text:
1946-1998 reveal NAO and AO-like patterns, occurring as separate
   regional teleconnections forming the first and second principal
   components respectively. The RPCA-based NAO dipole pattern is like that
   observed in many prior studies, while the AO-like pattern exhibits high
   SLP variability over the Kara and Laptev seas. During winter however,
   and in annual analyses, a distinct AO-like pattern is not obtained and
   the two patterns may be inseparable using commonly accepted RPCA
   methods. The RPCA-based AO-like mode is significantly linked to
   north-central Siberian seasonal air temperatures and to the prevailing
   direction of motion of the underlying Arctic Ocean in summer, suggesting
   that the non-winter AO-like pattern, as a stand alone teleconnection
   separate from the NAO, contributes significantly to high-latitude
   climate and ocean variability. The winter NAO/AO inseparability is
   discussed as a possible effect of a shared winter storm track between
   the northeastern Atlantic and the Arctic.}},
Publisher = {{SPRINGER-VERLAG}},
Address = {{175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Rogers, JC (Corresponding Author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Atmospher Sci Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1007/s00382-002-0247-7}},
ISSN = {{0930-7575}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; HEMISPHERE WINTER;
   ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CANONICAL CORRELATION; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT;
   VARIABILITY; PATTERNS; ANOMALIES; TELECONNECTIONS}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{38}},
Times-Cited = {{63}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{4}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{17}},
Journal-ISO = {{Clim. Dyn.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{596CE}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000178145700004}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000177573100006,
Author = {Chen, TC},
Title = {{A North Pacific short-wave train during the extreme phases of ENSO}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2002}},
Volume = {{15}},
Number = {{17}},
Pages = {{2359-2376}},
Month = {{SEP}},
Abstract = {{Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) exhibit an interannual seesaw between
   the eastern and western tropical Pacific in concert with the El
   Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. Evidence accumulated from
   previous studies suggests that a teleconnection link may exist between
   enhanced rainfall/convection in the western Pacific and
   precipitation/severe weather over North America. The aforementioned link
   could possibly be established by a teleconnection wave pattern induced
   by the anomalously warm/cold SST anomalies in the western tropical
   Pacific. To demonstrate this possibility, a Fourier scale separation was
   introduced to divide the ENSO anomalous circulation into two wave
   regimes: long wave (waves 1-3) and short wave (waves 4-15). The classic
   Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern is formed by the long-wave
   regime. In contrast, emerging in the short-wave regime is a well
   organized wave train that propagates from the western subtropical
   Pacific along the North Pacific rim into North America. In spite of its
   vertically uniform structure, the planetary vortex stretching in the
   vorticity budget is a vital dynamic process to maintain the short-wave
   train. The contrast of rainfall anomalies with this short-wave train's
   anomalous divergent circulation indicates that this wave train is
   induced by the anomalous forcing formed by cold surge vortices over the
   Philippine Sea. This diagnostic suggestion was substantiated by
   successful simulations of the short-wave train with January perpetual
   experiments of the NCAR version 1 of the Community Climate Model (CCM1)
   using an idealized forcing (with a radius of 10 3 km) centered at
   0degrees, 135degreesE. This newly identified North Pacific short-wave
   train enables us not only to better understand the formation of the ENSO
   anomalous circulation over the North Pacific-North America region, but
   also to establish a link between the climate systems of the western
   Pacific and North America.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Chen, TC (Corresponding Author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol \& Atmospher Sci, Atmospher Sci Program, 3010 Agron Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol \& Atmospher Sci, Atmospher Sci Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2359:ANPSWT>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN
   OSCILLATION; ROTATIONAL FLOW; ANOMALIES; WINTER; TELECONNECTIONS;
   PATTERN; EDDIES}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{35}},
Times-Cited = {{47}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{7}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{586FC}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000177573100006}},
OA = {{Bronze}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000177573200003,
Author = {Chiang, JCH and Sobel, AH},
Title = {{Tropical tropospheric temperature variations caused by ENSO and their
   influence on the remote tropical climate}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2002}},
Volume = {{15}},
Number = {{18}},
Pages = {{2616-2631}},
Month = {{SEP}},
Abstract = {{The warming of the entire tropical free troposphere in response to El
   Nino is well established, and suggests a tropical mechanism for the El
   Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnection. The potential impact of
   this warming on remote tropical climates is examined through
   investigating the adjustment of a single-column model to imposed
   tropospheric temperature variations, assuming that ENSO controls
   interannual tropospheric temperature variations at all tropical
   locations. The column model predicts the impact of these variations in
   three typical tropical climate states (precipitation. evaporation;
   precipitation, evaporation; no convection) over a slab mixed layer
   ocean. Model precipitation and sea surface temperature (SST) respond
   significantly to the imposed tropospheric forcing in the first two
   climate states. Their amplitude and phase are sensitive to the imposed
   mixed layer depth, with the nature of the response depending on how fast
   the ocean adjusts to imposed tropospheric temperature forcing. For
   larger mixed layer depth, the SST lags the tropospheric temperature by a
   longer time, allowing greater disequilibrium between atmosphere and
   ocean. This causes larger surface flux variations, which drive larger
   precipitation variations. Moist convective processes are responsible for
   communicating the tropospheric temperature signal to the surface in this
   model.
   Preliminary observational analysis suggests that the above mechanism may
   be applicable to interpreting interannual climate variability in the
   remote Tropics. In particular, it offers a simple explanation for the
   gross spatial structure of the observed surface temperature response to
   ENSO, including the response over land and the lack thereof over the
   southeast tropical Atlantic and southeast tropical Indian Oceans. The
   mechanism predicts that the air-sea humidity difference variation is a
   driver of ENSO-related remote tropical surface temperature variability,
   an addition to wind speed and cloudiness variations that previous
   studies have shown to be important.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Chiang, JCH (Corresponding Author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere \& Oceans, Box 354235, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere \& Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere \& Oceans, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys \& Appl Math, New York, NY USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Earth \& Environm Sci, New York, NY USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2616:TTTVCB>2.0.CO;2}},
ISSN = {{0894-8755}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; LARGE-SCALE
   CIRCULATIONS; EL-NINO; CUMULUS CONVECTION; ATMOSPHERIC BRIDGE;
   INDIAN-OCEAN; VARIABILITY; ATLANTIC; PACIFIC}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Sobel, Adam H/K-4014-2015
   Chiang, John/A-9421-2010}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Sobel, Adam H/0000-0003-3602-0567
   }},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{57}},
Times-Cited = {{279}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{36}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Clim.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{586FD}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000177573200003}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000180466200081,
Author = {Avissar, R and Dias, PLS and Dias, MAFS and Nobre, C},
Title = {{The Large-Scale Biosphere-atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA):
   Insights and future research needs}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}},
Year = {{2002}},
Volume = {{107}},
Number = {{D20}},
Month = {{SEP-OCT}},
Abstract = {{This overview summarizes general Large-Scale Atmosphere-Biosphere
   Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) papers and highlights some of the insights
   gained from these investigations and needs for future research. It
   complements the overview of Silva Dias et al. {[}2002a], which
   summarizes the papers published on the joint major atmospheric mesoscale
   campaign in the wet season (WetAMC), which was held jointly in Rondonia
   with the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) validation campaign
   known as TRMM-LBA. It also complements the overview of Andreae et al.
   {[}2002], which summarizes the papers describing the biogeochemical
   cycling of carbon, water, energy, aerosols, and trace gases resulting
   from the European Studies on Trace Gases and Atmospheric Chemistry,
   known as LBA-EUSTACH Project. The 17 papers summarized under this part
   of the special issue are regrouped into three main categories: (1)
   measurements and data sets, (2) remote sensing, and (3) modeling.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Avissar, R (Corresponding Author), Duke Univ, Dept Civil \& Environm Engn, Hudson Hall,Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Civil \& Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Atmospher Sci, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Paulo, Brazil.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2002JD002704}},
Article-Number = {{8086}},
ISSN = {{2169-897X}},
EISSN = {{2169-8996}},
Keywords = {{hydrometeorology; tropical deforestation; teleconnection from the
   Amazon; remote sensing for the Amazon; modeling of the Amazon}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SOUTH-AMERICA; CARBON; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; WATER}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{avissar@duke.edu
   pldsdias@model.iag.usp.br
   mafdsdia@model.iag.usp.br
   nobre@cptec.inpe.br}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{da Silva Dias, Pedro Leite/H-1183-2016}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{da Silva Dias, Pedro Leite/0000-0002-4051-2962}},
Cited-References = {{Andreae MO, 2002, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V107, DOI 10.1029/2001JD000524.
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{35}},
Times-Cited = {{79}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{15}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{636PY}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180466200081}},
OA = {{Green Published}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000180427400029,
Author = {Hines, KM and Bromwich, DH},
Title = {{A pole to pole west Pacific atmospheric teleconnection during August}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}},
Year = {{2002}},
Volume = {{107}},
Number = {{D18}},
Month = {{SEP}},
Abstract = {{{[}1] An observational analysis is presented that reveals an August
   teleconnection involving both the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and the
   Southern Hemisphere (SH). The teleconnection includes three primary
   anomalies in the monthly average surface pressure field: (1) a high
   southern latitude component including Wilkes Land, Antarctica, the
   nearby Southern Ocean, and the Ross Sea, (2) a SH midlatitude component
   near Australia and New Zealand, and (3) a NH subtropical component over
   the extreme western Pacific Ocean. Surface pressure for the SH
   high-latitude anomaly is negatively correlated to the other two primary
   anomalies. The SH midlatitude and NH subtropical component are
   positively correlated. Furthermore, the teleconnection is correlated to
   surface pressure near the Aleutian Islands. The teleconnection anomalies
   result from tropical convection on intraseasonal timescales. Monsoon
   rainfall over East Asia during August is correlated to the
   teleconnection. Furthermore, August precipitation at several other
   locations in the NH and SH is modulated by the teleconnection. Two
   different sets of numerical experiments with the National Center for
   Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model version 2 (CCM2)
   show a similar-appearing teleconnection during late boreal summer. The
   modeled teleconnection, however, is forced from high southern latitudes.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Hines, KM (Corresponding Author), Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Polar Meteorol Grp, 108 Scot Hall,1090 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Polar Meteorol Grp, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Atmospher Sci Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2001JD001335}},
Article-Number = {{4359}},
ISSN = {{0747-7309}},
Keywords-Plus = {{MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; NINO SOUTHERN
   OSCILLATION; SUBTROPICAL WIND MAXIMA; GCM CLIMATE SIMULATION; 40-50 DAY
   OSCILLATION; AIR-SEA INTERACTION; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION; INTERANNUAL
   VARIABILITY; TROPICAL CONVECTION}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Bromwich, David/C-9225-2016}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{63}},
Times-Cited = {{9}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{5}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{635YH}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180427400029}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000180427400015,
Author = {Leavitt, SW and Wright, WE and Long, A},
Title = {{Spatial expression of ENSO, drought, and summer monsoon in seasonal
   delta C-13 of ponderosa pine tree rings in southern Arizona and New
   Mexico}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}},
Year = {{2002}},
Volume = {{107}},
Number = {{D18}},
Month = {{SEP}},
Abstract = {{{[}1] Major climatic impacts from ENSO and the North American Monsoon in
   the U. S. Southwest provide fortuitous circumstances for exploring the
   suitability of stable-carbon isotope (delta(13)C) composition of tree
   rings to represent and reconstruct interannual climate variability. We
   sampled ponderosa pine tree rings at eight sites in seven mountain
   ranges over a 500-km transect in southern Arizona and New Mexico. We
   developed delta(13)C chronologies for 1985-1995 by subdividing rings
   into pre- and post-monsoon-onset segments based on the presence of a
   false-latewood band in each ring induced by the arid period immediately
   preceding the summer monsoon, pooling these segments from multiple trees
   at each site, and analyzing the cellulose component. Chronologies from
   two subsets of trees from the same site and separate chronologies from
   two different sites in the same mountain range indicate strong coherence
   and signal reproducibility. Additionally, the seasonal delta(13)C
   patterns showed remarkable coherence across the transect, with the
   spatially disjunct easternmost chronology tending to be most frequently
   dissimilar. The delta(13)C values of ring subdivisions before the
   false-latewood band are generally positively correlated with winter
   Southern Oscillation Indices (SOI), resulting from the ENSO
   teleconnection with southwestern winter/early spring precipitation. The
   delta(13)C from these sites correlates with monthly Palmer Drought
   Severity Indices (PDSI), with the strongest correlations occurring in
   progressively later months from first-formed to last-formed
   subdivisions. The post-false latewood subdivision delta(13)C was
   particularly strongly correlated with summer precipitation amount. These
   results confirm the strong influence of moisture on tree ring delta(13)C
   and support their use in both temporal and spatial modes to infer past
   climate variability.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Leavitt, SW (Corresponding Author), Univ Arizona, Lab Tree Ring Res, 105 W Stadium,Bldg 58, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lab Tree Ring Res, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2001JD001312}},
Article-Number = {{4349}},
ISSN = {{0747-7309}},
Keywords = {{drought; rainfall; southwest; tree rings; ponderosa pine; carbon
   isotopes}},
Keywords-Plus = {{NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; CARBON ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; PRECIPITATION REGIME;
   VARIABILITY; OSCILLATION; CELLULOSE; RATIOS; FRACTIONATION; TEMPERATURE;
   LEAVES}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Leavitt, Steven/W-2257-2019}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{43}},
Times-Cited = {{44}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{1}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{18}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{635YH}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180427400015}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000180466200096,
Author = {Werth, D and Avissar, R},
Title = {{The local and global effects of Amazon deforestation}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}},
Year = {{2002}},
Volume = {{107}},
Number = {{D20}},
Month = {{SEP-OCT}},
Abstract = {{To quantify the effects of land cover changes in the Amazon on local and
   global climate, numerical simulation experiments using the Goddard
   Institute for Space Studies Model II global climate model are conducted.
   An ensemble approach is adopted, in which a group of six control
   simulations is compared with a group of six deforested simulations. The
   deforestation effect in the Amazon is strong, with reductions in
   precipitation, evapotranspiration, and cloudiness. We also detect a
   noticeable impact in several other regions of the world, several of
   which show a reduction in rainy season precipitation that exhibits a
   high signal-to-noise ratio (determined by the t statistic). To determine
   the significance of the deforestation signal, we create several
   ``false{''} ensembles, combining control and deforested members
   randomly, for comparison with the actual ``true{''} ensemble. Such an
   analysis has not been used previously in deforestation studies and is
   useful for verifying the significance of a purported effect. The
   globally averaged precipitation deficits for the true ensemble are
   generally high in comparison with the false ensembles. Furthermore,
   changes in the Amazon due to the deforestation correlate significantly
   with remote changes in several areas. This suggests that the Amazon
   deforestation is producing a detectable signal throughout the Earth, and
   this finding underscores the importance of human activity in that
   region.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Werth, D (Corresponding Author), Duke Univ, Dept Civil \& Environm Engn, Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Civil \& Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2001JD000717}},
Article-Number = {{8087}},
ISSN = {{2169-897X}},
EISSN = {{2169-8996}},
Keywords = {{Amazon; deforestation; teleconnection; precipitation; climate; model}},
Keywords-Plus = {{TROPICAL DEFORESTATION; CLIMATE CHANGE; SCALE; IMPACTS; MODELS; GCM}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{werth@cep.rutgers.edu}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{18}},
Times-Cited = {{249}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{3}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{122}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{636PY}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180466200096}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000180568000042,
Author = {White, WB and Chen, SC and Allan, RJ and Stone, RC},
Title = {{Positive feedbacks between the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave and the global
   El Nino-Southern Oscillation Wave}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS}},
Year = {{2002}},
Volume = {{107}},
Number = {{C10}},
Month = {{SEP-OCT}},
Abstract = {{Atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections link the Antarctic Circumpolar
   Wave (ACW) in the Southern Ocean {[}White and Peterson, 1996] and the
   global El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) wave (GEW) in the tropical
   Indo-Pacific Ocean {[}White and Cayan, 2000], both signals characterized
   by eastward phase propagation and 3- to 5-year-period variability. We
   extend the tropical standing mode of ENSO into the extratropics by
   regressing the Nino-3 sea surface temperature (SST) index against sea
   level pressure (SLP) anomalies over the globe, finding the Pacific-South
   America (PSA) pattern in SLP anomaly {[}Cai and Baines, 2001] straddling
   Drake Passage in the Southern Ocean. The amplitude of this PSA pattern
   is similar to1/3 that of the ACW in this domain and thus cannot be
   considered its principal driver. On the other hand, suppressing the
   tropical standing mode of ENSO in interannual ST (surface temperature)
   and SLP anomalies over the globe allows the GEW to be observed much more
   readily, whereupon its eastward phase propagation across the Warm Pool
   is found to remotely force the ACW in the eastern Pacific and western
   Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean through atmospheric
   teleconnections {[}Sardeshmukh and Hoskins, 1988] which propagate along
   with it. Subsequently, the ACW propagates this imposed GEW signal
   throughout the remainder of the Southern Ocean as a coupled wave in
   covarying ST and SLP anomalies, whereupon entering the Indian sector 1.5
   to 2.5 years later it spawns a northern branch which takes another 1.5
   to 2.5 years to propagate the ACW signal equatorward into the Warm Pool
   south of Indonesia. There it interferes constructively with the GEW.
   Thus the two forms of teleconnection, one fast and directed from the
   tropics to the high southern latitudes via the atmosphere and the other
   slow and directed from the high southern latitudes to the tropics via
   the ocean, complete a global circuit of 3- to 5-year duration that
   reinforces both the ACW and GEW and influences the tropical standing
   mode of ENSO.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{White, WB (Corresponding Author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   CSIRO Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia.
   Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Queensland Ctr Climate Applicat, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2000JC000581}},
Article-Number = {{3165}},
ISSN = {{2169-9275}},
EISSN = {{2169-9291}},
Keywords = {{ACW; ENSO; teleconnections; ocean-atmosphere coupling}},
Keywords-Plus = {{SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; OCEAN; ATMOSPHERE; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY;
   PRESSURE; WIND}},
Research-Areas = {{Oceanography}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Oceanography}},
Author-Email = {{wbwhite@ucsd.edu
   schen@ucsd.edu
   rjallan@meto.gov.uk
   stoner@dpi.qld.gov.au}},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{30}},
Times-Cited = {{39}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{8}},
Journal-ISO = {{J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{638JN}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180568000042}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000179634100003,
Author = {Schouten, MW and de Ruijter, WPM and van Leeuwen, PJ and Dijkstra, HA},
Title = {{An oceanic teleconnection between the equatorial and southern Indian
   Ocean}},
Journal = {{GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}},
Year = {{2002}},
Volume = {{29}},
Number = {{16}},
Month = {{AUG 31}},
Abstract = {{Sequences of Kelvin and Rossby waves are found to rapidly carry sea
   surface height anomalies across the Indian Ocean, and have an impact on
   Indian to Atlantic interocean exchange. Satellite altimeter data reveal
   an oceanic teleconnection between equatorial winds and variability of
   the interocean exchange. Four times per year, we observe an equatorial
   Kelvin wave to hit Indonesia, forced by monsoon variability. The signal
   then propagates southward along the Indonesian coast and triggers Rossby
   waves that propagate westward across the subtropical Indian Ocean. On
   reaching the Madagascar and Mozambique Channel regions, large rings form
   at the same four per year frequency. These drift towards the Agulhas
   retroflection where they control the shedding of Agulhas rings.
   Disturbances of this pin-ball-like propagating signal can be traced from
   Indian Ocean Dipole/El Nino events in 1994 and 1997/1998, to decreases
   of Indian-Atlantic ocean exchange by Agulhas rings over two years later.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Schouten, MW (Corresponding Author), Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine \& Atmospher Res, Postbus 80005, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine \& Atmospher Res, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2001GL014542}},
Article-Number = {{1812}},
ISSN = {{0094-8276}},
EISSN = {{1944-8007}},
Keywords-Plus = {{WATER; VARIABILITY; MECHANISMS; EXCHANGE; DYNAMICS; GEOSAT; WAVES}},
Research-Areas = {{Geology}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Geosciences, Multidisciplinary}},
Author-Email = {{m.w.schouten@phys.uu.nl}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{van Leeuwen, Peter Jan/A-1271-2010
   Dijkstra, Henk/H-2559-2016
   de Ruijter, Wilhelmus/I-2541-2016}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{van Leeuwen, Peter Jan/0000-0003-2325-5340
   }},
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Number-of-Cited-References = {{25}},
Times-Cited = {{50}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{8}},
Journal-ISO = {{Geophys. Res. Lett.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{622ET}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179634100003}},
DA = {{2020-08-06}},
}

@article{ ISI:000180325800002,
Author = {Englehart, PJ and Douglas, AV},
Title = {{On some characteristic variations in warm season precipitation over the
   central United States (1910-2000)}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}},
Year = {{2002}},
Volume = {{107}},
Number = {{D16}},
Month = {{AUG 23}},
Abstract = {{{[}1] On the basis of an observational data set that spans most of the
   twentieth century, we show that warm season precipitation over the
   central United States aligns into six large-scale regions. Using two
   different measures of seasonal precipitation, frequency and intensity,
   we explore the basic question: To what extent are the observed
   interannual variations in regional precipitation associated with
   fluctuations in both large-scale climate modes, the El Nino/Southern
   Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),
   and more local-scale antecedent moisture conditions? The principal study
   findings are that the teleconnection between ENSO and regional rainfall
   is best developed during the early part of the warm season in
   association with El Nino events, but that modest spatial shifts in the
   teleconnection occur depending upon phase of the PDO. The investigation
   reveals little evidence for a teleconnection between ENSO and regional
   rainfall during La Nina events. Moreover, late in the season, ENSO
   teleconnectivity is confined largely to the northern part of the study
   area. While the influence of large-scale climate modes apparently
   diminishes late in the warm season, this study provides additional
   empirical evidence to connect early season moisture demand with
   subsequent rainfall regimes.}},
Publisher = {{AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION}},
Address = {{2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Englehart, PJ (Corresponding Author), Creighton Univ, Dept Environm \& Atmospher Sci, 3500 N 57th St, Kansas City, KS 66104 USA.
   Creighton Univ, Dept Environm \& Atmospher Sci, Omaha, NE 68178 USA.}},
DOI = {{10.1029/2001JD000972}},
Article-Number = {{4286}},
ISSN = {{2169-897X}},
EISSN = {{2169-8996}},
Keywords = {{regional rainfall climatology; central United States rainfall; ENSO-PDO
   rainfall teleconnections}},
Keywords-Plus = {{NORTH-AMERICAN PRECIPITATION; PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS; SOIL-MOISTURE;
   TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; ENSO TELECONNECTIONS; DECADAL VARIABILITY;
   SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SUMMER RAINFALL; DROUGHT; PACIFIC}},
Research-Areas = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences}},
Author-Email = {{Sonora@Creighton.edu
   ppajkck@telocity.com}},
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Times-Cited = {{11}},
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}

@article{ ISI:000177529400005,
Author = {Hoerling, MP and Kumar, A},
Title = {{Atmospheric response patterns associated with tropical forcing}},
Journal = {{JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}},
Year = {{2002}},
Volume = {{15}},
Number = {{16}},
Pages = {{2184-2203}},
Month = {{AUG 15}},
Abstract = {{Atmospheric response patterns associated with tropical forcing are
   examined with general circulation models driven by global sea surface
   temperature (SST) variations during 1950-99. Specifically the
   sensitivity of mid-latitude responses to the magnitude and position of
   tropical SST anomalies is explored. This controversial problem, spanning
   more than a quarter century now. centers oil whether response patterns
   over the Pacific-North American region are affected or changed by
   inter-El Nino variability in tropical forcing. Ensemble methods are used
   in this Study to reliably identify the signals related to various
   tropical SST forcings, and the sensitivity is determined from analysis
   of four different climate models.
   First, the fraction of Pacific-North American (PNA) wintertime 500-hPa
   height variability that is potentially predictable and is linked to
   interannual variations in the global SSTs is identified. This SST-forced
   component accounts for as much as 20\%-30\% of the total seasonal mean
   height variability over portions of the PNA region, and the most
   important boundary forcing originates from the tropical Pacific Ocean.
   The spatial expression of the teleconnections that are linked to this
   potentially predictable SST-forced fraction of height variability is
   next identified. The leading model pattern is similar to the classic
   observed teleconnection associated with the linear ENSO signal, and
   explains 80\% of the SST-forced height variance over parts of the North
   Pacific and North America. Two additional wavelike patterns are
   identified that are also associated with tropical forcing. One is
   related to the pattern of tropical SST variations often seen during the
   transition of the tropical ocean that marks the interlude between ENSO
   extremes, and the pattern of forcing related to it is distinctly
   non-ENSO in character. The other is related to the nonlinear component
   of the atmospheric response to ENSO's extreme opposite phases. Response
   patterns having annular-like structures over the Northern Hemisphere
   that are related to multidecadal variations in tropical Indo-Pacific and
   Atlantic SSTs' are also highlighted.
   Subtle modifications ill upper-level responses to different tropical SST
   forcings are shown to yield disproportionate sensitivity in North
   American surface climate. Particularly pronounced is the reversal ill
   sign of the precipitation anomalies over the region spanning, the
   Canadian border to southern California in response to equatorial Pacific
   convection anomalies shifting from 170degreesE to 140degreesW. The
   behavior is reproduced in experiments using both realistic and idealized
   SST anomalies. and this behavior is found to emerge particularly when
   the far eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is strongly warmed as occurred
   during the 1982/83 and 1997/98 El Ninos.
   Despite the existence of different response patterns to tropical SST
   forcings. it is shown that the seasonal hindcast skill of PNA 500-hPa
   heights for 1950-99 originates mainly from the single. leading
   teleconnection structure. The conclusion drawn from this result is that
   the atmospheric sensitivity to different tropical SST forcings, though
   real, is weak and easily masked by the year-to-year climate variations
   due to internal atmospheric processes.}},
Publisher = {{AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC}},
Address = {{45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Hoerling, MP (Corresponding Author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib