text:
an improved representation of micrometeorological processes within
	the forest. A detailed assessment of the control simulation reveals
	that the adjusted GCM provides a realistic description of the climate
	of Amazonia. In determining the impact of Amazonian deforestation
	on climate we present a comprehensive analysis of the simulated climate
	following the replacement of Amazonian forest by pasture. A comparison
	of the new results with those from the earlier deforestation experiment
	carried out by Lean and Warrilow (1989) suggests that the reductions
	in local rainfall (14%) and evaporation (24%) are smaller than those
	obtained with the previous formulation of interception. It was concluded
	by Lean and Warrilow that with a wet canopy, decreases in roughness
	in the deforested case reduce evaporation. With the introduction
	of the new interception formulation the canopy is less often wet,
	and so the effect of deforestation is reduced.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0035-9009},
  keywords = {Deforestation Evapotranspiration GCM model Rainfall},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A GCM SIMULATION OF THE IMPACT OF AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION ON CLIMATE
	USING AN IMPROVED CANOPY REPRESENTATION},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Lee2012,
  author = {Lee, Seung-Jae and Berbery, Ernesto Hugo},
  title = {{L}and Cover Change Effects on the Climate of the {L}a {P}lata {B}asin},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {84-102},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Deforestation and replacement of natural pastures by agriculture have
	become a common practice in the La Plata River basin in South America.
	The changes in land cover imply changes in the biophysical properties
	of the land surface, with possible impacts on the basin's hydroclimate.
	To help understand to what extent the climate could be affected,
	and through which processes, ensembles of seasonal simulations were
	prepared using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model for a control
	case and a scenario assuming an expansion of the agricultural activities
	to cover the entire basin. The La Plata River basin shows different
	climate responses to the land cover changes depending on the region.
	The northern part of the basin, where forests and savanna were replaced
	by crops, experiences an overall increase in albedo that leads to
	a reduction of sensible heat flux and near-surface temperature. A
	reduction of surface roughness length leads to stronger low-level
	winds that, in turn, favor a larger amount of moisture being advected
	out of the northern part of the basin. The result is a reduction
	of the vertically integrated moisture flux convergence (VIMFC) and,
	consequently, in precipitation. In the southern part of the basin,
	changes from grasslands to crops reduce the albedo and thus increase
	the near-surface temperature. The reduction in surface roughness
	length is not as large as in the northern sector, reducing the northerly
	moisture fluxes and resulting in a net increase of VIMFC and, thus,
	in precipitation. Notably, advective processes modify the downstream
	circulation and precipitation patterns over the South Atlantic Ocean.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1525-755X},
  keywords = {model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Land Cover Change Effects on the Climate of the La Plata Basin},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Lei2008,
  author = {Lei, M. and Niyogi, D. and Kishtawal, C. and Pielke, R. A. and Beltran-Przekurat,
	A. and Nobis, T. E. and Vaidya, S. S.},
  title = {{E}ffect of explicit urban land surface representation on the simulation
	of the 26 {J}uly 2005 heavy rain event over {M}umbai, {I}ndia},
  journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {5975-5995},
  number = {20},
  abstract = {We investigate whether explicit representation of the urban land surface
	improves the simulation of the record-breaking 24-h heavy rain event
	that occurred over Mumbai, India on 26 July 2005 as the event has
	been poorly simulated by operational weather forecasting models.
	We conducted experiments using the Regional Atmosphere modeling system
	(RAMS 4.3), coupled with and without explicit urban energy balance
	model-town energy budget (TEB) to study the role of urban land -
	atmosphere interactions in modulating the heavy rain event over the
	Indian monsoon region. The impact of including an explicit urban
	energy balance on surface thermodynamic, boundary layer, and circulation
	changes are analyzed. The results indicate that even for this synoptically
	active rainfall event, the vertical wind and precipitation are significantly
	influenced by heterogeneity in surface temperatures due to urbanization,
	and the effect is more significant during the storm initiation. Interestingly,
	precipitation in the upwind region of Mumbai city is increased in
	the simulation, possibly as a feedback from the sea breeze - urban
	landscape convergence. We find that even with the active monsoon,
	the representation of urbanization contributes to local heavy precipitation
	and mesoscale precipitation distribution over the Indian monsoon
	region. Additional experiments within a statistical dynamical framework
	show that an urban model by itself is not the dominant factor for
	the enhanced rainfall for a Mumbai heavy rain event; the combination
	of updated SST fields using Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission
	(TRMM) data with the detailed representation of urban effects simulated
	by the TEB model created realistic gradients that successfully maintained
	the convergence zone over Mumbai. Further research will require more
	detailed morphology data for simulating weather events in such urban
	regions. The results suggest that urbanization can significantly
	contribute to extremes in monsoonal rain events that have been reported
	to be on the rise.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1680-7316},
  keywords = {india model precipitation urbanization effect},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Effect of explicit urban land surface representation on the simulation
	of the 26 July 2005 heavy rain event over Mumbai, India},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Lejju2009,
  author = {Lejju, J. B.},
  title = {{V}egetation dynamics in western {U}ganda during the last 1000 years:
	{C}limate change or human induced environmental degradation?},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {21-29},
  month = {Mar},
  abstract = {A multi-proxy analysis of microfossils from sedimentary records, together
	with evidence from historical and archaeological data, has provided
	evidence of vegetation dynamics and human environment interactions
	in western Uganda for the last 1000 years. Pollen, fungal spores
	and phytoliths extracted from sediment cores obtained from a papyrus
	swamp at Munsa archaeological site indicate a relatively wet and
	forested environment in western Uganda prior to ca 1000 yr bp (cal
	977-1159 ad). A subsequent decline in forest vegetation occurred
	from ca 920 yr bp (cal 1027-1207 ad). However, the deforestation
	period occurred during a wet period as registered in the River Nile
	water records, suggesting a human induced deforestation at Munsa
	rather than reduced precipitation. Increased numbers of herbivores,
	presumably domesticated cattle, postdeforestation are evidenced by
	the presence of dung fungal spores and broad accord with the archaeological
	evidence for initial occupation of the site at Munsa and the establishment
	of a mixed economy based on crops, cattle and iron working between
	1000 and 1200 ad. From ca 200 yr bp (cal 1647-1952 ad), forest recovery
	occurred at Munsa site and appears to reflect abandonment of the
	site, as suggested by archaeological evidence, possibly following
	a period of prolonged drought and famine between 1600 and 1800 ad,
	as recounted in the oral rich traditions of western Uganda and also
	reflected by low water levels of River Nile.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0141-6707},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Vegetation dynamics in western Uganda during the last 1000 years:
	climate change or human induced environmental degradation?},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000263035500005}
}

@ARTICLE{LeQuere2009,
  author = {Le Qu\'{e}r\'{e}, C. and Raupach, M.R. and Canadell, J.G. and Marland,
	G.},
  title = {{T}rends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide},
  journal = {Nature Geoscience},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {831-836},
  number = {12},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1752-0894},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide},
  timestamp = {2012.10.31}
}

@ARTICLE{Leuning2005,
  author = {Leuning, Ray and Cleugh, Helen A. and Zegelin, Steven J. and Hughes,
	Dale},
  title = {{C}arbon and water fluxes over a temperate {E}ucalyptus forest and
	a tropical wet/dry savanna in {A}ustralia: {M}easurements and comparison
	with {MODIS} remote sensing estimates},
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {129},
  pages = {151-173},
  number = {3-4},
  abstract = {Measurements over a period of 33 months are presented for the fluxes
	of carbon, sensible heat and water vapour over a tropical wet/dry
	savanna in northern Queensland (Virginia Park), and for 38 months
	over a cool temperate Eucalyptus forest in southeast Australia (Tumbarumba),
	as part of the OzFlux network. Fluxes were measured using micrometeorological
	methods and neural network analysis was used to fill gaps in the
	hourly flux time series. Productivity at Virginia Park is controlled
	by rainfall amount and timing during the wet season since this determines
	the leaf area index (Lai) of the C4 grass understorey which varies
	greatly compared to Lai of the trees. The savanna lost 99 g C m−2
	over the period July 2001-March 2004 due to the failure of the 2002-2003
	wet season when rainfall was in the lowest 20th percentile. Net uptake
	of carbon at Tumbarumba was 2510 g C m−2 from February 2001 to March
	2004, with annual productivity ranging from 1060 g C m−2 year−1 in
	a normal year to 360 g C m−2 year−1 during the 2002-2003 drought
	which affected all of eastern Australia. Annual rainfall at the savanna
	was matched by annual evapotranspiration, indicating there was no
	surface runoff or deep drainage during our study. Trees at both sites
	were able to extract water deep within the soil profile to maintain
	annual transpiration above rainfall during the drought of 2002-2003.
	Measurements of Lai and gross primary production (PG) at the two
	sites were compared to estimates from the Moderate Resolution Imaging
	Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing data products. The MOD15
	algorithm overestimated Lai by a factor of two at Tumbarumba but
	gave reasonable magnitudes and seasonal variation for the savanna.
	At Tumbarumba, MOD17 gave excellent estimates of the annual amplitude
	in PG but was less satisfactory in predicting the phase of the variations.
	MOD17 overestimated PG at Virginia Park during the dry season and
	the low-rainfall summer of 2002-2003 but gave satisfactory results
	during the other two wet seasons. Most of the variance in PG at both
	sites was explained by absorbed photosynthetically active radiation.
	Significantly improved predictions were obtained for the savanna
	by modifying the MOD17 algorithm to account for rainfall and potential
	evaporation in the antecedent 3 months, a surrogate for soil water
	availability.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  keywords = {OzFlux Eucalyptus forest Tropical savanna Gross primary production
	Net ecosystem exchange MODIS Evapotranspiration},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical
	wet/dry savanna in Australia: measurements and comparison with MODIS
	remote sensing estimates},
  timestamp = {2012.12.08},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192305000079}
}

@ARTICLE{Levins1969,
  author = {Levins, R.},
  title = {Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity
	for biological control},
  journal = {Bulletin of the ESA},
  year = {1969},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {237-240},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0013-8754},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity
	for biological control},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17}
}

@ARTICLE{Lewis2011,
  author = {Lewis, Simon L. and Brando, Paulo M. and Phillips, Oliver L. and
	van der Heijden, Geertje M. F. and Nepstad, Daniel},
  title = {{T}he 2010 {A}mazon {D}rought},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {331},
  pages = {554},
  number = {6017},
  month = {February 4, 2011},
  abstract = {In 2010, dry-season rainfall was low across Amazonia, with apparent
	similarities to the major 2005 drought. We analyzed a decade of satellite-derived
	rainfall data to compare both events. Standardized anomalies of dry-season
	rainfall showed that 57% of Amazonia had low rainfall in 2010 as
	compared with 37% in 2005 (≤-1 standard deviation from long-term
	mean). By using relationships between drying and forest biomass responses
	measured for 2005, we predict the impact of the 2010 drought as 2.2
	× 1015 grams of carbon [95% confidence intervals (CIs) are 1.2 and
	3.4], largely longer-term committed emissions from drought-induced
	tree deaths, compared with 1.6 ×1015 grams of carbon (CIs 0.8 and
	2.6) for the 2005 event.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The 2010 Amazon Drought},
  timestamp = {2012.10.31},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6017/554.abstract}
}

@ARTICLE{Li2010,
  author = {Li, J. P. and Wu, Z. W. and Jiang, Z. H. and He, J. H.},
  title = {{C}an {G}lobal {W}arming {S}trengthen the {E}ast {A}sian {S}ummer
	{M}onsoon?},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {6696-6705},
  number = {24},
  month = {Dec},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {interdecadal variations climate enso variability pacific china precipitation
	temperature model anomalies},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Can Global Warming Strengthen the East Asian Summer Monsoon?},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000286553500016}
}

@ARTICLE{Li2010a,
  author = {Li, Qian and Xue, Yongkang},
  title = {{S}imulated impacts of land cover change on summer climate in the
	{T}ibetan {P}lateau},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a key region of land-atmosphere interactions
	with severe eco-environment degradation. This study uses an atmospheric
	general circulation model, NCEP GCM/SSiB, to present the major TP
	summer climate features for six selected ENSO years and preliminarily
	assess the possible impact of land cover change on the summer circulation
	over the TP. Compared to Reanalysis II data, the GCM using satellite
	derived vegetation properties generally reproduces the main 6-year-mean
	TP summer circulation features despite some discrepancies in intensity
	and geographic locations of some climate features. Two existing vegetation
	maps with very different land cover conditions over the TP, one with
	bare ground and one with vegetation cover, derived from satellite
	derived data, are tested and produce clearer climate signals due
	to land cover change. It shows that land cover change from vegetated
	land to bare ground decreases the radiation absorbed by the surface
	and results in weaker surface thermal effects, which lead to lower
	atmospheric temperature, as well as weaker vertical ascending motion,
	low-layer cyclonic, upper level anticyclonic, and summer monsoon
	circulation. These changes in circulation cause a decrease in the
	precipitation in the southeastern TP.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  keywords = {model northwest China},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Simulated impacts of land cover change on summer climate in the Tibetan
	Plateau},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Lim2005,
  author = {Lim, Y. K. and Cai, M. and Kalnay, E. and Zhou, L. M.},
  title = {{O}bservational evidence of sensitivity of surface climate changes
	to land types and urbanization},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {32},
  number = {22},
  month = {Nov},
  abstract = {Sensitivity of surface climate change to land types is investigated
	for the Northern Hemisphere by subtracting the reanalysis from the
	observed surface temperature (OMR). The basis of this approach is
	that while reanalysis represents the large-scale climate changes
	due to greenhouse gases and atmospheric circulation, it is less sensitive
	to regional surface processes associated with land types. OMR trends
	derived from two independent reanalyses (ERA40 and NNR) and two observations
	(CRU and GHCN) show similar dependence upon land types, suggesting
	the attribution of OMRs to different land types is robust. OMR trends
	reveal 1) Warming over barren areas is larger than most other land
	types. 2) Urban areas show large warming second only to barren areas.
	3) Croplands with agricultural activity show a larger warming than
	natural broadleaf forests. The overall assessment indicates surface
	warming is larger for areas that are barren, anthropogenically developed,
	or covered with needle-leaf forests.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Observational evidence of sensitivity of surface climate changes to
	land types and urbanization},
  timestamp = {2012.10.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000233935600009 http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/gl0522/2005GL024267/2005GL024267.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Lin2006,
  author = {Lin, J. C. and Matsui, T. and Pielke, R. A. and Kummerow, C.},
  title = {{E}ffects of biomass-burning-derived aerosols on precipitation and
	clouds in the {A}mazon {B}asin: {A} satellite-based empirical study},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {111},
  number = {D19},
  month = {Oct},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Effects of biomass-burning-derived aerosols on precipitation and clouds
	in the Amazon Basin: a satellite-based empirical study},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000241297000001 http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/jd0619/2005JD006884/2005JD006884.pdf}
}

@BOOK{Linacre1997,
  title = {Climates and Weather Explained},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  year = {1997},
  author = {Linacre, E.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9780415125192},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climates and Weather Explained},
  timestamp = {2013.06.26},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=uwQ7FulHCCsC}
}

@ARTICLE{Liu2006a,
  author = {Liu, S. and Mao, D. and Lu, L.},
  title = {Measurement and estimation of the aerodynamic resistance},
  journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {681-705},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Measurement and estimation of the aerodynamic resistance},
  timestamp = {2012.12.22}
}

@ARTICLE{Liu2008,
  author = {Liu, Yansui and Wang, Jieyong and Deng, Xiangzheng},
  title = {{R}ocky land desertification and its driving forces in the karst
	areas of rural {G}uangxi, {S}outhwest {C}hina},
  journal = {Journal of Mountain Science},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {350-357},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {With a subtropical climate, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region has a
	typical karst landscape. Rocky desertification has become a serious
	environmental issue due to its high vulnerability caused by the joint
	effect of natural settings and human activities, because of which
	its ecoenvironment has been deteriorated in recent years, and farmland
	has been disappearing sharply at the same time. This, in turn, has
	exacerbated the poverty level in the rural areas of the region. In
	this study, we monitored the spatial distribution of rocky land desertification
	and its temporal evolution using Landsat TM/ETM images of 1985, 1995,
	2000 and 2005. We also analyzed the driving forces of the desertification
	and its expansion. Through constructing regression models by using
	all the relevant variables and considering the lagged effects as
	well as fixed effects, we quantified the exact role of different
	factors causing rocky land desertification in the study area with
	some new findings. The new findings in this study are greatly helpful
	for preserving, restoring and reconstructing the degraded mountain
	environment in Guangxi and other karst areas in Southwest China,
	and also for alleviating poverty in the rural areas in the future.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1672-6316},
  keywords = {Earth and Environmental Science},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Science Press, co-published with Springer-Verlag GmbH},
  shorttitle = {Rocky land desertification and its driving forces in the karst areas
	of rural Guangxi, Southwest China},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-008-0217-6}
}

@ARTICLE{Liu2006,
  author = {Liu, Z. Y. and Notaro, M. and Kutzbach, J. and Liu, N.},
  title = {{A}ssessing global vegetation-climate feedbacks from observations},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {787-814},
  number = {5},
  month = {Mar},
  abstract = {The feedback between global vegetation greenness and surface air temperature
	and precipitation is assessed using remote sensing observations of
	monthly fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) for
	1982 to 2000 with a 2.5 degrees grid resolution. Lead/lag correlations
	are used to infer vegetation-climate interactions. Furthermore, a
	statistical method is used to quantify the efficiency of vegetation
	feedback oil climate in the observations. This feedback analysis
	provides a first quantitative assessment of Global vegetation feedback
	oil climate. In northern mid- and high latitudes, vegetation variabilitv
	is found to be driven predominantly by temperature, in the meantime,
	vegetation also exerts a strong positive feedback on temperature
	with the feedback accounting for over 10%-25% of the total monthly
	temperature variance. The strongest positive feedback occurs in the
	boreal regions of southern Canada/northern United States, northern
	Europe, and southern Siberia, where the feedback efficiency exceeds
	1 degrees C (0.1 FPAR)(-1). Over most of the Tropics and subtropics
	(outside the equatorial rain belt), vegetation is driven primarily
	by precipitation. However, little vegetation feedback is found on
	local precipitation when averaged year-round with the feedback explained
	variance usually accounting for less than 5% of the total precipitation
	variance. Nevertheless, in a few isolated small regions such as Northeast
	Brazil, East Africa. East Asia, and northern Australia, there appears
	to be sonic positive vegetation feedback on local precipitation,
	with the feedback efficiency over 1 cm month(-1) (0.1 FPAR)(-1).
	Further studies suggest a significant seasonal variation of the vegetation
	feedback in sonic regions. A preliminary analysis also seems to suggest
	an enhanced intensity of the vegetation feedback, especially oil
	precipitation, at longer time scales and over a larger grid box area.
	Limitations and implications of the assessment of vegetation feedback
	are also discussed. The assessed vegetation feedback is shown to
	be valuable for the evaluation of vegetation-climate feedback in
	coupled climate-vegetation models.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {asia},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Assessing global vegetation-climate feedbacks from observations},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000236668000008 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JCLI3658.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Lo2007,
  author = {Lo, Fiona and Wheeler, Matthew C. and Meinke, Holger and Donald,
	Alexis},
  title = {{P}robabilistic {F}orecasts of the {O}nset of the {N}orth {A}ustralian
	{W}et {S}eason},
  journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {135},
  pages = {3506-3520},
  number = {10},
  month = {2007/10/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0027-0644},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Probabilistic Forecasts of the Onset of the North Australian Wet Season},
  timestamp = {2012.01.06},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/MWR3473.1}
}

@ARTICLE{Lo2011,
  author = {Lo, M. H. and Famiglietti, J. S.},
  title = {{P}recipitation response to land subsurface hydrologic processes
	in atmospheric general circulation model simulations},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {116},
  number = {D5},
  month = {Mar 5},
  abstract = {Several studies have established that soil moisture increases after
	adding a groundwater component in land surface models, owing to the
	additional supply of subsurface water. However, the impact of groundwater
	on the spatial-temporal variability of precipitation has received
	little attention. This study explores how a groundwater representation
	in land surface models alters precipitation distributions through
	coupled groundwater-land-atmosphere simulations. Results indicate
	that the addition of groundwater yields a global increase in soil
	water content and evapotranspiration, a decrease in surface air temperature,
	and an increase in cloud cover fraction. These result in globally
	inhomogeneous changes in precipitation. In the boreal summer, tropical
	land regions show a positive anomaly in the Northern Hemisphere and
	a negative anomaly in the Southern Hemisphere. As a result, an asymmetric
	dipole is found over tropical land regions along the equator. Furthermore,
	in the transition climatic zone where the land and atmosphere are
	strongly coupled, precipitation also increases. Two main mechanisms
	are suggested for the two different regions with increased precipitation.
	The "rich-get-richer" mechanism is responsible for the positive precipitation
	anomalies over the tropical land regions, while a positive feedback
	of land-atmosphere interaction is the major contributor to increased
	precipitation over central North America. This study highlights the
	importance of land subsurface hydrologic processes in the climate
	system and has further implications for global water cycle dynamics.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {soil-moisture memory regional tropical precipitation global warming
	impacts water-table dynamics groundwater influences rainfall feedback
	surface scheme boundary-layer climate models north-america},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Precipitation response to land subsurface hydrologic processes in
	atmospheric general circulation model simulations},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000288088000005}
}

@ARTICLE{Lobell2002,
  author = {Lobell, David B. and Asner, Gregory P.},
  title = {{M}oisture {E}ffects on {S}oil {R}eflectance},
  journal = {Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {722-727},
  number = {3},
  month = {2002/5},
  abstract = {Models of soil reflectance under changing moisture conditions are
	needed to better quantify soil and vegetation properties from remote
	sensing. In this study, measurements of reflected shortwave radiation
	(400â€“2500 nm) were acquired in a laboratory setting for four different
	soils at various moisture contents. The observed changes in soil
	reflectance revealed a nonlinear dependence on moisture that was
	well described by an exponential model, and was similar for different
	soil types when moisture was expressed as degree of saturation. Reflectance
	saturated at much lower moisture contents in the visible and near-infrared
	(VNIR) spectral region than in the shortwave-infrared (SWIR) spectral
	region, suggesting that longer wavelengths are better suited for
	measuring volumetric moisture contents above âˆ¼20%. To explore the
	potential of a general reflectance model based solely on dry reflectance
	and moisture, we employed a Monte Carlo analysis that accounted for
	observed variability in the measured spectra. Modeling results indicated
	that the SWIR region offers significant potential for relating moisture
	and reflectance on an operational basis, with uncertainties less
	than half as large as in the VNIR. The results of this study help
	to quantify the strong influence of moisture on spectral reflectance
	and absorption features, and should aid in the development of operational
	algorithms as well as more physically based models in the future.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Moisture Effects on Soil Reflectance},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {https://www.agronomy.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/66/3/722}
}

@ARTICLE{Lohar1995,
  author = {Lohar, D. and Pal, B.},
  title = {{T}he effect of irrigation on premonsoon season precipitation over
	south-west {B}engal, {I}ndia},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {2567-2570},
  number = {10},
  month = {Oct},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON PREMONSOON SEASON PRECIPITATION OVER SOUTH-WEST
	BENGAL, INDIA},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995TA26200017 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0442%281995%29008%3C2567%3ATEOIOP%3E2.0.CO%3B2}
}

@ARTICLE{Lu2005,
  author = {Lu, Jian and Delworth, Thomas L.},
  title = {{O}ceanic forcing of the late 20th century {S}ahel drought},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {L22706},
  number = {22},
  abstract = {The Sahel region of Africa underwent a pronounced interdecadal drying
	trend in the latter half of the 20th century. In order to investigate
	this drying trend, several ensembles of numerical experiments are
	conducted using a recently developed atmospheric general circulation
	model (AM2, developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory).
	When the model is forced with the time series of observed SSTs and
	sea ice from 1950 to 2000, it successfully reproduces the observed
	interdecadal variability of Sahelian rainfall. Additional experiments
	are used to estimate the separate contributions to Sahel drought
	from SST anomalies in various ocean basins. In these, SST anomalies
	are applied only in the tropics, or only in the Atlantic, Indian
	and Pacific oceans separately. Forcing from the tropical oceans is
	dominant in driving the Sahelian rainfall trend. The response of
	Sahel rainfall to a general warming of the tropical oceans suggests
	a possible link to greenhouse gas-induced climate change.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {3305 Atmospheric Processes: Climate change and variability 3322 Atmospheric
	Processes: Land/atmosphere interactions 3337 Atmospheric Processes:
	Global climate models 3355 Atmospheric Processes: Regional modeling},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {Oceanic forcing of the late 20th century Sahel drought},
  timestamp = {2012.10.16},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023316}
}

@ARTICLE{Lu2009,
  author = {Lu, N. and Wilske, B. and Ni, J. and John, R. and Chen, J.},
  title = {{C}limate change in {I}nner {M}ongolia from 1955 to 2005 - trends
	at regional, biome and local scales},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  month = {Oct-Dec},
  abstract = {This study investigated the climate change in Inner Mongolia based
	on 51 meteorological stations from 1955 to 2005. The climate data
	was analyzed at the regional, biome (i.e. forest, grassland and desert)
	and station scales, with the biome scale as our primary focus. The
	climate records showed trends of warmer and drier conditions in the
	region. The annual daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature increased
	whereas the diurnal temperature range (DTR) decreased. The decreasing
	trend of annual precipitation was not significant. However, the vapor
	pressure deficit (VPD) increased significantly. On the decadal scale,
	the warming and drying trends were more significant in the last 30
	years than the preceding 20 years. The climate change varied among
	biomes, with more pronounced changes in the grassland and the desert
	biomes than in the forest biome. DTR and VPD showed the clearest
	inter-biome gradient from the lowest rate of change in the forest
	biome to the highest rate of change in the desert biome. The rates
	of change also showed large variations among the individual stations.
	Our findings correspond with the IPCC predictions that the future
	climate will vary significantly by location and through time, suggesting
	that adaptation strategies also need to be spatially viable.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climate change in Inner Mongolia from 1955 to 2005-trends at regional,
	biome and local scales},
  timestamp = {2012.10.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000272900500023 http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/4/045006/pdf/1748-9326_4_4_045006.pdf}
}

@MISC{Lymburner2010,
  author = {Lymburner, Leo and Tan, Peter and Mueller, Norman and Thackway, Richard
	and Lewis, Adam and Thankappan, Medhavy and Randall, Lucy and Islam,
	Anisul and Senarath, Udaya},
  title = {250 metre {D}ynamic {L}and {C}over {D}ataset},
  howpublished = {Geoscience Australia, Canberra},
  year = {2010},
  note = {digital data access on 28/12/2011 from \url{www.ga.gov.au/earth-observation/landcover}},
  endnotereftype = {Generic},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {250 metre Dynamic Land Cover Dataset},
  timestamp = {2012.03.12}
}

@ARTICLE{Lyons2002,
  author = {Lyons, T. J.},
  title = {{C}louds prefer native vegetation},
  journal = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {80},
  pages = {131-140},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {The replacement of native vegetation for agriculture leads to significant
	changes in land surface characteristics, such as albedo, surface
	roughness and canopy resistance. These land surface changes induce
	changes in the atmospheric boundary layer. From an analysis of case
	studies and climatological records, it is shown that in Western Australia
	this change in surface characteristics and in particular, the albedo,
	has reduced the occurrence of convective cloud formation through
	limiting the vertical development of the boundary layer.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-7971},
  keywords = {Physics and Astronomy},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Springer Wien},
  shorttitle = {Clouds prefer native vegetation},
  timestamp = {2011.12.06},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007030200020}
}

@ARTICLE{Ma2011,
  author = {Ma, H. Y. and Mechoso, C. R. and Xue, Y. and Xiao, H. and Wu, C.
	M. and Li, J. L. and De Sales, F.},
  title = {{I}mpact of land surface processes on the {S}outh {A}merican warm
	season climate},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {187-203},
  number = {1-2},
  month = {Jul},
  abstract = {The present study demonstrates that (1) the simulation of the South
	American warm season (December-February) climate by an atmospheric
	general circulation model (AGCM) is sensitive to the representation
	of land surface processes, (2) the sensitivity is not confined to
	the "hot spot" in Amazonia, and (3) upgrading the representation
	of those processes can produce a significant improvement in AGCM
	performance. The reasons for sensitivity and higher success are investigated
	based on comparisons between observational datasets and simulations
	by the AGCM coupled to either a simple land scheme that specifies
	soil moisture availability or to the Simplified Simple Biosphere
	Model (SSiB) that allows for consideration of soil and vegetation
	biophysical process. The context for the study is the UCLA AGCM.
	The most notable simulation improvements are along the lee of the
	Andes in the lower troposphere, where poleward flow transports abundant
	moisture from the Amazon basin to high latitudes, and in the monsoon
	region where the intensity and pattern of precipitation and upper
	level ice water content are more realistic. It is argued that a better
	depiction of the Chaco Low, which is controlled by local effects
	of land surface processes, decisively contributes to the superior
	model performance with low-level flows in central South America.
	The better representation of the atmospheric column static stability
	and large-scale moisture convergence in tropical South America contribute
	to more realistic precipitation over the monsoon region. The overall
	simulation improvement is, therefore, due to a combination of different
	regional processes. This finding is supported by idealized AGCM experiments.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  keywords = {Meteorology South America},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Impact of land surface processes on the South American warm season
	climate},
  timestamp = {2012.07.09},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000293403000012}
}

@ARTICLE{Ma2009,
  author = {Ma, Y. and Wang, Y. and Wu, R. and Hu, Z. and Yang, K. and Li, M.
	and Ma, W. and Zhong, L. and Sun, F. and Chen, X.},
  title = {{R}ecent advances on the study of atmosphere-land interaction observations
	on the {T}ibetan {P}lateau},
  journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {1103-1111},
  number = {7},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1027-5606},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Recent advances on the study of atmosphere-land interaction observations
	on the Tibetan Plateau},
  timestamp = {2012.07.19}
}

@ARTICLE{MacDonald2005,
  author = {MacDonald, Glen M. and Case, Roslyn A.},
  title = {Variations in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation over the past millennium},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {L08703},
  number = {8},
  __markedentry = {[Sue:6]},
  abstract = {Hydrologically sensitive tree-ring chronologies from Pinus flexilis
	in California and Alberta were used to produce an AD 993-1996 reconstruction
	of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and to assess long-term
	variability in the PDO's strength and periodicity. The reconstruction
	indicates that a ∼50 to 70 year periodicity in the PDO is typical
	for the past 200 years but, was only intermittently a strong mode
	of variability prior to that. Between AD 1600 and 1800 there is a
	general absence of significant variability within the 50 to 100 year
	frequency range. Significant variability within in the frequency
	range of 50 to 100 years reemerges between AD 1500 and 1300 and AD
	1200 to 1000. A prolonged period of strongly negative PDO values
	between AD 993 and 1300 is contemporaneous with a severe medieval
	megadrought that is apparent in many proxy hydrologic records for
	the western United States and Canada.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1944-8007},
  keywords = {1812 Drought 3309 Climatology 3305 Climate change and variability
	3344 Paleoclimatology},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Variations in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation over the past millennium},
  timestamp = {2014.07.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022478}
}

@BOOK{Macintosh2007,
  title = {{T}he {N}ational {G}reenhouse {A}ccounts and {L}and {C}learing: {D}o
	the numbers stack up? },
  publisher = {The Australia Institute},
  year = {2007},
  author = {Macintosh, Andrew},
  number = {No. 38},
  pages = {1-22},
  address = {Canberra},
  comment = {macintosh07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  journal = {Australia Institute Research Paper},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The National Greenhouse Accounts and Land Clearing: Do the numbers
	stack up? },
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Mahfouf1995,
  author = {Mahfouf, J. F. and Manzi, A. O. and Noilhan, J. and Giordani, H.
	and Deque, M.},
  title = {{THE} {LAND}-{SURFACE} {SCHEME} {ISBA} {WITHIN} {THE} {METEO}-{FRANCE}
	{CLIMATE} {MODEL} {ARPEGE} .1. {IMPLEMENTATION} {AND} {PRELIMINARY}-{RESULTS}},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {2039-2057},
  number = {8},
  abstract = {This paper describes recent developments in climate modeling at Meteo-France
	related to land surface processes. The implementation of a simple
	land surface parameterization, Interactions between Soil Biosphere
	Atmosphere (ISBA), has gained from previous validations and calibrations
	at local scale against field datasets and from aggregation procedures
	devised to define effective land surface properties. Specific improvements
	for climate purposes are introduced: spatial variability of convective
	rainfall in canopy drainage estimation and subsurface gravitational
	percolation. The methodology used to derive climatological maps of
	land surface parameters at the grid-scale resolution of the model
	from existing databases for soil and vegetation types at global scale
	is described. A 3-yr integration for the present day climate with
	a T42L30 version of the climate model has been performed. Results
	obtained compare favorably with available observed climatologies
	related to the various components of the continental surface energy
	and water budgets. Differences are due mostly to a poor simulation
	of the precipitation field. However, some differences suggest specific
	improvements in the surface scheme concerning representation of the
	bare soil albedo, the surface runoff, and the soil moisture initialization.
	As a first step prior to tropical deforestation experiments presented
	in Part II, regional analyses over the Amazon forest indicate that
	the modeled evaporation and net radiation are in good agreement with
	data collected during the Amazon Region Micrometeorological Experiment
	campaign.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {land surface scheme model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {THE LAND-SURFACE SCHEME ISBA WITHIN THE METEO-FRANCE CLIMATE MODEL
	ARPEGE .1. IMPLEMENTATION AND PRELIMINARY-RESULTS},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Mahmood2010,
  author = {Mahmood, Rezaul and Pielke, Roger A. S. R. and Hubbard, Kenneth G.
	and Niyogi, Dev and Bonan, Gordon and Lawrence, Peter and McNider,
	Richard and McAlpine, Clive and Etter, Andres and Gameda, Samuel
	and Qian, Budong and Carleton, Andrew and Beltran-Przekurat, Adriana
	and Chase, Thomas and Quintanar, Arturo I. and Adegoke, Jimmy O.
	and Vezhapparambu, Sajith and Conner, Glen and Asefi, Salvi and Sertel,
	Elif and Legates, David R. and Wu, Yuling and Hale, Robert and Frauenfeld,
	Oliver W. and Watts, Anthony and Shepherd, Marshall and Mitra, Chandana
	and Anantharaj, Valentine G. and Fall, Souleymane and Lund, Robert
	and Treviño, Anna and Blanken, Peter and Du, Jinyang and Chang, Hsin-
	I. and Leeper, Ronnie and Nair, Udaysankar S. and Dobler, Scott and
	Deo, Ravinesh and Syktus, Jozef},
  title = {IMPACTS OF LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE ON CLIMATE AND FUTURE RESEARCH
	PRIORITIES},
  journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {91},
  pages = {37-46},
  number = {1},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {00030007},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {IMPACTS OF LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE ON CLIMATE AND FUTURE RESEARCH
	PRIORITIES},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://ezproxy.library.usyd.edu.au/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/232622986?accountid=14757 http://DD8GH5YX7K.search.serialssolutions.com/?SS_Source=3&genre=article&sid=ProQ:&atitle=IMPACTS+OF+LAND+USE%2FLAND+COVER+CHANGE+ON+CLIMATE+AND+FUTURE+RESEARCH+PRIORITIES&title=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&issn=0003-0007&date=2010-01-01&volume=91&issue=1&spage=37&SS_docid=232622986&author=Mahmood%2C+Rezaul%3BPielke%2C+Roger+A%2C+SR%3BHubbard%2C+Kenneth+G%3BNiyogi%2C+Dev%3BBonan%2C+Gordon%3BLawrence%2C+Peter%3BMcNider%2C+Richard%3BMcAlpine%2C+Clive%3BEtter%2C+Andres%3BGameda%2C+Samuel%3BQian%2C+Budong%3BCarleton%2C+Andrew%3BBeltran-Przekurat%2C+Adriana%3BChase%2C+Thomas%3BQuintanar%2C+Arturo+I%3BAdegoke%2C+Jimmy+O%3BVezhapparambu%2C+Sajith%3BConner%2C+Glen%3BAsefi%2C+Salvi%3BSertel%2C+Elif%3BLegates%2C+David+R%3BWu%2C+Yuling%3BHale%2C+Robert%3BFrauenfeld%2C+Oliver+W%3BWatts%2C+Anthony%3BShepherd%2C+Marshall%3BMitra%2C+Chandana%3BAnantharaj%2C+Valentine+G%3BFall%2C+Souleymane%3BLund%2C+Robert%3BTrevi%C3%B1o%2C+Anna%3BBlanken%2C+Peter%3BDu%2C+Jinyang%3BChang%2C+Hsin-I%3BLeeper%2C+Ronnie%3BNair%2C+Udaysankar+S%3BDobler%2C+Scott%3BDeo%2C+Ravinesh%3BSyktus%2C+Jozef}
}

@ARTICLE{Makarieva2007,
  author = {Makarieva, A. M. and Gorshkov, V. G.},
  title = {Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture as driver of the hydrological
	cycle on land},
  journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {1013-1033},
  number = {2},
  note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 172NW Times Cited: 12 Cited Reference
	Count: 73 Makarieva, A. M. Gorshkov, V. G. European geosciences union
	Katlenburg-lindau},
  abstract = {In this paper the basic geophysical and ecological principles are
	jointly analyzed that allow the landmasses of Earth to remain moistened
	sufficiently for terrestrial life to be possible. 1. Under gravity,
	land inevitably loses water to the ocean. To keep land moistened,
	the gravitational water runoff must be continuously compensated by
	the atmospheric ocean-to-land moisture transport. Using data for
	five terrestrial transects of the International Geosphere Biosphere
	Program we show that the mean distance to which air fluxes can transport
	moisture over non-forested areas, does not exceed several hundred
	kilometers; precipitation decreases exponentially with distance from
	the ocean. 2. In contrast, precipitation over extensive natural forests
	does not depend on the distance from the ocean along several thousand
	kilometers, as illustrated for the Amazon and Yenisey river basins
	and Equatorial Africa. This points to the existence of an active
	biotic pump transporting atmospheric moisture inland from the ocean.
	3. Physical principles of the biotic moisture pump are investigated
	based on the previously unstudied properties of atmospheric water
	vapor, which can be either in or out of acrostatic equilibrium depending
	on the lapse rate of air temperature. A novel physical principle
	is formulated according to which the low-level air moves from areas
	with weak evaporation to areas with more intensive evaporation. Due
	to the high leaf area index, natural forests maintain high evaporation
	fluxes, which support the ascending air motion over the forest and
	"suck in" moist air from the ocean, which is the essence of the biotic
	pump of atmospheric moisture. In the result, the gravitational runoff
	water losses from the optimally moistened forest soil can be fully
	compensated by the biotically enhanced precipitation at any distance
	from the ocean. 4. It is discussed how a continent-scale biotic water
	pump mechanism could be produced by natural selection acting on individual
	trees. 5. Replacement of the natural forest cover by a low leaf index
	vegetation leads to an up to tenfold reduction in the mean continental
	precipitation and runoff, in contrast to the previously available
	estimates made without accounting for the biotic moisture pump. The
	analyzed body of evidence testifies that the long-term stability
	of an intense terrestrial water cycle is unachievable without the
	recovery of natural, self-sustaining forests on continent-wide areas.},
  comment = {makarieva07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1027-5606},
  keywords = {precipitation gradient climate variability seasonal-variations tropical
	forests african savanna rainfall amazon evapotranspiration temperature
	australia},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture as driver of the hydrological
	cycle on land},
  timestamp = {2014.05.05},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000246812000025}
}

@ARTICLE{Makarieva2009,
  author = {Makarieva, Anastassia M. and Gorshkov, Victor G. and Li, Bai-Lian},
  title = {{P}recipitation on land versus distance from the ocean: {E}vidence
	for a forest pump of atmospheric moisture},
  journal = {Ecological Complexity},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {302-307},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1476-945X},
  key = {makarieva09},
  keywords = {Water cycle Hydrology Sustainability Runoff Evaporation Transpiration
	Leaf area index Atmospheric circulation Aridity Water resources Deforestation
	Afforestation},
  shorttitle = {Precipitation on land versus distance from the ocean: Evidence for
	a forest pump of atmospheric moisture},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7CRV-4VBM4DS-1/2/831f86d3e8df5200463b100346e766b1}
}

@ARTICLE{Makarieva2006,
  author = {Makarieva, Anastassia M. and Gorshkov, Victor G. and Li, Bai-Lian},
  title = {{C}onservation of water cycle on land via restoration of natural
	closed-canopy forests: {I}mplications for regional landscape planning},
  journal = {Ecological Research},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {897-906},
  number = {6},
  abstract = {Investigating the role of forests for maintenance of the water cycle
	on land is critically important in the current situation of rapid
	global elimination of the natural vegetation cover. In this paper
	we contribute to the on-going discussion of the issue with two aspects.
	(1) Theoretical consideration of the water cycle on land reveals
	the importance of correct identification of independent and dependent
	terms in the water budget with respect to changing vegetation cover
	for understanding possible scenarios of water cycle change under
	anthropogenic impact. An important controlling influence of the vegetation
	cover is imposed on the outgoing fluxes of atmospheric moisture A(-)
	from land to the ocean, which is maximized in deserts and minimized
	in forested areas, while the dependencies for runoff and precipitation
	are the reverse. (2) Physical mechanisms allowing for efficient water
	retention and minimization of A(-) in forest ecosystems are investigated.
	Atmospheric water vapor is in aerostatic equilibrium when the temperature
	lapse rate is less than G = 1.9 K km(-1) and out of aerostatic equilibrium
	when G > 1.9 K km(-1). In the former case there are no vertical upward
	fluxes of the evaporated water. It is shown that the temperature
	profiles developed under the closed canopies of natural forests keep
	water vapor in aerostatic equilibrium preventing soil moisture loss
	to A(-), in contrast to the situation in open ecosystems like grasslands.
	The analyzed evidence allows one to conclude that an intensive water
	cycle on land can be restored after recovery of natural, self-sustained
	closed canopy ecosystems on continent-wide areas.},
  comment = {makarieva06},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0912-3814},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Conservation of water cycle on land via restoration of natural closed-canopy
	forests: implications for regional landscape planning},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://BIOSIS:PREV200700047836}
}

@ARTICLE{Mao2011,
  author = {Mao, Jiafu and Pitman, AndrewJ and Phipps, StevenJ and Abramowitz,
	Gab and Wang, YingPing},
  title = {Global and regional coupled climate sensitivity to the parameterization
	of rainfall interception},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {171-186},
  number = {1-2},
  month = {2011/07/01},
  abstract = {A coupled land-atmosphere model is used to explore the impact of seven
	commonly used canopy rainfall interception schemes on the simulated
	climate. Multiple 30-year simulations are conducted for each of the
	seven methods and results are analyzed in terms of the mean climatology
	and the probability density functions (PDFs) of key variables based
	on daily data. Results show that the method used for canopy interception
	strongly affects how rainfall is partitioned between canopy evaporation
	and throughfall. However, the impact on total evaporation is much
	smaller, and the impact on rainfall and air temperature is negligible.
	Similarly, the PDFs of canopy evaporation and transpiration for six
	selected regions are strongly affected by the method used for canopy
	interception, but the impact on total evaporation, temperature and
	precipitation is negligible. Our results show that the parameterization
	of rainfall interception is important to the surface hydrometeorology,
	but the seven interception parameterizations examined here do not
	cause a statistically significant impact on the climate of the coupled
	model. We suggest that broad scale climatological differences between
	coupled climate models are not likely the result of how interception
	is parameterized. This conclusion is inconsistent with inferences
	derived from earlier uncoupled simulations, or simulations using
	very simplified climate models.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  shorttitle = {Global and regional coupled climate sensitivity to the parameterization
	of rainfall interception},
  timestamp = {2013.08.20},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0862-7}
}

@ARTICLE{Matthes2012,
  author = {Matthes, Heidrun and Rinke, Annette and Miller, Paul A. and Kuhry,
	Peter and Dethloff, Klaus and Wolf, Annett},
  title = {{S}ensitivity of high-resolution {A}rctic regional climate model
	projections to different implementations of land surface processes},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {111},
  pages = {197-214},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {This paper discusses the effects of vegetation cover and soil parameters
	on the climate change projections of a regional climate model over
	the Arctic domain. Different setups of the land surface model of
	the regional climate model HIRHAM were realized to analyze differences
	in the atmospheric circulation caused by (1) the incorporation of
	freezing/thawing of soil moisture, (2) the consideration of top organic
	soil horizons typical for the Arctic and (3) a vegetation shift due
	to a changing climate. The largest direct thermal effect in 2 m air
	temperature was found for the vegetation shift, which ranged between
	-1.5 K and 3 K. The inclusion of a freeze/thaw scheme for soil moisture
	shows equally large sensitivities in spring over cool areas with
	high soil moisture content. Although the sensitivity signal in 2
	m air temperature for the experiments differs in amplitude, all experiments
	show changes in mean sea level pressure (mslp) and geopotential height
	(z) throughout the troposphere of similar magnitude (mslp: -2 hPa
	to 1.5 hPa, z: -15 gpm to 5 gpm). This points to the importance of
	dynamical feedbacks within the atmosphere-land system. Land and soil
	processes have a distinct remote influence on large scale atmospheric
	circulation patterns in addition to their direct, regional effects.
	The assessment of induced uncertainties due to the changed implementations
	of land surface processes discussed in this study demonstrates the
	need to take all those processes for future Arctic climate projections
	into account, and demonstrates a clear need to include similar implementations
	in regional and global climate models.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0165-0009},
  keywords = {land surface scheme model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Sensitivity of high-resolution Arctic regional climate model projections
	to different implementations of land surface processes},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24},
  url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/876/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10584-011-0138-1.pdf?auth66=1352338114_131fd34110cb973a0f999bf8363d0852&ext=.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Matthews2003,
  author = {Matthews, H. D. and Weaver, A. J. and Eby, M. and Meissner, K. J.},
  title = {{R}adiative forcing of climate by historical land cover change},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {[1] The radiative effect of changing human land-use patterns on the
	climate of the past 300 years is discussed through analysis of a
	series of equilibrium and transient climate simulations using the
	UVic Earth System Climate Model. Land-surface changes are prescribed
	through varying land cover type, representing the replacement of
	natural vegetation by human agricultural systems from 1700 to 1992.
	All land cover simulations show a cooling in the range of 0.09 to
	0.22degreesC with larger regional changes caused by local positive
	feedbacks.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Radiative forcing of climate by historical land cover change},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Matthews2004,
  author = {Matthews, H. D. and Weaver, A. J. and Meissner, K. J. and Gillett,
	N. P. and Eby, M.},
  title = {{N}atural and anthropogenic climate change: {I}ncorporating historical
	land cover change, vegetation dynamics and the global carbon cycle},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {461-479},
  number = {5},
  abstract = {This study explores natural and arthropogenic influences on the climate
	system, with an emphasis on the blogeophysical and biogeochemical
	effects of historical land cover change. The biogeophysical effect
	of land cover change is first subjected to a detailed sensitivity
	analysis in the context of the UVic Earth System Climate Model, a
	global climate model of intermediate complexity. Results show a global
	cooling in the range of -0.06 to -0.22 degreesC, though this effect
	is not. found to be detectable in observed temperature trends. We
	then include the effects of natural forcings (volcanic aerosols,
	solar insolation variability and orbital changes) and other anthropogenic
	forcings (greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols Transient model runs
	from the year 1700 to 2000 are presented for each forcing individually
	as well as for combinations of forcings. We find that the UVic Model
	reproduces well the global temperature data when all forcings are
	included. These transient experiments are repeated using a dynamic
	vegetation model coupled interactively to the UVic Model. We find
	that dynamic vegetation acts as a positive feedback in the climate
	system for both the all-forcings and land cover change only model
	runs. Finally, the biogeochemical effect of land cover change is
	explored using a dynamically coupled inorganic ocean and terrestrial
	carbon cycle model. The carbon emissions from land cover change are
	found to enhance global temperatures by an amount that exceeds the
	biogeophysical cooling. The net effect of historical land cover change
	over this period is to increase global temperature by 0.15 degreesC.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  keywords = {model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Natural and anthropogenic climate change: incorporating historical
	land cover change, vegetation dynamics and the global carbon cycle},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Matyas2010,
  author = {Matyas, C. J. and Carleton, A. M.},
  title = {{S}urface radar-derived convective rainfall associations with {M}idwest
	{US} land surface conditions in summer seasons 1999 and 2000},
  journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {315-330},
  number = {3-4},
  month = {Jan},
  abstract = {Previous research has suggested that spatial heterogeneities in soil
	moisture and/or vegetation cover promote the development of convective
	clouds. We examine the intensity of convective precipitation for
	the Midwest US Corn Belt in the summers of 1999 and 2000, which had
	contrasting synoptic circulation, atmospheric humidity, and soil
	moisture conditions. For days when synoptic scale atmospheric forcing
	is weak, we calculate a convective severity index (CSI) based on
	radar reflectivity composite values. Our results suggest that boundaries
	between soil types, and cropland and forest vegetation types in the
	western portion of the Corn Belt, enhance the development of convective
	precipitation. In the eastern part of the Corn Belt, less convection
	occurs, but we find a positive correlation between the intensity
	of convection and soil moisture conditions. Our results also demonstrate
	that the CSI is a simple yet effective technique for identifying
	where deep convection occurs relative to lighter precipitation.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-798X},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Surface radar-derived convective rainfall associations with Midwest
	US land surface conditions in summer seasons 1999 and 2000},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000272578700006 http://www.springerlink.com/content/wv631t8611r86702/fulltext.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Maxwell2008,
  author = {Maxwell, Reed M and Kollet, Stefan J},
  title = {Interdependence of groundwater dynamics and land-energy feedbacks
	under climate change},
  journal = {Nature Geoscience},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {665-669},
  number = {10},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1752-0894},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Interdependence of groundwater dynamics and land-energy feedbacks
	under climate change},
  timestamp = {2013.07.22}
}

@ARTICLE{Maynard2003,
  author = {Maynard, K. and Polcher, J.},
  title = {{I}mpact of land-surface processes on the interannual variability
	of tropical climate in the {LMD} {GCM}},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {613-633},
  number = {6},
  month = {Apr},
  abstract = {Tropical monsoon circulations exhibit substantial interannual variability.
	Establishing clear links between this variability and the slowly
	varying boundary forcing (sea surface temperatures, SSTs, and land
	surface conditions) has proved difficult. For example, no clear relationships
	have been found between SST anomalies associated with El Nino/La
	Nina events and monsoon rainfall. Despite much research over the
	past 50 years.. there are still questions regarding how different
	components of the land-atmosphere-ocean system contribute to tropical
	monsoon variability. This study examines the question of land-surface-atmosphere
	interactions in large-scale tropical convection and their role in
	rainfall interannual variability. The analysis method is based on
	a conceptual model of convection energetics applied every day of
	the simulation at the grid points within the region of interest.
	This allows for a distinction between the frequency and the characteristic
	energy and water cycle of these events. With two ensembles of five
	and three experiments in which different land-surface schemes are
	used, the relation between land-surface processes and variation of
	the frequency of convection is studied. It has been found in this
	modeling study that the formulation of land surface schemes may be
	important for both the simulation of mean tropical precipitation
	and its interannual variability by way of the frequency of convective
	events. Linked to this is an increased response of hydrological cycle
	over land to SSTAs. Numerous studies have suggested that large-scale
	factors, such as SST, are the dominant control. However the influence
	of surface processes depends on the areal extent and distance that
	separates the region from the ocean. The fact that differences between
	tropical regions decreases as convection intensifies strengthens
	this hypothesis. The conclusion is that it is inappropriate to separate
	the causes of interannual variability between SSTAs and land-surface
	anomalies to explain precipitation variations as land surface processes
	play a significant mediating role in the relationship between SSTs
	and monsoon strength. However there remains the possibility that
	a substantial portion of variability is due to dynamical processes
	internal to the atmosphere. Determining the relative roles of internal
	and lower boundary forcing processes in producing interannual variations
	in the tropical climate is a major objective of future research.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Impact of land-surface processes on the interannual variability of
	tropical climate in the LMD GCM},
  timestamp = {2012.07.09},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000183022400004}
}

@ARTICLE{Maynard2004,
  author = {Maynard, K. and Royer, J. F.},
  title = {{E}ffects of ``realistic" land-cover change on a greenhouse-warmed
	{A}frican climate},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {343-358},
  number = {4},
  month = {Apr},
  abstract = {The primary goal of this investigation is to focus on a "realistic"
	scenario for simulating impacts on regional African climate of future
	deforestation in a greenhouse-warmed world. Combined effects of plausible
	land-cover change and greenhouse warming are assessed by 'time-slice'
	simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM)
	for the middle of the twenty first century. Three "time-slice" integrations
	have been performed with the ARPEGE-Climat AGCM incorporating a zooming
	technique to achieve a resolution of about 100 km over Africa. A
	control run for the current climate is forced by observed climatological
	sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the observed vegetation distribution
	is specified from a new vegetation database, in order to improve
	the geographical distribution and properties of the vegetation cover.
	Future SST changes are derived from a transient coupled atmosphere-ocean
	simulation for scenario B2 of the International Panel on Climate
	Change (IPCC). Future vegetation changes are specified from a simulation
	of scenario B2 with the Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment
	(IMAGE) developed at the National Institute of Public Health and
	the Environment in the Netherlands (RIVM). The results show that
	land surface processes can locally modulate greenhouse warming effects
	for African climate, with reductions of surface transpiration and
	small increases of surface temperature. Deforestation of tropical
	Africa has overall only a marginal effect on precipitation because
	of a compensatory increase in moisture convergence. Energy budget
	analyses show that increases in surface temperature are produced
	both by increases of greenhouse gases (GHG) concentration from the
	increase in downward atmospheric longwave radiation, and by African
	tropical deforestation from the resulting reduction in transpiration.
	This study indicates that realistic land-use changes, though of smaller
	amplitude than greenhouse gas forcing, may have a small regional
	effect in projections of future climate.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Effects of "realistic" land-cover change on a greenhouse-warmed African
	climate},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000220564800002}
}

@ARTICLE{McAlpine2007,
  author = {McAlpine, C. A. and Syktus, J. and Deo, R. C. and Lawrence, P. J.
	and McGowan, H. A. and Watterson, I. G. and Phinn, S. R.},
  title = {{M}odeling the impact of historical land cover change on {A}ustralia's
	regional climate},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {34},
  number = {22},
  month = {Nov},
  abstract = { [1] The Australian landscape has been transformed extensively since
	European settlement. However, the potential impact of historical
	land cover change ( LCC) on regional climate has been a secondary
	consideration in the climate change projections. In this study, we
	analyzed data from a pair of ensembles ( 10 members each) for the
	period 1951 - 2003 to quantify changes in regional climate by comparing
	results from pre- European and modern- day land cover characteristics.
	The results of the sensitivity simulations showed the following:
	a statistically significant warming of the surface temperature, especially
	for summer in eastern Australia ( 0.4 - 2 degrees C) and southwest
	Western Australia ( 0.4 - 0.8 degrees C); a statistically significant
	decrease in summer rainfall in southeast Australia; and increased
	surface temperature in eastern regions during the 2002/ 2003 El Nino
	drought event. The simulated magnitude and pattern of change indicates
	that LCC has potentially been an important contributing factor to
	the observed changes in regional climate of Australia.},
  comment = {mcalpine07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {CIRCULATION SYSTEM},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Modeling the impact of historical land cover change on Australia's
	regional climate},
  timestamp = {2012.06.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000251345100005}
}

@ARTICLE{McGuffie1995,
  author = {McGuffie, K. and Henderson-Sellers, A. and Zhang, H. and Durbridge,
	T. B. and Pitman, A. J.},
  title = {{Global} {climate} {sensitivity} {to} {tropical} {deforestation}},
  journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {97-128},
  number = {1-4},
  abstract = {Regional to global-scale climate sensitivity to tropical deforestation
	is simulated using a modified version of the NCAR Community Climate
	Model (CCM1-Oz) which includes a mixed-layer ocean model, a 3-layer
	sea-ice model and BATS (the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme).
	A fourteen-year control integration is followed by a six year deforestation
	experiment in which the tropical moist forest throughout the Amazon
	Basin, S.E. Asia and tropical Africa is replaced by scrub grassland.
	The three deforested regions sustain different impacts on their regional
	climates. The largest disturbances occur in the Amazon Basin where
	total precipitation decreases by -437 mm yr(-1), evaporation decreases
	by -231 mm yr(-1) and a marked decrease in moisture convergence is
	clear, although the surface temperature increases by 0.3 K. In S.E.
	Asia, surface temperature decreases in 11 months with an annual average
	cooling of -0.7 K; total evaporation decreases all the year by 130
	mm yr(-1); while the sign of the precipitation changes is strongly
	seasonal. The African region is least affected by deforestation,
	although surface net radiation decreases year-round and there is
	a detectable decrease in moisture convergence in the dry season.
	Regional responses to deforestation differ because regional circulation
	patterns are affected differently. For example, while ground surface
	temperatures increase in the southern Amazon and over this basin
	as a whole, the northern Amazon, S.E. Asia and Africa all exhibit
	decreases in ground surface temperatures. The modification of atmospheric
	circulation patterns over deforested tropical regions prompts climate
	responses distant from the disturbance. Impacts of tropical deforestation
	include a disturbance of the Asian monsoon and small but statistically
	significant changes in climate in the middle and high latitudes.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0921-8181},
  keywords = {Amazon Basin Deforestation evaporation model NCAR community climate
	model coupled biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme precipitation
	S.E. asia South America Temperature tropical Tropical Africa},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {GLOBAL CLIMATE SENSITIVITY TO TROPICAL DEFORESTATION},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{McKnight1969,
  author = {McKnight, Tom L.},
  title = {{B}arrier {F}encing for {V}ermin {C}ontrol in {A}ustralia},
  journal = {Geographical Review},
  year = {1969},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {330-347},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {In Australia many animals are classed as vermin because of their deleterious
	effects on livestock or crops. A major method used to limit agricultural
	damage is the erection of fences to exclude vermin from areas of
	pastoral or crop production. Such exclusion fencing has been important
	in Australia since the beginning of the rabbit menace in the mid-nineteenth
	century. A special kind of exclusion fence is the continuous barrier
	fence, which is designed to bar one or more species from a large
	area. More than 6500 miles of barrier fencing are currently maintained
	in Australia. They were originally planned to stem the spread of
	rabbits, but now are useful primarily to exclude dingoes, kangaroos,
	and emus. This method of vermin control is almost exclusively Australian
	and has a number of shortcomings, but under certain circumstances
	it has been peculiarly effective and will undoubtedly continue to
	be a notable element in the Australian rural scene.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {00167428},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Geographical Society},
  shorttitle = {Barrier Fencing for Vermin Control in Australia},
  timestamp = {2011.12.06},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/213480}
}

@ARTICLE{Medvigy2011,
  author = {Medvigy, David and Walko, Robert L. and Avissar, Roni},
  title = {{E}ffects of Deforestation on Spatiotemporal Distributions of Precipitation
	in {S}outh {A}merica},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {2147-2163},
  number = {8},
  abstract = {This study investigates how future deforestation in the Amazon may
	alter precipitation statistics in South America using a variable-resolution
	GCM. The model's grid mesh is set up to cover South America and nearby
	oceans at mesoscale (25 km) resolution, and then to gradually coarsen
	and cover the rest of the world at 200-km resolution. Because of
	the computational efficiency of this approach, it was possible to
	carry out the first decadal-scale simulations of Amazon deforestation
	at mesoscale resolution. Unlike traditional mesoscale models, this
	approach does not require lateral boundary conditions. The results
	indicate that deforestation reduces simulated precipitation in the
	Amazon, but this reduction is much smaller than that seen in most
	previous GCM studies. Furthermore, a subcontinental redistribution
	of precipitation is found whereby the northwest Amazon becomes drier
	and the southeast Amazon becomes wetter. During most of the year,
	these changes are driven by changes in the mean intensity of precipitation
	events; however, in September November, changes in precipitation
	frequency are also important. Large changes in June August hydroclimate
	were also found, with extreme cold events becoming more common. These
	changes have consequences for agriculture, natural ecosystems, and
	surface hydrology.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {Amazon Deforestation model precipitation South America variable resolution
	GCM},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Effects of Deforestation on Spatiotemporal Distributions of Precipitation
	in South America},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Mei2010,
  author = {Mei, R. and Wang, G. L.},
  title = {{R}ain follows logging in the {A}mazon? {R}esults from {CAM}3-{CLM}3},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {983-996},
  number = {7-8},
  month = {Jun},
  abstract = {The impact of logging on precipitation in the Amazon region is investigated
	based on numerical experiments using the community atmosphere model
	version 3 coupled with the community land surface model version 3
	(CAM3-CLM3). Three different representations of logging are examined,
	ranging from selective logging, to partial deforestation, to clear
	cut. Precipitation increases in response to modest selective logging,
	and decreases as the severity of logging progresses to partial deforestation
	and clear cut. Further experiments indicate that the increase of
	precipitation is mostly due to the decrease of surface albedo following
	selective logging, resulting from a low contrast between bare soil
	albedo and vegetation optical properties (i.e., leaf reflectance)
	in CLM3. This study demonstrates the complexity of representing land
	cover changes in climate models, and underlines the importance of
	accuracy in albedo measurement from satellite remote sensing.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Rain follows logging in the Amazon? Results from CAM3-CLM3},
  timestamp = {2012.07.09},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000278088400005}
}

@ARTICLE{Mendez-Barroso2010,
  author = {Mendez-Barroso, L. A. and Vivoni, E. R.},
  title = {{O}bserved shifts in land surface conditions during the {N}orth {A}merican
	{M}onsoon: {I}mplications for a vegetation-rainfall feedback mechanism},
  journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {74},
  pages = {549-555},
  number = {5},
  month = {May},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0140-1963},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Observed shifts in land surface conditions during the North American
	Monsoon: Implications for a vegetation-rainfall feedback mechanism},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000276275500004}
}

@ARTICLE{Meneghini2007,
  author = {Meneghini, Belinda and Simmonds, Ian and Smith, Ian N.},
  title = {{A}ssociation between {A}ustralian rainfall and the {S}outhern {A}nnular
	{M}ode},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {109-121},
  number = {1},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1097-0088},
  keywords = {Southern Annular Mode Australian rainfall El Niño-Southern Oscillation
	climate Antarctic Oscillation Index Southern Hemisphere variability
	southwest Western Australian rainfall climate change},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Association between Australian rainfall and the Southern Annular Mode},
  timestamp = {2012.02.08},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1370}
}

@ARTICLE{Meng2010,
  author = {Meng, Lei and Quiring, Steven M.},
  title = {{O}bservational relationship of sea surface temperatures and precedent
	soil moisture with summer precipitation in the {U}.{S}. {G}reat {P}lains},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {884-893},
  number = {6},
  abstract = {In this study, the relationship between precedent soil moisture anomalies
	and summer precipitation in the U.S. Great Plains was examined using
	Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC)-simulated soil moisture and
	the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The influence of NiÃ±o
	sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on summer precipitation was also
	investigated to compare their relative contributions to those from
	local moisture recycling. Results indicate that spring (May 1st)
	soil moisture is significantly correlated with summer SPI only during
	periods when NiÃ±o SSTs are not strongly correlated with summer SPI
	(e.g. 1920sâ€“1930s). During periods when NiÃ±o SSTs are strongly
	correlated with summer SPI (e.g. 1940sâ€“1980s), spring soil moisture
	is not a good predictor of summer precipitation in the U.S. Great
	Plains. The periods of strong correlation between NiÃ±o SSTs and
	summer precipitation are associated with strong SST persistence.
	Results also indicate that the impact of soil moisture anomalies
	and SST on summer precipitation varies greatly in space and time.
	Positive soil moistureâ€“precipitation correlations are generally
	associated with high soil moisture persistence and negative soil
	moistureâ€“precipitation correlations are linked to low soil moisture
	persistence. In addition, high SST persistence tends to favour (inhibit)
	negative (positive) soil moistureâ€“precipitation correlations. This
	study suggests that both local soil moisture and remote SST anomalies
	influence summer precipitation in the U.S. Great Plains. The soil
	moisture anomalies are of greatest importance during years when NiÃ±o
	SST persistence is low. Copyright Â© 2009 Royal Meteorological Society},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1097-0088},
  keywords = {soil moisture standardized precipitation index summer precipitation
	variable infiltration capacity},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  shorttitle = {Observational relationship of sea surface temperatures and precedent
	soil moisture with summer precipitation in the U.S. Great Plains},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1941}
}

@ARTICLE{Merlin2008,
  author = {Merlin, Olivier and Walker, Jeffrey P. and Kalma, Jetse D. and Kim,
	Edward J. and Hacker, Jorg and Panciera, Rocco and Young, Rodger
	and Summerell, Gregory and Hornbuckle, John and Hafeez, Mohsin and
	Jackson, Thomas},
  title = {{T}he {NAFE}'06 data set: {T}owards soil moisture retrieval at intermediate
	resolution},
  journal = {Advances in Water Resources},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {1444-1455},
  number = {11},
  abstract = {The National Airborne Field Experiment 2006 (NAFEâ€™06) was conducted
	during a three week period of November 2006 in the Murrumbidgee River
	catchment, located in southeastern Australia. One objective of NAFEâ€™06
	was to explore the suitability of the area for SMOS (Soil Moisture
	and Ocean Salinity) calibration/validation and develop downscaling
	and assimilation techniques for when SMOS does come on line. Airborne
	L-band brightness temperature was mapped at 1 km resolution
	11 times (every 1â€“3 days) over a 40 by 55 km area in the Yanco
	region and 3 times over a 40 by 50 km area that includes Kyeamba
	Creek catchment. Moreover, multi-resolution, multi-angle and multi-spectral
	airborne data including surface temperature, surface reflectance
	(green, read and near infrared), lidar data and aerial photos were
	acquired over selected areas to develop downscaling algorithms and
	test multi-angle and multi-spectral retrieval approaches. The near-surface
	soil moisture was measured extensively on the ground in eight sampling
	areas concurrently with aircraft flights, and the soil moisture profile
	was continuously monitored at 41 sites. Preliminary analyses indicate
	that (i) the uncertainty of a single ground measurement was typically
	less than 5% vol. (ii) the spatial variability of ground measurements
	at 1 km resolution was up to 10% vol. and (iii) the validation
	of 1 km resolution L-band data is facilitated by selecting pixels
	with a spatial soil moisture variability lower than the point-scale
	uncertainty. The sensitivity of passive microwave and thermal data
	is also compared at 1 km resolution to illustrate the multi-spectral
	synergy for soil moisture monitoring at improved accuracy and resolution.
	The data described in this paper are available at www.nafe.unimelb.edu.au.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0309-1708},
  keywords = {Soil moisture Airborne experiment L-band radiometry Multi-spectral
	Synergy Calibration/validation Downscaling Assimilation},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The NAFEâ€™06 data set: Towards soil moisture retrieval at intermediate
	resolution},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0309170808000225}
}

@ARTICLE{Mitchell2009,
  author = {Mitchell, Patrick J. and Veneklaas, Erik and Lambers, Hans and Burgess,
	Stephen S. O.},
  title = {Partitioning of evapotranspiration in a semi-arid eucalypt woodland
	in south-western {A}ustralia},
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {149},
  pages = {25-37},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {In semi-arid ecosystems, evapotranspiration (Et) generally represents
	the greatest flux of water out of an ecosystem and is sensitive to
	changes in vegetation cover. In southern Australia, removal of native,
	deep-rooted perennials to make way for annual crops and pastures
	with shallower roots and less annual transpiration has led to rising,
	saline groundwater. Steps to redress this hydrological imbalance
	require knowledge of the ecohydrology of native systems such as eucalypt
	woodlands, which grow on deeper soils low in the landscape, and,
	unlike annual crops, sustain growth and water use during summer months.
	We assessed the partitioning of Et in a common woodland type in south-western
	Australia (Eucalyptus capillosa subsp. capillosa Brooker and Hopper)
	and the response of tree transpiration (Esap) to both atmospheric
	and soil water conditions. Overall, the total woodland evapotranspiration
	(Etotal) exceeded present-year rainfall (359 mm vs. 265 mm) but was
	equal to average rainfall of the preceding 10 years, suggesting long-term
	balance in water supply and Etotal in this system. The contribution
	of Esap to Etotal was surprisingly small (53 and 22% of Etotal in
	summer and winter, respectively) while woodland floor evapotranspiration
	(Efloor) contributed 38 and 64% during the same periods. Rates of
	Esap increased in response to summer rainfall, due primarily to reduced
	sensitivity in summer to vapour pressure deficit when soil water
	potentials increased. Additionally, night-time tree transpiration
	contributed appreciably to the overall water budget (2-8% of seasonal
	Etotal), being similar in magnitude to interception losses, and therefore
	should be included in water budgets. Partitioning of Etotal in this
	woodland type also demonstrated that trees provide a more stable
	water flux out of the system than Efloor, most likely because they
	access soil water from a large volume of soil.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  keywords = {Ecohydrology Semi-arid ecosystems Woodlands Evapotranspiration Sap
	flow Night-time transpiration Canopy interception},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Partitioning of evapotranspiration in a semi-arid eucalypt woodland
	in south-western Australia},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8W-4TCGKWV-1/2/6339bf0da28b2c8e6ea4c3ab5666d03a}
}

@ARTICLE{Mohammad2010,
  author = {Mohammad, A. G. and Adam, M. A.},
  title = {{T}he impact of vegetative cover type on runoff and soil erosion
	under different land uses},
  journal = {Catena},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {97-103},
  number = {2},
  month = {May 15},
  abstract = {The effects of different vegetation types on runoff generation and
	soil erosion were investigated. The study was conducted at the Southern
	part of West Bank, about 10 Km north-west of Hebron city, during
	2005, 2006 and 2007. Five treatments were implemented; forests planted
	with P. halepensis (F), natural vegetation dominated by S. spinosum
	(W.S), natural vegetation where S. spinosum was removed (W/o.S),
	cultivated land (C), and deforestation (Of). Three types of data
	were estimated in each plot: runoff after each rainfall event, sedimentation
	at the end of the rainy season, and chemical and physical soil properties.
	The obtained results indicate that there are significant and important
	differences in runoff generation and sediment production with respect
	to the different types of vegetative cover. Forest and natural vegetation
	dominated by S. spinosum treatments exhibited the lowest amounts
	of runoff, with averages of 2.02 and 1.08 mm, respectively, in comparison
	to other treatments. The removal of S. spinosum significantly increased
	the total amount of runoff and sedimentation compared to the forest
	and S. spinosum treatments. In addition, runoff significantly increased
	(4.03 mm) for the Df treatment compared to that of the forest site.
	The greatest amount of sedimentation was observed in cultivated land
	and with deforestation. The forest and S. spinosum treatments exhibited
	the highest percentages of organic matter of the five investigated
	treatments. The results indicate that forests and natural vegetation
	dominated by S. spinosum prevent or decrease the risk of runoff and
	soil erosion. In conclusion, the removal of S. spinosum and forest
	trees as a means to improve rangeland productivity increases runoff
	and sediment fluxes if not accompanied by careful grazing management.
	In addition, interchangeably using arid and semi-arid lands as rangeland
	and for cultivation may have significant negative impacts on the
	production potential of these lands. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights
	reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0341-8162},
  keywords = {runoff soil erosion vegetative cover land use forest s. spinosum mediterranean
	climate surface runoff rangelands catchment landscape areas spain
	slope},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The impact of vegetative cover type on runoff and soil erosion under
	different land uses},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000277863500002}
}

@ARTICLE{Molen2006,
  author = {van der Molen, M. K. and Dolman, A. J. and Waterloo, M. J. and Bruijnzeel,
	L. A.},
  title = {{C}limate is affected more by maritime than by continental land use
	change: {A} multiple scale analysis},
  journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {128-149},
  number = {1-2},
  month = {Nov},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0921-8181},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Climate is affected more by maritime than by continental land use
	change: A multiple scale analysis},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000242539300009}
}

@ARTICLE{Molen2011,
  author = {van der Molen, M. K. and van den Hurk, B. J. J. M. and Hazeleger,
	W.},
  title = {{A} dampened land use change climate response towards the tropics},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {2035-2043},
  number = {9-10},
  abstract = {In climate simulations we find a pronounced meridional (equator to
	pole) gradient of climate response to land cover change. Climate
	response approaches zero in the tropics, and increases towards the
	poles. The meridional gradient in climate response to land cover
	change results from damping feedbacks in the tropics, rather than
	from polar amplification. The main cause for the damping in the tropics
	is the decrease in cloud cover after deforestation, resulting in
	increased incoming radiation at the surface and a lower planetary
	albedo, both counteracting the increase in surface albedo with deforestation.
	In our simulations, deforestation was also associated with a decrease
	in sensible heat flux but not a clear signal in evaporation. Meridional
	differences in climate response have implications for attribution
	of observed climate change, as well as for climate change mitigation
	strategies.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  keywords = {albedo Cloud Deforestation model Tropics},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A dampened land use change climate response towards the tropics},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30}
}

@ARTICLE{Molina2012,
  author = {Molina, Armando and Vanacker, Veerle and Balthazar, Vincent and Mora,
	Diego and Govers, Gerard},
  title = {{C}omplex land cover change, water and sediment yield in a degraded
	{A}ndean environment},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {472-473},
  pages = {25-35},
  number = {0},
  abstract = {Summary Rapid land use/-cover change has increasingly transformed
	the hydrological functioning of tropical Andean ecosystems. The hydrological
	response to forest cover change strongly depends on the initial state
	of the ecosystem. Relatively little is known about human-disturbed
	ecosystems where forest plantations have been established on highly
	degraded land. In this paper, we analyze the impact of forest change
	on water and sediment fluxes for a highly degraded Andean catchment.
	Different pathways of land cover change (1963-2007) are observed
	in the Jadan catchment, with deforestation taking place in remote
	uplands and recovery and reforestation in the middle and lower parts
	where agricultural and bare lands are prevalent. Time series analyses
	of streamflow and rainfall data (1979/1982-2005/2007) show significant
	shifts in the distribution of rainfall and flow data. Changes in
	discharge are not resulting from changes in precipitation, as the
	direction of change is opposite. The removal of native forest for
	rangeland or croplands (by −20 km2) is likely to have contributed
	to the increase in total annual water yield, through an increase
	in annual baseflow by 25 mm. The observed changes in peakflow are
	important as the 1st percentile highest flow rates were 54% lower,
	while the 1st percentile rainfall amounts increased by 52%. The observed
	decrease in peakflow cannot be explained by clearcut of native forest,
	but is likely to be related to reforestation of degraded lands as
	well as spontaneous recovery of vegetation on remaining grazing lands.
	Over the same time period, a major decrease in specific sediment
	yields and suspended sediment loads was observed. Although deforestation
	in the upper parts led to increased landslide activity, this change
	is not reflected in an increased sediment yield. Small upland rivers
	are often nearly completely blocked by landslide material, thereby
	reducing their potential to transport sediment. In contrast, the
	reduction in estimated erosion is likely to be caused by the reduction
	of the degraded areas in areal extent as well as to the (partial)
	recovery of the vegetation in these areas.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  keywords = {Andes Land degradation Deforestation Exotic forest plantations Hydrology
	Water yield},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Complex land cover change, water and sediment yield in a degraded
	Andean environment},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169412007627}
}

@ARTICLE{Morin2011,
  author = {Morin, Efrat},
  title = {{T}o know what we cannot know: {G}lobal mapping of minimal detectable
	absolute trends in annual precipitation},
  journal = {Water Resour. Res.},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {W07505},
  number = {7},
  abstract = {Fresh water resources, human societies, and ecosystems are expected
	to be strongly impacted by climate change, with precipitation trends
	being one of the most important elements that will be closely monitored.
	However, the natural variability of precipitation data can often
	mask existing trends such that the results appear as statistically
	insignificant. Information on the limitations of trend detection
	is important for risk assessment and for decision making related
	to adaption strategies under inherent uncertainties. This paper reports
	on an effort to quantify and map minimal detectable absolute trends
	in annual precipitation data series on a global scale. Monte Carlo
	simulations were conducted to generate realizations of trended precipitation
	data for different precipitation means and coefficients of variance,
	and the Mann–Kendall method was applied for detecting the trend
	significance. Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) VASClimO
	data was used to compute the mean and coefficient of variance of
	annual precipitation over land and to map minimal detectable absolute
	trends. It was found that relatively high magnitude trends (positive
	or negative) have a low chance of being detected as a result of high
	natural variance of the precipitation data. The largest undetectable
	trends were found for the tropics. Arid and semiarid regions also
	present high relative values in terms of percent change from the
	mean annual precipitation. Although the present analysis is based
	on several simplified assumptions, the goal was to point out an inherent
	problem of potentially undetectable high absolute trends that must
	be considered in analyzing precipitation data series and assessing
	risks in adaption strategies to climate change.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0043-1397},
  keywords = {climate change global mapping Mann&#8211 Kendall method precipitation
	trends risk assessment type II error 1616 Global Change: Climate
	variability (1635, 3305, 3309, 4215, 4513) 1630 Global Change: Impacts
	of global change (1225, 4321) 1854 Hydrology: Precipitation (3354)},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {To know what we cannot know: Global mapping of minimal detectable
	absolute trends in annual precipitation},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009798}
}

@ARTICLE{Murphy2008,
  author = {Murphy, Bradley F. and Timbal, Bertrand},
  title = {{A} review of recent climate variability and climate change in southeastern
	{A}ustralia},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {859-879},
  number = {7},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1097-0088},
  keywords = {Australian climate climate change drought ENSO rainfall variability},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {A review of recent climate variability and climate change in southeastern
	Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.01.06},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1627}
}

@MISC{MDB2008,
  author = {{Murray-Darling Basin Authority}},
  title = {About the {B}asin},
  year = {2008},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://www.mdba.gov.au/explore-the-basin/about-the-basin},
	viewed on 25/12/2012},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Music2009,
  author = {Music, Biljana and Caya, Daniel},
  title = {{I}nvestigation of the Sensitivity of Water Cycle Components Simulated
	by the {C}anadian Regional Climate Model to the Land Surface Parameterization,
	the Lateral Boundary Data, and the Internal Variability},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {3-21},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {This study investigates the sensitivity of components of the hydrological
	cycle simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) to
	lateral boundary forcing, the complexity of the land surface scheme
	(LSS), and the internal variability arising from different models'
	initial conditions. This evaluation is a contribution to the estimation
	of the uncertainty associated to regional climate model (RCM) simulations.
	The analysis was carried out over the period 1961-99 for three North
	American watersheds, and it looked at climatological seasonal means,
	mean (climatological) annual cycles, and interanual variability.
	The three watersheds - the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence, and the
	Mackenzie River basins - were selected to cover a large range of
	climate conditions. An evaluation of simulated water budget components
	with available observations was also included in the analysis. Results
	indicated that the response of climatological means and annual cycles
	of water budget components to land surface parameterizations and
	lateral boundary conditions varied from basin to basin. Sensitivity
	to lateral boundary conditions is, in general, smaller than sensitivity
	to LSS and tends to be stronger for the northern basins (Mackenzie
	and St. Lawrence). Interannual variability was unaffected by changes
	in LSS and in driving data. Internal variability triggered by different
	initial conditions and the nonlinear nature of the climate model
	did not significantly affect either the 39-yr climatology, the climatological
	annual cycles, or the interannual variability. A comparison with
	observations suggests that although the simple Manabe-based LSS may
	be adequate for simulations of climatological means, skillful simulation
	of annual cycles require the use of a state-of-the-art LSS.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1525-755X},
  keywords = {land surface scheme model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Investigation of the Sensitivity of Water Cycle Components Simulated
	by the Canadian Regional Climate Model to the Land Surface Parameterization,
	the Lateral Boundary Data, and the Internal Variability},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Nair2011,
  author = {Nair, U. S. and Wu, Y. and Kala, J. and Lyons, T. J. and
	Pielke, R. A., Sr. and Hacker, J. M.},
  title = {{T}he role of land use change on the development and evolution of
	the west coast trough, convective clouds, and precipitation in southwest
	{A}ustralia},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {116},
  pages = {D07103},
  number = {D7},
  abstract = {Land clearing for agricultural purposes in southwest Australia has
	created a landscape where a 750 km rabbit-proof fence separates 13
	million hectares of croplands from the remnant native vegetation
	to the east. The Bunny Fence Experiment (BuFex) was conducted in
	the vicinity of the intended vermin-proof boundary in December 2005
	and August 2007. The experiment examined the role of land cover change
	(LCC) on the preferential formation of clouds over the native vegetation
	that often terminates along the vermin-proof fence as well as the
	regional rainfall reduction observed in this region. Observations
	and numerical model analysis show that the formation and development
	of the west coast trough (WCT), which is a synoptic-scale feature
	that initiates spring and summertime convection, is impacted by land
	cover change and that the cloud fields induced by the WCT would extend
	farther west in the absence of the LCC. The surface convergence patterns
	associated with the wintertime WCT circulation are substantially
	altered by LCC, due to changes in both WCT dynamics and surface aerodynamic
	roughness, leading to a rainfall decrease to the west of the rabbit
	fence. Although this study focuses on only two events, it further
	illustrates that LCC has significant regional impacts in southwest
	Western Australia regardless of large-scale shifts in the climate
	system.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {AGU},
  shorttitle = {The role of land use change on the development and evolution of the
	west coast trough, convective clouds, and precipitation in southwest
	Australia},
  timestamp = {2011.12.06},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014950}
}

@ARTICLE{Narisma2007,
  author = {Narisma, G.T. and Foley, J.A. and Licker, R. and Ramankutty, N.},
  title = {Abrupt changes in rainfall during the twentieth century},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {L06710},
  number = {6},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Abrupt changes in rainfall during the twentieth century},
  timestamp = {2013.08.05}
}

@ARTICLE{Narisma2006,
  author = {Narisma, G. T. and Pitman, A. J.},
  title = {{E}xploring the sensitivity of the {A}ustralian climate to regional
	land-cover-change scenarios under increasing {CO}2 concentrations
	and warmer},
  journal = {Earth Interactions},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {10},
  abstract = {The potential role of the impacts of land-cover changes (LCCs) in
	the Australian climate is investigated within the context of increasing
	CO2 concentrations and temperature. Specifically, it is explored
	if possible scenarios for LCC can moderate or amplify CO2-induced
	changes in climate over Australia. The January climate of Australia
	is simulated under three different land-cover-change scenarios using
	a high-resolution regional climate model. The land-cover-change scenarios
	include a steady-state land cover that is equivalent to current land
	cover, a low-reforestation scenario that recovers approximately 25%
	of the trees replaced by grasslands within the last 200 yr, and a
	high-reforestation scenario that recovers at least 75% of the deforested
	regions. The model was driven by boundary conditions taken from transitory
	climate simulations from a general circulation model that included
	two climate scenarios based on two projected scenarios of CO2 concentration
	increase. The results show that reforestation has the potential to
	reduce the projected increase in Australian temperatures in 2050
	and 2100 by as much as 40% and 20%, respectively. This cooling effect,
	however, is highly localized and occurs only in regions of reforestation.
	The results therefore hint that the potential of reforestation to
	moderate the impact of global warming may be significantly limited
	by the spatial scale of reforestation. In terms of deforestation,
	results show that any future land clearing can exacerbate the projected
	warming in certain regions of Australia. Carbon-related variables
	are also analyzed and results show that changes in net CO2 flux may
	be influenced more by soil respiration than by photosynthesis. The
	results herein encourage studies on the inclusion of land-cover-change
	scenarios in future climate change projection simulations of the
	Australian climate.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1087-3562},
  keywords = {Australia CO2 january model Reforestation Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Exploring the sensitivity of the Australian climate to regional land-cover-change
	scenarios under increasing CO2 concentrations and warmer},
  timestamp = {2012.11.30}
}

@ARTICLE{Narisma2003,
  author = {Narisma, G. T. and Pitman, A. J.},
  title = {{T}he impact of 200 years of land cover change on the {A}ustralian
	near-surface climate},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {424-436},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {The effect of land cover change on the Australian regional-scale climate
	is investigated using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National
	Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5).
	Four ensemble simulations are performed consisting of January and
	July experiments for eight different years with a 50-km grid spacing
	using natural ( 1788) and current (1988) vegetation cover. The statistical
	significance of changes that occurred following the replacement of
	natural vegetation with current vegetation on air temperature, rainfall,
	latent heat flux, and other related quantities is explored. Results
	show that the impact of land cover change on local air temperature
	is statistically significant at a 99% confidence level. Furthermore,
	there are indications that the observed increase in local maximum
	air temperatures in certain regions of Australia can be partially
	attributed to land cover change. The results are evidence of statistically
	significant changes in rainfall, and the sign of these changes over
	Western Australia in July, and the lack of any simulated changes
	in January, agree with observations. These results provide further
	evidence of large-scale reductions in rainfall following land cover
	change. Changes in wind speed are also simulated and are consistent
	with those expected following land cover change. The results indicate
	that attempts to identify greenhouse-related warming in Australian
	air temperature records should account for the effects of both land
	cover change and increasing CO2 concentrations since both types of
	anthropogenic forcing exist in long-term observational records. Since
	further land cover change will occur in the future, directly via
	human impact and indirectly via CO2 fertilization, the results support
	efforts to include land surface schemes that allow the vegetation
	to interact with changes in climate in climate models.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1525-755X},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The impact of 200 years of land cover change on the Australian near-surface
	climate},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@MISC{nasa2013,
  author = {{NASA}},
  title = {Clouds \& {R}adiation},
  year = {2013},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Clouds/},
	viewed on 23/01/2013},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Negri2004,
  author = {Negri, A. J. and Adler, R. F. and Xu, L. M. and Surratt, J.},
  title = {{T}he impact of {A}mazonian deforestation on dry season rainfall},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {1306-1319},
  number = {6},
  month = {Mar},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {The impact of Amazonian deforestation on dry season rainfall},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
 }

@ARTICLE{Nicholls2006,
  author = {Nicholls, N.},
  title = {{D}etecting and attributing {A}ustralian climate change: {A} review},
  journal = {Australian Meteorological Magazine},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {199-211},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0004-9743},
  owner = {clia8074},
  publisher = {Bureau of Meteorology.},
  shorttitle = {Detecting and attributing Australian climate change: a review},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Nicholls2004,
  author = {Nicholls, Neville},
  title = {The Changing Nature of Australian Droughts},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {323-336},
  number = {3},
  month = {2004/04/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0165-0009},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  shorttitle = {The Changing Nature of Australian Droughts},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B%3ACLIM.0000018515.46344.6d}
}

@TECHREPORT{Nichols2011,
  author = {Nichols, S. and Webb, A. and Norris, R. and Stewardson, M.},
  title = {{E}co Evidence analysis methods manual: {A} systematic approach to
	evaluate causality in environmental science},
  institution = {eWater Cooperative Research Centre},
  year = {2011},
  address = {Canberra},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Eco Evidence analysis methods manual: a systematic approach to evaluate
	causality in environmental science},
  timestamp = {2011.12.21}
}

@ARTICLE{Nightingale2009,
  author = {Nightingale, Alison},
  title = {{A} guide to systematic literature reviews},
  journal = {Surgery (Oxford)},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {381-384},
  number = {9},
  abstract = {Each year millions of papers are published reporting the results of
	medical research, making it virtually impossible for clinicians to
	keep up to date with the latest developments. However, it is important
	that clinical practice is based on the best available evidence and
	that effective treatments should be introduced as quickly as possible
	for the benefit of patients. Systematic reviews are different from
	traditional literature reviews because they aim to identify all studies
	(published and unpublished) that address a specific question and
	their methodology has been developed to minimize the effect of selection,
	publication and data extraction bias. In this guide to systematic
	literature reviews, the methods of conducting systematic reviews
	are discussed in relation to minimizing bias, searching the literature
	and investigating heterogeneity.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0263-9319},
  keywords = {evidence-based medicine evidence-based practice meta-analysis systematic
	literature reviews},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A guide to systematic literature reviews},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263931909001707}
}

@ARTICLE{Nijnik2009,
  author = {Nijnik, M. and Pajot, G. and Moffat, A. and Slee, B.},
  title = {{E}xploring opportunities of {B}ritish forests to mitigate climate
	change},
  journal = {Proceedings of the European Association of Environmental and Resource
	Economists},
  year = {2009},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Exploring opportunities of British forests to mitigate climate change},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07}
}

@ARTICLE{Nobre1991,
  author = {Nobre, C. A. and Sellers, P. J. and Shukla, J.},
  title = {AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION AND REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {957-988},
  number = {10},
  abstract = {Large-scale conversion of tropical forests into pastures or annual
	crops could lead to changes in the climate. We have used a coupled
	numerical model of the global atmosphere and biosphere (Center for
	Ocean-Land-Atmosphere GCM) to assess the effects of Amazonian deforestation
	on the regional and global climate. We found that when the Amazonian
	tropical forests were replaced by degraded grass (pasture) in the
	model, there was a significant increase in the mean surface temperature
	(about 2.5-degrees-C) and a decrease in the annual evapotranspiration
	(30% reduction), precipitation (25% reduction), and runoff (20% reduction)
	in the region. The differences between the two simulations were greatest
	during the dry season. The deforested case was associated with larger
	diurnal fluctuations of surface temperature and vapor pressure deficit;
	such effects have been observed in existing deforested areas in Amazonia.
	The calculated reduction in precipitation was larger than the calculated
	decrease in evapotranspiration, indicating a reduction in the regional
	moisture convergence. There was also an increase in the length of
	the dry season in the southern half of the Amazon Basin, which could
	have serious implications for the reestablishment of the tropical
	forests following massive deforestation since rainforests only occur
	where the dry season is very short or nonexistent. An empirical bioclimatic
	scheme based on an integrated soil moisture stress index was used
	to derive the movement of the savanna-forest boundary in response
	to the simulated climate change produced by large-scale deforestation.
	The implications of possible climate changes in adjacent regions
	are discussed.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {Amazon coupled GCM Deforestation Evapotranspiration model precipitation
	runoff South America Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION AND REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Nobre2009,
  author = {Nobre, Paulo and Malagutti, Marta and Urbano, Domingos F. and de
	Almeida, Roberto A. F. and Giarolla, Emanuel},
  title = {{A}mazon deforestation and climate change in a coupled model simulation},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {5686-5697},
  number = {21},
  abstract = {The effects of Amazon deforestation on climate change are investigated
	using twin numerical experiments of an atmospheric general circulation
	model (AGCM) with prescribed global sea surface temperature and the
	same AGCM coupled to an ocean GCM (CGCM) over the global tropics.
	An ensemble approach is adopted, with 10-member ensemble averages
	of a control simulation compared with perturbed simulations for three
	scenarios of Amazon deforestation. The latest 20 yr of simulation
	from each experiment are analyzed. Local surface warming and rainfall
	reduction are simulated by both models over the Amazon basin. The
	coupled model presented a rainfall reduction that is nearly 60% larger
	compared to its control run than those obtained by the AGCM. The
	results also indicated that both the fraction of the deforested area
	and the spatial continuity of the vegetated area might be important
	for modulating global climate variability and change. Additionally,
	significant remote atmospheric responses to Amazon deforestation
	scenarios are detected for the coupled simulations, which revealed
	global ocean and atmosphere circulation changes conducive to enhanced
	ocean-atmosphere variability over the Pacific Ocean. This, in turn,
	is interpreted as a manifestation of enhanced El Nino-Southern Oscillation
	(ENSO) activity over the Pacific and a positive feedback contributing
	to the extra rainfall reduction

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib