text:
-reuse;kr-complexity-analysis;}
  }

@article{ neches:1993a,
  author = {Robert Neches},
  title = {Review of \emph{{B}uilding Large Knowledge-Based Systems:
  	Representation and Inference in the {CYC} Project}, by
	{D}.{B}. {L}enat and {R}.{V}. {G}uha},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  pages = {65--79},
  xref = {Review of lenat-guha:1989a.},
  topic = {kr;large-kr-systems;kr-course;}
  }

@incollection{ nederhof:1998a,
  author = {Mark-Jan Nederhof},
  title = {Context-Free Parsing through Regular Approximation},
  booktitle = {{FSMNLP'98}: International Workshop on Finite State
  	Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Lauri Karttunen},
  pages = {13--24},
  address = {Somerset, New Jersey},
  topic = {nl-processing;finite-state-nlp;context-free-grammars;
  	parsing-algorithms;}
  }

@article{ nederhof:1999a,
  author = {Mark-Jan Nederhof},
  title = {The Computational Complexity of the Correct-Prefix
		Property for {TAGS}},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {345--359},
  topic = {complexity-in-AI;complexity-theory;TAG-grammar;}
  }

@article{ nederhof:2000a,
  author = {Mark-Jan Nederhof},
  title = {Practical Experiments with Regular Approximation of
  	Context-Free Languages},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17--44},
  topic = {finite-state-nlp;finite-state-approximation;experimental-AI;}
  }

@article{ nederhof:2003a,
  author = {Mark-Jan Nederhof},
  title = {Weighted Deductive Parsing and {K}nuth's Algorithm},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {135--143},
  topic = {parsing-algorithms;}
  }

@article{ nederhof:2005a,
  author = {Mark-Jan Nederhof},
  title = {A General Technique to Train Language Models on Language
  		Models},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {173--185},
  topic = {n-gram-models;machine-language-learning;}
  }

@incollection{ nederhof-etal:1997a,
  author = {Mark-Jan Nederhof and Gosse Bouma and Rob Koeling and
                Gertjan van Noord},
  title = {Grammatical Analysis in the {OVIS} Spoken Dialogue
  	System},
  booktitle = {Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems:  Bridging
  	Speech and {NLP} Together in Real Applications},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Julia Hirschberg and Candace Kamm and Marilyn Walker},
  pages = {66--73},
  address = {New Brunswick, New Jersey},
  topic = {computational-dialogue;nl-processing;speech-recognition;}
  }

@inproceedings{ nederhof-satta:1996a,
  author = {Mark-Jan Nederhof and Giorgio Satta},
  title = {Efficient Tabular {LR} Parsing},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the
  	Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Arivind Joshi and Martha Palmer},
  pages = {239--246},
  organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers},
  address = {San Francisco},
  topic = {parsing-algorithms;}
 }

@article{ needham:1981a,
  author = {Paul Needham},
  title = {Temporal Intervals and Temporal Order},
  journal = {Logique et Analyse, Nouvelle S\'erie},
  year = {1981},
  number = {93},
  topic = {interval-logic;}
  }

@article{ needham:1999a,
  author = {Paul Needham},
  title = {Macroscopic Processes},
  journal = {Philosophy of Science},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {66},
  number = {2},
  pages = {310--331},
  topic = {philosophy-of-physics;foundations-of-thermodynamics;}
  }

@article{ needham-etal:2005a,
  author = {Chris J. Needham and Paulos E. Santos and Derek R. Magee
  		and Vincent Devin and David C. Hogg and Anthony G. Cohn},
  title = {Protocols from Visual Observations},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {167},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {103--136},
  topic = {machine-learning;situated-nlp;}
  }

@article{ negri:2002a,
  author = {Sarah Negri},
  title = {Varieties of Linear Calculi},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {31},
  number = {6},
  pages = {569--590},
  topic = {linear-logic;proof-theory;}
  }

@article{ negri:2005a,
  author = {Sara Negri},
  title = {Proof Analysis in Modal Logic},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {34},
  number = {5--6},
  pages = {507--544},
  topic = {modal-logic;proof-theory;}
  }

@article{ negri-vonplato:2001a,
  author = {Sara Negri and Jan von Plato},
  title = {Sequent Calculus in Natural Deduction Style},
  journal = {Journal of Symbolic Logic},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {66},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1803--1816},
  topic = {proof-theory;}
  }

@article{ nehamas:1975a,
  author = {Alexander Nehamas},
  title = {Confusing Universals and Particulars in {P}lato's
  	Early Dialogues},
  journal = {The Review of Metaphysics},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {287--306},
  topic = {Plato;metaphysics;}
  }

@article{ nehamas:1975b,
  author = {Alexander Nehamas},
  title = {Plato on the Imperfection of the Sensible World},
  journal = {American Philosophical Quarterly},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {812},
  number = {2},
  pages = {105--117},
  topic = {Plato;metaphysics;}
  }

@article{ nehamas:1985a,
  author = {Wilfrid Hodges},
  title = {Truth in a Structure},
  journal = {Proceedings of the {A}ristotelian Society},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {1985/1986},
  pages = {135--151},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {model-theory;history-of-logic;Tarski;}
  }

@unpublished{ nehemas:1980a,
  author = {Alexander Nehemas},
  title = {Faces of Skepticism},
  year = {1980},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  note = {Manuscript, Philosophy Department, University of Pittsburgh.},
  missinginfo = {Date is a guess.},
  topic = {skepicism;}
  }

@inproceedings{ neiger:1988a,
  author = {Gil Neiger},
  title = {Knowledge Consistency:  A Useful Suspension of Disbelief},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Conference on Theoretical Aspects of
    Reasoning about Knowledge},
  year = {1988},
  editor = {Moshe Y. Vardi},
  pages = {295--308},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  address = {San Francisco},
  topic = {epistemic-logic;distributed-systems;knowledge-based-programming;}
  }

@incollection{ neiger-bazzi:1992a,
  author = {Gil Neiger and Rida Bazzi},
  title = {Using Knowledge to Optimally Achieve Coordination in
  	Distributed Systems},
  booktitle = {Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Knowledge:
  	Proceedings of the Fourth Conference ({TARK} 1992)},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1992},
  editor = {Yoram Moses},
  pages = {43--59},
  address = {San Francisco},
  topic = {epistemic-logic;distributed-systems;}
  }

@article{ neiger-toueg:1990a,
  author = {Gil Neiger and S. Toueg},
  title = {Automatically Increasing the Fault-Tolerance of Distributed
  	Algorithms},
  journal = {Journal of Algorithms},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {374--419},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name},
  topic = {distributed-systems;}
  }

@article{ neiger-toueg:1993a,
  author = {Gil Neiger and S. Toueg},
  title = {Simulating Real-Time Clocks and Common Knowledge in Distributed
  	Systems},
  journal = {Journal of the {ACM}},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {40},
  number = {2},
  pages = {334--352},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name},
  topic = {distributed-systems;synchronization;mutual-belief;}
  }

@article{ neiger-tuttle:1993a,
  author = {Gil Neiger and M.R. Tuttle},
  title = {Common Knowledge and Consistent Simultaneous Coordination},
  journal = {Distributed Computing},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {334--352},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, number},
  topic = {mutual-belief;distributed-systems;}
  }

@unpublished{ neijdl:1992a,
  author = {Wolfgang Neijdl},
  title = {The {P}-Systems:  A Systematic Classification of Logics
  		of Nonmonotonicity},
  year = {1992},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript, Technical University of Vienna.},
  url = {http://www.kbs.uni-hannover.de/Arbeiten/Publikationen/1992/nejdl92_tr.ps},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {nonmonotonic-logic;}
  }

@inproceedings{ neimela:1995a,
  author = {Ilkka {Niemel\"a}},
  title = {Towards Efficient Default Reasoning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint
  	Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1995},
  editor = {Chris Mellish},
  pages = {312--318},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  address = {San Francisco},
  topic = {nonmonotonic-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ neisser:1988a,
  author = {U. Neisser},
  title = {Five Kinds of Self-Knowledge},
  journal = {Philosophical Psychology},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {35--59},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, number},
  topic = {introspection;self-knowledge;}
  }

@inproceedings{ nejdl:1991a1,
  author = {Wolfgang Nejdl},
  title = {The {P}-Systems: A Systematic Classification of Logics of
  	Nonmonotonicity},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on
              Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1991},
  editor = {Thomas Dean and Kathleen McKeown},
  pages = {366--372},
  organization = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {AAAI Press},
  address = {Menlo Park, CA},
  xref = {Expanded Version: nejdl:1991a2.},
  topic = {nonmonotonic-logic;}
  }

@unpublished{ nejdl:1991a2,
  author = {Wolfgang Nejdl},
  title = {The {P}-Systems:  A Systematic Classification of Logics
  		of Nonmonotonicity (Extended Report)},
  year = {1992},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript, Technical University of Vienna},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  url = {http://www.kbs.uni-hannover.de/Arbeiten/Publikationen/1992/nejdl92_tr.html},
  topic = {nonmonotonic-logic;}
  }

@incollection{ nejdl-banagl:1992a,
  author = {Wolfgang Nejdl and Marcus Banagl},
  title = {Asking about Possibilities---Revision and Update Semantics
  	for Subjunctive Queries},
  booktitle = {{KR}'92. Principles of Knowledge Representation and
  	Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1992},
  editor = {Bernhard Nebel and Charles Rich and William Swartout},
  pages = {697--708},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  topic = {kr;belief-revision;conditionalization;}
  }

@article{ nelken:2005a,
  author = {Rani Nelken},
  title = {Review of \emph{{I}nterrogative Investigations:  The Form,
  		Meaning, and Use of {E}nglish Interrogatives}, by
		{J}onathan {G}inzburg and {I}van {A}. {S}ag},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {468--471},
  xref = {Review of: ginzburg-sag:2000a.},
  topic = {interrogatives;nl-semantics;}
  }

@article{ nelken-francez:2002a,
  author = {Rani Nelken and Nissim Francez},
  title = {Bilattices and the Semantics of Natural Language Questions},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--64},
  topic = {bilattices;multivalued-logic;interrogatives;nl-semantics;}
  }

@article{ nelken-shan_cc:2006a,
  author = {Rani Nelken and Chung-Chieh Shan},
  title = {A Modal Interpretation of the Logic of Interrogation},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {251--271},
  topic = {epistemic-logic;interrogatives;}
  }

@article{ nelkin:2000a,
  author = {Dana K. Nelkin},
  title = {Two Standpoints and the Belief in Freedom},
  journal = {The Journal of Philosophy},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {97},
  number = {10},
  pages = {564--563},
  topic = {freedom;}
  }

@article{ nelkin:2000b,
  author = {Dana K. Nelkin},
  title = {The Lottery Paradox, Knowledge, and Rationality},
  journal = {The Philosophical Review},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {109},
  number = {3},
  pages = {373--409},
  topic = {lottery-paradox;}
  }

@article{ nelson_a:1984a,
  author = {Alan Nelson},
  title = {Some Issues Surrounding the Reduction of Macro-
  	to Micro-Economics},
  journal = {Philosophy of Science},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {51},
  number = {4},
  pages = {573--594},
  topic = {theory-reduction;philosophy-of-economics;}
  }

@article{ nelson_a:2004a,
  author = {Alan Nelson},
  title = {Review of {\it {S}ubstance and Individuation in {L}eibniz},
  		by {J}.{A}. {C}over and {J}ohn {O}'{L}eary-{H}awthorne},
  journal = {The Philosophical Review},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {113},
  number = {1},
  pages = {136--138},
  xref = {Review of: cover-olearyhawthorne:1999a},
  topic = {Leibniz;substance;individuation;}
  }

@article{ nelson_j:1970a,
  author = {Jack Nelson},
  title = {Prior on {L}eibniz's Law},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {1970},
  volume = {39},
  number = {3},
  pages = {92--94},
  topic = {identity;}
  }

@article{ nelson_m:2005a,
  author = {Michael Nelson},
  title = {The Problem of Puzzling Pairs},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {28},
  number = {2},
  pages = {319--350},
  topic = {propositional-attitudes;referential-opacity;}
  }

@incollection{ nemeti:1996a,
  author = {Istv\'an N\'emeti},
  title = {A Fine-Structure Analysis of First-Order Logic},
  booktitle = {Arrow Logic and Multimodal Logic},
  publisher = {{CLSI} Publications},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Maarten Marx and L\'azl\'o P\'olos and Michael Masuch},
  pages = {221--247},
  address = {Stanford, California},
  topic = {arrow-logic;}
  }

@article{ nemirow:1995a,
  author = {Lawrence Nemirow},
  title = {Understanding Rules},
  journal = {The Journal of Philosophy},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {92},
  number = {1},
  pages = {28--43},
  topic = {philosophy-of-cogsci;philosophy-of-linguistics;}
  }

@article{ nenkova:2002a,
  author = {Ani Nenkova},
  title = {A Tableau Method for Graded Intersections of Modalities: A
  	Case for Concept Languages},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {67--77},
  topic = {description-logics;modal-logic;}
  }

@incollection{ nerbonne:1982a,
  author = {John A. {Nerbonne, Jr.}},
  title = {Some Passives Not Characterized by Universal Rules},
  booktitle = {Grammatical Relations and Relational Grammar},
  publisher = {Linguistics Department, The Ohio State University},
  year = {1982},
  editor = {Brian Joseph},
  pages = {59--92},
  address = {Columbus, Ohio},
  topic = {passive;universal-grammar;}
  }

@article{ nerbonne:1988a,
  author = {John Nerbonne},
  title = {Reference Time and Time in Narration},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {83--95},
  topic = {nl-tense;narrative-representation;}
  }

@unpublished{ nerbonne:1993a,
  author = {John Nerbonne},
  title = {The Computational Lexicon and Its Interfaces},
  year = {1993},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  note = {Course Notes, LSA Summer Institute, 1993.},
  contentnote = {TC:
  	1. Nerbonne-Flickinger, "Inheritance and Computation"
	2. Extracts from _Information_Based_Syntax_and_Semantics
	3. Nerbonne-etal, "German Grammar in HPSG"
	4. Krieger, "Feature Based Allomorphy"
	},
  topic = {computational-lexicography;}
  }

@article{ nerbonne:1995a,
  author = {John Nerbonne},
  title = {Nominal Comparatives and Generalized Quantifiers},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {273--300},
  topic = {comparative-constructions;generalized-quantifiers;}
  }

@incollection{ nerbonne:1996a,
  author = {John Nerbonne},
  title = {Computational Semantics---Linguistics and Processing},
  booktitle = {The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishers},
  year = {1996},
  address = {Oxford},
  editor = {Shalom Lappin},
  pages = {461--484},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {computational-linguistics;nl-semantics;
		computational-semantics;}
  }

@book{ nerbonne:1997a,
  editor = {John Nerbonne},
  title = {Linguistic Databases},
  publisher = {{CSLI} Publications},
  year = {1997},
  address = {Stanford, California},
  contentnote = {TC:
  	1. John Nerbonne, "Introduction", pp. 1--12
	2. Stephen Oepen and Klaus Netter and Judith Klein, "Test
		Suites for Natural Language Processing", pp. 13--36
	3. Jacques Le Maitre and Elizabeth Murisasco and Monique
		Rolbert, "From Annotated Corpora to Databases: The
		{S}gml{QL} Language", pp. 37--58
	4. Martin Volk, "Markup of a Test Suite with {SGML}", pp. 59--76
	5. Werner A. Deutsch and Ralf Vollman and Anton Noll and Sylvia
		Moosm\"uller, "An Open Systems Approach to an
		Acoustic-Phonetic Continuous Speech Database: The
		{S}-{T}ools Database-Management System
		({STDBMS})", pp. 77--92
	6. Erik Fudge and Linda Shockey, "The Reading Database of
		Syllable Structure", pp. 93--102
	7. Edgar Haimerl, "A Database Application for the Generation
		of Phonetic Atlas Maps", pp. 103--116
       10. Gerard Chollet and Jean-Luc Cochard and Andrei Constantinescu
       		and Cedric Jaroulet and Philippe Langlais, "Swiss {F}rench
		{P}oly{P}hone and {P}oly{V}ar: Telephone Speech Databases
		to Model Inter- and Intra-Speaker Variability", pp. 117--135
       11. Andres Bredenkamp and Louisa Sadler and Andrew
       		Spencer, "Investigating Argument Structure: The {R}ussian
		Nominalization Database", pp. 137--159
       12. Siohan Devlin and John Tait, "The Use of a Psycholinguistic
       		Database in the Simplification of Text for Aphasic
		Readers", pp. 161--174
       13. Sylviane Granger, "The Computer Learner Corpus: A Testbed for
       		Electronic {EFL} Tools", pp. 175--188
       14. Oliver Christ, "Linking {W}ord{N}et to a Corpus Query
       		System", pp. 189--202
       15. Gary F. Simons and John V. Thomson, "Multilingual Data
       		Processing in the {CELLAR} Environment", pp. 203--234
   },
  ISBN = {1-57586-092-9 (paperback)},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.  CL Shelves.},
  xref = {Reviews: tiedemann:1999a, konig-mengel:2000a.},
  topic = {linguistic-databases;corpus-linguistics;
  	computer-assisted-science;computer-assisted-linguistics;}
 }

@incollection{ nerbonne:1997b,
  author = {John Nerbonne},
  title = {Introduction},
  booktitle = {Linguistic Databases},
  publisher = {{CSLI} Publications},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {John Nerbonne},
  pages = {1--12},
  address = {Stanford, California},
  topic = {linguistic-databases;corpus-linguistics;
  	computer-assisted-science;computer-assisted-linguistics;}
  }

@article{ nerbonne:2000a,
  author = {John Nerbonne},
  title = {Review of \emph{{T}he {MIT} Encyclopedia of the Cognitive
  	Sciences}, edited by {R}obert {A}. {W}ilson and
	{F}rank {C}. {K}eil},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {26},
  number = {3},
  pages = {463--467},
  xref = {Review of: wilson_ra-keil:1999a.},
  topic = {cognitive-science-general;cognitive-science-survey;}
  }

@incollection{ nercessian:1992a2,
  author = {Nancy Nercessian},
  title = {How Do Scientists Think?  Capturing the
  	Dynamics of Conceptual Change in Science},
  booktitle = {Diagrammatic Reasoning},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {1995},
  editor =  {Janice Glasgow and N. Hari Narayanan and B.
		Chandrasekaran},
  pages = {137--181},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  topic = {diagrams;cognitive-psychology;visual-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ nerlich:1965a,
  author = {George Nerlich},
  title = {Presupposition and Entailment},
  journal = {American Philosophical Quarterly},
  year = {1965},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {33--42},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {presupposition;pragmatics;}
  }

@book{ nerode-shore:1993a,
  author = {Anil Nerode and Richard A. Shore},
  title = {Logic For Applications},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {1993},
  address = {Berlin},
  ISBN = {0387941290},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Union Library, QA 76.63 .N451 1993.},
  topic = {logic-programming;}
 }

@article{ neta:2002a,
  author = {Ram Neta},
  title = {S Knows that {P}},
  journal = {No\^us},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {36},
  number = {4},
  pages = {663--681},
  topic = {knowledge;epistemology;}
  }

@article{ neta:2004a,
  author = {Ram Neta},
  title = {Luminosity and the Safety of Knowledge},
  journal = {Pacific Philosophical Quarterly},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {396--406},
  missinginfo = {number},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {knowledge;self-knowledge;privileged-access;}
  }

@article{ neta:2009a,
  author = {Ram Neta},
  title = {Treating Something as a Reason for Action},
  journal = {No\^us},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {43},
  number = {4},
  pages = {684--699},
  topic = {reasons-for-action;}
  }

@incollection{ netzer-elhadad:1998a,
  author = {Yael Dahan Netzer and Michael Elhadad},
  title = {Generation of Noun Compounds in {H}ebrew: Can Syntactic
  	Knowledge be Fully Encapsulated?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop
  	on Natural Language Generation},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Eduard Hovy},
  pages = {168--177},
  address = {New Brunswick, New Jersey},
  topic = {nl-generation;compound-nouns;Hebrew-language;}
  }

@incollection{ neubauer-petofi_js:1981a,
  author = {Fritz Neubauer and Janos S. Pet\"ofi},
  title = {Word Semantics, Lexical Systems, and Text
  	Interpretations},
  booktitle = {Words, Worlds, and Contexts: New Approaches to Word
  	Semantics},
  publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
  year = {1981},
  editor = {Hans-J\"urgen Eikmeyer and Hannes Rieser},
  pages = {343--377},
  address = {Berlin},
  topic = {lexical-semantics;nl-interpretation;}
 }

@incollection{ neufeld:1989a,
  author = {Eric Neufeld},
  title = {Defaults and Probabilities:  Extensions and Coherence},
  booktitle = {{KR}'89: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1989},
  editor = {Ronald J. Brachman and Hector J. Levesque and Raymond Reiter},
  pages = {312--323},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  topic = {kr;default-logic;probabilistic-semantics;kr-course;}
  }

@article{ neufeld:1991a,
  author = {Eric Neufeld},
  title = {Notes on `A Clash of Intuitions'},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {225--240},
  topic = {inheritance-theory;probability-semantics;}
  }

@article{ neufeld:1999a,
  author = {Eric Neufeld},
  title = {Review of \emph{Statistical Methods for Speech
		Recognition}, by {F}rederic {J}elenek},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {297--298},
  xref = {Review of jelenick:1997a.},
  topic = {speech-recognition;statistical-nlp;}
  }

@incollection{ neugenbauer-petermann:1998a,
  author = {G. Neugebauer and U. Petermann},
  title = {Specifications of Inference Rules: Extensions of the
  	{PTTP} Technique},
  booktitle = {Automated Deduction: A Basis for Applications.
  	Volume {II}, Systems and Implementation Techniques},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Wolfgang Bibel and Peter H. Schmidt},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, pages},
  topic = {theorem-proving;applied-logic;}
  }

@inproceedings{ neuhaus-broker:1997a,
  author = {Peter Neuhaus and Norbert Br\"oker},
  title = {The Complexity of Recognition of Linguistically
  	Adequate Dependency Grammars},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the
		{A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics and Eighth
		Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {A}ssociation
		for {C}omputational {L}inguistics},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Philip R. Cohen and Wolfgang Wahlster},
  pages = {337--343},
  organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  address = {Somerset, New Jersey},
  topic = {complexity-in-AI;categorial-grammar;}
 }

@book{ neuman_wm-lamming:1995a,
  author = {William M. Newman and Michael G. Lamming},
  title = {Interactive System Design},
  publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
  year = {1995},
  address = {Reading, Massaachusetts},
  ISBN = {0201631628},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Union Library, QA 76.9 .H85 N481 1995.},
  topic = {HCI;}
 }

@book{ neuman_wr-etal:1992a,
  author = {W. Russell Neuman and Marion R. Just and Ann N. Crigler},
  title = {Common Knowledge: News and The Construction of Political
    Meaning},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  year = {1992},
  address = {Chicago},
  ISBN = {0226574393 (cloth)},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, 808.9 N488cn},
  topic = {shared-cognition;}
 }

@inproceedings{ neumann:1997a,
  author = {G\"unter Neumann},
  title = {Applying Explanation-Based Learning to Control
  	and Speeding-up Natural Language Generation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the
		{A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics and Eighth
		Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {A}ssociation
		for {C}omputational {L}inguistics},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Philip R. Cohen and Wolfgang Wahlster},
  pages = {214--221},
  organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  address = {Somerset, New Jersey},
  topic = {nl-generation;machine-language-learning;
		explanation-based-learning;}
 }

@article{ neumann:1998a,
  author = {G\"unter Neumann},
  title = {Interleaving Natural Language Parsing and
		Generation through Uniform Processing},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {99},
  number = {1},
  pages = {121--163},
  topic = {nl-generation;nl-interpretation;}
  }

@book{ neurath-etal:1970a,
  editor = {Otto Neurath and Rudolf Carnap and Charles Morris},
  title = {Foundations of the Unity of Science: Toward an International
    Encyclopedia of Unified Science},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  year = {1969--1970},
  address = {Chicago},
  ISBN = {0226575861 (vol. 1)},
  rtnote = {UMich Undergraduate, Q1 .I6 1969},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {philosophy-of-science;}
 }

@article{ nevatia-binford:1977a,
  author = {Ramakant Nevatia and Thomas O. Binford},
  title = {Description and Recognition of Curved Objects},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1977},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {77--98},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     Analysis of scenes of three-dimensional objects has, in the
     past, been largely limited to the world of polyhedra.  Techniques
     for generating structured, symbolic descriptions of complex
     curved objects by segmenting them into simpler sub-parts are
     presented here.  The complexity of objects used is that of toy
     animals and hand tools.  Recognition is performed by matching
     these descriptions with stored descriptions of models.  A laser
     ranging technique is used to acquire three-dimensional position
     of points on the visible surfaces.  Successful segmentation and
     recognition results have been obtained for scenes with multiple,
     occluding objects in various orientations and with a variety of
     articulations of sub-parts.},
  topic = {shape-recognition;three-D-imaging;}
  }

@article{ nevins:1975a,
  author = {Arthur J. Nevins},
  title = {Plane Geometry Theorem Proving Using Forward Chaining},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--23},
  topic = {theorem-proving;computer-assisted-mathrmatics;}
  }

@article{ nevins:1975b,
  author = {Arthur J. Nevins},
  title = {A Relaxation Approach to Splitting in an Automatic Theorem
  	Prover},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25--39},
  topic = {theorem-proving;relaxation-methods;}
  }

@article{ new:1966a1,
  author = {C.G. New},
  title = {A Plea for Linguistics},
  journal = {Mind, New Series},
  year = {1966},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {368--384},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, number},
  xref = {Reprinted in fann:1969a; see new:1966a2.},
  topic = {JL-Austin;ordinary-language-philosophy;}
  }

@incollection{ new:1966a2,
  author = {C.G. New},
  title = {A Plea for Linguistics},
  booktitle = {Symposium on J.L. Austin},
  publisher = {Routledge and Kegan Paul},
  year = {1969},
  editor = {K.T. Fann},
  pages = {148--165},
  address = {London},
  missinginfo = {E's 1st name.},
  xref = {Reprinted in in fann:1969a; see new:1966a1.},
  topic = {JL-Austin;ordinary-language-philosophy;}
  }

@article{ newborn:1977a,
  author = {M.M. Newborn},
  title = {The Efficiency of the Alpha-Beta Search on Trees with
  	Branch-Dependent Terminal Node Scores},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1977},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {137--153},
  topic = {search;AI-algorithms-analysis;}
  }

@article{ newell:1980a,
  author = {Allen Newell},
  title = {Physical Symbol Systems},
  journal = {Cognitive Science},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {135--183},
  missinginfo = {number},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {symbol-systems;foundations-of-cognitive-science;}
  }

@article{ newell:1981a1,
   author = {Allen Newell},
   title = {The Knowledge Level},
   journal = {Artificial Intelligence Magazine},
   year = {1981},
   volume = {2},
   number = {2},
   pages = {1--20},
   rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
   xref = {Republication: newell:1981a2.},
   url = {http://www.lirmm.fr/~cerri/teaching02/newell/knowledge.pdf,
   	  http://www.aaai.org/Resources/Papers/AIMag13-04-002.pdf},
   topic = {kr;foundations-of-kr;foundations-of-cognitive-science;
   	kr-course;}
  }

@article{ newell:1981a2,
   author = {Allen Newell},
   title = {The Knowledge Level},
   journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
   year = {1982},
   volume = {18},
   number = {1},
   pages = {82--127},
   rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
   xref = {Republication of: newell:1981a1.},
   url = {www.lirmm.fr/~cerri/teaching02/newell/knowledge.pdf},
   topic = {kr;foundations-of-kr;foundations-of-cognitive-science;
   	kr-course;}
  }

@book{ newell:1992a,
  author = {Allen Newell},
  title = {Unified Theories of Cognition},
  publisher = {Harvard University Press},
  year = {1992},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.  Cogsci Shelves.},
  topic = {cognitive-architectures;cognitive-modeling;SOAR;}
 }

@article{ newell:1992b,
 author = {Allen Newell},
 title = {Pr\'ecis of {U}nified {T}heories of {C}ognition},
 journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
 year = {1992},
 volume = {15},
 number = {3},
 pages = {425--492},
 topic = {cognitive-architectures;}
	}

@article{ newell:1993a,
  author = {Allen Newell},
  title = {Reflections on the Knowledge Level},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {59},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {31--38},
  xref = {Retrospective commentary on newell:1982a.},
  topic = {kr;foundations-of-kr;kr-course;}
  }

@article{ newell:2005a,
  author = {Allen Newell},
  title = {The First {AAAI} President's Message},
  journal = {The {AI} Magazine},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {25--29},
  topic = {AI-editorial;history-of-AI;}
  }

@incollection{ newell-etal:1989a,
  author = {Allen Newell and Paul Rosenbloom and John Laird},
  title = {Symbolic Architectures for Cognition},
  booktitle = {Foundations of Cognitive Science},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {1989},
  editor = {Michael I. Posner},
  chapter = {3},
  pages = {93--131},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  topic = {cognitive-architectures;cognitive-modeling;SOAR;}
  }

@incollection{ newell-etal:1993a,
  author = {Allen Newell and Richard Young and Thad Polk},
  title = {The Approach through Symbols},
  booktitle = {The Simulation of Human Intelligence},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishers},
  year = {1993},
  editor = {Donald Broadbent},
  pages = {33--70},
  address = {Oxford},
  topic = {foundations-of-AI;machine-learning;
  	cognitive-architectures;natural-language-processing;}
  }

@incollection{ newell-simon_ha:1963a,
 author = {Allan Newell and Herbert A. Simon},
 title = {{\sc gps}, A Program That Simulates Human Thought},
 booktitle = {Computers and Thought},
 publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
 year = {1963},
 editor = {Edward Feigenbaum A. and Julian Feldman},
 pages = {279--293},
 address = {New York},
 topic = {AI-classics;}
 }

@article{ newell-simon_ha:1976a1,
  author = {Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon},
  title = {Computer Science as Empirical Enquiry: Symbols and
         Search},
  journal = {Communications of the Association for Computing
         Machinery},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {113--126},
  missinginfo = {number},
  xref = {Republished: newell-simon_ha:1976a2.},
  topic = {foundations-of-AI;AI-classics;}
  }

@incollection{ newell-simon_ha:1976a2,
  author = {Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon},
  title = {Computer Science as Empirical Enquiry: Symbols and
         Search},
  booktitle = {Mind Design: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial
  	Intelligence},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {1981},
  editor = {John Haugeland},
  pages = {35--66},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  xref = {Originally Published: newell-simon_ha:1976a1.},
  topic = {foundations-of-AI;AI-classics;}
  }

@article{ newman_l:2004a,
  author = {Lex Newman},
  title = {Rocking the Foundations of {C}artesian Knowledge:  Critical
  		Notice of {J}anet {B}roughton, {\it {D}escartes'
		Method of Doubt}},
  journal = {The Philosophical Review},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {113},
  number = {1},
  pages = {101--125},
  xref = {Review of: broughton:2002a.},
  topic = {Descartes;epistemology;skepticism;}
  }

@article{ newmeyer:1971a,
  author = {Frederick J. Newmeyer},
  title = {The Source of Derived Nominals in {E}nglish},
  journal = {Language},
  year = {1971},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1},
  pages = {786--796},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {nominalization;}
  }

@article{ newmeyer:1975a,
  author = {Frederick J. Newmeyer},
  title = {Review of \emph{{T}hemes in Linguistics: The 1970's},
  	edited by {E}ric {P}. {H}amp},
  journal = {Language},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {51},
  number = {1},
  pages = {163--169},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {history-of-linguistics;}
  }

@book{ newmeyer:1983a,
  author = {Frederick J. Newmeyer},
  title = {Grammatical Theory, Its Limits and Its Possibilities},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  year = {1983},
  address = {Chicago},
  ISBN = {0226577171},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, P151 .N441 1983},
  topic = {foundations-of-linguistics;linguistics-methodology;}
 }

@book{ newmeyer:1988a,
  editor = {Frederick J. Newmeyer},
  title = {Linguistic Theory: Extensions and Implications},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1988},
  address = {Cambridge, England},
  ISBN = {052130833X},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, P121 .L5671 1988 v.2},
  topic = {foundations-of-linguistics;}
 }

@book{ newmeyer:1988b,
  editor = {Frederick J. Newmeyer},
  title = {Language: Psychological and Biological Aspects},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1988},
  address = {Cambridge, England},
  ISBN = {0521308356},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, P121 .L5671 1988 v.3},
  topic = {psycholinguistics;biolinguistics;}
 }

@book{ newmeyer:1988c,
  editor = {Frederick J.  Newmeyer},
  title = {Linguistic Theory: Foundations},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1988},
  address = {Cambridge, England},
  ISBN = {0521308321},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, P121 .L5671 1988 v.1},
  topic = {foundations-of-linguistics;}
 }

@book{ newmeyer:1988d,
  editor = {Frederick J.  Newmeyer},
  title = {Linguistics, The Cambridge Survey},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1988},
  address = {Cambridge, England},
  ISBN = {0521308321 (v. 1)},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, P121 .L5671 1988},
  topic = {linguistics-general;}
 }

@book{ newmeyer:1996a,
  author = {Frederick J. Newmeyer},
  title = {Generative Linguistics: A Historical Perspective},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  year = {1996},
  address = {London},
  ISBN = {0415115531},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, P 158 .N3971 1996},
  topic = {linguistics-history;}
 }

@book{ newmeyer:1998a,
  author = {Frederick J. Newmeyer},
  title = {Language Form and Language Function},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {1998},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  ISBN = {0262140640 (alk. paper)},
  rtnote = {UMich Undergraduate, P 126 .N481 1998},
  topic = {foundations-of-linguistics;}
 }

@article{ newstead:1994a,
  author = {Stephen E. Newstead},
  title = {Do Verbs Act as Implicit Quantifiers?},
  journal = {Journal of Semantics},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {215--230},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {nl-semantics;}
  }

@article{ newton:2007a,
  author = {Natika Newton},
  title = {Review of \emph{Seeing Red: A Study in Consciousness}, by
  	{N}icholas {H}umphrey},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {171},
  number = {18},
  pages = {1127--1135},
  xref = {Review of: humphrey_n:2006a},
  topic = {philosophy-of-mind;consciousness;}
  }

@incollection{ ng_ht:1997a,
  author = {Hwee Tou Ng},
  title = {Exemplar-Based Word Sense Disambiguation: Some
				Recent Improvements},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Conference on Empirical
		Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Claire Cardie and Ralph Weischedel},
  pages = {208--213},
  address = {Somerset, New Jersey},
  topic = {empirical-methods-in-nlp;lexical-disambiguation;}
  }

@incollection{ ng_ht-etal:2000a,
  author = {Hwee Tou Ng and Leong Hwee Two and Jennifer Lai Pheng Kwan},
  title = {A Machine Learning Approach to Answering
		Questions for Reading Comprehension Tests},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2000 Joint {SIGDAT} Conference
  	on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2000},
  editor = {Hinrich Sch\"utze and Keh-Yih Su},
  pages = {123--132},
  address = {Somerset, New Jersey},
  topic = {question-answering;machine-learning;text-understanding;}
  }

@inproceedings{ ng_ht-lee_hb:1996a,
  author = {Hwee Tou Ng and Hian Beng Lee},
  title = {Integrating Multiple Knowledge Sources to Disambiguate
  	Word Sense: An Exemplar-Based Approach},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the
  	Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Arivind Joshi and Martha Palmer},
  pages = {40--47},
  organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers},
  address = {San Francisco},
  url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9706010},
  topic = {disambiguation;word-sense;}
 }

@inproceedings{ ng_ht-mooney_rj:1990a,
  author = {Hwee Tou Ng and Raymond J. Mooney},
  title = {The Role of Coherence in Constructing and Evaluating
  	Abductive Explanations},
  booktitle = {Working Notes, {AAAI} Spring Symposium on Automated Abduction},
  year = {1990},
  editor = {P. O'Rorke},
  organization = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  address = {Menlo Park, California},
  missinginfo = {pages},
  topic = {abduction;coherence;}
  }

@incollection{ ng_ht-mooney_rj:1992a,
  author = {Hwee Tou Ng and Raymond J. Mooney},
  title = {Abductive Plan Recognition and Diagnosis:  A Comprehensive
  	Empirical Investigation},
  booktitle = {{KR}'92. Principles of Knowledge Representation and
  	Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1992},
  editor = {Bernhard Nebel and Charles Rich and William Swartout},
  pages = {499--508},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  topic = {kr;kr-course;abduction;plan-recognition;}
  }

@article{ ng_ht-zelle:1998a,
  author = {Hwee Tou Ng and John Zelle},
  title = {Corpus-Based Approaches to Semantic Interpretation in
		Natural Language Processing},
  journal = {The {AI} Magazine},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {18},
  number = {4},
  pages = {45--64},
  topic = {lexical-disambiguation;corpus-statistics;}
  }

@inproceedings{ ng_v:2005a,
  author = {Vincent Ng},
  title = {Machine Learning for Coreference Resolution: From Local
  		Classification to Global Ranking},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the
  		Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'05)},
  month = {June},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages = {157--164},
  url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P05/P05-1020},
  topic = {machine-learning;anaphora-resolution;}
  }

@book{ nguyen_ht-walker_ea:1997a,
  author = {Hung T. Nguyen and Elbert A. Walker},
  title = {A First Course in Fuzzy Logic},
  publisher = {CRC Press},
  year = {1997},
  address = {New York},
  ISBN = {0-8493-9477-5},
  topic = {fuzzy-logic;}
 }

@article{ nguyen_lh:2001a,
  author = {Linh anh Nguyen},
  title = {Analytic Tableau Systems and Interpolation Theorems for
  	the Modal Logics {KB}, {KDB}, {K5}, {KD5}},
  journal = {Studia Logica},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {69},
  number = {1},
  pages = {41--57},
  topic = {proof-theory;semantic-tableaux;modal-logic;}
  }

@article{ nguyen_xl-etal:2002a,
  author = {Xuan{L}ong Nguyen and Subbaro Kambhampati and Romeo S.
  	Nigenda},
  title = {Planning Graph as the Basis for Deriving Heuristics
  	for Plan Synthesis by State Space and {CSP} Search},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {135},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {73--123},
  topic = {planning-algorithms;search;graph-based-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ nicholas:2008a,
  author = {David Nicholas},
  title = {Mass Nouns and Plural Logic},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {211--244},
  topic = {foundations-of-semantics;plural;mass-term-semantics;}
  }

@article{ nickel:2008a,
  author = {Bernhard Nickel},
  title = {Generics and the Ways of Normality},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {31},
  number = {6},
  pages = {629--648},
  topic = {generics;probability;induction;}
  }

@incollection{ nickerson:2003a,
  author = {Jill Nickerson},
  title = {Statistical Models for Organizing Semantic Options},
  booktitle = {Working Papers of the 2003 {AAAI} Spring Symposium on
  	Natural Language Generation in Spoken and Written
	Dialogue},
  publisher = {AAAI Press},
  year = {2003},
  editor = {Reva Freedman and Charles Callaway},
  pages = {112--117},
  address = {Menlo Park, California},
  topic = {nl-generation;computational-dialogue;corpus-statistics;}
  }

@article{ nicolle-clark_b:1999a,
  author = {Steve Nicolle and Billy Clark},
  title = {Experimental Pragmatics and What Is Said: A Response to
  	{G}ibbs and {M}oise},
  journal = {Cognition},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {69},
  pages = {337--354},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, number},
  topic = {pragmatics;speaker-meaning;cognitive-psychology;}
  }

@incollection{ nidaruandmelin:2002a,
  author = {Martine Nida-R\"uandmelin},
  title = {Qualia: The Knowledge Argument},
  booktitle = {The {S}tanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy},
  editor = {Edward N. Zalta},
  url =
  {http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2002/entries/qualia-knowledge/},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  year = {2002},
  topics = {qualia;phenomenalism;philosophy-of-mind;}
}

@article{ nie:1997a,
  author = {Xumin Nie},
  title = {Non-{H}orn Clause Logic Programming},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {92},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {243--258},
  topic = {logic-programming;}
  }

@article{ nie-plaisted:1989a,
  author = {Xumin Nie and David A. Plaisted},
  title = {Refinements to Depth-First Iterative-Deepening Search in
  	Automatic Theorem Proving},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {41},
  number = {2},
  pages = {223--235},
  topic = {theorem-proving;search;}
  }

@article{ nie-plaisted:1992a,
  author = {Xumin Nie and David A. Plaisted},
  title = {A Semantic Backward Chaining Proof System},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {55},
  number = {1},
  pages = {109--128},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     We discuss a refutationally complete sequent style clause-based
     proof system that supports several importantstrategies in
     automatic theorem proving.  The system has a goal-subgoal
     structure and supports backward chaining with caching.  It
     permits semantic deletion, sometimes using multiple
     interpretations.  It is also a genuine support strategy.  We also
     show how to use multiple interpretations to control the case
     analysis rule, also called the splitting rule, how to design
     interpretations and how to select input clauses for a theorem.
  },
  topic = {theorem-proving;}
  }

@incollection{ niebergall:2005a,
  author = {Karl-Georg Niebergall},
  title = {Intensionality in Philosophy and Metamathematics},
  booktitle = {Intensionality},
  publisher = {A.K. Peters, Ltd.},
  year = {2005},
  editor = {Reinhard Kahle},
  pages = {123--159},
  address = {Wellesley, Massachusetts},
  topic = {intensionality;foundations-of-mathematics;
  	constructive-mathematics;}
  }

@inproceedings{ niehren-etal:1997a,
  author = {Joachim Niehren and Manfed Pinkal and Peter Ruhrberg},
  title = {A Uniform Approach to Underspecification and Parallelism},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the
		{A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics and Eighth
		Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the {A}ssociation
		for {C}omputational {L}inguistics},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Philip R. Cohen and Wolfgang Wahlster},
  pages = {410--417},
  organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  address = {Somerset, New Jersey},
  topic = {semantic-underspecification;}
 }

@inproceedings{ nielsen_p:1988a1,
  author = {Paul Nielsen},
  title = {A Qualitative Approach to Mechanical Constraint},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on
              Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1988},
  editor = {Reid Smith and Tom Mitchell},
  pages = {270--274},
  organization = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {AAAI Press},
  address = {Menlo Park, CA},
  xref = {Republication: nielson:1988a2.},
  topic = {qualitative-physics;qualitative-reasoning;}
  }

@incollection{ nielsen_p:1988a2,
  author = {Paul Nielsen},
  title = {A Qualitative Approach to Mechanical Constraint},
  booktitle = {Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1990},
  editor = {Daniel S. Weld and Johan de Kleer},
  pages = {592--596},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  topic = {qualitative-physics;qualitative-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ nielsen_sh-parsons_s:2007a,
  author = {S{\o}ren Holbech Nielsen and Simon Parsons},
  title = {An Application of Formal Argumentation: Fusing {B}ayesian
  	Networks in Multi-Agent Systems},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {171},
  number = {10--15},
  pages = {754--775},
  topic = {argumentation;multiagent-systems;Bayesian-networks;}
  }

@article{ nielsen_tj-jensen_fv:2004a,
  author = {Thomas J. Nielsen and Finn V. Jensen},
  title = {Learning a Decision Maker's Utility Function from
  	(Possibly) Inconsistent Behavior},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {160},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {53--78},
  topic = {utility-function-learning;}
  }

@incollection{ niemela:1994a,
  author = {Ilkka Niemel\"a},
  title = {A Decision Method for Nonmonotonic Logic Based on
  	Autoepistemic Reasoning},
  booktitle = {{KR}'94: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1994},
  editor = {Jon Doyle and Erik Sandewall and Pietro Torasso},
  pages = {473--484},
  address = {San Francisco, California},
  topic = {kr;nonmonotonic-logic;autoepistemic-logic;decision-procedures;
  	kr-course;}
  }

@inproceedings{ niemela:1995a,
  author = {Ilkka Niemel\"a},
  title = {Towards Efficient Default Reasoning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint
  	Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1995},
  editor = {Chris Mellish},
  pages = {312--318},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  address = {San Francisco},
  contentnote = {Decision for Reiter, with full propositional logic.
  	Much disc of search.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {kr;default-logic;nonmonotonic-reasoning;kr-course;}
 }

@inproceedings{ niemela:1999a,
  author = {Ilkkka Niemel\"a},
  title = {Smodels: An Implementation of the Stable
      		Model Semantics for Normal Logic Programs},
  booktitle = {Workshop on Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence,
	       Washington, DC, June 14--16, 1999},
  year = {1999},
  editor = {Jack Minker},
  publisher = {Computer Science Department, University of Maryland},
  address = {College Park, Maryland},
  topic = {stable-models;logic-programming;}
  }

@incollection{ niemela-rintanen:1992a,
  author = {Ilkka Niemel\"a and Jussi Rintanen},
  title = {On the Impact of Stratification on the Complexity of Nonmonotonic
  	Reasoning},
  booktitle = {{KR}'92. Principles of Knowledge Representation and
  	Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1992},
  editor = {Bernhard Nebel and Charles Rich and William Swartout},
  pages = {627--638},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  topic = {nonmonotonic-logic;complexity-in-AI;autoepestemic-logic;}
  }

@incollection{ niemela-simons_p1:2000a,
  author = {Ilkka Niemel\"a and Patrick Simons},
  title = {Extending the {S}models System with Cardinality and Weight
  		Constraints},
  booktitle = {Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {2000},
  editor = {Jack Minker},
  pages = {491--521},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {logic-in-AI;logic-programming;stable-models;}
  }

@article{ niessen-ney:2004a,
  author = {Sonja Nie{\ss}en and Hermann Ney},
  title = {Statistical Machine Translation with Scarce Resources
  	Using Morpho-Syntactic Information},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {181--204},
  topic = {statistical-nlp;machine-translation;}
  }

@techreport{ nieuwendijk:1991a,
  author = {Arthur Nieuwendijk},
  title = {Semantics and Comparative Logic},
  institution = {Institute for Language, Logic and Information, University
  	of Amsterdam},
  number = {LP--91--09},
  year = {1991},
  address = {Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Roeterssraat 15,
  	1018WB Amsterdam, Holland},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {indian-logic;}
  }

@incollection{ niiniluoto:1979a,
  author = {Ilkka Niiniluoto},
  title = {Knowing That One Sees},
  booktitle = {Essays in Honour of {J}aakko {H}intikka},
  publisher = {D. Reidel Publishing Co.},
  year = {1979},
  editor = {Esa Saarinen and Risto Hilpinen and Ilkka Niiniluoto and
		M. Provence Hintikka},
  pages = {249--282},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {logic-of-perception;}
  }

@incollection{ niiniluoto:1994a,
  author = {Ilkka Niiniluoto},
  title = {Remarks on the Logic of Perception},
  booktitle = {Intensional Logic:  Theory and Applications},
  publisher = {The Philosophical Society of Finland},
  year = {1994},
  editor = {Ilkka Niiniluoto and Esa Saarinen},
  pages = {116--129},
  address = {Helsinki},
  topic = {logic-of-perception;}
  }

@inproceedings{ niiniluoto:1998a,
  author = {Ilkka Niiniluoto},
  title = {Defending Abduction},
  booktitle = {{PSA}98: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the
	Philosophy of Science Association, Part 1: Contributed
	Papers},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Don A. Howard},
  pages = {436--451},
  organization = {Philosophy of Science Association},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  address = {Chicago, Illinois},
  topic = {abduction;}
  }

@book{ niiniluoto-saarinen:1994a,
  editor = {Ilkka Niiniluoto and Esa Saarinen},
  title = {Intensional Logic:  Theory and Applications},
  publisher = {The Philosophical Society of Finland},
  year = {1994},
  series = {Acta Philosophica {F}ennica},
  address = {Helsinki},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  contentnote = {TC:
      1. A.S. Karpenko, "Aristotle, Lukasiewicz, and Factor-Semantics"
      2. Z.N. Mikeladze, "Intensional Principles in Aristotle"
      3. Simo Knuuttila, "Topics in Late Medieval Intensional Logic"
      4. G.H. von Wright, "Diachronic and Synchronic Modalities"
      5. V.A. Smirnov, "The World of Modal Operators by Means of
      		Tense Operators"
      6. L.L. Maksimova, "Interpolation Properties of
      		Superintuitionistic, Positive, and Modal Logics"
      7. O.F. Serebriannikov, "Gentzen's Hauptsatz for Modal Logic
      		with Quantifiers"
      8. Jaakko Hintikka, "Is Alethic Modal Logic Possible?"
      9. Veikko Rantala, "Impossible Worlds Semantics and Logical
      		Omniscience"
     10. Ilkka Niiniluoto, "Remarks on the Logic of Perception"
     11. Esa Saarinen, "Propositional Attitudes Are Not Attitudes
     		towards Propositions"
     12. Lauri Carlson, "Plural Quantifiers and Informational
     		Independence"
     13. Risto Hilpinen, "Disjunctive Permissions and Conditionals
     		with Disjunctive Antecedents"
     14. E.A. Sidorenko, "On Extensions of E"
     15. Krister Segerberg, "`After' and `During' in Dynamic Logic"
     16. D.A. Bochvar, "Some Aspects of the Investigation of Reification
     		Paradoxes"
     17. V.K. Finn and O.M. Anshakov and R.Sh. Grigola and M.I.
     	Zabeshailo, "Many-Valued Logics as Fragments of Formalized
	Semantics"
     18. I. P\"orn, "Meaning and Intension"
     19. Raimo Tuomela, "Action Generation"
   },
  topic = {intensional-logic;epistemic-logic;propositional-attitudes;}
 }

@article{ niizuma-kitahashi:1985a,
  author = {Seizaburo Niizuma and Tadahiro Kitahashi},
  title = {A Problem-Decomposition Method Using Differences or
  	Equivalence Relations between States},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {117--151},
  topic = {problem-decomposition;AI-algorithms;}
  }

@incollection{ nijholt:1981a,
  author = {Anton Nijholt},
  title = {Overview of Parallel Parsing
    		Strategies},
  booktitle = {Current Issues in Parsing Technology},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1981},
  editor = {Masaru Tomita},
  pages = {207--229},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  topic = {parsing-algorithms;parallel-processing;}
  }

@book{ nikanne-zee:2000a,
  editor = {Upro Nikanne and Emile van der Zee},
  title = {Cognitive Interfaces: Constraints on Linking Cognitive
  	Information},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2000},
  address = {Oxford},
  ISBN = {0-19-829961-3 (hardback), 0-19-829962-1 (paperback)},
  topic = {cognitive-modularity;cognitive-architectures;
  	cognitive-psychology;}
 }

@book{ nilsen_ap:1999a,
  author = {Aleen Pace Nilsen},
  title = {Living Language: Reading,Thinking, and Writing},
  publisher = {Allyn and Bacon},
  year = {1999},
  address = {New York},
  contenttnote = {Sort of an intro for English/communication types.},
  topic = {English-Language;linguistics-intro;composition-manual;}
 }

@article{ nilsen_dlf:1973a,
  author = {Don L.F. Nilsen},
  title = {Review of \emph{{A}mbiguity in Natural Language: An Investigation
  	of Certain Problems in Its Description}, by
  	{J}.{G}. {K}ooij},
  journal = {Foundations of Language},
  year = {1973},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {595--597},
  xref = {Review of: kooij:1971a.},
  topic = {ambiguity;}
  }

@article{ nilsen_dlf-etal:1988a,
  author = {Don L.F. Nilsen and Aleen Pace Nilsen and Nathan H. Combs},
  title = {Teaching a Computer to Speculate},
  journal = {Computers and the Humanities},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {193--201},
  missinginfo = {number},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {nl-understanding;}
  }

@incollection{ nilsson_jf:1989a,
  author = {J{\o}rgen Fisher Nilsson},
  title = {Knowledge Base Combinator Logic},
  booktitle = {Information Processing 89},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers},
  year = {1989},
  editor = {G.X. Ritter},
  pages = {661--666},
  address = {Amsterdam},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  missinginfo = {E's 1st name.},
  topic = {combinatory-logic;knowledge-representation;}
  }

@book{ nilsson_nj:1971a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Problem Solving Methods in Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
  year = {1991},
  address = {New York},
  xref = {Review: furbach:2003a.},
  topic = {ai-intro;AI-text;}
 }

@book{ nilsson_nj:1980a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Principles of Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {Tioga Publishing Co.},
  year = {1980},
  address = {Palo Alto, California},
  ISBN = {0935382011},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Union Library, Q335 .N5151},
  xref = {Reviews: mcdermott_j1:1980a, furbach:2003a.},
  topic = {ai-intro;AI-text;}
 }

@article{ nilsson_nj:1983a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Artificial Intelligence Prepares for 2001},
  journal = {The {AI} Magazine},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {7--14},
  xref = {Reflective commentary: nilsson_nj:2006b},
  topic = {AI-editorial;logic-in-AI;}
  }

@techreport{ nilsson_nj:1984a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Shakey the Robot},
  number = {323},
  institution = {AI Center, SRI International},
  year = {1984},
  topic = {robotics;}
 }

@techreport{ nilsson_nj:1985a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Triangle Tables: A Proposal for a Robot Programming
  	Language},
  number = {347},
  institution = {AI Center, SRI International},
  year = {1985},
  topic = {robotics;}
 }

@article{ nilsson_nj:1986a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Probabilistic Logic},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {71--87},
  topic = {probablilty;reasoning-about-uncertainty;}
  }

@article{ nilsson_nj:1989a,
  author = {Nils Nilsson},
  title = {On ``Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence''.
  	A Response to the Reviews by {S}. {S}moliar and {J}. {S}owa},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {38},
  number = {1},
  pages = {132--133},
  topic = {kr;AI-intro;AI-text;AI-and-logic;kr-course;}
  }

@unpublished{ nilsson_nj:1989b,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Teleo-Reactive Agents},
  year = {1989},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript, Computer Science Department,
  	Stanford University.},
  topic = {foundations-of-planning;foundations-of-robotics;}
  }

@book{ nilsson_nj:1990a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {The Mathematical Foundations of Learning Machines},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1990},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  topic = {learning;learning-theory;}
 }

@article{ nilsson_nj:1991a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Logic and Artificial Intelligence},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1--3},
  pages = {31--56},
  contentnote = {This is a survey paper on the logical approach to AI.},
  topic = {foundations-of-AI;AI-survey;logic-in-AI;}
  }

@article{ nilsson_nj:1993a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Probabilistic Logic Revisited},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {59},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {39--42},
  xref = {Retrospective commentary on nilsson_nj:1986a.},
  topic = {probablilty;reasoning-about-uncertainty;}
  }

@unpublished{ nilsson_nj:1995a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Eye on the Prize},
  year = {1995},
  note = {Available at
  	http://www.robotics.stanford.edu/\user{}nilsson/.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {ai-editorial;foundations-of-AI;}
  }

@article{ nilsson_nj:1996a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Review of ``{A}rtificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach,''
  	by {S}tuart {R}ussell and {P}eter {N}orvig},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {82},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {369--380},
  topic = {ai-intro;AI-text;}
  }

@book{ nilsson_nj:1998a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers},
  year = {1998},
  address = {San Francisco},
  ISBN = {1558604677},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Union Library, Q 335 .N4951 1998},
  xref = {Reviews: duboulay:2001a, furbach:2003a.},
  topic = {ai-survey;ai-intro;AI-text;}
 }

@article{ nilsson_nj:2005a,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Human-Level {AI}?  Be Serious!},
  journal = {The {AI} Magazine},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {68--75},
  topic = {AI-editorial;Turing-test;}
  }

@article{ nilsson_nj:2006b,
  author = {Nils J. Nilsson},
  title = {Reconsiderations},
  journal = {The {AI} Magazine},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {36--38},
  xref = {Reflective commentary on: nilsson_nj:1983a},
  topic = {AI-editorial;logic-in-AI;}
  }

@incollection{ nipkow-prehofer:1998a,
  author = {T. Nipkow and C. Prehofer},
  title = {Higher-Order Rewriting and Equational Reasoning},
  booktitle = {Automated Deduction: A Basis for Applications.
  	Volume {I}, Foundations: Calculi and Methods},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Wolfgang Bibel and Peter H. Schmidt},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, pages},
  topic = {theorem-proving;applied-logic;higher-order-logic;}
  }

@incollection{ nipkow-reif:1998a,
  author = {T. Nipkow and W. Reif},
  title = {Introduction (to Part {I}: Interactive
			Theorem Proving)},
  booktitle = {Automated Deduction: A Basis for Applications.
  	Volume {II}, Systems and Implementation Techniques},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  year = {1998},
  editor = {Wolfgang Bibel and Peter H. Schmidt},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, pages},
  topic = {theorem-proving;applied-logic;}
  }

@incollection{ nirenberg:1992a,
  author = {Sergei Nirenberg},
  title = {On Language-Independent Inputs for
    		Multilingual Generation},
  booktitle = {Aspects of Automated Natural Language Generation: 6th
    International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, {T}rento,
    {I}taly, April 5--7, 1992},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {1992},
  editor = {Robert Dale and Eduard Hovy and Dietmar R\"ossner and
  	Oliviero Stock},
  pages = {303--305},
  address = {Berlin},
  topic = {nl-generation;interlinguas;}
  }

@book{ nirenburg:1987a,
  editor = {Sergei Nirenburg},
  title = {Machine Translation: Theoretical and Methodological Issues},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1987},
  address = {Cambridge, England},
  topic = {machine-translation;}
 }

@inproceedings{ nirenburg-etal:1989a,
  author = {Sergei Nirenburg and Victor Lesser and Eric Nyberg},
  title = {Controlling a Language Generation Planner},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint
  	Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1989},
  editor = {N.S. Sridharan},
  pages = {1524--1530},
  topic = {nl-generation;discourse-planning;pragmatics;}
}

@book{ nirenburg-etal:1992a,
  editor = {Sergei Nirenburg and Jaime Carbonell and Masaru Tomita
  	and Kenneth Goodman},
  title = {Machine Translation: A Knowledge-Based Approach},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1992},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  topic = {machine-translation;}
 }

@book{ nirenburg-etal:2003a,
  editor = {Sergei Nirenburg and Harold Somers and Yorick Wilks},
  title = {Readings in Machine Translation},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2003},
  address = {Cambridge, England},
  ISBN = {0-262-14074-8},
  xref = {Review: macklovich:2004a.},
  topic = {machine-translation;}
 }

@incollection{ nirenburg-levin_l:1987a,
  author = {Sergei Nirenburg and Lori Levin},
  title = {Syntax-Driven and Ontology-Driven Lexical Semantics},
  booktitle = {Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  year = {1987},
  editor = {James Pustejovsky and Sabine Bergler},
  address = {Berlin},
  missinginfo = {pages},
  topic = {computational-lexical-semantics;}
  }

@article{ nirke-etal:1996a,
  author = {Madhura Nirke and Sarit Kraus and Michael Miller and
  	Donald Perlis},
  title = {How to (Plan to) Meet a Deadline Between {\it Now} and
  	{\it Then}},
  journal = {Journal of Logic and Computation},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--48},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection, under "Perlis".},
  topic = {planning;resource-limited-reasoning;reasoning-in-time;}
  }

@article{ nishida:1997a,
  author = {Toyoaki Nishida},
  title = {Grammatical Description of Behaviors of Ordinary
  	Differential Equations in Two-Dimensional Phase Space},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {91},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--32},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     The major task of qualitative analysis of systems of ordinary
     differential equations is to recognize the global pattern of
     solution curves in the phase space.  In this paper, I present a
     flow grammar, a grammatical specification of all possible
     patterns of solution curves one may see in the phase space.
      I describe a flow pattern, a semi-symbolic representation of
     the patterns of solution patterns in the phase space, and show
     how an important class of flow patterns can be specified by the
     pattern resulting from any structurally stable flow on a plane.
     I also describe several properties of the flow grammar related to
     the enumeration of patterns.  In particular, I estimate the upper
     limit of the number of applications of rewriting rules needed to
     derive a given flow pattern.  Finally, I describe how the flow
     grammar is used in qualitative analysis to plan, monitor, and
     interpret the result of numerical computation.
  },
  topic = {qualitative-differential-equations;qualitative-reasoning;
  	dynamic-systems;}
 }

@inproceedings{ nishida-doshita:1987a1,
  author = {Toyoaki Nishida and Shuji Doshita},
  title = {Reasoning about Discontinuous Change},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on
              Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1987},
  editor = {Kenneth Forbus and Howard Shrobe},
  pages = {643--648},
  organization = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  publisher = {AAAI Press},
  address = {Menlo Park, CA},
  xref = {Republication: nishida-doshita:1987a2.},
  topic = {qualitative-physics;qualitative-reasoning;discontinuous-change;}
  }

@incollection{ nishida-doshita:1987a2,
  author = {Toyoaki Nishida and Shuji Doshita},
  title = {Reasoning about Discontinuous Change},
  booktitle = {Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {1990},
  editor = {Daniel S. Weld and Johan de Kleer},
  pages = {278--283},
  address = {San Mateo, California},
  xref = {Republication of: nishida-doshita:1987a1.},
  topic = {qualitative-physics;qualitative-reasoning;discontinuous-change;}
  }

@article{ nishida-doshita:1995a,
  author = {Toyoaki Nishida and Shuji Doshita},
  title = {Qualitative Analysis of Behavior of Systems of Piecewise
  	Linear Differential Equations with Two State Variables},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {75},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--29},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     The set of all solution curves in the phase space for a system
     of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is called the phase
     portrait.  A phase portrait provides global qualitative
     information about how a given system of ODEs behaves under
     different initial conditions.  We are developing a method called
     Topological Flow Analysis (TFA) for automating analysis of the
     topological structure of the phase portrait of systems of ODEs.
      In this paper, we describe the first version of TFA for systems
     of piecewise linear ODEs with two state variables.  TFA has
     several novel features that have not been achieved before.
     Firstly, TFA enables to grasp characteristics of all behaviors
     of a given system of ODEs.  Secondly, TFA allows to symbolically
     represent behaviors in terms of critical geometric features in
     the phase space.  Finally, TFA integrates qualitative and
     quantitative analysis.  The current version of TFA has been
     implemented as a program called PSX2PWL using Common Lisp.
  },
  topic = {qualitative-differential-equations;
  	reasoning-about-physical-systems;}
  }

@article{ nishihara_hk:1981a,
  author = {H.K. Nishihara},
  title = {Intensity, Visible-Surface, and Volumetric
  	Representations},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1--3},
  pages = {265--284},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     One approach to studying human vision is to treat it as a
     computation that produces descriptions of the external world
     from retinal images, asking what can be said about this process
     based on an investigation of the information processing problems
     that it solves [11].  This paper examines the structure of the
     problem at a level of abstraction Marr and Poggio [16] call the
     computational theory.  The type of information the vision process
     must make explicit at various stages is treated and used as a
     base for decomposing the process into subparts that can be
     studied independently.  Examples are taken from ongoing research
     at M.I.T.  },
  topic = {visual-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ nishimura_h:1979a,
  author = {Hirokazu Nishimura},
  title = {Is the Semantics of Branching Structures Adequate
  	for Chronological Modal Logics?},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {469--475},
  contentnote = {Discusses nonequivalence of TxW and branching
  	semantics for case where times are integers.},
  rtnote = {tmix-project;},
  topic = {branching-time;temporal-logic;}
  }

@article{ nishimura_h:1979b,
  author = {Hirokazu Nishimura},
  title = {Is the Semantics of Branching Structures Adequate
  	for Non-Metric {O}ckhamist Tense Logics?},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {477--478},
  contentnote = {Generalizes nishimura:1979b to nonmetric times.},
  rtnote = {tmix-project;},
  topic = {branching-time;temporal-logic;}
  }

@inproceedings{ niu-etal:2005a,
  author = {Zheng-Yu Niu and Dong-Hong Ji and Chew Lim Tan},
  title = {Word Sense Disambiguation Using Label Propagation Based
  		Semi-Supervised Learning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the
  		Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'05)},
  month = {June},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages = {395--402},
  url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P05/P05-1049},
  topic = {lexical-disambiguation;machine-learning;}
  }

@article{ nivre:2001a,
  author = {Joakim Nivre},
  title = {Review of \emph{{T}he Syntactic Process}, by {M}ark {S}teedman},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {146--148},
  xref = {Review of steedman:2000a.},
  topic = {nl-syntax;nl-semantics;categoriaal-grammar;nl-processing;
  		nl-quantifiers;nl-quantifier-scope;intonation;}
  }

@inproceedings{ nivre-nilsson_j:2005a,
  author = {Joakim Nivre and Jens Nilsson},
  title = {Pseudo-Projective Dependency Parsing},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the
  		Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'05)},
  month = {June},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages = {99--106},
  url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P05/P05-1013},
  topic = {dependency-grammar;parsing-algorithms;}
  }

@article{ niwa-etal:1984a,
  author = {Kiyoshi Niwa and Koji Sasaki and Hirokazu Ihara},
  title = {An Experimental Comparison of Knowledge Representation Schemes},
  journal = {AI Magazine},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {29--36},
  topic = {kr;experimental-testing-of-kr-systems;AI-system-evaluation;
  	kr-course;}
  }

@article{ nix-paris:2006a,
  author = {C.J. Nix and Jeff B. Paris},
  title = {A Continuum of Inductive Methods Arising from a Generalized
  		Principle of Instantial Relevance},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1},
  pages = {83--115},
  topic = {inductive-reasoning;probabilistic-reasoning;}
  }

@article{ nix-paris_jb:2007a,
  author = {Chris J. Nix and Jeff B. Paris},
  title = {A Note on Binary Inductive Logic},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {36},
  number = {6},
  pages = {735--771},
  topic = {inductive-logic;}
  }

@book{ niyogi:2006a,
  author = {Partha Niyogi},
  title = {The Computational Nature of Language Learning and Evolution},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {2006},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  ISBN = {0-262-14094-2},
  xref = {Review: belpaeme:2007a},
  topic = {language-learning;language-change;}
 }

@article{ niyogi-berwick:1997a,
  author = {Partha Niyogi and Robert C. Berwick},
  title = {Evolutionary Consequences of Language Learning},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {20},
  number = {6},
  pages = {697--719},
  topic = {language-change;language-learning;}
  }

@book{ noble:1988a,
  author = {Hugh M. Noble},
  title = {Natural Language Processing},
  publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
  year = {1988},
  address = {Oxford},
  ISBN = {0632015020 (pbk.)},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, P 98 .N571 1988.},
  topic = {nl-processing;nlp-intro;}
 }

@article{ nock-nielsen_f:2007a,
  author = {Richard Nock and Frank Nielsen},
  title = {A Real Generalization of Discrete AdaBoost},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {171},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25--41},
  topic = {machine-learning;}
  }

@book{ noe:2005a,
  author = {Alva No\"e},
  title = {Action in Perception},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  ISBN = {0-262-14088-8},
  topic = {epistemology;perception;}
 }

@article{ noe:2005b,
  author = {Alva No\"e},
  title = {Against Intellectualism},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {65},
  number = {4},
  pages = {278--290},
  topic = {knowing-how;}
  }

@book{ noe-thompson_et:2002a,
  editor = {Alva No\"e and Evan T. Thompson},
  title = {Vision and Mind},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {2002},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  ISBN = {0-262-64047-3},
  topic = {vision;philosophy-of-perception;}
 }

@incollection{ nofsinger:1983a,
  author = {Robert E. Nofsinger},
  title = {Tactical Coherence in Courtroom Conversation},
  booktitle = {Conversational Coherence:  Form, Structure and Strategy},
  publisher = {Sage Publications},
  year = {1983},
  editor = {Robert T. Craig and Karen Tracey},
  pages = {243--258},
  address = {London},
  topic = {discourse-coherence;discourse-analysis;pragmatics;}
  }

@article{ noh:1998a,
  author = {Eun-Je Noh},
  title = {Echo Questions: Metarepresentation and Pragmatic
  	Enrichment},
  journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {21},
  number = {6},
  pages = {603--628},
  topic = {echo-questions;}
  }

@article{ nolan_d:2003a,
  author = {Daniel Nolan},
  title = {Defending a Possible-Worlds Account of Indicative Conditionals},
  journal = {Philosophical Studies},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {116},
  number = {3},
  pages = {215--269},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {conditionals;}
  }

@article{ nolan_d:2003b,
  author = {Daniel Nolan},
  title = {Review of \emph{{R}eality and {H}umean Supervenience:
  	Essays on the Philosophy of {D}avid {L}ewis}, edited by
	{G}erhard {P}reyer and {F}rank {S}iebelt},
  journal = {The Philosophical Review},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {112},
  number = {2},
  pages = {263--266},
  xref = {Review of: preyer-siebelt:2001a.},
  topic = {David-Lewis;metaphysics;}
  }

@unpublished{ nolan_d:2004a,
  author = {Daniel Nolan},
  title = {Selfless Desires},
  year = {2004},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript, University of St. Andrews},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {propositional-attitudes;desire;indexicals;}
  }

@article{ nolan_d:2004b,
  author = {Daniel Nolan},
  title = {Review of \emph{{T}he Worlds of Possibility: Modal Realism
  		and the Semantics of Modal Logic}, by {C}harles
		{C}hihara},
  journal = {Studia Logica},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {76},
  number = {1},
  pages = {443--446},
  xref = {Review of: chihara:1998a.},
  topic = {foundations-of-modal-logic;metaphysics;possible-worlds;}
  }

@article{ nolan_d:2006a,
  author = {Daniel Nolan},
  title = {Vagueness, Multiplicity and Parts},
  journal = {No\^us},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {40},
  number = {4},
  pages = {716--737},
  topic = {vagueness;mereology;}
  }

@incollection{ nolan_j:1997a,
  author = {James Nolan},
  title = {Estimating the True Performance of
     		Classification-Based {NLP} Technology},
  booktitle = {From Research to Commercial Applications: Making
  	{NLP} Work in Practice},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1997},
  editor = {Jill C. Burstein and Claudia Leacock},
  pages = {23--28},
  address = {Somerset, New Jersey},
  topic = {document-classification;nlp-evaluation;}
  }

@book{ nolfi-floriano:2000a,
  author = {Stefano Nolfi and Dario Floriano},
  title = {Evolutionary Robotics},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {2000},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  ISBN = {0-262-14070-5},
  xref = {Review: voicu:2002a.},
  topic = {robotics;genetic-algorithms;}
 }

@article{ nolt:2007a,
  author = {John Nolt},
  title = {Reference and Perspective in Intuitionistic Logics},
  journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {91--115},
  topic = {intuitionistic-logic;completeness-theorems;}
  }

@article{ nolt:2008a,
  author = {John Nolt},
  title = {Truth as an Epistemic Ideal},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {37},
  number = {3},
  pages = {203--237},
  topic = {truth;intuitionistic-logic;}
  }

@article{ noonan:1978a,
  author = {Harold W. Noonan},
  title = {Count Nouns and Mass Nouns},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {38},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {mass-term-semantics;}
  }

@article{ noonan:1982a,
  author = {Harold W. Noonan},
  title = {Vague Objects},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {42},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, number, pages},
  topic = {vagueness;identity;}
  }

@article{ noonan:1984a,
  author = {Harold W. Noonan},
  title = {Indefinite Identity: A Reply to {B}roome},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {117--121},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, number},
  topic = {vagueness;identity;}
  }

@article{ noonan:1989a,
  author = {Harold W. Noonan},
  title = {Vague Identity Yet Again},
  journal = {Analysis},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {157--162},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name, number},
  topic = {vagueness;identity;}
  }

@book{ noonan:1989b,
  author = {Harold W. Noonan},
  title = {Personal Identity},
  publisher = {Routledge and Kegan Paul},
  year = {1989},
  address = {London},
  missinginfo = {A's 1st name.},
  topic = {identity;metaphysics;}
 }

@incollection{ noonan:1993a,
  author = {Harold W. Noonan},
  title = {Object-Dependent Thoughts: A Case
       		of Superficial Necessity but Deep Contingency?},
  booktitle = {Mental Causation},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {1993},
  editor = {John Heil and Alfred R. Mele},
  pages = {283--308 },
  address = {Oxford},
  topic = {internalism/externalism;}
  }

@incollection{ noonan:1996a,
  author = {Harold W. Noonan},
  title = {The `{G}ray's Elegy' Argument---And Others},
  booktitle = {Bertrand {R}ussell and the Origins of Analytic
  	Philosophy},
  publisher = {Thoemmes Press},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Roy Monk and Anthony Palmer},
  pages = {65--102},
  address = {Bristol},
  topic = {Russell;on-denoting;}
  }

@book{ norcliffe:1991a,
  author = {Allan Norcliffe},
  title = {Mathematics of Software Construction},
  publisher = {Ellis Horwood},
  year = {1991},
  address = {New York},
  ISBN = {0135633702 (Library ed.)},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Union Library, QA 76.758 .N66 1991.},
  topic = {software-engineering;}
 }

@book{ nordenfelt:1974a,
  author = {Lennart Nordenfelt},
  title = {Explanation of Human Actions},
  publisher = {Filosofiska foreningen og Filosofiska institutionen},
  year = {1974},
  address = {Uppsala},
  topic = {philosophy-of-action;}
 }

@article{ nordenstam:1966a,
  author = {Tore Nordenstam},
  title = {On {A}ustin's theory of Speech-Acts},
  journal = {Mind, New Series},
  year = {1966},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {141--143},
  missinginfo = {number},
  topic = {JL-Austin;speech-acts;pragmatics;}
  }

@article{ nordh-zanuttini:2008a,
  author = {Gustav Nordh and Bruno Zanuttini},
  title = {What makes Propositional Abduction Tractable},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {172},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1245--1284},
  topic = {abduction;complexity-in-AI;}
  }

@article{ norman_d:2006a,
  author = {Dag Normann},
  title = {Computing with Functionals---Computability Theory or
  	Computer Science?},
  journal = {The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {43--59},
  topic = {recursion-theory;computability;}
  }

@book{ norman_da:1969a,
  author = {Donald A. Norman},
  title = {Memory and Attention: An Introduction to Human Information
    Processing},
  publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
  year = {1969},
  address = {New York},
  ISBN = {0471651303,  0471651311 (pbk)},
  rtnote = {UMich  Location: Graduate Library Call No: BF371 .N84
                             Media Union Library Call No: BF371 .N84},
  topic = {cognitive-psychology;memory;attention;}
 }

@book{ norman_da:1970a,
  editor = {Donald A. Norman},
  title = {Models of Human Memory},
  publisher = {Academic Press},
  year = {1970},
  address = {New York},
  ISBN = {0125213506},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, QP 406 .N84.},
  topic = {memory;memory-models;}
 }

@book{ norman_da:1976a,
  author = {Donald A. Norman},
  title = {Memory and Attention: An Introduction to Human Information
    Processing},
  edition = {2},
  publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
  year = {1976},
  address = {New York},
  ISBN = {0471651362, 0471651370 (pbk.)},
  rtnote = {UMich  Location: Graduate Library Call No: BF371 .N84 1976
                             Media Union Library Call No: BF371 .N84 1976},
  topic = {cognitive-psychology;memory;attention;}
 }

@book{ norman_da:1988a,
  author = {Donald A. Norman},
  title = {The Psychology of Everyday Things},
  publisher = {Basic Books},
  year = {1988},
  address = {New York},
  ISBN = {0465067093},
  rtnote = {UMich Undergraduate, Ts 171.4 .N671 1988},
  xref = {Revision: norman_da:1988a.},
  topic = {industrial-design;cognitive-psychology;}
 }

@book{ norman_da:1990a,
  author = {Donald A. Norman},
  title = {The Design of Everyday Things},
  publisher = {Doubleday},
  year = {1990},
  address = {New York},
  ISBN = {0385267746},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Union Library, TS 171.4 .N671 1990},
  xref = {Revision of norman_da:1988a.},
  topic = {industrial-design;cognitive-psychology;}
 }

@article{ norman_da:1991a,
  author = {Donald A. Norman},
  title = {Approaches to the Study of Intelligence},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1--3},
  pages = {327--346},
  acontentnote = {Abstract: How can human and artificial intelligence be
     understood? This paper reviews Rosenbloom, Laird, Newell, and
     McCarl's overview of Soar, their powerful symbol-processing
     simulation of human intelligence. Along the way, the paper
     addresses some of the general issues to be faced by those who
     would model human intelligence and suggests that the methods
     most effective for creating an artificial intelligence might
     differ from those for modeling human intelligence. Soar is an
     impressive piece of work, unmatched in scope and power, but it
     is based in fundamental ways upon Newell's ``physical symbol
     system hypothesis'' -- any weaknesses in the power or generality
     of this hypothesis as a fundamental, general characteristic of
     human intelligence will affect the interpretation of Soar. But
     our understanding of the mechanisms underlying human
     intelligence is now undergoing rapid change as new,
     neurally-inspired computational methods become available that
     are dramatically different from the symbol-processing approaches
     that form the basis for Soar. Before we can reach a final
     conclusion about Soar we need more evidence about the nature of
     human intelligence.  Meanwhile, Soar provides an impressive
     standard for others to follow.  Those who disagree with Soar's
     assumptions need to develop models based upon alternative
     hypotheses that match Soar's achievements.  Whatever the
     outcome, Soar represents a major advance in our understanding of
     intelligent systems.
 },
  topic = {Soar;cognitive-architectures;}
  }

@book{ norman_da:1998a,
  author = {Donald A. Norman},
  title = {The Invisible Computer: Why Good Products Can Fail, the
    Personal Computer Is So Complex, and Information Appliances Are the
    Solution},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year = {1998},
  address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  ISBN = {0262140659 (alk. paper)},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Union Library, QA 76.5 .N6651 1998.},
  topic = {cognitive-psychology;HCI;computer-technology;}
 }

@book{ norman_da-draper_sw:1986a,
  editor = {Donald A. Norman and Stephen W. Draper},
  title = {User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on
  	Human-Computer Interaction},
  publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
  year = {1986},
  address = {Hillsdale, New Jersey},
  ISBN = {0898597811},
  rtnote = {UMich Media Union Library, QA76.9.I58 U731 1986.},
  topic = {HCI;}
 }

@book{ norman_da-rumelhart:1975a,
  author = {Donald A. Norman and David E. Rumelhart},
  title = {Explorations in Cognition},
  publisher = {W. H. Freeman},
  year = {1975},
  address = {San Francisco},
  ISBN = {0716707365},
  rtnote = {UMich Graduate Library, BF455 .N84},
  topic = {cognitive-psychology;}
 }

@article{ norman_tj-reed_c:2009a,
  author = {Timothy J. Norman and Chris Reed},
  title = {A Logic of Delegation},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {174},
  number = {1},
  pages = {51--71},
  topic = {multiagent-systems;imperatives;responsibility;}
  }

@article{ normann:2006a,
  author = {Dag Normann},
  title = {Computing with Functionals---Computability Theory or
  	Computer Science?},
  journal = {The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {43--59},
  topic = {recursion-theory;computability;}
  }

@incollection{ normore:1982a,
  author = {Calvin Normore},
  title = {Future Contingents},
  booktitle = {Cambridge History of Later {M}edieval Philosophy: from
  	the Rediscovery of {A}ristotle to the Disintegration of
	Scholasticism 1100--1600},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1982},
  editor = {Norman Kretzmann and Anthony Kenny and Jan Pinborg},
  pages = {358--381},
  address = {Cambridge, England},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {future-contingent-propositions;medieval-phulosophy;}
  }

@article{ normore:2006a,
  author = {Calvin Normore},
  title = {Ockham's Metaphysics of Parts},
  journal = {The Journal of Philosophy},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {103},
  number = {1},
  pages = {737--754},
  topic = {mereology;Ockham;scholastic-philosophy;}
  }

@book{ norris:1993a,
  author = {Christopher Norris},
  title = {The Truth about Postmodernism},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishers},
  year = {1993},
  address = {Oxford},
  rtnote = {Essays criticicizing postmodernism.  Borderline Literary
  	Criticism / Philosophy},
  topic = {postmodernism;literary-criticism;}
 }

@article{ northrop:1946a,
  author = {F.S.C. Northrop},
  title = {Leibniz's Theory of Space},
  journal = {Journal of the History of Ideas},
  year = {1946},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {422--446},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  topic = {Leibniz;philosophy-of-space;}
  }

@article{ norton_b:1975a,
  author = {Bryan Norton},
  title = {Is Counterpart Theory Inadequate?},
  journal = {Journal of Philosophical Logic},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {79--89},
  topic = {individuation;quantifying-in-modality;individuation;
  		counterpart-theory;}
  }

@unpublished{ norton_jd:1988a,
  author = {John B. Norton},
  title = {Shafer-Dempster Belief Functions.  Standard Probability
		Measures and Limit Theorems:  Do We Need a New Calculus
		of Belief?},
  year = {1988},
  note = {Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh.},
  rtnote = {In RHT collection.},
  missinginfo = {Date is a guess.},
  topic = {probability-kinematics;Dempster-Shafer-theory;}
  }

@article{ norton_jd:2004a,
  author = {John D. Norton},
  title = {On Thought Experiments: Is There More to the Argument?},
  journal = {Philosophy of Science},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {71},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1139--1151},
  note = {Philosophy of Science: Proceedings of the
  	2002 Biennial Meeting of the
	Philosophy of Science Association, Part 2: Symposia
	Papers.  Edited by Sandra D. Mitchell.},
  topic = {scientific-thought-experiments;}
  }

@incollection{ norton_jd:2008a,
  author = {John D. Norton},
  title = {The Dome:  A Surprisingly Simple Failure of Determinism},
  booktitle = {{PSA}06: Proceedings of the 2006 Biennial Meeting
  	of the Philosophy of Science Association, Part {II}:
	Symposia Papers},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  year = {2008},
  editor = {Jason Alexander and Cristina Biccieri},
  pages = {786--798},
  address = {Chicago},
  topic = {philosophy-of-physics;(in)determinism;}
  }

@article{ norton_lm:1971a,
  author = {Lewis M. Norton},
  title = {Experiments with a Heuristic Theorem-Proving Program for
  	Predicate Calculus with Equality},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1971},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3--4},
  pages = {261--284},
  topic = {theorem-proving;}
  }

@article{ norton_lm:1983a,
  author = {Lewis M. Norton},
  title = {Automated Analysis of Instructional Text},
  journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {307--344},
  acontentnote = {Abstract:
     The development of a capability for automated processing of
     natural language text is a long-range goal of artificial
     intelligence.  This paper discusses an investigation into the
     issues involved in the comprehension of descriptive, as opposed
     to illustrative, textual material.  The comprehension process is
     viewed as the conversion of knowledge from one representation
     into another.  The proposed target representation consists of
     statements of the PROLOG language, which can be interpreted both
     declaratively and procedurally, much like production rules.  A
     computer program has been written to model in detail some ideas
     about this process.  The program successfully analyzes several
     heavily edited paragraphs adapted from an elementary textbook on
     programming, automatically synthesizing as a result of the
     analysis a working PROLOG program which, when executed, can
     parse and interpret LET commands in the BASIC language.  The
     paper discusses the motivations and philosophy of the project,
     the many kinds of prerequisite knowledge which are necessary,
     and the structure of the text analysis program.  A
     sentence-by-sentence account of the analysis of the sample text
     is presented, describing the syntactic and semantic processing
     which is involved.  The paper closes with a discussion of lessons
     learned from the project, possible alternative approaches, and
     possible extensions for future work.  The entire project is
     presented as illustrative of the nature and complexity of the
     text analysis process, rather than as providing definitive or
     optimal solutions to any aspects of the task.  },
  topic = {prolog;logic-programming;nl-interpretation;}
  }

@inproceedings{ norvig:1983a,
  author = {Peter Norvig},
  title = {Frame Activated Inferences in a Story Understanding Program},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint
  	Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1983},
  pages = {624--626},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  address = {Los Altos, California},
  missinginfo = {editor},
  topic = {nl-understanding;story-understanding;}
 }

@inproceedings{ norvig:1987a,
  author = {Peter Norvig},
  title = {Inference in Text Understanding},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on
              Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1987},
  editor = {Kenneth Forbus and Howard Shrobe},
  pages =

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extension: bib