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {1},
pages = {220--227},
pmid = {19182143},
title = {{Feedforward, -backward, and neutral transparency measures for British English}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Tsaparina2011,
abstract = {The aim of the present study was to provide Russian normative data for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers, 28, 516-536, 1980) colorized pictures (Rossion {\&} Pourtois, Perception, 33, 217-236, 2004). The pictures were standardized on name agreement, image agreement, conceptual familiarity, imageability, and age of acquisition. Objective word frequency and objective visual complexity measures are also provided for the most common names associated with the pictures. Comparative analyses between our results and the norms obtained in other, similar studies are reported. The Russian norms may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society supplemental archive.},
author = {Tsaparina, Diana and Bonin, Patrick and M{\'{e}}ot, Alain},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0121-9},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Colorized pictures,Picture naming,Russian norms},
number = {4},
pages = {1085--1099},
pmid = {21717267},
title = {{Russian norms for name agreement, image agreement for the colorized version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures and age of acquisition, conceptual familiarity, and imageability scores for modal object names}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Stadthagen-Gonzalez2006,
abstract = {Ratings of age of acquisition (AoA), imageability, and familiarity were collected for 1,526 words. The methodology made use of a modular approach, in which the full sample of words was divided into five separate blocks. Within each block, each word was rated on each of the three variables by 20 partici- pants (undergraduate students from the University of Bristol). Analyses comparing these ratings to existing norm databases demonstrated that this methodology resulted in high reliability (assessed by Cronbach's  ) and validity. The ratings were also transformed to be compatible with the Gilhooly and Logie (1980) norms. This transformation resulted in a set of norms for 3,394 words, which is by far the largest database of ratings for AoA, imageability, and familiarity to date. The resulting database should be useful for researchers interested in manipulating or controlling these factors in word recognition, neuropsychological, or memory studies. These norms can be downloaded from language.psy.bris .ac.uk/bristol{\_}norms.html.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Stadthagen-Gonzalez, Hans and Davis, Colin J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03193891},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {598--605},
pmid = {17393830},
title = {{The Bristol norms for age of acquisition, imageability, and familiarity}},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Umla-Runge2012,
abstract = {Stimulus material for studying object-directed actions is needed in different research contexts, such as action observation, action memory, and imitation. Action items have been generated many times in individual laboratories across the world, but they are used in very few experiments. For future studies in the field, it would be worthwhile to have a larger set of action stimulus material available to a broader research community. Some smaller action databases have already been published, but those often focus on psycholinguistic parameters and static action stimuli. With this article, we introduce an action database with dynamic action stimuli. The database contains action descriptions of 1,754 object-directed actions that have been rated for familiarity in Germany and in China. For 784 of these actions, action video clips are available. With the use of our database, it is possible to identify actions that differ in familiarity between Western and Eastern cultures. This variable may be of interest to some researchers in the field, since it has been shown that familiarity influences action information processing. Action descriptions are listed and categorized in tables that can be downloaded, along with the corresponding video clips, as supplemental material.},
author = {Umla-Runge, Katja and Zimmer, Hubert D. and Fu, Xiaolan and Wang, Lamei},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0189-x},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)
1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Actions,Culture,Familiarity},
number = {4},
pages = {946--953},
pmid = {22359253},
title = {{An action video clip database rated for familiarity in China and Germany}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Tokowicz2002,
abstract = {We collected number-of-translation norms on 562 Dutch-English translation pairs from several previous studies of cross-language processing. Participants were highly proficient Dutch-English bilinguals. Form and semantic similarity ratings were collected on the 1,003 possible translation pairs. Approximately 40{\%} of the translations were rated as being similar across languages with respect to spelling/sound (i.e., they were cognates). Approximately 45{\%} of the translations were rated as being highly semantically similar across languages. At least 25{\%} of the words in each direction of translation had more than one translation. The form similarity ratings were found to be highly reliable even when obtained with different bilinguals and modified rating procedures. Number of translations and meaning factors significantly predicted the semantic similarity of translation pairs. In future research, these norms may be used to determine the number of translations of words to control for or study this factor. These norms are available at http://www.talkbank.org/norms/tokowicz/.},
author = {Tokowicz, Natasha and Kroll, Judith F and {De Groot}, Annette M.B. and van Hell, Janet G},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195472},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {0743-3808},
journal = {Behavior research methods, instruments, {\&} computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc},
number = {3},
pages = {435--451},
pmid = {12395560},
title = {{Number-of-translation norms for Dutch-English translation pairs: a new tool for examining language production.}},
volume = {34},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Sirois2006,
abstract = {The present study provides Canadian French normative data for 388 line drawings from the European Picture Pool for Oral Naming (Protocole europ{\'{e}}en de d{\'{e}}nomination orale d'images; PEDOI; Kremin et al., 2003). One hundred eighty subjects were equally distributed for age group (18-39,40-59, 60-85), educational level (low, high), and sex. They rated pictures of objects on age of acquisition, name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Syllable length and word frequency were also taken into account. The present study suggests that age of acquisition and name agreement show significant age-related differences. These results show that unequivocal interpretation of age-related differences can be made when age-appropriate norms are used.},
author = {Sirois, M{\'{e}}lanie and Kremin, Helgard and Cohen, Henri},
doi = {10.3758/BF03192781},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {2},
pages = {300--306},
pmid = {16956106},
title = {{Picture-naming norms for Canadian French: Name agreement, familiarity, visual complexity, and age of acquisition}},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Grigoriev2013,
abstract = {Normative data on the objective age of acquisition (AoA) for 286 Russian words are presented in this article. In addition, correlations between the objective AoA and subjective ratings, name agreement, picture name agreement, imageability, familiarity, word frequency, and word length are provided, as are correlations between the objective AoA and two measures of exemplar dominance (exemplar generation frequency and the number of times an exemplar was named first). The correlations between the aforementioned variables are generally consistent with the correlations reported in other normative studies. The objective AoA data are highly correlated with the subjective AoA ratings, whereas the correlations between the objective AoA and other psycholinguistic variables are moderate. The correlations between the objective AoA of Russian words and similar data for other languages are moderately high. The complete word norms may be downloaded from supplementary material.},
author = {Grigoriev, Andrei and Oshhepkov, Ivan},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-013-0319-0},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Dominance,Familiarity,Imageability,Name agreement,Objective age of acquisition,Picture name agreement,Picture norms,Russian},
number = {4},
pages = {1208--1217},
pmid = {23435657},
title = {{Objective age of acquisition norms for a set of 286 words in Russian: Relationships with other psycholinguistic variables}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Yap2010,
abstract = {Malay, a language spoken by 250 million people, has a shallow alphabetic orthography, simple syllable structures, and transparent affixation--characteristics that contrast sharply with those of English. In the present article, we first compare the letter-phoneme and letter-syllable ratios for a sample of alphabetic orthographies to highlight the importance of separating language-specific from language-universal reading processes. Then, in order to develop a better understanding of word recognition in orthographies with more consistent mappings to phonology than English, we compiled a database of lexical variables (letter length, syllable length, phoneme length, morpheme length, word frequency, orthographic and phonological neighborhood sizes, and orthographic and phonological Levenshtein distances) for 9,592 Malay words. Separate hierarchical regression analyses for Malay and English revealed how the consistency of orthography-phonology mappings selectively modulates the effects of different lexical variables on lexical decision and speeded pronunciation performance. The database of lexical and behavioral measures for Malay is available at http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},
author = {Yap, Melvin J. and {Rickard Liow}, Susan J. and Jalil, Sajlia Binte and Faizal, Siti Syuhada Binte},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.4.992},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
number = {4},
pages = {992--1003},
pmid = {21139166},
title = {{The malay lexicon project: A database of lexical statistics for 9,592 words}},
volume = {42},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Cycowicz1997,
abstract = {Researchers concerned with the development of cognitive functions are in need of standardized material that can be used with both adults and children. The present article provides normative measures for 400 line drawings viewed by 5- and 6-year-old children. The three variables obtained - name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity - are important because of their potential effect on memory and other cognitive processes. The normative data collected in the present study indicate that young children are different from adults in both the name most frequently assigned and the number of alternative names provided. The alternative names given by the children are either coordinate names or names of objects that are visually similar to the pictured object. In addition, the failure (to name) rate is higher among young children compared to adults. Thus, we conclude that unequivocal interpretation of age-related differences in cognitive functions can be made only when age-appropriate pictorial stimuli are chosen. {\textcopyright} 1997 Academic Press.},
author = {Cycowicz, Yael M. and Friedman, David and Rothstein, Mairav and Snodgrass, Joan Gay},
doi = {10.1006/jecp.1996.2356},
isbn = {0022-0965},
issn = {00220965},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {171--237},
pmid = {9169209},
title = {{Picture naming by young children: Norms for name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity}},
volume = {65},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Fenson1994,
abstract = {Data from parent reports on 1,803 children--derived from a normative study of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs)--are used to describe the typical course and the extent of variability in major features of communicative development between 8 and 30 months of age. The two instruments, one designed for 8-16-month-old infants, the other for 16-30-month-old toddlers, are both reliable and valid, confirming the value of parent reports that are based on contemporary behavior and a recognition format. Growth trends are described for children scoring at the 10th-, 25th-, 50th-, 75th-, and 90th-percentile levels on receptive and expressive vocabulary, actions and gestures, and a number of aspects of morphology and syntax. Extensive variability exists in the rate of lexical, gestural, and grammatical development. The wide variability across children in the time of onset and course of acquisition of these skills challenges the meaningfulness of the concept of the modal child. At the same time, moderate to high intercorrelations are found among the different skills both concurrently and predictively (across a 6-month period). Sex differences consistently favor females; however, these are very small, typically accounting for 1{\%}-2{\%} of the variance. The effects of SES and birth order are even smaller within this age range. The inventories offer objective criteria for defining typicality and exceptionality, and their cost effectiveness facilitates the aggregation of large data sets needed to address many issues of contemporary theoretical interest. The present data also offer unusually detailed information on the course of development of individual lexical, gestural, and grammatical items and features. Adaptations of the CDIs to other languages have opened new possibilities for cross-linguistic explorations of sequence, rate, and variability of communicative development.},
author = {Fenson, L and Dale, P S and Reznick, J S and Bates, E and Thal, D J and Pethick, S J},
doi = {10.2307/1166093},
isbn = {0037-976X (Print)$\backslash$n0037-976X (Linking)},
issn = {0037-976X},
journal = {Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development},
pages = {1--173; discussion 174--185},
pmid = {7845413},
title = {{Variability in early communicative development.}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1166137},
volume = {59},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Frank2013,
abstract = {We make available word-by-word self-paced reading times and eye-tracking data over a sample of English sentences from narrative sources. These data are intended to form a gold standard for the evaluation of computational psycholinguistic models of sentence comprehension in English. We describe stimuli selection and data collection and present descriptive statistics, as well as comparisons between the two sets of reading times.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Frank, Stefan L. and {Fernandez Monsalve}, Irene and Thompson, Robin L. and Vigliocco, Gabriella},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0313-y},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Eye tracking,Model evaluation,Self-paced reading,Sentence comprehension,Word-reading time},
number = {4},
pages = {1182--1190},
pmid = {23404612},
title = {{Reading time data for evaluating broad-coverage models of English sentence processing}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Horton1960,
abstract = {"A sample of 100 college students ranked the alphabet according to their preference for the appearance of the capital letter. Rankings are presented for the total sample, and for subgroups based on age and sex. Coefficients of concordance among judges are low, but the rankings for the total sample and the age and sex subsamples appear to be quite reliable."},
author = {Horton, David L. and Mecherikoff, M.},
doi = {10.1037/h0045399},
issn = {00219010},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
keywords = {ALPHABET,ESTHETICS,FOR LETTERS OF ALPHABET,LETTER,OF ALPHABET,PREFERENCE,PREFERENCES FOR},
number = {4},
pages = {252--253},
title = {{Letter preferences: Ranking the alphabet}},
volume = {44},
year = {1960}
}
@article{Gilmore1979,
abstract = {In order to provide a reliable measure of the similarity of uppercase English letters, a confusion matrix based on 1,200 presentations of each letter was established. To facilitate an analysis of the perceived structural characteristics, the confusion matrix was decomposed according to Luce's choice model into a symmetrical similarity matrix and a response bias vector. The underlying structure of the similarity matrix was assessed with both a hierarchical clustering and a multidimensional scaling procedure. This data is offered to investigators of visual information processing as a valuable tool for controlling not only the overall similarity of the letters in a study, but also their similarity on individual feature dimensions.},
author = {Gilmore, G. C. and Hersh, H. and Caramazza, A. and Griffin, J.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03199852},
isbn = {0031-5117},
issn = {00315117},
journal = {Perception {\&} Psychophysics},
number = {5},
pages = {425--431},
pmid = {461104},
title = {{Multidimensional letter similarity derived from recognition errors}},
volume = {25},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Gorman1961,
abstract = {"An operational definition of abstractness in nouns was constructed by using the human discriminative response to identify two points on a scale of abstractness. This scale, consisting of 490 'abstract' and 571 'concrete' nouns, was found to have adequate reliability. When the scale was manipulated as an independent variable, the effect of abstractness on short-term recognition memory was highly significant, 'abstract' nouns being less well remembered than 'concrete' nouns. Frequency was found to be pertinent variable, independent of abstractness, very frequent nouns being less well remembered than some-what rarer nouns."},
author = {Gorman, Aloysia M.},
doi = {10.1037/h0040561},
issn = {00221015},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology},
keywords = {ABSTRACTNESS,LEARNING {\&},MEMORY,PROBLEM SOLVING {\&},RETENTION, OF WORDS, {\&},THINKING,VERBAL LEARNING, OF WORDS, DEGREE OF ABSTRACTNESS},
number = {1},
pages = {23--29},
pmid = {13707272},
title = {{Recognition memory for nouns as a function of abstractness and frequency}},
volume = {61},
year = {1961}
}
@article{Graves2013,
abstract = {The combining of individual concepts to form an emergent concept is a fundamental aspect of language, yet much less is known about it than about processing isolated words or sentences. To facilitate research on conceptual combination, we provide meaningfulness ratings for a large set of (2,160) noun-noun pairs. Half of these pairs (1,080) are reversed versions of the other half (e.g., SKI JACKET and JACKET SKI), to facilitate the comparison of successful and unsuccessful conceptual combination independently of constituent lexical items. The computer code used for obtaining these ratings through a Web interface is provided. To further enhance the usefulness of this resource, ancillary measures obtained from other sources are also provided for each pair. These measures include associate production norms, contextual relatedness in terms of latent semantic analysis distance, total number of letters, phrase-level usage frequency, and word-level usage frequency summed across the words in each pair. Results of correlation and regression analyses are also provided for a quantitative description of the stimulus set. A subset of these stimuli was used to identify neural correlates of successful conceptual combination Graves, Binder, Desai, Conant, {\&} Seidenberg, (NeuroImage 53:638-646, 2010). The stimuli can be used in other research and also provide benchmark data for evaluating the effectiveness of computational algorithms for predicting meaningfulness of noun-noun pairs.},
author = {Graves, William W. and Binder, Jeffrey R. and Seidenberg, Mark S.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0256-3},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Concepts,Conceptual combination,Lexical,Ratings,Semantics},
number = {2},
pages = {463--469},
pmid = {23055162},
title = {{Noun-noun combination: Meaningfulness ratings and lexical statistics for 2,160 word pairs}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Hoffman2013,
abstract = {Semantic ambiguity is typically measured by sum-ming the number of senses or dictionary definitions that a word has. Such measures are somewhat subjective and may not adequately capture the full extent of variation in word meaning, particularly for polysemous words that can be used in many different ways, with subtle shifts in meaning. Here, we describe an alternative, computationally derived measure of ambiguity based on the proposal that the meanings of words vary continuously as a function of their contexts. On this view, words that appear in a wide range of contexts on diverse topics are more variable in meaning than those that appear in a restricted set of similar contexts. To quantify this variation, we performed latent semantic analysis on a large text corpus to estimate the semantic similarities of different linguistic contexts. From these estimates, we calculated the degree to which the different contexts associated with a given word vary in their meanings. We term this quantity a word's semantic diversity (SemD). We suggest that this approach provides an objective way of quantifying the subtle, context-dependent variations in word meaning that are often present in language. We demonstrate that SemD is correlated with other measures of ambiguity and contextual variability, as well as with frequency and imageability. We also show that SemD is a strong predictor of performance in semantic judgments in healthy individuals and in patients with semantic deficits, accounting for unique variance beyond that of other predictors. SemD values for over 30,000 English words are provided as supplementary materials.},
author = {Hoffman, Paul and {Lambon Ralph}, Matthew A. and Rogers, Timothy T.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0278-x},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Linguistic context,Polysemy,Semantic ambiguity,Semantic cognition},
number = {3},
pages = {718--730},
pmid = {23239067},
title = {{Semantic diversity: A measure of semantic ambiguity based on variability in the contextual usage of words}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Hutchison2013,
abstract = {Speeded naming and lexical decision data for 1,661 target words following related and unrelated primes were collected from 768 subjects across four different universities. These behavioral measures have been integrated with demographic information for each subject and descriptive characteristics for every item. Subjects also completed portions of the Woodcock-Johnson reading battery, three attentional control tasks, and a circadian rhythm measure. These data are available at a user-friendly Internet-based repository ( http://spp.montana.edu ). This Web site includes a search engine designed to generate lists of prime-target pairs with specific characteristics (e.g., length, frequency, associative strength, latent semantic similarity, priming effect in standardized and raw reaction times). We illustrate the types of questions that can be addressed via the Semantic Priming Project. These data represent the largest behavioral database on semantic priming and are available to researchers to aid in selecting stimuli, testing theories, and reducing potential confounds in their studies.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {gr-qc/0208024},
author = {Hutchison, Keith A. and Balota, David A. and Neely, James H. and Cortese, Michael J. and Cohen-Shikora, Emily R. and Tse, Chi Shing and Yap, Melvin J. and Bengson, Jesse J. and Niemeyer, Dale and Buchanan, Erin},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0304-z},
eprint = {0208024},
isbn = {1554-351X},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Individual differences,Item differences,Large database,Semantic priming},
number = {4},
pages = {1099--1114},
pmid = {23344737},
primaryClass = {gr-qc},
title = {{The semantic priming project}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@misc{Szekely2003,
abstract = {Factors affecting word retrieval were compared in a timed picture-naming paradigm for 520 drawings of objects. In prior timed and untimed studies by Snodgrass},
author = {Sz{\'{e}}kely, Anna and D'Amico, Simonetta and Devescovi, Antonella and Federmeier, Kara and Herron, Dan and Iyer, Gowri and Jacobsen, Thomas and Bates, Elizabeth},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195542},
isbn = {0743-3808 (Print)},
issn = {07433808},
number = {4},
pages = {621--633},
pmid = {14748507},
title = {{Timed picture naming: Extended norms and validation against previous studies}},
volume = {35},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Buchanan2013,
abstract = {As researchers explore the complexity of memory and language hierarchies, the need to expand normed stimulus databases is growing. Therefore, we present 1,808 words, paired with their features and concept-concept information, that were collected using previously established norming methods (McRae, Cree, Seidenberg, {\&} McNorgan Behavior Research Methods 37:547-559, 2005). This database supplements existing stimuli and complements the Semantic Priming Project (Hutchison, Balota, Cortese, Neely, Niemeyer, Bengson, {\&} Cohen-Shikora 2010). The data set includes many types of words (including nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.), expanding on previous collections of nouns and verbs (Vinson {\&} Vigliocco Journal of Neurolinguistics 15:317-351, 2008). We describe the relation between our and other semantic norms, as well as giving a short review of word-pair norms. The stimuli are provided in conjunction with a searchable Web portal that allows researchers to create a set of experimental stimuli without prior programming knowledge. When researchers use this new database in tandem with previous norming efforts, precise stimuli sets can be created for future research endeavors.},
author = {Buchanan, Erin M. and Holmes, Jessica L. and Teasley, Marilee L. and Hutchison, Keith A.},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-012-0284-z},
isbn = {1342801202},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Database,Semantics,Stimuli,Word norms},
number = {3},
pages = {746--757},
pmid = {23239072},
title = {{English semantic word-pair norms and a searchable Web portal for experimental stimulus creation}},
volume = {45},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Fiez1997,
abstract = {We have developed a set of naming and recognition tests for evaluating the retrieval of lexical and conceptual knowledge for actions. As a first step, normative information about 280 items was collected for the following variables: (1) the naming responses elicited by each item, (2) the degree to which the image of each item agreed with a target name, (3) the familiarity to each depicted action, and (4) the visual complexity of each item. This information was used to develop administration and scoring procedures for a standardized test of action naming. The effectiveness and reliability of these procedures were evaluated in a second experiment. In a third experiment, five tests were developed to probe the retrieval of conceptual knowledge: (1) independently of the production of a naming response, (2) in response to pictorial and nonpictorial stimuli, (3) in terms of the attributes associated with specific actions, and (4) in terms of similarities and differences between various actions.},
author = {Fiez, J. A. and Tranel, D.},
doi = {10.3758/BF03201129},
isbn = {0090-502X (Print)$\backslash$r0090-502X (Linking)},
issn = {0090502X},
journal = {Memory and Cognition},
number = {4},
pages = {543--569},
pmid = {9259631},
title = {{Standardized stimuli and procedures for investigating the retrieval of lexical and conceptual knowledge for actions}},
volume = {25},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Garrard2001,
abstract = {Many cognitive psychological, computational, and neuropsychological approaches to the organisation of semantic memory have incorporated the idea that concepts are, at least partly, represented in terms of their fine-grained features. We asked 20 normal volunteers to provide properties of 64 concrete items, drawn from living and nonliving categories, by completing simple sentence stems (e.g., an owl is {\_}{\_}, has {\_}{\_}, can{\_}{\_}). At a later date, the same participants rated the same concepts for prototypicality and familiarity. The features generated were classified as to type of knowledge (sensory, functional, or encyclopaedic), and also quantified with regard to both dominance (the number of participants specifying that property for that concept) and distinctiveness (the proportion of exemplars within a conceptual category of which that feature was considered characteristic). The results demonstrate that rated prototypicality is related to both the familiarity of the concept and its distance from the average of the exemplars within the same category (the category centroid). The feature database was also used to replicate, resolve, and extend a variety of previous observations on the structure of semantic representations. Specifically, the results of our analyses (1) resolve two conflicting claims regarding the relative ratio of sensory to other kinds of attributes in living vs. nonliving concepts; (2) offer new information regarding the types of features-across different domains-that distinguish concepts from their category coordinates; and (3) corroborate some previous claims of higher intercorrelations between features of living things than those of artefacts.},
author = {Garrard, P. and {Lambon Ralph}, M. A. and Hodges, J. R. and Patterson, K.},
doi = {10.1080/02643290125857},
isbn = {0264-3294 (Print)$\backslash$r0264-3294 (Linking)},
issn = {02643294},
journal = {Cognitive Neuropsychology},
number = {2},
pages = {125--174},
pmid = {20945209},
title = {{Prototypicality , distinctiveness, and intercorrelation: Analyses of the semantic attributes of living and nonliving concepts}},
volume = {18},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Heise1965,
abstract = {Semantic differential (SD) factor scores on the Evaluation, Activity, and Potency dimensions are presented for 1,000 most frequently used English words. Also given are the standard errors of the factor scores, the results of several reliability studies, and a listing (for all words) of 3 types of derived scores: polarizations, n Affiliation contents, n Achievement contents. Test-ing procedures and statistics on the sample of raters are detailed. Some uses of the dictionary are suggested, and an example of its use in a study of motivation is presented including empirical results. Conditions favoring further cumulation of SD data are discussed. THE semantic differential (SD) has proven to be an accurate instrument for recording affective associations of stim-uli, particularly to the extent that such as-sociations are culturally or subculturally denned so that measurements may be aver-aged over groups of individuals (Norman, 1959). In a wide variety of studies, includ-ing many involving cross-cultural samples of raters, it has been demonstrated that affective judgments on bipolar adjective scales reliably resolve into three major dimensions or factors which Osgood has named Evaluation, Activity, and Potency 'This paper is part of a doctoral dissertation submitted to the},
author = {Heise, David R.},
doi = {10.1037/h0093884},
issn = {0096-9753},
journal = {Psychological Monographs: General and Applied},
number = {8},
pages = {1--31},
title = {{Semantic differential profiles for 1,000 most frequent English words.}},
volume = {79},
year = {1965}
}
@article{Heister2011,
abstract = {The lexical database dlexDB supplies in form of an online database frequency-based norms of numerous process-related word properties for psychological and linguistic research. These values include well known variables such as printed frequency of word form and lemma as documented also in CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995). In addition, we compute new values like frequencies based on syllables, and morphemes as well as frequencies of character chains, and multiple word combinations. The statistics are based on the Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wrterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) with over 100 million running words. We illustrate the validity of these norms with new results about fixation durations in sentence reading.},
author = {Heister, Julian and Wuerzner, Kay-Michael and Bubenzer, Johannes and Pohl, Edmund and Hanneforth, Thomas and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
doi = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000029},
issn = {00333042},
journal = {PSYCHOLOGISCHE RUNDSCHAU},
pages = {10--20},
title = {{dlexDB - A lexical database for the psychological and linguistic research}},
volume = {62},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Tabossi2011,
abstract = {The present study reports descriptive normative measures for 245 Italian verbal idiomatic expressions. For each of the idiomatic expressions the following variables are reported: Length, Knowledge, Familiarity, Age of Acquisition, Predictability, Syntactic flexibility, Literality and Compositionality. Syntactic flexibility was assessed using five syntactic operations: adverb insertion, adjective insertion, left dislocation, passive and movement. The psycholinguistic relevance of each dimension, their measures and the correlations among them are provided and discussed. The databases are freely available for down-loading from the Psychonomic Society Web archive at www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
author = {Tabossi, Patrizia and Arduino, Lisa and Fanari, Rachele},
doi = {10.3758/s13428-010-0018-z},
isbn = {1554-3528 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1554-351X (Linking)},
issn = {1554351X},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
keywords = {Descriptive norms,Idiomatic expressions,Italian},
number = {1},
pages = {110--123},
pmid = {21287129},
title = {{Descriptive norms for 245 Italian idiomatic expressions}},
volume = {43},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Tamaoka2002,
abstract = {In 1981, the Japanese government published a list of the 1,945 basic Japanese kanji (Jooyoo Kanji-hyo), including specifications of pronunciation. This list was established as the standard for kanji usage in print. The database for 1,945 basic Japanese kanji provides 30 cells that explain in detail the various characteristics of kanji. Means, standard deviations, distributions, and information related to previous research concerning these kanji are provided in this paper. The database is saved as a Microsoft Excel 2000 file for Windows. This kanji database is accessible on the Web site of the Oxford Text Archive, Oxford University (http://ota.ahds.ac.uk). Using this database, researchers and educators will be able to conduct planned experiments and organize classroom instruction on the basis of the known characteristics of selected kanji.},
author = {Tamaoka, Katsuo and Kirsner, Kim and Yanase, Yushi and Miyaoka, Yayoi and Kawakami, Masahiro},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195454},
isbn = {0743-3808},
issn = {07433808},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
number = {2},
pages = {260--275},
pmid = {12109023},
title = {{A Web-accessible database of characteristics of the 1,945 basic Japanese kanji}},
volume = {34},
year = {2002}
}
@misc{Tamaoka2004a,
abstract = {- SP{\'{I}}{\v{S}} FONOLOGIE, MOORY ATD$\backslash$r$\backslash$nOn the basis of the lexical corpus created by Amano and Kondo (2000), using the Asahi newspaper, the present study provides frequencies of occurrence for units of Japanese phonemes, morae, and syllables. Among the five vowels, /a/ (23.42{\%}), /i/ (21.54{\%}), /u/ (23.47{\%}), and /o/ (20.63{\%}) showed similar frequency rates, whereas /e/ (10.94{\%}) was less frequent. Among the 12 consonants, /k/ (17.24{\%}), /t/ (15.53{\%}), and /r/ (13.11{\%}) were used often, whereas /p/ (0.60{\%}) and /b/ (2.43{\%}) appeared far less frequently. Among the contracted sounds, /sj/ (36.44{\%}) showed the highest frequency, whereas /mj/ (0.27{\%}) rarely appeared. Among the five long vowels, /aR/ (34.4{\%}) was used most frequently, whereas /uR/ (12.11{\%}) was not used so often. The special sound /N/ appeared very frequently in Japanese. The syllable combination /k/+V+/N/ (19.91{\%}) appeared most frequently among syllabic combinations with the nasal /N/. The geminate (or voiceless obstruent) /Q/, when placed before the four consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, and /s/, appeared 98.87{\%} of the time, but the remaining 1.13{\%} did not follow the definition. The special sounds /R/, /N/, and /Q/ seem to appear very frequently in Japanese, suggesting that they are not special in terms of frequency counts. The present study further calculated frequencies for the 33 newly and officially listed morae/syllables, which are used particularly for describing alphabetic loanwords. In addition, the top 20 bi-mora frequency combinations are reported. Files of frequency indexes may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society Web archive at http://www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
author = {Tamaoka, Katsuo and Makioka, Shogo},
booktitle = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
doi = {10.3758/BF03195600},
issn = {07433808},
number = {3},
pages = {531--547},
pmid = {15641442},
title = {{Frequency of occurrence for units of phonemes, morae, and syllables appearing in a lexical corpus of a Japanese newspaper}},
volume = {36},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Stevenson2007,
abstract = {The Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) are a commonly used set of 1,034 words characterized on the affective dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance. Traditionally, studies of affect have used stimuli characterized along either affective dimensions or discrete emotional categories, but much current research draws on both of these perspectives. As such, stimuli that have been thoroughly characterized according to both of these approaches are exceptionally useful. In an effort to provide researchers with such a characterization of stimuli, we have collected descriptive data on the ANEW to identify which discrete emotions are elicited by each word in the set.

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib