text:
over the Amazon on the coupled simulations.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  keywords = {AGCM vs coupled CGCM Amazon Deforestation model Rainfall remote response
	South America},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Amazon Deforestation and Climate Change in a Coupled Model Simulation},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Nossent2011,
  author = {Nossent, Jiri and Elsen, Pieter and Bauwens, Willy},
  title = {Sobol’ sensitivity analysis of a complex environmental model},
  journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {1515-1525},
  number = {12},
  abstract = {Complex environmental models are controlled by a high number of parameters.
	Accurately estimating the values of all these parameters is almost
	impossible. Sensitivity analysis (SA) results enable the selection
	of the parameters to include in a calibration procedure, but can
	also assist in the identification of the model processes. Additionally,
	a sensitivity analysis can yield crucial information on the use and
	meaning of the model parameters. This paper presents a Sobol’ sensitivity
	analysis for flow simulations by a SWAT model of the river Kleine
	Nete, with the objective to assess the first order, second order
	and total sensitivity effects. Confidence intervals for the resulting
	sensitivity indices are inferred by applying bootstrapping. The results
	indicate that the curve number value (CN2) is the most important
	parameter of the model and that no more than 9 parameters (out of
	26) are needed to have an adequate representation of the model variability.
	The convergence of the parameter ranking for total sensitivity effects
	is relatively fast, which is promising for factor fixing purposes.
	It is also shown that the Sobol’ sensitivity analysis enhances the
	understanding of the model, by e.g. pointing out 3 significant pairwise
	interactions. In general, it can be concluded that the Sobol’ sensitivity
	analysis can be successfully applied for factor fixing and factor
	prioritization with respect to the input parameters of a SWAT model,
	even with a limited number of model evaluations. The analysis also
	supports the identification of model processes, parameter values
	and parameter interaction effects.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1364-8152},
  keywords = {Sensitivity analysis Process identification Sobol’ method Environmental
	modeling Model parameters Interaction effects},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Sobol’ sensitivity analysis of a complex environmental model},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815211001939}
}

@ARTICLE{Nunez2008,
  author = {Nunez, M. N. and Ciapessoni, H. H. and Rolla, A. and Kalnay, E. and
	Cai, M.},
  title = {{I}mpact of land use and precipitation changes on surface temperature
	trends in {A}rgentina},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {113},
  number = {D6},
  month = {Mar},
  abstract = {[ 1] The "observation minus reanalysis'' ( OMR) method has been used
	to estimate the impact of changes in land use ( including urbanization
	and agricultural practices such as irrigation) by computing the difference
	between the trends of the surface observations ( which reflect all
	the sources of climate forcing, including surface effects) and the
	NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis ( which only contains the forcings influencing
	the assimilated atmospheric trends). In this paper we apply the OMR
	method to surface stations in Argentina for the period 1961 - 2000.
	In contrast to most other land areas, over most of Argentina there
	has been net cooling, not warming ( about -0.04 degrees C/ decade).
	Observations also show a very strong decrease in the diurnal temperature
	range north of 40 degrees S. This is associated with an observed
	strong reduction in the maximum temperature ( -0.12 degrees C/ decade)
	together with a weak warming trend in the minimum temperature ( 0.05
	degrees C/ decade). The OMR trends show a warming contribution to
	the mean temperature (+0.07 degrees C/ decade) and a decrease in
	diurnal temperature range ( -0.08 degrees C/ decade), especially
	strong in the areas where the observed precipitation has increased
	the most and where, as a consequence, there has been an exponential
	increase of soy production in the last decade. The increase in precipitation
	is apparently associated with an increase in the moisture transport
	from the Amazons to northern Argentina by the low-level jet.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of land use and precipitation changes on surface temperature
	trends in Argentina},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000254532700003 http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/jd0806/2007JD008638/2007JD008638.pdf}
}

@BOOK{Oke1987,
  title = {Boundary {L}ayer {C}limates},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  year = {1987},
  author = {Oke, T. R.},
  address = {New York},
  edition = {2nd},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {0-415-04319-0},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Boundary layer climates},
  timestamp = {2012.12.22}
}

@ARTICLE{Oleson2004,
  author = {Oleson, K. W. and Bonan, G. B. and Levis, S. and Vertenstein, M.},
  title = {{E}ffects of land use change on {N}orth {A}merican climate: impact
	of surface datasets and model biogeophysics},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {117-132},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of historical land-cover change on
	North American surface climate, focusing on the robustness of the
	climate signal with respect to representation of sub-grid heterogeneity
	and land biogeophysics within a climate model. We performed four
	paired climate simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model using
	two contrasting land models and two different representations of
	land-cover change. One representation used a biome classification
	without subgrid-scale heterogeneity while the other used high-resolution
	satellite data to prescribe multiple vegetation types within a grid
	cell. Present-day and natural vegetation datasets were created for
	both representations. All four sets of climate simulations showed
	that present-day vegetation has cooled the summer climate in regions
	of North America compared to natural vegetation. The simulated magnitude
	and spatial extent of summer cooling due to land-cover change was
	reduced when the biome-derived land-cover change datasets were replaced
	by the satellite-derived datasets. The diminished cooling is partly
	due to reduced intensity of agriculture in the satellite-derived
	datasets. Comparison of the two land-surface models showed that the
	use of a comparatively warmer and drier land model in conjunction
	with satellite-derived datasets further reduced the simulated magnitude
	of summer cooling. These results suggest that the cooling signal
	associated with North American land-cover change is robust but the
	magnitude and therefore detection of the signal depends on the realism
	of the datasets used to represent land-cover change and the parametrisation
	of land biogeophysics.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  keywords = {compare present day vegetation and natural vegetation coupled community
	atmosphere model with land surface model model North America summer
	Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Effects of land use change on North American climate: impact of surface
	datasets and model biogeophysics},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Onoz2003,
  author = {Onoz, B. and Bayazit, M.},
  title = {The power of statistical tests for trend detection},
  journal = {Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {247-251},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {The existence of a trend in a hydrological time series is detected
	by statistical tests. The power of a test is the probability that
	it will reject a null hypothesis when it is false. In this study,
	the power of the parametric t-test for trend detection is estimated
	by Monte Carlo simulation for various probability distributions and
	compared with the power of the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test.
	The t-test has less power than the non-parametric test when the probability
	distribution is skewed. However, for moderately skewed distributions
	the power ratio is close to one. Annual streamﬂow records in various
	regions of Turkey are analyzed by the two tests to compare their
	powers in detecting a trend},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1300-0160},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The power of statistical tests for trend detection},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Opdam2009,
  author = {Opdam, P. and Luque, S. and Jones, K. B.},
  title = {{C}hanging landscapes to accommodate for climate change impacts:
	a call for landscape ecology},
  journal = {Landscape Ecology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {715-721},
  number = {6},
  month = {Jul},
  abstract = {Predictions of climate change suggest major changes in temperature,
	rainfall as well as in frequency and timing of extreme weather, all
	in varying degrees and patterns around the world. Although the details
	of these patterns changes are still uncertain, we can be sure of
	profound effects on ecological processes in and functioning of landscapes.
	The impact of climate change will affect all types of land use, ecosystem
	services, as well as the behavior of humans. The core business of
	Landscape Ecology is the interaction of landscape patterns and processes.
	Most of these interactions will be affected by changing climate patterns,
	so clearly within the focus of our science. Nevertheless, climate
	change received little attention from landscape ecologists. Are we
	missing the boat? Why is it that our science does not contribute
	to building a knowledge base to help solving this immense problem?
	Why is there so little attention paid to adaptation of landscape
	to climate change? With this editorial article IALE would like to
	receive inputs from the Landscape Ecology scientific community in
	related research on adaptation of landscapes to climate change, on
	tools or approaches to help landscape planners and stakeholders to
	this new challenge where landscape ecology can play a key role.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0921-2973},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Changing landscapes to accommodate for climate change impacts: a call
	for landscape ecology},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000268248100001}
}

@ARTICLE{Otterman1990,
  author = {Otterman, J. and Manes, A. and Rubin, S. and Alpert, P. and Starr,
	D.},
  title = {{A}n increase of early rains in {S}outhern {I}srael following land-use
	change?},
  journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {333-351},
  number = {4},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  key = {otterman90},
  shorttitle = {An increase of early rains in Southern Israel following land-use change?}
}

@ARTICLE{Pan2011,
  author = {Pan, Yude and Birdsey, Richard A. and Fang, Jingyun and Houghton,
	Richard and Kauppi, Pekka E. and Kurz, Werner A. and Phillips, Oliver
	L. and Shvidenko, Anatoly and Lewis, Simon L. and Canadell, Josep
	G. and Ciais, Philippe and Jackson, Robert B. and Pacala, Stephen
	W. and McGuire, A. David and Piao, Shilong and Rautiainen, Aapo and
	Sitch, Stephen and Hayes, Daniel},
  title = {{A} Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World's Forests},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {333},
  pages = {988-993},
  number = {6045},
  month = {August 19, 2011},
  abstract = {The terrestrial carbon sink has been large in recent decades, but
	its size and location remain uncertain. Using forest inventory data
	and long-term ecosystem carbon studies, we estimate a total forest
	sink of 2.4 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year-1) globally
	for 1990 to 2007. We also estimate a source of 1.3 ± 0.7 Pg C year-1
	from tropical land-use change, consisting of a gross tropical deforestation
	emission of 2.9 ± 0.5 Pg C year-1 partially compensated by a carbon
	sink in tropical forest regrowth of 1.6 ± 0.5 Pg C year-1. Together,
	the fluxes comprise a net global forest sink of 1.1 ± 0.8 Pg C year-1,
	with tropical estimates having the largest uncertainties. Our total
	forest sink estimate is equivalent in magnitude to the terrestrial
	sink deduced from fossil fuel emissions and land-use change sources
	minus ocean and atmospheric sinks.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World's Forests},
  timestamp = {2012.10.31},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6045/988.abstract}
}

@ARTICLE{Panin1998,
  author = {Panin, G. N. and Tetzlaff, G. and Raabe, A.},
  title = {{I}nhomogeneity of the Land Surface and Problems in the Parameterization
	of Surface Fluxes in Natural Conditions},
  journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {163-178},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Eddy correlation techniques to determine the turbulent fluxes of heat,
	moisture and momentum in the near-surface atmospheric layer rely
	on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, which requires stationarity
	and horizontal homogeneity. Experiments at specially selected sites
	over land and particularly over sea are used to develop this concept.
	Recent experiments, deliberately conducted in non-ideal conditions,
	show an underestimation of turbulent fluxes. Results from the field
	experiments FIFE, KUREX, TARTEX and SADE, point to a relationship
	between the underestimation of turbulent fluxes and terrain inhomogeneity.
	In order to systematically correct for this effect a scheme is suggested
	which uses fetch lengths of different types of surface in the sites
	surrounding the environment. In addition, horizontal differences
	in atmospheric stability above different surfaces are included in
	the correction scheme. This scheme might be useful for the design
	of validation experiments in non-homogeneous terrain.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-798X},
  keywords = {Earth and Environmental Science},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Springer Wien},
  shorttitle = {Inhomogeneity of the Land Surface and Problems in theParameterization
	of Surface Fluxes in Natural Conditions},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040050041}
}

@MISC{CMIP2012,
  author = {{PCMDI - Program for climate model diagnosis and intercomparison}},
  title = {{CMIP} - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project - Overview},
  year = {2012},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/}, viewed 04/10/2012},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Peralta-Hernandez2009,
  author = {Peralta-Hernandez, A. R. and Balling, R. C. and Barba-Martinez, L.
	R.},
  title = {{C}omparative analysis of indices of extreme rainfall events: {V}ariations
	and trends from southern {M}exico},
  journal = {Atmosfera},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {219-228},
  number = {2},
  month = {Apr},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0187-6236},
  keywords = {Extreme rainfall southern Mexico El Nino-Southern Oscillation Pacific
	Decadal Oscillation el-nino oscillation pacific climate precipitation
	patterns enso},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Comparative analysis of indices of extreme rainfall events: Variations
	and trends from southern Mexico},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000268264700006}
}

@ARTICLE{Pielke2007,
  author = {Pielke, R. A. and Adegoke, J. and Beltran-Przekurat, A. and Hiemstra,
	C. A. and Lin, J. and Nair, U. S. and Niyogi, D. and Nobis, T. E.},
  title = {{A}n overview of regional land-use and land-cover impacts on rainfall},
  journal = {Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {587-601},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {This paper documents the diverse role of land-use/ land-cover change
	on precipitation. Since land conversion continues at a rapid pace,
	this type of human disturbance of the climate system will continue
	and become even more significant in the coming decades.},
  comment = {pielke07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0280-6509},
  keywords = {afforestation reforestation precipitation},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {An overview of regional land-use and land-cover impacts on rainfall},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000247174300026}
}

@ARTICLE{Pielke2011,
  author = {Pielke, Roger A. and Pitman, Andy and Niyogi, Dev and Mahmood, Rezaul
	and McAlpine, Clive and Hossain, Faisal and Goldewijk, Kees Klein
	and Nair, Udaysankar and Betts, Richard and Fall, Souleymane and
	Reichstein, Markus and Kabat, Pavel and de Noblet, Nathalie},
  title = {{L}and use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and
	observational evidence},
  journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {828-850},
  number = {6},
  abstract = {This article summarizes the changes in landscape structure because
	of human land management over the last several centuries, and using
	observed and modeled data, documents how these changes have altered
	biogeophysical and biogeochemical surface fluxes on the local, mesoscale,
	and regional scales. Remaining research issues are presented including
	whether these landscape changes alter large-scale atmospheric circulation
	patterns far from where the land use and land cover changes occur.
	We conclude that existing climate assessments have not yet adequately
	factored in this climate forcing. For those regions that have undergone
	intensive human landscape change, or would undergo intensive change
	in the future, we conclude that the failure to factor in this forcing
	risks a misalignment of investment in climate mitigation and adaptation.
	WIREs Clim Change 2011, 2:828-850. doi: 10.1002/wcc.144 For further
	resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1757-7799},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
  shorttitle = {Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and observational
	evidence},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.144}
}

@ARTICLE{Pinto2009,
  author = {Pinto, E. and Shin, Y. and Cowling, S. A. and Jones, C. D.},
  title = {{P}ast, present and future vegetation-cloud feedbacks in the {A}mazon
	{B}asin},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {741-751},
  number = {6},
  month = {May},
  abstract = {To begin exploring the underlying mechanisms that couple vegetation
	to cloud formation processes, we derive the lifting condensation
	level (LCL) to estimate cumulus cloud base height. Using a fully
	coupled land-ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (HadCM3LC),
	we investigate Amazonian forest feedbacks on cloud formation over
	three geological periods; modern-day (a.d. 1970-1990), the last glacial
	maximum (LGM; 21 kya), and under a future climate scenario (IS92a;
	a.d. 2070-2090). Results indicate that for both past and future climate
	scenarios, LCL is higher relative to modern-day. Statistical analyses
	indicate that the 800 m increase in LCL during the LGM is related
	primarily to the drier atmosphere promoted by lower tropical sea
	surface temperatures. In contrast, the predicted 1,000 m increase
	in LCL in the future scenario is the result of a large increase in
	surface temperature and reduced vegetation cover.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Past, present and future vegetation-cloud feedbacks in the Amazon
	Basin},
  timestamp = {2012.07.09},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000264118400001}
}

@ARTICLE{Pitman1993,
  author = {Pitman, A. J. and Durbidge, T. B. and Henderson-Sellers, A. and McGuffie,
	K.},
  title = {ASSESSING CLIMATE MODEL SENSITIVITY TO PRESCRIBED DEFORESTED LANDSCAPES},
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {879-898},
  number = {8},
  abstract = {The results from a series of 3- to 6-year simulations of the climatic
	impacts of tropical deforestation using a version of the NCAR Community
	Climate Model (CCM 1-Oz) indicate considerable sensitivity to the
	specification of the vegetation and soil that replaces the tropical
	forest. The simulations, which encompass landscapes from forest,
	through grass with some trees, grass-only, no vegetation with forest
	soils, to a devastated terrain, suggest that the predicted climate
	change depends about equally on at least three factors: (i) the global
	model and its large-scale circulation sensitivity, (ii) the length
	of the model simulation, and (iii) the nature of the prescribed land-use
	change, particularly the relative magnitudes of the changes (forested
	to deforested) in albedo and vegetation roughness length.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  keywords = {albedo Amazon CCM Deforestation Evapotranspiration model precipitation
	roughness length Temperature Tropics},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {ASSESSING CLIMATE MODEL SENSITIVITY TO PRESCRIBED DEFORESTED LANDSCAPES},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Pitman2007,
  author = {Pitman, A. J. and Hesse, P. P.},
  title = {The significance of large-scale land cover change on the {A}ustralian
	palaeomonsoon},
  journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {189-200},
  number = {1-2},
  abstract = {We use the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System at a 50 km spatial
	resolution to explore the impact of large-scale vegetation changes
	on the Australian monsoon. We simulate multiple Januaries using vegetation
	cover representative of the present day, the last interglacial (LIG)
	(125,000 BP) and the last glacial maximum (20,000 BP), interpreted
	from palaeoecological data, to determine whether changes in vegetation
	can affect the Australian monsoon. We find that the large-scale replacement
	of current vegetation, to vegetation representing the LIG and the
	last glacial maximum has a substantial impact on the simulated latent
	heat flux and surface air temperature. Precipitation is affected,
	but only by approximately 5%. We show that the impact of vegetation
	change on precipitation is due to changes in the surface roughness
	length that affects the surface frictional drag, wind velocities
	and moisture convergence. The impact of large-scale vegetation changes
	on all quantities is restricted to the regions of land cover change.
	The perturbation induced by vegetation change interacts with the
	monsoon system by changing the local intensity of the atmospheric
	circulation causing relatively small intensification/moderation of
	the wind velocities. There is little evidence that the vegetation
	change induces a change in the large-scale structure of the meteorological
	system and there is no evidence that the vegetation changes induce
	a southward extension of the monsoon. We therefore find no evidence
	to support a hypothesis that vegetation feedbacks explain observed
	changes in lake levels in the Australian arid interior. We highlight
	some strengths and weaknesses of our approach and emphasise that
	the limitations implicit in our analytical methods means we cannot
	conclusively demonstrate that biospheric feedbacks can be ignored.
	Substantial additional work is therefore required to finally assess
	the role of biospheric feedbacks on the Australian palaeomonsoon.},
  comment = {pitman07},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0277-3791},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The significance of large-scale land cover change on the Australian
	palaeomonsoon},
  timestamp = {2013.08.04},
}

@ARTICLE{Pitman2004,
  author = {Pitman, A. J. and Narisma, G. T. and Pielke, R. A. and Holbrook,
	N. J.},
  title = {{I}mpact of land cover change on the climate of southwest {W}estern
	{A}ustralia},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {109},
  number = {D18},
  comment = {pitman04},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Impact of land cover change on the climate of southwest Western Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000224126500001}
}

@ARTICLE{Pitman2009,
  author = {Pitman, A. J. and de Noblet-Ducoudre, N. and Cruz, F. T. and Davin,
	E. L. and Bonan, G. B. and Brovkin, V. and Claussen, M. and Delire,
	C. and Ganzeveld, L. and Gayler, V. and van den Hurk, B. J. J. M.
	and Lawrence, P. J. and van der Molen, M. K. and Mueller, C. and
	Reick, C. H. and Seneviratne, S. I. and Strengers, B. J. and Voldoire,
	A.},
  title = {{U}ncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change: {F}irst
	results from the {LUCID} intercomparison study},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {36},
  abstract = {Seven climate models were used to explore the biogeophysical impacts
	of human-induced land cover change (LCC) at regional and global scales.
	The imposed LCC led to statistically significant decreases in the
	northern hemisphere summer latent heat flux in three models, and
	increases in three models. Five models simulated statistically significant
	cooling in summer in near-surface temperature over regions of LCC
	and one simulated warming. There were few significant changes in
	precipitation. Our results show no common remote impacts of LCC.
	The lack of consistency among the seven models was due to: 1) the
	implementation of LCC despite agreed maps of agricultural land, 2)
	the representation of crop phenology, 3) the parameterisation of
	albedo, and 4) the representation of evapotranspiration for different
	land cover types. This study highlights a dilemma: LCC is regionally
	significant, but it is not feasible to impose a common LCC across
	multiple models for the next IPCC assessment. Citation: Pitman, A.
	J., et al. (2009), Uncertainties in climate responses to past land
	cover change: First results from the LUCID intercomparison study,
	Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L14814, doi:10.1029/2009GL039076.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  keywords = {LCC model Uncertainty},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change: First
	results from the LUCID intercomparison study},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Polcher1994,
  author = {Polcher, J. and Laval, K.},
  title = {A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE REGIONAL IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION ON CLIMATE},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {205-219},
  number = {4-5},
  abstract = {The present study uses the general circulation model of the Laboratoire
	de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD-GCM) coupled to the land-surface,
	vegetation model SECHIBA. The impact of deforestation on climate
	is discussed. Replacing tropical forests by degraded pastures changes
	albedo, the roughness length and the hydrological properties of the
	surface. The experiment was carried out over eleven years using the
	observed sea surface temperature from 1978 to 1988, which includes
	two major El Nino events. The discussion of the results in this study
	is limited to the regional impact of deforestation. The changes found
	for the surface fluxes in Amazonia, Africa and Indonesia are examined
	in detail and compared in order to understand the impact on temperature.
	Special attention is paid to feedback mechanisms which compensate
	for the surface changes and to the statistical significance of these
	results within the tropical variability of climate. It is shown that
	the relatively small regional impact of deforestation in this study
	is statistically significant and largely independent of the El Nino-Southern
	Oscillation phenomenon.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0930-7575},
  keywords = {Deforestation LMD-GCM coupled model precipitation Temperature tropical:
	amazonia, africa, indonesia},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE REGIONAL IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION ON CLIMATE},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Polcher1994a,
  author = {Polcher, J. and Laval, K.},
  title = {THE IMPACT OF {A}FRICAN AND {A}MAZONIAN DEFORESTATION ON TROPICAL
	CLIMATE},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {155},
  pages = {389-405},
  number = {3-4},
  abstract = {This paper presents results of a deforestation experiment carried
	out with the general circulation model of the Laboratoire de Meteorologie
	Dynamique coupled to the Schematisation des Echanges Hydriques a
	l'Intertace entre le Biosphere et l'Atmosphere (SECHIBA) vegetation
	model. An integration of 1 year was carried out in which the tropical
	forests of Amazonia, Africa and Indonesia were replaced by grassland.
	It was found that the model produces a reduction in evaporation and
	an increase in soil temperature. In contrast to similar experiments,
	a significant increase in moisture convergence was obtained; this
	increase is attributed to an enhancement of the convective activity
	of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  keywords = {Africa Amazon model tropical},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {THE IMPACT OF AFRICAN AND AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION ON TROPICAL CLIMATE},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Pollard1995,
  author = {Pollard, D. and Thompson, S. L.},
  title = {{USE} {OF} {A} {LAND}-{SURFACE}-{TRANSFER} {SCHEME} ({LSX}) {IN}
	{A} {GLOBAL} {CLIMATE} {MODEL} - {THE} {RESPONSE} {TO} {DOUBLING}
	{STOMATAL}-{RESISTANCE}},
  journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {129-161},
  number = {1-4},
  abstract = {One response of vegetation to future increases in atmospheric CO2
	may be a widespread increase in stomatal resistance. Such a response
	would increase plant water usage efficiency while still allowing
	CO2 assimilation at current rates. The associated reduction in transpiration
	rates has the potential of causing significant modifications in climate
	on regional and global scales. This paper describes the effects of
	a uniform doubling of the stomatal resistance parameterization in
	a global climate model (GENESIS). The model includes a land-surface
	transfer scheme (LSX) that accounts for the physical effects of vegetation,
	including stomatal resistance and transpiration, which is described
	in detail in an appendix. The atmospheric general circulation model
	is a heavily modified version of the NCAR Community Climate Model
	version 1 with new treatments of clouds, penetrative convection,
	planetary boundary layer mixing, solar radiation, the diurnal cycle,
	and semi-Lagrangian transport of water vapor. The other surface models
	include multi-layer models of soil, snow and sea ice, and a 50-m
	slab ocean mixed layer. The effects of doubling the stomatal resistance
	parameterization are largest in heavily forested regions: tropical
	South America, and parts of the Northern Hemispheric boreal forests
	in Canada, Russia and Siberia in summer. The primary surface changes
	are a decrease in evapotranspiration, an increase in upward sensible
	heat flux, and a surface-air warming. Secondary effects include shifts
	in the ITCZ which cause large increases in precipitation, soil moisture
	and runoff in western tropical South America, and decreases in these
	quantities in northern subtropical Africa. Noticeable changes in
	relative humidity, cloudiness and meridional circulation occur throughout
	the troposphere. The global effects on atmospheric temperature and
	specific humidity are small fractions of those found in other doubled
	CO2 experiments. However, unlike doubled CO2 the signs of those changes
	combine to give relatively large reductions in relative humidity
	and cloudiness. IL is suggested that the stomatal-resistance effect
	and other plant responses to large-scale environmental perturbations
	should be included in models of future climate.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0921-8181},
  keywords = {land surface scheme model stomatal conductance},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {USE OF A LAND-SURFACE-TRANSFER SCHEME (LSX) IN A GLOBAL CLIMATE MODEL
	- THE RESPONSE TO DOUBLING STOMATAL-RESISTANCE},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@TECHREPORT{Porter2000,
  author = {Porter, C. and Jones, J. W. and Braga, R.},
  title = {{A}n approach for modular crop model development.},
  institution = {International Consortium for Agricultural Systems Applications},
  year = {2000},
  comment = {porter00},
  endnotereftype = {Report},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {An approach for modular crop model development.},
  timestamp = {2012.12.16},
  url = {http://www.icasanet.org/modular/index.html.}
}

@ARTICLE{Power2006,
  author = {Power, Scott and Haylock, Malcolm and Colman, Rob and Wang, Xiangdong},
  title = {{T}he {P}redictability of {I}nterdecadal {C}hanges in {ENSO} {A}ctivity
	and {ENSO} {T}eleconnections},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {4755-4771},
  number = {19},
  month = {2006/10/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0894-8755},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {The Predictability of Interdecadal Changes in ENSO Activity and ENSO
	Teleconnections},
  timestamp = {2012.01.06},
  url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI3868.1}
}

@MISC{Preuss1999,
  author = {Preuss, Paul},
  title = {Regional climate model succeeds at forecasting local events},
  year = {1999},
  note = {{A}vailable online at \url{http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/weather-RCSM.html},
	viewed on 28/10/2012},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Price2006,
  author = {Price, Steven J. and Dorcas, Michael E. and Gallant, Alisa L. and
	Klaver, Robert W. and Willson, John D.},
  title = {{T}hree decades of urbanization: {E}stimating the impact of land-cover
	change on stream salamander populations},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {133},
  pages = {436-441},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {Urbanization has become the dominant form of landscape disturbance
	in parts of the United States. Small streams in the Piedmont region
	of the eastern United States support high densities of salamanders
	and are often the first habitats to be affected by landscape-altering
	factors such as urbanization. We used US Geological Survey land cover
	data from 1972 to 2000 and a relation between stream salamanders
	and land cover, established from recent research, to estimate the
	impact of contemporary land-cover change on the abundance of stream
	salamanders near Davidson, North Carolina, a Piedmont locale that
	has experienced rapid urbanization during this time. Our analysis
	indicates that southern two-lined salamander (Eurycea cirrigera)
	populations have decreased from 32% to 44% while northern dusky salamanders
	(Desmognathus fuscus) have decreased from 21% to 30% over the last
	three decades. Our results suggest that the widespread conversion
	of forest to urban land in small catchments has likely resulted in
	a substantial decline of populations of stream salamanders and could
	have serious effects on stream ecosystems.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  keywords = {Desmognathus fuscus Eurycea cirrigera Land cover change North Carolina
	Northern dusky salamander Southern two-lined salamander Urban sprawl},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Three decades of urbanization: Estimating the impact of land-cover
	change on stream salamander populations},
  timestamp = {2012.10.16},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320706003016}
}

@MANUAL{Pujol2012,
  title = {Sensitivity: Sensitivity Analysis},
  author = {Gilles Pujol and Bertrand Iooss and Alexandre Janon},
  year = {2012},
  note = {{R} package version 1.6-1},
  owner = {Sue},
  timestamp = {2013.01.03},
  url = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sensitivity}
}

@ARTICLE{Queguiner2011,
  author = {Queguiner, S. and Martin, E. and Lafont, S. and Calvet, J. C. and
	Faroux, S. and Quintana-Segui, P.},
  title = {{I}mpact of the use of a {CO}2 responsive land surface model in simulating
	the effect of climate change on the hydrology of {F}rench {M}editerranean
	basins},
  journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {2803-2816},
  number = {10},
  abstract = {In order to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the impact model
	in climate change studies, a CO2 responsive version of the land surface
	model ISBA (ISBA-A-gs) is compared with its standard version in a
	climate impact assessment study. The study is performed over the
	French Mediterranean basin using the Safran-Isba-Modcou chain. A
	downscaled A2 regional climate scenario is used to force both versions
	of ISBA, and the results of the two land surface models are compared
	for the present climate and for that at the end of the century. Reasonable
	agreement is found between models and with discharge observations.
	However, ISBA-A-gs has a lower mean evapotranspiration and a higher
	discharge than ISBA-Standard. Results for the impact of climate change
	are coherent on a yearly basis for evapotranspiration, total runoff,
	and discharge. However, the two versions of ISBA present contrasting
	seasonal variations. ISBA-A-gs develops a different vegetation cycle.
	The growth of the vegetation begins earlier and reaches a slightly
	lower maximum than in the present climate. This maximum is followed
	by a rapid decrease in summertime. In consequence, the springtime
	evapotranspiration is significantly increased when compared to ISBA-Standard,
	while the autumn evapotranspiration is lower. On average, discharge
	changes are more significant at the regional scale with ISBA-A-gs.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1561-8633},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of the use of a CO2 responsive land surface model in simulating
	the effect of climate change on the hydrology of French Mediterranean
	basins},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000296744500012}
}

@ARTICLE{Raman1998,
  author = {Raman, S. and Mohanty, U. C. and Reddy, N. C. and Alapaty, K. and
	Madala, R. V.},
  title = {{N}umerical simulation of the sensitivity of summer monsoon circulation
	and rainfall over {I}ndia to land surface processes},
  journal = {Pure and Applied Geophysics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {152},
  pages = {781-809},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {The influence of soil moisture and vegetation variation on simulation
	of monsoon circulation and rainfall is investigated. For this purpose
	a simple land surface parameterization scheme is incorporated in
	a three-dimensional regional high resolution nested grid atmospheric
	model. Based on the land surface parameterization scheme, latent
	heat and sensible heat fluxes are explicitly estimated over the entire
	domain of the model. Two sensitivity studies are conducted; one with
	bare dry soil conditions (no latent heat flux from land surface)
	and the other with realistic representation of the land surface parameters
	such as soil moisture, vegetation cover and landuse patterns in the
	numerical simulation. The sensitivity of main monsoon features such
	as Somali jet, monsoon trough and tropical easterly jet to land surface
	processes are discussed. Results suggest the necessity of including
	a detailed land surface parameterization in the realistic short-range
	weather numerical predictions. An enhanced short-range prediction
	of hydrological cycle including precipitation was produced by the
	model, with land surface processes parameterized. This parameterization
	appears to simulate all the main circulation features associated
	with the summer monsoon in a realistic manner.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0033-4553},
  keywords = {india model South East Asia},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Numerical simulation of the sensitivity of summer monsoon circulation
	and rainfall over India to land surface processes},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@BOOK{Ray2001,
  title = {{I}mpact of land use on {S}outhwest {A}ustralian regional climate},
  year = {2001},
  author = {Ray, D. K. and Nair, U. S. and Welch, R. M. and Su, W. Y. and Ieee},
  series = {Igarss 2001: Scanning the Present and Resolving the Future, Vols
	1-7, Proceedings},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {0-7803-7031-7},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Impact of land use on Southwest Australian regional climate},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000177297200723}
}

@MANUAL{RDevelopmentCoreTeam2011,
  title = {{R}: {A} {L}anguage and {E}nvironment for {S}tatistical {C}omputing},
  author = {{R Development Core Team,}},
  organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
  address = {Vienna, Austria},
  year = {2012},
  note = {{ISBN} 3-900051-07-0},
  owner = {clia8074},
  timestamp = {2012.02.20},
  url = {http://www.R-project.org/}
}

@MANUAL{Rstats2018,
  title = {{R}: {A} {L}anguage and {E}nvironment for {S}tatistical {C}omputing},
  author = {{R Core Team,}},
  organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
  address = {Vienna, Austria},
  year = {2018},
  note = {{ISBN} 3-900051-07-0},
  owner = {clia8074},
  timestamp = {2012.02.20},
  url = {http://www.R-project.org/}
}

@ARTICLE{Reale2002,
  author = {Reale, O. and Dirmeyer, P.},
  title = {{M}odeling the effect of land surface evaporation variability on
	precipitation variability. {P}art {I}: {G}eneral response},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {433-450},
  number = {4},
  month = {Aug},
  abstract = {This is the first of a two-part article that investigates the impact
	of land surface evaporation variability on the interannual variability
	of precipitation and compares it with the impact caused by sea surface
	temperature variability. Previous works by Koster and Suarez and
	Koster et al. provide the general strategy to control oceanic and
	land surface evaporation. For this part of the study, their numerical
	experiments are repeated using the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere
	Studies (COLA) general circulation model. However, emphasis is put
	on the dynamics of the response, including a discussion of the changes
	in the mean climate; in particular, it is observed that the suppressed
	land evaporation variability changes the mean Northern Hemisphere
	storm track and the mean position of the intertropical convergence
	zone, which in turn affect the mean precipitation. The analysis of
	the precipitation variance reveals a general agreement with previous
	works for the midlatitudes, whereas in the Tropics a stronger land-induced
	signal is detected. Furthermore, important regional differences in
	the response are found. Specifically, there is a predominant land
	signal over the Amazon region, in contrast to an equivalence between
	the land and ocean forcings over the Congo basin region. Finally,
	the model appears to be slightly more sensitive to seasonal-interannual
	variations of the land forcing than is the one adopted by Koster
	et al.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1525-755X},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Modeling the effect of land surface evaporation variability on precipitation
	variability. Part I: General response},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000176710500005}
}

@ARTICLE{Reynolds2010,
  author = {Reynolds, Travis William and Bostrom, Ann and Read, Daniel and Morgan,
	M. Granger},
  title = {{N}ow what do people know about global climate change? {S}urvey studies
	of educated laypeople},
  journal = {Risk Analysis},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1520-38},
  number = {10},
  month = {Oct},
  abstract = {In 1992, a mental-models-based survey in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
	revealed that educated laypeople often conflated global climate change
	and stratospheric ozone depletion, and appeared relatively unaware
	of the role of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in global warming.
	This study compares those survey results with 2009 data from a sample
	of similarly well-educated laypeople responding to the same survey
	instrument. Not surprisingly, following a decade of explosive attention
	to climate change in politics and in the mainstream media, survey
	respondents in 2009 showed higher awareness and comprehension of
	some climate change causes. Most notably, unlike those in 1992, 2009
	respondents rarely mentioned ozone depletion as a cause of global
	warming. They were also far more likely to correctly volunteer energy
	use as a major cause of climate change; many in 2009 also cited natural
	processes and historical climatic cycles as key causes. When asked
	how to address the problem of climate change, while respondents in
	1992 were unable to differentiate between general "good environmental
	practices" and actions specific to addressing climate change, respondents
	in 2009 have begun to appreciate the differences. Despite this, many
	individuals in 2009 still had incorrect beliefs about climate change,
	and still did not appear to fully appreciate key facts such as that
	global warming is primarily due to increased concentrations of carbon
	dioxide in the atmosphere, and the single most important source of
	this carbon dioxide is the combustion of fossil fuels.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1539-6924 (Electronic) 0272-4332 (Linking)},
  keywords = {Adult *Climate Change Culture *Educational Status Female *Health Knowledge,
	Attitudes, Practice Health Surveys Humans Male Ozone Pennsylvania
	Politics},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Now what do people know about global climate change? Survey studies
	of educated laypeople},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20649942}
}

@ARTICLE{Rhoades2011,
  author = {Rhoades, Ellen A.},
  title = {{L}iterature {R}eviews},
  journal = {The Volta Review},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {111},
  pages = {353-368},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {[...] some systematic reviews have been found to be more wanting than
	others are, hence not as reliable or as effective as other literature
	reviews. [...] it is important that prospective authors develop awareness
	of the problematic issues noted in the reviews.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {00428639},
  keywords = {Physics--Sound},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf, Incorporated},
  shorttitle = {Literature Reviews},
  timestamp = {2012.10.30}
}

@ARTICLE{Risbey2009,
  author = {Risbey, James S. and Pook, Michael J. and McIntosh, Peter C. and
	Wheeler, Matthew C. and Hendon, Harry H.},
  title = {{O}n the Remote Drivers of Rainfall Variability in {A}ustralia},
  journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {137},
  pages = {3233-3253},
  number = {10},
  month = {2009/10/01},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0027-0644},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {On the Remote Drivers of Rainfall Variability in Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.01.06},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2861.1}
}

@BOOK{Rodriguez2004,
  title = {Ecohydrology of Water-Controlled Ecosystems - Soil Moisture and Plant
	Dynamics},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2004},
  author = {Rodriguez-Iturbe, Ignacio and Porporato, Amilcare},
  edition = {1st},
  comment = {rodriguez04},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {0 521 81943},
  owner = {Sue},
  pdf = { },
  shorttitle = {Ecohydrology of Water-Controlled Ecosystems - Soil Moisture and Plant
	Dynamics},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17}
}

@ARTICLE{Rollenbeck2007,
  author = {Rollenbeck, R. and Anhuf, D.},
  title = {{C}haracteristics of the water and energy balance in an {A}mazonian
	lowland rainforest in {V}enezuela and the impact of the {ENSO}-cycle},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {337},
  pages = {377-390},
  number = {3-4},
  month = {Apr},
  abstract = {From 1996 to 2000 microclimatic conditions (profiles of wind-speed,
	temperature, humidity and radiation) have been investigated to determine
	the energy balance within a primary Amazonian rainforest in southern
	Venezuela (Surumoni crane project), located on the banks of the upper
	Rio Orinoco. Since 1997 main components of the water balance were
	examined additionally: gross and net precipitation, stemflow, sapflow
	and soilwater were measured. The main goat was to determine the water
	and energy balance for the study site as a contribution to an interdisciplinary
	ecological research project and to assess consequences of possible
	land use change. In this study the most important link between energy
	balance and hydrological cycle, the evapotranspiration, was determined
	independently by two different approaches. The results indicate a
	high interannual variability, which probably was influenced by the
	strong La Nina-epsiode in 1996 and the very strong El-Nino-event
	in 97/98. The impact of the ENSO-cycle is well documented for coastal
	and marine environments in South America; detailed observations in
	the Amazon basin however, are very scarce. Beyond the scope of supplying
	detailed information for a typical pristine tropical lowland forest,
	this study may also help to improve the understanding of ecosystem
	impact of ENSO in the Amazon region. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. Ali rights
	reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Characteristics of the water and energy balance in an Amazonian lowland
	rainforest in Venezuela and the impact of the ENSO-cycle},
  timestamp = {2012.10.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000246331200011}
}

@ARTICLE{Roman2010,
  author = {Rom\'{a}n, Miguel O. and Schaaf, Crystal B. and Lewis, Philip and
	Gao, Feng and Anderson, Gail P. and Privette, Jeffrey L. and Strahler,
	Alan H. and Woodcock, Curtis E. and Barnsley, Michael},
  title = {{A}ssessing the coupling between surface albedo derived from {MODIS}
	and the fraction of diffuse skylight over spatially-characterized
	landscapes},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {114},
  pages = {738-760},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {In this effort, the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
	(MODIS) (Collection V005) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution
	Function (BRDF)/Albedo algorithm is used to retrieve instantaneous
	surface albedo at a point in time and under specific atmospheric
	conditions. These retrievals are then used to study the role that
	the fraction of diffuse skylight plays under realistic scenarios
	of anisotropic diffuse illumination and multiple scattering between
	the surface and atmosphere. Simulations of the sky radiance using
	the MODTRANÂ®5.1 radiative transfer model were performed under different
	aerosol optical properties, illumination conditions, and surface
	characteristics to describe these effects on surface albedo retrievals
	from MODIS. This technique was examined using a validation scheme
	over four measurement sites with varied aerosol levels and landscapes,
	ranging from croplands to tundra ecosystems, and over extended time
	periods. Furthermore, a series of geostatistical analyses were performed
	to examine the types of spatial patterns observed at each measurement
	site. In particular, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) retrievals
	of surface albedo were acquired to analyze the change in variogram
	model parameters as a function of increased window-size. Results
	were then used to assess the degree to which a given point measurement
	is able to capture the intrinsic variability at the scale of MODIS
	observations. Assessments of MODIS instantaneous albedos that account
	for anisotropic multiple scattering, over snow-free and snow-covered
	lands and at all diurnal solar zenith angles, show a slight improvement
	over the albedo formulations that treat the downwelling diffuse radiation
	as isotropic. Comparisons with field measurements show biases improving
	by 0.004â€“0.013 absolute units (root-mean-squared error) or 0.1%â€“2.0%
	relative error.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0034-4257},
  keywords = {MODIS BRDF Surface albedo Validation Spatial analysis Remote sensing
	SAFARI 2000 Project EOS land validation core sites NSA-Barrow ARM-SGP
	Central Facility MODTRAN},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Assessing the coupling between surface albedo derived from MODIS and
	the fraction of diffuse skylight over spatially-characterized landscapes},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425709003393}
}

@INCOLLECTION{vanRompaey1995,
  author = {van Rompaey, Rsar},
  title = {{C}limate change and deforestation in {W}est {A}frica: {A} space-time
	trend analysis of rainfall series from {C}{\''o}te d'{I}voire and
	{L}iberia},
  booktitle = {Climate Change Research: Evaluation and Policy Implications, a and
	B},
  year = {1995},
  editor = {Zwerver, S. and van Rompaey, R. S. A. and Kok, M. T. J. and Berk,
	M. M.},
  volume = {65},
  series = {Studies in Environmental Science},
  pages = {417-420},
  endnotereftype = {Book Section},
  isbn = {0166-1116 0-444-82143-0},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Climate change and deforestation in West Africa: A space-time trend
	analysis of rainfall series from Cote d'Ivoire and Liberia},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995BE52G00042}
}

@ARTICLE{Roy2005,
  author = {Roy, DP and Jin, Y and Lewis, PE and Justice, CO},
  title = {Prototyping a global algorithm for systematic fire-affected area
	mapping using MODIS time series data},
  journal = {Remote sensing of environment},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {97},
  pages = {137--162},
  number = {2},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Roy2002,
  author = {Roy, DP and Lewis, PE and Justice, CO},
  title = {Burned area mapping using multi-temporal moderate spatial resolution
	data—A bi-directional reflectance model-based expectation approach},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {83},
  pages = {263--286},
  number = {1},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Roy2008,
  author = {Roy, David P and Boschetti, Luigi and Justice, Christopher O and
	Ju, J},
  title = {The collection 5 MODIS burned area product—Global evaluation by comparison
	with the MODIS active fire product},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {112},
  pages = {3690--3707},
  number = {9},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  timestamp = {2013.08.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Roy2003,
  author = {Roy, S. B. and Hurtt, G. C. and Weaver, C. P. and Pacala, S. W.},
  title = {{I}mpact of historical land cover change on the {J}uly climate of
	the {U}nited {S}tates},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {108},
  number = {D24},
  abstract = {We used the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) model to investigate
	the possible impact of land cover change on the July climate of the
	coterminous United States over the last 290 years. Vegetation data
	were estimated using the Ecosystem Demography model. The observed
	change in land cover leads to a weak warming along the Atlantic coast
	and a strong cooling of more than 1 K over the Midwest and the Great
	Plains region. The precipitation signal is weaker and shows some
	reduction in the Midwest because of changes in the patterns of large-scale
	moisture advection.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {July large-scale moisture advection model North America precipitation
	RAMS Temperature USA},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Impact of historical land cover change on the July climate of the
	United States},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Sanchez2009,
  author = {S\'{a}nchez, JM and Caselles, V. and Nicl\`{o}s, R. and Coll, C.
	and Kustas, WP},
  title = {{E}stimating energy balance fluxes above a boreal forest from radiometric
	temperature observations},
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {149},
  pages = {1037-1049},
  number = {6-7},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Estimating energy balance fluxes above a boreal forest from radiometric
	temperature observations},
  timestamp = {2012.07.19}
}

@ARTICLE{Saad2010,
  author = {Saad, S. I. and da Rocha, H. R. and Dias, Mafs and Rosolem, R.},
  title = {{C}an the {D}eforestation {B}reeze {C}hange the {R}ainfall in {A}mazonia?
	{A} {C}ase {S}tudy for the {BR}-163 {H}ighway {R}egion},
  journal = {Earth Interactions},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {14},
  month = {Nov},
  abstract = {The authors simulated the effects of Amazonian mesoscale deforestation
	in the boundary layer and in rainfall with the Brazilian Regional
	Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS) model. They found that both the
	area and shape (with respect to wind incidence) of deforestation
	and the soil moisture status contributed to the state of the atmosphere
	during the time scale of several weeks, with distinguishable patterns
	of temperature, humidity, and rainfall. Deforestation resulted in
	the development of a three-dimensional thermal cell, the so-called
	deforestation breeze, slightly shifted downwind to large-scale circulation.
	The boundary layer was warmer and drier above 1000-m height and was
	slightly wetter up to 2000-m height. Soil wetness affected the circulation
	energetics proportionally to the soil dryness (for soil wetness below
	similar to 0.6). The shape of the deforestation controlled the impact
	on rainfall. The horizontal strips lined up with the prevailing wind
	showed a dominant increase in rainfall, significant up to about 60
	000 km(2). On the other hand, in the patches aligned in the opposite
	direction (north-south), there was both increase and decrease in
	precipitation in two distinct regions, as a result of clearly separated
	upward and downward branches, which caused the precipitation to increase
	for patches up to 15 000 km(2). The authors' estimates for the size
	of deforestation impacting the rainfall contributed to fill up the
	low spatial resolution in other previous studies.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1087-3562},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Can the Deforestation Breeze Change the Rainfall in Amazonia? A Case
	Study for the BR-163 Highway Region},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000284311300001}
}

@ARTICLE{Saad2010a,
  author = {Saad, Sandra I. and da Rocha, Humberto R. and Silva Dias, Maria A.
	F. and Rosolem, Rafael},
  title = {{C}an the {D}eforestation {B}reeze {C}hange the {R}ainfall in {A}mazonia?
	{A} {C}ase {S}tudy for the {BR}-163 {H}ighway {R}egion},
  journal = {Earth Interactions},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1-25},
  number = {18},
  abstract = {The authors simulated the effects of Amazonian mesoscale deforestation
	in the boundary layer and in rainfall with the Brazilian Regional
	Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS) model. They found that both the
	area and shape (with respect to wind incidence) of deforestation
	and the soil moisture status contributed to the state of the atmosphere
	during the time scale of several weeks, with distinguishable patterns
	of temperature, humidity, and rainfall. Deforestation resulted in
	the development of a three-dimensional thermal cell, the so-called
	deforestation breeze, slightly shifted downwind to large-scale circulation.
	The boundary layer was warmer and drier above 1000-m height and was
	slightly wetter up to 2000-m height. Soil wetness affected the circulation
	energetics proportionally to the soil dryness (for soil wetness below
	similar to 0.6). The shape of the deforestation controlled the impact
	on rainfall. The horizontal strips lined up with the prevailing wind
	showed a dominant increase in rainfall, significant up to about 60
	000 km(2). On the other hand, in the patches aligned in the opposite
	direction (north-south), there was both increase and decrease in
	precipitation in two distinct regions, as a result of clearly separated
	upward and downward branches, which caused the precipitation to increase
	for patches up to 15 000 km(2). The authors' estimates for the size
	of deforestation impacting the rainfall contributed to fill up the
	low spatial resolution in other previous studies.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1087-3562},
  keywords = {model amazon South America Deforestation},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Can the Deforestation Breeze Change the Rainfall in Amazonia? A Case
	Study for the BR-163 Highway Region},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Sackett1996,
  author = {Sackett, D.L. and Rosenberg, W. and Gray, JA and Haynes, R.B. and
	Richardson, W.S.},
  title = {{E}vidence based medicine: {W}hat it is and what it isn't},
  journal = {British Medical Journal},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {312},
  pages = {71},
  number = {7023},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0959-8138},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't},
  timestamp = {2011.12.06}
}

@ARTICLE{Sadhukhan2000,
  author = {Sadhukhan, I. and Lohar, D. and Pal, D. K.},
  title = {{P}remonsoon season rainfall variability over {G}angetic {W}est {B}engal
	and its neighbourhood, {I}ndia},
  journal = {International journal of climatology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {1485-1493},
  number = {12},
  month = {Oct},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Premonsoon season rainfall variability over Gangetic West Bengal and
	its neighbourhood, India},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000090065300006 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/1097-0088(200010)20:12<1485::AID-JOC544>3.0.CO;2-V/asset/544_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=gv1gbyil&s=a523c3f7d60d394fc3cb3cc0d8fe45abcad40dc4}
}

@ARTICLE{Saha2006,
  author = {Saha, S. K. and Rinke, A. and Dethloff, K. and Kuhry, P.},
  title = {{I}nfluence of a complex land surface scheme on {A}rctic climate
	simulations},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {111},
  number = {D22},
  abstract = {The regional climate model HIRHAM4 coupled with two different land
	surface models (ECHAM4-LSM and NCAR-LSM) has been applied over the
	entire Arctic region. Model results have been compared with the observed
	monthly soil temperature and snow water equivalent from several weather
	stations in east Siberia and west Russia. Our study shows that the
	seasonal cycle of soil temperature is reasonably well reproduced
	by both versions of the model. HIRHAM4-ECHAM4-LSM produces cold soil
	temperature bias during winter, and the use of HIRHAM4-NCAR-LSM reduces
	such bias because of its more advanced land surface schemes. Insulation
	by snow on the ground surface is one of the main controlling factors
	of soil temperature, and the increased association between snow and
	soil temperature in HIRHAM4-NCAR-LSM has led to the improvement in
	winter soil temperature. We further established that the influences
	of land surface schemes and their coupling on the atmospheric conditions
	not only affect climate simulations on land but also in remote Arctic
	Ocean regions. Similarly as for the present day climate, two different
	land surface schemes can have significant influences on the simulated
	future climate. These influences imply an additional uncertainty
	in future climate projections.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {arctic region land surface scheme model russia siberia},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Influence of a complex land surface scheme on Arctic climate simulations},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@article{saha_investigating_2016,
	title = {Investigating the impact of land-use land-cover change on {Indian} summer monsoon daily rainfall and temperature during 1951-2005 using a regional climate model},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/c4242c9ecce075e3545390b1d00f2751/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=105724},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2017-04-20},
	journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
	author = {Saha, Subodh K. and Dirmeyer, Paul A. and Chase, Thomas N.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1765},
}

@ARTICLE{Saji1999,
  author = {Saji, NH and Goswami, B.N. and Vinayachandran, PN and Yamagata, T.},
  title = {{A} dipole mode in the tropical {I}ndian {O}cean},
  journal = {Nature},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {401},
  pages = {360-363},
  number = {6751},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean},
  timestamp = {2012.04.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Salazar2010,
  author = {Salazar, L. F. and Nobre, C. A.},
  title = {{C}limate change and thresholds of biome shifts in {A}mazonia},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {37},
  month = {Sep},
  abstract = {We examine potential critical thresholds for biome shift in the Amazonian
	tropical forest by forcing a potential vegetation model with prescribed
	climate anomalies and projections from global and regional climate
	models and different levels of CO(2) fertilization effect under the
	SRES A2 scenario (2070-2099). The results indicate that tropical
	forests might be replaced by seasonal forests or savanna over eastern
	Amazonia with temperature increases of 2-3 degrees C (4-5 degrees
	C), when CO(2) fertilization effect is not considered (partially
	considered), depending on precipitation anomaly. A precipitation
	decrease greater than 30% would trigger the shift from tropical forest
	to drier biomes, such as savanna and shrubland in southeastern Amazonia.
	The projected decrease in precipitation during the dry season and
	the increase of temperature are the main mechanisms driving calculated
	biome changes. However, biome changes are considerably smaller when
	the optimum fertilization effect is included. Citation: Salazar,
	L. F., and C. A. Nobre (2010), Climate change and thresholds of biome
	shifts in Amazonia, Geo-phys. Res. Lett., 37, L17706, doi:10.1029/2010GL043538.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0094-8276},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climate change and thresholds of biome shifts in Amazonia},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000281755000001}
}

@ARTICLE{Saltelli2010,
  author = {Saltelli, Andrea and Annoni, Paola and Azzini, Ivano and Campolongo,
	Francesca and Ratto, Marco and Tarantola, Stefano},
  title = {Variance based sensitivity analysis of model output. Design and estimator
	for the total sensitivity index},
  journal = {Computer Physics Communications},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {181},
  pages = {259-270},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {Variance based methods have assessed themselves as versatile and effective
	among the various available techniques for sensitivity analysis of
	model output. Practitioners can in principle describe the sensitivity
	pattern of a model Y = f ( X 1 , X 2 , … , X k ) with k uncertain
	input factors via a full decomposition of the variance V of Y into
	terms depending on the factors and their interactions. More often
	practitioners are satisfied with computing just k first order effects
	and k total effects, the latter describing synthetically interactions
	among input factors. In sensitivity analysis a key concern is the
	computational cost of the analysis, defined in terms of number of
	evaluations of f ( X 1 , X 2 , … , X k ) needed to complete the analysis,
	as f ( X 1 , X 2 , … , X k ) is often in the form of a numerical
	model which may take long processing time. While the computational
	cost is relatively cheap and weakly dependent on k for estimating
	first order effects, it remains expensive and strictly k-dependent
	for total effect indices. In the present note we compare existing
	and new practices for this index and offer recommendations on which
	to use.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0010-4655},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Variance based sensitivity analysis of model output. Design and estimator
	for the total sensitivity index},
  timestamp = {2013.01.17},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010465509003087}
}

@ARTICLE{Sanga-Ngoie1996,
  author = {Sanga-Ngoie, Kazadi and Fukuyama, Kaoru},
  title = {{I}nterannual and long-term climate variability over the {Z}aire
	{R}iver {B}asin during the last 30 years},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {21351-21360},
  number = {D16},
  month = {Sep},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Interannual and long-term climate variability over the Zaire River
	Basin during the last 30 years},
  timestamp = {2011.12.01},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996VK04100016 http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/v101/iD16/96JD01869/96JD01869.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Sarkar2007,
  author = {Sarkar, S. and Chiu, L. and Kafatos, M. and Singh, R.},
  title = {{S}ensitivity of rainfall on land cover change over {S}outh {E}ast
	{A}sia: {S}ome observational results},
  journal = {Advances in Space Research},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {73-78},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Global vegetation cover is strongly related to the climatic conditions.
	Based on the rainfall forecast the productivity of the crops and
	also the drought conditions are being monitored on routine basis.
	Since past several decades efforts have been made to understand the
	role of tropical forcing in the maintenance of general circulation
	in the atmosphere. It has been found that the low latitude condensation
	process and lateral coupling with the higher latitude energy is the
	most important driving force in the tropics. In the present paper,
	we have studied the variability of rainfall and vegetation in the
	South East Asian (SEA) region. Nineteen years (January 1982-December
	2000) of vegetation and rainfall data have been analyzed for different
	land cover of SEA and it has been found that the cultivated land
	controls the variability of rainfall in this region. (c) 2006 COSPAR.
	Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0273-1177},
  keywords = {asia},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Sensitivity of rainfall on land cover change over South East Asia:
	Some observational results},
  timestamp = {2012.10.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000254821000013}
}

@ARTICLE{Sato2007,
  author = {Sato, T. and Kimura, F. and Hasegawa, A. S.},
  title = {{V}egetation and topographic control of cloud activity over arid/semiarid
	{A}sia},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {112},
  number = {D24},
  month = {Dec},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {asia},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Vegetation and topographic control of cloud activity over arid/semiarid
	Asia},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
}

@ARTICLE{Schelde1997,
  author = {Schelde, K. and Kelliher, F. M. and Massman, W. J. and Jensen, K.
	H.},
  title = {{E}stimating sensible and latent heat fluxes from a temperate broad-leaved
	forest using the {S}imple {B}iosphere ({S}i{B}) model},
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {84},
  pages = {285-295},
  number = {3-4},
  abstract = {Sensible (H) and latent heat (λE) flux densities from a well-watered,
	broad-leaved forest of Nothofagus trees were estimated using the
	simple biosphere (SiB) model. Model inputs included micrometeorological
	measurements made at a reference height (36 m) just above the canopy
	and site parameters such as the tree canopy leaf area index of seven.
	Half-hourly diurnal courses of modelled H and λE were generally in
	good agreement with eddy covariance flux measurements (±30 Wm−2 on
	average) over six late-summer days of variable weather conditions.
	The most important model variables determining these fluxes were
	the bulk leaf boundary-layer resistance (rb), proportional to leaf
	size, for H and canopy (stomatal) resistance (rc), regulated by radiation
	interception and air saturation deficit, for λE. Recent developments
	in the modelling of rc for different vegetation types are discussed.
	Maximum daily ground (forest floor) evaporation rate (Eg) was 0.5
	mm day−1, accounting for up to 20% of forest evaporation. Initial
	model estimates of Eg in the forest were nearly 50% less than those
	of lysimeter measurements. However, agreement between measured and
	modelled Eg was only about ± 0.05 mm day−1 after reduction of the
	trunk space eddy diffusive resistance (rd) based on a comparison
	with other values in the literature.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  keywords = {Sensible heat fluxes Latent heat fluxes Temperate broad-leaved forest
	Simple Biosphere Model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Estimating sensible and latent heat fluxes from a temperate broad-leaved
	forest using the Simple Biosphere (SiB) model},
  timestamp = {2012.11.12},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016819239602357X}
}

@ARTICLE{Schepen2012,
  author = {Schepen, Andrew and Wang, Q. J. and Robertson, David},
  title = {Evidence for Using Lagged Climate Indices to Forecast Australian
	Seasonal Rainfall},
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {1230-1246},
  number = {4},
  month = {2012 Feb 15},
  abstract = {Lagged oceanic and atmospheric climate indices are potentially useful
	predictors of seasonal rainfall totals. A rigorous Bayesian joint
	probability modeling approach is applied to find the cross-validation
	predictive densities of gridded Australian seasonal rainfall totals
	using lagged climate indices as predictors over the period of 1950-2009.
	The evidence supporting the use of each climate index as a predictor
	of seasonal rainfall is quantified by the pseudo-Bayes factor based
	on cross-validation predictive densities. The evidence strongly supports
	the use of climate indices from the Pacific region with weaker, but
	positive, evidence for the use of climate indices from the Indian
	region and the extratropical region. The spatial structure and seasonal
	variation of the evidence for each climate index is mapped and compared.
	Spatially, the strongest supporting evidence is found for forecasting
	in northern and eastern Australia. Seasonally, the strongest evidence
	is found from August-October to November-January and the weakest
	evidence is found from March-May to May-July. In some regions and
	seasons, there is little evidence supporting the use of climate indices
	for forecasting seasonal rainfall. Climate indices derived from sea
	surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific region show stronger
	persistence in the relationship with Australian seasonal rainfall
	totals than climate indices derived from sea surface temperature
	anomalies in the Indian region. Climate indices derived from atmospheric
	variables are also strongly supported, provided they represent the
	large-scale circulation. Many climate indices are found to show similar
	supporting evidence for forecasting Australian seasonal rainfall,
	leading to the prospect of combining climate indices in multiple
	predictor models and/or model averaging. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {08948755},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  shorttitle = {Evidence for Using Lagged Climate Indices to Forecast Australian Seasonal
	Rainfall},
  timestamp = {2014.04.30}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Schiffman2008,
  author = {Schiffman, B. and Basson, G. and Lue, E. and Ottman, D. and Hawk,
	A. and Ghosh, M. and Melton, F. and Schmidt, C. and Skiles, J.},
  title = {Estimation of Leaf Area Index ({LAI}) Through the Acquisition of
	Ground Truth Data in {Y}osemite National Park},
  booktitle = {ASRPS 2008 Annual Conference},
  year = {2008},
  address = {Portland, Oregon},
  endnotereftype = {Conference Proceedings},
  keywords = {0439 Ecosystems structure and dynamics (4815) 4815 Ecosystems structure
	dynamics and modeling (0439)},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Estimation of Leaf Area Index (LAI) Through the Acquisition of Ground
	Truth Data in Yosemite National Park},
  timestamp = {2012.12.22}
}

@ARTICLE{Schlunzen2010,
  author = {Schlunzen, K. H. and Hoffmann, P. and Rosenhagen, G. and Riecke,
	W.},
  title = {{L}ong-term changes and regional differences in temperature and precipitation
	in the metropolitan area of {H}amburg},
  journal = {International journal of climatology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1121-1136},
  number = {8},
  month = {Jun},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0899-8418},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Long-term changes and regional differences in temperature and precipitation
	in the metropolitan area of Hamburg},
  timestamp = {2011.11.28},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000280023100003 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/joc.1968/asset/1968_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=gv1gaisn&s=fd532ed8ba14bb8b89af183347ff7ea705502f15}
}

@BOOK{Schmidt2010,
  title = {{M}ain {C}ause of {C}limate {C}hange: {D}ecline in the {S}mall {W}ater
	{C}ycle},
  publisher = {IWA Publishing},
  year = {2010},
  editor = {Hao, X. D. and Novotny, V. and Nelson, V.},
  author = {Schmidt, M.},
  series = {Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Communities: China and the World},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {978-1-84339-328-3},
  keywords = {review},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Main Cause of Climate Change: Decline in the Small Water Cycle},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000285525200009}
}

@ARTICLE{Schneck2011,
  author = {Schneck, Rainer and Mosbrugger, Volker},
  title = {{S}imulated climate effects of {S}outheast {A}sian deforestation:
	{R}egional processes and teleconnection mechanisms},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {116},
  abstract = {A coupled atmosphere-ocean model is used to examine the climatic effects
	of Southeast Asian deforestation. On the deforested grid cells surface
	temperatures rise, and precipitation is reduced after deforestation.
	Regional moisture convergence and convection increase and lead to
	strongly enhanced rainfall. The easterlies and associated oceanic
	surface currents are reduced in the Southeast Asian realm. As a result,
	the upwelling of cold ocean water weakens, and surface temperatures
	rise. This acts as a strong positive feedback mechanism for the enhanced
	regional moisture convergence. Besides the regional effects, we find
	strong teleconnections to the tropics and to the high latitudes of
	both hemispheres. The signal from Southeast Asia propagates to the
	extratropics with the high-level winds in the form of sensible heat
	and potential energy. Possibly because of strong albedo-sea ice feedbacks,
	some regions in the high latitudes amplify relatively small initial
	climate changes and exhibit strong remote effects. The excitation
	of atmospheric waves (probably Rossby waves) is the underlying mechanism
	that causes the signal propagation to the extratropics.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0148-0227},
  keywords = {Deforestation model},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Simulated climate effects of Southeast Asian deforestation: Regional
	processes and teleconnection mechanisms},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Scholl2011,
  author = {Scholl, Martha and Eugster, Werner and Burkard, Reto},
  title = {Understanding the role of fog in forest hydrology: stable isotopes
	as tools for determining input and partitioning of cloud water in
	montane forests},
  journal = {Hydrological Processes},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {353-366},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {Understanding the hydrology of tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF)
	has become essential as deforestation of mountain areas proceeds
	at an increased rate worldwide. Passive and active cloud-water collectors,
	throughfall and stemflow collectors, visibility or droplet size measurements,
	and micrometeorological sensors are typically used to measure the
	fog water inputs to ecosystems. In addition, stable isotopes may
	be used as a natural tracer for fog and rain. Previous studies have
	shown that the isotopic signature of fog tends to be more enriched
	in the heavier isotopes 2H and 18O than that of rain, due to differences
	in condensation temperature and history. Differences between fog
	and rain isotopes are largest when rain is from synoptic-scale storms,
	and fog or orographic cloud water is generated locally. Smaller isotopic
	differences have been observed between rain and fog on mountains
	with orographic clouds, but only a few studies have been conducted.
	Quantifying fog deposition using isotope methods is more difficult
	in forests receiving mixed precipitation, because of limitations
	in the ability of sampling equipment to separate fog from rain, and
	because fog and rain may, under some conditions, have similar isotopic
	composition. This article describes the various types of fog most
	relevant to montane cloud forests and the importance of fog water
	deposition in the hydrologic budget. A brief overview of isotope
	hydrology provides the background needed to understand isotope applications
	in cloud forests. A summary of previous work explains isotopic differences
	between rain and fog in different environments, and how monitoring
	the isotopic signature of surface water, soil water and tree xylem
	water can yield estimates of the contribution of fog water to streamflow,
	groundwater recharge and transpiration. Next, instrumentation to
	measure fog and rain, and methods to determine isotopic concentrations
	in plant and soil water are discussed. The article concludes with
	the identification of some of the more pressing research questions
	in this field and offers various suggestions for future research.
	Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1099-1085},
  keywords = {stable isotopes cloud water fog oxygen-18 deuterium cloud forest},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  shorttitle = {Understanding the role of fog in forest hydrology: stable isotopes
	as tools for determining input and partitioning of cloud water in
	montane forests},
  timestamp = {2013.08.12},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7762}
}

@ARTICLE{Schulze1994,
  author = {Schulze, E. Detlef and Kelliher, Francis M. and Korner, Christian
	and Jon, Lloyd and Leuning, Ray},
  title = {Relationships Among Maximum Stomatal Conductance, Ecosystem Surface
	Conductance, Carbon Assimilation Rate, and Plant Nitrogen Nutrition:
	A Global Ecology Scaling Exercise},
  journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {629-660},
  abstract = {This review provides a theoretical framework and global maps for relations
	between nitrogen-(N)-nutrition and stomatal conductance, gs, at the
	leaf scale and fluxes of water vapor and carbon dioxide at the canopy
	scale. This theory defines the boundaries for observed rates of maximum
	surface conductance, Gsmax, and its relation to leaf area index,
	Λ, within a range of observed maximum stomatal conductances, gsmax.
	Soil evaporation compensates for the reduced contribution of plants
	to total ecosystem water loss of $\Lambda < 4$ . Thus, Gsmax is fairly
	independent of changes in Λ for a broad range of vegetation types.
	The variation of Gsmax within these boundaries can be explained by
	effects of plant nutrition on stomatal conductance via effects on
	assimilation. Relations are established for the main global vegetation
	types among (i) maximum stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen concentrations
	with a slope of 0.3 mm s-1 per mg N -g, (ii) maximum surface conductance
	and stomatal conductance with a slope of 3mm s-1 in G per mm s-1
	in g, and (iii) maximum surface CO2 uptake and surface conductance
	with a slope of 1 μ mol m-2s-1 in A per mm s-1 in G. Based on the
	distribution of leaf nitrogen in different vegetation types, predictions
	are made for maximum surface conductance and assimilation of carbon
	dioxide at a global scale. The review provides a basis for modeling
	and predicting feedforward and feedback effects between terrestrial
	vegetation and global climate.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {00664162},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Annual Reviews},
  shorttitle = {Relationships Among Maximum Stomatal Conductance, Ecosystem Surface
	Conductance, Carbon Assimilation Rate, and Plant Nitrogen Nutrition:
	A Global Ecology Scaling Exercise},
  timestamp = {2013.07.20},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2097327}
}

@ARTICLE{Schymanski2007,
  author = {Schymanski, S. J. and Roderick, M. L. and Sivapalan, M. and Hutley,
	L. B. and Beringer, J.},
  title = {{A} test of the optimality approach to modelling canopy properties
	and {CO}2 uptake by natural vegetation},
  journal = {Plant Cell and Environment},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1586-1598},
  number = {12},
  month = {Dec},
  abstract = {Photosynthesis provides plants with their main building material,
	carbohydrates, and with the energy necessary to thrive and prosper
	in their environment. We expect, therefore, that natural vegetation
	would evolve optimally to maximize its net carbon profit (NCP), the
	difference between carbon acquired by photosynthesis and carbon spent
	on maintenance of the organs involved in its uptake. We modelled
	NCP for an optimal vegetation for a site in the wet-dry tropics of
	north Australia based on this hypothesis and on an ecophysiological
	gas exchange and photosynthesis model, and compared the modelled
	CO2 fluxes and canopy properties with observations from the site.
	The comparison gives insights into theoretical and real controls
	on gas exchange and canopy structure, and supports the optimality
	approach for the modelling of gas exchange of natural vegetation.
	The main advantage of the optimality approach we adopt is that no
	assumptions about the particular vegetation of a site are required,
	making it a very powerful tool for predicting vegetation response
	to long-term climate or land use change.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0140-7791},
  keywords = {adaptation assimilation costs and benefits gas exchange optimization
	photosynthesis australian tropical savanna whole-plant photosynthesis
	northern australia stomatal conductance electron-transport global
	radiation nitrogen-content group selection use efficiency carbon},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A test of the optimality approach to modelling canopy properties and
	CO2 uptake by natural vegetation},
  timestamp = {2012.12.16},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000250553500009}
}

@ARTICLE{Seleshi1995,
  author = {Seleshi, Y. and Demaree, G. R.},
  title = {{R}ainfall variability in the {E}thiopian and {E}ritrean highlands
	and its links with the {S}outhern {O}scillation {I}ndex},
  journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {945-952},
  number = {4-5},
  month = {Jul-Sep},
  abstract = {Drought-prone tropical African regions are characterized by a high
	variability of seasonal and annual rainfall across time and space.
	Part of this variability is known to be associated with the El Nino-Southern
	Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon: e.g. main rainy season droughts in
	Ethiopia are more likely to occur during the years of warm ENSO events.
	In this paper we present teleconnections between the monthly SO index
	(SOI) and the monthly regional rainfall indices of the north central
	Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands over the reference period 1900-90.
	The monthly Darwin sea level pressure (DSLP) data are used as a 'proxy'
	for SOI. Rainfall of sub-Saharan West Africa is compared with the
	rainfall of the north central Ethiopian and the Eritrean highlands
	for the two periods 1945-64 and 1965-84. The Blue Nile flow measured
	at Khartoum is also compared with its sub-catchment rainfall over
	the north central Ethiopian highlands. The possible links of the
	decreasing summer rainfall over the last 30 years with the terrestrial
	ecosystems and the land-use and land cover changes in this region
	of Africa will be evoked.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0305-0270},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Rainfall variability in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands and its
	links with the Southern Oscillation Index},
  timestamp = {2012.10.17},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995UK05300038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2845995.pdf?acceptTC=true}
}

@ARTICLE{Semazzi2001,
  author = {Semazzi, F. H. M. and Song, Y.},
  title = {{A} {GCM} study of climate change induced by deforestation in {A}frica},
  journal = {Climate Research},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {169-182},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {In this modeling study we investigated the potential climate change
	which would result from totally clearing the tropical rain forests
	in Africa. The primary research vehicle in our investigation was
	the standard version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research
	(NCAR) CCM3 global climate model (GCM), with a horizontal resolution
	of triangular spectral truncation T42 (approximately 2.8 degrees
	x 2.8 degrees). Two separate 10 yr simulations were performed; for
	each of these the global climatological sea surface temperature field
	was prescribed. The purpose of the 10 yr simulations was to provide
	a sufficiently large ensemble whose average minimizes model noise
	errors. In the control simulation normal vegetation was prescribed.
	The design of the anomaly experiment was similar to the control run
	except that the tropical rainforest regions in Africa were replaced
	by savanna grassland vegetation. The CCM3 GCM successfully simulated
	the primary features of the seasonal mean climate conditions over
	Africa. The model results show that replacement of tropical rain
	forest vegetation with savanna grassland vegetation produces the
	following climate changes over Africa: (1) Over the deforested region,
	the model results indicate a significant reduction in area-averaged
	rainfall throughout the year. The decrease ranges between 2 to 3
	mm d(-1) during the northern hemispheric summer months, when the
	region experiences the driest conditions (July to September), and
	less than 1 mm d(-1) during the wettest months (autumn and spring).
	(2) Over southern Africa deforestation results in substantial rainfall
	reduction over Mozambique and rainfall increase over Botswana, Zambia,
	the southern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and
	parts of South Africa. Changes in the trapped Rossby wave train activity
	generated by the mid-tropospheric latent heating over the tropical
	forest region are responsible for the continental-scale teleconnection
	climate response. (3) Over Eastern and Western Africa the impact
	of deforestation is primarily characterized by a reduction in rainfall,
	however the adopted GCM T42 resolution may not have been adequate
	to resolve the large contrasts in terrain and vegetation types. (4)
	Over the rest of Africa the response is relatively weak.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0936-577X},
  keywords = {Africa Deforestation GCM model Rainfall},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {A GCM study of climate change induced by deforestation in Africa},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Seneviratne2010,
  author = {Seneviratne, Sonia I. and Corti, Thierry and Davin, Edouard L. and
	Hirschi, Martin and Jaeger, Eric B. and Lehner, Irene and Orlowsky,
	Boris and Teuling, Adriaan J.},
  title = {{I}nvestigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing
	climate: {A} review},
  journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {125-161},
  number = {3-4},
  abstract = {Soil moisture is a key variable of the climate system. It constrains
	plant transpiration and photosynthesis in several regions of the
	world, with consequent impacts on the water, energy and biogeochemical
	cycles. Moreover it is a storage component for precipitation and
	radiation anomalies, inducing persistence in the climate system.
	Finally, it is involved in a number of feedbacks at the local, regional
	and global scales, and plays a major role in climate-change projections.
	In this review, we provide a synthesis of past research on the role
	of soil moisture for the climate system, based both on modelling
	and observational studies. We focus on soil moisture-temperature
	and soil moisture-precipitation feedbacks, and their possible modifications
	with climate change. We also highlight further impacts of soil moisture
	on climate, and the state of research regarding the validation of
	the relevant processes. There are promises for major advances in
	this research field in coming years thanks to the development of
	new validation datasets and multi-model initiatives. However, the
	availability of ground observations continues to be critical in limiting
	progress and should therefore strongly be fostered at the international
	level. Exchanges across disciplines will also be essential for bridging
	current knowledge gaps in this field. This is of key importance given
	the manifold impacts of soil moisture on climate, and their relevance
	for climate-change projections. A better understanding and quantification
	of the relevant processes would significantly help to reduce uncertainties
	in future-climate scenarios, in particular with regard to changes
	in climate variability and extreme events, as well as ecosystem and
	agricultural impacts.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0012-8252},
  keywords = {soil-water balance land cover climatic controls boundary interactions
	atmosphere climate change},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate:
	A review},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V62-4YCS045-2/2/0720d84514bc15522d4c0684a8f78026}
}

@ARTICLE{Seneviratne2006,
  author = {Seneviratne, S. I. and Lüthi, D. and Litschi, M. and Schär, C.},
  title = {{L}and-atmosphere coupling and climate change in {E}urope},
  journal = {Nature},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {443},
  pages = {205-209},
  number = {7108},
  month = {Sep 14},
  abstract = {Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to enhance the
	interannual variability of summer climate in Europe(1-3) and other
	mid-latitude regions(4,5), potentially causing more frequent heatwaves(1,3,5,6).
	Climate models consistently predict an increase in the variability
	of summer temperatures in these areas, but the underlying mechanisms
	responsible for this increase remain uncertain. Here we explore these
	mechanisms using regional simulations of recent and future climatic
	conditions with and without land - atmosphere interactions. Our results
	indicate that the increase in summer temperature variability predicted
	in central and eastern Europe is mainly due to feedbacks between
	the land surface and the atmosphere. Furthermore, they suggest that
	land - atmosphere interactions increase climate variability in this
	region because climatic regimes in Europe shift northwards in response
	to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, creating a new transitional
	climate zone with strong land - atmosphere coupling in central and
	eastern Europe. These findings emphasize the importance of soil-
	moisture - temperature feedbacks ( in addition to soil- moisture
	- precipitation feedbacks(7-10)) in influencing summer climate variability
	and the potential migration of climate zones with strong land - atmosphere
	coupling(7,11) as a consequence of global warming. This highlights
	the crucial role of land atmosphere interactions in future climate
	change.},
  comment = {seneviratne06b},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  keywords = {soil-moisture change scenarios model precipitation variability temperature
	trends predictability feedback hadam3},
  owner = {Sue},
  pdf = { },
  shorttitle = {Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe},
  timestamp = {2012.10.24},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000240467000045}
}

@ARTICLE{Seneviratne2006a,
  author = {Seneviratne, Sonia I and Lüthi, Daniel and Litschi, Michael and Schär,
	Christoph},
  title = {Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe},
  journal = {Nature},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {443},
  pages = {205-209},
  number = {7108},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe},
  timestamp = {2013.08.27}
}

@ARTICLE{Sertel2011,
  author = {Sertel, E. and Ormeci, C. and Robock, Alan},
  title = {{M}odelling land cover change impact on the summer climate of the
	{M}armara {R}egion, {T}urkey},
  journal = {International Journal of Global Warming},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {194-202},
  number = {1-2},
  abstract = {Landscape characteristics of the Marmara Region, Turkey, changed significantly
	after the 1980s as a result of rapid industrialisation and population
	increase. To investigate the effects of these land cover changes
	on the summer regional climate, we implemented 1975 and 2005 land
	cover maps of the region produced from Landsat images into the Weather
	Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model. Urbanisation
	and conversion from forest to barren areas increased average temperatures
	by 0.5-1.5 degrees C. Significant precipitation changes could not
	be detected. The average wind magnitude decreased by 0.3-0.9 m/s
	over the city and surrounding areas.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {1758-2083},
  keywords = {model Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Modelling land cover change impact on the summer climate of the Marmara
	Region, Turkey},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10}
}

@ARTICLE{Sewall2000,
  author = {Sewall, J. O. and Sloan, L. C. and Huber, M. and Wing, S.},
  title = {{C}limate sensitivity to changes in land surface characteristics},
  journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {445-465},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {Using a recently developed global vegetation distribution, topography,
	and shorelines for the Early Eocene in conjunction with the Genesis
	version 2.0 climate model, we investigate the influences that these
	new boundary conditions have on global climate. Global mean climate
	changes little in response to the subtle changes we made; differences
	in mean annual and seasonal surface temperatures over northern and
	southern hemispheric land, respectively, are on the order of 0.5
	degreesC. In contrast, and perhaps more importantly, continental
	scale climate exhibits significant responses. Increased peak elevations
	and topographic detail result in larger amplitude planetary similar
	to4 mm/day and decreases by 7-9 mm/day in the proto Himalayan region.
	Surface temperatures change by up to 18 degreesC as a direct result
	of elevation modifications. Increased leaf area index (LAI), as a
	result of altered vegetation distributions, reduces temperatures
	by up to 6 degreesC. Decreasing the size of the Mississippi embayment
	decreases inland precipitation by 1-2 mm/day. These climate responses
	to increased accuracy in boundary conditions indicate that "improved"
	boundary conditions may play an important role in producing modeled
	paleoclimates that approach the proxy data more closely. (C) 2000
	Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0921-8181},
  keywords = {model Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Climate sensitivity to changes in land surface characteristics},
  timestamp = {2012.11.24}
}

@ARTICLE{Shackley1998,
  author = {Shackley, Simon and Young, Peter and Parkinson, Stuart and Wynne,
	Brian},
  title = {Uncertainty, Complexity and Concepts of Good Science in Climate Change
	Modelling: Are GCMs the Best Tools?},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {159-205},
  number = {2},
  month = {1998/02/01},
  abstract = {In this paper we explore the dominant position of a particular style
	of scientific modelling in the provision of policy-relevant scientific
	knowledge on future climate change. We describe how the apical position
	of General Circulation Models (GCMs) appears to follow ‘logically’
	both from conventional understandings of scientific representation
	and the use of knowledge, so acquired, in decision-making. We argue,
	however, that both of these particular understandings are contestable.
	In addition to questioning their current policy-usefulness, we draw
	upon existing analyses of GCMs which discuss model trade-offs, errors,
	and the effects of parameterisations, to raise questions about the
	validity of the conception of complexity in conventional accounts.
	An alternative approach to modelling, incorporating concepts of uncertainty,
	is discussed, and an illustrative example given for the case of the
	global carbon cycle. In then addressing the question of how GCMs
	have come to occupy their dominant position, we argue that the development
	of global climate change science and global environmental ‘management’
	frameworks occurs concurrently and in a mutually supportive fashion,
	so uniting GCMs and environmental policy developments in certain
	industrialised nations and international organisations. The more
	basic questions about what kinds of commitments to theories of knowledge
	underpin different models of ‘complexity’ as a normative principle
	of ‘good science’ are concealed in this mutual reinforcement. Additionally,
	a rather technocratic policy orientation to climate change may be
	supported by such science, even though it involves political choices
	which deserve to be more widely debated.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0165-0009},
  owner = {Sue},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  shorttitle = {Uncertainty, Complexity and Concepts of Good Science in Climate Change
	Modelling: Are GCMs the Best Tools?},
  timestamp = {2013.08.12},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1005310109968}
}

@ARTICLE{Sharma2005,
  author = {Sharma, U. C. and Sharma, V.},
  title = {{I}mpact of natural variability and anthropogenic factors on the
	flood events in northeastern {I}ndia},
  journal = {Regional Hydrological Impacts of Climatic Change - Hydroclimatic
	Variability},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {296},
  pages = {265-272},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0144-7815},
  keywords = {anthropogenic factors flood events natural climatic variability northeastern
	india},
  owner = {clia8074},
  shorttitle = {Impact of natural variability and anthropogenic factors on the flood
	events in northeastern India},
  timestamp = {2011.12.07},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://000248930500029}
}

@BOOK{Shelton2009,
  title = {{H}ydroclimatology: {P}erspectives and {A}pplications},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2009},
  author = {Shelton, M.L.},
  endnotereftype = {Book},
  isbn = {9780521848886},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Hydroclimatology: Perspectives and Applications},
  timestamp = {2012.07.17},
  url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=TPozhhMAbXQC}
}

@ARTICLE{Shukla1990,
  author = {Shukla, J. and Nobre, C. and Sellers, P.},
  title = {AMAZON DEFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {247},
  pages = {1322-1325},
  number = {4948},
  abstract = {A coupled numerical model of the global atmosphere and biosphere has
	been used to assess the effects of Amazon deforestation on the regional
	and global climate. When the tropical forests in the model were replaced
	by degraded grass (pasture), there was a significant increase in
	surface temperature and a decrease in evapotranspiration and precipitation
	over Amazonia. In the simulation, the length of the dry season also
	increased; such an increase could make reestablishment of the tropical
	forests after massive deforestation particularly difficult.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  keywords = {Amazon coupled atmosphere-land model Deforestation model precipitation
	South America Temperature},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {AMAZON DEFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE},
  timestamp = {2012.10.04}
}

@ARTICLE{Silva2006,
  author = {Silva, M. E. S. and Franchito, S. H. and Rao, V. B.},
  title = {{E}ffects of {A}mazonian deforestation on climate: a numerical experiment
	with a coupled biosphere-atmosphere model with soil hydrology},
  journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {1-18},
  number = {1-2},
  month = {May},
  abstract = {A coupled biosphere-atmosphere statistical-dynamical model (SDM) is
	used to study the climatic effects of Amazonian deforestation. A
	soil moisture model based on BATS has been incorporated into the
	SDM in order to study the biogeophysical feedback of change in surface
	characteristics to regional climate due to the deforestation. In
	the control experiment, the mean annual and mean seasonal climate
	is well simulated by the model when compared with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis
	data. In the deforestation experiment, the evergreen broadleaf trees
	in the Amazonian region are substituted by short grass. The effects
	of Amazonian deforestation on regional climate are analysed taking
	into account the model simulations for the land portion of the latitude
	belts comprising the tropical region. Amazonian deforestation results
	in regional climate changes such as a decrease in evaporation, precipitation,
	available surface net radiation and soil moisture content, and an
	increase in temperatures and sensible heat flux. The reduction in
	transpiration was responsible for the most part of the decrease in
	total evapotranspiration. The reduction in precipitation was larger
	than the decrease in evapotranspiration so that runoff was reduced.
	The simulation of the diurnal cycle of the surface temperature shows
	an increase in temperature during the day and a decrease at night,
	which is in agreement with observations, whereas earlier GCM experiments
	showed an increase both during the day and night. In general, the
	changes in temperature and energy fluxes are in good agreement with
	GCM experiments, showing that the SDM is able to simulate the characteristics
	of the tropical climate that are associated with the substitution
	of forest by pasture areas.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0177-798X},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Effects of Amazonian deforestation on climate: a numerical experiment
	with a coupled biosphere-atmosphere model with soil hydrology},
  timestamp = {2012.12.10},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000237209200001}
}

@ARTICLE{Silva2002,
  author = {Silva Dias, M. A. F. and Rutledge, S. and Kabat, P. and Dias, P.
	L. S. and Nobre, C. and Fisch, G. and Dolman, A. J. and Zipser, E.
	and Garstang, M. and Manzi, A. O. and Fuentes, J. D. and Rocha, H.
	R. and Marengo, J. and Plana-Fattori, A. and Sa, L. D. A. and Alvala,
	R. C. S. and Andreae, M. O. and Artaxo, P. and Gielow, R. and Gatti,
	L.},
  title = {Cloud and rain processes in a biosphere-atmosphere interaction context
	in the {A}mazon Region},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {107},
  number = {D20},
  abstract = {This paper presents an overview of the results from the first major
	mesoscale atmospheric campaign of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere
	Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) Program. The campaign, collocated with
	a Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite validation
	campaigns, was conducted in southwest Rondonia in January and February
	1999 during the wet season. Highlights on the interaction between
	clouds, rain, and the underlying landscape through biospheric processes
	are presented and discussed.},
  comment = {silvadias02},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0747-7309},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {Cloud and rain processes in a biosphere-atmosphere interaction context
	in the Amazon Region},
  timestamp = {2013.08.12},
  url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000180466200028}
}

@ARTICLE{Sim2005,
  author = {Sim, J. and Wright, C.C.},
  title = {{T}he kappa statistic in reliability studies: use, interpretation,
	and sample size requirements},
  journal = {Physical therapy},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {257-268},
  number = {3},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0031-9023},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The kappa statistic in reliability studies: use, interpretation, and
	sample size requirements},
  timestamp = {2011.12.21}
}

@ARTICLE{Siriwardena2006,
  author = {Siriwardena, L. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A.},
  title = {{T}he impact of land use change on catchment hydrology in large catchments:
	{T}he {C}omet {R}iver, {C}entral {Q}ueensland, {A}ustralia},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {326},
  pages = {199-214},
  number = {1-4},
  abstract = {The Comet River in Central Queensland, Australia, with a catchment
	area of 16,440 km2 was largely cleared of a natural forest cover
	dominated mainly by Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) during the mid-1960s.
	This provides an opportunity to examine the scale dependence of the
	impact on runoff from a large catchment of the conversion of forest
	to grass and cropland since most studies so far reported have been
	for very small catchments. The observed data on flow and rainfall
	indicate that in the post-clearing period there was a 78% increase
	in runoff compared with the pre-clearing period which can be explained,
	in part, by an 8.4% increase in rainfall. Two modelling strategies
	have been used to examine the impact of clearing on runoff. An annual
	water balance model using a standard hyperbolic function indicated
	that runoff in the post-clearing period was greater by 58% than if
	clearing not occurred. A simple conceptual daily rainfall-runoff
	model, SIMHYD, was calibrated for the pre-clearing period using various
	calibration strategies and used to estimate runoff in the post-clearing
	period as if clearing had not occurred. The reverse strategy was
	also applied and a total of eight runs of the model are reported.
	From this modelling it is estimated that clearing has generated an
	increase in runoff of approximately 40%.},
  endnotereftype = {Journal Article},
  issn = {0022-1694},
  keywords = {Land use change Deforestation Catchment hydrology Vegetation change},
  owner = {Sue},
  shorttitle = {The impact of land use change on catchment hydrology in large catchments:
	The Comet River, Central Queensland, Australia},
  timestamp = {2012.10.07},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169405005639}
}

@TECHREPORT{Skamarock2005,
  author = {Skamarock, W.C. and Klemp, J.B. and Dudhia, J. and Gill, D.O. and
	Barker, D.M. and Wang, W. and Powers, J.G.},
  title = {{A} description of the {A}dvanced {R}esearch {WRF} {V}ersion 2},
  institution = {DTIC Document},
  year = {2005},
  abstract = {The development of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling
	system is a multiagency effort intended to provide a next-generation
	mesoscale forecast model and data assimilation system that will advance
	both the understanding and prediction of mesoscale weather and accelerate
	the transfer of research advances into operations. The model is being
	developed as a collaborative effort ort among the NCAR Mesoscale
	and Microscale Meteorology (MMM) Division, the National Oceanic and
	Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental
	Prediction (NCEP) and Forecast System Laboratory (FSL), the Department
	of Defense's Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) and Naval Research Laboratory
	(NRL), the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS) at
	the University of Oklahoma, and the Federal Aviation Administration
	(FAA), along with the participation of a number of university scientists.
	The WRF model is designed to be a flexible, state-of-the-art, portable
	code that is an efficient in a massively parallel computing environment.
	A modular single-source code is maintained that can be configured
	for both research and operations. It offers numerous physics options,
	thus tapping into the experience of the broad modeling community.
	Advanced data assimilation systems are being developed and tested
	in tandem with the model. WRF is maintained and supported as a community
	model to facilitate wide use, particularly for research and teaching,
	in the university community. It is suitable for use in a broad spectrum
	of applications across scales ranging from meters to thousands of
	kilometers. Such

repository: WillemVervoort/RainfallLandcover

repo_name: WillemVervoort/RainfallLandcover

gha_language: PostScript