text:
% in patients and 45% in controls, respectively. Several risk factors for IBD were identified: IBD in first degree relatives (IBD: OR (odds ratio): 6.1 (95%CI: 2.5-15.0), CD (OR: 6.8 (2.3-20.2)) and UC (OR: 6.1 (2.3-16.0))); bedroom sharing (IBD: OR: 2.1 (1.0-4.3), CD (OR: 3.6 (1.3-9.4))); high sugar intake (IBD: OR: 2.5 (1.0-6.2), CD (OR: 2.9 (1.0-8.5))); prior admission to a hospital for gastrointestinal infections (IBD: 7.7 (3.1-19.1), CD (7.9 (2.5-24.9)) and UC (7.4 (2.5-21.6))); stressful events (IBD: 1.7 (1.0-2.9)). Protective factors were daily vs. less than daily vegetable consumption (CD: 0.3 (0.1-1.0), UC (0.3 (0.1-0.8))) and whole meal bread consumption (IBD: OR: 0.5 (0.3-0.9), CD (0.4 (0.2-0.9))). An increased risk of diagnosis of CD compared to UC was shown for patients living in more urban areas (OR: 1.3 (1.1-1.6)). CONCLUSION: We identified several risk and protective factors for developing IBD. Studies on the influence of environmental factors are important in our understanding of aetiology and phenotypes of paediatric IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Bread
Breast Feeding
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*epidemiology/etiology/genetics
Confidence Intervals
Crohn Disease/*epidemiology/etiology/genetics
Denmark/epidemiology
Dermatitis, Atopic/complications
Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases/complications/microbiology
Humans
Infection/complications
Male
Multivariate Analysis
Odds Ratio
Residence Characteristics
Risk Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
Urban Population/statistics & numerical data
Vegetables},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {22748696},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2012.05.024},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jiang, H. and Przybyszewski, J. and Mitra, D. and Becker, C. and Brehm-Stecher, B. and Tentinger, A. and MacDonald, R. S.},
   title = {Soy protein diet, but not Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, decreases mucin-1, trefoil factor-3, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in colon of dextran sodium sulfate-treated C57BL/6 mice},
   journal = {J Nutr},
   volume = {141},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1239-46},
   note = {1541-6100
Jiang, Huanyi
Przybyszewski, Joseph
Mitra, Debjani
Becker, Chad
Brehm-Stecher, Byron
Tentinger, Amy
MacDonald, Ruth S
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Nutr. 2011 Jul;141(7):1239-46. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.137414. Epub 2011 May 18.},
   abstract = {The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases has increased during recent decades. Within the colon, the families of mucins (MUC) and trefoil factors (TFF) facilitate mucosal protection. Probiotic administration influences the intestinal MUC layer. Additionally, food components may affect gut microflora or have direct effects on the MUC barrier. Our objective was to determine whether diet and/or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) would mediate dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis by altering expression of the MUC and TFF genes. C57BL/6 mice were fed diets containing 20% (wt:wt) casein, soy, or whey proteins with or without LGG for 12 d. Seven days after starting LGG diets, the mice were given 2% DSS in drinking water for 4 d. Two additional casein groups with or without LGG were given tap water, for a total of 8 groups. One day after the DSS treatment, the mice were killed and the colon and cecum tissues and cecum contents were collected and analyzed by qRT-PCR. Whey protein significantly increased cecal LGG content compared with the other diets. In the casein diet groups, MUC1 and TFF-3 expression in colon was significantly induced by DSS independent of LGG. Compared with other DSS-treated groups, soy protein decreased MUC-1 and TFF-3 in the colon. Similarly, soy protein decreased the impact of DSS on inflammatory scores, TNFalpha gene expression, and colon shortening. There was no overall effect of LGG on these measurements. In conclusion, soy protein suppressed the DSS-induced inflammatory stimulation of MUC, TFF, and TNFalpha gene expression independently of LGG.},
   keywords = {Animals
Base Sequence
Caseins/administration & dosage
Cecum/metabolism/microbiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/*diet therapy/*genetics/therapy
Colon/metabolism/microbiology
Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
Disease Models, Animal
Female
Gene Expression
*Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Milk Proteins/administration & dosage
Mucin-1/*genetics
Mucins/*genetics
Probiotics/*administration & dosage
RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism
Soybean Proteins/*administration & dosage
Trefoil Factor-3
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*genetics
Whey Proteins},
   ISSN = {0022-3166},
   Accession Number = {21593350},
   DOI = {10.3945/jn.110.137414},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Joo, E. and Yamane, S. and Hamasaki, A. and Harada, N. and Matsunaga, T. and Muraoka, A. and Suzuki, K. and Nasteska, D. and Fukushima, T. and Hayashi, T. and Tsuji, H. and Shide, K. and Tsuda, K. and Inagaki, N.},
   title = {Enteral supplement enriched with glutamine, fiber, and oligosaccharide attenuates experimental colitis in mice},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {29},
   number = {3},
   pages = {549-55},
   note = {1873-1244
Joo, Erina
Yamane, Shunsuke
Hamasaki, Akihiro
Harada, Norio
Matsunaga, Tetsuro
Muraoka, Atsushi
Suzuki, Kazuyo
Nasteska, Daniela
Fukushima, Toru
Hayashi, Tatsuya
Tsuji, Hidemi
Shide, Kenichiro
Tsuda, Kinsuke
Inagaki, Nobuya
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Nutrition. 2013 Mar;29(3):549-55. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.007. Epub 2012 Dec 28.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic recurrent disease characterized by acute inflammation of the colonic mucosa. In Japan, a dietary supplementation product enriched with glutamine, dietary fiber, and oligosaccharide (GFO) is widely applied for enteral nutrition support. These three components have been suggested to improve intestinal health. In this study, we investigated whether GFO has suppressive effects on mucosal damage in ulcerative colitis in an experimental mouse model. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice received 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water for 5 d to induce colitis. Then, they were given 0.25 mL of GFO or a 20% glucose solution twice daily for 10 d. Another set of mice receiving unaltered drinking water was used as the normal control group. RESULTS: The body weight loss and disease activity index were significantly lower in the GFO-treated mice compared with the glucose-treated mice (P < 0.05). The decrease in colon length induced by dextran sulfate sodium was significantly alleviated in GFO-treated mice compared with glucose-treated mice (P < 0.01). In addition, the histologic findings showed that intestinal inflammation was significantly attenuated in mice treated with GFO. Furthermore, treatment with GFO significantly inhibited the dextran sulfate sodium-induced increase in the mRNA expression of interleukin-1beta. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that GFO has potential therapeutic value as an adjunct therapy for ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/pathology/*therapy
Colon/chemistry
Cytokines/genetics
Dextran Sulfate
Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage
Dietary Supplements
Disease Models, Animal
Enteral Nutrition
Glutamine/*administration & dosage
Interleukin-1beta/genetics
Intestinal Mucosa/chemistry/pathology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Oligosaccharides/*administration & dosage
RNA, Messenger/analysis},
   ISSN = {0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {23274091},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.007},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kaiser, A. M.},
   title = {T-pouch: results of the first 10 years with a nonintussuscepting continent ileostomy},
   journal = {Dis Colon Rectum},
   volume = {55},
   number = {2},
   pages = {155-62},
   note = {1530-0358
Kaiser, Andreas M
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
United States
Dis Colon Rectum. 2012 Feb;55(2):155-62. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0b013e31823a969b.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Continent ileostomy is an alternative for patients who are either not candidates for an ileo-anal pullthrough or in whom an ileo-anal pullthrough failed. We previously described a new type of continent ileostomy (T-pouch) with a nonintussuscepting valve. OBJECTIVE: This study performed an outcomes analysis of the first 10 years with 40 patients. DESIGN: A prospective database of patients with a T-pouch from 2000 to 2010 was retrospectively analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes measured were demographics and surgical recovery information and the functional data obtained via questionnaire: incontinence, difficulty of pouch intubation, restrictions (work, social, diet, and sexual), quality of health and life, and level of satisfaction with surgery, which were rated on a scale of 0 to 10. RESULTS: Twenty-three women and 17 men (mean age, 51.2) received a T-pouch. Median follow-up was 6.2 years (range, 0.8-11 years). Five patients (12.5%) experience a leak; 3 leaks were managed conservatively and/or with drain placement. Pouch intubations were done 4 times per day in a mean of 6.8 minutes; the insertion difficulty was rated as 2.5 of 10. Ninety-two percent achieved good continence. All quality-of-life and dysfunction/restriction scores showed significant improvement. Major abdominal surgeries for pouch-related reasons were needed in 30%; minor service operations of the skin-level stoma were needed in 25% of the patients. Of the patients, 87.5% would do the surgery again; 90% would recommend it to others with the same diagnosis. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by the cohort size and the lack of long-term data. CONCLUSION: Ten years with 40 patients confirmed that creation of a T-pouch is complex but could be performed with an acceptable rate of complications. It dramatically improved functional outcomes; most notably, it improved fecal control and decreased social, sexual, and work restrictions.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Colitis, Ulcerative/surgery
*Colonic Pouches
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Ileal Neoplasms/surgery
Ileostomy/*methods
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Satisfaction/statistics & numerical data
Postoperative Complications/epidemiology
Quality of Life
Recovery of Function
Retrospective Studies
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0012-3706},
   Accession Number = {22228158},
   DOI = {10.1097/DCR.0b013e31823a969b},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kaulmann, A. and Serchi, T. and Renaut, J. and Hoffmann, L. and Bohn, T.},
   title = {Carotenoid exposure of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells did not affect selected inflammatory markers but altered their proteomic response},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {108},
   number = {6},
   pages = {963-73},
   note = {1475-2662
Kaulmann, Anouk
Serchi, Tommaso
Renaut, Jenny
Hoffmann, Lucien
Bohn, Torsten
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2012 Sep 28;108(6):963-73. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511006349. Epub 2011 Dec 12.},
   abstract = {Carotenoid consumption has been linked to a number of beneficial health effects, including the reduction of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular complications. However, no data are available on their action on the intestinal epithelium, being exposed to the highest concentrations of carotenoids in the human body, and where they could act preventively on intestinal inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether lycopene and beta-carotene in micelles (M), at concentrations that could be reached via the diet (10-25 mug/ml) could aid in the reduction of TNF-alpha plus IL-1beta-induced inflammation of Caco-2 human epithelial cells. The impact on biomarkers of inflammation, including IL-8, NO and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (through PGE-2alpha), and the NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways of intracellular signalling cascades were evaluated compared with controls (empty M). Furthermore, proteomic analyses were conducted from total cellular protein extracts. The results revealed that isolated carotenoids had no statistical significant anti-inflammatory effect on the biomarkers observed, or on the regulation of NF-kappaB and MAPK. Nevertheless, analyses of the proteome suggested that fifteen proteins were significantly (P < 0.05, expression ratio >1.3) differentially regulated following beta-carotene exposure, participating mostly in metabolic activities including antioxidant mechanisms, such as glutathione S-transferase A1. Only one protein was differentially regulated by lycopene (profilin-1). To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to investigate pathways involved in the action of carotenoids on the intestinal epithelium.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*metabolism
Biomarkers/metabolism
Caco-2 Cells
Carotenoids/*metabolism
*Down-Regulation
Enterocytes/immunology/*metabolism/secretion
Glutathione Transferase/chemistry/metabolism
Humans
Inflammation Mediators/*metabolism
Micelles
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/chemistry/metabolism
NF-kappa B/chemistry/metabolism
Osmolar Concentration
Peptide Mapping
Profilins/chemistry/metabolism
Proteins/*metabolism
Proteomics/methods
*Up-Regulation
beta Carotene/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {22152988},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114511006349},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kim, H.},
   title = {Natural products to improve quality of life targeting for colon drug delivery},
   journal = {Curr Drug Deliv},
   volume = {9},
   number = {2},
   pages = {132-47},
   note = {1875-5704
Kim, Hyunjo
Journal Article
Review
United Arab Emirates
Curr Drug Deliv. 2012 Mar;9(2):132-47.},
