text:
@article{almajidy2019,
  title = {A {{Newcomer}}'s {{Guide}} to {{Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Experiments}}},
  author = {Almajidy, Rand J. and Mankodiya, Kunal and Abtahi, Mohammadreza and Hofmann, Ulrich},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {1--1},
  issn = {1937-3333, 1941-1189},
  doi = {10.1109/RBME.2019.2944351},
  abstract = {This review presents a practical primer for functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) with respect to technology, experimentation, and analysis software. Its purpose is to jump-start interested practitioners considering utilizing a non-invasive, versatile, nevertheless challenging window into the brain using optical methods. We briefly recapitulate relevant anatomical and optical foundations and give a short historical overview. We describe competing types of illumination (transillumination, reflectance, and differential reflectance) and data collection methods (continuous wave, time domain, and frequency domain). Basic components (light sources, detection, and recording components) of fNIRS systems are presented. Advantages and limitations of fNIRS techniques are offered, followed by a list of very practical recommendations for its use. A variety of experimental and clinical studies with fNIRS are sampled, shedding light on many brain-related ailments. Finally, we describe and discuss a number of freely available analysis and presentation packages suited for data analysis. In conclusion, we recommend fNIRS due to its ever-growing body of clinical applications, state-of-the-art neuroimaging technique, and manageable hardware requirements. It can be safely concluded that fNIRS adds a new arrow to the quiver of neuro-medical examinations due to both its great versatility and limited costs.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\46EQEM67\\Almajidy et al. - 2019 - A Newcomer's Guide to Functional Near Infrared Spe.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\JAHZVZZT\\8873645.html},
  journal = {IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering},
  keywords = {Absorption,beginner,Biomedical optical imaging,Blood,fNIRS,introduction,Monitoring,Optical scattering,Photonics}
}

@article{anwar2016,
  title = {Effective {{Connectivity}} of {{Cortical Sensorimotor Networks During Finger Movement Tasks}}: {{A Simultaneous fNIRS}}, {{fMRI}}, {{EEG Study}}},
  shorttitle = {Effective {{Connectivity}} of {{Cortical Sensorimotor Networks During Finger Movement Tasks}}},
  author = {Anwar, A. R. and Muthalib, M. and Perrey, S. and Galka, A. and Granert, O. and Wolff, S. and Heute, U. and Deuschl, G. and Raethjen, J. and Muthuraman, Muthuraman},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  volume = {29},
  pages = {645--660},
  issn = {1573-6792},
  doi = {10.1007/s10548-016-0507-1},
  abstract = {Recently, interest has been growing to understand the underlying dynamic directional relationship between simultaneously activated regions of the brain during motor task performance. Such directionality analysis (or effective connectivity analysis), based on non-invasive electrophysiological (electroencephalography-EEG) and hemodynamic (functional near infrared spectroscopy-fNIRS; and functional magnetic resonance imaging-fMRI) neuroimaging modalities can provide an estimate of the motor task-related information flow from one brain region to another. Since EEG, fNIRS and fMRI modalities achieve different spatial and temporal resolutions of motor-task related activation in the brain, the aim of this study was to determine the effective connectivity of cortico-cortical sensorimotor networks during finger movement tasks measured by each neuroimaging modality. Nine healthy subjects performed right hand finger movement tasks of different complexity (simple finger tapping-FT, simple finger sequence-SFS, and complex finger sequence-CFS). We focused our observations on three cortical regions of interest (ROIs), namely the contralateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC), the contralateral premotor cortex (PMC) and the contralateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We estimated the effective connectivity between these ROIs using conditional Granger causality (GC) analysis determined from the time series signals measured by fMRI (blood oxygenation level-dependent-BOLD), fNIRS (oxygenated-O2Hb and deoxygenated-HHb hemoglobin), and EEG (scalp and source level analysis) neuroimaging modalities. The effective connectivity analysis showed significant bi-directional information flow between the SMC, PMC, and DLPFC as determined by the EEG (scalp and source), fMRI (BOLD) and fNIRS (O2Hb and HHb) modalities for all three motor tasks. However the source level EEG GC values were significantly greater than the other modalities. In addition, only the source level EEG showed a significantly greater forward than backward information flow between the ROIs. This simultaneous fMRI, fNIRS and EEG study has shown through independent GC analysis of the respective time series that a bi-directional effective connectivity occurs within a cortico-cortical sensorimotor network (SMC, PMC and DLPFC) during finger movement tasks.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\HGWC4X6X\\Anwar et al. - 2016 - Effective Connectivity of Cortical Sensorimotor Ne.pdf},
  journal = {Brain Topography},
  keywords = {Adult,Axon Guidance,Cortical activation,Effective connectivity,Electroencephalography,Female,Finger movement task,Fingers,Functional Neuroimaging,Granger causality,Hand,Healthy Volunteers,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Motor Cortex,Movement,Multimodal neuroimaging,Neurovascular coupling,Prefrontal Cortex,Sensorimotor Cortex,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared,Task Performance and Analysis,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  number = {5},
  pmid = {27438589}
}

@article{aslin2005,
  title = {Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Functional Studies of Brain Activity in Human Infants: Promise, Prospects, and Challenges},
  shorttitle = {Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Functional Studies of Brain Activity in Human Infants},
  author = {Aslin, Richard N. and Mehler, Jacques},
  year = {2005 Jan-Feb},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {11009},
  issn = {1083-3668},
  doi = {10.1117/1.1854672},
  abstract = {A recent workshop brought together a mix of researchers with expertise in optical physics, cerebral hemodynamics, cognitive neuroscience, and developmental psychology to review the potential utility of near-IR spectroscopy (NIRS) for studies of brain activity underlying cognitive processing in human infants. We summarize the key findings that emerged from this workshop and outline the pros and cons of NIRS for studying the brain correlates of perceptual, cognitive, and language development in human infants.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\I9YYRQVD\\Aslin and Mehler - 2005 - Near-infrared spectroscopy for functional studies .pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},
  keywords = {Brain,Cognition,Humans,Infant,Infant; Newborn,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  pmid = {15847575}
}

@article{bachmaier,
  title = {Reconfiguration and Renewal of a Multimodal {{fNIRS}}-{{Environment}}},
  author = {Bachmaier, Dominik},
  pages = {73},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\JR2BEZUF\\Bachmaier - Reconﬁguration and renewal of a multimodal fNIRS-E.pdf},
  keywords = {beginner,Introductory,LSL},
  language = {en}
}

@article{badzakova-trajkov2009,
  title = {An {{ERP}} Investigation of the {{Stroop}} Task: {{The}} Role of the Cingulate in Attentional Allocation and Conflict Resolution},
  shorttitle = {An {{ERP}} Investigation of the {{Stroop}} Task},
  author = {{Badzakova-Trajkov}, Gjurgjica and Barnett, Kylie J. and Waldie, Karen E. and Kirk, Ian J.},
  year = {2009},
  month = feb,
  volume = {1253},
  pages = {139--148},
  issn = {0006-8993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.069},
  abstract = {The majority of studies support a role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in the attentional control necessary for conflict resolution in the Stroop task; however, the time course of activation and the neural substrates underlying the Stroop task remain contentious. We used high-density EEG to record visual-evoked potentials from 16 healthy subjects while performing a manual version of the traditional Stroop colour-word task. Difference waveforms for congruent-control and incongruent-control conditions were similar in amplitude and had a similar spatial distribution in the time window of 260\textendash{}430~ms post stimulus onset. Source estimation indicated particularly middle cingulate involvement in congruent-control and incongruent-control difference waveforms. In contrast, the difference waveform for the incongruent-congruent contrast was observed later (in the time window of 370\textendash{}480~ms), had a different spatial distribution, and source estimation indicated that the anterior cingulate underlies this difference waveform. As congruent-control and incongruent-control differences have a similar timeframe and cingulate source, we propose that this indicates early attentional allocation processes. That is, the identification of two sources of information (the word and the colour it is printed in) and the selective attention to one. The later peak in the incongruent-congruent difference wave, originating in anterior cingulate, likely reflects identification (and subsequent resolution) of conflict in the two sources of information.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\5IMST7FT\\S000689930802787X.html},
  journal = {Brain Research},
  keywords = {Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC),Attention,Electroencephalogram (EEG),Facilitation,Interference,Stroop,Stroop (Gjurgjica)},
  language = {en}
}

@article{barut2013,
  title = {Advanced {{Analysis}} of {{Finger}}-{{Tapping Performance}}: {{A Preliminary Study}}},
  shorttitle = {Advanced {{Analysis}} of {{Finger}}-{{Tapping Performance}}},
  author = {Barut, {\c C}a{\u g}atay and K\i{}z\i{}ltan, Erhan and Gelir, Ethem and K{\"o}kt{\"u}rk, F{\"u}r{\"u}zan},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  volume = {30},
  pages = {167--171},
  issn = {2146-3123},
  doi = {10.5152/balkanmedj.2012.105},
  abstract = {Background:
The finger-tapping test is a commonly employed quantitative assessment tool used to measure motor performance in the upper extremities. This task is a complex motion that is affected by external stimuli, mood and health status. The complexity of this task is difficult to explain with a single average intertap-interval value (time difference between successive tappings) which only provides general information and neglects the temporal effects of the aforementioned factors.

Aims:
This study evaluated the time course of average intertap-interval values and the patterns of variation in both the right and left hands of right-handed subjects using a computer-based finger-tapping system.

Study Design:
Cross sectional study.

Methods:
Thirty eight male individuals aged between 20 and 28 years (Mean{$\pm$}SD = 22.24{$\pm$}1.65) participated in the study. Participants were asked to perform single-finger-tapping test for 10 seconds of test period. Only the results of right-handed (RH) 35 participants were considered in this study. The test records the time of tapping and saves data as the time difference between successive tappings for further analysis. The average number of tappings and the temporal fluctuation patterns of the intertap-intervals were calculated and compared. The variations in the intertap-interval were evaluated with the best curve fit method.

Results:
An average tapping speed or tapping rate can reliably be defined for a single-finger tapping test by analysing the graphically presented data of the number of tappings within the test period. However, a different presentation of the same data, namely the intertap-interval values, shows temporal variation as the number of tapping increases. Curve fitting applications indicate that the variation has a biphasic nature.

Conclusion:
The measures obtained in this study reflect the complex nature of the finger-tapping task and are suggested to provide reliable information regarding hand performance. Moreover, the equation reflects both the variations in and the general patterns associated with the task.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\2DAWH236\\Barut et al. - 2013 - Advanced Analysis of Finger-Tapping Performance A.pdf},
  journal = {Balkan medical journal},
  keywords = {Finger Tapping (Motor)},
  number = {2},
  pmcid = {PMC4115982},
  pmid = {25207095}
}

@article{boas2004,
  title = {Diffuse Optical Imaging of Brain Activation: Approaches to Optimizing Image Sensitivity, Resolution, and Accuracy},
  shorttitle = {Diffuse Optical Imaging of Brain Activation},
  author = {Boas, David A. and Dale, Anders M. and Franceschini, Maria Angela},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {23 Suppl 1},
  pages = {S275-288},
  issn = {1053-8119},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.011},
  abstract = {Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse optical imaging (DOI) are finding widespread application in the study of human brain activation, motivating further application-specific development of the technology. NIRS and DOI offer the potential to quantify changes in deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) and total hemoglobin (HbT) concentration, thus enabling distinction of oxygen consumption and blood flow changes during brain activation. While the techniques implemented presently provide important results for cognition and the neurosciences through their relative measures of HbR and HbT concentrations, there is much to be done to improve sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution. In this paper, we review the advances currently being made and issues to consider for improving optical image quality. These include the optimal selection of wavelengths to minimize random and systematic error propagation in the calculation of the hemoglobin concentrations, the filtering of systemic physiological signal clutter to improve sensitivity to the hemodynamic response to brain activation, the implementation of overlapping measurements to improve image spatial resolution and uniformity, and the utilization of spatial prior information from structural and functional MRI to reduce DOI partial volume error and improve image quantitative accuracy.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\WM6UVTBX\\Boas et al. - 2004 - Diffuse optical imaging of brain activation appro.pdf},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {Algorithms,Brain,Cerebrovascular Circulation,Hemoglobins,Humans,Image Processing; Computer-Assisted,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Oxygen Consumption,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared},
  language = {eng},
  pmid = {15501097}
}

@article{boas2014,
  title = {Twenty Years of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Introduction for the Special Issue},
  shorttitle = {Twenty Years of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy},
  author = {Boas, David A. and Elwell, Clare E. and Ferrari, Marco and Taga, Gentaro},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  volume = {85 Pt 1},
  pages = {1--5},
  issn = {1095-9572},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.033},
  abstract = {Papers from four different groups were published in 1993 demonstrating the ability of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to non-invasively measure hemoglobin concentration responses to brain function in humans. This special issue commemorates the first 20years of fNIRS research. The 9 reviews and 49 contributed papers provide a comprehensive survey of the exciting advances driving the field forward and of the myriad of applications that will benefit from fNIRS.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\E7F7PXDY\\Boas et al. - 2014 - Twenty years of functional near-infrared spectrosc.pdf},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {Anesthesiology,Brain,Brain function,Brain imaging,Brain Mapping,Cognition,Cognitive neuroscience,fNIRS,Functional near-infrared spectroscopy,Functional Neuroimaging,Hemoglobin,History; 20th Century,History; 21st Century,Humans,Image Processing; Computer-Assisted,Mental Disorders,Motor Skills,Neuro-development,Neurology,Neuroscience,Neurovascular coupling,Optical imaging,Perception,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared},
  language = {eng},
  pmid = {24321364}
}

@article{brunetti2019,
  title = {Parsing the {{Flanker}} Task to Reveal Behavioral and Oscillatory Correlates of Unattended Conflict Interference},
  author = {Brunetti, Marcella and Zappasodi, Filippo and Croce, Pierpaolo and Di Matteo, Rosalia},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {13883},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50464-x},
  abstract = {Stimulus-Response conflict is generated by an overlap between stimulus and response dimensions, but the intrinsic nature of this interaction is not yet deeply clarified. In this study, using a modified Eriksen flanker task, we have investigated how flankers have to be incongruent to target in order to produce an interference and whether and how this interference interacts with the one produced by Stimulus features overlap. To these aims, an Eriksen-like task employing oriented hands\textbackslash{}arrows has been designed to distinguish between two types of Stimulus-Response (S-R) interferences: one derived by a short-term association and one based on automatic processes. Stimulus-Stimulus (S-S) conflict has been also included in the same factorial design. Behavioral, Event Related Potential (ERP) and oscillatory activity data have been measured. Results revealed distinct S-S and automatic S-R effects on behavioral performance. ERP and Theta band power modulation results suggested an early frontal S-S conflict processing followed by a posterior simultaneous S-S and automatic S-R conflict processing. These findings provide evidence that, in presence of different conflicts, the sequence of stimulus identification and response selection could not move forward in a linear serial direction, but it may involve further effort, mirrored in posterior late components and response time prolongation.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\X9NJRS84\\Brunetti et al. - 2019 - Parsing the Flanker task to reveal behavioral and .pdf},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  keywords = {Eriksen Flanker Task},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  pmcid = {PMC6761179},
  pmid = {31554881}
}

@article{bu2016,
  title = {Wavelet Coherence Analysis of Cerebral Oxygenation Signals Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Sailors: An Exploratory, Experimental Study},
  shorttitle = {Wavelet Coherence Analysis of Cerebral Oxygenation Signals Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Sailors},
  author = {Bu, Lingguo and Li, Jianfeng and Li, Fangyi and Liu, Heshan and Li, Zengyong},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {e013357},
  issn = {2044-6055, 2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013357},
  abstract = {Objective The objective of this study was to assess the effects of long-term offshore work on cerebral oxygenation oscillations in sailors based on the wavelet phase coherence (WPCO) of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signals.
Methods The fatigue severity scale (FSS) was first applied to assess the fatigue level of sailors and age-matched controls. Continuous recordings of NIRS signals were then obtained from the prefrontal lobes in 30 healthy sailors and 30 age-matched controls during the resting state. WPCO between the left and right prefrontal oscillations was analysed and Pearson correlation analysis was used to study the relationship between the FSS and the wavelet amplitude (WA), and between the FSS and the WPCO level.
Results The periodic oscillations of Delta (HbO2) signals were identified at six frequency intervals: I (0.6\textendash{}2 Hz); II (0.145\textendash{}0.6 Hz); III (0.052\textendash{}0.145 Hz); IV (0.021\textendash{}0.052 Hz); V (0.0095\textendash{}0.021 Hz); and VI (0.005\textendash{}0.0095 Hz). The WA in intervals I (F=8.823, p=0.004) and III (F=4.729, p=0.034) was significantly lower in sailors than that in the controls. The WPCO values of sailor group were significantly lower in intervals III (F=4.686, p=0.039), IV (F=4.864, p=0.036) and V (F=5.195, p=0.03) than those of the control group. In the sailor group, the WA in interval I (r=-0.799, p{$<$}0.01) and in interval III (r=-0.721, p{$<$}0.01) exhibited a negative correlation with the FSS. Also, the WPCO exhibited a negative correlation with the FSS in intervals III (r=-0.839, p{$<$}0.01), IV (r=-0.765, p{$<$}0.01) and V (r=-0.775, p{$<$}0.01) in the sailor group.
Conclusions The negative correlation between WA and FSS indicates that the lower oscillatory activities might contribute to the development of fatigue. The low WPCO in intervals III, IV and V represents a reduced phase synchronisation of myogenic, neurogenic and endothelial metabolic activities respectively and this may suggest a decline of cognitive function.},
  copyright = {Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\2P3B37CP\\Bu et al. - 2016 - Wavelet coherence analysis of cerebral oxygenation.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\PJMBZT9C\\e013357.html},
  journal = {BMJ Open},
  keywords = {Correlation analysis,Near-infrared spectroscopy,Occupational health,Sailors,Wavelet phase coherence},
  language = {en},
  number = {11},
  pmid = {27810980}
}

@article{bugg2008,
  title = {Opposing Influences on Conflict-Driven Adaptation in the {{Eriksen}} Flanker Task},
  author = {Bugg, Julie M.},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  volume = {36},
  pages = {1217--1227},
  issn = {0090-502X},
  doi = {10.3758/MC.36.7.1217},
  abstract = {Compatibility effects in conflict paradigms are reduced following incompatible trials, and this effect is referred to as conflict adaptation. A perplexing pattern exists, however, with conflict-driven adaptation emerging in several paradigms (e.g., Stroop, Simon) but not consistently in the  flanker task. The present experiments address the seemingly elusive presence of conflict adaptation in this task. Experiment 1 shows that a negative-priming-like slowing may be masking conflict adaptation in the flanker task. In Experiment 2, conflict adaptation was revealed when a larger stimulus set designed to reduce negative priming was implemented. Taken together, the findings indicate that a consideration of processes opposing conflict adaptation in the flanker task may help reconcile prior findings.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\4IAXRVXX\\Bugg - 2008 - Opposing influences on conflict-driven adaptation .pdf},
  journal = {Memory \& cognition},
  keywords = {Eriksen Flanker Task (Loc)},
  number = {7},
  pmcid = {PMC2743077},
  pmid = {18927038}
}

@article{buxton1998,
  title = {Dynamics of Blood Flow and Oxygenation Changes during Brain Activation: {{The}} Balloon Model},
  shorttitle = {Dynamics of Blood Flow and Oxygenation Changes during Brain Activation},
  author = {Buxton, Richard B. and Wong, Eric C. and Frank, Lawrence R.},
  year = {1998},
  month = jun,
  volume = {39},
  pages = {855--864},
  issn = {07403194, 15222594},
  doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910390602},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\IDNV8EDY\\Buxton et al. - 1998 - Dynamics of blood flow and oxygenation changes dur.pdf},
  journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
  keywords = {BOLD,fNIRS,MRI},
  language = {en},
  number = {6}
}

@article{carey2000,
  title = {The Functional Neuroanatomy and Long-Term Reproducibility of Brain Activation Associated with a Simple Finger Tapping Task in Older Healthy Volunteers: A Serial {{PET}} Study},
  shorttitle = {The Functional Neuroanatomy and Long-Term Reproducibility of Brain Activation Associated with a Simple Finger Tapping Task in Older Healthy Volunteers},
  author = {Carey, L. M. and Abbott, D. F. and Egan, G. F. and {Tochon-Danguy}, H. J. and Donnan, G. A.},
  year = {2000},
  month = feb,
  volume = {11},
  pages = {124--144},
  issn = {1053-8119},
  doi = {10.1006/nimg.1999.0522},
  abstract = {We examined long-term reproducibility of the functional organization of the brain associated with a simple finger tapping movement using positron emission tomography (PET). Repeat measurements of regional cerebral blood flow were obtained in 10 individuals, ages 35 to 82 years (mean 52 years), at scanning sessions separated by 6 months. Although the functional neuroanatomy of hand movements has previously been investigated with PET by a number of groups, none has reported systematic investigation of the consistency of brain activation over an extended time. As expected, we found significant activation in the left precentral gyrus [Talairach coordinate (-32, -34, 52)], postcentral gyrus (-22, -48, 56), and supplementary motor area (SMA) (-2, -18, 52) at the initial study, consistent with previous studies in younger subjects. For the follow-up study we also found significant activation in the left precentral (-36, -28, 52) and postcentral (-28, -36, 52) gyri and in the SMA (2, -16, 56). Our group results demonstrate consistent anatomical location and extent of motor activation over time. More importantly, analysis of individuals confirmed the presence of consistent sites of activation in primary sensorimotor cortex and SMA over the 6-month interval in most subjects. A high degree of consistency in location of activation in the group, and within individuals, over time suggests that changes in loci of activation may be confidently monitored using the PET method. Evidence of individual differences in extent of activation over time highlights the need for caution when interpreting similar changes in patient studies.},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {Adult,Aged,Aged; 80 and over,Aging,Brain Mapping,Cerebral Cortex,Dominance; Cerebral,Evoked Potentials; Motor,Female,Functional Laterality,Humans,Image Processing; Computer-Assisted,Male,Middle Aged,Motor Activity,Motor Cortex,n-back,neuroanatomy,Reference Values,Regional Blood Flow,Somatosensory Cortex,Tomography; Emission-Computed},
  language = {eng},
  number = {2},
  pmid = {10679185}
}

@article{cheron2006,
  title = {Effect of Gravity on Human Spontaneous 10-{{Hz}} Electroencephalographic Oscillations during the Arrest Reaction},
  author = {Cheron, G. and Leroy, A. and De Saedeleer, C. and Bengoetxea, A. and Lipshits, M. and Cebolla, A. and Servais, L. and Dan, B. and Berthoz, A. and McIntyre, J.},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  volume = {1121},
  pages = {104--116},
  issn = {0006-8993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.098},
  abstract = {Electroencephalographic oscillations at 10 Hz (alpha and mu rhythms) are the most prominent rhythms observed in awake, relaxed (eye-closed) subjects. These oscillations may be considered as a marker of cortical inactivity or an index of the active inhibition of the sensory information. Different cortical sources may participate in the 10-Hz oscillation and appear to be modulated by the sensory context and functional demands. In microgravity, the marked reduction in multimodal graviceptive inputs to cortical networks participating in the representation of space could be expected to affect the 10-Hz activity. The effect of microgravity on this basic oscillation has heretofore not been studied quantitatively. Because the alpha rhythm has a functional role in the regulation of network properties of the visual areas, we hypothesised that the absence of gravity would affect its strength. Here, we report the results of an experiment conducted over the course of 3 space flights, in which we quantified the power of the 10-Hz activity in relation to the arrest reaction (i.e., in 2 distinct physiological states: eyes open and eyes closed). We observed that the power of the spontaneous 10-Hz oscillation recorded in the eyes-closed state in the parieto-occipital (alpha rhythm) and sensorimotor areas (mu rhythm) increased in the absence of gravity. The suppression coefficient during the arrest reaction and the related spectral perturbations produced by eye-opening/closure state transition also increased in on orbit. These results are discussed in terms of current theories on the source and the importance of the alpha rhythm for cognitive function.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\2X3S2MLB\\Cheron et al. - 2006 - Effect of gravity on human spontaneous 10-Hz elect.pdf},
  journal = {Brain Research},
  keywords = {Adult,Cerebral Cortex,Earth (Planet),Electroencephalography,Gravitation,Humans,Male,Oscillometry,Space Flight,Touch,Weightlessness},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  pmid = {17034767}
}

@article{cinciute2019,
  title = {Translating the Hemodynamic Response: Why Focused Interdisciplinary Integration Should Matter for the Future of Functional Neuroimaging},
  shorttitle = {Translating the Hemodynamic Response},
  author = {Cinciute, Sigita},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {e6621},
  issn = {2167-8359},
  doi = {10.7717/peerj.6621},
  abstract = {The amount of information acquired with functional neuroimaging techniques, particularly fNIRS and fMRI, is rapidly growing and has enormous potential for studying human brain functioning. Therefore, many scientists focus on solving computational neuroimaging and Big Data issues to advance the discipline. However, the main obstacle\textemdash{}the accurate translation of the hemodynamic response (HR) by the investigation of a physiological phenomenon called neurovascular coupling\textemdash{}is still not fully overcome and, more importantly, often overlooked in this context. This article provides a brief and critical overview of significant findings from cellular biology and in vivo brain physiology with a focus on advancing existing HR modelling paradigms. A brief historical timeline of these disciplines of neuroscience is presented for readers to grasp the concept better, and some possible solutions for further scientific discussion are provided.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\HUFYU5WG\\Cinciute - 2019 - Translating the hemodynamic response why focused .pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\I3P6AY56\\6621.html},
  journal = {PeerJ},
  language = {en}
}

@article{covey2018,
  title = {Improved Cognitive Performance and Event-Related Potential Changes Following Working Memory Training in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis},
  author = {Covey, Thomas J and Shucard, Janet L and Benedict, Ralph HB and {Weinstock-Guttman}, Bianca and Shucard, David W},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  volume = {4},
  issn = {2055-2173},
  doi = {10.1177/2055217317747626},
  abstract = {Background
Few studies of cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis (MS) have targeted working memory specifically.

Objective
We examined the effects of n-back working memory training on cognitive performance and brain function in patients with MS.

Methods
Patients with MS (n\,=\,12) and healthy controls (HC; n\,=\,12) underwent 20 sessions of n-back working memory training. Before and after training (pre- and posttest) cognitive event-related potential (ERP) measures were obtained during a 3-back task. In addition, a battery of cognitive tests was administered.

Results
Following n-back training, both MS patients and HCs showed significant improvement on tests of working memory, processing speed, complex attention, and reasoning ability. MS and HCs also exhibited an enhancement of N2 ERP component amplitude, and earlier N2 and P3 latencies, following n-back training.

Conclusions
Targeted training of working memory with the n-back task may improve cognitive function in MS. Enhancement of N2 ERP component amplitude and shorter N2 and P3 latency following training in patients with MS is consistent with plasticity of neural processes that are involved in working memory.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\BGTMH7HA\\Covey et al. - 2018 - Improved cognitive performance and event-related p.pdf},
  journal = {Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical},
  keywords = {ERP (N-back)},
  number = {1},
  pmcid = {PMC5768274},
  pmid = {29348927}
}

@article{doallo2012,
  title = {Response Inhibition Results in the Emotional Devaluation of Faces: Neural Correlates as Revealed by {{fMRI}}},
  shorttitle = {Response Inhibition Results in the Emotional Devaluation of Faces},
  author = {Doallo, Sonia and Raymond, Jane E. and Shapiro, Kimron L. and Kiss, Monika and Eimer, Martin and Nobre, Anna C.},
  year = {2012},
  month = aug,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {649--659},
  issn = {1749-5016},
  doi = {10.1093/scan/nsr031},
  abstract = {Although it is well established that prior experience with faces determines their subsequent social\textendash{}emotional evaluation, recent work shows that top-down inhibitory mechanisms, including response inhibition, can lead to social devaluation after even a single, brief exposure. These rapidly induced effects indicate interplay among perceptual, attentional, response-selection and social\textendash{}emotional networks; yet, the brain mechanisms underlying this are not well understood. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural mechanism mediating the relationship between inhibitory control and emotional devaluation. Participants performed two tasks: (i) a Go/No-Go task in response to faces and (ii) a trustworthiness rating task involving the previously seen faces. No-Go faces were rated as significantly less trustworthy than Go faces. By examining brain activations during Task 1, behavioral measures and brain activations obtained in Task 2 could be predicted. Specifically, activity in brain areas during Task 1 associated with (i) executive control and response suppression (i.e. lateral prefrontal cortex) and (ii) affective responses and value representation (i.e. orbitofrontal cortex), systematically covaried with behavioral ratings and amygdala activity obtained during Task 2. The present findings offer insights into the neural mechanisms linking inhibitory processes to affective responses.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\L27QH34C\\Doallo et al. - 2012 - Response inhibition results in the emotional deval.pdf},
  journal = {Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience},
  keywords = {Go/No-go (Loc)},
  number = {6},
  pmcid = {PMC3427860},
  pmid = {21642353}
}

@article{eichele2017,
  title = {Development of {{Performance}} and {{ERPs}} in a {{Flanker Task}} in {{Children}} and {{Adolescents}} with {{Tourette Syndrome}}\textemdash{{A Follow}}-{{Up Study}}},
  author = {Eichele, Heike and Eichele, Tom and Marquardt, Lynn and Adolfsdottir, Steinunn and Hugdahl, Kenneth and S{\o}rensen, Lin and Plessen, Kerstin J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1662-4548},
  doi = {10.3389/fnins.2017.00305},
  abstract = {Background: Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with childhood-onset, with a typical decline in tic severity, as well as an increasing ability to suppress tics in late childhood and adolescence. These processes develop in parallel with general improvement of self-regulatory abilities, and performance monitoring during this age-span. Hence, changes in performance monitoring over time might provide insight into the regulation of tics in children and adolescents with TS., Method: We measured reaction time, reaction time variability, accuracy, and event-related potentials (ERP) in 17 children with TS, including 10 children with comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), 24 children with ADHD, and 29 typically developing children, using a modified Eriksen Flanker task in two testing sessions administered on average 4.5 years apart. We then compared task performance, as well as ERP components across groups, and over time using regression models., Results: Task performance improved in all groups with age, and behavioral differences between children with TS and controls diminished at second assessment, while differences between controls and children with ADHD largely persisted. In terms of ERP, the early P3 developed earlier in children with TS compared with controls at the first assessment, but trajectories converged with maturation. ERP component amplitudes correlated with worst-ever tic scores., Conclusions: Merging trajectories between children with TS and controls are consistent with the development of compensatory self-regulation mechanisms during early adolescence, probably facilitating tic suppression, in contrast to children with ADHD. Correlations between ERP amplitudes and tic scores also support this notion.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\GN38GP9W\\Eichele et al. - 2017 - Development of Performance and ERPs in a Flanker T.pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  keywords = {Eriksen Flanker Task (Heike)},
  pmcid = {PMC5466959},
  pmid = {28659750}
}

@article{erickson2004,
  title = {Behavioral Conflict, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, and Experiment Duration: Implications of Diverging Data},
  shorttitle = {Behavioral Conflict, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, and Experiment Duration},
  author = {Erickson, Kirk I. and Milham, Michael P. and Colcombe, Stanley J. and Kramer, Arthur F. and Banich, Marie T. and Webb, Andrew and Cohen, Neal J.},
  year = {2004},
  month = feb,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {98--107},
  issn = {1065-9471},
  doi = {10.1002/hbm.10158},
  abstract = {We investigated the relationship between behavioral measures of conflict and the degree of activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We reanalyzed an existing data set that employed the Stroop task using functional magnetic resonance imaging [Milham et al., Brain Cogn 2002;49:277-296]. Although we found no changes in the behavioral measures of conflict from the first to the second half of task performance, we found a reliable reduction in the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex. This result suggests the lack of a strong relationship between behavioral measurements of conflict and anterior cingulate activity. A concomitant increase in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity was also found, which may reflect a tradeoff in the neural substrates involved in supporting conflict resolution, detection, or monitoring processes. A second analysis of the data revealed that the duration of an experiment can dramatically affect interpretations of the results, including the roles in which particular regions are thought to play in cognition. These results are discussed in relation to current conceptions of ACC's role in attentional control. In addition, we discuss the implication of our results with current conceptions of conflict and of its instantiation in the brain. Hum. Brain Mapping 21:96-105, 2004.},
  journal = {Human Brain Mapping},
  keywords = {Adult,Analysis of Variance,Cerebral Cortex,Conflict; Psychological,Eriksen Flanker Task,Female,Gyrus Cinguli,Humans,Male,Photic Stimulation,Reaction Time,Regression Analysis,Time Factors},
  language = {eng},
  number = {2},
  pmid = {14755597}
}

@article{ferrari2012a,
  title = {A Brief Review on the History of Human Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy ({{fNIRS}}) Development and Fields of Application},
  author = {Ferrari, Marco and Quaresima, Valentina},
  year = {2012},
  month = nov,
  volume = {63},
  pages = {921--935},
  issn = {1053-8119},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.049},
  abstract = {This review is aimed at celebrating the upcoming 20th anniversary of the birth of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). After the discovery in 1992 that the functional activation of the human cerebral cortex (due to oxygenation and hemodynamic changes) can be explored by NIRS, human functional brain mapping research has gained a new dimension. fNIRS or optical topography, or near-infrared imaging or diffuse optical imaging is used mainly to detect simultaneous changes in optical properties of the human cortex from multiple measurement sites and displays the results in the form of a map or image over a specific area. In order to place current fNIRS research in its proper context, this paper presents a brief historical overview of the events that have shaped the present status of fNIRS. In particular, technological progresses of fNIRS are highlighted (i.e. from single-site to multi-site functional cortical measurements (images)), introduction of the commercial multi-channel systems, recent commercial wireless instrumentation and more advanced prototypes.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\HGTP3GN5\\Ferrari and Quaresima - 2012 - A brief review on the history of human functional .pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\R9WAQ5MK\\S1053811912003308.html},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {Beginner,Cortical activation,fNIRS,Functional near-infrared spectroscopy,Functional near-infrared topography,Hemodynamic response,Intro,Optical imaging},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{fichtenholtz2004,
  title = {Emotion-Attention Network Interactions during a Visual Oddball Task},
  author = {Fichtenholtz, Harlan M. and Dean, Heather L. and Dillon, Daniel G. and Yamasaki, Hiroshi and McCarthy, Gregory and LaBar, Kevin S.},
  year = {2004},
  month = jun,
  volume = {20},
  pages = {67--80},
  issn = {0926-6410},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.01.006},
  abstract = {Emotional and attentional functions are known to be distributed along ventral and dorsal networks in the brain, respectively. However, the interactions between these systems remain to be specified. The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate how attentional focus can modulate the neural activity elicited by scenes that vary in emotional content. In a visual oddball task, aversive and neutral scenes were presented intermittently among circles and squares. The squares were frequent standard events, whereas the other novel stimulus categories occurred rarely. One experimental group [N=10] was instructed to count the circles, whereas another group [N=12] counted the emotional scenes. A main effect of emotion was found in the amygdala (AMG) and ventral frontotemporal cortices. In these regions, activation was significantly greater for emotional than neutral stimuli but was invariant to attentional focus. A main effect of attentional focus was found in dorsal frontoparietal cortices, whose activity signaled task-relevant target events irrespective of emotional content. The only brain region that was sensitive to both emotion and attentional focus was the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG). When circles were task-relevant, the ACG responded equally to circle targets and distracting emotional scenes. The ACG response to emotional scenes increased when they were task-relevant, and the response to circles concomitantly decreased. These findings support and extend prominent network theories of emotion-attention interactions that highlight the integrative role played by the anterior cingulate.},
  journal = {Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research},
  keywords = {Adult,Amygdala,Attention,Emotions,Frontal Lobe,Functional Laterality,Gyrus Cinguli,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Nerve Net,Parietal Lobe,Photic Stimulation,Psychomotor Performance,Visual Oddball},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  pmid = {15130591}
}

@article{fitzhugh2019,
  title = {A Functional {{MRI}} Investigation of Crossmodal Interference in an Audiovisual {{Stroop}} Task},
  author = {Fitzhugh, Megan C. and Whitehead, Peter S. and Johnson, Lisa and Cai, Julia M. and Baxter, Leslie C. and Rogalsky, Corianne},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {e0210736},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0210736},
  abstract = {The visual color-word Stroop task is widely used in clinical and research settings as a measure of cognitive control. Numerous neuroimaging studies have used color-word Stroop tasks to investigate the neural resources supporting cognitive control, but to our knowledge all have used unimodal (typically visual) Stroop paradigms. Thus, it is possible that this classic measure of cognitive control is not capturing the resources involved in multisensory cognitive control. The audiovisual integration and crossmodal correspondence literatures identify regions sensitive to congruency of auditory and visual stimuli, but it is unclear how these regions relate to the unimodal cognitive control literature. In this study we aimed to identify brain regions engaged by crossmodal cognitive control during an audiovisual color-word Stroop task, and how they relate to previous unimodal Stroop and audiovisual integration findings. First, we replicated previous behavioral audiovisual Stroop findings in an fMRI-adapted audiovisual Stroop paradigm: incongruent visual information increased reaction time towards an auditory stimulus and congruent visual information decreased reaction time. Second, we investigated the brain regions supporting cognitive control during an audiovisual color-word Stroop task using fMRI. Similar to unimodal cognitive control tasks, a left superior parietal region exhibited an interference effect of visual information on the auditory stimulus. This superior parietal region was also identified using a standard audiovisual integration localizing procedure, indicating that audiovisual integration resources are sensitive to cognitive control demands. Facilitation of the auditory stimulus by congruent visual information was found in posterior superior temporal cortex, including in the posterior STS which has been found to support audiovisual integration. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, often implicated in unimodal Stroop tasks, was not modulated by the audiovisual Stroop task. Overall the findings indicate that an audiovisual color-word Stroop task engages overlapping resources with audiovisual integration and overlapping but distinct resources compared to unimodal Stroop tasks.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\TK6GAM7S\\Fitzhugh et al. - 2019 - A functional MRI investigation of crossmodal inter.pdf},
  journal = {PloS One},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Auditory Perception,Female,Gyrus Cinguli,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,MRI,Parietal Lobe,Reaction Time,Stroop,Stroop Test,Visual Perception,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  pmcid = {PMC6333399},
  pmid = {30645634}
}

@article{forn2008,
  title = {A Comparison of Brain Activation Patterns during Covert and Overt Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test Tasks},
  author = {Forn, Cristina and {Ventura-Campos}, Noelia and Belenguer, Antonio and Belloch, Vicente and Parcet, Maria Ant{\`o}nia and Avila, C{\'e}sar},
  year = {2008},
  month = jun,
  volume = {29},
  pages = {644--650},
  issn = {1097-0193},
  doi = {10.1002/hbm.20430},
  abstract = {The Paced Auditory Serial Addition test (PASAT) is a sensitive task for evaluating cognitive impairment in patients with diffuse brain disorders, such as multiple sclerosis patients. Brain areas involved in this task have been investigated in diverse fMRI studies using different methodologies to control the subjects' responses during scanning. Here, we examined the possible differences between overt and covert responses during the PASAT task in 13 volunteers. Results showed similar activations in parietal and frontal brain areas during both versions of the task. The contrast between the two conditions (overt and covert) indicated that differences in these two methodologies were minimal. Unlike the covert condition, the overt version of the task obtained significant activations in the left superior and inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral occipital cortex, caudate nucleus and cerebellum. As expected, no significant overactivations were observed in the covert when compared with the overt condition. Discussion focuses on the lower cost of using verbal responses to monitor performance during the PASAT task, which might be generalisable to other frontal lobe tasks requiring discrete responses.},
  journal = {Human Brain Mapping},
  keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation,Adult,Auditory Perception,Brain,Caudate Nucleus,Cerebellum,Female,Frontal Lobe,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Memory; Short-Term,Occipital Lobe,Parietal Lobe,PASAT (Loc)},
  language = {eng},
  number = {6},
  pmid = {17598164}
}

@article{franceschini2003,
  title = {Hemodynamic Evoked Response of the Sensorimotor Cortex Measured Noninvasively with Near-Infrared Optical Imaging},
  author = {Franceschini, Maria Angela and Fantini, Sergio and Thompson, John H. and Culver, Joseph P. and Boas, David A.},
  year = {2003},
  month = jul,
  volume = {40},
  pages = {548--560},
  issn = {0048-5772},
  doi = {10.1111/1469-8986.00057},
  abstract = {We have performed a noninvasive bilateral optical imaging study of the hemodynamic evoked response to unilateral finger opposition task, finger tactile, and electrical median nerve stimulation in the human sensorimotor cortex. This optical study shows the hemoglobin-evoked response to voluntary and nonvoluntary stimuli. We performed measurements on 10 healthy volunteers using block paradigms for motor, sensory, and electrical stimulations of the right and left hands separately. We analyzed the spatial/temporal features and the amplitude of the optical signal induced by cerebral activation during these three paradigms. We consistently found an increase (decrease) in the cerebral concentration of oxy-hemoglobin (deoxy-hemoglobin) at the cortical side contralateral to the stimulated side. We observed an optical response to activation that was larger in size and amplitude during voluntary motor task compared to the other two stimulations. The ipsilateral response was consistently smaller than the contralateral response, and even reversed (i.e., a decrease in oxy-hemoglobin, and an increase in deoxy-hemoglobin) in the case of the electrical stimulation. We observed a systemic contribution to the optical signal from the increase in the heart rate increase during stimulation, and we made a first attempt to subtract it from the evoked hemoglobin signal. Our findings based on optical imaging are in agreement with results in the literature obtained with positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\3Q84MNXS\\Franceschini et al. - 2003 - Hemodynamic evoked response of the sensorimotor co.pdf},
  journal = {Psychophysiology},
  keywords = {Adult,Cerebrovascular Circulation,Female,Functional Laterality,Hemodynamics,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Motor Cortex,Movement,Oxyhemoglobins,Reproducibility of Results,Somatosensory Cortex,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared,Tomography; Emission-Computed},
  language = {eng},
  number = {4},
  pmcid = {PMC3786740},
  pmid = {14570163}
}

@article{gagnon2012,
  title = {Quantification of the Cortical Contribution to the {{NIRS}} Signal over the Motor Cortex Using Concurrent {{NIRS}}-{{fMRI}} Measurements},
  author = {Gagnon, Louis and Y{\"u}cel, Meryem A. and Dehaes, Mathieu and Cooper, Robert J. and Perdue, Katherine L. and Selb, Juliette and Huppert, Theodore J. and Hoge, Richard D. and Boas, David A.},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  volume = {59},
  pages = {3933--3940},
  issn = {1095-9572},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.054},
  abstract = {Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) measures the functional hemodynamic response occurring at the surface of the cortex. Large pial veins are located above the surface of the cerebral cortex. Following activation, these veins exhibit oxygenation changes but their volume likely stays constant. The back-reflection geometry of the NIRS measurement renders the signal very sensitive to these superficial pial veins. As such, the measured NIRS signal contains contributions from both the cortical region as well as the pial vasculature. In this work, the cortical contribution to the NIRS signal was investigated using (1) Monte Carlo simulations over a realistic geometry constructed from anatomical and vascular MRI and (2) multimodal NIRS-BOLD recordings during motor stimulation. A good agreement was found between the simulations and the modeling analysis of in vivo measurements. Our results suggest that the cortical contribution to the deoxyhemoglobin signal change ({$\Delta$}HbR) is equal to 16-22\% of the cortical contribution to the total hemoglobin signal change ({$\Delta$}HbT). Similarly, the cortical contribution of the oxyhemoglobin signal change ({$\Delta$}HbO) is equal to 73-79\% of the cortical contribution to the {$\Delta$}HbT signal. These results suggest that {$\Delta$}HbT is far less sensitive to pial vein contamination and therefore, it is likely that the {$\Delta$}HbT signal provides better spatial specificity and should be used instead of {$\Delta$}HbO or {$\Delta$}HbR to map cerebral activity with NIRS. While different stimuli will result in different pial vein contributions, our finger tapping results do reveal the importance of considering the pial contribution.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\6WEJJWUK\\Gagnon et al. - 2012 - Quantification of the cortical contribution to the.pdf},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {Computer Simulation,Hemoglobins,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Models; Biological,Motor Cortex,Neuroimaging,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared},
  language = {eng},
  number = {4},
  pmcid = {PMC3279595},
  pmid = {22036999}
}

@article{gajewski2014,
  title = {Age-{{Related Effects}} on {{ERP}} and {{Oscillatory EEG}}-{{Dynamics}} in a 2-{{Back Task}}},
  author = {Gajewski, Patrick D. and Falkenstein, Michael},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {162--177},
  issn = {0269-8803},
  doi = {10.1027/0269-8803/a000123},
  abstract = {It is well known that working memory is one of the most vulnerable cognitive functions in elderly. However, little is known about the neuronal underpinnings and temporal dynamics of working memory mechanisms in healthy aging which are necessary to understand the age-related changes. To this end, 36 young and 36 old healthy individuals performed a 2-back task and a 0-back control task, while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Participants were instructed to press a response key whenever a target appeared and not to respond in case of nontargets. Expectedly, older participants showed considerably slower RTs and significantly higher rates of omitted targets and false alarms than young participants in the 2-back task, whereas no age-group difference in detection rate was found in the 0-back task. From the EEG event-related potentials as well as time-frequency plots were computed. The ERPs showed a general delay of the frontocentral N2, and an attenuation and delay of both the P3a and P3b in older versus younger adults. Importantly, the frontal P3a was reduced in older adults in the 2-back task. Time-frequency decomposition revealed consistently lower power in frontal theta (6 Hz) and parietal alpha (9\textendash{}11 Hz) frequency range in older versus younger adults whereas no age-related differences were found in the delta frequency range. Task unspecific reduction of posterior alpha in elderly was paralleled by a reduction of the P3b. In contrast, the older adults had a strongly reduced frontal theta power in the 2-back task, which parallels the P3a reduction in the ERPs. The widespread reduction of alpha may indicate that older adults needed to recruit more attentional resources for successful task performance, whereas reduced frontal theta may indicate that older adults are less able to recruit frontal resources related to top-down control with increasing task demands. This suggests a less efficient fronto-parietal network synchronicity in older individuals that leads to deficits in identification and maintenance of task relevant stimuli.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\RDWVFMVU\\a000123.html},
  journal = {Journal of Psychophysiology},
  keywords = {ERP (N-back)},
  number = {3}
}

@misc{gajewski2018,
  title = {{{ERP}} and {{Behavioral Effects}} of {{Physical}} and {{Cognitive Training}} on {{Working Memory}} in {{Aging}}: {{A Randomized Controlled Study}}},
  shorttitle = {{{ERP}} and {{Behavioral Effects}} of {{Physical}} and {{Cognitive Training}} on {{Working Memory}} in {{Aging}}},
  author = {Gajewski, Patrick D. and Falkenstein, Michael},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3454835},
  abstract = {Working memory (WM) performance decreases with age. A promising method to improve WM is physical or cognitive training. The present randomized controlled study is aimed at evaluating the effects of different training methods on WM. A sample of 141 healthy older adults (mean age 70 years) was assigned to one of four groups: physical training, cognitive training, a social control group, and a no-contact control group. The participants trained for four months. Before and after the training, n-back task during an EEG recording was applied. The results show that cognitive training enhanced the target detection rate in the 2-back task. This was corroborated by an increased number of repeated digits in the backward digit-span test but not in other memory tests. The improvement of WM was supported by an increased P3a prior to a correct target and an increased P3b both in nontarget and target trials. No ERP effects in the physical and no-contact control groups were found, while a reduction of P3a and P3b was found in the social control group. Thus, cognitive training enhances frontal and parietal processing related to the maintenance of a stored stimulus for subsequent matching with an upcoming stimulus and increases allocation of cognitive resources. These results indicate that multidomain cognitive training may increase WM capacity and neuronal activity in older age.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\ERE5T8ZL\\Gajewski and Falkenstein - 2018 - ERP and Behavioral Effects of Physical and Cogniti.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\8P5MZCZC\\3454835.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2018/3454835/},
  journal = {Neural Plasticity},
  keywords = {ERP (N-back)},
  language = {en},
  type = {Research {{Article}}}
}

@article{grandjean2012,
  title = {Modulation of {{Brain Activity}} during a {{Stroop Inhibitory Task}} by the {{Kind}} of {{Cognitive Control Required}}},
  author = {Grandjean, Julien and D'Ostilio, Kevin and Phillips, Christophe and Balteau, Evelyne and Degueldre, Christian and Luxen, Andr{\'e} and Maquet, Pierre and Salmon, Eric and Collette, Fabienne},
  year = {2012},
  month = jul,
  volume = {7},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0041513},
  abstract = {This study used a proportion congruency manipulation in the Stroop task in order to investigate, at the behavioral and brain substrate levels, the predictions derived from the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) account of two distinct modes of cognitive control depending on the task context. Three experimental conditions were created that varied the proportion congruency: mostly incongruent (MI), mostly congruent (MC), and mostly neutral (MN) contexts. A reactive control strategy, which corresponds to transient interference resolution processes after conflict detection, was expected for the rare conflicting stimuli in the MC context, and a proactive strategy, characterized by a sustained task-relevant focus prior to the occurrence of conflict, was expected in the MI context. Results at the behavioral level supported the proactive/reactive distinction, with the replication of the classic proportion congruent effect (i.e., less interference and facilitation effects in the MI context). fMRI data only partially supported our predictions. Whereas reactive control for incongruent trials in the MC context engaged the expected fronto-parietal network including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex, proactive control in the MI context was not associated with any sustained lateral prefrontal cortex activations, contrary to our hypothesis. Surprisingly, incongruent trials in the MI context elicited transient activation in common with incongruent trials in the MC context, especially in DLPFC, superior parietal lobe, and insula. This lack of sustained activity in MI is discussed in reference to the possible involvement of item-specific rather than list-wide mechanisms of control in the implementation of a high task-relevant focus.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\Z2CXTTTP\\Grandjean et al. - 2012 - Modulation of Brain Activity during a Stroop Inhib.pdf},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  keywords = {Stroop (Loc)},
  number = {7},
  pmcid = {PMC3404037},
  pmid = {22911806}
}

@article{guhathakurta2016,
  title = {Computational {{Pipeline}} for {{NIRS}}-{{EEG Joint Imaging}} of {{tDCS}}-{{Evoked Cerebral Responses}}-{{An Application}} in {{Ischemic Stroke}}},
  author = {Guhathakurta, Debarpan and Dutta, Anirban},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {261},
  issn = {1662-4548},
  doi = {10.3389/fnins.2016.00261},
  abstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates cortical neural activity and hemodynamics. Electrophysiological methods (electroencephalography-EEG) measure neural activity while optical methods (near-infrared spectroscopy-NIRS) measure hemodynamics coupled through neurovascular coupling (NVC). Assessment of NVC requires development of NIRS-EEG joint-imaging sensor montages that are sensitive to the tDCS affected brain areas. In this methods paper, we present a software pipeline incorporating freely available software tools that can be used to target vascular territories with tDCS and develop a NIRS-EEG probe for joint imaging of tDCS-evoked responses. We apply this software pipeline to target primarily the outer convexity of the brain territory (superficial divisions) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). We then present a computational method based on Empirical Mode Decomposition of NIRS and EEG time series into a set of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), and then perform a cross-correlation analysis on those IMFs from NIRS and EEG signals to model NVC at the lesional and contralesional hemispheres of an ischemic stroke patient. For the contralesional hemisphere, a strong positive correlation between IMFs of regional cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation and the log-transformed mean-power time-series of IMFs for EEG with a lag of about -15 s was found after a cumulative 550 s stimulation of anodal tDCS. It is postulated that system identification, for example using a continuous-time autoregressive model, of this coupling relation under tDCS perturbation may provide spatiotemporal discriminatory features for the identification of ischemia. Furthermore, portable NIRS-EEG joint imaging can be incorporated into brain computer interfaces to monitor tDCS-facilitated neurointervention as well as cortical reorganization.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\EEWNVSQI\\Guhathakurta and Dutta - 2016 - Computational Pipeline for NIRS-EEG Joint Imaging .pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  keywords = {computational modeling,electroencephalography,ischemic stroke,near-infrared spectroscopy,neurovascular coupling,transcranial direct current stimulation},
  language = {eng},
  pmcid = {PMC4913108},
  pmid = {27378836}
}

@article{gundel2018,
  title = {Meditation and the Brain - {{Neuronal}} Correlates of Mindfulness as Assessed with near-Infrared Spectroscopy},
  author = {Gundel, Friederike and {von Spee}, Johanna and Schneider, Sabrina and Haeussinger, Florian B. and Hautzinger, Martin and Erb, Michael and Fallgatter, Andreas J. and Ehlis, Ann-Christine},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  volume = {271},
  pages = {24--33},
  issn = {1872-7506},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.04.002},
  abstract = {Mindfulness meditation as a therapeutic intervention has been shown to have positive effects on psychological problems such as depression, pain or anxiety disorders. In this study, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to detect differences in hemodynamic responses of meditation experts (14 participants) and a control group (16 participants) in a resting and a mindfulness condition. In both conditions, the sound of a meditation bowl was used to find group differences in the auditory system and adjacent cortical areas. Different lateralization patterns of the brain were found in expert meditators while being in a resting state (amplified left hemisphere) or being in mindfulness state (amplified right hemisphere). Compared to the control group, meditation experts had a more widespread pattern of activation in the auditory cortex, while resting. In the mindfulness condition, the control group showed a decrease of activation in higher auditory areas (BA 1, 6 and 40), whereas the meditation experts had a significant increase in those areas. In addition, meditation expert had highly activated brain areas (BA 39, 40, 44 and 45) beyond the meditative task itself, indicating possible long-term changes in the brain and their positive effects on empathy, meta cognitive skills and health.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\Q9VVY9VA\\Gundel et al. - 2018 - Meditation and the brain - Neuronal correlates of .pdf},
  journal = {Psychiatry Research. Neuroimaging},
  keywords = {Auditory cortex,DMN,KIMS-D,Meditation,Mindfulness,Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)},
  language = {eng},
  pmid = {28689600}
}

@article{herold2018,
  title = {Applications of {{Functional Near}}-{{Infrared Spectroscopy}} ({{fNIRS}}) {{Neuroimaging}} in {{Exercise}}\textendash{{Cognition Science}}: {{A Systematic}}, {{Methodology}}-{{Focused Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Applications of {{Functional Near}}-{{Infrared Spectroscopy}} ({{fNIRS}}) {{Neuroimaging}} in {{Exercise}}\textendash{{Cognition Science}}},
  author = {Herold, Fabian and Wiegel, Patrick and Scholkmann, Felix and M{\"u}ller, Notger G.},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {466},
  doi = {10.3390/jcm7120466},
  abstract = {For cognitive processes to function well, it is essential that the brain is optimally supplied with oxygen and blood. In recent years, evidence has emerged suggesting that cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics can be modified with physical activity. To better understand the relationship between cerebral oxygenation/hemodynamics, physical activity, and cognition, the application of state-of-the art neuroimaging tools is essential. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is such a neuroimaging tool especially suitable to investigate the effects of physical activity/exercises on cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics due to its capability to quantify changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb) non-invasively in the human brain. However, currently there is no clear standardized procedure regarding the application, data processing, and data analysis of fNIRS, and there is a large heterogeneity regarding how fNIRS is applied in the field of exercise\–cognition science. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current methodological knowledge about fNIRS application in studies measuring the cortical hemodynamic responses during cognitive testing (i) prior and after different physical activities interventions, and (ii) in cross-sectional studies accounting for the physical fitness level of their participants. Based on the review of the methodology of 35 as relevant considered publications, we outline recommendations for future fNIRS studies in the field of exercise\–cognition science.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\HYW4NAK7\\Herold et al. - 2018 - Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectrosc.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  keywords = {cognition,executive functions,fNIRS,optical imaging,physical activity,working memory},
  language = {en},
  number = {12}
}

@article{hocke2018,
  title = {Reduced {{Functional Connectivity}} in {{Adults}} with {{Persistent Post}}-{{Concussion Symptoms}}: {{A Functional Near}}-{{Infrared Spectroscopy Study}}},
  shorttitle = {Reduced {{Functional Connectivity}} in {{Adults}} with {{Persistent Post}}-{{Concussion Symptoms}}},
  author = {Hocke, Lia M. and Duszynski, Chris C. and Debert, Chantel T. and Dleikan, Diane and Dunn, Jeff F.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  volume = {35},
  pages = {1224--1232},
  issn = {1557-9042},
  doi = {10.1089/neu.2017.5365},
  abstract = {Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), accounts for {$\sim$}80\% of all TBIs across North America. The majority of mTBI patients recover within days to weeks; however, 14-36\% of the time, acute mTBI symptoms persist for months or even years and develop into persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). There is a need to find biomarkers in patients with PPCS, to improve prognostic ability and to provide insight into the pathophysiology underlying chronic symptoms. Recent research has pointed toward impaired network integrity and cortical communication as a biomarker. In this study we investigated functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as a technique to assess cortical communication deficits in adults with PPCS. Specifically, we aimed to identify cortical communication patterns in prefrontal and motor areas during rest and task, in adult patients with persistent symptoms. We found that (1) the PPCS group showed reduced connectivity compared with healthy controls, (2) increased symptom severity correlated with reduced coherence, and (3) connectivity differences were best distinguishable during task and in particular during the working memory task (n-back task) in the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These data show that reduced brain communication may be associated with the pathophysiology of mTBI and that fNIRS, with a relatively simple acquisition paradigm, may provide a useful biomarker of this injury.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\2WPNB6PN\\Hocke et al. - 2018 - Reduced Functional Connectivity in Adults with Per.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Brain,concussion,DLPFC,Female,fNIRS,functional connectivity,Humans,Male,mTBI,Neural Pathways,Post-Concussion Syndrome,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared,working memory task,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  number = {11},
  pmcid = {PMC5962910},
  pmid = {29373947}
}

@incollection{hoshi2016,
  title = {Chapter 7 - {{Hemodynamic}} Signals in {{fNIRS}}},
  booktitle = {Progress in {{Brain Research}}},
  author = {Hoshi, Y.},
  editor = {Masamoto, Kazuto and Hirase, Hajime and Yamada, Katsuya},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  volume = {225},
  pages = {153--179},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.03.004},
  abstract = {Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was originally designed for clinical monitoring of tissue oxygenation, and it has also been developed into a useful tool in neuroimaging studies, with the so-called functional NIRS (fNIRS). With NIRS, cerebral activation is detected by measuring the cerebral hemoglobin (Hb), where however, the precise correlation between NIRS signal and neural activity remains to be fully understood. This can in part be attributed to the situation that NIRS signals are inherently subject to contamination by signals arising from extracerebral tissue. In recent years, several approaches have been investigated to distinguish between NIRS signals originating in cerebral tissue and signals originating in extracerebral tissue. Selective measurements of cerebral Hb will enable a further evolution of fNIRS. This chapter is divided into six sections: first a summary of the basic theory of NIRS, NIRS signals arising in the activated areas, correlations between NIRS signals and fMRI signals, correlations between NIRS signals and neural activities, and the influence of a variety of extracerebral tissue on NIRS signals and approaches to this issue are reviewed. Finally, future prospects of fNIRS are described.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\KPPXD5C8\\S007961231600042X.html},
  keywords = {Deoxy-Hb,DOT,EEG,Extracerebral tissues,fMRI,NIRS,Oxy-Hb,Spontaneous fluctuations,t-Hb},
  language = {en},
  series = {New {{Horizons}} in {{Neurovascular Coupling}}: {{A Bridge Between Brain Circulation}} and {{Neural Plasticity}}}
}

@article{huppert2006,
  title = {A Temporal Comparison of {{BOLD}}, {{ASL}}, and {{NIRS}} Hemodynamic Responses to Motor Stimuli in Adult Humans},
  author = {Huppert, T. J. and Hoge, R. D. and Diamond, S. G. and Franceschini, M. A. and Boas, D. A.},
  year = {2006},
  month = jan,
  volume = {29},
  pages = {368--382},
  issn = {1053-8119},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.065},
  abstract = {In this study, we have preformed simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) along with BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) and ASL (arterial spin labeling)-based fMRI during an event-related motor activity in human subjects in order to compare the temporal dynamics of the hemodynamic responses recorded in each method. These measurements have allowed us to examine the validity of the biophysical models underlying each modality and, as a result, gain greater insight into the hemodynamic responses to neuronal activation. Although prior studies have examined the relationships between these two methodologies through similar experiments, they have produced conflicting results in the literature for a variety of reasons. Here, by employing a short-duration, event-related motor task, we have been able to emphasize the subtle temporal differences between the hemodynamic parameters with a high contrast-to-noise ratio. As a result of this improved experimental design, we are able to report that the fMRI measured BOLD response is more correlated with the NIRS measure of deoxy-hemoglobin (R = 0.98; P {$<$} 10(-20)) than with oxy-hemoglobin (R = 0.71), or total hemoglobin (R = 0.53). This result was predicted from the theoretical grounds of the BOLD response and is in agreement with several previous works [Toronov, V.A.W., Choi, J.H., Wolf, M., Michalos, A., Gratton, E., Hueber, D., 2001. "Investigation of human brain hemodynamics by simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging." Med. Phys. 28 (4) 521-527.; MacIntosh, B.J., Klassen, L.M., Menon, R.S., 2003. "Transient hemodynamics during a breath hold challenge in a two part functional imaging study with simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy in adult humans". NeuroImage 20 1246-1252.; Toronov, V.A.W., Walker, S., Gupta, R., Choi, J.H., Gratton, E., Hueber, D., Webb, A., 2003. "The roles of changes in deoxyhemoglobin concentration and regional cerebral blood volume in the fMRI BOLD signal" Neuroimage 19 (4) 1521-1531]. These data have also allowed us to examine more detailed measurement models of the fMRI signal and comment on the roles of the oxygen saturation and blood volume contributions to the BOLD response. In addition, we found high correlation between the NIRS measured total hemoglobin and ASL measured cerebral blood flow (R = 0.91; P {$<$} 10(-10)) and oxy-hemoglobin with flow (R = 0.83; P {$<$} 10(-05)) as predicted by the biophysical models. Finally, we note a significant amount of cross-modality, correlated, inter-subject variability in amplitude change and time-to-peak of the hemodynamic response. The observed co-variance in these parameters between subjects is in agreement with hemodynamic models and provides further support that fMRI and NIRS have similar vascular sensitivity.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\H8XESQDW\\Huppert et al. - 2006 - A temporal comparison of BOLD, ASL, and NIRS hemod.pdf},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {Adult,Biomarkers,Brain Chemistry,Cerebral Arteries,Cerebrovascular Circulation,Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy,Female,Fingers,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,Movement,Oxygen,Reproducibility of Results,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared,Vitamin E,Vitamins},
  language = {eng},
  number = {2},
  pmcid = {PMC2692693},
  pmid = {16303317}
}

@article{irani2007,
  title = {Functional near Infrared Spectroscopy ({{fNIRS}}): An Emerging Neuroimaging Technology with Important Applications for the Study of Brain Disorders},
  shorttitle = {Functional near Infrared Spectroscopy ({{fNIRS}})},
  author = {Irani, Farzin and Platek, Steven M. and Bunce, Scott and Ruocco, Anthony C. and Chute, Douglas},
  year = {2007},
  month = jan,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {9--37},
  issn = {1385-4046},
  doi = {10.1080/13854040600910018},
  abstract = {Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging functional neuroimaging technology offering a relatively non-invasive, safe, portable, and low-cost method of indirect and direct monitoring of brain activity. Most exciting is its potential to allow more ecologically valid investigations that can translate laboratory work into more realistic everyday settings and clinical environments. Our aim is to acquaint clinicians and researchers with the unique and beneficial characteristics of fNIRS by reviewing its relative merits and limitations vis-\`a-vis other brain-imaging technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We review cross-validation work between fMRI and fNIRS, and discuss possible reservations about its deployment in clinical research and practice. Finally, because there is no comprehensive review of applications of fNIRS to brain disorders, we also review findings from the few studies utilizing fNIRS to investigate neurocognitive processes associated with neurological (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury) and psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders).},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\XUT5I8GC\\Irani et al. - 2007 - Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) an .pdf},
  journal = {The Clinical Neuropsychologist},
  keywords = {Brain,Brain Diseases,Brain Injuries,Brain Mapping,Hemoglobins,Humans,Image Processing; Computer-Assisted,Imaging; Three-Dimensional,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Mental Disorders,Neurocognitive Disorders,Neurons,Sensitivity and Specificity,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  pmid = {17366276}
}

@article{itoh2018,
  title = {Characteristics of Cardiovascular Responses to an Orthostatic Challenge in Trained Spinal Cord-Injured Individuals},
  author = {Itoh, Masahiro and Endo, Masako Yamaoka and Hojo, Tatsuya and Yoshimura, Miho and Fukuoka, Yoshiyuki},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  volume = {37},
  pages = {22},
  issn = {1880-6805},
  doi = {10.1186/s40101-018-0182-x},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: We investigated cardiovascular responses to an orthostatic challenge in trained spinal cord-injured (SCI) individuals compared to able-bodied (AB) individuals.
METHODS: A total of 23 subjects participated, divided into three groups: seven were trained as spinal cord-injured (Tr-SCI) individuals, seven were able-bodied individuals trained as runners (Tr-AB), and nine were untrained able-bodied individuals (UnTr-AB). We measured the cardiovascular autonomic responses in all three groups during each 5-min head-up tilt (HUT) of 0\textdegree, 40\textdegree, and 80\textdegree. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (Qc) as cardiovascular responses were measured by impedance cardiography. Changes in deoxyhemoglobin ({$\increment$}[HHb]) and total hemoglobin ({$\increment$}[Hbtot]) concentrations of the right medial gastrocnemius muscle were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
RESULTS: As the HUT increased from 0\textdegree{} to 80\textdegree, Tr-SCI group showed less change in SV at all HUT levels even if HR increased significantly. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) also did not significantly increase as tilting increased from 0\textdegree{} to 80\textdegree. Regarding peripheral vascular responses, the alterations of {$\increment$}[Hbtot] from 0\textdegree{} to 80\textdegree{} were less in Tr-SCI group compared to AB individuals.
CONCLUSION: There is a specific mechanism whereby blood pressure is maintained during a HUT in Tr-SCI group with the elicitation of peripheral vasoconstriction and the atrophy of the vascular vessels in paraplegic lower limbs, which would be associated with less change in SV in response to an orthostatic challenge.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\ICDMZQ7V\\Itoh et al. - 2018 - Characteristics of cardiovascular responses to an .pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Physiological Anthropology},
  keywords = {Adult,Cardiography; Impedance,Cardiovascular responses,Hemodynamics,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Near-infrared spectroscopy,Orthostatic challenge,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared,Spinal Cord Injuries,Spinal cord injury,Tilt-Table Test,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  pmcid = {PMC6162881},
  pmid = {30268154}
}

@article{jan2009,
  title = {Wavelet Analysis of Sacral Skin Blood Flow Oscillations to Assess Soft Tissue Viability in Older Adults},
  author = {Jan, Yih-Kuen and Struck, Bryan D. and Foreman, Robert D. and Robinson, Cyndy},
  year = {2009},
  month = sep,
  volume = {78},
  pages = {162--168},
  issn = {0026-2862},
  doi = {10.1016/j.mvr.2009.05.004},
  abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate age-related changes of microvascular functions using wavelet analysis of blood flow oscillations (BFO), and to develop a new quantification method to present wavelet coefficients for studying the contribution of each blood flow control mechanism to the skin vasodilatory response. 20 older people between 65 and 85~years of age were recruited into the study. The heater temperature at the sacral skin was raised to 42~\textdegree{}C in 2~min and maintained at that temperature for the duration of the 50~minute heating period to induce a biphasic vasodilatory response: axon reflex mediated and nitric oxide mediated vasodilation. Wavelet-based spectrum analysis was used to calculate sacral skin blood flow and frequency bands including metabolic (0.008\textendash{}0.02~Hz), neurogenic (0.02\textendash{}0.05~Hz), myogenic (0.05\textendash{}0.15~Hz), respiratory (0.15\textendash{}0.4~Hz), and cardiac (0.4\textendash{}2.0~Hz) frequencies. Biphasic Thermal Index is defined as ratios of first peak, nadir, and second peak to baseline blood flow. The results showed that older people have a biphasic blood flow response with lower vasodilatory function. Increased age is associated with an increase in baseline blood flow and a decrease of skin vasodilatory function (p{$<$}0.05). Biphasic Thermal Index is (5.5, 4.5, 10.1) for the 65\textendash{}75~years group and is (3.7, 3.2, 6.7) for the 75\textendash{}85~years group. During local heating, the metabolic frequency appears to become the most dominant frequency in power during the second peak, and the power of neurogenic frequency does not seem to significantly increase during the axon reflex mediated vasodilation. Wavelet coefficients averaged during the one-minute period are able to characterize time-series changes of frequencies. This study has shown the feasibility of using wavelet-based spectrum analysis of skin blood flow oscillations to assess skin microvascular function for detection of the specific conditions which constitute the highest risk factors for pressure ulcers among older people. Aging is associated with a decrease of skin blood flow function, which results in increased risk for ischemic damage and pressure ulcers.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\R6JDAEK9\\Jan et al. - 2009 - Wavelet analysis of sacral skin blood flow oscilla.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\PNQNSWWU\\S0026286209001435.html},
  journal = {Microvascular Research},
  keywords = {Aging,Blood flow oscillations,Laser Doppler,Pressure ulcer,Wavelet analysis},
  number = {2}
}

@article{janacsek2020,
  title = {Sequence Learning in the Human Brain: {{A}} Functional Neuroanatomical Meta-Analysis of Serial Reaction Time Studies},
  shorttitle = {Sequence Learning in the Human Brain},
  author = {Janacsek, Karolina and Shattuck, Kyle F. and Tagarelli, Kaitlyn M. and Lum, Jarrad A. G. and Turkeltaub, Peter E. and Ullman, Michael T.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  volume = {207},
  pages = {116387},
  issn = {1095-9572},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116387},
  abstract = {Sequence learning underlies numerous motor, cognitive, and social skills. Previous models and empirical investigations of sequence learning in humans and non-human animals have implicated cortico-basal ganglia-cerebellar circuitry as well as other structures. To systematically examine the functional neuroanatomy of sequence learning in humans, we conducted a series of neuroanatomical meta-analyses. We focused on the serial reaction time (SRT) task. This task, which is the most widely used paradigm for probing sequence learning in humans, allows for the rigorous control of visual, motor, and other factors. Controlling for these factors (in sequence-random block contrasts), sequence learning yielded consistent activation only in the basal ganglia, across the striatum (anterior/mid caudate nucleus and putamen) and the globus pallidus. In contrast, when visual, motor, and other factors were not controlled for (in a global analysis with all sequence-baseline contrasts, not just sequence-random contrasts), premotor cortical and cerebellar activation were additionally observed. The study provides solid evidence that, at least as tested with the visuo-motor SRT task, sequence learning in humans relies on the basal ganglia, whereas cerebellar and premotor regions appear to contribute to aspects of the task not related to sequence learning itself. The findings have both basic research and translational implications.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\52DWUQ2Q\\Janacsek et al. - 2020 - Sequence learning in the human brain A functional.pdf},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {Basal ganglia,Implicit learning,Procedural memory,Sequence learning,Serial reaction time (SRT) task,SRT,Striatum},
  language = {eng},
  pmid = {31765803}
}

@misc{josephs,
  title = {A {{Functional Near}}-{{Infrared Spectroscopy Study}} of {{State Anxiety}} and {{Auditory Working Memory Load}}. - {{PubMed}} - {{NCBI}}},
  author = {Josephs, Oliver and Henson, Richard N. A},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\7KH3JERX\\pubmed.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=A+Functional+Near-Infrared+Spectroscopy+Study+of+State+Anxiety+and+Auditory+Working+Memory+Load}
}

@article{josephs1999,
  title = {Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Modelling, Inference and Optimization.},
  shorttitle = {Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
  author = {Josephs, O and Henson, R N},
  year = {1999},
  month = jul,
  volume = {354},
  pages = {1215--1228},
  issn = {0962-8436},
  abstract = {Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging is a recent and popular technique for detecting haemodynamic responses to brief stimuli or events. However, the design of event-related experiments requires careful consideration of numerous issues of measurement, modelling and inference. Here we review these issues, with particular emphasis on the use of basis functions within a general linear modelling framework to model and make inferences about the haemodynamic response. With these models in mind, we then consider how the properties of functional magnetic resonance imaging data determine the optimal experimental design for a specific hypothesis, in terms of stimulus ordering and interstimulus interval. Finally, we illustrate various event-related models with examples from recent studies.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\PRRPIT7X\\Josephs and Henson - 1999 - Event-related functional magnetic resonance imagin.pdf},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  keywords = {Low frequency},
  number = {1387},
  pmcid = {PMC1692638},
  pmid = {10466147}
}

@article{julien2006,
  title = {The Enigma of {{Mayer}} Waves: {{Facts}} and Models},
  shorttitle = {The Enigma of {{Mayer}} Waves},
  author = {Julien, Claude},
  year = {2006},
  month = apr,
  volume = {70},
  pages = {12--21},
  issn = {0008-6363},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.11.008},
  abstract = {Abstract.  Mayer waves are oscillations of arterial pressure occurring spontaneously in conscious subjects at a frequency lower than respiration ({$\sim$}0.1 Hz in hum},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\TWW3W9U6\\Julien - 2006 - The enigma of Mayer waves Facts and models.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\SGFCEB27\\408540.html},
  journal = {Cardiovascular Research},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{justen2018,
  title = {The Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Deviance and Target Detection in the Passive and Active Auditory Oddball Paradigm: A {{sLORETA}} Study},
  shorttitle = {The Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Deviance and Target Detection in the Passive and Active Auditory Oddball Paradigm},
  author = {Justen, Christoph and Herbert, Cornelia},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  volume = {19},
  issn = {1471-2202},
  doi = {10.1186/s12868-018-0422-3},
  abstract = {Background
Numerous studies have investigated the neural underpinnings of passive and active deviance and target detection in the well-known auditory oddball paradigm by means of event-related potentials (ERPs) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The present auditory oddball study investigates the spatio-temporal dynamics of passive versus active deviance and target detection by analyzing amplitude modulations of early and late ERPs while at the same time exploring the neural sources underling this modulation with standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA)
.

Methods
A 64-channel EEG was recorded from twelve healthy right-handed participants while listening to `standards' and `deviants' (500 vs. 1000~Hz pure tones) during a passive (block 1) and an active (block 2) listening condition. During passive listening, participants had to simply listen to the tones. During active listening they had to attend and press a key in response to the deviant tones.

Results
Passive and active listening elicited an N1 component, a mismatch negativity (MMN) as difference potential (whose amplitudes were temporally overlapping with the N1) and a P3 component. N1/MMN and P3 amplitudes were significantly more pronounced for deviants as compared to standards during both listening conditions. Active listening augmented P3 modulation to deviants significantly compared to passive listening, whereas deviance detection as indexed by N1/MMN modulation was unaffected by the task. During passive listening, sLORETA contrasts (deviants\,{$>$}\,standards) revealed significant activations in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the lingual gyri bilaterally (N1/MMN) as well as in the left and right insulae (P3). During active listening, significant activations were found for the N1/MMN in the right inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and for the P3 in multiple cortical regions (e.g., precuneus).

Discussion
The results provide evidence for the hypothesis that passive as well as active deviance and target detection elicit cortical activations in spatially distributed brain regions and neural networks including the ventral attention network (VAN), dorsal attention network (DAN) and salience network (SN). Based on the temporal activation of the neural sources underlying ERP modulations, a neurophysiological model of passive and active deviance and target detection is proposed which can be tested in future studies.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\MVCJQAJC\\Justen and Herbert - 2018 - The spatio-temporal dynamics of deviance and targe.pdf},
  journal = {BMC Neuroscience},
  keywords = {Auditory Oddball (Christoph)},
  pmcid = {PMC5909247},
  pmid = {29673322}
}

@article{kim2010,
  title = {Noninvasive Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared and Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopies in Critically Brain-Injured Adults},
  author = {Kim, Meeri N. and Durduran, Turgut and Frangos, Suzanne and Edlow, Brian L. and Buckley, Erin M. and Moss, Heather E. and Zhou, Chao and Yu, Guoqiang and Choe, Regine and {Maloney-Wilensky}, Eileen and Wolf, Ronald L. and Grady, M. Sean and Greenberg, Joel H. and Levine, Joshua M. and Yodh, Arjun G. and Detre, John A. and Kofke, W. Andrew},
  year = {2010},
  month = apr,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {173--180},
  issn = {1556-0961},
  doi = {10.1007/s12028-009-9305-x},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study assesses the utility of a hybrid optical instrument for noninvasive transcranial monitoring in the neurointensive care unit. The instrument is based on diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) for measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for measurement of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration. DCS/NIRS measurements of CBF and oxygenation from frontal lobes are compared with concurrent xenon-enhanced computed tomography (XeCT) in patients during induced blood pressure changes and carbon dioxide arterial partial pressure variation.
METHODS: Seven neurocritical care patients were included in the study. Relative CBF measured by DCS (rCBF(DCS)), and changes in oxy-hemoglobin (DeltaHbO(2)), deoxy-hemoglobin (DeltaHb), and total hemoglobin concentration (DeltaTHC), measured by NIRS, were continuously monitored throughout XeCT during a baseline scan and a scan after intervention. CBF from XeCT regions-of-interest (ROIs) under the optical probes were used to calculate relative XeCT CBF (rCBF(XeCT)) and were then compared to rCBF(DCS). Spearman's rank coefficients were employed to test for associations between rCBF(DCS) and rCBF(XeCT), as well as between rCBF from both modalities and NIRS parameters.
RESULTS: rCBF(DCS) and rCBF(XeCT) showed good correlation (r (s) = 0.73, P = 0.010) across the patient cohort. Moderate correlations between rCBF(DCS) and DeltaHbO(2)/DeltaTHC were also observed. Both NIRS and DCS distinguished the effects of xenon inhalation on CBF, which varied among the patients.
CONCLUSIONS: DCS measurements of CBF and NIRS measurements of tissue blood oxygenation were successfully obtained in neurocritical care patients. The potential for DCS to provide continuous, noninvasive bedside monitoring for the purpose of CBF management and individualized care is demonstrated.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\5ASXDR5I\\Kim et al. - 2010 - Noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow and.pdf},
  journal = {Neurocritical Care},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Aged; 80 and over,Brain Injuries,Brain Ischemia,Cerebrovascular Circulation,Critical Care,Female,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Oxygen,Severity of Illness Index,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared,Subarachnoid Hemorrhage,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  number = {2},
  pmcid = {PMC2844468},
  pmid = {19908166}
}

@article{kim2014,
  title = {Continuous Optical Monitoring of Cerebral Hemodynamics during Head-of-Bed Manipulation in Brain-Injured Adults},
  author = {Kim, Meeri N. and Edlow, Brian L. and Durduran, Turgut and Frangos, Suzanne and Mesquita, Rickson C. and Levine, Joshua M. and Greenberg, Joel H. and Yodh, Arjun G. and Detre, John A.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  volume = {20},
  pages = {443--453},
  issn = {1556-0961},
  doi = {10.1007/s12028-013-9849-7},
  abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Head-of-bed manipulation is commonly performed in the neurocritical care unit to optimize cerebral blood flow (CBF), but its effects on CBF are rarely measured. This pilot study employs a novel, non-invasive instrument combining two techniques, diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) for measurement of CBF and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for measurement of cerebral oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations, to monitor patients during head-of-bed lowering.
METHODS: Ten brain-injured patients and ten control subjects were monitored continuously with DCS and NIRS while the head-of-bed was positioned first at 30\textdegree{} and then at 0\textdegree. Relative CBF (rCBF) and concurrent changes in oxy- ({$\Delta$}HbO2), deoxy- ({$\Delta$}Hb), and total-hemoglobin concentrations ({$\Delta$}THC) from left/right frontal cortices were monitored for 5 min at each position. Patient and control response differences were assessed.
RESULTS: rCBF, {$\Delta$}HbO2, and {$\Delta$}THC responses to head lowering differed significantly between brain-injured patients and healthy controls (P {$<$} 0.02). For patients, rCBF changes were heterogeneous, with no net change observed in the group average (0.3 {$\pm$} 28.2 \%, P = 0.938). rCBF increased in controls (18.6 {$\pm$} 9.4 \%, P {$<$} 0.001). {$\Delta$}HbO2, {$\Delta$}Hb, and {$\Delta$}THC increased with head lowering in both groups, but to a larger degree in brain-injured patients. rCBF correlated moderately with changes in cerebral perfusion pressure (R = 0.40, P {$<$} 0.001), but not intracranial pressure.
CONCLUSION: DCS/NIRS detected differences in CBF and oxygenation responses of brain-injured patients versus controls during head-of-bed manipulation. This pilot study supports the feasibility of continuous bedside measurement of cerebrovascular hemodynamics with DCS/NIRS and provides the rationale for further investigation in larger cohorts.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\NE3C9TXX\\Kim et al. - 2014 - Continuous optical monitoring of cerebral hemodyna.pdf},
  journal = {Neurocritical Care},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Beds,Brain Injuries,Cerebrovascular Circulation,Critical Care,Female,Fiber Optic Technology,Humans,Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations,Intracranial Pressure,Male,Middle Aged,Monitoring; Physiologic,Multimodal Imaging,Pilot Projects,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared,Subarachnoid Hemorrhage,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  number = {3},
  pmcid = {PMC3883971},
  pmid = {23653267}
}

@article{kim2017,
  title = {Behavioral and {{Neural Correlates}} of {{Executive Function}}: {{Interplay}} between {{Inhibition}} and {{Updating Processes}}},
  shorttitle = {Behavioral and {{Neural Correlates}} of {{Executive Function}}},
  author = {Kim, Na Young and Wittenberg, Ellen and Nam, Chang S.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1662-4548},
  doi = {10.3389/fnins.2017.00378},
  abstract = {This study investigated the interaction between two executive function processes, inhibition and updating, through analyses of behavioral, neurophysiological, and effective connectivity metrics. Although, many studies have focused on behavioral effects of executive function processes individually, few studies have examined the dynamic causal interactions between these two functions. A total of twenty participants from a local university performed a dual task combing flanker and n-back experimental paradigms, and completed the Operation Span Task designed to measure working memory capacity. We found that both behavioral (accuracy and reaction time) and neurophysiological (P300 amplitude and alpha band power) metrics on the inhibition task (i.e., flanker task) were influenced by the updating load (n-back level) and modulated by working memory capacity. Using independent component analysis, source localization (DIPFIT), and Granger Causality analysis of the EEG time-series data, the present study demonstrated that manipulation of cognitive demand in a dual executive function task influenced the causal neural network. We compared connectivity across three updating loads (n-back levels) and found that experimental manipulation of working memory load enhanced causal connectivity of a large-scale neurocognitive network. This network contains the prefrontal and parietal cortices, which are associated with inhibition and updating executive function processes. This study has potential applications in human performance modeling and assessment of mental workload, such as the design of training materials and interfaces for those performing complex multitasking under stress.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\ERRHZYRR\\Kim et al. - 2017 - Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Executive Func.pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  keywords = {ERP (N-back},
  pmcid = {PMC5492464},
  pmid = {28713237}
}

@article{kim2018,
  title = {Prefrontal Hemodynamic Changes Measured Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy during the {{Valsalva}} Maneuver in Patients with Orthostatic Intolerance},
  author = {Kim, Yoo Hwan and Phillips V, Zephaniah},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {1},
  issn = {2329-423X},
  doi = {10.1117/1.NPh.5.1.015002},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\2L5RA5LJ\\Kim and Phillips V - 2018 - Prefrontal hemodynamic changes measured using near.pdf},
  journal = {Neurophotonics},
  number = {01}
}

@article{klein2019,
  title = {The Influence of Microgravity on Cerebral Blood Flow and Electrocortical Activity},
  author = {Klein, Timo and Wollseiffen, Petra and Sanders, Marit and Claassen, Jurgen and Carnahan, Heather and Abeln, Vera and Vogt, Tobias and Str{\"u}der, Heiko K. and Schneider, Stefan},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {237},
  pages = {1057--1062},
  issn = {1432-1106},
  doi = {10.1007/s00221-019-05490-6},
  abstract = {Changes in gravity conditions have previously been reported to influence brain hemodynamics as well as neuronal activity. This paper attempts to identify a possible link between changes in brain blood flow and neuronal activity during microgravity. Middle cerebral artery flow velocity (MCAv) was measured using Doppler ultrasound. Brain cortical activity (i.e., cortical current density) was measured using electroencephalography. Finger blood pressure was recorded and exported to generate beat-by-beat systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and cerebrovascular conductance index (CVCi). Seventeen participants were evaluated under normal gravity conditions and microgravity conditions, during 15 bouts of 22-s intervals of weightlessness during a parabolic flight. Although MAP decreased and CO increased, MCAv remained unchanged in the microgravity condition. CVCi as the quotient of MCAv and MAP increased in microgravity. Cortical current density showed a global decrease. Our data support earlier data reporting a decrease in the amplitude of event-related potentials recorded during microgravity. However, the general decrease in neural excitability in microgravity seems not to be dependent on hemodynamic changes.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\PHJTEW47\\Klein et al. - 2019 - The influence of microgravity on cerebral blood fl.pdf},
  journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
  keywords = {Adult,Arterial Pressure,Blood Pressure,Cardiac Output,Cerebral Cortex,Cerebrovascular Circulation,EEG,Electroencephalography,Female,Heart Rate,Humans,Male,MCA,Middle Aged,Middle Cerebral Artery,Parabolic flight,Transcranial Doppler ultrasound,Ultrasonography; Doppler; Transcranial,Weightlessness},
  language = {eng},
  number = {4},
  pmid = {30741333}
}

@article{kurihara2003,
  title = {Cerebral Oxygenation Monitor during Head-up and -down Tilt Using near-Infrared Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy},
  author = {Kurihara, Koichi and Kikukawa, Azusa and Kobayashi, Asao},
  year = {2003},
  month = jul,
  volume = {23},
  pages = {177--181},
  issn = {1475-0961},
  abstract = {Reflectance near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a suitable and easily manageable method to monitor cerebral oxygenation changes in presyncopal and syncopal symptoms caused by postural changing or standing. A new clinical tissue oxygenation monitor has been recently developed which measures absolute tissue haemoglobin saturation (Tissue Oxygenation Index, TOI) utilizing spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS). The present study examined the effects of postural changes on cerebral oxygenation as reflected in SRS-NIRS findings. Cerebral oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb), and the TOI were recorded from both sides of the forehead in five healthy male subjects (age range, 28-40 years) during 90 degrees head-up tilt (HUT) and -6 degrees head-down tilt (HDT). Three series of measurements were carried out on separate days. O2Hb was decreased during HUT. TOI was significantly lower in HUT than in the supine position (SUP). There was no significant change in TOI during HDT. A significant session effect was observed in the left forehead TOI during SUP, but not in the right. SRS-NIRS measurements confirmed sub-clinical alterations of cortical oxygenation during HUT. NIRS data from the left side of the forehead, which may vary with cognitive or emotional activation, were more variable than those from the right side.},
  journal = {Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging},
  keywords = {Adult,Blood Pressure,Frontal Lobe,Head-Down Tilt,Heart Rate,Humans,Male,Oxygen,Oxyhemoglobins,Posture,Sensitivity and Specificity,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared},
  language = {eng},
  number = {4},
  pmid = {12914555}
}

@article{lawley2017,
  title = {Effect of Gravity and Microgravity on Intracranial Pressure},
  author = {Lawley, Justin S. and Petersen, Lonnie G. and Howden, Erin J. and Sarma, Satyam and Cornwell, William K. and Zhang, Rong and Whitworth, Louis A. and Williams, Michael A. and Levine, Benjamin D.},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  volume = {595},
  pages = {2115--2127},
  issn = {1469-7793},
  doi = {10.1113/JP273557},
  abstract = {KEY POINTS: Astronauts have recently been discovered to have impaired vision, with a presentation that resembles syndromes of elevated intracranial pressure on Earth. Gravity has a profound effect on fluid distribution and pressure within the human circulation. In contrast to prevailing theory, we observed that microgravity reduces central venous and intracranial pressure. This being said, intracranial pressure is not reduced to the levels observed in the 90~deg seated upright posture on Earth. Thus, over 24~h in zero gravity, pressure in the brain is slightly above that observed on Earth, which may explain remodelling of the eye in astronauts.
ABSTRACT: Astronauts have recently been discovered to have impaired vision, with a presentation that resembles syndromes of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). This syndrome is considered the most mission-critical medical problem identified in the past decade of manned spaceflight. We recruited five men and three women who had an Ommaya reservoir inserted for the delivery of prophylactic CNS chemotherapy, but were free of their malignant disease for at least 1~year. ICP was assessed by placing a fluid-filled 25 gauge butterfly needle into the Ommaya reservoir. Subjects were studied in the upright and supine position, during acute zero gravity (parabolic flight) and prolonged simulated microgravity (6~deg head-down tilt bedrest). ICP was lower when seated in the 90~deg upright posture compared to lying supine (seated, 4~{$\pm{}~$}1 vs. supine, 15~{$\pm{}~$}2~mmHg). Whilst lying in the supine posture, central venous pressure (supine, 7~{$\pm{}~$}3 vs. microgravity, 4~{$\pm{}~$}2~mmHg) and ICP (supine, 17~{$\pm{}~$}2 vs. microgravity, 13~{$\pm{}~$}2~mmHg) were reduced in acute zero gravity, although not to the levels observed in the 90~deg seated upright posture on Earth. Prolonged periods of simulated microgravity did not cause progressive elevations in ICP (supine, 15~{$\pm{}~$}2~vs. 24~h head-down tilt, 15~{$\pm{}~$}4~mmHg). Complete removal of gravity does not pathologically elevate ICP but does prevent the normal lowering of ICP when upright. These findings suggest the human brain is protected by the daily circadian cycles in regional ICPs, without which pathology may occur.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\98R2RKRQ\\Lawley et al. - 2017 - Effect of gravity and microgravity on intracranial.pdf},
  journal = {The Journal of Physiology},
  keywords = {Adult,bedrest,Central Venous Pressure,Female,Humans,idiopathic intracranial hypertension,Intracranial Pressure,Male,Middle Aged,ocular remodeling,posture,Posture,space,Space Flight,Weightlessness,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  number = {6},
  pmcid = {PMC5350445},
  pmid = {28092926}
}

@incollection{leon-carrion2012,
  title = {Functional {{Near}}-{{Infrared Spectroscopy}} ({{fNIRS}}): {{Principles}} and {{Neuroscientific Applications}}},
  shorttitle = {Functional {{Near}}-{{Infrared Spectroscopy}} ({{fNIRS}})},
  author = {{Leon-Carrion}, Jose and {Leon-Dominguez}, Umberto},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  pages = {47--74},
  abstract = {fNIRS is a device designed to detect changes in the concentration of oxygenated (oxyHb)
and deoxygenated (deoxyHb) haemoglobin molecules in the blood, a method commonly
used to assess cerebral activity. Over the last decade, functional near-infrared spectroscopy
(fNIRS) has widely extended its applications due to its capacity to quantify oxygenation in
blood and organic tissue in a continuous and non invasive manner (Chance \& Leigh, 1977;
Villringer \& Chance, 1997). This technique is an effective, albeit `indirect', optical
neuroimaging method that monitors hemodynamic response to brain activation, on the
basis that neural activation and vascular response are tightly coupled, so termed
`neurovascular coupling'. Different studies show that neural activity and hemodynamic
response maintain a lineal relationship (Arthurs \& Boniface, 2003; Logothetis et al., 2001),
suggesting that these changes in hemodynamic response could provide a good marker for
assessing neural activity. In neuroscience, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is
used to measure cerebral functions through different chromophore mobilization
(oxygenated haemoglobin, deoxygenated haemoglobin and cytochrome c-oxidase) and their
timing with concrete events...},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\AAJCUGFU\\Leon-Carrion and Leon-Dominguez - 2012 - Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Pri.pdf},
  isbn = {978-953-51-0097-3},
  keywords = {fnirs intro}
}

@article{leroy2007,
  title = {Mu and Alpha {{EEG}} Rhythms during the Arrest Reaction in Microgravity},
  author = {Leroy, A. and De Saedeleer, C. and Bengoetxea, A. and Cebolla, A. and Leurs, F. and Dan, B. and Berthoz, A. and McIntyre, J. and Cheron, G.},
  year = {2007},
  month = sep,
  volume = {19},
  pages = {102--107},
  issn = {0938-0108, 1875-0494},
  doi = {10.1007/BF02919462},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\6D9JJ3GG\\Leroy et al. - 2007 - Mu and alpha EEG rhythms during the arrest reactio.pdf},
  journal = {Microgravity Science and Technology},
  language = {en},
  number = {5-6}
}

@article{li2015,
  title = {Training of {{Working Memory Impacts Neural Processing}} of {{Vocal Pitch Regulation}}},
  author = {Li, Weifeng and Guo, Zhiqiang and Jones, Jeffery A. and Huang, Xiyan and Chen, Xi and Liu, Peng and Chen, Shaozhen and Liu, Hanjun},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {1--11},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/srep16562},
  abstract = {Working memory training can improve the performance of tasks that were not trained. Whether auditory-motor integration for voice control can benefit from working memory training, however, remains unclear. The present event-related potential (ERP) study examined the impact of working memory training on the auditory-motor processing of vocal pitch. Trained participants underwent adaptive working memory training using a digit span backwards paradigm, while control participants did not receive any training. Before and after training, both trained and control participants were exposed to frequency-altered auditory feedback while producing vocalizations. After training, trained participants exhibited significantly decreased N1 amplitudes and increased P2 amplitudes in response to pitch errors in voice auditory feedback. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the degree of improvement in working memory capacity and the post-pre difference in P2 amplitudes. Training-related changes in the vocal compensation, however, were not observed. There was no systematic change in either vocal or cortical responses for control participants. These findings provide evidence that working memory training impacts the cortical processing of feedback errors in vocal pitch regulation. This enhanced cortical processing may be the result of increased neural efficiency in the detection of pitch errors between the intended and actual feedback.},
  copyright = {2015 The Author(s)},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\UKJCLDWL\\Li et al. - 2015 - Training of Working Memory Impacts Neural Processi.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\IESE9QCA\\srep16562.html},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  keywords = {ERP (N-back)},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{liao2013,
  title = {Assessing Complexity of Skin Blood Flow Oscillations in Response to Locally Applied Heating and Pressure in Rats: Implications for Pressure Ulcer Risk},
  shorttitle = {Assessing Complexity of Skin Blood Flow Oscillations in Response to Locally Applied Heating and Pressure in Rats},
  author = {Liao, Fuyuan and O'Brien, William D. and Jan, Yih-Kuen},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  volume = {392},
  issn = {0378-4371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2013.06.007},
  abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of local heating on complexity of skin blood flow oscillations (BFO) under prolonged surface pressure in rats. Eleven Sprague\textendash{}Dawley rats were studied: 7 rats underwent surface pressure with local heating ({$\Delta$}t = 10 \textdegree{}C) and 4 rats underwent pressure without heating. A pressure of 700 mmHg was applied to the right trochanter area of rats for 3 h. Skin blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. The loading period was divided into nonoverlapping 30 min epochs. For each epoch, multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MDFA) was utilized to compute DFA coefficients and complexity of endothelia related metabolic, neurogenic, and myogenic frequencies of BFO. The results showed that under surface pressure, local heating led to a significant decrease in DFA coefficients of myogenic frequency during the initial epoch of loading period, a sustained decrease in complexity of myogenic frequency, and a significantly higher degree of complexity of metabolic frequency during the later phase of loading period. Surrogate tests showed that the reduction in complexity of myogenic frequency was associated with a loss of nonlinearity whereas increased complexity of metabolic frequency was associated with enhanced nonlinearity. Our results indicate that increased metabolic activity and decreased myogenic response due to local heating manifest themselves not only in magnitudes of metabolic and myogenic frequencies but also in their structural complexity. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using complexity analysis of BFO to monitor the ischemic status of weight-bearing skin and risk of pressure ulcers.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\W3YCWJNN\\Liao et al. - 2013 - Assessing complexity of skin blood flow oscillatio.pdf},
  journal = {Physica A},
  number = {20},
  pmcid = {PMC3849034},
  pmid = {24319315}
}

@article{liu2017,
  title = {Event-{{Related Potentials Altered}} in {{Patients}} with {{Borderline Personality Disorder}} during {{Working Memory Tasks}}},
  author = {Liu, Ying and Zhong, Mingtian and Xi, Chang and Jin, Xinhu and Zhu, Xiongzhao and Yao, Shuqiao and Yi, Jinyao},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1662-5153},
  doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00067},
  abstract = {Whereas some studies have demonstrated impaired working memory (WM) among patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), these findings have not been consistent. Furthermore, there is a lack of neurophysiological evidence about WM function in patients with BPD. The goal of this study was to examine WM function in patients with BPD by using event-related potentials (ERPs). An additional goal was to explore whether characteristics of BPD (i.e., impulsiveness and emotional instability) are associated with WM impairment. A modified version of the N-back task (0- and 2-back) was used to measure WM. ERPs were recorded in 22 BPD patients and 21 age-, handedness-, and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) while they performed the WM task. The results revealed that there were no significant group differences for behavioral variables (reaction time and accuracy rate) or for latencies and amplitudes of P1 and N1 (all p {$>$} 0.05). BPD patients had lower P3 amplitudes and longer N2 latencies than HC, independent of WM load (low load: 0-back; high load: 2-back). Impulsiveness was not correlated with N2 latency or P3 amplitude, and no correlations were found between N2 latency or P3 amplitude and affect intensity scores in any WM load (all p {$>$} 0.05). In conclusion, the lower P3 amplitudes and longer N2 latencies in BPD patients suggested that they might have some dysfunction of neural activities in sub-processing in WM, while impulsiveness and negative affect might not have a close relationship with these deficits.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\MKWR4XX3\\Liu et al. - 2017 - Event-Related Potentials Altered in Patients with .pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
  keywords = {ERP (N-back)},
  pmcid = {PMC5394125},
  pmid = {28458633}
}

@inproceedings{mackey2013,
  title = {Effects of Varying Gravity Levels on {{fNIRS}} Headgear Performance and Signal Recovery},
  booktitle = {{{AIAA Infotech}}@{{Aerospace}} ({{I}}@{{A}}) {{Conference}}},
  author = {Mackey, Jeffrey R. and Harrivel, Angela and Adamovsky, Grigory and Lewandowski, Beth E. and Gotti, Daniel J. and Tin, Padetha and Floyd, Bertram M.},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  publisher = {{American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics}},
  address = {{Boston, MA}},
  doi = {10.2514/6.2013-4897},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\MH752V9A\\Mackey et al. - 2013 - Effects of varying gravity levels on fNIRS headgea.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{marusic2014,
  title = {The Brain in Micro- and Hypergravity: {{The}} Effects of Changing Gravity on the Brain Electrocortical Activity},
  shorttitle = {The Brain in Micro- and Hypergravity},
  author = {Maru{\v s}i{\v c}, Uro{\v s} and Meeusen, Romain and Pi{\v s}ot, Rado and Kavcic, Voyko},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {813--822},
  issn = {1746-1391, 1536-7290},
  doi = {10.1080/17461391.2014.908959},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\GSTYFY4M\\Marušič et al. - 2014 - The brain in micro- and hypergravity The effects .pdf},
  journal = {European Journal of Sport Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {8}
}

@article{matias-guiu2018,
  title = {Structural {{MRI}} Correlates of {{PASAT}} Performance in Multiple Sclerosis},
  author = {{Matias-Guiu}, Jordi A. and {Cort{\'e}s-Mart{\'i}nez}, Ana and Montero, Paloma and Pytel, Vanesa and {Moreno-Ramos}, Teresa and Jorquera, Manuela and Yus, Miguel and Arrazola, Juan and {Mat{\'i}as-Guiu}, Jorge},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  volume = {18},
  issn = {1471-2377},
  doi = {10.1186/s12883-018-1223-0},
  abstract = {Background
The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is a useful cognitive test in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), assessing sustained attention and information processing speed. However, the neural underpinnings of performance in the test are controversial. We aimed to study the neural basis of PASAT performance by using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a series of 242 patients with MS.

Methods
PASAT (3-s) was administered together with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Global brain volumes and total T2-weighted lesion volumes were estimated. Voxel-based morphometry and lesion symptom mapping analyses were performed.

Results
Mean PASAT score was 42.98\,{$\pm$}\,10.44; results indicated impairment in 75 cases (31.0\%). PASAT score was correlated with several clusters involving the following regions: bilateral precuneus and posterior cingulate, bilateral caudate and putamen, and bilateral cerebellum. Voxel-based lesion symptom mapping showed no significant clusters. Region of interest\textendash{}based analysis restricted to white matter regions revealed a correlation with the left cingulum, corpus callosum, bilateral corticospinal tracts, and right arcuate fasciculus. Correlations between PASAT scores and global volumes were weak.

Conclusion

repository: oswaldobelloc/learnR

repo_name: oswaldobelloc/learnR