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@MISC{ABARES2010,
  author = {ABARES},
  title = {{L}and use of {A}ustralia, {V}ersion 4, 2005/2006},
  year = {2010},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Land use of Australia, Version 4, 2005/2006},
  timestamp = {2012.07.09}
}

@MISC{ABC2003,
  author = {{ABC News}},
  title = {Kosciuszko slow to recover from bushfires},
  year = {2003},
  note = {30 {O}ct, 2003. {A}vailable online at url{http://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-10-30/kosciuszko-slow-to-recover-from-bushfires/1501722},
	viewed on 06/06/2012.},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Abiodun2010,
  author = {Abiodun, B. J. and Pal, J. S. and Afiesimama, E. A. and Gutowski,
	W. J. and Adedoyin, A.},
  title = {{M}odelling the Impacts of Deforestation on Monsoon Rainfall in {W}est
	{A}frica},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Planetary Boundary Layer and Climate
	Change},
  year = {2010},
  editor = {Djolov, G. and Esau, I.},
  volume = {13},
  abstract = {The study found that deforestation causes more monsoon moisture to
	be retained in the mid-troposphere, thereby reducing the northward
	transport of moisture needed for rainfall over West Africa. Hence,
	deforestation has dynamical impacts on the West African monsoon and
	rainfall.},
  endnotereftype = {Book Section},
  keywords = {Deforestation model monsoon},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Modelling the Impacts of Deforestation on Monsoon Rainfall in West
	Africa},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Adler2008,
  author = {Adler, R. F. and Gu, G. J. and Wang, J. J. and Huffman, G. J. and
	Curtis, S. and Bolvin, D.},
  title = {{R}elationships between global precipitation and surface temperature
	on interannual and longer timescales (1979-2006)},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {113},
  month = {Nov},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Relationships between global precipitation and surface temperature
	on interannual and longer timescales (1979-2006)},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000261144800006}
}

@ARTICLE{Ahmad2010,
  author = {Ahmad, S. S. and Sherazi, A. and Shah, M. T. A.},
  title = {A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSING DECLINE IN FOREST COVER
	AREA IN DISTRICT {C}HAKWAL, {P}AKISTAN},
  journal = {Pakistan Journal of Botany},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {3967-3970},
  number = {6},
  month = {Dec},
  abstract = {The analysis of species density and species distribution based on
	the analysis of land cover characteristics is an important aspect
	in the process of understanding forest ecology. Therefore in the
	present study a GIS based approach was followed to produce different
	scale vegetation maps for a study area in district Chakwal. The prime
	forest areas in district Chakwal were identified for the study by
	integrating the areas of land cover change derived for the change
	in climate in the years 2005-6 and 2009-10 by the use of GIS mapping.
	Results show that the minimum temperature of the district increased
	from 9.4 degrees C to 9.9 degrees C during the period of 2005-06
	to 2009-10, and the maximum temperature increased from 33.8 degrees
	C to 35 degrees C. The humidity changed from 69.1% to 70.3% followed
	by the rainfall decrease from 872mm to 557mm. These distinguished
	changes in the climate caused the decline in the forest area of the
	region. The total forest area was found to be around 698Km(2) in
	the year 2005-06, which declined to about 625 Km(2) in 2009-10. The
	study further demonstrates the utility of GIS technique for the assessment
	of land cover change areas particularly in the regions where significant
	climate change conditions are occurring and forests are being lost.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0556-3321},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSING DECLINE IN FOREST COVER
	AREA IN DISTRICT CHAKWAL, PAKISTAN},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000285724900032}
}

@BOOK{Ahrens1991,
  title = {{M}eteorology {T}oday: {A}n {I}ntroduction to {W}eather, {C}limate,
	and the {E}nvironment},
  publisher = {West Pub. Co.},
  year = {1991},
  author = {Ahrens, C.D.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9780314809056},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Meteorology today: an introduction to weather, climate, and the environment},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wUFRAAAAMAAJ}
}

@ARTICLE{Alcantara-Ayala2006,
  author = {Alcantara-Ayala, I. and Esteban-Chavez, O. and Parrot, J. F.},
  title = {{L}andsliding related to land-cover change: {A} diachronic analysis
	of hillslope instability distribution in the {S}ierra {N}orte, {P}uebla,
	{M}exico},
  journal = {Catena},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {65},
  pages = {152-165},
  number = {2},
  month = {Feb 28},
  abstract = {This study examines mass movement associated with land use change,
	particularly deforestation, from multiple perspectives. The significance
	of such understanding is related to the degree of impact landsliding
	may cause on human settlements and economic activities, and on forest
	ecosystems. In this paper, the distribution of hillslope instability
	in the Sierra Norte, Puebla, Mexico is addressed by means of a diachronic
	analysis, which involves the development of vegetation indexes, as
	well as vegetation fragmentation derived from Landsat-5 (TM) and
	Landsat-7 (ETM+) satellite images from 1989 and 1999, respectively.
	The time period was chosen to compare vegetation cover conditions
	prior and after the extreme October 1999 rainfall event that triggered
	hundreds of slope failures in the study area. Results suggested there
	was a significant vegetation reduction from 1989 to 1999, which was
	strongly expressed by an increase of 809 km(2) of bare surfaces.
	Additionally, areas with highest vegetation density (91-100%) decreased
	considerably, from 1245 to 363 km(2), resulting in a net vegetation
	reduction of 70%. Furthermore, it was possible to highlight that
	landslide concentration was much higher on surfaces that were bare
	and had low vegetation density (0-50%), representing 85% of hillslope
	instability, than on surfaces having a greater density of vegetation
	cover. Land use change and land degradation are precursors to environmental
	hazards, such as mass movement events, that pose serious threats
	to regional population distributions and economic vitality. (c) 2005
	Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0341-8162},
  keywords = {land-cover change mass movement land degradation satellite images
	sierra norte puebla Mexico vegetation indexes hazard assessment mass
	movement new-zealand forest impacts erosion imagery stress region},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Landsliding related to land-cover change: A diachronic analysis of
	hillslope instability distribution in the Sierra Norte, Puebla, Mexico},
  timestamp = {2011.11.01},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000236166100006}
}

@ARTICLE{Alessandri2007,
  author = {Alessandri, A. and Gualdi, S. and Polcher, J. and Navarra, A.},
  title = {{E}ffects of land surface-vegetation on the boreal summer surface
	climate of a {GCM}},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {255-278},
  number = {2},
  month = {Jan},
  abstract = {A land surface model (LSM) has been included in the ECMWF Hamburg
	version 4 (ECHAM4) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM).
	The LSM is an early version of the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology
	in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) and it replaces the simple land
	surface scheme previously included in ECHAM4. The purpose of this
	paper is to document how a more exhaustive consideration of the land
	surface-vegetation processes affects the simulated boreal summer
	surface climate. To investigate the impacts on the simulated climate,
	different sets of Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type
	simulations have been performed with ECHAM4 alone and with the AGCM
	coupled with ORCHIDEE. Furthermore, to assess the effects of the
	increase in horizontal resolution the coupling of ECHAM4 with the
	LSM has been implemented at different horizontal resolutions. The
	analysis reveals that the LSM has large effects on the simulated
	boreal summer surface climate of the atmospheric model. Considerable
	impacts are found in the surface energy balance due to changes in
	the surface latent heat fluxes over tropical and midlatitude areas
	covered with vegetation. Rainfall and atmospheric circulation are
	substantially affected by these changes. In particular, increased
	precipitation is found over evergreen and summergreen vegetated areas.
	Because of the socioeconomical relevance, particular attention has
	been devoted to the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) region. The results
	of this study indicate that precipitation over the Indian subcontinent
	is better simulated with the coupled ECHAM4-ORCHIDEE model compared
	to the atmospheric model alone.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Effects of land surface-vegetation on the boreal summer surface climate
	of a GCM},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000243794200008}
}

@ARTICLE{Alexander2007,
  author = {Alexander, L.V. and Hope, P. and Collins, D. and Trewin, B. and Lynch,
	A. and Nicholls, N.},
  title = {{T}rends in {A}ustralia's climate means and extremes: {A} global
	context},
  journal = {Australian Meteorological Magazine},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {1-18},
  comment = {alexander07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Trends in Australia's climate means and extremes: a global context},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Alexander2009,
  author = {Alexander, Lisa V. and Arblaster, Julie M. },
  title = {{A}ssessing trends in observed and modelled climate extremes over
	{A}ustralia in relation to future projections},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {417-435},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1097-0088},
  key = {alexander09},
  shorttitle = {Assessing trends in observed and modelled climate extremes over Australia
	in relation to future projections},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1730}
}

@TECHREPORT{Allen1998,
  author = {Allen, Richard G. and Pereira, Luis S. and Raes, Dirk and Smith,
	Martin},
  title = {{C}rop evapotranspiration - {G}uidelines for computing crop water
	requirements },
  institution = {Food and Agricultrue Organization},
  year = {1998},
  address = {Rome, Italy},
  comment = {allen98},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements
	},
  timestamp = {2012.12.13}
}

@ARTICLE{Altmann2002,
  author = {Altmann, J. and Alberts, S. C. and Altmann, S. A. and Roy, S. B.},
  title = {{D}ramatic change in local climate patterns in the {A}mboseli basin,
	{K}enya},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {248-251},
  number = {3},
  month = {Sep},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0141-6707},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Dramatic change in local climate patterns in the Amboseli basin, Kenya},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28}
}

@ARTICLE{Andreassian2004,
  author = {Andréassian, V.},
  title = {{W}aters and forests: from historical controversy to scientific debate},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {291},
  pages = {1-27},
  number = {1-2},
  abstract = {This article presents an historical perspective of the controversy
	concerning the hydrological impact of forests, and shows how a mostly
	romantic and emotional confrontation finally evolved into a scientific
	debate. We first analyze the historical evolution of ideas, starting
	with the views of Pliny the Elder in the first century and ending
	with the debate on the [`]Eaux et Forêts' in France in the 19th century.
	Then, we give an up-to-date overview of the paired-watershed experiments
	conducted throughout 20th century, and identify some research issues
	that should help forest hydrology science to move forward in the
	21st century.},
  comment = {andreassian04},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  keywords = {Forest hydrology Paired-watershed design Experimental watersheds Deforestation
	impact Reforestation impact Hydrological trends},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Waters and forests: from historical controversy to scientific debate},
  timestamp = {2012.12.13},
}

@ARTICLE{Archer1997,
  author = {Archer, G. E. B. and Saltelli, A. and Sobol, I. M.},
  title = {Sensitivity measures, {ANOVA}-like Techniques and the use of bootstrap},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {99-120},
  number = {2},
  month = {1997/05/01},
  abstract = {Sobol' sensitivity indices,used in variance based global sensitivity
	analysis of model output,are compared with the Analysis of Variance
	in classical factorial design. Monte Carlo computation of Sobol'
	indices is described briefly, and a bootstrap approach is presented,which
	can be used to produce a confidence interval for the true,unknown
	indices.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-9655},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  shorttitle = {Sensitivity measures,anova-like Techniques and the use of bootstrap},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00949659708811825}
}

@ARTICLE{Arellano2004,
  author = {de Arellano, J.V.G. and Gioli, B. and Miglietta, F. and Jonker, H.J.J.
	and Baltink, H.K. and Hutjes, R.W.A. and Holtslag, A.A.M.},
  title = {Entrainment process of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric boundary
	layer},
  journal = {J. Geophys. Res},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {D18110},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Entrainment process of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric boundary
	layer},
  timestamp = {2013.02.01}
}

@BOOK{Arellano2012,
  title = {Atmospheric boundary layer: {I}ntegrating air chemistry and land
	interactions},
  publisher = {Wageningen: Wageningen University},
  year = {2012},
  author = {de Arellano, J.V.G. and van Heerwaarden, Chiel C.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Atmospheric boundary layer: integrating air chemistry and land interactions},
  timestamp = {2013.02.01}
}

@ARTICLE{Ashok2003,
  author = {Ashok, Karumuri and Guan, Zhaoyong and Yamagata, Toshio},
  title = {{I}nfluence of the {I}ndian {O}cean {D}ipole on the {A}ustralian
	winter rainfall},
  journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1821},
  number = {15},
  abstract = {Using an atmospheric general circulation model and observed datasets
	of sea surface temperature and rainfall, we studied the influence
	of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on the Australian winter rainfall.
	The IOD has significant negative partial correlations with rainfall
	over the western and southern regions of Australia. These negative
	partial correlations extend south-eastward from Indonesia all the
	way to south east Australia. Our atmospheric general circulation
	model sensitivity experiments indicate that cold sea surface temperature
	anomalies prevailing west of the Indonesian archipelago during the
	positive IOD events introduce an anomalous anticyclonic circulation
	at lower levels over the eastern tropical and subtropical Indian
	Ocean, and over much of the Australian continent. It is also apparent
	that the response of the atmosphere to the IOD in this region is
	baroclinic, causing anomalous subsidence and anomalous reduction
	in the rainfall over the affected regions of Australia.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {3319 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General circulation 3339
	Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Ocean/atmosphere interactions
	4215 Oceanography: General: Climate and interannual variability 9330
	Information Related to Geographic Region: Australia 9340 Information
	Related to Geographic Region: Indian Ocean},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {Influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Australian winter rainfall},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017926}
}

@MISC{ABS2012,
  author = {{Australian Bureau of Statistics}},
  title = {Geography and climate - {A}ustralia's climate},
  month = {24/05},
  year = {2012},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Geography and climate - Australia's climate},
  timestamp = {2013.06.26}
}

@TECHREPORT{ACF2001,
  author = {{Australian Conservative Fundation}},
  title = {Australian land clearing, a global perspective: latest facts \& figures},
  institution = {Australian Conservative Fundation},
  year = {2001},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Australian land clearing, a global perspective: latest facts & figures},
  timestamp = {2014.04.30}
}

@TECHREPORT{SoE2001,
  author = {Australian State of the Environment Committee,},
  title = {Australia state of the environment 2001},
  institution = {CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and
	Heritage},
  year = {2001},
  address = {Canberra},
  note = {Chapter 5, viewed 02/02/2012, \url{http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2011/report/land/index.html}},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {SoE 2011},
  timestamp = {2014.07.03}
}

@TECHREPORT{AustralianStateoftheEnvironmentCommittee20112011,
  author = {{Australian State of the Environment Committee}},
  title = {{A}ustralia state of the environment},
  institution = {Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and
	Communities},
  year = {2011},
  address = {Canberra},
  note = {Chapter 5, viewed 02/02/2012, \url{http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2011/report/land/index.html}},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {SoE 2011},
  timestamp = {2012.03.12}
}

@ARTICLE{Avila2012,
  author = {Avila, F. B. and Pitman, A. J. and Donat, M. G. and Alexander, L.
	V. and Abramowitz, G.},
  title = {{C}limate model simulated changes in temperature extremes due to
	land cover change},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {117},
  abstract = {A climate model, coupled to a sophisticated land surface scheme, is
	used to explore the impact of land use induced land cover change
	(LULCC) on climate extremes indices recommended by the Expert Team
	on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The impact from
	LULCC is contrasted with the impact of doubling atmospheric carbon
	dioxide (CO2). Many of the extremes indices related to temperature
	are affected by LULCC and the resulting changes are locally and field
	significant. Some indices are systematically affected by LULCC in
	the same direction as increasing CO2 while for others LULCC opposes
	the impact of increasing CO2. We suggest that assumptions that anthropogenically
	induced changes in temperature extremes can be approximated just
	by increasing greenhouse gases are flawed, as LULCC may regionally
	mask or amplify the impact of increasing CO2 on climate extremes.
	In some regions, the scale of the LULCC forcing is of a magnitude
	similar to the impact of CO2 alone. We conclude that our results
	complicate detection and attribution studies, but also offer a way
	forward to a clearer and an even more robust attribution of the impact
	of increasing CO2 at regional scales.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {coupled climate-landsurface model not equal to CO2 effect temperature
	extremes},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climate model simulated changes in temperature extremes due to land
	cover change},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Avissar1996,
  author = {Avissar, R. and Liu, Y. Q.},
  title = {Three-dimensional numerical study of shallow convective clouds and
	precipitation induced by land surface forcing},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {7499-7518},
  number = {D3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Three-dimensional numerical study of shallow convective clouds and
	precipitation induced by land surface forcing},
  timestamp = {2013.07.22}
}

@ARTICLE{Bala2007,
  author = {Bala, G. and Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M. and Phillips, T. J. and
	Lobell, D. B. and Delire, C. and Mirin, A.},
  title = {{C}ombined climate and carbon-cycle effects of large-scale deforestation},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
	of America},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {104},
  pages = {6550-6555},
  number = {16},
  abstract = {The prevention of deforestation and promotion of afforestation have
	often been cited as strategies to slow global warming. Deforestation
	releases CO2 to the atmosphere, which exerts a warming influence
	on Earth's climate. However, biophysical effects of deforestation,
	which include changes in land surface albedo, evapotranspiration,
	and cloud cover also affect climate. Here we present results from
	several large-scale deforestation experiments performed with a three-dimensional
	coupled global carbon-cycle and climate model. These simulations
	were performed by using a fully three-dimensional model representing
	physical and biogeochemical interactions among land, atmosphere,
	and ocean. We find that global-scale deforestation has a net cooling
	influence on Earth's climate, because the warming carbon-cycle effects
	of deforestation are overwhelmed by the net cooling associated with
	changes in albedo and evapotranspiration. Latitude-specific deforestation
	experiments indicate that afforestation projects in the tropics would
	be clearly beneficial in mitigating global-scale warming, but would
	be counterproductive if implemented at high latitudes and would offer
	only marginal benefits in temperate regions. Although these results
	question the efficacy of mid- and high-latitude afforestation projects
	for climate mitigation, forests remain environmentally valuable resources
	for many reasons unrelated to climate.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0027-8424},
  keywords = {3D coupled model Afforestation biophysical effect CO2 Deforestation
	global high latitude model temperate Temperature Tropics},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Combined climate and carbon-cycle effects of large-scale deforestation},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Baldocchi2001,
  author = {Baldocchi, Dennis and Falge, Eva and Gu, Lianhong and Olson, Richard
	and Hollinger, David and Running, Steve and Anthoni, Peter and Bernhofer,
	Ch and Davis, Kenneth and Evans, Robert and Fuentes, Jose and Goldstein,
	Allen and Katul, Gabriel and Law, Beverly and Lee, Xuhui and Malhi,
	Yadvinder and Meyers, Tilden and Munger, William and Oechel, Walt
	and Paw, K. T. and Pilegaard, Kim and Schmid, H. P. and Valentini,
	Riccardo and Verma, Shashi and Vesala, Timo and Wilson, Kell and
	Wofsy, Steve},
  title = {{FLUXNET}: {A} New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability
	of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities},
  journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {82},
  pages = {2415-2434},
  number = {11},
  month = {2001/11/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0003-0007},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability
	of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities},
  timestamp = {2012.07.19},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082}
}

@ARTICLE{Barger2009,
  author = {Barger, N. N. and Adams, H. D. and Woodhouse, C. and Neff, J. C.
	and Asner, G. P.},
  title = {{I}nfluence of Livestock Grazing and Climate on Pinyon Pine ({P}ins
	edulis) Dynamics},
  journal = {Rangeland Ecology \& Management},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {531-539},
  number = {6},
  month = {Nov},
  abstract = {Over the last century there has been marked expansion and infilling
	of pinyon (Pinus spp.)-juniper Juniperus spp.) woodlands into grassland
	and shrubland ecosystems across the western United States. Although
	range expansions in pinyon-juniper populations have been documented
	with changing climate throughout the Holocene, over the last century,
	local scale impacts such as livestock grazing, changes in fire regimes,
	and increasing atmospheric CO(2) concentrations are thought to be
	more recent drivers of pinyon-juniper woodland distribution. Our
	objective was to examine the role of historical livestock grazing
	relative to past climate in regulating pinyon (Pinus edulis Engelm.)
	recruitment and growth over the last Century in a persistent pinyon-juniper
	woodland. We compared pinyon dynamics oil a remote mesa site, minimally
	grazed by domestic livestock, to a nearby historically grazed site
	in southeastern Utah. The presence of a significant number of old
	trees (> 200 yr) at both sites suggests that these populations were
	well established prior to the 20th century. No differences in pinyon
	density or basal area were observed between grazed and ungrazed sites.
	Stand age structure data showed that pinyon recruitment across these
	sites was highly synchronous, with a large recruitment event occurring
	during the early 1900s; 17% of the pinyons oil both sites dated to
	the 1920s. Climatic conditions during this decade were consistently
	cool and wet-conditions known to Support enhanced recruitment and
	growth in pinyon pines. Pinyon growth was also strongly synchronous
	across sites (r = 0.96). Pinyon growth was significantly correlated
	with winter/spring precipitation and negatively correlated with June
	temperature. Taken together, our results Suggest that past climate
	may be more important in structuring pinyon populations than historical
	land use in these persistent pinyon-juniper woodlands. Given future
	climate projections of increasing temperature and more extended drought
	periods, regeneration of pinyon populations following the recent
	regional-scale dieback may be slow. Moreover, prolonged drought combined
	with potentially slow regeneration times for pinyon under future
	climate scenarios Could result in substantial declines in pinyon
	populations across the region, a result that land managers should
	consider when planning for future restoration treatments in persistent
	pinyon-juniper woodlands.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1550-7424},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Influence of Livestock Grazing and Climate on Pinyon Pine (Pins edulis)
	Dynamics},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000272473800005}
}

@ARTICLE{Barr2006,
  author = {Barr, A. G. and Morgenstern, K. and Black, T. A. and McCaughey, J.
	H. and Nesic, Z.},
  title = {{S}urface energy balance closure by the eddy-covariance method above
	three boreal forest stands and implications for the measurement of
	the {CO}2 flux},
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {140},
  pages = {322-337},
  number = {1-4},
  abstract = {Closure of the surface energy balance provides an objective criterion
	for evaluating eddy-covariance (EC) flux measurements. This study
	analyses 5 years of EC carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sensible
	heat flux measurements from three mature boreal forest stands in
	central Saskatchewan, Canada. The EC sensible and latent heat fluxes,
	H and λE, underestimated the surface available energy by 11% (aspen),
	15% (black spruce), and 14% (jack pine). At all sites, the energy-closure
	fraction CF responded similarly to the friction velocity u*, atmospheric
	stability, and time of day. At night, CF increased from ∼0.3 at very
	low-u* to an asymptotic maximum of ∼0.9 at u* above 0.35 m s−1.
	During unstable-daytime periods, CF varied linearly from ∼0.7 at
	low-u* to ∼1.0 at high-u*. The energy imbalance pattern was similar
	among sites and may be characteristic of the continental, boreal
	forest.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  keywords = {Boreal forest Surface energy balance Eddy-covariance Energy balance
	closure Net ecosystem exchange},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Surface energy balance closure by the eddy-covariance method above
	three boreal forest stands and implications for the measurement of
	the CO2 flux},
  timestamp = {2012.07.19},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bartlett2007,
  author = {Bartlett, T. and Leonard, M. and Morgan, G.},
  title = {{T}he mega-fire phenomenon: some {A}ustralian perspectives},
  booktitle = {The 2007 Institute of Foresters of Australia and New Zealand Institute
	of Forestry Conference: Programme, Abstracts and Papers},
  year = {2007},
  address = {Canberra},
  publisher = {Institute of Foresters of Australia},
  endnotereftype = {Conference Proceedings},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The mega-fire phenomenon: some Australian perspectives},
  timestamp = {2012.07.17}
}

@ARTICLE{Baese2012,
  author = {Bäse, Frank and Elsenbeer, Helmut and Neill, Christopher and Krusche,
	Alex V.},
  title = {Differences in throughfall and net precipitation between soybean
	and transitional tropical forest in the southern Amazon, Brazil},
  journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems \& Environment},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {159},
  pages = {19-28},
  number = {0},
  abstract = {The expansion of soybean cultivation into the Amazon in Brazil has
	potential hydrological effects at local to regional scales. To determine
	the impacts of soybean agriculture on hydrology, a comparison of
	net precipitation (throughfall, stemflow) in undisturbed tropical
	forest and soybean fields on the southern edge of the Amazon Basin
	in the state of Mato Grosso is needed. This study measured throughfall
	with troughs and stemflow with collar collectors during two rainy
	seasons. The results showed that in forest 91.6% of rainfall was
	collected as throughfall and 0.3% as stemflow, while in soybean fields
	with two-month old plants, 46.2% of rainfall was collected as throughfall
	and 9.0% as stemflow. Hence, interception of precipitation in soybean
	fields was far greater than in intact forests. Differences in throughfall,
	stemflow and net precipitation were found to be mainly associated
	with differences in plant structure and stem density in transitional
	forest and soybean cropland. Because rainfall interception in soybean
	fields is higher than previously believed and because both the area
	of cropland and the frequency of crop cycles (double cropping) are
	increasing rapidly, interception needs to be reconsidered in regional
	water balance models when consequences of land cover changes are
	analyzed in the Amazon soybean frontier region. Based on the continued
	expansion of soybean fields across the landscape and the finding
	that net precipitation is lower in soy agriculture, a reduction in
	water availability in the long term can be assumed.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0167-8809},
  keywords = {Throughfall Net precipitation Stemflow Soybean Tropical forest},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Differences in throughfall and net precipitation between soybean and
	transitional tropical forest in the southern Amazon, Brazil},
  timestamp = {2013.01.21},
}

@ARTICLE{Baudena2007,
  author = {Baudena, M. and Boni, G. and Ferraris, L. and von Hardenberg, J.
	and Provenzale, A.},
  title = {Vegetation response to rainfall intermittency in drylands: Results
	from a simple ecohydrological box model},
  journal = {Advances in Water Resources},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1320-1328},
  number = {5},
  abstract = {Vegetation in arid and semi-arid regions is affected by intermittent
	water availability. We discuss a simple stochastic model describing
	the coupled dynamics of soil moisture and vegetation, and study the
	effects of rainfall intermittency. Soil moisture dynamics is described
	by a ecohydrological box model, while vegetation is represented by
	site occupancy dynamics in a spatially-implicit model. We show that
	temporal rainfall intermittency allows for vegetation persistence
	at low values of annual rainfall volume, whereas it would go extinct
	if rainfall were constant. Rainfall intermittency also generates
	long-term fluctuations in vegetation cover, even in the absence of
	significant inter-annual variations in the statistical properties
	of precipitation.},
  comment = {baudena07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0309-1708},
  keywords = {Ecohydrology Rainfall intermittency Drylands Mathematical models Interaction},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Vegetation response to rainfall intermittency in drylands: Results
	from a simple ecohydrological box model},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
}

@ARTICLE{Baudena2008,
  author = {Baudena, M. and D'Andrea, F. and Provenzale, A.},
  title = {A model for soil-vegetation-atmosphere interactions in water-limited
	ecosystems},
  journal = {Water Resources Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {9},
  number = {12},
  month = {Dec},
  abstract = {We study the interaction between atmosphere, soil moisture, and vegetation
	in water-limited environments with significant water recycling, and
	introduce a simple process model including some of the main feedbacks
	active in the system. In our model, the soil-vegetation-atmosphere
	dynamics display two stable states for realistic values of the synoptic
	moisture convergence flux. Starting from low soil moisture and/or
	low vegetation cover, the system reaches a dry and hot state, whereas
	it reaches a wet and cool state when starting from higher initial
	values of soil moisture and of vegetation cover. The role of synoptic
	perturbations is investigated by inserting a stochastic input of
	moisture: in this case, a bimodal distribution of soil moisture is
	obtained. We explore the difference between the dynamics of natural
	vegetation, capable of adjusting its areal extent to variations in
	soil moisture, and cultivated vegetation, whose areal extent cannot
	vary. The model results indicate that the presence of natural vegetation
	increases the probability of reaching a wet/cool state with respect
	to the case of cultivated plants.},
  comment = {baudena08},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0043-1397},
  keywords = {LAND-USE CHANGES REGIONAL CLIMATE PART II RAINFALL INTERMITTENCY TERRESTRIAL
	ECOSYSTEMS TROPICAL DEFORESTATION HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS
	MOISTURE FEEDBACK ANALYTIC APPROACH},
  owner = {Sue},
  pdf = { },
  shorttitle = {A model for soil-vegetation-atmosphere interactions in water-limited
	ecosystems},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000261889700007}
}

@ARTICLE{Bengai1994,
  author = {Bengai, T. and Bitan, A. and Manes, A. and Alpert, P.},
  title = {{L}ong-term changes in annual rainfall patterns in southern {I}srael},
  journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {59-67},
  number = {2},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-798X},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {LONG-TERM CHANGES IN ANNUAL RAINFALL PATTERNS IN SOUTHERN ISRAEL},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
}

@ARTICLE{Bengai1993,
  author = {Bengai, T. and Bitan, A. and Manes, A. and Alpert, P.},
  title = {{L}ong-term change in october rainfall patterns in southern {I}srael},
  journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {209-217},
  number = {4},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-798X},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {LONG-TERM CHANGE IN OCTOBER RAINFALL PATTERNS IN SOUTHERN ISRAEL},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
}

@ARTICLE{Ben-Gai1998,
  author = {Ben-Gai, T. and Bitan, A. and Manes, A. and Alpert, P. and Rubin,
	S.},
  title = {{S}patial and temporal changes in rainfall frequency distribution
	patterns in {I}srael},
  journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {177-190},
  number = {3-4},
  comment = {bengai98},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-798X},
  owner = {clia8074},
  pdf = { Annual and monthly rainfall totals in Israel were analyzed to reveal any long term changes in their temporal and spatial distribution patterns, since the 1930s. The data consists of 60 rainfall stations, spread all over Israel from the far North to the Negev desert in the South, with long-term records of rainfall covering two normal periods. A gamma distribution function was fitted to the annual rainfall at each station for the two normal periods, and the shape and scale parameters of the distribution, as well as their percentage changes during the last normal period with respect to the first one, were analyzed. The analysis of the annual distribution function parameters reveals some appreciable changes, that are statistically significant, in the spatial rainfall distribution patterns in the southern, northern and central parts of the country. The most striking feature is revealed in the South, where a more than 60 percent increase in the shape parameter occurs, and a similar rate of re-scaling, i.e. a decrease of about 40 percent in the scale parameter. Analysis of the monthly distributions revealed considerable changes in October and November, at the beginning of the rainfall season, and an appreciable change in March, at the end of the rainfall season.},
  shorttitle = {Spatial and temporal changes in rainfall frequency distribution patterns
	in Israel},
  timestamp = {2012.07.09},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000078025000005}
}

@ARTICLE{Benito2003,
  author = {Benito, E. and Santiago, J. L. and De Blas, E. and Varela, M. E.},
  title = {{D}eforestation of water-repellent soils in {G}alicia ({NW} {S}pain):
	{E}ffects on surface runoff and erosion under simulated rainfall},
  journal = {Earth Surface Processes and Landforms},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {145-155},
  number = {2},
  month = {Feb},
  abstract = {At three adjacent sites in steeply sloping woodland in Galicia (NW
	Spain), surface runoff and associated erosion under simulated rainfall
	(64 mm h(-1)) were measured on five occasions between June 1998 and
	July 1999. Two of the three sites had recently been deforested and
	topsoil added, and one of these two had been sown with grass, which
	was germinating at the onset of the study. Deforestation greatly
	increased runoff and erosion rates, and the recovery of plant cover
	reduced erosion. All three soils were very hydrophobic due to high
	levels of poorly humified organic matter, which led to higher runoff
	rates than expected, especially during dry periods. However, great
	structural stability prevented there being a significant correlation
	between runoff rate and soil erosion. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley
	Sons, Ltd.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0197-9337},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Deforestation of water-repellent soils in Galicia (NW Spain): Effects
	on surface runoff and erosion under simulated rainfall},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000181386200003}
}

@ARTICLE{Berbert2003,
  author = {Berbert, M. L. C. and Costa, M. H.},
  title = {{C}limate change after tropical deforestation: {S}easonal variability
	of surface albedo and its effects on precipitation change},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {2099-2104},
  number = {12},
  month = {Jun},
  abstract = {This work studies the seasonal effects of the surface albedo change
	after a tropical deforestation and its influence on the seasonal
	pattern of precipitation in Amazonia. Results of the climate simulation
	study of Costa and Foley are used to represent the precipitation
	changes in a scenario where all tropical forest was replaced by pasture.
	The simulated forest and pasture albedo are compared to both the
	forest and pasture albedos observed during the Anglo-Brazilian Amazonian
	Climate Observation Study (ABRACOS) project. The surface albedo measurements
	provided verification that both forest and pasture albedo show seasonal
	variability, with the forest albedos higher in the dry period ( June
	- November) and lower values in the rainy period ( December - May),
	while the pasture albedo decreases in the dry season. Most of the
	characteristics of the observed differences in albedo are present
	in the simulated albedo too, which is in part due to the ability
	of the land surface parameterization to represent vegetation phenology.
	Verification was also obtained to show that the seasonal variability
	in the reflected radiation anomalies, caused by the tropical deforestation,
	is associated with seasonal fluctuations in the precipitation anomalies.
	This study demonstrates that most of the spatial and seasonal variability
	in the simulated climate after a tropical deforestation can be explained
	by the difference in the radiation reflected by the surface.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climate change after tropical deforestation: Seasonal variability
	of surface albedo and its effects on precipitation change},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000183460100016}
}

@ARTICLE{Betts2007,
  author = {Betts, A. K.},
  title = {Coupling of water vapor convergence, clouds, precipitation, and land-surface
	processes},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {112},
  number = {D10},
  month = {May},
  abstract = {[1] On daily timescales, the climate over land is a complex balance
	of many coupled processes. ERA40 reanalysis data for subbasins of
	the Mississippi in summer are used to explore the links between these
	processes in a fully coupled model system, and observed surface precipitation
	and surface short-wave fluxes derived by the International Satellite
	Cloud Climatology Project are used for evaluation. This paper proposes
	that the effective cloud albedo viewed from the surface is a useful
	link which connects the cloud fields to both surface and large-scale
	processes. The reanalysis has a low bias in cloud albedo in all seasons
	except summer. In the coupled system in the warm season, on daily
	timescales, the lifting condensation level falls as soil moisture
	and precipitation increase. The ratio of the cloud short-wave radiative
	forcing at the surface to the diabatic precipitation heating of the
	atmosphere is less in the reanalysis than in the observations. The
	surface energy budget is split into the surface net radiation and
	the evaporative fraction. The surface cloud radiative forcing largely
	determines the surface net radiation, while evaporative fraction,
	with fixed vegetation, is largely determined by temperature and near-surface
	soil moisture.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Coupling of water vapor convergence, clouds, precipitation, and land-surface
	processes},
  timestamp = {2013.08.19},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000246839100010}
}

@ARTICLE{Bi2009,
  author = {Bi, H. X. and Liu, B. and Wu, J. and Yun, L. and Chen, Z. H. and
	Cui, Z. W.},
  title = {{E}ffects of precipitation and landuse on runoff during the past
	50 years in a typical watershed in the {L}oess {P}lateau, {C}hina},
  journal = {International Journal of Sediment Research},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {352-364},
  number = {3},
  month = {Sep},
  abstract = {In the past century, great progress has been made worldwide in our
	understanding of forest-water relationship. The successful forestation
	programs implemented in China-which have improved the ecological
	environmental conditions-have gained the attention of many researchers
	and highlighted the relationship between forestation and water yields.
	The and and semi-arid Loess Plateau has received attention from water
	engineers and eco-hydrological researchers in China because of a
	shortage in water resources. We selected one of the oldest stations
	conducting soil and water conservation experiments, the Xifeng soil
	and water conservation station, and chose the Nanxiaohe catchment
	and its paired catchments (Yangjiagou catchment and Dongzhuanggou
	catchment) as our research areas. Trends in precipitation, air temperature,
	streamflow over the past 50 years, and the effect of changing land
	use on streamflow were analyzed. The Mann-Kendall test showed that
	precipitation had a negative trend (downward trend), whereas air
	temperature showed a positive trend (upward trend) from the past
	to present in the Nanxiaohe catchment. However, the trends seen in
	precipitation, air temperature did not contain any "jumping points."
	The paired catchment approach is used to detect the effects of land
	cover change on hydrology in the Yangjiagou and the contrast catchment,
	i.e., Dongzhuanggou catchment in our study. The results showed a
	large change in land use in the Yangjiagou catchment from 1954 to
	2008. An increase in forested land (from 0% to 40.08% from 1954 to
	2008) and a reduction of bare land (from 51.26% to 5.50% from 1954
	to 2008) accounted for a large part of the change in land use. However,
	the land use changed little in the contrast catchment. The comparison
	of streamflow in the paired catchments showed that forestation reduced
	streamflow by 49.63% (or 6.5 mm) each year.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1001-6279},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Effects of precipitation and landuse on runoff during the past 50
	years in a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau, China},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000272106500009}
}

@MISC{BiodiversityAssessmentWorkingGroup2009,
  author = {{Biodiversity Assessment Working Group,}},
  title = {{A}ssessment of {A}ustralia’s terrestrial biodiversity 2008},
  howpublished = {Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts},
  year = {2009},
  note = {Report prepared by the Biodiversity Assessment Working Group of the
	National Land and Water Resources Audit for the Australian Government},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Assessment of Australia’s terrestrial biodiversity 2008},
  timestamp = {2012.03.12}
}

@MISC{BoM2012,
  author = {{BoM}},
  title = {Australian Climate Influence},
  year = {2012},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://www.bom.gov.au/watl/about-weather-and-climate/australian-climate-influences.shtml},
	viewed on 17/01/2012.},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@MISC{BoM2012a,
  author = {{BoM}},
  title = {Australia - climate of our continent},
  year = {2012},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/zones.htm},
	viewed on 12/03/2012},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@MISC{BoM2012c,
  author = {{BoM}},
  title = {Background Information, {N}ational rainfall outlook},
  year = {2012},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ahead/rain_ahead.shtml},
	viewed on 03/01/2012},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@MISC{BoM2009,
  author = {{BoM}},
  title = {{G}ridded {M}onthly {R}ainfall {M}etadata},
  howpublished = {Australian Bureau of Meteorology},
  year = {2009},
  endnotereftype = {Electronic Source},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Gridded Monthly Rainfall Metadata},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/austmaps/metadata-monthly-rainfall.shtml}
}

@MISC{Mla2008,
  author = {{BoM}, {mla}},
  title = {Weather drivers in {W}estern {A}ustralia},
  year = {2008},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://www.mla.com.au/files/1c39e89d-f3fa-4915-b72b-9d66008ab4bf/},
	viewed on 03/02/2012.},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@BOOK{Bonan2008,
  title = {{E}cological climatology: {C}oncepts and applications},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2008},
  author = {Bonan, G.},
  address = {New York},
  edition = {2nd},
  comment = {bonan08},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9780521872218},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Ecological climatology: Concepts and applications},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Bonan2008a,
  author = {Bonan, G.B.},
  title = {{F}orests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate
	benefits of forests},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {320},
  pages = {1444},
  number = {5882},
  abstract = {The world's forests influence climate through physical, chemical,
	and biological processes that affect planetary energetics, the hydrologic
	cycle, and atmospheric composition. These complex and nonlinear forest-atmosphere
	interactions can dampen or amplify anthropogenic climate change.
	Tropical, temperate, and boreal reforestation and afforestation attenuate
	global warming through carbon sequestration. Biogeophysical feedbacks
	can enhance or diminish this negative climate forcing. Tropical forests
	mitigate warming through evaporative cooling, but the low albedo
	of boreal forests is a positive climate forcing. The evaporative
	effect of temperate forests is unclear. The net climate forcing from
	these and other processes is not known. Forests are under tremendous
	pressure from global change. Interdisciplinary science that integrates
	knowledge of the many interacting climate services of forests with
	the impacts of global change is necessary to identify and understand
	as yet unexplored feedbacks in the Earth system and the potential
	of forests to mitigate climate change.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits
	of forests},
  timestamp = {2012.12.13}
}

@TECHREPORT{Bonan1996,
  author = {Bonan, G.B.},
  title = {{L}and surface model ({LSM} version 1.0) for ecological, hydrological,
	and atmospheric studies: {T}echnical description and users guide.
	{T}echnical note},
  institution = {National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States).
	Climate and Global Dynamics Division},
  year = {1996},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Land surface model (LSM version 1.0) for ecological, hydrological,
	and atmospheric studies: Technical description and users guide. Technical
	note},
  timestamp = {2012.11.18}
}

@ARTICLE{Bonan1999,
  author = {Bonan, G. B.},
  title = {{F}rost followed the plow: {I}mpacts of deforestation on the climate
	of the {U}nited {S}tates},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1305-1315},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {The modern vegetated landscape of the United States little resembles
	the "natural" landscape prior to colonial settlement. Two 10-yr climate
	simulations with a global climate model using natural and modern
	vegetation maps for land surface boundary conditions showed that
	the conversion of forest to cropland in the eastern and central United
	States cooled climate. Mean annual surface air temperature decreased
	by 0.6 degrees-1.0 degrees C in the United States east of 100 degrees
	W. The decrease in daily maximum temperature exceeded that for daily
	minimum temperature for a decreased diurnal temperature range of
	about 0.6 degrees C, averaged over the year. The cooling was greatest
	in the Midwest in summer and autumn, when daily mean temperature
	decreased by >0.5 degrees and 2.5 degrees C, respectively; daily
	maximum temperature decreased by 1 degrees-3 degrees C; and diurnal
	temperature range decreased by about 1 degrees C. U.S. temperature
	records show that much of the 1800s was anomalously cold, particularly
	in summer and autumn in the Midwest. Although this was likely caused
	by natural climate variability, increased volcanic activity, and
	decreased solar activity, the clearing of forests for agricultural
	land undoubtedly contributed to the cold temperatures in the eastern
	and central Unites States.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  keywords = {autumn Deforestation model North America summer Temperature USA},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Frost followed the plow: Impacts of deforestation on the climate of
	the United States},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Bosilovich2006,
  author = {Bosilovich, Michael G. and Chern, Jiun-Dar},
  title = {{S}imulation of Water Sources and Precipitation Recycling for the
	{M}ac{K}enzie, {M}ississippi, and {A}mazon {R}iver {B}asins},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {312-329},
  number = {3},
  month = {June 01, 2006},
  abstract = {An atmospheric general circulation model simulation for 1948–97
	of the water budgets for the MacKenzie, Mississippi, and Amazon River
	basins is presented. In addition to the water budget, passive tracers
	are included to identify the geographic sources of water for the
	basins, and the analysis focuses on the mechanisms contributing to
	precipitation recycling in each basin. While each basin’s precipitation
	recycling has a strong dependency on evaporation during the mean
	annual cycle, the interannual variability of the recycling shows
	important relationships with the atmospheric circulation. The MacKenzie
	River basin recycling has only a weak interannual correspondence
	with evaporation, where the variations in zonal moisture transport
	from the Pacific Ocean can affect the basin water cycle. On the other
	hand, the Mississippi River basin precipitation and recycling have
	strong interannual correlation on evaporation. The evaporation is
	related to the moist and shallow planetary boundary layer that provides
	moisture for convection at the cloud base. At global scales, high
	precipitation recycling is also found to be partly correlated to
	warm SSTs in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The Amazon River basin evaporation
	exhibits small interannual variations, so the interannual variations
	of precipitation recycling are related to atmospheric moisture transport
	from the tropical South Atlantic Ocean. Increasing SSTs over the
	50-yr period are causing increased easterly transport across the
	basin. As moisture transport increases, the Amazon precipitation
	recycling decreases (without real-time varying vegetation changes).
	In addition, precipitation recycling from a bulk diagnostic method
	is compared to the passive tracer method used in the analysis. While
	the mean values of the different recycling methods are different,
	the interannual variations are comparable between each method. The
	methods also exhibit similar relationships to the terms of the basin-scale
	water budgets.},
  comment = {bosilovich06},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Simulation of Water Sources and Precipitation Recycling for the MacKenzie,
	Mississippi, and Amazon River Basins},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2FJHM501.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Brown2005,
  author = {Brown, Alice E. and Zhang, Lu and McMahon, Thomas A. and Western,
	Andrew W. and Vertessy, Robert A.},
  title = {{A} review of paired catchment studies for determining changes in
	water yield resulting from alterations in vegetation},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {310},
  pages = {28-61},
  number = {1-4},
  abstract = {Paired catchment studies have been widely used as a means of determining
	the magnitude of water yield changes resulting from changes in vegetation.
	This review focuses on the use of paired catchment studies for determining
	the changes in water yield at various time scales resulting from
	permanent changes in vegetation. The review considers long term annual
	changes, adjustment time scales, the seasonal pattern of flows and
	changes in both annual and seasonal flow duration curves. The paired
	catchment studies reported in the literature have been divided into
	four broad categories: afforestation experiments, deforestation experiments,
	regrowth experiments and forest conversion experiments. Comparisons
	between paired catchment results and a mean annual water balance
	model are presented and show good agreement between the two methodologies.
	The results highlight the potential underestimation of water yield
	changes if regrowth experiments are used to predict the likely impact
	of permanent alterations to a catchment's vegetation. An analysis
	of annual water yield changes from afforestation, deforestation and
	regrowth experiments demonstrates that the time taken to reach a
	new equilibrium under permanent land use change varies considerably.
	Deforestation experiments reach a new equilibrium more quickly than
	afforestation experiments. The review of papers reporting seasonal
	changes in water yield highlights the proportionally larger impact
	on low flows. Flow duration curve comparison provides a potential
	means of gaining a greater understanding of the impact of vegetation
	on the distribution of daily flows.},
  comment = {brown05},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  keywords = {Land-use impacts Flow regime Forest hydrology Water yield Paired catchments
	Flow duration curves},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A review of paired catchment studies for determining changes in water
	yield resulting from alterations in vegetation},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
}

@ARTICLE{Brown2005a,
  author = {Brown, Daniel G. and Johnson, Kenneth M. and Loveland, Thomas R.
	and Theobald, David M.},
  title = {RURAL LAND USE TRENDS IN THE CONTERMINOUS {U}NITED {S}TATES, 1950-2000},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {1851-1863},
  number = {6},
  month = {2005/12/01},
  abstract = {In order to understand the magnitude, direction, and geographic distribution
	of land-use changes, we evaluated land-use trends in U.S. counties
	during the latter half of the 20th century. Our paper synthesizes
	the dominant spatial and temporal trends in population, agriculture,
	and urbanized land uses, using a variety of data sources and an ecoregion
	classification as a frame of reference. A combination of increasing
	attractiveness of nonmetropolitan areas in the period 1970-2000,
	decreasing household size, and decreasing density of settlement has
	resulted in important trends in the patterns of developed land. By
	2000, the area of low-density, exurban development beyond the urban
	fringe occupied nearly 15 times the area of higher density urbanized
	development. Efficiency gains, mechanization, and agglomeration of
	agricultural concerns has resulted in data that show cropland area
	to be stable throughout the Corn Belt and parts of the West between
	1950 and 2000, but decreasing by about 22% east of the Mississippi
	River. We use a regional case study of the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern
	regions to focus in more detail on the land-cover changes resulting
	from these dynamics. Dominating were land-cover changes associated
	with the timber practices in the forested plains ecoregions and urbanization
	in the piedmont ecoregions. Appalachian ecoregions show the slowest
	rates of land-cover change. The dominant trends of tremendous exurban
	growth, throughout the United States, and conversion and abandonment
	of agricultural lands, especially in the eastern United States, have
	important implications because they affect large areas of the country,
	the functioning of ecological systems, and the potential for restoration.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Ecological Society of America},
  shorttitle = {RURAL LAND-USE TRENDS IN THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES, 1950-2000},
  timestamp = {2012.10.16},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-5220}
}

@ARTICLE{Bruijnzeel2004,
  author = {Bruijnzeel, L. A.},
  title = {{H}ydrological functions of tropical forests: {N}ot seeing the soil
	for the trees?},
  journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {104},
  pages = {185-228},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Differing perceptions of the impacts on hydrological functions of
	tropical forest clearance and conversion to other land uses have
	given rise to growing and often heated debate about directions of
	public environmental policy in southeast Asia. In order to help bring
	more balance and clarity to such debate, this paper reviews a wide
	range of available scientific evidence with respect to the influence
	exerted by the presence or absence of a good forest cover on regional
	climate (rainfall), total and seasonal water yield (floods, low flows),
	as well as on different forms of erosion and catchment sediment yield
	under humid tropical conditions in general and in southeast Asia
	in particular. It is concluded that effects of forest disturbance
	and conversion on rainfall will be smaller than the average decrease
	of 8% predicted for a complete conversion to grassland in southeast
	Asia because the radiative properties of secondary regrowth quickly
	resemble those of the original forest again. In addition, under the
	prevailing [`]maritime' climatic conditions, effects of land-cover
	change on climate can be expected to be less pronounced than those
	of changes in sea-surface temperatures. Total annual water yield
	is seen to increase with the percentage of forest biomass removed,
	with maximum gains in water yield upon total clearing. Actual amounts
	differ between sites and years due to differences in rainfall and
	degree of surface disturbance. As long as surface disturbance remains
	limited, the bulk of the annual increase in water yield occurs as
	baseflow (low flows), but often rainfall infiltration opportunities
	are reduced to the extent that groundwater reserves are replenished
	insufficiently during the rainy season, with strong declines in dry
	season flows as a result. Although reforestation and soil conservation
	measures are capable of reducing the enhanced peak flows and stormflows
	associated with soil degradation, no well-documented case exists
	where this has also produced a corresponding increase in low flows.
	To some extent this will reflect the higher water use of the newly
	planted trees but it cannot be ruled out that soil water storage
	opportunities may have declined too much as a result of soil erosion
	during the post-clearing phase for remediation to have a net positive
	effect. A good plant cover is generally capable of preventing surface
	erosion and, in the case of a well-developed tree cover, shallow
	landsliding as well, but more deep-seated (>3Â m) slides are determined
	rather by geological and climatic factors. A survey of over 60 catchment
	sediment yield studies from southeast Asia demonstrates the very
	considerable effects of such common forest disturbances as selective
	logging and clearing for agriculture or plantations, and, above all,
	urbanisation, mining and road construction. The [`]low flow problem'
	is identified as the single most important [`]watershed' issue requiring
	further research, along with the evaluation of the time lag between
	upland soil conservation measures and any resulting changes in sediment
	yield at increasingly large distances downstream. It is recommended
	to conduct such future work within the context of the traditional
	paired catchment approach, complemented with process-based measuring
	and modelling techniques. Finally, more attention should be paid
	to the underlying geological controls of catchment hydrological behaviour
	when analysing the effect of land use change on (low) flows or sediment
	production.},
  comment = {bruijnzeel04},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0167-8809},
  keywords = {Climate Deforestation Erosion Flow regime Humid tropics Hydrology
	Reforestation Sediment yield Stormflow Water yield Watershed management},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for
	the trees?},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
}

@BOOK{Brutsaert2005,
  title = {{H}ydrology: {A}n introduction},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2005},
  author = {Brutsaert, Wilfried},
  abstract = {"Hydrology: An Introduction is a textbook that covers the fundamental
	principles of hydrology, based on the course that Wilfried Brutsaert
	has taught at Cornell University for the last 30 years. The book
	will be invaluable as a textbook for entry-level courses in hydrology
	directed at advanced seniors and graduate students in physical science
	and engineering. In addition, the book will be more broadly of interest
	to professional scientists and engineers in hydrology, environmental
	science, meteorology, agronomy, geology, climatology, oceanography,
	glaciology, and other earth sciences."--BOOK JACKET.},
  comment = {brutsaert05},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {0521531861},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Hydrology: an introduction},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Burde2001,
  author = {Burde, G. I. and Zangvil, A.},
  title = {The Estimation of Regional Precipitation Recycling. Part II: A New
	Recycling Model},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {2509-2527},
  number = {12},
  month = {June 01, 2001},
  abstract = {A new two-dimensional analytical recycling model is presented. The
	model may be thought of as a generalization of the existing (mostly
	Budyko type) models considered in Part I, which incorporates the
	additional effects of inhomogeneity of the fluxes and the nonparallel
	flow effects. The model results are given by a general analytical
	formula for the recycling ratio distribution. This formula may be
	applied both for theoretical studies of the influence of regional
	parameters and flow fields on precipitation recycling and for estimating
	the recycling ratio from observational data. To study the effects
	of different flow fields in precipitation recycling a decomposition
	of the two-dimensional flow field into components of pure flow types
	is used. In addition to the exact results, simple analytical formulas
	giving lower bounds of the estimates by the new model are obtained
	for some basic flow fields. The estimates produced by the model are
	compared with those given by existing recycling models, and the range
	of validity of those models is discussed in the context of scale
	dependence of the recycling phenomenon. The results show that, in
	general, the effects of a nonparallel flow field in precipitation
	recycling are significant and may result in more than a twofold increase
	of the recycling ratio. At the same time, the increase in the degree
	of precipitation recycling differs considerably for different flow
	fields and also depends on the region's geometry.},
  comment = {burde01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The Estimation of Regional Precipitation Recycling. Part II: A New
	Recycling Model},
  timestamp = {2013.06.11},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282001%29014%3C2509%3ATEORPR%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@ARTICLE{Burton2010,
  author = {Burton, A. and Fowler, H.J. and Blenkinsop, S. and Kilsby, C.G.},
  title = {Downscaling transient climate change using a Neyman-Scott Rectangular
	Pulses stochastic rainfall model},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {381},
  pages = {18-32},
  number = {1},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Downscaling transient climate change using a Neyman-Scott Rectangular
	Pulses stochastic rainfall model},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Busnelli2006,
  author = {Busnelli, J. and Neder, L. D. and Sayago, J. M.},
  title = {{T}emporal dynamics of soil erosion and rainfall erosivity as geoindicators
	of land degradation in {N}orthwestern {A}rgentina},
  journal = {Quaternary International},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {158},
  pages = {147-161},
  month = {Dec},
  abstract = {The subtropical region of Northwestern Argentina displays severe environmental
	deterioration due to a combination of factors, including seasonally
	contrasting weather, highly erodable loessic soils, a topography
	with varied slopes, and natural vegetation coverage restricted by
	deforestation and agricultural advance, in addition to exploitation
	of natural resources by people. The aim of the present research was
	to determine the landscape degradation, using as geoindicators the
	increase in erosion by water and the pluviometric gradient variations
	through time. Two regions were chosen as sample areas in the province
	of Tucuman: the eastern foothills and plain of the Southeastern Ranges
	(Western Chaco); and the intermountain valley of Tafi. Erosion increase
	was quantified by measuring the length of gullies and ravines; and
	the sedimentation in the artificial lake (La Angostura) located in
	the center of the valley of Tafi. Climate changes were analyzed by
	means of the rainfall erosivity variations in both sample areas during
	the last 30 years. The lineal increase in erosion is closely related
	to the pluvial dynamics. Nevertheless, this erosive intensification
	is also dependent on the interaction of environmental factors and
	human activities (deforestation, land use changes, unrestricted agriculture).
	(c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1040-6182},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Temporal dynamics of soil erosion and rainfall erosivity as geoindicators
	of land degradation in Northwestern Argentina},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000242432600015}
}

@ARTICLE{Butt2011,
  author = {Butt, Nathalie and de Oliveira, Paula Afonso and Costa, Marcos Heil},
  title = {{E}vidence that deforestation affects the onset of the rainy season
	in {R}ondonia, {B}razil},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {116},
  number = {D11},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {Brazil Deforestation observation onset of rainy season South America},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Evidence that deforestation affects the onset of the rainy season
	in Rondonia, Brazil},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Campolongo1997,
  author = {Campolongo, Francesca and Saltelli, Andrea},
  title = {Sensitivity analysis of an environmental model: an application of
	different analysis methods},
  journal = {Reliability Engineering \& System Safety},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {49-69},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {A parametric sensitivity analysis (SA) was conducted on a well known
	model for the production of a key sulphur bearing compound from algal
	biota. The model is of interest because of the climatic relevance
	of the gas (dimethylsulphide, DMS), an initiator of cloud particles.
	A screening test at low sample size is applied first (Morris method)
	followed by a computationally intensive variance based measure. Standardised
	regression coefficients are also computed. The various SA measures
	are compared with each other, and the use of bootstrap is suggested
	to extract empirical confidence bounds on the SA estimators. For
	some of the input factors, investigators guess about the parameters
	relevance was confirmed; for some others, the results shed new light
	on the system mechanism and on the data parametrisation.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0951-8320},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Sensitivity analysis of an environmental model: an application of
	different analysis methods},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951832097000215}
}

@ARTICLE{Cao2008,
  author = {Cao, Shixiong},
  title = {{W}hy Large-Scale Afforestation Efforts in {C}hina Have Failed To
	Solve the Desertification Problem},
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {1826-1831},
  number = {6},
  month = {2008/03/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0013-936X},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Why Large-Scale Afforestation Efforts in China Have Failed To Solve
	the Desertification Problem},
  timestamp = {2011.10.20},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0870597}
}

@ARTICLE{Cao2008a,
  author = {Cao, Shixiong},
  title = {Response to Comment on ``Why Large-Scale Afforestation Efforts in
	{C}hina Have Failed to Solve the Desertification Problem”},
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {8166-8166},
  number = {21},
  month = {2008/11/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0013-936X},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Chemical Society},
  shorttitle = {Response to Comment on “Why Large-Scale Afforestation Efforts in China
	Have Failed to Solve the Desertification Problem”},
  timestamp = {2013.08.19},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801979e}
}

@ARTICLE{Cao2010,
  author = {Cao, S. and Tian, T. and Chen, L. and Dong, X. and Yu, X. and Wang,
	G.},
  title = {{D}amage caused to the environment by reforestation policies in arid
	and semi-arid areas of {C}hina},
  journal = {Ambio},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {279-83},
  number = {4},
  month = {Jun},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0044-7447 (Print) 0044-7447 (Linking)},
  keywords = {China *Desert Climate Ecosystem *Environmental Remediation/legislation
	& jurisprudence *Forestry Public Policy},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Damage caused to the environment by reforestation policies in arid
	and semi-arid areas of China},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20799677}
}

@ARTICLE{Carleton2001,
  author = {Carleton, A. M. and Adegoke, J. and Allard, J. and Arnold, D. L.
	and Travis, D. J.},
  title = {{S}ummer season land cover - convective cloud associations for the
	{M}idwest {US} "{C}orn {B}elt"},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {1679-1682},
  number = {9},
  month = {May},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Summer season land cover - convective cloud associations for the Midwest
	US "Corn Belt"},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168243100003 http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/v028/i009/2000GL012635/2000GL012635.pdf}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Carlyle-Moses2011,
  author = {Carlyle-Moses, Darryl E. and Gash, John H. C.},
  title = {Rainfall Interception Loss by Forest Canopies},
  booktitle = {Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  year = {2011},
  editor = {Levia, Delphis F. and Carlyle-Moses, Darryl and Tanaka, Tadashi},
  volume = {216},
  series = {Ecological Studies},
  chapter = {20},
  pages = {407-423},
  month = {2011/01/01},
  abstract = {When rain falls onto a forest a proportion is intercepted by the canopy
	and evaporates back into the atmosphere, playing no further part
	in the terrestrial portion of the hydrologic cycle. This canopy interception
	loss, I c, can be appreciable (Table 20.1). The first published reports
	of I c date from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
	(Hoppe 1896; Horton 1919; see also Gash and Shuttleworth 2007). Since
	then numerous studies have been conducted with I c being found to
	account for 10-50% of season-long or annual rainfall, P g, (Roth
	et al. 2007); varying with both forest characteristics and climate.
	Because I c is an important and sometimes dominant component of forest
	evaporation (David et al. 2005), several models have been developed
	ranging from simple linear regression (e.g., Helvey and Patric 1965)
	to physically based numerical (e.g., Rutter et al. 1971, 1975), analytical
	(e.g., Gash 1979) and stochastic (e.g., Calder 1986) models. Although
	I c has been extensively studied by hydrologists, key processes,
	such as those responsible for the relatively high during-precipitation
	evaporation rates from forest canopies, E, are still not fully understood
	(Dunkerley 2009).},
  endnotereftype = {Book Section},
  isbn = {978-94-007-1362-8},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Rainfall Interception Loss by Forest Canopies},
  timestamp = {2013.08.20},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1363-5_20}
}

@ARTICLE{Cavanaugh2011,
  author = {Cavanaugh, Michelle L. and Kurc, Shirley A. and Scott, Russell L.},
  title = {Evapotranspiration partitioning in semiarid shrubland ecosystems:
	{A} two-site evaluation of soil moisture control on transpiration},
  journal = {Ecohydrology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {671-681},
  number = {5},
  abstract = {Vegetation of dryland ecosystems is sensitive to precipitation pulses.
	Future climate scenarios suggest that the frequency and magnitude
	of precipitation events will change. How much and to what extent
	will these changes impact the hydrological cycle in creosotebush
	(Larrea tridentata) shrublands that dominate the three North American
	hot deserts? In this study, we examine the partitioning of precipitation
	inputs into bare soil evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) within
	creosotebush ecosystems at sites characterized by bimodal precipitation
	regimes: the Santa Rita Experimental Range (SRER) and the Walnut
	Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW). At both sites, during summer
	2008, we measured evapotranspiration (ET) using eddy covariance,
	whole plant T using the heat-balance sap flow, and soil moisture
	at several depths. During the dry period preceding the summer monsoon,
	both ET and soil moisture were very low. With the onset of summer
	rains, E dominated ET; shrub transpiration did not respond to increases
	in soil moisture for approximately 3 more weeks. A series of large
	precipitation events increased moisture at deeper soil layers, and
	triggered T. Overall, ET was largely correlated to moisture levels
	in shallow soil layers typical of dryland ecosystems dominated by
	dry conditions, high evaporative demand, and poor soil infiltration.
	Under the current precipitation regime, characterized by many small
	storms and few large storms, soil moisture is low with most precipitation
	inputs lost as E. However, if climatic changes lead to less frequent
	but larger precipitation events, dryland communities could experience
	shifts in the partitioning of ET affecting the hydrologic budget
	of the ecosystem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1936-0592},
  keywords = {sap flow eddy covariance creosotebush Larrea tridentata whitethorn
	acacia Acacia constricta Santa Rita Experimental Range Walnut Gulch
	Experimental Watershed dryland desert},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  shorttitle = {Evapotranspiration partitioning in semiarid shrubland ecosystems:
	a two-site evaluation of soil moisture control on transpiration},
  timestamp = {2013.08.19},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.157}
}

@MISC{POAMA2011,
  author = {{Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research}},
  title = {Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia ({POAMA})},
  year = {2011},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://poama.bom.gov.au/data_server.shtml},
	viewed on 03/01/2012},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24},
  url = {http://poama.bom.gov.au/data_server.shtml}
}

@ARTICLE{Chagnon2005,
  author = {Chagnon, F. J. F. and Bras, R. L.},
  title = {{C}ontemporary climate change in the {A}mazon},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {32},
  number = {13},
  month = {Jul},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Contemporary climate change in the Amazon},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
}

@ARTICLE{Chagnon2004,
  author = {Chagnon, F. J. F. and Bras, R. L. and Wang, J.},
  title = {{C}limatic shift in patterns of shallow clouds over the {A}mazon},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {31},
  number = {24},
  month = {Dec},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Climatic shift in patterns of shallow clouds over the Amazon},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000226026500002 http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/gl0424/2004GL021188/2004GL021188.pdf}
}

@BOOK{Chambers2003,
  title = {{S}outh {A}ustralian rainfall variability and trends},
  publisher = {Bureau of Meteorology},
  year = {2003},
  author = {Chambers, L.E. and Centre, Bureau of Meteorology Research},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {South Australian rainfall variability and trends},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04}
}

@BOOK{Chambers2002,
  title = {{S}easonal climate forecasts for south-west {W}estern {A}ustralia},
  publisher = {Bureau of Meteorology Research Center},
  year = {2002},
  author = {Chambers, L.E. and Li, F. and Nicholls, N. and Centre, Bureau of
	Meteorology Research},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Seasonal climate forecasts for south-west Western Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Chang2009,
  author = {Chang, Hsin- I. and Kumar, Anil and Niyogi, Dev and Mohanty, U. C.
	and Chen, Fei and Dudhia, Jimy},
  title = {{T}he role of land surface processes on the mesoscale simulation
	of the {J}uly 26, 2005 heavy rain event over {M}umbai, {I}ndia},
  journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {87-103},
  number = {1-2},
  abstract = {A record-breaking heavy rain event occurred over Mumbai, India on
	July 26th, 2005 with 24-h rainfall exceeding 944 mm. Operational
	weather forecast models failed to predict the intensity and amount
	of heavy rainfall. The objective of this study was to test the impact
	of the three different land surface models when coupled to the Weather
	Research Forecasting (WRF), and also to investigate the ability of
	the WRF model to simulate the Mumbai heavy rain event. Numerical
	experiments were designed using the WRF model, with three nested
	domains (30, 10, and 3.3 km grid spacing). Results confirmed that
	the simulated rainfall is sensitive to the grid spacing (with finer
	grids leading to higher rainfall). Results also suggest that simulated
	precipitation amounts are sensitive to the choice of cumulus parameterization
	(with Grell-Devenyi cumulus scheme performing relatively best). To
	reduce the confounding impact of cumulus parameterization in studying
	the impacts of land surface models, we evaluated results for the
	3.3 km grid spacing domain with explicit convection. Simulations
	were performed from 12Z, July 25th to 00Z, July 27th with identical
	boundary conditions and model configurations for three different
	land surface models (the Slab, the Noah, and a modified version with
	photosynthesis module-the Noah-GEM). The model results were compared
	with observed rainfall, surface temperature, and operational soundings
	over three locations: Mumbai, Bangalore and Bhopal. Model results
	showed that: (i) The simulated rainfall was sensitive to the chosen
	land surface model. The rainfall spatial distributions, as well as
	their temporal characteristics, were different for each of the three
	WRF runs with different LSMs. (ii) In contrast to the findings over
	mid-latitudes, the relatively simpler Slab model had a relatively
	better performance than the modestly complex Noah and Noah-GEM LSMs.
	For example, the highest observed rainfall over Mumbai was 944 mm
	and the simulated amounts for Slab, Noah and Noah-GEM runs were 781
	mm, 733 mm and 678 mm, respectively. (iii) Overall, the Slab model
	simulated a relatively cooler surface and a shallower boundary layer.
	Most significantly, the Slab model resulted in a convergence hotspot
	at both the 850 mb and 500 mb levels. which lead to high moisture
	accumulation and higher rainfall activity over Mumbai. Noah and Noah-GEM,
	on the other hand, resulted in a divergence zone over Mumbai and
	the Western Ghats leading to more widespread runs but relatively
	lower rainfall amounts over Mumbai. Additional synthetic experiments
	were performed to test the sensitivity of land use land cover, the
	model start time and run duration. Results indicated that the WRF
	model was able to reproduce several features of the Mumbai rain event,
	and that the land surface representations would have substantial
	impact on the heavy rain simulations. Future studies with more up
	to date land use land cover data, and regional calibration of the
	land surface model parameters, show the potential for improving the
	performance of the Noah-WRF over the Indian monsoon region. (C) 2008
	Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0921-8181},
  keywords = {india model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The role of land surface processes on the mesoscale simulation of
	the July 26, 2005 heavy rain event over Mumbai, India},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Charney1977,
  author = {Charney, J. and Quirk, W.J. and Chow, S.H. and Kornfield, J.},
  title = {{A} comparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought
	in semi-arid regions},
  journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences},
  year = {1977},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {1366-1385},
  abstract = {Results f rum a series of numerical simulations are presented to show
	the effects of changes in albedo on rainfall in six areas, two each
	in Africa, Asia and North America. Each pair consists of a semi-arid
	area lying at the boundary between a major desert and an adjacent
	monsoonal region, and an area of the same size located within the
	monsoonal region itself. The sensitivity of the rainfall to the ground
	hydrology was determined by performing the albedo simulations with
	two different evapotranspiration parameterizations, one giving too
	high evaporation over land and the other giving negligible evaporation
	over land. In the high evaporation case, an albedo change from 0.14
	to 0.35 caused large decreases of rainfall in all three of the semi-arid
	test areas and in two of the three monsoonal test areas. In the negligible
	evaporation case the simulations were performed only for the three
	semi-crid areas; in this case the albedo increase produced a significant
	decrease in rainfall in only one of the areas, the Sahel. Intercomparison
	of the high and negligible evaporation cases shows that changes in
	evaporation rate are as important as changes in albedo. Thus, in
	all but one of the six areas local evaporation was a major factor
	in influencing rainfall.When appreciable evaporation occurs, the
	mechanism by which an increase of albedo reduces the rainfall is
	as follows. Initially, the increase of albedo acts to reduce the
	absorption of solar radiation by the ground and therefore the transfer
	of sensible, plus latent heat into the atmosphere. The resulting
	reduction in convective cloud tends to compensate for the increase
	of albedo by allowing more solar radiation to reach the ground, but
	it reduces the downward flux of longwave radiation even more, so
	that the net absorption of radiation by the ground, solar plus longwave,
	is decreased. Thus, with or without evaporation, the increase of
	albedo causes a net decrease of radiative flux into the ground and
	therefore a net decrease of convective cloud and precipitation.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-4928},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A comparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought in
	semi-arid regions},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Charney1975,
  author = {Charney, J. G.},
  title = {{D}ynamics of {D}eserts and {D}rought in {S}ahel},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {193-202},
  number = {428},
  abstract = { It is suggested that the high albedo of a desert contributes to a
	net radiative heat loss relative to its surroundings and that the
	resultant temperature gradients induce a frictionally controlled
	circulation importing heat aloft and maintaining thermal equilibrium
	through sinking motion and adiabatic compression. In the subtropics
	this sinking motion is superimposed on the descending branch of the
	mean Hadley circulation but is more intense. Relative humidity decreases
	and the desert enhances its own dryness, feeding back upon itself
	in an important manner. To estimate the self-inductive effect of
	the desert relative to that of the Hadley circulation, a mathematical
	model of flow over the Sahara was constructed. Taking into account
	the biosphere, the feedback mechanism could conceivably lead to instabilities
	or metastabilities in desert regions. It is argued that a reduction
	of vegetation with consequent increase in albedo in the Sahel would
	perpetuate the arid conditions. Numerical integrations appear to
	substantiate this hypothesis. },
  comment = {charney75},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0035-9009},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Dynamics of Deserts and Drought in Sahel},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au/journal/113523335/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0}
}

@BOOK{Chen2010,
  title = {Regional climate responses to the land use and land cover change
	in {H}eihe {R}iver {B}asin, {C}hina},
  year = {2010},
  author = {Chen, L. A. and Zhao, C. Y. and Feng, Z. D.},
  series = {2010 {IEEE} International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium},
  abstract = {Land use and land cover play an essential role in the process of land-atmosphere
	interaction, and their changes influence regional climate in complicated
	ways. This function is also regarded as a more important driving
	force in an arid area, where vegetation changes will greatly alter
	energy and water distribution at watershed scale, and further influence
	ecological balance and agricultural production. To explore the regional
	climate response to the land use and land cover change in Heihe River
	Basin, three vegetation change scenarios in 1998 summer are designed
	in RegCM3 (a regional climate model), and the variation of temperature
	and precipitation are analyzed. Results show that: 1) the increase
	of vegetation area in mountainous area will bring about temperature
	decline and precipitation growth in summer. 2) With the expansion
	of farmland, precipitation will increase slightly in the mountainous
	and oasis area, and temperature and precipitation will decrease in
	desert and semi-desert. 3) The spread of desert area will cause temperature
	rise and precipitation decrease in whole area.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {978-1-4244-9566-5},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {REGIONAL CLIMATE RESPONSES TO THE LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE IN
	HEIHE RIVER BASIN, CHINA},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000287933801004}
}

@ARTICLE{Cho2012,
  author = {Cho, Jaeil and Oki, Taikan and Yeh, Pat and Kim, Wonsik and Kanae,
	Shinjiro and Otsuki, Kyoichi},
  title = {{O}n the relationship between the {B}owen ratio and the near-surface
	air temperature},
  journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {108},
  pages = {135-145},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {The sensitivity of land surface energy partitioning to near-surface
	air temperature ( T a ) is a critical issue to understand the interaction
	between land surface and climatic system. Thus, studies with in situ
	observed data compiled from various climates and ecosystems are required.
	The relations derived from such empirical analyses are useful for
	developing accurate estimation methods of energy partitioning. In
	this study, the effect of T a on land surface energy partitioning
	is evaluated by using flux measurement data compiled from a global
	network of eddy covariance tower sites (FLUXNET). According to the
	analysis of 25 FLUXNET sites (60 site-years) data, the Bowen ratio
	is found to have a linear relation with the bulk surface resistance
	normalized by aerodynamic and climatological resistance parameters
	in general, of which the slope and intercept are dependent on T a
	. Energy partitioning in warmer atmosphere is less sensitive to changes
	in land surface conditions. In addition, a negative relation is found
	between Bowen ratio and T a , and this relation is stronger above
	less vegetated surface and under low vapor pressure deficit and low
	received radiative energy condition. The empirical results obtained
	in this study are expected to be useful in gaining better understanding
	of alternating surface energy partitioning under increasing T a .},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-798X},
  keywords = {Earth and Environmental Science},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {Springer Wien},
  shorttitle = {On the relationship between the Bowen ratio and the near-surface air
	temperature},
  timestamp = {2012.07.19},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0520-y}
}

@ARTICLE{Chowdhury2010,
  author = {Chowdhury, R. K. and Beecham, S.},
  title = {{A}ustralian rainfall trends and their relation to the {S}outhern
	{O}scillation {I}ndex},
  journal = {Hydrological Processes},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {504-514},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {Rainfall is the key climate variable that governs the spatial and
	temporal availability of water. In this study we identified monthly
	rainfall trends and their relation to the southern oscillation index
	(SOI) at ten rainfall stations across Australia covering all state
	capital cities. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall (MK) test was used
	for identifying significant trends. The trend free pre-whitening
	approach (TFPW) was used to remove the effects of serial correlation
	in the dataset. The trend beginning year was approximated using the
	cumulative summation (CUSUM) technique and the influence of the SOI
	was identified using graphical representations of the wavelet power
	spectrum (WPS). Decreasing trends of rainfall depth were observed
	at two stations, namely Perth airport for June and July rainfall
	starting in the 1970s and Sydney Observatory Hill for July rainfall
	starting in the 1930s. No significant trends were found in the Melbourne,
	Alice Springs and Townsville rainfall data. The remaining five stations
	showed increasing trends of monthly rainfall depth. The SOI was found
	to explain the increasing trends for the Adelaide (June) and Cairns
	(April) rainfall data and the decreasing trends for Sydney (July)
	rainfall. Other possible climatic factors affecting Australian rainfall
	are also discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1099-1085},
  keywords = {climate change rainfall trend analysis southern oscillation index
	Mann-Kendall test},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  shorttitle = {Australian rainfall trends and their relation to the southern oscillation
	index},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7504}
}

@ARTICLE{Chu1994,
  author = {Chu, P. S. and Yu, Z. P. and Hastenrath, S.},
  title = {{D}etecting climate-change concurrent with deforestation in the {A}mazon
	basin - which way has it gone},
  journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {579-583},
  number = {4},
  month = {Apr},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0003-0007},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {DETECTING CLIMATE-CHANGE CONCURRENT WITH DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON
	BASIN - WHICH WAY HAS IT GONE},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994NG92000004 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0477%281994%29075%3C0579%3ADCCCWD%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@ARTICLE{Clark2001,
  author = {Clark, D. B. and Xue, Y. K. and Harding, R. J. and Valdes, P. J.},
  title = {{M}odeling the impact of land surface degradation on the climate
	of tropical north {A}frica},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1809-1822},
  number = {8},
  abstract = {Degradation of the land surface has been suggested as a cause of persistent
	drought in tropical north Africa. A general circulation model is
	used to assess the impact of degradation of five regions within tropical
	north Africa. Idealized degradation scenarios are used since existing
	observations are inadequate to determine the extent and severity
	of historical degradation. It is found that the impact of degradation
	varies between the regions. The greatest effects are found from degradation
	of the Sahel or West Africa, which result in substantial reduction
	of precipitation over the degraded area. Both surface evaporation
	and atmospheric moisture convergence are reduced. In the Sahelian
	case the precipitation reduction extends well to the south of the
	area of changed land surface. The occurrence of easterly wave disturbances
	is not altered by degradation, but the mean rainfall from each event
	is reduced. Degradation of an area in eastern north Africa results
	in smaller reductions of precipitation and moisture convergence.
	Finally, degradation of a southern area next to the Gulf of Guinea
	has little effect on precipitation because of a compensatory increase
	of moisture convergence. The simulated rainfall reduction following
	degradation of the Sahel is comparable to observed changes in recent
	decades, suggesting that degradation may have contributed to that
	change.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {GCM model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Modeling the impact of land surface degradation on the climate of
	tropical north Africa},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Cleal2005,
  author = {Cleal, Christopher J. and Thomas, Barry A.},
  title = {{P}alaeozoic tropical rainforests and their effect on global climates:
	{I}s the past the key to the present?},
  journal = {Geobiology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {13-31},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Wetland forests, known as coal forests, extended over large areas
	of the palaeotropics during the Late Carboniferous and the Permian
	Periods. They were initiated during the Serpukhovian Age as a response
	to lowering sea levels having exposed large areas of continental
	shelf. They expanded dramatically during the late Bashkirian Age,
	but then contracted by over one-half during the Kasimovian Age. The
	estimated loss of carbon sink probably resulted in an annual increase
	in atmospheric CO2 of about 2-5 ppm, and coincided with clear evidence
	of global warming in both the northern and southern high latitudes.
	A return to cooler conditions in very Early Permian times coincided
	with an expansion of the palaeotropical coal forests in the Far East,
	but this was short-lived and most of the rest of the Permian was
	a time of global warming. The Palaeozoic evidence clearly confirms
	that there is a correlation between levels of atmospheric CO2 and
	global climates. However, care must be taken in extrapolating this
	evidence to the present-day tropical forests, which do not act as
	a comparable unsaturated carbon sink.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1472-4669},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Blackwell Science Ltd},
  shorttitle = {Palaeozoic tropical rainforests and their effect on global climates:
	is the past the key to the present?},
  timestamp = {2012.10.31},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2005.00043.x}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cofinas2001,
  author = {Cofinas, Maria and Creighton, Colin},
  title = {{A}ustralian {N}ative {V}egetation {A}ssessment 2001},
  year = {2001},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {0 642 37128 8},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {National Land and Water Resources Audit},
  shorttitle = {Australian Native Vegetation Assessment 2001},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@MISC{Collins2004,
  author = {Collins, W.D. and Rasch, P.J. and Boville, B.A. and Hack, J.J. and
	McCaa, J.R. and Williamson, D.L. and Kiehl, J.T. and Briegleb, B.
	and Bitz, C. and Lin, SJ},
  title = {{D}escription of the {NCAR} community atmosphere model ({CAM} 3.0)},
  howpublished = {Technical Note, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder,
	CO},
  year = {2004},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Description of the NCAR community atmosphere model (CAM 3.0)},
  timestamp = {2012.11.18}
}

@ARTICLE{Conradt2007,
  author = {Conradt, T. and Kundzewicz, Z. W. and Hattermann, F. and Wechsung,
	F.},
  title = {{M}easured effects of new lake surfaces on regional precipitation},
  journal = {Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {936-955},
  number = {5},
  month = {Oct},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0262-6667},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Measured effects of new lake surfaces on regional precipitation},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000249984500006}
}

@BOOK{Cooper1998,
  title = {{S}ynthesizing {R}esearch: {A} {G}uide for {L}iterature {R}eviews},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications},
  year = {1998},
  author = {Cooper, H.M.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9780761913481},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Synthesizing Research: A Guide for Literature Reviews},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=nZMDGRmUddQC}
}

@ARTICLE{Copeland1996,
  author = {Copeland, Jeffrey H. and Pielke, Roger A. and Kittel, Timothy G.
	F.},
  title = {{P}otential climatic impacts of vegetation change: {A} regional modeling
	study},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {7409-7418},
  number = {D3},
  abstract = {The human species has been modifying the landscape long before the
	development of modern agrarian techniques. Much of the land area
	of the conterminous United States is currently used for agricultural
	production. In certain regions this change in vegetative cover from
	its natural state may have led to local climatic change. A regional
	climate version of the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric
	Modeling System was used to assess the impact of a natural versus
	current vegetation distribution on the weather and climate of July
	1989. The results indicate that coherent regions of substantial changes,
	of both positive and negative sign, in screen height temperature,
	humidity, wind speed, and precipitation are a possible consequence
	of land use change throughout the United States. The simulated changes
	in the screen height quantities were closely related to changes in
	the vegetation parameters of albedo, roughness length, leaf area
	index, and fractional coverage.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: A regional modeling
	study},
  timestamp = {2012.10.17},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JD02676}
}

@ARTICLE{Correia2008,
  author = {Correia, F. W. S. and Alvala, R. C. S. and Manzi, A. O.},
  title = {{M}odeling the impacts of land cover change in {A}mazonia: a regional
	climate model ({RCM}) simulation study},
  journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {93},
  pages = {225-244},
  number = {3-4},
  abstract = {The numerical regional model (Eta) coupled with the Simplified Simple
	Biosphere Model (SSiB) was used to investigate the impact of land
	cover changes on the regional climate in Amazonia. Four 13-month
	integrations were performed for the following scenarios: (a) no deforestation,
	(b) current conditions, (c) deforestation predicted for 2033, and
	(d) large scale deforestation. All initial and prescribed boundary
	conditions were kept identical for all integrations, except the land
	cover changes. The results show that during the dry season the post-deforestation
	decrease in root depth plays an important role in the energy budget,
	since there is less soil moisture available for evapotranspiration.
	In all scenarios there was a significant increase in the surface
	temperature, from 2.0 degrees C in the first scenario, up to 2.8
	degrees C in the last one. In both the scenarios (b) and (c), the
	downward component of the surface solar radiation decreased due to
	an increase in the cloud cover over the deforested areas, which contributed
	to a further reduction of the net radiation absorbed at the surface.
	The cloud mechanism, where an increase in albedo is balanced by an
	increase in downward solar radiation, was not detected in any of
	these scenarios. In scenarios (a), (b) and (c), a negative feedback
	mechanism was observed in the hydrological cycle, with greater amounts
	of moisture being carried to the deforested areas. The increase in
	moisture convergence was greater than the reduction in evapotranspiration
	for both scenarios (b) and (c). This result, and the meso-scale thermodynamic
	processes caused an increase in precipitation. A different situation
	was observed in the large-scale deforestation scenario (d): a local
	increase of moisture convergence was observed, but not sufficiently
	intense to generate an increase in precipitation; the local evapotranspiration
	decrease was dominant in this scenario. Therefore, the partial deforestation
	in Amazonia can actually lead to an increase in precipitation locally.
	However, if the deforestation increases, this condition becomes unsustainable,
	leading to drier conditions and, consequently, to reduced precipitation
	in the region.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-798X},
  keywords = {Amazon model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Modeling the impacts of land cover change in Amazonia: a regional
	climate model (RCM) simulation study},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Cosandey2005,
  author = {Cosandey, Claude and Andr\'{e}assian, Vazken and Martin, Claude and
	Didon-Lescot, J. F. and Lavabre, Jacques and Folton, Nathalie and
	Mathys, Nicolle and Richard, Didier},
  title = {{T}he hydrological impact of the mediterranean forest: a review of
	{F}rench research},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {301},
  pages = {235-249},
  number = {1-4},
  abstract = {Forest hydrology studies carried out in France have focused mainly
	on the Mediterranean part of the country. Three experimental catchment
	groups exist and have been monitored over a long period. Some forested
	catchments (Draix catchment) underwent no change during the study
	period, while others experienced either clear cutting (Lozère catchment)
	or forest fires (part of the Réal Collobrier catchments). In each
	case studied, the behaviour of the forested catchment was compared
	to that of a control catchment. Included with the experimental catchment
	studies are the results of research with a fundamentally different
	approach. The research is based on a statistical study of the interrelated
	development of afforestation rates and runoff characteristics for
	average-sized catchments (around 100 km2) in that part of the
	southern French Massif Central which is subject to Mediterranean
	rainfall conditions. The results differ considerably from one site
	to another, indicating the degree of complexity of the rainfall/runoff
	relationship. An increase in extreme flood events due to forest disturbance
	could by no means be confirmed in every case. A closer look at the
	hydrological behaviour of the catchments cleared up the apparent
	inconsistencies. It is mainly the contrast between bare soil and
	vegetated soil, rather than between forest and other types of vegetation
	witch is relevant in explaining the hydrological behaviour.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  keywords = {Forest hydrology Floods Annual discharge Mediterranean climate},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The hydrological impact of the mediterranean forest: a review of French
	research},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169404003257}
}

@ARTICLE{Costa2000,
  author = {Costa, M. H. and Foley, J. A.},
  title = {{C}ombined effects of deforestation and doubled atmospheric {CO}2
	concentrations on the climate of {A}mazonia},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {18-34},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {It is generally expected that the Amazon basin will experience at
	least two major environmental changes during the next few decades
	and centuries: 1) increasing areas of forest will be converted to
	pasture and cropland, and 2) concentrations of atmospheric CO2 will
	continue to rise. In this study, the authors use the National Center
	for Atmospheric Research GENESIS atmospheric general circulation
	model, coupled to the integrated Biosphere Simulator, to determine
	the combined effects of large-scale deforestation and increased CO2
	concentrations (including both physiological and radiative effects)
	on Amazonian climate. In these simulations, deforestation decreases
	basin-average precipitation by 0.73 mm day(-1) over the basin, as
	it consequence of the general reduction in vertical motion above
	the deforested area (although there are some small regions with increased
	vertical motion). The overall effect of doubled CO2 concentrations
	in Amazonia is an increase in basin-average precipitation of 0.28
	mm day(-1). The combined effect of deforestation and doubled CO2,
	including the interactions among the processes, is a decrease in
	the basin-average precipitation of 0.42 mm day(-1). While the effects
	of deforestation and increasing CO2 concentrations on precipitation
	tend to counteract one another. both processes work to warm the Amazon
	basin. The effect of deforestation and increasing CO2 concentrations
	both tend to increase surface temperature, mainly because of decreases
	in evapotranspiration and the radiative effect of CO2. The combined
	effect of deforestation and doubled CO2, including the interactions
	among the processes, increases the basin-average temperature by roughly
	3.5 degrees C.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {Deforestation increase CO2 concentration model NCAR GENESIS GCM precipitation
	Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Combined effects of deforestation and doubled atmospheric CO2 concentrations
	on the climate of Amazonia},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Cowpertwait2009,
  author = {Cowpertwait, P.S.P. and Salinger, Jim and Mullen, B},
  title = {A spatial-temporal stochastic rainfall model for {A}uckland {C}ity:
	{S}cenarios for current and future climates},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology (NZ)},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {95-109},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A spatial-temporal stochastic rainfall model for Auckland City: Scenarios
	for current and future climates},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Crawford2001,
  author = {Crawford, Todd M. and Stensrud, David J. and Mora, Franz and Merchant,
	James W. and Wetzel, Peter J.},
  title = {{V}alue of {I}ncorporating {S}atellite-{D}erived {L}and {C}over {D}ata
	in {MM}5/{PLACE} for {S}imulating {S}urface {T}emperatures},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {453-468},
  number = {5},
  month = {October 01, 2001},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  key = {crawford01},
  shorttitle = {Value of Incorporating Satellite-Derived Land Cover Data in MM5/PLACE
	for Simulating Surface Temperatures},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1525-7541%282001%29002%3C0453%3AVOISDL%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@ARTICLE{Cutrim1995,
  author = {Cutrim, E. and Martin, D. W. and Rabin, R.},
  title = {ENHANCEMENT OF CUMULUS CLOUDS OVER DEFORESTED LANDS IN {A}MAZONIA},
  journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {76},
  pages = {1801-1805},
  number = {10},
  month = {Oct},
  abstract = {A survey of shallow (fair weather) cumulus clouds over part of Amazon

repository: WillemVervoort/RainfallLandcover

repo_name: WillemVervoort/RainfallLandcover

gha_language: PostScript