text:
onance Angiography, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Contraction, Reference Values},
	pages = {283--289}
}

@article{duchateau_spatiotemporal_2011,
	title = {A spatiotemporal statistical atlas of motion for the quantification of abnormal myocardial tissue velocities},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1361-8415},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361841510001362},
	doi = {10.1016/j.media.2010.12.006},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a new method for the automatic comparison of myocardial motion patterns and the characterization of their degree of abnormality, based on a statistical atlas of motion built from a reference healthy population. Our main contribution is the computation of atlas-based indexes that quantify the abnormality in the motion of a given subject against a reference population, at every location in time and space. The critical computational cost inherent to the construction of an atlas is highly reduced by the definition of myocardial velocities under a small displacements hypothesis. The indexes we propose are of notable interest for the assessment of anomalies in cardiac mobility and synchronicity when applied, for instance, to candidate selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We built an atlas of normality using 2D ultrasound cardiac sequences from 21 healthy volunteers, to which we compared 14 CRT candidates with left ventricular dyssynchrony (LVDYS). We illustrate the potential of our approach in characterizing septal flash, a specific motion pattern related to LVDYS and recently introduced as a very good predictor of response to CRT.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-11-14},
	journal = {Medical Image Analysis},
	author = {Duchateau, Nicolas and De Craene, Mathieu and Piella, Gemma and Silva, Etelvino and Doltra, Adelina and Sitges, Marta and Bijnens, Bart H. and Frangi, Alejandro F.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {CRT, Cardiac atlas, Motion analysis, myocardial motion},
	pages = {316--328}
}

@article{riddell_rectification_2006,
	title = {Rectification for cone-beam projection and backprojection},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0278-0062},
	doi = {10.1109/TMI.2006.876169},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to derive a technique for accelerating the computation of cone-beam forward and backward projections that are the basic steps of tomographic reconstruction. The cone-beam geometry of C-arm systems is commonly described with projection matrices. Such matrices provide a continuous framework for analyzing the flow of operations needed to compute backprojection for analytical reconstruction, as well as the combination of forward and backward projections for iterative reconstruction. The proposed rectification technique resamples the original data to planes that are aligned with two of the reconstructed volume main axes, so that the original cone-beam geometry can be replaced by a simpler geometry, where succession of plane magnifications are involved only. Rectification generalizes previous independent results to the cone-beam backprojection of preprocessed data as well as to cone-beam iterative reconstruction. The memory access pattern of simple magnifications provides superior predictability and is, therefore, easier to optimize, independently of the choice of the interpolation technique. Rectification is also shown to provide control over interpolation errors through oversampling, allowing tradeoffs between computation speed and precision to be set. Experimental results are provided for linear and nearest neighbor interpolations, based on simulations, as well as phantom and patient data acquired on a digital C-arm system},
	language = {English},
	number = {7},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging},
	author = {Riddell, C. and Trousset, Y.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Angiography, C-arm systems, Cone-beam tomography, Geometry, Interpolation, Medical services, Phantoms, Tomography, X-ray detection, X-ray detectors, X-ray imaging, analytical reconstruction, biomedical equipment, computerised tomography, cone-beam forward backprojection, cone-beam forward projection, image reconstruction, interpolation errors, iterative methods, iterative reconstruction, linear interpolation, medical image processing, memory access pattern, nearest neighbor interpolation, oversampling, rectification, rotational angiography, tomographic reconstruction, transmission reconstruction},
	pages = {950--962}
}

@article{baltes_accelerating_2005,
	title = {Accelerating cine phase-contrast flow measurements using k-t {BLAST} and k-t {SENSE}},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16276492},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20730},
	abstract = {Conventional phase-contrast velocity mapping in the ascending aorta was combined with k-t BLAST and k-t SENSE. Up to 5.3-fold net acceleration was achieved, enabling single breath-hold acquisitions. A standard phase-contrast (PC) sequence with interleaved acquisition of the velocity-encoded segments was modified to collect data in 2 stages, a high-resolution under sampled and a low-resolution fully sampled training stage. In addition, a modification of the k-t reconstruction strategy was tested. This strategy, denoted as "plug-in," incorporates data acquired in the training stage into the final reconstruction for improved data consistency, similar to conventional keyhole. "k-t SENSE plug-in" was found to provide best image quality and most accurate flow quantification. For this strategy, at least 10 training profiles are required to yield accurate stroke volumes (relative deviation {\textless}5\%) and good image quality. In vivo 2D cine velocity mapping was performed in 6 healthy volunteers with 30-32 cardiac phases (spatial resolution 1.3 x 1.3 x 8-10 mm(3), temporal resolution of 18-38 ms), yielding relative stroke volumes of 106 +/- 18\% (mean +/- 2*SD) and 112 +/- 15\% for 3.8 x and 5.3 x net accelerations, respectively. In summary, k-t BLAST and k-t SENSE are promising approaches that permit significant scan-time reduction in PC velocity mapping, thus making high-resolution breath-held flow quantification possible.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-07-30},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Baltes, Christof and Kozerke, Sebastian and Hansen, Michael S and Pruessmann, Klaas P and Tsao, Jeffrey and Boesiger, Peter},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16276492},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Aorta, Artifacts, Artificial Intelligence, Blood Flow Velocity, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Respiratory Mechanics, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {1430--1438}
}

@article{brix_feasibility_2013,
	title = {Feasibility of interactive magnetic resonance imaging of moving anatomy for clinical practice},
	copyright = {© 2013 Scandinavian Society of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine. Published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
	issn = {1475-097X},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cpf.12061/abstract},
	doi = {10.1111/cpf.12061},
	abstract = {Background Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging with real-time reconstruction has been available for some time. The technique acquires and presents the MRI images to the operator the instant they are acquired. However, besides guiding purposes, like catheter tracking and placement of electrodes during neurosurgery, the diagnostic value of this method is relatively unexplored. Purpose To test an interactive slice-positioning system with respect to real-time MRI reconstruction for imaging of moving anatomical structures on two different scanner brands by using inexpensive computer hardware. Materials and methods The MRI data were sampled using two acquisition schemes: a Cartesian sampling scheme and a radial sampling scheme based on the golden ratio. Four anatomical targets, which exhibit non-periodic movement, were identified and imaged: movement of the gastric ventricle emptying, movement of the small bowels, the articulators of a professional singer and of a 20-week old fetus. Results Informative anatomical images were obtained in different settings of moving targets. The implemented real-time system acquired, reconstructed and displayed MRI images in real time with a high frame rate using inexpensive computer hardware on two standard 1.5 T clinical MRI scanners. Conclusion Our approach verified that when imaging selected moving anatomical targets, with no a priori knowledge of the movement, interactive slice positioning using real-time reconstruction may be a feasible approach for finding the optimal slice position in cases in which a standard 3D volumetric scan is impeded by movement. Future studies are needed to explore its full potential.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2013-06-24},
	journal = {Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging},
	author = {Brix, Lau and Sørensen, Thomas S. and Berber, Yasmina and Ries, Mario and Stausbøl-Grøn, Brian and Ringgaard, Steffen},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {GRAPPA, SENSE, golden ratio sampling, real-time magnetic resonance imaging, real-time reconstruction},
	pages = {n/a--n/a}
}

@article{muthurangu_real-time_2008,
	title = {Real-time assessment of right and left ventricular volumes and function in patients with congenital heart disease by using high spatiotemporal resolution radial k-t {SENSE}},
	volume = {248},
	issn = {1527-1315},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18632528},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.2482071717},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to compare ventricular volumes in patients with congenital heart disease measured by using (a) a cardiac gated sequence, (b) a standard real-time sequence, and (c) a radial real-time k-space and time (k-t) sensitivity encoding (SENSE) sequence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The local research ethics committee approved this study, and written consent was obtained from all participants. Of 40 patients with congenital heart disease, ventricular volumes were measured by using the three sequences. Global image quality and motion fidelity were scored and compared with a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Image contrast, edge sharpness, and summed perimeters (the total length of the endocardial tracings for a given ventricle at systole and diastole) were quantified and compared by using paired t tests. Ventricular volumes were compared with paired t tests, Bland-Altman analysis, and correlation coefficients.

RESULTS

Global image quality, motion fidelity, image contrast, edge sharpness, and summed perimeters were all greater for radial real-time k-t SENSE imaging compared with standard real-time imaging (P {\textless} .05). However, the gated acquisitions were significantly superior to radial real-time k-t SENSE (P {\textless} .05). For cardiac gated versus radial k-t real-time acquisitions, there was no difference between right ventricular (RV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF) (P {\textgreater} .15). There was a small difference in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume (EDV) and thus, LV stroke volume and EF (P {\textless} .05). For cardiac gated versus standard real-time acquisitions, both RV and LV EDV and thus, stroke volume and EF were significantly lower (P {\textless} .05).

CONCLUSION

Ventricular volumes and function can be accurately quantified by using radial k-t SENSE real-time imaging.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-04-16},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Muthurangu, Vivek and Lurz, Philip and Critchely, Jeffery D and Deanfield, John E and Taylor, Andrew M and Hansen, Michael S},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18632528},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Female, Heart Defects, Congenital, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Stroke Volume, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left, Ventricular Dysfunction, Right},
	pages = {782--791}
}

@article{nittka_investigation_2000,
	title = {Investigation of complex phased array coil designs for cardiac imaging},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {0968-5243},
	abstract = {In this study we present a method to simulate complex phased array coil designs for cardiac imaging. It is based on the combination of numerically calculated B(1) field vectors for each coil of the array and a noise resistance data set, which is acquired only once with a set of test coils. This technique allowed fast assessment of the SNR performance of arbitrary geometries of single coils to be used as building blocks in complex array configurations. In addition, since clinical scanners usually provide only four receiver channels, we used this method to investigate the use of hardware combiners for different array configurations, consisting of up to eight coils. Simulated array geometries resulted in up to approximately 30\% gain in SNR for deep cardiac structures, compared to a conventional linear four coil array. This was confirmed by phantom experiments with implemented coils.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Magma (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Nittka, M and Haase, A},
	month = jun,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {10873202},
	keywords = {Biophysical Phenomena, Biophysics, Computer Simulation, Equipment Design, Heart, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Theoretical, Phantoms, Imaging},
	pages = {122--130}
}

@article{jung_detailed_2006-1,
	title = {Detailed analysis of myocardial motion in volunteers and patients using high-temporal-resolution {MR} tissue phase mapping},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.20703},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: To detect and investigate details in left ventricular (LV) motion patterns with a temporal resolution comparable to that of echocardiography.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: To assess global and regional myocardial motion in high temporal detail, respiratory-gated MR phase-contrast measurements with three-directional velocity encoding (venc) were performed in 12 healthy volunteers and two patients with LV hypertrophy in basal, midventricular, and apical locations of the LV with a temporal resolution of 13.8 msec.
RESULTS: The volunteer data revealed details in LV motion patterns that were known only from echocardiography. For all volunteers, characteristic myocardial motion patterns, such as triphasic global diastolic expansion, could be detected with high accuracy. One volunteer underwent an additional echocardiographic measurement in order to corroborate the complex motion features as measured by MRI. Patient examinations revealed substantial changes in diastolic function compared to motion patterns in healthy volunteers.
CONCLUSION: The proposed high-temporal-resolution velocity-mapping technique provides previously undetectable information on LV performance, and is highly promising for the detection of local and global motion abnormalities in patients with disturbed LV performance, such as diastolic dysfunction.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Jung, Bernd and Föll, Daniela and Böttler, Petra and Petersen, Steffen and Hennig, Jürgen and Markl, Michael},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16947325},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Humans, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Myocardial Contraction, Stroke Volume, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left},
	pages = {1033--1039}
}

@article{rilling_multilattice_2013,
	title = {Multilattice sampling strategies for region of interest dynamic {MRI}},
	volume = {70},
	copyright = {© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.24471/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.24471},
	abstract = {A multilattice sampling approach is proposed for dynamic MRI with Cartesian trajectories. It relies on the use of sampling patterns composed of several different lattices and exploits an image model where only some parts of the image are dynamic, whereas the rest is assumed static. Given the parameters of such an image model, the methodology followed for the design of a multilattice sampling pattern adapted to the model is described. The multi-lattice approach is compared to single-lattice sampling, as used by traditional acceleration methods such as UNFOLD (UNaliasing by Fourier-Encoding the Overlaps using the temporal Dimension) or k-t BLAST, and random sampling used by modern compressed sensing-based methods. On the considered image model, it allows more flexibility and higher accelerations than lattice sampling and better performance than random sampling. The method is illustrated on a phase-contrast carotid blood velocity mapping MR experiment. Combining the multilattice approach with the KEYHOLE technique allows up to 12× acceleration factors. Simulation and in vivo undersampling results validate the method. Compared to lattice and random sampling, multilattice sampling provides significant gains at high acceleration factors. Magn Reson Med 70:392–403, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-07-24},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Rilling, Gabriel and Tao, Yuehui and Marshall, Ian and Davies, Mike E.},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Dynamic MRI, carotid bloodvelocity mapping, compressed sensing, lattice sampling, multilattice, sampling pattern design, sparsity},
	pages = {392--403}
}

@article{abd-elmoniem_coronary_2012,
	title = {Coronary {Vessel} {Wall} 3-{T} {MR} {Imaging} with {Time}-resolved {Acquisition} of {Phase}-{Sensitive} {Dual} {Inversion}-{Recovery} ({TRAPD}) {Technique}: {Initial} {Results} in {Patients} with {Risk} {Factors} for {Coronary} {Artery} {Disease}},
	issn = {0033-8419, 1527-1315},
	shorttitle = {Coronary {Vessel} {Wall} 3-{T} {MR} {Imaging} with {Time}-resolved {Acquisition} of {Phase}-{Sensitive} {Dual} {Inversion}-{Recovery} ({TRAPD}) {Technique}},
	url = {http://radiology.rsna.org/content/early/2012/09/25/radiol.12120068},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.12120068},
	abstract = {Purpose: To develop a technique for time-resolved acquisition of phase-sensitive dual-inversion recovery (TRAPD) coronary vessel wall magnetic resonance (MR) images, to investigate the success rate in coronary wall imaging compared with that of single-frame imaging, and to assess vessel wall thickness in healthy subjects and subjects with risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD).
Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight subjects (12 healthy subjects, 26 subjects with at least one CAD risk factor) provided informed consent for participation in this institutional review board–approved and HIPAA-compliant study. The TRAPD coronary vessel wall imaging sequence was developed and validated with a flow phantom. Time-resolved coronary artery wall images at three to five cine phases were obtained in all subjects. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons were made between TRAPD and conventional single-image wall measurements. Measurement reproducibility also was assessed. Statistical analysis was performed for all comparisons.
Results: The TRAPD sequence successfully restored the negative polarity of lumen signal and enhanced lumen wall contrast on the cine images of the flow phantom and in all subjects. Use of three to five frames increased the success rate of acquiring at least one image of good to excellent quality from 76\% in single-image acquisitions to 95\% with the TRAPD sequence. The difference in vessel wall thickness between healthy subjects and subjects with CAD risk factors was significant (P {\textless} .05) with the TRAPD sequence (1.07 vs 1.46 mm, respectively; 36\% increase) compared with single-frame dual inversion-recovery imaging (1.24 vs 1.55 mm, respectively; 25\% increase). Intraobserver, interobserver, and interexamination agreement for wall thickness measurement were 0.98, 0.97, and 0.92, respectively.
Conclusion: TRAPD imaging of coronary arteries improved arterial wall visualization and quantitative assessment by increasing the success rate of obtaining good- to excellent-quality images and sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the vessel. This also resulted in vessel wall thickness measurements that show a more distinct difference between healthy subjects and those with CAD risk factors. © RSNA, 2012 Supplemental material: http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.12120068/-/DC1},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2012-10-12},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Abd-Elmoniem, Khaled Z. and Gharib, Ahmed M. and Pettigrew, Roderic I.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012}
}

@article{bland_measuring_1999,
	title = {Measuring agreement in method comparison studies},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {0962-2802, 1477-0334},
	url = {http://smm.sagepub.com/content/8/2/135},
	doi = {10.1177/096228029900800204},
	abstract = {Agreement between two methods of clinical measurement can be quantified using the differences between observations made using the two methods on the same subjects. The 95\% limits of agreement, estimated by mean difference 1.96 standard deviation of the differences, provide an interval within which 95\% of differences between measurements by the two methods are expected to lie. We describe how graphical methods can be used to investigate the assumptions of the method and we also give confidence intervals. We extend the basic approach to data where there is a relationship between difference and magnitude, both with a simple logarithmic transformation approach and a new, more general, regression approach. We discuss the importance of the repeatability of each method separately and compare an estimate of this to the limits of agreement. We extend the limits of agreement approach to data with repeated measurements, proposing new estimates for equal numbers of replicates by each method on each subject, for unequal numbers of replicates, and for replicated data collected in pairs, where the underlying value of the quantity being measured is changing. Finally, we describe a nonparametric approach to comparing methods.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-07-30},
	journal = {Statistical Methods in Medical Research},
	author = {Bland, J. Martin and Altman, Douglas G.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10501650},
	pages = {135--160}
}

@article{wolf_error_1995,
	title = {Error in {MR} volumetric flow measurements due to ordered phase encoding in the presence of flow varying with respiration},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7500888},
	abstract = {Respiratory ordered phase encoding is often employed in MRI studies to reduce image artifacts due to breathing motion. The purpose of this work was to evaluate error caused by the use of respiratory ordering of phase encoding in MR cine phase-contrast (CPC) volumetric flow measurements when the flow rate is sensitive to respiration. It was hypothesized that this effect is due to the systematic biasing of a respiratory-induced phase modulation function in k-space. A theoretical model for the effects of respiration was developed and then tested in flow phantom studies and in normal volunteer studies. In phantom experiments, the use of respiratory ordering induced an error of as much as 13\% in CPC volumetric flow measurements. In preliminary volunteer studies, error was as high as 26\% in superior vena cava flow measurements versus less than 1\% error in the ascending aorta. It is concluded that a potential for error exists in CPC volumetric flow measurements obtained with the use of respiratory ordering schemes. Volunteer studies with larger numbers are warranted. Clinical applications in which this effect may be important include flow measurements in vessels subject to variations in flow due to respiration, such as the venae cavae, pulmonary vasculature, and portal vein.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-01-21},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Wolf, R L and Hangiandreou, N J and Felmlee, J P and Rossman, P J and Julsrud, P R and Riederer, S J and Ehman, R L},
	month = sep,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7500888},
	keywords = {Aorta, Artifacts, Blood Flow Velocity, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Respiration, Vena Cava, Superior},
	pages = {470--475}
}

@article{szarf_zero_2006,
	title = {Zero filled partial fourier phase contrast {MR} imaging: in vitro and in vivo assessment},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	shorttitle = {Zero filled partial fourier phase contrast {MR} imaging},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.20472},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: To validate partial Fourier phase contrast magnetic resonance (PC MR) with full number of excitation (NEX) PC MR measurements in vitro and in vivo.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR flow measurements were performed using a partial Fourier and a full NEX PC MR sequence in a flow phantom and in 10 popliteal and renal arteries of 10 different healthy volunteers. Average velocity, peak velocity, and flow results were calculated and compared with regression analysis.
RESULTS: Excellent correlations in average velocities (r = 0.99, P {\textless} 0.001), peak velocities (r = 0.99, P {\textless} 0.001), and flow rates (r = 0.98, P {\textless} 0.001) were demonstrated in vitro between the two different acquisitions. For the popliteal arteries there was excellent correlation between peak velocities for both acquisitions (r = 0.98, P {\textless} 0.0001); the correlation of average velocity measurements when using all data points in the cardiac cycle for all volunteers was 0.96 (P {\textless} 0.001). For the renal arteries the same comparison resulted in a good correlation for average velocity (0.93, P {\textless} 0.001) and peak velocity measurements (r = 0.91, P = 0.002), although the correlation coefficient for flow rates was 0.88 (P = 0.004). Blurring of the vessel margins was consistently observed on magnitude images acquired with the partial Fourier method, causing overestimation of the vessel area and some error in the flow measurements.
CONCLUSION: Partial Fourier PC MR is able to provide comparable average and peak velocity values when using 1 NEX PC MRI as a reference.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Szarf, Gilberto and Dori, Yoav and Rettmann, Dan and Tekes, Aylin and Nasir, Khurram and Amado, Luciano and Foo, Thomas K F and Bluemke, David A},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16315213},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Flow Velocity, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Regression Analysis, Renal Artery, popliteal artery},
	pages = {42--49}
}

@article{nagueh_recommendations_2009,
	title = {Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1097-6795},
	doi = {10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.023},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
	author = {Nagueh, Sherif F. and Appleton, Christopher P. and Gillebert, Thierry C. and Marino, Paolo N. and Oh, Jae K. and Smiseth, Otto A. and Waggoner, Alan D. and Flachskampf, Frank A. and Pellikka, Patricia A. and Evangelista, Arturo},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19187853},
	keywords = {Echocardiography, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Stroke Volume, United States, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left},
	pages = {107--133}
}

@article{kuijer_dense_2006,
	title = {{DENSE} and {HARP}: two views on the same technique of phase-based strain imaging},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	shorttitle = {{DENSE} and {HARP}},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.20749},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

To discuss differences between displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) and the harmonic phase (HARP) in imaging and reconstruction strategies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HARP and DENSE are presented in their historical context: while the HARP method was developed from the framework of myocardial tagging, DENSE arose from the framework of stimulated echo and displacement encoding using bipolar gradients. Both techniques have evolved since their introduction, thereby becoming more similar over time and losing their distinct features. Newly introduced improvements have successfully been applied in both methods. Differences between both methods are discussed point by point.

RESULTS

From this discussion it follows that almost all apparent differences are in fact nonexistent.

CONCLUSION

In the literature, both techniques are still regarded as distinctly different techniques, where a more general treatment of the technique is justified. Once it is realized that both frameworks are easily merged, the benefits are 1) less confusion about the (dis)advantages of either technique, and 2) understanding of phase-based strain imaging that is more general than HARP or DENSE alone.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Kuijer, Joost P A and Hofman, Mark B M and Zwanenburg, Jaco J M and Marcus, J Tim and van Rossum, Albert C and Heethaar, Rob M},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {17096392},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Elasticity, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Biological, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spin Labels, Stress, Mechanical},
	pages = {1432--1438}
}

@article{osman_imaging_2001,
	title = {Imaging longitudinal cardiac strain on short-axis images using strain-encoded {MRI}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	abstract = {This article presents a new method for measuring longitudinal strain in a short-axis section of the heart using harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging (HARP-MRI). The heart is tagged using 1-1 SPAMM at end-diastole with tag surfaces parallel to a short-axis imaging plane. Two or more images are acquired such that the images have different phase encodings in a direction orthogonal to the image plane. A dense map of the longitudinal strain can be computed from these images using a simple, fast computation. Simulations are conducted to study the effect of noise and the choice of out-of-plane phase encoding values. Longitudinal strains acquired from a normal human male are shown.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Osman, N F and Sampath, S and Atalar, E and Prince, J L},
	month = aug,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11477637},
	keywords = {Adult, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male},
	pages = {324--334}
}

@article{carr_high-resolution_2002,
	title = {High-{Resolution} {Breath}-{Hold} {Contrast}-{Enhanced} {MR} {Angiography} of the {Entire} {Carotid} {Circulation}},
	volume = {178},
	issn = {0361-803X, 1546-3141},
	url = {http://www.ajronline.org/content/178/3/543},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of breathing on image quality of the aortic arch and carotid vessels during contrast-enhanced MR angiography and to show that high-resolution breath-hold contrast-enhanced MR angiography combined with a timing-bolus technique can produce high-quality images of the entire carotid circulation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty patients underwent high-resolution contrast-enhanced MR angiography on a 1.5-T Magnetom Symphony. A coronal three-dimensional (3D) gradient-echo sequence (TR/TE, 4.36/1.64; flip angle, 25°) with asymmetric k-space acquisition was used. The 136 × 512 matrix yielded voxel sizes of 1.33 × 0.64 × 1.0 mm. A timing-bolus acquisition, orientated in the coronal plane to include the aortic arch, was obtained initially during free-breathing. Twenty milliliters of gadopenetate dimeglumine was injected at 2 mL/sec. Unenhanced and enhanced 3D volumes were recorded. A subtracted 3D set was calculated and subjected to a maximum-intensity-projection algorithm. Half of the patients held their breath during angiography and the other half did not. Aortic arch motion was measured on the timing-bolus acquisition as the distance moved by a single pixel in both the x and y directions. Maximum-intensity-projection MR images were assessed independently by two observers, and vessel sharpness was scored on a scale of 1-5. Sharpness was also assessed quantitatively by generating a signal intensity profile across the aortic arch vessel wall and calculating the average of the upslope and downslope at full-width half maximum. Visualization of carotid branch vessels was scored on a scale of 0-5, and venous contamination was scored on a scale of 0-3.
RESULTS. Average in-plane aortic arch movement was 10.3 mm in the x direction and 8.7 mm in the y direction. Quantitative and qualitative sharpness of the aortic arch and great vessel origins was better (p {\textless} 0.05) during breath-holding than during non—breath-holding. No difference in the sharpness of the carotid vessels was noted between the two groups. Carotid branch vessels were well visualized from the aortic arch to the intracerebral circulation. The average venous contamination score was 0.56.
CONCLUSION. Breath-holding greatly improves the sharpness of the aortic arch and great vessel origins but has no effect on visualization of the carotid vessels. High-resolution breath-hold contrast-enhanced MR angiography can produce high-quality, artifact-free images of the entire carotid circulation from the aortic arch to the intracerebral circulation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-02-28},
	journal = {American Journal of Roentgenology},
	author = {Carr, James C and Ma, Jason and Desphande, Vibhas and Pereles, Scott and Laub, Gerhard and Finn, J. Paul},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {543--549}
}

@article{sachs_real-time_1994,
	title = {Real-time motion detection in spiral {MRI} using navigators},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {07403194},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910320513/pdf},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910320513},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-01-12},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Sachs, Todd S. and Meyer, Craig H. and Hu, Bob S. and Kohli, Jim and Nishimura, Dwight G. and Macovski, Albert},
	month = nov,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {639--645}
}

@article{shinnar_synthesis_1989,
	title = {The synthesis of pulse sequences yielding arbitrary magnetization vectors},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	abstract = {A new procedure and algorithm are presented to allow the synthesis of a pulse sequence which will generate an arbitrary frequency-dependent spin excitation. This procedure is a generalization of our previous paper, where this was done subject to the restriction that the spin excitation was symmetric about zero offset frequency, and pulses were restricted to being about a fixed axis. The required final z-magnetization vector (Mz) is expressed as a function of the off-resonance frequency as an Nth order complex Fourier series. We then form a consistent Fourier series for (Mxy). As many as 2(2)N different pulse sequences may be directly generated all of which produce a different Mxy(f), but the same Mz(f). A pulse sequence is then generated which will yield the desired Mz(f) and Mxy(f). This is done by an analytic inversion of the Bloch equation, not by the classical Fourier approximation. This technique enables us to generate any Mz which is potentially realizable by a pulse sequence.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Shinnar, M and Eleff, S and Subramanian, H and Leigh, J S},
	month = oct,
	year = {1989},
	pmid = {2607963},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Magnetics, Pulse},
	pages = {74--80}
}

@article{nayak_wideband_2007,
	title = {Wideband {SSFP}: alternating repetition time balanced steady state free precession with increased band spacing},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	shorttitle = {Wideband {SSFP}},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21296},
	abstract = {Balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging is limited by off-resonance banding artifacts, which occur with periodicity 1/TR in the frequency spectrum. A novel balanced SSFP technique for widening the band spacing in the frequency response is described. This method, called wideband SSFP, utilizes two alternating repetition times with alternating RF phase, and maintains high SNR and T(2)/T(1) contrast. For a fixed band spacing, this method can enable improvements in spatial resolution compared to conventional SSFP. Alternatively, for a fixed readout duration this method can widen the band spacing, and potentially avoid the banding artifacts in conventional SSFP. The method is analyzed using simulations and phantom experiments, and is applied to the reduction of banding artifacts in cine cardiac imaging and high-resolution knee imaging at 3T.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Nayak, Krishna S. and Lee, Hsu-Lei and Hargreaves, Brian A. and Hu, Bob S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17969129},
	keywords = {Artifacts, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reproducibility of Results},
	pages = {931--938}
}

@article{markl_comprehensive_2011,
	title = {Comprehensive 4D velocity mapping of the heart and great vessels by cardiovascular magnetic resonance},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {2011 Markl et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/13/1/7/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-7},
	abstract = {Phase contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is able to measure all three directional components of the velocities of blood flow relative to the three spatial dimensions and the time course of the heart cycle. In this article, methods used for the acquisition, visualization, and quantification of such datasets are reviewed and illustrated.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-06-11},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Markl, Michael and Kilner, Philip J and Ebbers, Tino},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {7}
}

@article{atkinson_first-pass_1990,
	title = {First-pass cardiac perfusion: evaluation with ultrafast {MR} imaging},
	volume = {174},
	issn = {0033-8419},
	shorttitle = {First-pass cardiac perfusion},
	abstract = {The authors studied cardiac perfusion by administering gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) in conjunction with an ultrafast imaging technique that produces strongly T1-weighted images. The method consisted of a 180 degrees inversion pulse, followed by a gradient-echo acquisition with a very short repetition time (less than 4 msec). Each image was acquired throughout a small fraction of the cardiac cycle. The method was applied in an isolated perfused rat heart model (acquisition time = 116 msec) and in human subjects without known cardiac disease (acquisition time = 125 msec). Fast, high-resolution images (128 X 128 matrix) were created by combining sequentially acquired small matrixes. After bolus administration of Gd-DTPA in the perfused rat heart model, contrast was pronounced between the nonperfused myocardium and perfused normal myocardium. First-pass wash-in and washout phases of the contrast material were observed in the perfused rat heart model and in human subjects. Results demonstrated the clinical feasibility of first-pass perfusion studies of the heart. The studies can be performed on a conventional whole-body imaging system with standard hardware.},
	number = {3 Pt 1},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Atkinson, D J and Burstein, D and Edelman, R R},
	month = mar,
	year = {1990},
	pmid = {2305058},
	keywords = {Animals, Contrast Media, Coronary Circulation, Coronary Disease, Gadolinium, Gadolinium DTPA, Heart, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Structural, Organometallic Compounds, Pentetic Acid, Rats},
	pages = {757--762}
}

@misc{noauthor_measurement_nodate,
	title = {Measurement of {Left} {Ventricular} {Velocities}: {Phase} {Contrast} {MRI} {Velocity} {Mapping} {Versus} {Tissue}‐{Doppler}‐{Ultrasound} in {Healthy} {Volunteers}, {Journal} of {Cardiovascular} {Magnetic} {Resonance}, {Informa} {Healthcare}},
	shorttitle = {Measurement of {Left} {Ventricular} {Velocities}},
	url = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/JCMR-200036116},
	urldate = {2012-07-23},
	keywords = {Heart, Tissue Doppler imaging, cardiac MRI, phase contrast}
}

@article{rieseberg_twodimensional_2002,
	title = {Two‐dimensional spatially‐selective {RF} excitation pulses in echo‐planar imaging},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.10157/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10157},
	abstract = {Two-dimensional spatially-selective RF (2DRF) excitation pulses were developed for single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI) with reduced field of view (FOV) in the phase-encoding direction. The decreased number of k-space lines significantly shortens the length of the EPI echo train. Thus, both gradient-echo and spin-echo 2DRF-EPI images of the human brain at 2.0 T exhibit markedly reduced susceptibility artifacts in regions close to major air cavities. Based on a blipped-planar trajectory, implementation of a typical 2DRF pulse resulted in a 26-ms pulse duration, a 5-mm section thickness, a 40-mm FOV along the phase-encoding direction, and a 200-mm distance of the unavoidable side excitations from the center of the FOV. For the above conditions and at 2 × 2 mm2 resolution, 2DRF-EPI yielded an echo train length of only 21 ms, as opposed to 102 ms for conventional EPI. This gain in time may be used to achieve higher spatial resolution. For example, spin-echo 2DRF-EPI of a 40-mm FOV at 1 × 1 mm2 resolution led to an echo train of 66 ms. Although the current implementation still lacks user-friendliness, 2DRF pulses are likely to become a useful addition to the arsenal of advanced MRI tools. Magn Reson Med 47:1186–1193, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2011-12-21},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Rieseberg, Susanne and Frahm, Jens and Finsterbusch, Jürgen},
	month = jun,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {2D‐selective RF excitation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, echo‐planar imaging, localized imaging, zoom imaging},
	pages = {1186--1193}
}

@patent{noauthor_centrally_1988,
	title = {Centrally ordered phase encoding},
	url = {http://www.google.fr/patents?hl=fr&lr=&vid=USPAT4724386&id=Auk4AAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=centrally+ordered+phase+encoding&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false},
	number = {4724386},
	urldate = {2011-04-11},
	month = feb,
	year = {1988},
	note = {undefinedFiling Date: 15 Nov 1985}
}

@article{simonetti_improved_2001,
	title = {An improved {MR} imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction},
	volume = {218},
	issn = {0033-8419},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

To design a segmented inversion-recovery turbo fast low-angle shot (turboFLASH) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging pulse sequence for the visualization of myocardial infarction, compare this technique with other MR imaging approaches in a canine model of ischemic injury, and evaluate its utility in patients with coronary artery disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six dogs and 18 patients were examined. In dogs, infarction was produced and images were acquired by using 10 different pulse sequences. In patients, the segmented turboFLASH technique was used to acquire contrast material-enhanced images 19 days +/- 7 (SD) after myocardial infarction.

RESULTS

Myocardial regions of increased signal intensity were observed in all animals and patients at imaging. With the postcontrast segmented turboFLASH sequence, the signal intensity of the infarcted myocardium was 1,080\% +/- 214 higher than that of the normal myocardium in dogs-nearly twice that of the next best sequence tested and approximately 10-fold greater than that in previous reports. All 18 patients with myocardial infarction demonstrated high signal intensity at imaging. On average, the signal intensity of the high-signal-intensity regions in patients was 485\% +/- 43 higher than that of the normal myocardium.

CONCLUSION

The segmented inversion-recovery turboFLASH sequence produced the greatest differences in regional myocardial signal intensity in animals. Application of this technique in patients with infarction substantially improved differentiation between injured and normal regions.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Simonetti, O P and Kim, R J and Fieno, D S and Hillenbrand, H B and Wu, E and Bundy, J M and Finn, J P and Judd, R M},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11152805},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Animals, Dogs, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction},
	pages = {215--223}
}

@article{hu_localized_1993,
	title = {Localized real-time velocity spectra determination},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	abstract = {The accurate measurement of flow velocity has long been a subject of NMR research. In the field of medical imaging, a variety of techniques primarily based on the principle of Fourier encoding have been described. Due to time constraints, necessary trade-offs exist between spatial versus velocity spectral resolution. In general, either the average velocity of individual pixels is displayed or velocity spectral determinations are made at the cost of spatial localization. The recent development of multidimensional excitation pulses makes spatial localization possible during the excitation phase of the pulse sequences. This approach, coupled with time varying gradient readout, can be used to obtain single-shot localized velocity spectra. Using these concepts, we have obtained in vivo real-time measurements of localized velocity spectra on our clinical imager.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Hu, B. S. and Pauly, J. M. and Nishimura, D. G.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1993},
	pmid = {8412614},
	keywords = {Aorta, Blood Flow Velocity, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Cardiovascular, Models, Structural, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {393--398}
}

@article{pelc_phase_1991,
	title = {Phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {0899-9422},
	abstract = {Phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combines the flow-dependent contrast of phase contrast MRI with the ability of cardiac cine imaging to produce images throughout the cardiac cycle. Two pulse sequence types are used for sensitivity to flow in one direction, whereas four are needed for sensitivity in all directions. Several alternatives for synchronization of the data to the cardiac cycle exist. Retrospectively interpolated methods can image the entire cardiac cycle efficiently. Rapid interleaving of the various sequence types ensures immunity to motion misregistration. The technique produces images in which contrast is related to flow velocity as well as magnitude images such as those of conventional cine MRI. The data can be interpreted qualitatively to demonstrate the presence, magnitude, and direction of flow, and quantitatively to provide estimates of flow velocity, volume flow rate, and displaced volumes. Phase contrast cine MRI is helpful in the diagnosis of aortic dissections, in the study of flow distributions in large vessels such as pulmonary arteries, as well as in smaller vessels such as carotid and basilar arteries, and in the evaluation of complex anatomical variants. Future developments are expected to reduce imaging time and expand the quantitative applications.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance quarterly},
	author = {Pelc, N J and Herfkens, R J and Shimakawa, A and Enzmann, D R},
	month = oct,
	year = {1991},
	pmid = {1790111},
	keywords = {Coronary Vessels, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, cardiovascular system},
	pages = {229--254}
}

@article{wagenhaus_functional_2012,
	title = {Functional and {Morphological} {Cardiac} {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Imaging} of {Mice} {Using} a {Cryogenic} {Quadrature} {Radiofrequency} {Coil}},
	volume = {7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042383},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0042383},
	abstract = {Cardiac morphology and function assessment by magnetic resonance imaging is of increasing interest for a variety of mouse models in pre-clinical cardiac research, such as myocardial infarction models or myocardial injury/remodeling in genetically or pharmacologically induced hypertension. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) constraints, however, limit image quality and blood myocardium delineation, which crucially depend on high spatial resolution. Significant gains in SNR with a cryogenically cooled RF probe have been shown for mouse brain MRI, yet the potential of applying cryogenic RF coils for cardiac MR (CMR) in mice is, as of yet, untapped. This study examines the feasibility and potential benefits of CMR in mice employing a 400 MHz cryogenic RF surface coil, compared with a conventional mouse heart coil array operating at room temperature. The cryogenic RF coil affords SNR gains of 3.0 to 5.0 versus the conventional approach and hence enables an enhanced spatial resolution. This markedly improved image quality – by better deliniation of myocardial borders and enhanced depiction of papillary muscles and trabeculae – and facilitated a more accurate cardiac chamber quantification, due to reduced intraobserver variability. In summary the use of a cryogenically cooled RF probe represents a valuable means of enhancing the capabilities of CMR of mice.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2013-05-21},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	author = {Wagenhaus, Babette and Pohlmann, Andreas and Dieringer, Matthias Alexander and Els, Antje and Waiczies, Helmar and Waiczies, Sonia and Schulz-Menger, Jeanette and Niendorf, Thoralf},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {e42383}
}

@article{tadayyon_target_2010,
	title = {Target motion compensation in {MRI}-guided prostate biopsy with static images},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1557-170X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/21096273},
	doi = {10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5626497},
	abstract = {Purpose: MRI-guided prostate needle biopsy requires compensation for organ motion between target planning and needle placement. Methods: We propose slice-to-volume registration algorithms for tracking the prostate motion. Three orthogonal intra-operative slices are acquired in the approximate center of the prostate and registered with a high-resolution target planning volume. Both rigid and deformable scenarios were implemented. MRI-guided robotic prostate biopsy cases were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Average registration errors were 2.55mm for the rigid algorithm and 2.05mm for the deformable algorithm. Conclusion: Slice-based tracking appears to be promising. Deformable registration does not seem warranted.},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Conference Proceedings: ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference},
	author = {Tadayyon, Hadi and Lasso, Andras and Gill, Sean and Kaushal, Aradhana and Guion, Peter and Fichtinger, Gabor},
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {21096273},
	pages = {5416--5419}
}

@article{boegle_combining_2010,
	title = {Combining prospective motion correction and distortion correction for {EPI}: towards a comprehensive correction of motion and susceptibility-induced artifacts},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0968-5243},
	shorttitle = {Combining prospective motion correction and distortion correction for {EPI}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20694501},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-010-0225-8},
	abstract = {{\textless}AbstractText Label="OBJECT" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE"{\textgreater}State-of-the-art MR techniques that rely on echo planar imaging (EPI), such as real-time fMRI, are limited in their applicability by both subject motion and B(0) field inhomogeneities. The goal of this work is to demonstrate that in principle it is possible to accurately predict the B(0) field inhomogeneities that occur during echo planar imaging in the presence of large scale head motion and apply this knowledge for distortion correction.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="MATERIALS AND METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS"{\textgreater}In this work, prospective motion correction is combined with a field-prediction method and a method for correcting geometric distortions in EPI. To validate the methods, echo planar images were acquired of a custom-made phantom rotated to different angles relative to the B(0) field. For each orientation, field maps were acquired for comparison with the field predictions.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS"{\textgreater}The calculated field maps are very similar to the measured field maps for all orientations used in the experiments. The root mean squared error (RMSE) of the difference maps was between 15 to 20 Hz. The quality of distortion correction using calculated field maps is comparable to distortion correction done with measured field maps.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS"{\textgreater}The results suggest that distortion-free echo planar imaging of moving objects may be feasible if prospective motion correction is combined with a field inhomogeneity estimation approach.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-02-07},
	journal = {Magma (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Boegle, Rainer and Maclaren, Julian and Zaitsev, Maxim},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20694501},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Calibration, Echo-Planar Imaging, Head, Head Movements, Humans, Motion, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {263--273}
}

@article{bloch_quantifying_2009,
	title = {Quantifying coronary sinus flow and global {LV} perfusion at 3T},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1471-2342},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19519892},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2342-9-9},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

Despite the large availability of 3T MR scanners and the potential of high field imaging, this technical platform has yet to prove its usefulness in the cardiac MR setting, where 1.5T remains the established standard. Global perfusion of the left ventricle, as well as the coronary flow reserve (CFR), can provide relevant diagnostic information, and MR measurements of these parameters may benefit from increased field strength. Quantitative flow measurements in the coronary sinus (CS) provide one method to investigate these parameters. However, the ability of newly developed faster MR sequences to measure coronary flow during a breath-hold at 3T has not been evaluated.

METHODS

The aim of this work was to measure CS flow using segmented phase contrast MR (PC MR) on a clinical 3T MR scanner. Parallel imaging was employed to reduce the total acquisition time. Global LV perfusion was calculated by dividing CS flow with left ventricular (LV) mass. The repeatability of the method was investigated by measuring the flow three times in each of the twelve volunteers. Phantom experiments were performed to investigate potential error sources.

RESULTS

The average CS flow was determined to 88 +/- 33 ml/min and the deduced LV perfusion was 0.60 +/- 0.22 ml/min.g, in agreement with published values. The repeatability (1-error) of the three repeated measurements in each subject was on average 84\%.

CONCLUSION

This work demonstrates that the combination of high field strength (3T), parallel imaging and segmented gradient echo sequences allow for quantification of the CS flow and global perfusion within a breath-hold.},
	urldate = {2012-06-19},
	journal = {BMC Medical Imaging},
	author = {Bloch, Karin Markenroth and Carlsson, Marcus and Arheden, Håkan and Ståhlberg, Freddy},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19519892},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Flow Velocity, Coronary Sinus, Female, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, Perfusion Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Ventricular Function, Left, Young Adult},
	pages = {9}
}

@article{hansen_accelerated_2004,
	title = {Accelerated dynamic {Fourier} velocity encoding by exploiting velocity-spatio-temporal correlations},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0968-5243, 1352-8661},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/c27ayjygqv7xy397/},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-004-0062-8},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-11-02},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics},
	author = {Hansen, Michael S. and Baltes, Christof and Tsao, Jeffrey and Kozerke, Sebastian and Pruessmann, Klaas P. and Boesiger, Peter and Pedersen, Erik M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {86--94}
}

@article{larson_self-gated_2004,
	title = {Self-gated cardiac cine {MRI}},
	volume = {51},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.10664/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10664},
	abstract = {The need for ECG gating presents many difficulties in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). Real-time imaging techniques eliminate the need for ECG gating in cine CMRI, but they cannot offer the spatial and temporal resolution provided by segmented acquisition techniques. Previous MR signal-based techniques have demonstrated an ability to provide cardiac gating information; however, these techniques result in decreased imaging efficiency. The purpose of this work was to develop a new “self-gated” (SG) acquisition technique that eliminates these efficiency deficits by extracting the motion synchronization signal directly from the same MR signals used for image reconstruction. Three separate strategies are proposed for deriving the SG signal from data acquired using radial k-space sampling: echo peak magnitude, kymogram, and 2D correlation. The SG techniques were performed on seven normal volunteers. A comparison of the results showed that they provided cine image series with no significant differences in image quality compared to that obtained with conventional ECG gating techniques. SG techniques represent an important practical advance in clinical MRI because they enable the acquisition of high temporal and spatial resolution cardiac cine images without the need for ECG gating and with no loss in imaging efficiency. Magn Reson Med 51:93–102, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-05-21},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Larson, Andrew C. and White, Richard D. and Laub, Gerhard and McVeigh, Elliot R. and Li, Debiao and Simonetti, Orlando P.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {CMRI, cardiac, cine, gating, triggering},
	pages = {93--102}
}

@article{wech_accelerating_2011,
	title = {Accelerating cine-{MR} imaging in mouse hearts using compressed sensing},
	volume = {34},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.22718/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22718},
	abstract = {Purpose:To combine global cardiac function imaging with compressed sensing (CS) in order to reduce scan time and to validate this technique in normal mouse hearts and in a murine model of chronic myocardial infarction.Materials and Methods:To determine the maximally achievable acceleration factor, fully acquired cine data, obtained in sham and chronically infarcted (MI) mouse hearts were 2–4-fold undersampled retrospectively, followed by CS reconstruction and blinded image segmentation. Subsequently, dedicated CS sampling schemes were implemented at a preclinical 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, and 2- and 3-fold undersampled cine data were acquired in normal mouse hearts with high temporal and spatial resolution.Results:The retrospective analysis demonstrated that an undersampling factor of three is feasible without impairing accuracy of cardiac functional parameters. Dedicated CS sampling schemes applied prospectively to normal mouse hearts yielded comparable left-ventricular functional parameters, and intra- and interobserver variability between fully and 3-fold undersampled data.Conclusion:This study introduces and validates an alternative means to speed up experimental cine-MRI without the need for expensive hardware. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-05-27},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Wech, Tobias and Lemke, Angela and Medway, Debra and Stork, Lee-Anne and Lygate, Craig A. and Neubauer, Stefan and Köstler, Herbert and Schneider, Jürgen E.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {cardiac function, cine-MRI, compressed sensing, infarction, mouse heart},
	pages = {1072--1079}
}

@article{frydrychowicz_fourdimensional_2011,
	title = {Four‐dimensional velocity mapping of the hepatic and splanchnic vasculature with radial sampling at 3 tesla: {A} feasibility study in portal hypertension},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {Four‐dimensional velocity mapping of the hepatic and splanchnic vasculature with radial sampling at 3 tesla},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.22712/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22712},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Frydrychowicz, A. and Landgraf, B. R and Niespodzany, E. and Verma, R. W and Roldán‐Alzate, A. and Johnson, K. M and Wieben, O. and Reeder, S. B},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {flow‐sensitive MRI, hemodynamics, liver disease, phase contrast imaging, portal hypertension, velocity mapping},
	pages = {577--584}
}

@article{stenger_variabledensity_2003,
	title = {Variable‐density spiral 3D tailored {RF} pulses},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.10623/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10623},
	abstract = {A variable-density spiral method is presented for reducing three-dimensional tailored radiofrequency pulse duration. Pulse length reductions of 21–32\% are possible, with only a small error in the desired excitation profile. The method is demonstrated using simulations, phantom experiments, and T2*-weighted images of brain regions with susceptibility-induced intravoxel dephasing. Four 19.7-ms shots were needed to excite a 5-mm-thick slice with reduced susceptibility artifacts in the sinus region at 3T. Magn Reson Med 50:1100–1106, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-10-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Stenger, V. Andrew and Boada, Fernando E and Noll, Douglas C},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {functional MRI, pulse sequences, susceptibility artifacts, tailored RF pulses, variable‐density spirals},
	pages = {1100--1106}
}

@article{karout_two-dimensional_2007,
	title = {Two-dimensional phase unwrapping using a hybrid genetic algorithm},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0003-6935, 1539-4522},
	url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-46-5-730},
	doi = {10.1364/AO.46.000730},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-05-20},
	journal = {Applied Optics},
	author = {Karout, Salah A. and Gdeisat, Munther A. and Burton, David R. and Lalor, Michael J.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {730}
}

@article{polzin_frequency_1996,
	title = {Frequency response of multi-phase segmented k-space phase-contrast},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	abstract = {A theoretical analysis of the temporal frequency response of multi-phase segmented k-space phase-contrast was developed. This includes the effects of both segment duration and the number of cardiac phases that are reconstructed. An increase in the number of views per segment and the corresponding increase in segment duration results in an increased smoothing or low-pass filtering of the time-resolved flow waveform. Reconstruction of all intermediate cardiac phases makes the Nyquist sampling frequency independent of the number of views per segment. This analysis was verified experimentally using a multi-phase phase-contrast segmented k-space MR pulse sequence. This sequence reconstructs all intermediate cardiac phases and uses fractional segments at the end of the cardiac cycle if an entire segment does not fit. The use of fractional segments increases the portion of the cardiac cycle over which data are acquired.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Polzin, J A and Frayne, R and Grist, T M and Mistretta, C A},
	month = may,
	year = {1996},
	pmid = {8722827},
	keywords = {Coronary Circulation, Electrocardiography, Heart, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Phantoms, Imaging, Pulsatile Flow, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {755--762}
}

@inproceedings{moghari_respiratory_nodate,
	title = {Respiratory {Self}-{Gated} {Coronary} {MRI}: {A} {Comparison} between 2D {Spiral} {PencilBeam} and {Projection} {Navigator}},
	url = {http://cardiacmr.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/SCMR2010.pdf},
	author = {Moghari, Mehdi H}
}

@article{bland_statistical_1986-1,
	title = {Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {0140-6736},
	abstract = {In clinical measurement comparison of a new measurement technique with an established one is often needed to see whether they agree sufficiently for the new to replace the old. Such investigations are often analysed inappropriately, notably by using correlation coefficients. The use of correlation is misleading. An alternative approach, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, is described, together with the relation between this analysis and the assessment of repeatability.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8476},
	journal = {Lancet},
	author = {Bland, J. M. and Altman, D. G.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1986},
	pmid = {2868172},
	keywords = {Diagnosis, Humans, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, Statistics as Topic},
	pages = {307--310}
}

@article{lew_breathheld_2010,
	title = {Breathheld autocalibrated phase-contrast imaging},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22127},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

To compare generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA), modified sensitivity encoding (mSENSE), and SENSE in phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) applications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Aliasing of the torso can occur in PC-MRI applications. If the data are further undersampled for parallel imaging, SENSE can be problematic in correctly unaliasing signals due to coil sensitivity maps that do not match that of the aliased volume. Here, a method for estimating coil sensitivities in flow applications is described. Normal volunteers (n = 5) were scanned on a 1.5 T MRI scanner and underwent PC-MRI scans using GRAPPA, mSENSE, SENSE, and conventional PC-MRI acquisitions. Peak velocity and flow through the aorta and pulmonary artery were evaluated.

RESULTS

Bland-Altman statistics for flow in the aorta and pulmonary artery acquired with mSENSE and GRAPPA methods (R = 2 and R = 3 cases) have comparable mean differences to flow acquired with conventional PC-MRI. GRAPPA and mSENSE PC-MRI have more robust measurements than SENSE when there is aliasing artifact caused by insufficient coil sensitivity maps. For peak velocity, there are no considerable differences among the mSENSE, GRAPPA, and SENSE reconstructions and are comparable to conventional PC-MRI.

CONCLUSION

Flow measurements of images reconstructed with autocalibration techniques have comparable agreement with conventional PC-MRI and provide robust measurements in the presence of wraparound.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Lew, Calvin and Alley, Marcus T and Spielman, Daniel M and Bammer, Roland and Chan, Frandics P},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20373447},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Aorta, Calibration, Computer Simulation, Echo-Planar Imaging, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Statistical, Pulmonary Artery, Respiration},
	pages = {1004--1014}
}

@article{cleppien_comparison_2010,
	title = {Comparison of the quantitative first pass myocardial perfusion {MRI} with and without prospective slice tracking: comparison between breath-hold and free-breathing condition},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {Comparison of the quantitative first pass myocardial perfusion {MRI} with and without prospective slice tracking},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/20597123},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22513},
	abstract = {Physiologic motion of the heart is one of the major problems of myocardial blood flow quantification using first pass perfusion-MRI method. To overcome these problems, a perfusion pulse sequence with prospective slice tracking was developed. Cardiac motion was monitored by a navigator directly positioned at heart's basis to overcome no additional underlying model calculations connecting diaphragm and cardiac motion. Additional prescans were used before the perfusion measurement to detect slice displacements caused by remaining cardiac motion between navigator and the perfusion slice readout. The pulse sequence and subsequent quantification of myocardial blood flow was tested in healthy pigs with and without prospective slice tracking under both free-breathing and breath-hold conditions. To avoid influences by residual contrast agent concentration time courses were analyzed. Median myocardial blood flow values and interquartile ranges with prospective slice tracking under free-breathing and in a breath-hold were (1.04, interquartile range = 0.58 mL/min/g) and (1.20, interquartile range = 0.59 mL/min/g), respectively. This is in agreement with published positron emission tomography values. In measurements without prospective slice tracking (1.15, interquartile range = 1.58 mL/min/g), the interquartile range is significantly (P {\textless} 0.012) larger because of residual cardiac motion. In conclusion, prospective slice tracking reduces motion-induced variations of myocardial blood flow under both during breath-hold and under conditions of free-breathing.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Cleppien, Dirk Ernst Johannes and Horstick, Georg and Abegunewardene, Nico and Weber, Stefan and Müller, Christian Ernst and Heimann, Axel and Kreitner, Karl-Friedrich and Kempski, Oliver and Schreiber, Laura Maria},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20597123},
	pages = {1461--1470}
}

@article{pierce_mr_2011,
	title = {{MR} phase‐contrast velocity mapping methods for measuring venous blood velocity in the deep veins of the calf},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.22655/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22655},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Pierce, Iain T and Gatehouse, Peter D and Xu, X. Yun and Firmin, David N},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Spiral, deep vein thrombosis, lower leg, real‐time, velocity mapping},
	pages = {634--644}
}

@article{weiger_zte_2013,
	title = {{ZTE} imaging in humans},
	volume = {70},
	copyright = {© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.24816/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.24816},
	abstract = {Purpose Zero echo time (ZTE) imaging is a robust and silent 3D radial technique suitable for direct MRI of tissues with very rapid transverse relaxation. Given its successful application on micro- and animal MRI systems, the purpose of this work is to enable and demonstrate ZTE imaging in humans using a whole-body magnet. Methods A commercial 7 T MRI scanner was complemented by rapid high-power transmit-receive switches, a custom-built spectrometer, and a proton-free detector coil. With this setup, transmit-receive switching is achieved within 1 µs, radiofrequency (RF) excitation is performed in 3 µs, and digital bandpass filtering takes 5.3 µs, resulting in an effective dead time of only 5 µs. Results ZTE imaging was performed at 250 and 500 kHz bandwidth with central k-space gaps of 1.2 and 2.5 Nyquist intervals and repetition times of 739 and 471 µs. The technique was applied for silent 3D imaging of the head and joints of human volunteers at an isotropic resolution down to 0.83 mm. A sound pressure level of 41 dB(A) was measured, which is a reduction of more than 40 dB(A) compared to gradient-switched MRI. Conclusion ZTE imaging in humans was demonstrated for the first time, enabled by dedicated, high-performing RF hardware. Magn Reson Med 70:328–332, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-07-24},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Weiger, Markus and Brunner, David O. and Dietrich, Benjamin E. and Müller, Colin F. and Pruessmann, Klaas P.},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {3D radial, RF power, T/R switching, fast T2 relaxation, short TR, silent MRI},
	pages = {328--332}
}

@phdthesis{menini_mise_2013,
	title = {Mise en oeuvre d'un système de reconstruction adaptif pour l'{IRM} 3D des organes en mouvement},
	url = {http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0289},
	abstract = {L'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) présente deux caractéristiques principales. La première, sa capacité à manipuler le contraste, constitue son principal avantage par rapport aux autres modalités d'imagerie. Cela permet d'obtenir des informations complémentaires pour une meilleure détectabilité et une meilleure précision dans le diagnostic. Cela est particulièrement appréciable pour les pathologies du myocarde. La seconde caractéristique de l'IRM est également l'un de ces principaux inconvénients : le processus d'acquisition est relativement lent. De ce fait, les mouvements du patient constituent un obstacle important puisqu'ils perturbent ce processus d'acquisition, ce qui se traduit par des artéfacts dans l'image reconstruite. L'imagerie cardiaque et abdominale sont donc particulièrement sensibles à cette problématique du mouvement. L'objectif de cette thèse est donc de proposer une méthode de correction de mouvement intégrable dans un contexte multi-contraste. Nous avons étudié dans un premier temps la question de la correction de mouvement seule. Pour cela, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés à la méthode GRICS déjà développée au laboratoire IADI. Cette méthode permet la reconstruction conjointe d'une image sans artéfact et d'un modèle de mouvement non rigide permettant de corriger les déplacements qui surviennent pendant l'acquisition. Le premier apport majeur de cette thèse a consisté à améliorer la méthode GRICS, notamment pour l'adapter à l'imagerie volumique 3D. Il s'agit d'une nouvelle méthode de régularisation adaptative particulièrement adaptée au problème inverse posé dans GRICS. Le second apport majeur de cette thèse a consisté à gérer la correction de mouvement GRICS de manière conjointe sur des acquisitions présentant des contrastes différents. Il s'agit de concevoir l'examen IRM comme un tout et d'exploiter au mieux les informations partagées entre les différents contrastes. Toutes ces méthodes ont été appliquées et validées par des simulations, des tests sur fantôme, sur volontaires sains et sur des patients dans la cadre d'études cliniques. L'application cardiaque a été particulièrement visée. Les méthodes développées ont permis d'améliorer le processus d'acquisition et de reconstruction dans le contexte clinique réel},
	urldate = {2014-10-30},
	school = {Université de Lorraine},
	author = {Menini, Anne},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Reconstruction d'image Problème inverse Correction de mouvement Déformation non-rigide Multi-contraste Imagerie cardiaque  en français, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Image reconstruction Inverse problem Motion correction Non-rigid distortion Multi-contrast Cardiac imaging}
}

@article{sun_region_2009,
	title = {Region of {Interest} {Tracking} in {Real}-{Time} {Myocardial} {Contrast} {Echocardiography}},
	issn = {0148-5598},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/20703573},
	doi = {10.1007/s10916-009-9353-y},
	abstract = {The real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography (RT MCE) is a new echocardiography technology, which allows clinicians to noninvasively evaluate the perfusion of myocardial capillary of patients, using the quantitative analysis of RT MCE. But the accurate analysis requires tracking the position of region of interest (ROI) within the myocardial area, so as to compensate for the translation or rotation offsets, which are due to such uncontrollable factors as heart motion. We used diamond search method and Brox's coarse-to-fine warping optical flow technique for this ROI tracking problem. We validated our methods by comparing the quantitative analysis results of RT MCE using our methods with those using Lucas \& Kanade's optical flow technique, which had been report to be accurate enough for this ROI tracking. We finally present some examples of animal experiment to show the effectiveness and the clinical application value of our ROI tracking methods.},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Systems},
	author = {Sun, Feng-Rong and Zhang, Ming-Qiang and Jia, Xiao-Bo and Wang, Xiao-Jing and Yao, Gui-Hua and Zhang, Yun},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {20703573}
}

@article{macfall_correction_1988,
	title = {Correction of spatially dependent phase shifts for partial {Fourier} imaging},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0730-725X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0730725X88904444},
	doi = {10.1016/0730-725X(88)90444-4},
	abstract = {Partial Fourier MR images (PFI) are constructed from data that have fewer phase encoding views than are conventionally acquired using direct Fourier transform spin echo acquisition. The PFI data acquisition is structured to obtain the same spatial resolution as conventional acquisition, trading off signal-to-noise reduction for acquisition time improvement. The “missing” views can be zero filled or, if the data are Hermitian, supplied by symmetry (basic algorithm). The effect of spatially dependent phase shifts (SDPS) on PFI constructed with zero-fill or the basic algorithm is illustrated. The causes and typical magnitudes of such SDPS are discussed. In spin echo data only the low order, slowly varying SDPS, is shown to be significant. Through use of simulated and actual data sets these typical SDPS are shown to produce significant artifacts in PFI, when the amount of missing data is close to one-half. The artifacts are reduced when less data are missing. Good images can be generated with the zero-fill algorithm if less than 25\% of the data is missing. Several methods of correcting phase shifts in PFI are developed: the basic Hermitian algorithm with frequency (x) direction correction (BAX), basic Fourier correction algorithm (BFC) and an improved iterative Fourier correction algorithm (IFC). The BFC and IFC can produce good images when as much as 46\% of the data is missing. Data with rapidly varying SDPS, for example, gradient refocused data, make the phase correction task more difficult. With less than 25\% of the data missing, however, accetable gradient refocused PFI images can be created.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-10-18},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {MacFall, James R. and Pelc, Norbert J. and Vavrek, Robert M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1988},
	pages = {143--155}
}

@article{baumgartner_echocardiographic_2009-1,
	title = {Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: {EAE}/{ASE} recommendations for clinical practice},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1532-2114},
	shorttitle = {Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis},
	doi = {10.1093/ejechocard/jen303},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {European journal of echocardiography: the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology},
	author = {Baumgartner, Helmut and Hung, Judy and Bermejo, Javier and Chambers, John B and Evangelista, Arturo and Griffin, Brian P and Iung, Bernard and Otto, Catherine M and Pellikka, Patricia A and Quiñones, Miguel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19065003},
	keywords = {Aortic Valve Stenosis, Echocardiography, Echocardiography, Doppler, Color, Echocardiography, Transesophageal, Heart Valve Diseases, Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation, Humans, Mitral Valve Stenosis, Pulmonary Valve Stenosis, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tricuspid Valve Stenosis},
	pages = {1--25}
}

@article{francone_real-time_2005,
	title = {Real-time cine {MRI} of ventricular septal motion: a novel approach to assess ventricular coupling},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	shorttitle = {Real-time cine {MRI} of ventricular septal motion},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.20259},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate in real-time, the effects of respiration in ventricular septal motion and configuration in normal volunteers and cardiac patients. Real-time cine MRI studies, using the steady-state free precession (SSFP) technique, were performed in the cardiac short-axis during operator-guided deep inspiration and expiration in normal volunteers (N = 6), and in patients with constrictive pericarditis (CP; N = 6), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM; N = 4), chronic cor pulmonale (N = 5), and pericardial effusion. The respiratory effects on septal position and configuration during early ventricular filling were visually assessed. Results were compared with the short-axis breath-hold cine MRI studies, obtained at end-inspiration. In CP patients, onset of inspiration led to a leftward inversion in four of six patients and flattening of the septum in two of six patients during early ventricular filling. Septal abnormalities progressively disappeared during the following heartbeats. A similar pattern was found in one of six patients with pericardial effusion. The above pattern was absent in RCM patients. Although septal flattening during early inspiration was also found in two of six normal volunteers, flattening was minimal compared to that in CP patients. In all cor pulmonale patients, septal flattening or inversion was present, but this was not influenced by respiratory motion. Real-time cine MRI is a promising technique for determining the influence of respiration on septal motion and might be helpful in differentiating between different causes of impaired ventricular filling.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Francone, Marco and Dymarkowski, Steven and Kalantzi, Maria and Bogaert, Jan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15723377},
	keywords = {Adult, Feasibility Studies, Female, Heart Diseases, Heart Septum, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, Motion, Reference Values, Respiration, Ventricular Function},
	pages = {305--309}
}

@article{jung_measurement_2004,
	title = {Measurement of left ventricular velocities: phase contrast {MRI} velocity mapping versus tissue-doppler-ultrasound in healthy volunteers},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1097-6647},
	shorttitle = {Measurement of left ventricular velocities},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was the comparison of phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PCMRI) measurements of left ventricular velocities in a physiological in vivo setting with tissue-Doppler-ultrasound (tissue Doppler imaging: TDI) data in healthy volunteers. Images were acquired in short axis view using a flow compensated black blood k-space segmented gradient echo sequence. Velocity encoding was performed by adding a bipolar gradient after each rf-pulse to the otherwise identical pulse sequences. Full in-plane velocity information of the moving heart was obtained in 16 heartbeats within one breath-hold measurement. Twenty-nine healthy volunteers (mean age=25 years) were examined with both imaging modalities. Both PCMRI and TDI demonstrate a biphasic profile of radial velocities over the cardiac cycle. Intraindividual comparison of left ventricular velocity data acquired using PCMRI and TDI show a very good correspondence with r-values of 0.97. The in vivo study in 29 healthy volunteers demonstrates a high validity of time-resolved phase contrast measurements for the analysis of left ventricular myocardial velocities.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Jung, Bernd and Schneider, Britta and Markl, Michael and Saurbier, Bernward and Geibel, Annette and Hennig, Juergen},
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15646880},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Flow Velocity, Contrast Media, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Observer Variation, Papillary Muscles, Reference Values, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Vasodilation, Ventricular Function, Ventricular Function, Left},
	pages = {777--783}
}

@article{petersen_myocardial_2006,
	title = {Myocardial {Tissue} {Phase} {Mapping} with {Cine} {Phase}-{Contrast} {MR} {Imaging}: {Regional} {Wall} {Motion} {Analysis} in {Healthy} {Volunteers}1},
	volume = {238},
	issn = {0033-8419, 1527-1315},
	shorttitle = {Myocardial {Tissue} {Phase} {Mapping} with {Cine} {Phase}-{Contrast} {MR} {Imaging}},
	url = {http://radiology.rsna.org/content/238/3/816},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.2383041992},
	abstract = {Purpose: To establish prospectively a database of normal three-dimensional systolic and diastolic endocardial and epicardial velocity values for all myocardial segments in healthy volunteers by using cine phase-contrast velocity magnetic resonance imaging, also called tissue phase mapping (TPM).
Materials and Methods: The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and was conducted according to principles of the Declaration of Helsinki; each subject provided informed written consent. Ninety-six healthy volunteers (57 [59\%] men, 39 [41\%] women; mean age, 38 years ± 12 [standard deviation]) underwent cardiac phase-contrast imaging with a black blood segmented k-space gradient-echo sequence for the analysis of three-dimensional myocardial velocity with high spatial resolution at 1.5 T on basal, midventricular, and apical short-axis views. Eighteen consecutive volunteers were imaged twice to determine interstudy reproducibility, and intra- and interobserver variability values were analyzed. Systolic and diastolic velocity curves were analyzed for peak velocity and time to peak velocity in the radial, circumferential, and longitudinal directions, as well as for torsion rate and longitudinal strain rate. Mixed-effects models with a random intercept for volunteers were used to test differences among the three ventricular sections and the transmural, endocardial, and epicardial parameters.
Results: TPM enabled reproducible assessment of myocardial velocity with small intra- and interobserver variability values. Systolic peak radial velocity was lowest at the apical level (P {\textless} .001); diastolic peak radial velocity was similar at all three myocardial levels (P = .73). As viewed from the apex, a relative counterclockwise rotation during systole was followed by a relative clockwise rotation of the apex against the base. Diastolic and systolic peak longitudinal velocity values decreased from base to apex (P {\textless} .001). A gradient between endocardium and epicardium was observed for radial velocity values, with greater endocardial velocity values (P {\textless} .001).
Conclusion: TPM is a reproducible comprehensive modality for assessment of regional wall motion, and intra- and interobserver variability values are low.
© RSNA, 2006},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-07-23},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Petersen, Steffen E. and Jung, Bernd A. and Wiesmann, Frank and Selvanayagam, Joseph B. and Francis, Jane M. and Hennig, Juergen and Neubauer, Stefan and Robson, Matthew D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {816--826}
}

@article{sodickson_simultaneous_1997,
	title = {Simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics ({SMASH}): fast imaging with radiofrequency coil arrays},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	shorttitle = {Simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics ({SMASH})},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9324327},
	abstract = {SiMultaneous Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics (SMASH) is a new fast-imaging technique that increases MR image acquisition speed by an integer factor over existing fast-imaging methods, without significant sacrifices in spatial resolution or signal-to-noise ratio. Image acquisition time is reduced by exploiting spatial information inherent in the geometry of a surface coil array to substitute for some of the phase encoding usually produced by magnetic field gradients. This allows for partially parallel image acquisitions using many of the existing fast-imaging sequences. Unlike the data combination algorithms of prior proposals for parallel imaging, SMASH reconstruction involves a small set of MR signal combinations prior to Fourier transformation, which can be advantageous for artifact handling and practical implementation. A twofold savings in image acquisition time is demonstrated here using commercial phased array coils on two different MR-imaging systems. Larger time savings factors can be expected for appropriate coil designs.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-03-02},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Sodickson, D K and Manning, W J},
	month = oct,
	year = {1997},
	pmid = {9324327},
	keywords = {Abdomen, Adult, Artifacts, Brain, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetics, Male, Phantoms, Imaging, Radio Waves, Sensitivity and Specificity, Thorax},
	pages = {591--603}
}

@article{katscher_transmit_2003,
	title = {Transmit {SENSE}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.10353/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10353},
	abstract = {The idea of using parallel imaging to shorten the acquisition time by the simultaneous use of multiple receive coils can be adapted for the parallel transmission of a spatially-selective multidimensional RF pulse. As in data acquisition, a multidimensional RF pulse follows a certain k-space trajectory. Shortening this trajectory shortens the pulse duration. The use of multiple transmit coils, each with its own time-dependent waveform and spatial sensitivity, can compensate for the missing parts of the excitation k-space. This results in a maintained spatial definition of the pulse profile, while its duration is reduced. This work introduces the concept of parallel transmission with arbitrarily shaped transmit coils (termed “Transmit SENSE”). Results of numerical studies demonstrate the theoretical feasibility of the approach. The experimental proof of principle is provided on a commercial MR scanner. The lack of multiple independent transmit channels was addressed by combining the excitation patterns from two separate subexperiments with different transmit setups. Shortening multidimensional RF pulses could be an interesting means of making 3D RF pulses feasible even for fast T relaxing species or strong main field inhomogeneities. Other applications might benefit from the ability of Transmit SENSE to improve the spatial resolution of the pulse profile while maintaining the transmit duration. Magn Reson Med 49:144–150, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-11-24},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Katscher, Ulrich and Börnert, Peter and Leussler, Christoph and van den Brink, Johan S},
	month = jan,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {2D RF pulses, SENSE, parallel imaging, spatially‐selective RF pulses},
	pages = {144--150}
}

@article{gatehouse_multi-center_2012,
	title = {A multi-center inter-manufacturer study of the temporal stability of phase-contrast velocity mapping background offset errors},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/14/1/72/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-14-72},
	abstract = {Phase-contrast velocity images often contain a background or baseline offset error, which adds an unknown offset to the measured velocities. For accurate flow measurements, this offset must be shown negligible or corrected. Some correction techniques depend on replicating the clinical flow acquisition using a uniform stationary phantom, in order to measure the baseline offset at the region of interest and subtract it from the clinical study. Such techniques assume that the background offset is stable over the time of a patient scan, or even longer if the phantom scans are acquired later, or derived from pre-stored background correction images. There is no published evidence regarding temporal stability of the background offset.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-10-22},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Gatehouse, Peter D. and Rolf, Marijn P. and Markenroth Bloch, Karin and Graves, Martin J. and Kilner, Philip J. and Firmin, David N. and Hofman, Mark BM},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {72}
}

@article{perman_hybrid_1995,
	title = {Hybrid {DANTE} and phase-contrast imaging technique for measurement of three-dimensional myocardial wall motion},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	abstract = {Characterization of myocardial stress and strain is necessary for a complete understanding of myocardial function. The precise quantification of regional myocardial strain is complicated by its time-varying pattern and regional variation resulting from the anisotropy of the myocardium and by complex torsional and shortening motions of the heart during the cardiac cycle. The authors have developed a technique for point-specific tracking of myocardial motion along all three axes in a constant selected section of myocardium by combining prospective section selection with in-plane DANTE (delays alternating with nutations for tailored excitation) tissue tagging and phase-contrast detection of motion perpendicular to the image plane. With this technique, it is possible to determine point-specific myocardial strain values in vivo.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Perman, W H and Creswell, L L and Wyers, S G and Moulton, M J and Pasque, M K},
	month = feb,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7696798},
	keywords = {Animals, Dogs, Heart, Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	pages = {101--106}
}

@article{poh_non-contact_2010,
	title = {Non-contact, automated cardiac pulse measurements using video imaging and blind source separation},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-18-10-10762&id=199381},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.18.010762},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2012-09-05},
	journal = {Optics Express},
	author = {Poh, Ming-Zher and McDuff, Daniel J. and Picard, Rosalind W.},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {10762}
}

@article{hor_comparison_2010,
	title = {Comparison of magnetic resonance feature tracking for strain calculation with harmonic phase imaging analysis},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1876-7591},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/20159640},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.11.006},
	abstract = {{\textless}AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVES" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE"{\textgreater}To compare a steady-state free precession cine sequence-based technique (feature tracking [FT]) to tagged harmonic phase (HARP) analysis for peak average circumferential myocardial strain (epsilon(cc)) analysis in a large and heterogeneous population of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND"{\textgreater}Current epsilon(cc) assessment techniques require cardiac magnetic resonance-tagged imaging sequences, and their analysis is complex. The FT method can readily be performed on standard cine (steady-state free precession) sequences.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS"{\textgreater}We compared mid-left ventricular whole-slice epsilon(cc) by the 2 techniques in 191 DMD patients grouped according to age and severity of cardiac dysfunction: group B: DMD patients 10 years and younger with normal ejection fraction (EF); group C: DMD patients older than 10 years with normal EF; group D: DMD patients older than 10 years with reduced EF but negative myocardial delayed enhancement (MDE); group E: DMD patients older than 10 years with reduced EF and positive MDE; and group A: 42 control subjects. Retrospective, offline analysis was performed on matched tagged and steady-state free precession slices.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS"{\textgreater}For the entire study population (N = 233), mean FT epsilon(cc) values (-13.3 +/- 3.8\%) were highly correlated with HARP epsilon(cc) values (-13.6 +/- 3.4\%), with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.899. The mean epsilon(cc) of DMD patients determined by HARP (-12.52 +/- 2.69\%) and FT (-12.16 +/- 3.12\%) was not significantly different (p = NS). Similarly, the mean epsilon(cc) of the control subjects by determined HARP (-18.85 +/- 1.86) and FT (-18.81 +/- 1.83) was not significantly different (p = NS). Excellent correlation between the 2 methods was found among subgroups A through E, except there was no significant difference in strain between groups B and C with FT analysis.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS"{\textgreater}FT-based assessment of epsilon(cc) correlates highly with epsilon(cc) derived from tagged images in a large DMD patient population with a wide range of cardiac dysfunction and can be performed without additional imaging.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {JACC. Cardiovascular Imaging},
	author = {Hor, Kan N and Gottliebson, William M and Carson, Christopher and Wash, Erin and Cnota, James and Fleck, Robert and Wansapura, Janaka and Klimeczek, Piotr and Al-Khalidi, Hussein R and Chung, Eugene S and Benson, D Woodrow and Mazur, Wojciech},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20159640},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Algorithms, Cardiomyopathies, Child, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne, Myocardial Contraction, Predictive Value of Tests, Reproducibility of Results, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Stroke Volume, Time Factors, Ventricular Function, Left, Young Adult},
	pages = {144--151}
}

@article{thomas_tissue_2004,
	title = {Tissue {Doppler} echocardiography – {A} case of right tool, wrong use},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {2004 Thomas; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1476-7120},
	url = {http://www.cardiovascularultrasound.com/content/2/1/12/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1476-7120-2-12},
	abstract = {The developments in echocardiography or ultrasound cardiography (UCG) have improved our clinical capabilities. However, advanced hardware and software capabilities have resulted in UCG facilities of dubious clinical benefits. Is tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) is one such example?},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-04-19},
	journal = {Cardiovascular Ultrasound},
	author = {Thomas, George},
	month = aug,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15307890},
	keywords = {Doppler studies, Echocardiography, Flow Doppler, Tissue Doppler, misuse, uses},
	pages = {12}
}

@article{bezanson_julia:_2012,
	title = {Julia: {A} {Fast} {Dynamic} {Language} for {Technical} {Computing}},
	shorttitle = {Julia},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.5145},
	abstract = {Dynamic languages have become popular for scientific computing. They are generally considered highly productive, but lacking in performance. This paper presents Julia, a new dynamic language for technical computing, designed for performance from the beginning by adapting and extending modern programming language techniques. A design based on generic functions and a rich type system simultaneously enables an expressive programming model and successful type inference, leading to good performance for a wide range of programs. This makes it possible for much of the Julia library to be written in Julia itself, while also incorporating best-of-breed C and Fortran libraries.},
	urldate = {2015-04-09},
	journal = {arXiv:1209.5145 [cs]},
	author = {Bezanson, Jeff and Karpinski, Stefan and Shah, Viral B. and Edelman, Alan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	note = {arXiv: 1209.5145},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science, Computer Science - Programming Languages, D.3.2}
}

@article{myles_i._2007,
	title = {I. {Using} the {Bland}–{Altman} method to measure agreement with repeated measures},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {0007-0912, 1471-6771},
	url = {http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/3/309},
	doi = {10.1093/bja/aem214},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-07-30},
	journal = {British Journal of Anaesthesia},
	author = {Myles, P. S. and Cui, J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17702826},
	pages = {309--311}
}

@article{kellman_fully_2008,
	title = {Fully automatic, retrospective enhancement of real-time acquired cardiac cine {MR} images using image-based navigators and respiratory motion-corrected averaging},
	volume = {59},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21509/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21509},
	abstract = {Real-time imaging may be clinically important in patients with congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, or in pediatric cases. However, real-time imaging typically has compromised spatial and temporal resolution compared with gated, segmented studies. To combine the best features of both types of imaging, a new method is proposed that uses parallel imaging to improve temporal resolution of real-time acquired images at the expense of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but then produces an SNR-enhanced cine by means of respiratory motion-corrected averaging of images acquired in real-time over multiple heartbeats while free-breathing. The retrospective processing based on image-based navigators and nonrigid image registration is fully automated. The proposed method was compared with conventional cine images in 21 subjects. The resultant image quality for the proposed method (3.9 ± 0.44) was comparable to the conventional cine (4.2 ± 0.99) on a 5-point scale (P = not significant [n.s.]). The conventional method exhibited degraded image quality in cases of arrhythmias whereas the proposed method had uniformly good quality. Motion-corrected averaging of real-time acquired cardiac images provides a means of attaining high-quality cine images with many of the benefits of real-time imaging, such as free-breathing acquisition and tolerance to arrhythmias. Magn Reson Med, 2007. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-05-21},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Kellman, Peter and Chefd'hotel, Christophe and Lorenz, Christine H. and Mancini, Christine and Arai, Andrew E. and McVeigh, Elliot R.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Heart, MRI, Real-time, SENSE, motion correction, myocardial function, navigator, nonrigid, parallel MRI, regional wall motion},
	pages = {771--778}
}

@article{chandra_simulations_1996,
	title = {Simulations and demonstrations of localized tagging experiments},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {1064-1866},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance. Series B},
	author = {Chandra, S and Yang, Y},
	month = jun,
	year = {1996},
	pmid = {8661294},
	keywords = {Computer Simulation, Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Nuclear Physics, Spin Labels},
	pages = {285--288}
}

@article{bydder_generalized_2002,
	title = {Generalized {SMASH} imaging},
	volume = {47},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.10044/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10044},
	abstract = {A generalized parallel imaging method has been developed that uses coil profiles to generate missing k-space lines. The proposed method is an extension of SMASH, which uses linear combinations of coil sensitivity profiles to synthesize spatial harmonics. In the generalized SMASH approach described here, coil sensitivity profiles are represented directly in the Fourier domain to provide a general description of the spatial properties of the coils. This removes restrictions imposed by conventional SMASH, so that the choice and position of the receiver coils can be made on the basis of sensitivity to the volume of interest rather than suitability for constructing spatial harmonics. Generalized SMASH also intrinsically allows the freedom to accommodate acquisitions with uniform or nonuniform k-space sampling. The proposed method places SMASH on an equal footing with other parallel imaging techniques (SENSE and SPACE-RIP), while combining strengths from each. The method was tested on phantom and human data and provides a robust method of data recovery. Magn Reson Med 47:160–170, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-08-31},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Bydder, Mark and Larkman, David J. and Hajnal, Joseph V.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging, array coils, image reconstruction, parallel imaging},
	pages = {160--170}
}

@article{dumoulin_threedimensional_1989,
	title = {Three‐dimensional phase contrast angiography},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910090117/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910090117},
	abstract = {Bipolar flow-encoding gradients can be used in a three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging procedure to provide a noninvasive measure of in vivo blood flow. The resulting volume angiogram is a three-dimensional data matrix which can be retrospectively analyzed and displayed in a variety of ways. This angiographic technique provides good suppression of signals arising from stationary tissue, thereby permitting the visualization of small vessels having relatively slow flow. This suppression is obtained by modulating the amplitude of the flow-encoding gradient pulse to either cancel the stationary tissue signal or displace it relative to the flow signal in the volume image. © 1989 Academic Press, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-12-15},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Dumoulin, C. L and Souza, S. P and Walker, M. F and Wagle, W.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {139--149}
}

@article{cao_locally_1995,
	title = {Locally focused mri},
	volume = {34},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910340611/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910340611},
	abstract = {Conventional magnetic resonance images are reconstructed by Fourier transformation and have uniform spatial resolution across the entire field of view (FOV). This paper describes a way of creating MR images that have higher spatial resolution in some areas than in others. High resolution imaging can be confined to just those areas where it is necessary to resolve strong edges without truncation artifact. Such locally focused images can be acquired in less scan time than that required to image the entire FOV with uniformly high resolution. Images are reconstructed from a subset of the usual phase-encoded signals required to create a uniformly well-resolved image. The measured signals are usually nonuniformly scattered in k-space. Functional and interventional imaging may benefit from this technique, which makes it possible to acquire a rapid series of dynamical images that have high resolution in areas of expected change and lower resolution elsewhere. Spectroscopic images may be improved by using high resolution in the neighborhood of sharp edges (e.g., scalp lipids) that might otherwise cause truncation artifacts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-10-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Cao, Yue and Levin, David N. and Yao, Lian},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {MRI, image acquisition, image reconstruction, spatial resolution},
	pages = {858--867}
}

@article{bailes_respiratory_1985,
	title = {Respiratory ordered phase encoding ({ROPE}): a method for reducing respiratory motion artefacts in {MR} imaging},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {0363-8715},
	shorttitle = {Respiratory ordered phase encoding ({ROPE})},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4019854},
	abstract = {A method of reducing respiratory artefact when using the spin warp technique of magnetic resonance imaging is described. A respiratory signal is used to determine the order in which the rows of the data matrix are measured. The aim is to make the respiratory signal at the time of each phase encoding gradient a slowly varying function of the time integral of the gradient and hence of the row number. Data are collected during each cycle of the imaging sequence; thus the scanning time is not increased.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-01-21},
	journal = {Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography},
	author = {Bailes, D R and Gilderdale, D J and Bydder, G M and Collins, A G and Firmin, D N},
	month = aug,
	year = {1985},
	pmid = {4019854},
	keywords = {Humans, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Movement, Respiration, Time Factors},
	pages = {835--838}
}

@article{deboer_hemodynamic_1987,
	title = {Hemodynamic fluctuations and baroreflex sensitivity in humans: a beat-to-beat model},
	volume = {253},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1987 the American Physiological Society},
	shorttitle = {Hemodynamic fluctuations and baroreflex sensitivity in humans},
	url = {http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/253/3/H680},
	abstract = {A beat-to-beat model of the cardiovascular system is developed to study the spontaneous short-term variability in arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) data from humans at rest. The model consists of a set of difference equations representing the following mechanisms: 1) control of HR and peripheral resistance by the baroreflex, 2) Windkessel properties of the systemic arterial tree, 3) contractile properties of the myocardium (Starling's law and restitution), and 4) mechanical effects of respiration on BP. The model is tested by comparing power spectra and cross spectra of simulated data from the model with spectra of actual data from resting subjects. To make spectra from simulated data and from actual data tally, it must be assumed that respiratory sinus arrhythmia at rest is caused by the conversion of respiratory BP variability into HR variability by the fast, vagally mediated baroreflex. The so-called 10-s rhythm in HR and BP appears as a resonance phenomenon due to the delay in the sympathetic control loop of the baroreflex. The simulated response of the model to an imposed increase of BP is shown to correspond with the BP and HR response in patients after administration of a BP-increasing drug, such as phenylephrine. It is concluded that the model correctly describes a number of important features of the cardiovascular system. Mathematical properties of the difference-equation model are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	journal = {American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology},
	author = {deBoer, R. W. and Karemaker, J. M. and Strackee, J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1987},
	pmid = {3631301},
	note = {A beat-to-beat model of the cardiovascular system is developed to study the spontaneous short-term variability in arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) data from humans at rest. The model consists of a set of difference equations representing the following mechanisms: 1) control of HR and peripheral resistance by the baroreflex, 2) Windkessel properties of the systemic arterial tree, 3) contractile properties of the myocardium (Starling's law and restitution), and 4) mechanical effects of respiration on BP. The model is tested by comparing power spectra and cross spectra of simulated data from the model with spectra of actual data from resting subjects. To make spectra from simulated data and from actual data tally, it must be assumed that respiratory sinus arrhythmia at rest is caused by the conversion of respiratory BP variability into HR variability by the fast, vagally mediated baroreflex. The so-called 10-s rhythm in HR and BP appears as a resonance phenomenon due to the delay in the sympathetic control loop of the baroreflex. The simulated response of the model to an imposed increase of BP is shown to correspond with the BP and HR response in patients after administration of a BP-increasing drug, such as phenylephrine. It is concluded that the model correctly describes a number of important features of the cardiovascular system. Mathematical properties of the difference-equation model are discussed.},
	pages = {H680--H689},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/KJRUT4KG/H680.html:text/html}
}

@article{fernandez_adaptive_2010-1,
	title = {Adaptive black blood fast spin echo for end-systolic rest cardiac imaging},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20677228},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22566},
	abstract = {Black Blood Fast Spin Echo imaging of the heart is usually performed during mid-diastolic rest. This is a direct consequence of the long inversion time required to suppress the blood signal, which is constrained by the T(1) of the blood, and of the heart rate. To overcome these constraints, and to acquire black blood images in the end-systolic rest period, a new approach is introduced aiming at adaptively predicting the best time to prepare and acquire MR signals. It is based on a RR interval prediction algorithm and on a cardiac cycle model. The proposed method was applied to 14 healthy volunteers and is compared to a simple alternative method using a fixed delay and to the standard black blood imaging method for imaging in the mid-diastolic rest period. Results show that the proposed method offers an increased robustness in terms of trigger delay error and image quality compared to the tested simple alternative. Also, it has been shown by qualitative analysis done by an experienced observer that the right ventricle, especially the thin right ventricle free wall, is better depicted with our method than with the standard mid-diastolic rest acquisition.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2011-03-02},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Fernandez, Brice and Oster, Julien and Lohezic, Maelene and Mandry, Damien and Pietquin, Olivier and Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20677228},
	pages = {1760--1771}
}

@article{jung_navigator_2006,
	title = {Navigator gated high temporal resolution tissue phase mapping of myocardial motion},
	volume = {55},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.20808/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20808},
	abstract = {Data acquisition for phase contrast velocity mapping of myocardial motion is typically based on multiple breath-held 2D measurements with limited acquisition duration and consequently relatively poor temporal resolution. In order to overcome the limitations of breath-hold acquisitions, an improved navigator-guided technique was implemented based on 2 navigator signals within each cardiac cycle in combination with paired acceptance and rejection criteria of successive navigator signals. Respiratory gated phase contrast measurements with 3-directional velocity encoding were performed in 12 healthy volunteers in basal, midventricular, and apical locations of the left ventricle during free breathing with a temporal resolution of 13.8 ms. Results were compared to standard breath-hold measurements with a temporal resolution of 69 ms. Data from the high temporal resolution study revealed details in left ventricular motion patterns that were previously not seen in phase contrast measurements and are only known from echocardiography. The proposed navigator gated technique for high temporal resolution velocity mapping is, therefore, highly promising for the detection of local and global motion abnormalities in patients with disturbed left ventricular performance, such as diastolic dysfunction. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-06-01},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Jung, Bernd and Zaitsev, Maxim and Hennig, Jürgen and Markl, Michael},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Heart, cardiac cine imaging, cardiac function, myocardial motion, navigator echo phase contrast},
	pages = {937--942}
}

@article{francone_real-time_2005-1,
	title = {Real-time cine {MRI} of ventricular septal motion: {A} novel approach to assess ventricular coupling},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {Real-time cine {MRI} of ventricular septal motion},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.20259/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.20259},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate in real-time, the effects of respiration in ventricular septal motion and configuration in normal volunteers and cardiac patients. Real-time cine MRI studies, using the steady-state free precession (SSFP) technique, were performed in the cardiac short-axis during operator-guided deep inspiration and expiration in normal volunteers (N = 6), and in patients with constrictive pericarditis (CP; N = 6), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM; N = 4), chronic cor pulmonale (N = 5), and pericardial effusion. The respiratory effects on septal position and configuration during early ventricular filling were visually assessed. Results were compared with the short-axis breath-hold cine MRI studies, obtained at end-inspiration. In CP patients, onset of inspiration led to a leftward inversion in four of six patients and flattening of the septum in two of six patients during early ventricular filling. Septal abnormalities progressively disappeared during the following heartbeats. A similar pattern was found in one of six patients with pericardial effusion. The above pattern was absent in RCM patients. Although septal flattening during early inspiration was also found in two of six normal volunteers, flattening was minimal compared to that in CP patients. In all cor pulmonale patients, septal flattening or inversion was present, but this was not influenced by respiratory motion. Real-time cine MRI is a promising technique for determining the influence of respiration on septal motion and might be helpful in differentiating between different causes of impaired ventricular filling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:305–309. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-02-05},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Francone, Marco and Dymarkowski, Steven and Kalantzi, Maria and Bogaert, Jan},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {MRI, Respiration, cardiac function, constrict

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib