text:
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{66}},
Times-Cited = {{641}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{8}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{187}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{478JX}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171344200006}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000171595200005,
Author = {Bals-Elsholz, TM and Atallah, EH and Bosart, LF and Wasula, TA and
   Cempa, MJ and Lupo, AR},
Title = {{The wintertime Southern Hemisphere split jet: Structure, variability,
   and evolution}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{21}},
Pages = {{4191-4215}},
Abstract = {{A persistent feature of the Southern Hemisphere upper-level time-mean
   flow is the presence of a split jet across the South Pacific east of
   Australia during the austral winter. The split jet is composed of the
   subtropical jet (STJ) on its equatorward branch and the polar front jet
   (PFJ) on its poleward branch. The NCEP-NCAR reanalysis is used to
   investigate the structure and evolution of the split jet. Results show
   that the presence/absence of the PFJ determines the degree of split
   flow, given that the STJ is a quasi-steady feature. A split-flow index
   (SFI) is developed to quantify the variability of the split jet, in
   which negative values represent strong split flow and positive values
   nonsplit flow. Correlations with teleconnection indices are
   investigated, with the SFI positively correlated to the Southern
   Oscillation index and negatively correlated to the Antarctic
   oscillation.
   The SFI is used to construct composites of heights, temperature, and
   wind for split-flow and non-split-flow days. The composites reveal that
   relatively cold conditions occur in the South Pacific in association
   with nonsplit-flow regimes, and split-flow regimes occur when relatively
   warm conditions prevail. In the latter situation cold air bottled up
   over Antarctica helps to augment the background tropospheric thickness
   gradient between Antarctica and the lower latitudes with a resulting
   increase in the thermal wind and the PFJ. It is surmised that frequent
   cold surges out of Antarctica moving into the South Pacific are
   associated with non-split-flow regimes. In this context, the variability
   of the split jet responds to large-scale baroclinic processes and is
   further modulated by synoptic-scale disturbances.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Bals-Elsholz, TM (Corresponding Author), SUNY Albany, Dept Earth \& Atmospher Sci, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222 USA.
   SUNY Albany, Dept Earth \& Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4191:TWSHSJ>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{BLOCKING EPISODE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; STORM TRACKS; OSCILLATION; CIRCULATION;
   REANALYSIS; ANTARCTICA; TRENDS; MODES}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{33}},
Times-Cited = {{71}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{10}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{482UG}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171595200005}},
OA = {{Green Published}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000171924600003,
Author = {Cassou, C and Terray, L},
Title = {{Oceanic forcing of the wintertime low-frequency atmospheric variability
   in the North Atlantic European sector: A study with the ARPEGE model}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{22}},
Pages = {{4266-4291}},
Abstract = {{The relationship between global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the
   North Atlantic-Europe (NAE) atmospheric circulation is investigated
   using an ensemble of eight simulations with the ARPEGE atmospheric
   global circulation model forced with prescribed SSTs over the 1948-97
   period. The model mean state is first validated against NCEP reanalyses.
   The interannual SST-forced variability is then compared to the internal
   one using analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques. Both components are
   maximum in winter over the Northern Hemisphere and the associated
   potential predictability shows weak but significant values located over
   the Icelandic low (IL) and the Azores high (AH).
   The North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) is found to be the leading internal
   variability mode over the NAE sector as shown by principal component
   analysis of a control simulation with climatological SSTs. The noise
   imprint dominates the forced response estimated from the ensemble mean.
   The latter is related first to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
   activity. During warm (cold) events in the Pacific, the AH shows
   negative (positive) pressure anomalies and weakened opposition with the
   IL. The AH fluctuations exhibit a 3.7-yr peak and result from changes in
   the activity of the Atlantic Hadley cell and from the eastward extension
   of the Pacific North America teleconnection pattern. Eliassen-Palm
   diagnostics show that eddy-mean flow interaction acts to maintain the
   anomalous Atlantic stationary wave pattern as described by Fraedrich in
   a review based on observational results. The simulated ENSO-NAE
   connection is, however, too strong in the model and this dominance may
   be related to the simulated mean state biases. Second, the North
   Atlantic atmospheric forced signal is associated with the Atlantic SSTs.
   A tripole structure over the North Atlantic basin with maximum loading
   in its tropical branch is linked to the phase of the simulated NAO. A
   local Hadley cell mechanism associated with Rossby wave excitation over
   the Atlantic is suggested to explain tropical-midlatitude interactions
   in the model.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Review}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Cassou, C (Corresponding Author), CERFACS, SUC URA 1875, Climate Modelling \& Global Change Project, 42 Ave G Coriolis, F-31057 Toulouse, France.
   CERFACS, SUC URA 1875, Climate Modelling \& Global Change Project, F-31057 Toulouse, France.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4266:OFOTWL>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
EISSN = {{1520-0442}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EXTRATROPICAL SST ANOMALIES;
   GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY;
   GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SEASONAL RAINFALL; GCM
   SIMULATIONS; OSCILLATION}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{cassou@cerfacs.fr}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Terray, Laurent/B-8056-2008
   Kushnir, Yochanan/B-4472-2013
   CASSOU, Christophe/AAP-6409-2020}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Terray, Laurent/0000-0001-5512-7074
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{103}},
Times-Cited = {{67}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{2}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{15}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{488FB}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171924600003}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000172880800001,
Author = {Castro, CL and McKee, TB and Pielke, RA},
Title = {{The relationship of the North American monsoon to tropical and North
   Pacific Sea surface temperatures as revealed by observational analyses}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{24}},
Pages = {{4449-4473}},
Abstract = {{The North American monsoon is a seasonal shift of upper- and low-level
   pressure and wind patterns that brings summertime moisture into the
   southwest United States and ends the late spring wet period in the Great
   Plains. The interannual variability of the North American monsoon is
   examined using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis (1948-98). The diurnal and
   seasonal evolution of 500-mb geopotential height, integrated moisture
   flux, and integrated moisture flux convergence are constructed using a
   5-day running mean for the months May through September. All of the
   years are used to calculate an average daily Z score that removes the
   diurnal, seasonal, and intraseasonal variability. The 30-day average Z
   score centered about the date is correlated with Pacific sea surface
   temperature anomaly (SSTA) indices associated with the El Nino-Southern
   Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Pacific oscillation (NPO). These
   indices are Nino-3, a North Pacific index, and a Pacific index that
   combines the previous two. Regional time-evolving precipitation indices
   for the Southwest and Great Plains, which consider the total number of
   wet or dry stations in a region, are also correlated with the SSTA
   indices. The use of nonnormally distributed point source precipitation
   data is avoided.
   Teleconnections are computed relative to the climatological evolution of
   the North American monsoon, rather than to calendar months, thus more
   accurately accounting for the climatological changes in the large-scale
   circulation. Tropical and North Pacific SSTs are related to the
   occurrence of the Pacific Transition and East Pacific teleconnection
   patterns, respectively, in June and July. A high (low) NPO phase and El
   Nino (La Nina) conditions favor a weaker (stronger) and southward
   (northward) displaced monsoon ridge. These teleconnection patterns
   affect the timing and large-scale distribution of monsoon moisture. In
   the Great Plains, the spring wet season is lengthened (shortened) and
   early summer rainfall and integrated moisture flux convergence are above
   (below) average. In the Southwest, monsoon onset is late (early) and
   early summer rainfall and integrated moisture flux convergence are below
   (above) average. Relationships with Pacific SSTA indices decay in the
   later part of the monsoon coincident with weakening of the jet stream
   across the Pacific and strengthening of the monsoon ridge over North
   America. The most coherent summer climate patterns occur over the entire
   western United States when the Pacific index is substantially high or
   low, such as during the Midwest flood of 1993 and drought of 1988. The
   Pacific index in spring is a good predictor of early summer height
   anomalies over the western United States when the time evolution of the
   North Pacific SST dipole is considered.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Castro, CL (Corresponding Author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4449:TROTNA>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
EISSN = {{1520-0442}},
Keywords-Plus = {{ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN INTERACTION; SOUTHWEST UNITED-STATES; WATER-VAPOR
   TRANSPORT; LOW-LEVEL JET; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; 1988 DROUGHT;
   SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SUMMER RAINFALL; 1993 FLOODS; EL-NINO}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{chris@atmos.colostate.edu}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Pielke, Roger A/A-5015-2009}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{63}},
Times-Cited = {{134}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{5}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{35}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{504XE}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000172880800001}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000172880800004,
Author = {Honda, M and Nakamura, H},
Title = {{Interannual seesaw between the Aleutian and Icelandic lows. Part II: Its
   significance in the interannual variability over the wintertime Northern
   Hemisphere}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{24}},
Pages = {{4512-4529}},
Abstract = {{Through analysis of observational data for the period of 1973-94, the
   late-winter formation of an interannual seesaw between the surface
   Aleutian and Icelandic lows (AL and IL, respectively) is shown to
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   no longer dominates in the upper-tropospheric variability. The dipole
   signature is masked in late winter (February-April) by the predominant
   combined signature of the so-called Pacific-North American pattern and a
   meridional dipole over the northwestern Atlantic as an upper-level
   manifestation of the seesaw. Though somewhat less pronounced, the
   leading mode of the near-surface variability is modified accordingly in
   late winter by the superposition of the distinct signature of the AL-IL
   seesaw. The annularity of the leading mode of the tropospheric
   variability is thus reduced in late winter, particularly at the upper
   levels. Nevertheless, because of the particular geographical alignment
   between the anomalous AL and IL, their seesaw changes the zonal wind
   coherently between the two ocean basins, yielding a strong projection on
   the meridional plane whose latitudinal profile is almost
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   It is argued that what is called the Arctic oscillation in some recent
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   troposphere primarily represents the variability associated with the
   seesaw. It is also argued that the late-winter tropospheric variability
   over the North Atlantic may not necessarily be associated with the
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   variability accounts for as much as 30\%-50\% of the variance in the
   vicinity of the IL for the data period considered.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Nakamura, H (Corresponding Author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth \& Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth \& Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Inst Global Change Res, Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4512:ISBTAA>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
EISSN = {{1520-0442}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT;
   TEMPERATURE-FIELDS; STRATOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; EXTRATROPICAL
   CIRCULATION; TELECONNECTION PATTERNS; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; ANNULAR MODES;
   ANOMALIES}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{hisashi@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{49}},
Times-Cited = {{61}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{20}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{504XE}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000172880800004}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000172880800005,
Author = {Giannini, A and Chiang, JCH and Cane, MA and Kushnir, Y and Seager, R},
Title = {{The ENSO teleconnection to the tropical Atlantic Ocean: Contributions of
   the remote and local SSTs to rainfall variability in the tropical
   Americas}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{14}},
Number = {{24}},
Pages = {{4530-4544}},
Abstract = {{Recent developments in Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV) identify the
   El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as one of the leading factors in the
   interannual climate variability of the basin. An ENSO event results in
   Tropic-wide anomalies in the atmospheric circulation that have a direct
   effect on precipitation variability, as well as an indirect effect, that
   is, one mediated by sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies generated in
   the remote ocean basins. In order to separate the relative contributions
   of the atmospheric and oceanic components of the ENSO teleconnection to
   the tropical Atlantic Ocean, results from two ensembles of atmospheric
   general circulation model (AGCM) experiments, differing in oceanic
   boundary conditions, are compared. AGCM integrations performed with the
   Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3), forced by global, observed SST
   during 1950-94 reproduce the observed ENSO-related rainfall anomalies
   over the tropical Americas and adjacent Atlantic. A parallel ensemble of
   integrations, forced with observed SST in the tropical Atlantic only,
   and climatology elsewhere, is used to separate the effect of the direct
   atmospheric teleconnection from the atmosphere's response to the
   ENSO-forced SST anomalies in the Atlantic basin.
   It is found that ENSO-related atmospheric and oceanic anomalies force
   rainfall anomalies of the same sign in northeast Brazil, of opposite
   sign in the Caribbean basin. The direct atmospheric influence of a warm
   ENSO event reduces model rainfall as a whole over the tropical Atlantic
   basin. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that an
   ENSO-related Tropic-wide warming of the free troposphere forces the
   vertical stabilization of the tropical atmosphere. ENSO-related
   atmospheric anomalies are also known to force a delayed (relative to the
   mature phase of ENSO) warming of tropical North Atlantic SST through the
   weakening of the northeasterly trade winds and consequent reduction of
   surface fluxes. It is found that this delayed oceanic component forces a
   northward displacement of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone,
   resulting in increased precipitation over the Caribbean and reduced
   precipitation over northeast Brazil during the boreal spring following
   the mature phase of ENSO.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Giannini, A (Corresponding Author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Adv Study Program, POB 3000,1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4530:TETTTT>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; ATMOSPHERIC
   CIRCULATION; EL-NINO; MONTHLY PRECIPITATION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY;
   NORTHEAST BRAZIL; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CARIBBEAN RAINFALL; GAUGE
   OBSERVATIONS}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Chiang, John/A-9421-2010
   Giannini, Alessandra/H-4403-2013
   Giannini, Alessandra/F-7163-2016
   Cane, Mark/I-8086-2012
   }},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Giannini, Alessandra/0000-0001-5425-4995
   Seager, Richard/0000-0003-4772-9707}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{55}},
Times-Cited = {{160}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{15}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{504XE}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000172880800005}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000166677900003,
Author = {Ni, JR and Zhong, DS and Huang, YF and Wang, H},
Title = {{Total waste-load control and allocation based on input-output analysis
   for Shenzhen, South China}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{61}},
Number = {{1, SI}},
Pages = {{37-49}},
Month = {{JAN}},
Abstract = {{The general objective for this paper is to reveal the dynamic
   relationships between the rapid economic development, water pollution
   and the subsequent waste-load allocation in different economic sectors
   through a case-study in Shenzhen City, South China. Two-objective
   analysis model was employed based on the input-output fable for Shenzhen
   with the full consideration of various constraints in local area. The
   improved Tchebycheff procedure was used for obtaining the solutions. The
   predictions were made on economic development and pollutants from
   wastewater in different sectors and different planning years. The
   present study allows for the consideration of the economic structural
   adjustment. If is found that the current situation of economic structure
   is generally good and is subject to further adjustment in Shenzhen,
   although if has undergone the rapid development in the past 18 years.
   When the maximum Gross Domestic Production and the minimum Chemical
   Oxygen Demand are chosen as the two objectives subject to other
   constraints, the harmonized results indicated a scheme that claims
   substantial reduction of polluting effluences in Shenzhen while closely
   keeping the economic growth rate as planned. (C) 2001 Academic Press.}},
Publisher = {{ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD}},
Address = {{24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Ni, JR (Corresponding Author), Peking Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Water \& Sediment Sci, Ctr Environm Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
   Peking Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Water \& Sediment Sci, Ctr Environm Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, China Inst Water Resources \& Elect Power, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.}},
DOI = {{10.1006/jema.2000.0398}},
ISSN = {{0301-4797}},
EISSN = {{1095-8630}},
Keywords = {{objective; input-output; waste-load; economic structure}},
Keywords-Plus = {{ENVIRONMENT}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Environmental Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{34}},
Times-Cited = {{28}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{23}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Environ. Manage.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{397DK}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000166677900003}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000173010400008,
Author = {Rodionov, S and Assel, R and Herche, L},
Title = {{Tree-structured modeling of the relationship between Great Lakes ice
   cover and atmospheric circulation patterns}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{27}},
Number = {{4}},
Pages = {{486-502}},
Abstract = {{Seasonal maximum ice concentration (percentage of lake surface covered
   by ice) for the entire Laurentian Great Lakes and for each Great Lake
   separately is modeled using atmospheric teleconnection indices. Two
   methods, Linear Regression (LR) and Classification and Regression Trees
   (CART), are used to develop empirical models of the interannual
   variations of maximum ice cover. Thirty-four winter seasons between 1963
   and 1998 and nine teleconnection indices were used in the analysis. The
   ice cover characteristics were different for each Great Lake. The ice
   cover data lent itself better to CART analysis, because CART does not
   require a priori assumptions about data distributions characteristics to
   perform well. The stepwise LR models needed more variables, and in
   general, did not explain as much of the variance as the CART models. Two
   variables, the Multivariate ENSO index and Tropical/Northern Hemisphere
   index, explained much of the interannual variations in ice cover in the
   CART models. Composite atmospheric circulation patterns for threshold
   values of these two indices were found to be associated with above-and
   below-normal ice cover in the Great Lakes. Thus, CART also provided
   insight into physical mechanisms (atmospheric circulation
   characteristics) underlying the statistical relationships identified in
   the models.}},
Publisher = {{INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES}},
Address = {{2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Assel, R (Corresponding Author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
   NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70662-4}},
ISSN = {{0380-1330}},
Keywords = {{ice cover; Great Lakes; teleconnections; ice models; atmospheric
   circulation}},
Keywords-Plus = {{CLIMATIC VARIATIONS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; TELECONNECTIONS; WINTER;
   VARIABILITY; PREDICTION; SURFACE; PACIFIC; REGION; ENSO}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology; Marine \& Freshwater Biology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine \& Freshwater Biology}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Rodionov, Sergei/0000-0002-5318-9746}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{36}},
Times-Cited = {{11}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{2}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Gt. Lakes Res.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{507CY}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173010400008}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000166449000006,
Author = {Frederiksen, JS and Branstator, G},
Title = {{Seasonal and intraseasonal variability of large-scale barotropic modes}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}},
Year = {{2001}},
Volume = {{58}},
Number = {{1}},
Pages = {{50-69}},
Abstract = {{The barotropic instability of time-dependent observed basic states that
   are periodic, with a period of 1 yr covering the complete annual cycle,
   is analyzed using Floquet theory. The time-dependent basic state is
   constructed from observed monthly averaged 300-mb streamfunction fields
   linearly interpolated between the different months. The propagator over
   the 1-yr period is constructed, and its eigenvalues and some of the
   fastest-growing eigenvectors, termed finite-time normal modes (FTNMs),
   are calculated. The fast-growing FTNMs are large-scale modes with
   generally largest amplitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. They exhibit
   intraseasonal variability in their structures, as well as longer period
   variations, and their amplification rates vary with time. The
   fastest-growing FTNM has its largest growth rate in early northern
   winter and its amplification has maximum cumulative effect in boreal
   spring when the equatorward penetration of this disturbance is also the
   largest. The other fast-growing FTNMs also have largest amplitudes
   during the first half of the year.
   In all months, there are fast-growing normal modes of the monthly
   averaged stationary basic states that have large pattern correlations
   with the fastest-growing FTNM for the time-dependent basic state. For
   some months the individual normal modes experience dramatic local
   variations in growth rate; these bursts of relative growth and decay are
   associated with intramodal interference effects between the eastward and
   westward propagating components of a single traveling normal mode. Both
   intramodal and intermodal interference effects play significant roles in
   the evolution of the fastest-growing FTNM, particularly in boreal
   spring.
   The behavior of FTNM instabilities is also examined in simplified
   situations including a semianalytical Floquet model in which the space
   and time dependencies of the stability matrix are separable. In this
   model, temporal variations in growth rates are directly linked to
   seasonality in the intensity of the climatological state.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Frederiksen, JS (Corresponding Author), CSIRO Atmospher Res, Cooperat Res Ctr So Hemisphere Meteorol, Private Mail Bag 1, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.
   CSIRO Atmospher Res, Cooperat Res Ctr So Hemisphere Meteorol, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0050:SAIVOL>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0022-4928}},
Keywords-Plus = {{TELECONNECTION PATTERNS; ANNUAL CYCLE; ADJOINT SENSITIVITY;
   NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; LINEAR-THEORY; JANUARY 1979; BLOCKING; CIRCULATION;
   PREDICTABILITY; WINTER}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Frederiksen, Jorgen/0000-0001-9449-0968}},
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