   abstract = {The colon is largely being investigated as a site for administration of protein and peptides, which are degraded by digestive enzymes in the upper GIT. Also for local diseases of the colon such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and ameobiasis, drug administration to the site of action can not only reduce the dose to be administered, but also decrease the side effects. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) such as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. Intestinal bacteria initiate the activation of intestinal inflammatory processes, which are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine. Increased chemokine expression has also been observed in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. Future trials of specific agents capable of inhibiting chemokine synthesis and secretion or blocking chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction will be important to study in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Many important bioactive compounds have been discovered from natural sources using bioactivity directed fractionation and isolation (BDFl) Continuing discovery has also been facilitated by the recent development of new bioassay methods. These bioactive compounds are mostly plant secondary metabolites, and many naturally occurring pure compounds have become medicines, dietary supplements, and other useful commercial products. The present review includes various approaches investigated for colon drug delivery and their site specificity. To achieve successful colonic delivery, a drug needs to be protected from absorption and the environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract and then be abruptly released into the proximal colon, which is considered the optimum site for colon targeted delivery of drugs.},
   keywords = {Animals
Biological Products/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics
Colon/*drug effects/metabolism
Colonic Diseases/*drug therapy/metabolism
Drug Delivery Systems/*methods
Humans
Quality of Life},
   ISSN = {1567-2018},
   Accession Number = {22283651},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kiran, R. P. and El-Gazzaz, G. and Remzi, F. H. and Church, J. M. and Lavery, I. C. and Hammel, J. and Fazio, V. W.},
   title = {Influence of age at ileoanal pouch creation on long-term changes in functional outcomes},
   journal = {Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {13},
   number = {2},
   pages = {184-90},
   note = {1463-1318
Kiran, R P
El-Gazzaz, G
Remzi, F H
Church, J M
Lavery, I C
Hammel, J
Fazio, V W
Comparative Study
Journal Article
England
Colorectal Dis. 2011 Feb;13(2):184-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.02127.x.},
   abstract = {AIM: We reviewed the functional results and quality of life (QOL) of patients who had had an ileoanal pouch (IPAA) for at least 15 years. METHOD: Retrospective analysis was undertaken of data accrued prospectively into a pouch database since 1983. Patients who had retained an IPAA for at least 15 years were identified. Trends in IPAA function and QOL of the patients were determined over a time-period of 15 years after formation of the IPAA. Data were compared for patients who were < 35, 35-55 and > 55 years of age when the IPAA was formed. RESULTS: Three hundred and ninety-six of a total of 3276 patients in the database (53% men, median age 36 years and median follow-up 17.1 years) underwent IPAA with at least 15 years of follow-up. The final pathology was ulcerative colitis in 78%; 66.4% of patients had a restorative proctocolectomy, 91.4% underwent temporary diversion, 59% had a J-pouch configuration and 63.1% a stapled anastomosis. The frequency of bowel movements remained the same over the follow-up period. There was an increase in the incidence of incontinence and urgency after 15 years with no significant change in dietary, social, work and sexual restrictions during follow-up. Patients in all three age groups experienced deterioration in pouch function at 15 years of follow up compared with the function at 5 years. The QOL of the patients remained high and stable. CONCLUSION: There is a deterioration of pouch function after 15 years, irrespective of the age of the patient when the IPAA was formed. Despite this, QOL appears to be high for all patients who retain their pouch.},
   keywords = {Adult
Age Factors
Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
*Colonic Pouches
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Proctocolectomy, Restorative
Quality of Life
Retrospective Studies
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1462-8910},
   Accession Number = {19906054},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.02127.x},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kleiveland, C. R. and Hult, L. T. and Spetalen, S. and Kaldhusdal, M. and Christofferesen, T. E. and Bengtsson, O. and Romarheim, O. H. and Jacobsen, M. and Lea, T.},
   title = {The noncommensal bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) ameliorates dextran sulfate (Sodium Salt)-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by influencing mechanisms essential for maintenance of the colonic barrier function},
   journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {1},
   pages = {48-56},
   note = {1098-5336
Kleiveland, Charlotte R
Hult, Lene T Olsen
Spetalen, Signe
Kaldhusdal, Magne
Christofferesen, Trine Eker
Bengtsson, Oskar
Romarheim, Odd Helge
Jacobsen, Morten
Lea, Tor
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Jan;79(1):48-56. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02464-12. Epub 2012 Oct 12.},
   abstract = {Dietary inclusion of a bacterial meal has recently been shown to efficiently abolish soybean meal-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon. The objective of this study was to investigate whether inclusion of this bacterial meal in the diet could abrogate disease development in a murine model of epithelial injury and colitis and thus possibly have therapeutic potential in human inflammatory bowel disease. C57BL/6N mice were fed ad libitum a control diet or an experimental diet containing 254 g/kg of body weight BioProtein, a bacterial meal consisting of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), together with the heterogenic bacteria Ralstonia sp., Brevibacillus agri, and Aneurinibacillus sp. At day 8, colitis was induced by 3.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) ad libitum in the drinking water for 6 days. Symptoms of DSS treatment were less profound after prophylactic treatment with the diet containing the BioProtein. Colitis-associated parameters such as reduced body weight, colon shortening, and epithelial damage also showed significant improvement. Levels of acute-phase reactants, proteins whose plasma concentrations increase in response to inflammation, and neutrophil infiltration were reduced. On the other, increased epithelial cell proliferation and enhanced mucin 2 (Muc2) transcription indicated improved integrity of the colonic epithelial layer. BioProtein mainly consists of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) (88%). The results that we obtained when using a bacterial meal consisting of M. capsulatus (Bath) were similar to those obtained when using BioProtein in the DSS model. Our results show that a bacterial meal of the noncommensal bacterium M. capsulatus (Bath) has the potential to attenuate DSS-induced colitis in mice by enhancing colonic barrier function, as judged by increased epithelial proliferation and increased Muc2 transcription.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bacillales/physiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/*chemically induced/pathology/prevention & control
Colon/*microbiology/physiology
Dextran Sulfate/*toxicity
Diet/*methods
Disease Models, Animal
Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology/physiology
Methylococcus capsulatus/*physiology
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mucin-2/secretion
Ralstonia/physiology},
   ISSN = {0099-2240},
   Accession Number = {23064342},
   DOI = {10.1128/aem.02464-12},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Komiyama, Y. and Mitsuyama, K. and Masuda, J. and Yamasaki, H. and Takedatsu, H. and Andoh, A. and Tsuruta, O. and Fukuda, M. and Kanauchi, O.},
   title = {Prebiotic treatment in experimental colitis reduces the risk of colitic cancer},
   journal = {J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {26},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1298-308},
   note = {1440-1746
Komiyama, Yutaka
Mitsuyama, Keiichi
Masuda, Jyunya
Yamasaki, Hiroshi
Takedatsu, Hidetoshi
Andoh, Akira
Tsuruta, Osamu
Fukuda, Masanobu
Kanauchi, Osamu
Journal Article
Australia
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Aug;26(8):1298-308. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06690.x.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) is a prebiotic product that reduces colonic mucosal inflammation and the clinical symptoms observed in ulcerative colitis (UC). The risk of contracting colorectal cancer is higher in patients with UC than in that of the general population. The aim of this study is to apply this prebiotic approach to control chronic colitis and to reduce the incidence of colitic cancer. METHODS: Repeated and intermitted dextran sulfate sodium administration to male Sprague-Dawley rats was used for the chronic and subacute colitis models. GBF was added as the diet (10% w/v). The incidence of adenomatous high-grade dysplasia, and pathophysiological observations, including the proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index, and clinical score, cecal organic acid profile, and the accompanying beta-glucosidase activity were determined. RESULTS: In the chronic phase, the incidence of adenomatous dysplasia was only confirmed in the control group, and the GBF group had no dysplasia in the entire colon; the stratified squamous epithelium area of GBF was significantly lower than that of the controls. GBF treatment significantly lowered the cecal succinate content and significantly increased beta-glucosidase activity compared to the controls. In addition, colonic mucosal inflammatory damage was comparable between the two groups, while the PCNA labeling index of the colonic mucosa in the GBF group was significantly lower than that of the control group. However, in the subacute phase, the mucosal damage score of GBF was significantly attenuated, and the PCNA labeling index of the colonic mucosa in the GBF group was significantly higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study demonstrated that GBF effectively prevents colitis-related dysplasia and inflammatory change in chronic and subacute colitis models by modulating the intestinal environment as a prebiotic. This prebiotic might contribute to the prevention of mucosal damage, to show different proliferative effects on the epithelium in the regeneration and steady states.},
   keywords = {Adenoma/etiology/metabolism/pathology/*prevention & control
Animals
Cell Proliferation
Colitis/chemically induced/complications/metabolism/pathology/*therapy
Colon/metabolism/*pathology
Colonic Neoplasms/etiology/metabolism/pathology/*prevention & control
Colonoscopy
Dextran Sulfate
Disease Models, Animal
Germination
*Hordeum
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/pathology
Male
*Prebiotics
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Succinic Acid/metabolism
Time Factors
beta-Glucosidase/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0815-9319},
   Accession Number = {21303406},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06690.x},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Krag, A. and Israelsen, H. and von Ryberg, B. and Andersen, K. K. and Bendtsen, F.},
   title = {Safety and efficacy of Profermin(R) to induce remission in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {18},
   number = {15},
   pages = {1773-80},
   note = {2219-2840
Krag, Aleksander
Israelsen, Hans
von Ryberg, Bjorn
Andersen, Klaus K
Bendtsen, Flemming
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Apr 21;18(15):1773-80. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i15.1773.},
   abstract = {AIM: To test the efficacy and safety of Profermin((R)) in inducing remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: The study included 39 patients with mild to moderate UC defined as a Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI) > 4 and < 12 (median: 7.5), who were treated open-label with Profermin((R)) twice daily for 24 wk. Daily SCCAI was reported observer blinded via the Internet. RESULTS: In an intention to treat (ITT) analysis, the mean reduction in SCCAI score was 56.5%. Of the 39 patients, 24 (62%) reached the primary endpoint, which was proportion of patients with >/= 50% reduction in SCCAI. Our secondary endpoint, the proportion of patients in remission defined as SCCAI </= 2.5, was in ITT analysis reached in 18 of the 39 patients (46%). In a repeated-measure regression analysis, the estimated mean reduction in score was 5.0 points (95% CI: 4.1-5.9, P < 0.001) and the estimated mean time taken to obtain half the reduction in score was 28 d (95% CI: 26-30). There were no serious adverse events (AEs) or withdrawals due to AEs. Profermin((R)) was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Profermin((R)) is safe and may be effective in inducing remission of active UC.},
   keywords = {Adult
Avena
Colitis, Ulcerative/diet therapy/*drug therapy
Complex Mixtures/*adverse effects
Female
Hordeum
Humans
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lecithins/administration & dosage
Male
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
Diet
Dietary management
Inflammatory bowel disease
Medical foods
Probiotic
Profer-min(R)
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {22553401},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v18.i15.1773},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Krzesiek, E. and Flis, A. and Iwanczak, B.},
   title = {[Frequency of anemia in ulcerative colitis in children]},
   journal = {Pol Merkur Lekarski},
   volume = {33},
   number = {195},
   pages = {138-42},
   note = {Krzesiek, Elzbieta
Flis, Agnieszka
Iwanczak, Barbara
English Abstract
Journal Article
Poland
Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2012 Sep;33(195):138-42.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: Anemia is one of most frequent complication of ulcerative colitis. It affects patients in the exacerbation of the disease as well as in the remission. It may be caused by the loss of the blood, the disturbances of intestinal absorption or deficient diet. The aim of the study was to estimate the rate of anemia in children with ulcerative colitis during first hospitalization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 36 children aged 2.5 to 18 years, 23 girls and 13 boys in whom ulcerative colitis was diagnosed based on the Porto criteria. Anemia in children was assessed depending on the age, period between first symptoms and diagnosis of the disease and on the activity of the disease according to PUCAI scale. RESULTS: Anemia was diagnosed in 72.2% of the children. Hemoglobin concentration ranged from 6.3 to 12.4 g/dl, average 10.05 g/dl depending on age. Activity of the disease according to PUCAI scale amounted to 5 to 80 points, average 51.9 points. Time from first symptoms to the diagnosis of the disease extended from one week to 12 months, average 3.6 months. In children without anemia the average concentration of hemoglobin was 13.2 g/dl, the activity of the disease 33.5 points and average time before diagnosis - 1.7 months. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is a frequent symptom of ulcerative colitis in children. The presence of anemia depends on the disease activity and on the time between first symptoms and diagnosis of the disease. There is a necessity of iron supplementation in children with anemia despite effective anti-inflammatory treatment.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Anemia/diet therapy/*epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Comorbidity
Female
Humans
Incidence
Iron/therapeutic use
Male},
   ISSN = {1426-9686 (Print)
1426-9686},
   Accession Number = {23157131},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lakhan, S. E. and Kirchgessner, A.},
   title = {Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Transl Med},
   volume = {9},
   pages = {129},
   note = {1479-5876
Lakhan, Shaheen E
Kirchgessner, Annette
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
J Transl Med. 2011 Aug 2;9:129. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-129.},
   abstract = {Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for a number of diseases including lung cancer and respiratory infections. Paradoxically, it also contains nicotine, an anti-inflammatory alkaloid. There is increasing evidence that smokers have a lower incidence of some inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis, and the protective effect involves the activation of a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that requires the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChR) on immune cells. Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance. Nicotine significantly improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in genetically obese and diet-induced obese mice, which is associated with suppressed adipose tissue inflammation. Inflammation that results in disruption of the epithelial barrier is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease, and nicotine is protective in ulcerative colitis. This article summarizes current evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis. Selective agonists for the alpha7nAChR could represent a promising pharmacological strategy for the treatment of inflammation in obesity and ulcerative colitis. Nevertheless, we should keep in mind that the anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine could be mediated via the expression of several nAChRs on a particular target cell.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use
Choline/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/pathology
Humans
Nicotine/*therapeutic use
Obesity/*drug therapy
Receptors, Nicotinic/deficiency/metabolism
alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor},
   ISSN = {1479-5876},
   Accession Number = {21810260},
   DOI = {10.1186/1479-5876-9-129},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Laroui, H. and Ingersoll, S. A. and Liu, H. C. and Baker, M. T. and Ayyadurai, S. and Charania, M. A. and Laroui, F. and Yan, Y. and Sitaraman, S. V. and Merlin, D.},
   title = {Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induces colitis in mice by forming nano-lipocomplexes with medium-chain-length fatty acids in the colon},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {7},
   number = {3},
   pages = {e32084},
   note = {1932-6203
Laroui, Hamed
Ingersoll, Sarah A
Liu, Hong Chun
Baker, Mark T
Ayyadurai, Saravanan
Charania, Moiz A
Laroui, Famina
Yan, Yutao
Sitaraman, Shanthi V
Merlin, Didier
R01 DK071594/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01-DK-071594/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32084. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032084. Epub 2012 Mar 9.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), primarily ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are inflammatory disorders caused by multiple factors. Research on IBD has often used the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. DSS induces in vivo but not in vitro intestinal inflammation. In addition, no DSS-associated molecule (free glucose, sodium sulfate solution, free dextran) induces in vitro or in vivo intestinal inflammation. We find that DSS but not dextran associated molecules established linkages with medium-chain-length fatty acids (MCFAs), such as dodecanoate, that are present in the colonic lumen. DSS complexed to MCFAs forms nanometer-sized vesicles ~200 nm in diameter that can fuse with colonocyte membranes. The arrival of nanometer-sized DSS/MCFA vesicles in the cytoplasm may activate intestinal inflammatory signaling pathways. We also show that the inflammatory activity of DSS is mediated by the dextran moieties. The deleterious effect of DSS is localized principally in the distal colon, therefore it will be important to chemically modify DSS to develop materials beneficial to the colon without affecting colon-targeting specificity.},
   keywords = {Analysis of Variance
Animals
Colitis/*chemically induced/metabolism/pathology
Cytokines/blood
DNA Primers/genetics
Dextran Sulfate/*adverse effects/*metabolism
Diet, High-Fat
Electric Impedance
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Fatty Acids/*metabolism
Female
Histological Techniques
Macromolecular Substances/*metabolism
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Nanostructures/*chemistry
Particle Size
Peroxidase/metabolism
Transport Vesicles/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {22427817},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0032084},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Latella, G. and Papi, C.},
   title = {Crucial steps in the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {18},
   number = {29},
   pages = {3790-9},
   note = {2219-2840
Latella, Giovanni
Papi, Claudio
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Aug 7;18(29):3790-9. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3790.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are chronic, progressive and disabling disorders. Over the last few decades, new therapeutic approaches have been introduced which have led not only to a reduction in the mortality rate but also offered the possibility of a favorable modification in the natural history of IBD. The identification of clinical, genetic and serological prognostic factors has permitted a better stratification of the disease, thus allowing the opportunity to indicate the most appropriate therapy. Early treatment with immunosuppressive drugs and biologics has offered the opportunity to change, at least in the short term, the course of the disease by reducing, in a subset of patients with IBD, hospitalization and the need for surgery. In this review, the crucial steps in the natural history of both UC and CD will be discussed, as well as the factors that may change their clinical course. The methodological requirements for high quality studies on the course and prognosis of IBD, the true impact of environmental and dietary factors on the clinical course of IBD, the clinical, serological and genetic predictors of the IBD course (in particular, which of these are relevant and appropriate for use in clinical practice), the impact of the various forms of medical treatment on the IBD complication rate, the role of surgery for IBD in the biologic era, the true magnitude of risk of colorectal cancer associated with IBD, as well as the mortality rate related to IBD will be stressed; all topics that are extensively discussed in separate reviews included in this issue of World Journal of Gastroenterology.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/etiology/therapy
Colorectal Neoplasms/etiology
Crohn Disease/complications/etiology/therapy
Disease Progression
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*etiology/therapy
Prognosis
Risk Factors
Clinical course
Complications
Crohn's disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Mortality
Natural history
Surgery
Therapy
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {22876029},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3790},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Leonel, A. J. and Teixeira, L. G. and Oliveira, R. P. and Santiago, A. F. and Batista, N. V. and Ferreira, T. R. and Santos, R. C. and Cardoso, V. N. and Cara, D. C. and Faria, A. M. and Alvarez-Leite, J.},
   title = {Antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects of tributyrin supplementation on experimental colitis},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {109},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1396-407},
   note = {1475-2662
Leonel, Alda J
Teixeira, Lilian G
Oliveira, Rafael P
Santiago, Andrezza F
Batista, Nathalia V
Ferreira, Talita R
Santos, Rosana C
Cardoso, Valbert N
Cara, Denise C
Faria, Ana M C
Alvarez-Leite, Jacqueline
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2013 Apr 28;109(8):1396-407. doi: 10.1017/S000711451200342X. Epub 2012 Aug 20.},
   abstract = {Tributyrin (TBT) is a TAG composed of three butyric acids that has beneficial effects on ulcerative colitis due to its trophic, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic and anti-carcinogenic properties. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and mechanisms of action of TBT supplementation in the prevention of mucosal damage in experimental colitis. Mice received either a control diet or a TBT-supplemented diet for 15 d. Colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulphate administration during the last 7 d. Mucosal damage and the activation of immune cells and cytokines were determined by histological score, flow cytometry and ELISA. Leucocyte rolling and adhesion were assessed by intravital microscopy. Oxidative stress was determined by monitoring hydroperoxide concentration and evaluating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. Intestinal permeability was analysed using diethylenetriaminepentaacetate acid (99mTcDTPA). Compared with the colitis group, the animals in the colitis+TBT group had reduced mucosal damage and neutrophil and eosinophil mucosal infiltration, which were associated with a higher percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg) and higher levels of transforming growth factor beta and IL-10 in the lamina propria. The level of in vivo leucocyte adhesion in the colon microvasculature was reduced after TBT supplementation. A lower level of hydroperoxide and higher levels of SOD and catalase activities were associated with TBT supplementation. TBT-supplemented mice showed reduced intestinal permeability to the levels intermediate between the control and colitis groups. In conclusion, the present results show that TBT has positive effects on colonic restructuring in experimental colitis. Additionally, TBT supplementation changes the immune response by controlling inflammation and regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and Treg.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Antioxidants/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Colitis/chemically induced/*drug therapy/pathology
Colon/*drug effects/immunology/pathology
Dietary Supplements
Disease Models, Animal
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Interleukin-10/analysis
Intestinal Mucosa/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Oxidative Stress/*drug effects/immunology
Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
Transforming Growth Factor beta/analysis
Triglycerides/*pharmacology/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {22906779},
   DOI = {10.1017/s000711451200342x},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Li, Z. H. and Wang, J. and Cai, R. L. and Wang, Y. W. and Hu, J. P.},
   title = {[Establishment and evaluation of a rat model of ulcerative colitis with syndrome of dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency]},
   journal = {Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao},
   volume = {10},
   number = {8},
   pages = {918-24},
   note = {Li, Zi-Hui
Wang, Jian
Cai, Rong-Lin
Wang, You-Wen
Hu, Jian-Peng
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
China
Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2012 Aug;10(8):918-24.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To establish a rat model of ulcerative colitis with syndrome of spleen deficiency and dampness stagnancy. METHODS: Sixty rats were divided into normal control group, ulcerative colitis group, ulcerative colitis with syndrome of spleen deficiency and dampness stagnancy group (model group) and strengthening spleen for resolving dampness group. Ulcerative colitis in rats was induced by enema containing trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and ethanol. The rats in the model group were suffered from standing in water, limiting sleeping time and abnormal diet based on administration of TNBS and ethanol. The rats in the spleen strengthening and dampness resolving group were gastrically administered with Shenlin Baizhu Powder, a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Symptoms, signs and pathological changes in colon tissue of rats were observed after modeling. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in serum of rats were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The rats in the model group showed lethargy, poor appetite, loss of energy, diarrhea and bloody stool. Their body weight decreased significantly compared with the normal control group, and similar changes were found in the comparison of food intake, drinking amount, urine amount, stool wet weight and assay of spontaneous activity (P<0.05). When observed under a light microscope, the colon tissues of rats in the model group showed mucosal edema, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration and ulceration. The degree of colon injury and IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels were significantly increased (P<0.05) as compared to those in the normal control group. The changes mentioned above were improved by Shenlin Baizhu Powder (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The rat model of ulcerative colitis with syndrome of spleen deficiency and dampness stagnancy is successfully induced and has the characteristics of ulcerative colitis of humans both in pathological changes and in syndrome.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
*Disease Models, Animal
Female
Interleukin-6/metabolism
Interleukin-8/metabolism
Male
*Medicine, Chinese Traditional
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1672-1977 (Print)
1672-1977},
   Accession Number = {22883409},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lomer, M. C.},
   title = {Dietary and nutritional considerations for inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
   volume = {70},
   number = {3},
   pages = {329-35},
   note = {1475-2719
Lomer, Miranda C E
Journal Article
Review
England
Proc Nutr Soc. 2011 Aug;70(3):329-35. doi: 10.1017/S0029665111000097. Epub 2011 Mar 30.},
   abstract = {Nutritional assessment and dietary advice are fundamental to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patient management and all patients should have access to a dietitian. Newly diagnosed patients often think that their pre-illness diet has contributed to the development of their IBD. However, epidemiological evidence to support diet as a risk factor is lacking. How the diet contributes to the gastrointestinal microbiota is interesting, although the role is not yet clearly defined. Nutritional problems in IBD are common. Malnutrition occurs in up to 85% of patients and weight loss affects up to 80% of patients with Crohn's disease and 18-62% of patients with ulcerative colitis. Nutritional deficiencies are prevalent, particularly in relation to anaemia and osteoporosis. Intestinal strictures can be problematic in Crohn's disease and limiting fibrous foods that may cause a mechanical obstruction in the gastrointestinal tract is helpful. Patients often explore dietary exclusion to alleviate symptoms but such changes may be self-directed or inappropriately advised and can lead to further nutritional deficiencies. Some patients experience concurrent functional symptoms (e.g. abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, flatulence and diarrhoea) that can significantly affect quality of life. Recently, a group of poorly absorbed carbohydrates that occur naturally in the diet called fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols have been associated with functional symptoms by intestinal bacterial fermentation leading to rapid gas production, and an osmotic effect increasing fluid delivery to the colon. Emerging evidence indicates that a diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols can alleviate functional symptoms in IBD.},
   keywords = {Bacteria
Deficiency Diseases/etiology
Diet/*adverse effects
Dietary Carbohydrates/*adverse effects/metabolism
Fermentation
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/etiology/microbiology
Intestinal Obstruction
Intestines/metabolism/microbiology
Malnutrition/*etiology
*Weight Loss},
   ISSN = {0029-6651},
   Accession Number = {21450124},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0029665111000097},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Long, M. D. and Kappelman, M. D. and Martin, C. F. and Lewis, J. D. and Mayer, L. and Kinneer, P. M. and Sandler, R. S.},
   title = {Development of an internet-based cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (CCFA Partners): methodology and initial results},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {18},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2099-106},
   note = {1536-4844
Long, Millie D
Kappelman, Michael D
Martin, Christopher F
Lewis, James D
Mayer, Lloyd
Kinneer, Patricia M
Sandler, Robert S
P30 DK34987/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Nov;18(11):2099-106. doi: 10.1002/ibd.22895. Epub 2012 Jan 27.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The widespread use of the Internet allows for unique research opportunities. We aimed to develop and follow an Internet-based cohort (e-cohort) of patients with self-reported inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) over time. METHODS: We established an e-cohort of adults with IBD (CCFA Partners) by recruiting through Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America (CCFA) email rosters, CCFA Website promotion, social media, and other publicity mechanisms. The baseline survey included modules on disease course and activity, diet and exercise, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Baseline characteristics of the cohort are summarized using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 7819 adults with IBD joined CCFA Partners through August, 2011. The median age was 42 years (interquartile range [IQR] 30-54), 5074 (72.3%) were female. A total of 4933 (63.1%) had Crohn's disease (CD), 2675 (34.2%) had ulcerative colitis (UC), and 211 (2.7%) had IBD unspecified. For CD, the mean short CD Activity Index (CDAI) was 151.9 (standard deviation [SD] 106.4), with 2274 (59.4%) in remission. For UC, the mean simple clinical colitis activity index (SCCAI) was 3.6 (SD 2.8), with 937 (42.9%) in remission. The mean short IBD questionnaire (SIBDQ) score was 48.7 (SD 11.8). SIBDQ was inversely correlated with disease activity (P < 0.01). The mean Morisky medication adherence score (MMAS) was 5.7 (SD 2.0). MMAS scores were inversely correlated with disease activity (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CCFA Partners is a novel e-cohort. Enrollment is ongoing, with surveys twice yearly. CCFA Partners represents a unique resource to study PROs and changes in disease management over time.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Colitis, Ulcerative/*prevention & control
Crohn Disease/*prevention & control
Data Collection
Disease Management
Female
*Health Status Indicators
Health Surveys
Humans
*Internet
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Medication Adherence
Middle Aged
Quality of Life
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {22287300},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.22895},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Luglio, G. and Pendlimari, R. and Holubar, S. D. and Cima, R. R. and Nelson, H.},
   title = {Loop ileostomy reversal after colon and rectal surgery: a single institutional 5-year experience in 944 patients},
   journal = {Arch Surg},
   volume = {146},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1191-6},
   note = {1538-3644
Luglio, Gaetano
Pendlimari, Rajesh
Holubar, Stefan D
Cima, Robert R
Nelson, Heidi
Journal Article
United States
Arch Surg. 2011 Oct;146(10):1191-6. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.2011.234.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diverting loop ileostomy is used to mitigate the sequelae of anastomotic dehiscence. OBJECTIVE: To report the rate of complications after ileostomy reversal using standardized definitions to aid physicians who are deciding whether to divert anastomoses. METHODS: Patients who underwent diverting loop ileostomy closure from January 1, 2005, through February 28, 2010, were identified using a prospective database. Perioperative variables and 30-day outcomes were reviewed. Complications were graded according to the Clavien-Dindo Classification, in which grade III, IV, or V represents major complications. Univariate analysis assessed the relationship between operative variables and surgical outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 944 patients underwent reversal: 43.1% were women, the mean age was 47.2 years, the mean body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 25.7, and 18.5% were American Society of Anesthesiologists class III or IV. Indications for the initial operation were ulcerative colitis (49.5%), rectal cancer (27.5%), diverticular disease (6.8%), and other (16.1%). Anastomotic technique for reversal was sutured fold-over in 466 patients (49.4%), stapled in 315 (33.4%), and handsewn end to end in 163 (17.3%). After reversal, the mean time to first bowel movement, tolerance of soft diet, and discharge from hospital was 2.6, 3.7, and 5.2 days, respectively. Handsewn cases had longer operative times and longer times to bowel movement, soft diet, and discharge. Overall, complications occurred in 203 patients (21.5%), including 45 patients (4.8%) who experienced a major complication; there were no deaths within 30 days. CONCLUSION: Ileostomy closure is associated with a low rate of major grade III and IV complications and should be reserved for patients who have a predicted postoperative major complication rate of 5% or more without diversion.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Cohort Studies
Colonic Diseases/complications/pathology/*surgery
Databases, Factual
Defecation
Female
Humans
Ileostomy/*adverse effects
Length of Stay
Male
Middle Aged
Recovery of Function
Rectal Diseases/complications/pathology/*surgery
Reoperation/adverse effects
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0004-0010},
   Accession Number = {22006879},
   DOI = {10.1001/archsurg.2011.234},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lukas, M.},
   title = {[Does rational therapy exist in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?]},
   journal = {Vnitr Lek},
   volume = {57},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1029-33},
   note = {Lukas, M
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Czech Republic
Vnitr Lek. 2011 Dec;57(12):1029-33.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis belong to an autoimmune mediated, civilizing diseases having a rise of incidence. The cause of both disease is still unknown with undoubted importance of diet, a lifestyle and using ofantimicrobial drugs in the last fifty years. The rational therapy is based to use the drugs with high anti-inflammatory efficacy. The choice of therapy is driven due to disease course in individual patient. The integral part of patients follow up are activities directing to minimize of drug's side effects.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Crohn Disease/*drug therapy
Humans},
   ISSN = {0042-773X (Print)
0042-773x},
   Accession Number = {22277037},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lv, H. Q. and Hu, C. and Zhong, H. P. and Zheng, H. B. and Wen, C.},
   title = {Optimization of technology for dietary fiber extraction from Maixiansan by response surface methodology},
   journal = {Chin Med},
   volume = {7},
   number = {1},
   pages = {28},
   note = {1749-8546
Lv, Hui-Qing
Hu, Changfeng
Zhong, Hai-Ping
Zheng, Hong-Bin
Wen, Chengping
Journal Article
England
Chin Med. 2012 Dec 29;7(1):28. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-7-28.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND: Our study aims to determine whether response surface methodology can optimize the extraction of dietary fiber from Maixiansan. METHODS: A Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the extraction parameters, including alpha-amylase concentration (X1: 0.3 - 0.5%), enzymolysis time (X2: 30 - 60 min) and NaOH content (X3: 1.0 - 5.0%), of dietary fiber from Maixiansan using an enzyme-alkali extraction technique. RESULTS: The optimal technological conditions were as follows: alpha-amylase concentration: 0.4%; enzymolysis time: 45 min; NaOH content: 4.0%. Under these conditions, the extraction yield reached 57.14%, which was well consistent with the predicted models with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9818. An evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity indicated that Maixiansan was able to significantly inhibit dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by increasing the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate), among which the butyrate content was significantly higher in the Maixiansan group than in the other groups. CONCLUSION: Our experiments showed that response surface methodology can optimize the extraction of dietary fiber from Maixiansan. Maixiansan could be explored as an anti-ulcerative colitis agent.},
   ISSN = {1749-8546},
   Accession Number = {23273216},
   DOI = {10.1186/1749-8546-7-28},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {MacFarlane, A. J. and Behan, N. A. and Matias, F. M. and Green, J. and Caldwell, D. and Brooks, S. P.},
   title = {Dietary folate does not significantly affect the intestinal microbiome, inflammation or tumorigenesis in azoxymethane-dextran sodium sulphate-treated mice},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {109},
   number = {4},
   pages = {630-8},
   note = {1475-2662
MacFarlane, Amanda J
Behan, Nathalie A
Matias, Fernando M G
Green, Judy
Caldwell, Don
Brooks, Stephen P J
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2013 Feb 28;109(4):630-8. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512001857. Epub 2012 Jul 5.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a risk factor for the development of colon cancer. Environmental factors including diet and the microflora influence disease outcome. Folate and homocysteine have been associated with IBD-mediated colon cancer but their roles remain unclear. We used a model of chemically induced ulcerative colitis (dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)) with or without the colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) to determine the impact of dietary folic acid (FA) on colonic microflora and the development of colon tumours. Male mice (n 15 per group) were fed a FA-deficient (0 mg/kg), control (2 mg/kg) or FA-supplemented (8 mg/kg) diet for 12 weeks. Folate status was dependent on the diet (P< 0.001) and colitis-induced treatment (P= 0.04) such that mice with colitis had lower circulating folate. FA had a minimal effect on tumour initiation, growth and progression, although FA-containing diets tended to be associated with a higher tumour prevalence in DSS-treated mice (7-20 v. 0%, P= 0.08) and the development of more tumours in the distal colon of AOM-treated mice (13-83% increase, P= 0.09). Folate deficiency was associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia (P< 0.001) but homocysteine negatively correlated with tumour number (r - 0.58, P= 0.02) and load (r - 0.57, P= 0.02). FA had no effect on the intestinal microflora. The present data indicate that FA intake has no or little effect on IBD or IBD-mediated colon cancer in this model and that hyperhomocysteinaemia is a biomarker of dietary status and malabsorption rather than a cause of IBD-mediated colon cancer.},
   keywords = {Animals
Azoxymethane/chemistry
Biomarkers/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/microbiology
Colon/microbiology
Colonic Neoplasms/complications/microbiology
Dextran Sulfate/chemistry
Dextrans/chemistry
*Diet
Disease Progression
Folic Acid/*chemistry
Inflammation/*pathology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
*Microbiota
Neoplasms/*prevention & control
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sulfates/chemistry},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {23021249},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114512001857},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Martin, C. R. and Zaman, M. M. and Ketwaroo, G. A. and Bhutta, A. Q. and Coronel, E. and Popov, Y. and Schuppan, D. and Freedman, S. D.},
   title = {CFTR dysfunction predisposes to fibrotic liver disease in a murine model},
   journal = {Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol},
   volume = {303},
   number = {4},
   pages = {G474-81},
   note = {1522-1547
Martin, Camilia R
Zaman, Munir M
Ketwaroo, Gyanprakash A
Bhutta, Abdul Q
Coronel, Emmanuel
Popov, Yury
Schuppan, Detlef
Freedman, Steven D
UL1 RR025758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
UL1 RR 025758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012 Aug 15;303(4):G474-81. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00055.2012. Epub 2012 Jun 7.},
   abstract = {Cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD) is a rapidly progressive biliary fibrosis, resembling primary sclerosing cholangitis that develops in 5-10% of patients with cystic fibrosis. Further research and evaluation of therapies are hampered by the lack of a mouse model for CFLD. Although primary sclerosing cholangitis is linked to both ulcerative colitis and loss of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel function, induction of colitis with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in cftr(-/-) mice causes bile duct injury but no fibrosis. Since profibrogenic modifier genes are linked to CFLD, we examined whether subthreshhold doses of the profibrogenic xenobiotic 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC), along with DSS-induced colitis, lead to bile duct injury and liver fibrosis in mice that harbor loss of CFTR function. Exon 10 heterozygous (cftr(+/-)) and homozygous (cftr(-/-)) mice treated with DDC demonstrated extensive mononuclear cell inflammation, bile duct proliferation, and periductular fibrosis. In contrast, wild-type (cftr(+/+)) littermates did not develop bile duct injury or fibrosis. Histological changes corresponded to increased levels of alkaline phosphatase, hydroxyproline, and expression of profibrogenic transcripts for transforming growth factor-beta(1), transforming growth factor-beta(2), procollagen alpha(1)(I), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metaloproteinase-1. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated fibrosis and activation of periductal fibrogenic cells based on positive staining for lysyl oxidase-like-2, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and collagen I. These data demonstrate that subthreshold doses of DDC, in conjunction with DSS-induced colitis, results in bile duct injury and periductal fibrosis in mice with partial or complete loss of CFTR function and may represent a useful model to study the pathogenic mechanisms by which CFTR dysfunction predisposes to fibrotic liver disease and potential therapies.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bile Ducts/metabolism/*pathology
Biomarkers/metabolism
Colitis/chemically induced/*complications/genetics/metabolism/pathology
Cystic Fibrosis/*complications/genetics/metabolism/pathology
Dextran Sulfate
Disease Models, Animal
Gene Expression Regulation
Immunohistochemistry
Liver/metabolism/*pathology
Liver Cirrhosis/chemically induced/*etiology/genetics/metabolism/pathology
Mice
Mice, Inbred CFTR
Pyridines
RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Staining and Labeling
Transcription, Genetic},
   ISSN = {0193-1857},
   Accession Number = {22679000},
   DOI = {10.1152/ajpgi.00055.2012},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {McLaughlin, S. D. and Culkin, A. and Cole, J. and Clark, S. K. and Tekkis, P. P. and Ciclitira, P. J. and Nicholls, R. J. and Whelan, K.},
   title = {Exclusive elemental diet impacts on the gastrointestinal microbiota and improves symptoms in patients with chronic pouchitis},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {7},
   number = {6},
   pages = {460-6},
   note = {1876-4479
McLaughlin, S D
Culkin, A
Cole, J
Clark, S K
Tekkis, P P
Ciclitira, P J
Nicholls, R J
Whelan, K
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Jul;7(6):460-6. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.07.009. Epub 2012 Aug 2.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Treatment resistant chronic pouchitis causes significant morbidity. Elemental diet is effective treatment for Crohn's disease. Since pouchitis shares some similarities to Crohn's disease we hypothesised that elemental diet may be an effective treatment. METHOD: Seven pouchitis patients (with ulcerative colitis) were studied. All had active pouchitis with a pouch disease activity index (PDAI) >/=7. Exclusion criteria were recent NSAIDs, antibiotics or probiotics. Sufficient elemental diet to achieve energy requirements was provided. Flexible-pouchoscopy was performed, and the Cleveland Global Quality of Life score (CGQoL), Pouch Disease Activity Index (PDAI) and BMI were recorded at baseline and following 28 days of elemental diet. Faecal samples were also collected at these time points and analysed for major bacterial groups using culture independent fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Data were analysed using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test. RESULTS: Following 28 days of exclusive elemental diet, median stool frequency decreased from 12 to 6 per day (p=0.028), median clinical PDAI decreased from 4 to 1 (p=0.039). There was no significant difference in quality of life scores or PDAI before and following treatment. There was a trend towards an increase in the concentration of Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale (median 7.9 to 8.5 log(1)(0)/g, p=0.08) following exclusive elemental diet. CONCLUSION: Treatment with four weeks elemental diet appeared to improve the symptoms of chronic pouchitis in some patients but is not an effective strategy for inducing remission. Although a potential symptom modifier, elemental diet cannot be recommended for the routine treatment of active pouchitis.},
   keywords = {Adult
Chronic Disease
Clostridium/isolation & purification
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Eubacterium/isolation & purification
Feces/*microbiology
Female
*Food, Formulated
Humans
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Male
Middle Aged
Oligonucleotide Probes
Pouchitis/*diet therapy
Prospective Studies
Quality of Life},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {22857825},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2012.07.009},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Michail, S. and Ramsy, M. and Soliman, E.},
   title = {Advances in inflammatory bowel diseases in children},
   journal = {Minerva Pediatr},
   volume = {64},
   number = {3},
   pages = {257-70},
   note = {Michail, S
Ramsy, M
Soliman, E
Journal Article
Review
Italy
Minerva Pediatr. 2012 Jun;64(3):257-70.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal condition that burdens the lives of many children around the world. It is characterized by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis and IBD-unknown are the three types of this disease. The management of children with inflammatory bowel disease is complex and requires skill, knowledge and experience with current advances in the field. Over the past several years, there have been a number of achievements and progress made in the care and management of this disorder. The diagnostic tools have greatly improved. The therapeutic armamentarium has expanded. The genetics of IBD has become more detailed and the role of the gut microbiome has been better defined. The evolution of biological agents has revolutionized the way we approach this disease. This review highlights the recent advances in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and provides an overview for clinicians caring for children with this disorder.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/therapy
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/therapy
Drug Therapy, Combination
Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/diet therapy/drug
therapy/etiology/*therapy
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0026-4946 (Print)
0026-4946},
   Accession Number = {22555319},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Miller, T. W. and Wang, E. A. and Gould, S. and Stein, E. V. and Kaur, S. and Lim, L. and Amarnath, S. and Fowler, D. H. and Roberts, D. D.},
   title = {Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous potentiator of T cell activation},
   journal = {J Biol Chem},
   volume = {287},
   number = {6},
   pages = {4211-21},
   note = {1083-351x
Miller, Thomas W
Wang, Evelyn A
Gould, Serge
Stein, Erica V
Kaur, Sukhbir
Lim, Langston
Amarnath, Shoba
Fowler, Daniel H
Roberts, David D
ZIA SC009174/SC/NCI NIH HHS/United States
Intramural NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
United States
J Biol Chem. 2012 Feb 3;287(6):4211-21. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.307819. Epub 2011 Dec 13.},
   abstract = {H(2)S is an endogenous signaling molecule that may act via protein sulfhydrylation to regulate various physiological functions. H(2)S is also a byproduct of dietary sulfate metabolism by gut bacteria. Inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis are associated with an increase in the colonization of the intestine by sulfate reducing bacteria along with an increase in H(2)S production. Consistent with its increased production, H(2)S is implicated as a mediator of ulcerative colitis both in its genesis or maintenance. As T cells are well established mediators of inflammatory bowel disease, we investigated the effect of H(2)S exposure on T cell activation. Using primary mouse T lymphocytes (CD3+), OT-II CD4+ T cells, and the human Jurkat T cell line, we show that physiological levels of H(2)S potentiate TCR-induced activation. Nanomolar levels of H(2)S (50-500 nM) enhance T cell activation assessed by CD69 expression, interleukin-2 expression, and CD25 levels. Exposure of T cells to H(2)S dose-dependently enhances TCR-stimulated proliferation with a maximum at 300 nM (30% increase, p < 0.01). Furthermore, activation increases the capacity of T cells to make H(2)S via increased expression of cystathionine gamma-lyase and cystathionine beta-synthase. Disrupting this response by silencing these H(2)S producing enzymes impairs T cell activation, and proliferation and can be rescued by the addition of 300 nM H(2)S. Thus, H(2)S represents a novel autocrine immunomodulatory molecule in T cells.},
   keywords = {Air Pollutants/*pharmacology
Animals
Antigens, CD/genetics/immunology
Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics/immunology
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
Cell Proliferation/drug effects
Cystathionine beta-Synthase/genetics/immunology
Cystathionine gamma-Lyase/genetics/immunology
Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects/genetics/immunology
Humans
Hydrogen Sulfide/*pharmacology
Interleukin-2/genetics/immunology
Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics/immunology
Jurkat Cells
Lectins, C-Type/genetics/immunology
Lymphocyte Activation/*drug effects/genetics/immunology
Mice
Mice, Transgenic},
   ISSN = {0021-9258},
   Accession Number = {22167178},
   DOI = {10.1074/jbc.M111.307819},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Montrose, D. C. and Horelik, N. A. and Madigan, J. P. and Stoner, G. D. and Wang, L. S. and Bruno, R. S. and Park, H. J. and Giardina, C. and Rosenberg, D. W.},
   title = {Anti-inflammatory effects of freeze-dried black raspberry powder in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Carcinogenesis},
   volume = {32},
   number = {3},
   pages = {343-50},
   note = {1460-2180
Montrose, David C
Horelik, Nicole A
Madigan, James P
Stoner, Gary D
Wang, Li-Shu
Bruno, Richard S
Park, Hea Jin
Giardina, Charles
Rosenberg, Daniel W
R01CA114635/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
England
Carcinogenesis. 2011 Mar;32(3):343-50. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgq248. Epub 2010 Nov 23.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colonic mucosa that can dramatically increase the risk of colon cancers. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a dietary intervention of freeze-dried black raspberries (BRB), a natural food product with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities, on disease severity in an experimental mouse model of UC using 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control diet or a diet containing BRB (5 or 10%) for 7-14 days and then the extent of colonic injury was assessed. Dietary BRB markedly reduced DSS-induced acute injury to the colonic epithelium. This protection included better maintenance of body mass and reductions in colonic shortening and ulceration. BRB treatment, however, did not affect the levels of either plasma nitric oxide or colon malondialdehyde, biomarkers of oxidative stress that are otherwise increased by DSS-induced colonic injury. BRB treatment for up to 7 days suppressed tissue levels of several key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta. Further examination of the inflammatory response by western blot analysis revealed that 7 day BRB treatment reduced the levels of phospho-IkappaBalpha within the colonic tissue. Colonic cyclooxygenase 2 levels were also dramatically suppressed by BRB treatment, with a concomitant decrease in the plasma prostaglandin E(2) (276 versus 34 ng/ml). These findings demonstrate a potent anti-inflammatory effect of BRB during DSS-induced colonic injury, supporting its possible therapeutic or preventive role in the pathogenesis of UC and related neoplastic events.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*pharmacology
Blotting, Western
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/*drug therapy
Cytokines/genetics/*metabolism
Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
Dinoprostone/metabolism
Freeze Drying
Fruit/chemistry
Immunoenzyme Techniques
Intestinal Mucosa/*drug effects/injuries
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Oxidative Stress/drug effects
Phosphorylation
*Phytotherapy
Plant Extracts/*pharmacology
Powders
RNA, Messenger/genetics
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Rosaceae/*chemistry},
   ISSN = {0143-3334},
   Accession Number = {21098643},
   DOI = {10.1093/carcin/bgq248},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Naganuma, M. and Fujii, T. and Watanabe, M.},
   title = {[Treatment strategy for refractory inflammatory bowel disease to improve endoscopic lesions and long-term prognosis]},
   journal = {Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi},
   volume = {35},
   number = {2},
   pages = {99-106},
   note = {1349-7413
Naganuma, Makoto
Fujii, Toshimutsu
Watanabe, Mamoru
English Abstract
Journal Article
Japan
Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 2012;35(2):99-106.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown aetiology characterized by periods of remission and acute episodes of relapse with severe inflammation in the colonic mucosa. Conventional treatments for UC and CD include 5-aminosalicylate, corticosteroid, elemental dietary treatment, corticosteroid, and thiopurine (azathioprine). Recently, new immunomodulators and anti-TNFa agents, such as tacrolimus, infliximab, and adalimumab have been developed and these treatments are available to be treated for patients with refractory UC and CD. Conventional step-up treatment has been replaced by top-down treatment using biologics. Infliximab and adalimumab induce not only clinical remission but also improve relapse rates and surgical rates. Endoscopic mucosal healing predicts short- and long-prognosis for both of these diseases, thus recent treatment strategy should be aimed for endoscopic remission. Although biologics is useful for patients with UC/CD, secondary loss of responses (LOR) for biologics has been partly observed in CD patients. Measuring anti-infliximab antibodies and concentration of infliximab trough level may help considering treatment strategy for patients with LOR.},
   keywords = {Chronic Disease
Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
Crohn Disease/therapy
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Humans
Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/pathology
Prognosis
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {0911-4300},
   Accession Number = {22576566},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nanau, R. M. and Neuman, M. G.},
   title = {Nutritional and probiotic supplementation in colitis models},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {57},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2786-810},
   note = {1573-2568
Nanau, Radu M
Neuman, Manuela G
Journal Article
Review
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Nov;57(11):2786-810. doi: 10.1007/s10620-012-2284-3. Epub 2012 Jun 27.},
   abstract = {In vitro and animals models have long been used to study human diseases and identify novel therapeutic approaches that can be applied to combat these conditions. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two main entities of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). There is an intricate relationship between IBD features in human patients, in vitro and animal colitis models, mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches in these models, and strategies that can be extrapolated and applied in humans. Malnutrition, particularly protein-energy malnutrition and vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies, as well as dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota, are common features of IBD. Based on these observations, dietary supplementation with essential nutrients known to be in short supply in the diet in IBD patients and with other molecules believed to provide beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, as well as with probiotic organisms that stimulate immune functions and resistance to infection has been tested in colitis models. Here we review current knowledge on nutritional and probiotic supplementation in in vitro and animal colitis models. While some of these strategies require further fine-tuning before they can be applied in human IBD patients, their intended purpose is to prevent, delay or treat disease symptoms in a non-pharmaceutical manner.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
*Dietary Supplements
Digestive System/microbiology
Disease Models, Animal
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*therapy
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Protein-Energy Malnutrition/therapy},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {22736018},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-012-2284-3},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Neuman, M. G. and Nanau, R. M.},
   title = {Inflammatory bowel disease: role of diet, microbiota, life style},
   journal = {Transl Res},
   volume = {160},
   number = {1},
   pages = {29-44},
   note = {1878-1810
Neuman, Manuela G
Nanau, Radu M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Transl Res. 2012 Jul;160(1):29-44. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.09.001. Epub 2011 Sep 24.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompassed several chronic inflammatory disorders leading to damage of the gastrointestinal tract (GI). The 2 principal forms of these disorders are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD). Bacteria are involved in the etiology of IBD, and the genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and lifestyle factors can affect the individual's predisposition to IBD. The review discusses the potential role of environmental factors such as diet and microbiota as well as genetics in the etiology of IBD. It is suggested that microbial ecosystem in the human bowel colonizing the gut in many different microhabitats can be influence by diet, leading to formation of metabolic processes that are essential form the bowel metabolism.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
Diet/*adverse effects
Dietary Supplements
Disease Progression
Female
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Infection/complications
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology/genetics/*microbiology/therapy
Male
*Metagenome
Nutrigenomics
Nutrition Assessment
Parenteral Nutrition
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Risk Factors
Stress, Physiological
Transforming Growth Factor beta2/therapeutic use
Translational Medical Research},
   ISSN = {1878-1810},
   Accession Number = {22687961},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.trsl.2011.09.001},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nyangale, E. P. and Mottram, D. S. and Gibson, G. R.},
   title = {Gut microbial activity, implications for health and disease: the potential role of metabolite analysis},
   journal = {J Proteome Res},
   volume = {11},
   number = {12},
   pages = {5573-85},
   note = {1535-3907
Nyangale, Edna P
Mottram, Donald S
Gibson, Glenn R
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Proteome Res. 2012 Dec 7;11(12):5573-85. doi: 10.1021/pr300637d. Epub 2012 Nov 1.},
   abstract = {Microbial metabolism of proteins and amino acids by human gut bacteria generates a variety of compounds including phenol, indole, and sulfur compounds and branched chain fatty acids, many of which have been shown to elicit a toxic effect on the lumen. Bacterial fermentation of amino acids and proteins occurs mainly in the distal colon, a site that is often fraught with symptoms from disorders including ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). In contrast to carbohydrate metabolism by the gut microbiota, proteolysis is less extensively researched. Many metabolites are low molecular weight, volatile compounds. This review will summarize the use of analytical methods to detect and identify compounds in order to elucidate the relationship between specific dietary proteinaceous substrates, their corresponding metabolites, and implications for gastrointestinal health.},
   keywords = {Amino Acids/chemistry
Animals
Bacteria/chemistry/*growth & development
Biomarkers/analysis
Colorectal Neoplasms/chemistry/microbiology/pathology
Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
Dietary Proteins/adverse effects
Feces/chemistry
Gastrointestinal Tract/chemistry/*microbiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology/pathology
Lipid Metabolism
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
*Metabolome
Metabolomics/*methods
Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis/chemistry},
   ISSN = {1535-3893},
   Accession Number = {23116228},
   DOI = {10.1021/pr300637d},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Opheim, R. and Bernklev, T. and Fagermoen, M. S. and Cvancarova, M. and Moum, B.},
   title = {Use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results of a cross-sectional study in Norway},
   journal = {Scand J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {47},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1436-47},
   note = {1502-7708
Opheim, Randi
Bernklev, Tomm
Fagermoen, May Solveig
Cvancarova, Milada
Moum, Bjorn
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012 Dec;47(12):1436-47. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2012.725092. Epub 2012 Sep 25.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to identify demographic and clinical factors that are associated with CAM use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study design, patients with confirmed diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD), and >/=18 years old, attending outpatient clinics at 14 hospitals in Norway were eligible to complete questionnaires including demographics, clinical variables, and the International CAM Questionnaire (I-CAM-Q). RESULTS: Of 460 patients included in the study, 430 had evaluable questionnaires (response rate 93%). Forty-nine percent (95% CI: 44-54) had used some type of CAM within the past 12 months. CAM services were utilized by 27% (95% CI: 23-31) of the patients, 21% (95% CI: 16-23) reported use of CAM products, and 28% (95% CI: 23-31) used CAM self-help practices. The most common pattern of CAM use was to combine CAM services and CAM products. Significantly, more UC patients (56%) than CD patients (44%) reported CAM use, p = 0.03. In UC, only the presence of at least one comorbid condition was directly related to CAM use. In CD, being a woman, being aged 31-50 years, having a higher education level, and experiencing adverse drug reactions from IBD medication were factors independently associated with the use of CAM. CONCLUSION: Use of CAM was common among IBD patients attending outpatient clinics. Both demographic and clinical factors were associated to CAM use, but the factors differed in their significance for UC and CD.},
   keywords = {Acupuncture Therapy/utilization
Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Colitis, Ulcerative/*therapy
Comorbidity
Complementary Therapies/*utilization
Confidence Intervals
Crohn Disease/*therapy
Cross-Sectional Studies
Dietary Supplements
Educational Status
Female
Fish Oils/therapeutic use
Homeopathy/utilization
Humans
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
Norway
Plant Preparations/therapeutic use
Sex Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
Vitamins/therapeutic use
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0036-5521},
   Accession Number = {23003678},
   DOI = {10.3109/00365521.2012.725092},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Osaki, R. and Imaeda, H. and Takahashi, K. and Fujimoto, T. and Takeuchi, T. and Fujiyama, Y. and Andoh, A.},
   title = {Polymorphisms of the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 gene in a Japanese population},
   journal = {Biomed Rep},
   volume = {1},
   number = {1},
   pages = {156-160},
   note = {Osaki, Rie
Imaeda, Hirotsugu
Takahashi, Kenichiro
Fujimoto, Takehide
Takeuchi, Takayuki
Fujiyama, Yoshihide
Andoh, Akira
Journal Article
England
Biomed Rep. 2013 Jan;1(1):156-160. Epub 2012 Oct 17.},
   abstract = {The Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) protein is a polytopic transmembrane protein responsible for dietary cholesterol absorption. Genetic variation in the NPC1L1 gene affects cholesterol absorption and serum cholesterol levels. However, NCP1L1 genotypes have not previously been invesigated. In this study, genotyping of the NPC1L1 gene was examined in healthy individuals as well as patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A total of 541 individuals were enrolled in the study, including 80 patients with HCV hepatitis, 205 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 127 with Crohn's disease (CD). Genotyping was performed using TaqMan(R) SNP assays. Minor allelic frequencies of the 17345C>G (rs2072183) and 19031G>A (rs4720470) SNPs were found to be 0.40 and 0.30, respectively. No significant differences were detected in serum HCV levels in the 1735C>G or 19031G>A SNPs. The 1735C>G SNPs were not associated with total cholesterol (TC) levels in the healthy controls and/or HCV patients. However, statistically significant associations between the 1735GG variant and TC levels were detected in CD patients, with 1735GG carriers having the highest TC levels compared to the 1735CC and 1735CG carriers (P=0.048). Similar trends were noted in UC patients, but did not reach statistical significance (P= 0.19). The 19031G>A SNPs were not associated with TC levels in the healthy controls or patients. This study showed the allelic and genotypic distribution of 1735C>G and 19031G>ASNPs of the NPC1L1 gene in a large number of subjects. The NPC1L1 1735GG variant may therefore be favorable for CD accompanied with malnutrition.},
   keywords = {cholesterol absorption
hepatitis C virus hepatitis
inflammatory bowel disease},
   ISSN = {2049-9434 (Print)
2049-9434},
   Accession Number = {24648913},
   DOI = {10.3892/br.2012.24},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Park, M. Y. and Ji, G. E. and Sung, M. K.},
   title = {Dietary kaempferol suppresses inflammation of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {57},
   number = {2},
   pages = {355-63},
   note = {1573-2568
Park, Mi-Young
Ji, Geun Eog
Sung, Mi-Kyung
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Feb;57(2):355-63. doi: 10.1007/s10620-011-1883-8. Epub 2011 Sep 8.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: In ulcerative colitis (UC), reduction of inflammation may represent a key mechanism in UC therapy, and anti-inflammatory agents would be good candidates for preventing UC. Kaempferol, a natural flavonoid, is believed to have anti-inflammatory activities and has been shown to be potentially immune-modulatory. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine whether kaempferol alleviates the inflammatory responses of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. METHODS: Female C57BL/6J mice were divided into six groups: a negative control group, a DSS control group, and DSS + 0.1% or 0.3% kaempferol pre- or post-fed groups. At the end of the experimental period, clinical and biochemical markers were evaluated. RESULTS: Plasma levels of NO and PGE(2) were significantly decreased in both the 0.3% kaempferol pre- and post-fed groups. The plasma LTB(4) level was profoundly decreased in all animals fed kaempferol. Colonic mucosa MPO activity was also suppressed in both the 0.3% kaempferol pre- or post-fed groups. TFF3 mRNA, a marker for goblet cell function, was up-regulated in kaempferol pre-fed animals. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that kaempferol is an effective anti-inflammatory agent that protects colonic mucosa from DSS-induced UC. Dietary kaempferol fed prior to colitis induction was more effective to suppress some of the colitis-associated markers.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis/chemically induced/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology
Colon/pathology
Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
Dextran Sulfate/adverse effects
Female
Immunohistochemistry
Kaempferols/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mucins/metabolism
Peroxidase/metabolism
Trefoil Factor-3},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {21901258},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-011-1883-8},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Park, M. Y. and Kwon, H. J. and Sung, M. K.},
   title = {Dietary aloin, aloesin, or aloe-gel exerts anti-inflammatory activity in a rat colitis model},
   journal = {Life Sci},
   volume = {88},
   number = {11-12},
   pages = {486-92},
   note = {1879-0631
Park, Mi-Young
Kwon, Hoon-Jeong
Sung, Mi-Kyung
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Life Sci. 2011 Mar 14;88(11-12):486-92. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.01.010. Epub 2011 Jan 26.},
   abstract = {AIMS: Aloe has been a very popular folk remedy for inflammation-related pathological conditions despite the lack of studies reporting its efficacy in vivo. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of aloe components (aloin, aloesin and aloe-gel) known to be biologically active in the rat model of colitis. MAIN METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed experimental diets for 2 weeks before and during the induction of colitis. Drinking water containing 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was provided for 1 week to induce colitis. At the end of the experimental period, clinical and biochemical markers were compared. KEY FINDINGS: Plasma leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations were significantly decreased in all groups supplemented with aloe components compared to the colitis control group (p<0.05). Animals fed both a 0.1% and 0.5% aloesin supplemented diet showed colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities which were decreased by 32.2% and 40.1%, respectively (p<0.05). Colonic mucosa TNF-alpha and interleukin-1ss (IL-1beta) mRNA expressions were significantly reduced in all animals fed aloin, aloesin, or aloe-gel (p<0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: Dietary supplementation of aloe components ameliorates intestinal inflammatory responses in a DSS-induced ulcerative colitis rat model. In particular, aloesin was the most potent inhibitor. Further studies are required for a more complete understanding of the specific mechanism of the action of these supplements.},
   keywords = {Aloe/*chemistry
Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Chromones/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Colitis/*drug therapy/immunology/pathology
Colon/drug effects/enzymology/immunology/pathology
Diet
*Dietary Supplements
Disease Models, Animal
Emodin/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
Gels
Glucosides/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Interleukin-1beta/immunology
Leukotriene B4/blood
Male
Peroxidase/metabolism
Plant Preparations/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology},
   ISSN = {0024-3205},
   Accession Number = {21277867},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.lfs.2011.01.010},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Perrin, A.},
   title = {Quality of life after ileo-anal pouch formation: patient perceptions},
   journal = {Br J Nurs},
   volume = {21},
   number = {16},
   pages = {S11-4, s16-9},
   note = {Perrin, Angie
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nurs. 2012 Sep 13-26;21(16):S11-4, S16-9.},
   abstract = {This article describes a qualitative study, exploring the experiences of six individuals who have undergone an ileo-anal pouch formation and their subsequent lifestyle after this reconstructive surgical procedure. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether individuals who had an ileo-anal pouch believed themselves to have a good quality of life and a lifestyle that was not compromised as a result of surgery. The themes that emerged through the interviews were common to several participants and reflected their life, the decisions they were required to make and the resources available in order for them to do so. The outcome of this study, using a phenomenological approach, highlights that some individuals restrict their lifestyle, while others do not and are prepared to live with the consequences. The literature overwhelmingly concludes that the ileo-anal pouch procedure is a safe and efficient procedure with high patient satisfaction and good functional outcome, which should be recommended as a long-term option for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis sufferers. However, some patients curtail their lifestyle by restricting diet, altering meal patterns and minimising social activities to maintain day-to-day living with an ileo-anal pouch.},
   keywords = {Humans
Proctocolectomy, Restorative/*psychology
*Quality of Life
United Kingdom},
   ISSN = {0966-0461 (Print)
0966-0461},
   Accession Number = {23123619},
   DOI = {10.12968/bjon.2012.21.Sup16.S11},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Prentice, A. M. and van der Merwe, L.},
   title = {Impact of fatty acid status on immune function of children in low-income countries},
   journal = {Matern Child Nutr},
   volume = {7 Suppl 2},
   pages = {89-98},
   note = {1740-8709
Prentice, Andrew M
van der Merwe, Liandre
Journal Article
Review
England
Matern Child Nutr. 2011 Apr;7 Suppl 2:89-98. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00313.x.},
   abstract = {In vitro and animal studies point to numerous mechanisms by which fatty acids, especially long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), can modulate the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. These data strongly suggest that improving the fatty acid supply of young children in low-income countries might have immune benefits. Unfortunately, there have been virtually no studies of fatty acid/immune interactions in such settings. Clinical trial registers list over 150 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving PUFAs, only one in a low-income setting (the Gambia). We summarize those results here. There was evidence for improved growth and nutritional status, but the primary end point of chronic environmental enteropathy showed no benefit, possibly because the infants were still substantially breastfed. In high-income settings, there have been RCTs with fatty acids (usually LCPUFAs) in relation to 18 disease end points, for some of which there have been numerous trials (asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis). For these diseases, the evidence is judged reasonable for risk reduction for childhood asthma (but not in adults), as yielding possible benefit in Crohn's disease (insufficient evidence in ulcerative colitis) and for convincing evidence for rheumatoid arthritis at sufficient dose levels, though formal meta-analyses are not yet available. This analysis suggests that fatty acid interventions could yield immune benefits in children in poor settings, especially in non-breastfed children and in relation to inflammatory conditions such as persistent enteropathy. Benefits might include improved responses to enteric vaccines, which frequently perform poorly in low-income settings, and these questions merit randomized trials.},
   keywords = {Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
Asthma/immunology
Breast Feeding
Developing Countries
Dietary Supplements
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/*metabolism
Gambia
Humans
Immunity
Infant
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*immunology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
Meta-Analysis as Topic
*Poverty
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
   ISSN = {1740-8695},
   Accession Number = {21366869},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00313.x},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Prideaux, L. and Kamm, M. A. and De Cruz, P. P. and Chan, F. K. and Ng, S. C.},
   title = {Inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: a systematic review},
   journal = {J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {27},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1266-80},
   note = {1440-1746
Prideaux, Lani
Kamm, Michael A
De Cruz, Peter P
Chan, Francis K L
Ng, Siew C
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Australia
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Aug;27(8):1266-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07150.x.},
   abstract = {The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are lower in Asia than in the West. However, across Asia the incidence and prevalence of IBD has increased rapidly over the last two to four decades. These changes may relate to increased contact with the West, westernization of diet, increasing antibiotics use, improved hygiene, vaccinations, or changes in the gut microbiota. Genetic factors also differ between Asians and the Caucasians. In Asia, UC is more prevalent than CD, although CD incidence is rapidly increasing in certain areas. There is a male predominance of CD in Asia, but a trend towards equal sex distribution for UC. IBD is diagnosed at a slightly older age than in the West, and there is rarely a second incidence peak as in the West. A positive family history is much less common than in the West, as are extra-intestinal disease manifestations. There are clear ethnic differences in incidence within countries in Asia, and an increased incidence in IBD in migrants from Asia to the West. Research in Asia, an area of rapidly changing IBD epidemiology, may lead to the discovery of critical etiologic factors that lead to the development of IBD.},
   keywords = {Age Factors
Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics/*statistics & numerical data
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*ethnology/genetics/therapy
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/*ethnology/genetics/therapy
Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data
Female
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Health Status Disparities
Humans
Incidence
Male
Prevalence
Prognosis
Risk Assessment
Risk Factors
Sex Factors
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {0815-9319},
   Accession Number = {22497584},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07150.x},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Prince, A. and Whelan, K. and Moosa, A. and Lomer, M. C. and Reidlinger, D. P.},
   title = {Nutritional problems in inflammatory bowel disease: the patient perspective},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {5},
   number = {5},
   pages = {443-50},
   note = {1876-4479
Prince, Alexis
Whelan, Kevin
Moosa, Arifa
Lomer, Miranda C E
Reidlinger, Dianne P
Journal Article
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2011 Oct;5(5):443-50. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.04.016. Epub 2011 May 25.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Crohn's Disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which may result in nutrition problems that impact on patient health, nutritional status and quality of life. Subjective reports of how IBD patients experience these problems as part of their disease process, including comparisons between patient groups, or the need for tailored nutrition advice as perceived by these patients, have not been widely studied. This survey aimed to identify and explore nutritional problems that are important to CD and UC patients and to investigate their views on the IBD health services provided to help them with these. METHODS: Eighty-seven IBD patients were invited to take part in a nutrition survey using face-to-face questionnaire interviews. The survey asked about food and nutrition problems that patients have experienced, identifying which were most significant and the extent to which they had been addressed by the clinical service. RESULTS: Seventy-two IBD patients completed the evaluation (47 CD, 25 UC). Of these, 45 (62.5%) felt that food and nutrition were either 'important' or 'extremely important' in their experience of IBD, and 59 (82%) reported problems with food and nutrition. Patients with CD and UC reported similar frequencies of most nutritional problems. However, 44 (94%) CD vs. 16 (64%) UC patients reported problems with weight (p=0.002). Less than half of patients had seen a dietitian for tailored nutritional advice to address these problems. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional problems experienced and reported by IBD patients are numerous and varied. They are considered important by patients with CD and UC, both of whom would generally value specific dietary counselling, highlighting a need for further research in this area and adequate and equal provision of services for both groups.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Attitude to Health
Female
Health Services Accessibility
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications
Male
Middle Aged
Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology/*etiology
Nutrition Surveys
Patient Acceptance of Health Care
Prevalence},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {21939918},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2011.04.016},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Psillos, A. I. and Catanzaro, J.},
   title = {Ileal pouch anal anastomosis: an overview of surgery, recovery, and achieving postsurgical continence},
   journal = {Ostomy Wound Manage},
   volume = {57},
   number = {12},
   pages = {22-8},
   note = {1943-2720
Psillos, Anna I
Catanzaro, Jo
Journal Article
Review
United States
Ostomy Wound Manage. 2011 Dec;57(12):22-8.},
   abstract = {Ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is a two- or three-stage surgical procedure performed to treat patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Following ileostomy closure and anastomosis, patient goals of care typically include obtaining continence and preventing complications. Nursing interventions to achieve these goals may include developing a skin care regimen, pelvic muscle floor exercises (PFME), diet changes, medication use and coping strategies. Research suggests that patient quality of life following surgery is generally good, especially in patients with a functioning pouch or a history of severe UC and a functioning pouch. However, the procedure is relatively new, and long-term (>20 years) outcomes remain largely unknown. Ongoing assessments to monitor complications such as pouchitis and pouch stricture are needed, as is research to determine the long-term effects of vaginal delivery and of living into the seventh, eighth, and ninth decades of life.},
   keywords = {Anal Canal/*surgery
*Anastomosis, Surgical
*Colonic Pouches
Fecal Incontinence/nursing/prevention & control/*surgery
Humans},
   ISSN = {0889-5899},
   Accession Number = {22156175},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Qin, X.},
   title = {Etiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a unified hypothesis},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {18},
   number = {15},
   pages = {1708-22},
   note = {2219-2840
Qin, Xiaofa
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Apr 21;18(15):1708-22. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i15.1708.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), emerged and dramatically increased for about a century. Despite extensive research, its cause remains regarded as unknown. About a decade ago, a series of findings made me suspect that saccharin may be a key causative factor for IBD, through its inhibition on gut bacteria and the resultant impaired inactivation of digestive proteases and over digestion of the mucus layer and gut barrier (the Bacteria-Protease-Mucus-Barrier hypothesis). It explained many puzzles in IBD such as its emergence and temporal changes in last century. Recently I further found evidence suggesting sucralose may be also linked to IBD through a similar mechanism as saccharin and have contributed to the recent worldwide increase of IBD. This new hypothesis suggests that UC and CD are just two symptoms of the same morbidity, rather than two different diseases. They are both caused by a weakening in gut barrier and only differ in that UC is mainly due to increased infiltration of gut bacteria and the resultant recruitment of neutrophils and formation of crypt abscess, while CD is mainly due to increased infiltration of antigens and particles from gut lumen and the resultant recruitment of macrophages and formation of granulomas. It explained the delayed appearance but accelerated increase of CD over UC and many other phenomena. This paper aims to provide a detailed description of a unified hypothesis regarding the etiology of IBD, including the cause and mechanism of IBD, as well as the relationship between UC and CD.},
   keywords = {Animals
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology
Intestines/microbiology
Morbidity
Saccharin/toxicity
Sucrose/analogs & derivatives/toxicity
Crohn's disease
Dietary chemicals
Etiology
Inflammatory bowel disease
Saccharin
Sucralose
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {22553395},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v18.i15.1708},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Raftery, T. and O'Morain, C. A. and O'Sullivan, M.},
   title = {Vitamin D: new roles and therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Drug Metab},
   volume = {13},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1294-302},
   note = {1875-5453
Raftery, Tara
O'Morain, Colm A
O'Sullivan, Maria
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Netherlands
Curr Drug Metab. 2012 Nov;13(9):1294-302.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses 2 independent but related entities: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease is characterised by transmural patchy inflammation which can involve any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. UC is characterised by superficial inflammation that begins in the rectum and extends proximally along the colon. In Europe, approximately 2.2 million people have a diagnosis of IBD. The aetiology of IBD is unknown, however, immune, environmental and genetic factors are thought to be involved. Individuals with IBD are at risk of developing osteoporosis. In line with this, there are clear guidelines that recommend vitamin D supplementation for IBD patients to prevent bone disease, especially when undergoing steroid treatment. Despite an established role for vitamin D in IBD, deficiency is common. More novel effects of vitamin D beyond bone are emerging. It is now well established that vitamin D is an important regulator of the immune system which may have implications for the development, severity and management of immune related disorders such as IBD. The efficacy of vitamin D as an immune modulator in IBD remains to be proven. This review aims to evaluate the evidence implicating vitamin D deficiency in IBD pathogenesis, to examine vitamin D's anti-inflammatory mechanisms and to explore its therapeutic potential, optimal serum levels and dietary intakes which may support immune function in this disease.},
   keywords = {Animals
Humans
Immunologic Factors/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/epidemiology/metabolism
Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives/metabolism/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1389-2002},
   Accession Number = {22493989},
   year = {2012},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rogler, G.},
   title = {Interaction between susceptibility and environment: examples from the digestive tract},
   journal = {Dig Dis},
   volume = {29},
   number = {2},
   pages = {136-43},
   note = {1421-9875
Rogler, Gerhard
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Dig Dis. 2011;29(2):136-43. doi: 10.1159/000323876. Epub 2011 Jul 5.},
   abstract = {During the last few years a significant advance has been achieved in the understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). From twin studies it was evident that there is more that 50% concordance of Crohn's disease (CD) in monozygotic twin pairs, however it is only 3.6% among dizygotic twins. These data indicate that the genetic background may be responsible for 50% of the risk or 'susceptibility' to develop CD. Obviously it is not a sufficient condition as otherwise there would be 100% concordance of disease in monozygotic twin pairs. Environmental factors as well must play an important role. This is further supported by the fact that there is only low development in genetic risk factors over ten thousands of years. In contrast, the incidence of CD and ulcerative colitis (UC) has dramatically increased in Western countries in the last 100 years. This further supports the concept of a 'Western lifestyle factor(s)' that triggers chronic intestinal inflammation in a genetically susceptible host. The proof of the concept of a genetic susceptibility was achieved in 2001 with the discovery that NOD2 is the most important susceptibility gene for CD. The function of NOD2 has been investigated in detail. NOD2 is an intracellular 'alarm button', a receptor recognizing invading bacteria that entered the mucosal wall. NOD2 mutants associated with susceptibility to CD seem to be deficient in their recognition of bacterial wall products. In a genome-wide association study a disease association was found in the autophagy-related 16-like 1 gene (ATG16L1). The ATG16L1 gene encodes a protein in the autophagosome pathway that processes intracellular bacteria. Based on these findings, CD is now discussed as an impaired and inadequate immune reaction to the gut bacteria which are a part of our environment (or perhaps 'in-vironment'). In addition to NOD2 and ATG16L1, there are more 'innate' pathways by which commensal and pathogenic bacteria can directly interact with cells of the intestinal mucosa. The 'environment concept' and the 'genetic concept' of IBD pathophysiology are converging. With the finding that most susceptibility genes for CD and UC are involved in innate immune mechanisms and the primary defense against bacteria entering the mucosa, for the first time a unifying concept of the 'genetic pathophysiology hypothesis' and the 'environment pathophysiology hypothesis' of IBD was possible. Bacteria are the link between the environment and mucosal defense system.},
   keywords = {Diet
*Environment
Food Additives/adverse effects
Gastrointestinal Tract/*pathology
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics/psychology},
   ISSN = {0257-2753},
   Accession Number = {21734377},
   DOI = {10.1159/000323876},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rogler, G.},
   title = {'Red alert' or not? - do we give our inflammatory bowel disease patients the right dietary recommendations?},
   journal = {Digestion},
   volume = {84},
   number = {3},
   pages = {236-7},
   note = {1421-9867
Rogler, Gerhard
Comment
Editorial
Switzerland
Digestion. 2011;84(3):236-7. doi: 10.1159/000330225. Epub 2011 Aug 25.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*physiopathology
Crohn Disease/*physiopathology
Female
Humans
Male
Wine/*adverse effects},
   ISSN = {0012-2823},
   Accession Number = {21865748},
   DOI = {10.1159/000330225},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rottoli, M. and Remzi, F. H. and Shen, B. and Kiran, R. P.},
   title = {Gender of the patient may influence perioperative and long-term complications after restorative proctocolectomy},
   journal = {Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {14},
   number = {3},
   pages = {336-41},
   note = {1463-1318
Rottoli, M
Remzi, F H
Shen, B
Kiran, R P
Journal Article
England
Colorectal Dis. 2012 Mar;14(3):336-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02634.x.},
   abstract = {AIM: Gender-related differences in preoperative characteristics and early and long-term outcome for patients undergoing ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) have not previously been well studied. METHOD: All male and female patients undergoing IPAA at a single centre between 1983 and 2008 were compared for perioperative variables and long-term outcome. Statistical tests were used as appropriate. A multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of gender on pouch failure. RESULTS: Female patients (n=1495) were younger than male patients (n=1912) (P<0.001). Surgery type and pouch configuration were similar, although male gender was associated with a higher use of ileostomy (P<0.001) and a higher incidence of 30-day anastomotic separation (P=0.001). During a median follow up of 9.9 (female) and 9.3 (male) years, female patients were more likely to develop bowel obstruction (20.8 vs 16.7%, P=0.02) and pouch-related fistula (10.9 vs 7.6%, P=0.001). Women had a higher number of daily bowel movements than men (P=0.001), and more frequently had urgency (P=0.001), daily seepage (P=0.01) and pad use (P<0.001). A higher percentage of female patients reported dietary (P<0.001) and work (P=0.022) restrictions and lower mental component of the Short-Form 36 quality of life score (P=0.018). On multivariate analysis of perioperative variables, female gender was associated with pouch failure (P=0.05). CONCLUSION: The gender of the patient seems to be associated with specific differences in preoperative variables and postoperative outcomes for patients undergoing IPAA.},
   keywords = {Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/*surgery
Adult
Colitis, Ulcerative/*surgery
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Logistic Models
Male
Multivariate Analysis
Perioperative Period
Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/*etiology
*Proctocolectomy, Restorative
Quality of Life
Sex Factors
Treatment Outcome},

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib