text:
ive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, septal motion},
	pages = {305--309}
}

@article{pauly_k-space_1989,
	title = {A k-space analysis of small-tip-angle excitation},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0022-2364},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022236489902655},
	doi = {10.1016/0022-2364(89)90265-5},
	abstract = {We present here a method for analyzing selective excitation in terms of spatial frequency (k) space. Using this analysis we show how to design inherently refocused selective excitation pulses in one and two dimensions. The analysis is based on a small-tip model, but holds well for 90° tip angles.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-08-09},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969)},
	author = {Pauly, John and Nishimura, Dwight and Macovski, Albert},
	month = jan,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {43--56}
}

@article{jung_investigating_2006,
	title = {Investigating myocardial motion by {MRI} using tissue phase mapping},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {10107940},
	url = {http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/Supplement_1/S150.short},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.02.066},
	urldate = {2012-07-23},
	journal = {European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery},
	author = {Jung, Bernd and Markl, Michael and Föll, Daniela and Hennig, Jürgen},
	month = apr,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {S150--S157}
}

@article{bovens_evaluation_2011,
	title = {Evaluation of infarcted murine heart function: comparison of prospectively triggered with self-gated {MRI}},
	volume = {24},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-1492},
	shorttitle = {Evaluation of infarcted murine heart function},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nbm.1593/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/nbm.1593},
	abstract = {Measurement of cardiac function is often performed in mice after, for example, a myocardial infarction. Cardiac MRI is often used because it is noninvasive and provides high temporal and spatial resolution for the left and right ventricle. In animal cardiac MRI, the quality of the required electrocardiogram signal is variable and sometimes deteriorates over time, especially with infarcted hearts or cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, we compared the self-gated IntraGateFLASH method with a prospectively triggered FLASH (fast low-angle shot) method in mice with myocardial infarcts (n = 16) and in control mice (n = 21). Mice with a myocardial infarct and control mice were imaged in a vertical 9.4-T MR system. Images of contiguous 1-mm slices were acquired from apex to base with prospective and self-gated methods. Data were processed to calculate cardiac function parameters for the left and right ventricle. The signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios were calculated in mid-ventricular slices. The signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios of the self-gated data were higher than those of the prospectively gated data. Differences between the two gating methods in the cardiac function parameters for both left and right ventricle (e.g. end-diastolic volumes) did not exceed the inter-observer variability in control or myocardial infarcted mice. Both methods gave comparable results with regard to the cardiac function parameters in both healthy control mice and mice with myocardial infarcts. Moreover, the self-gated method provided better signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios when the acquisition time was equal. In conclusion, the self-gated method is suitable for routine use in cardiac MRI in mice with myocardial infarcts as well as in control mice, and obviates the need for electrocardiogram triggering and respiratory gating. In both gating methods, more than 10 frames per cardiac cycle are recommended. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-05-21},
	journal = {NMR in Biomedicine},
	author = {Bovens, Sandra M. and te Boekhorst, Bernard C.M. and Ouden, Krista den and van de Kolk, Kees W.A. and Nauerth, Arno and Nederhoff, Marcel G.J. and Pasterkamp, Gerard and ten Hove, Michiel and van Echteld, Cees J.A.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {cardiac MRI, infarct, mouse, retrospective, self-gating},
	pages = {307--315}
}

@article{amundsen_comparison_2011,
	title = {A comparison of retrospectively self-gated magnetic resonance imaging and high-frequency echocardiography for characterization of left ventricular function in mice},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0023-6772, 1758-1117},
	url = {http://lan.sagepub.com/content/45/1/31},
	doi = {10.1258/la.2010.010094},
	abstract = {Non-invasive imaging methods like echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are very valuable in longitudinal follow-up studies of cardiac function in small animals. To be able to compare results from studies using different methods, and explain possible differences, it is important to know the agreement between these methods. As both self-gated high-field MRI and high-frequency echocardiography (hf-echo) M-mode are potential methods for evaluation of left ventricular (LV) function in healthy mice, our aim was to assess the agreement between these two methods. Fifteen healthy female C57BL/6J mice underwent both self-gated MRI and hf-echo during the same session of light isoflurane anaesthesia. LV dimensions were estimated offline, and agreement between the methods and reproducibility for the two methods assessed using Bland–Altman methods. In summary, hf-echo M-mode had better inter-observer repeatability than self-gated MRI for all measured parameters. Compared with hf-echo, systolic posterior wall thicknesses were significantly higher when measured by MRI, while diastolic anterior wall thicknesses were found to be significantly smaller. MRI measurements of diastolic LV diameter were also higher using MRI, resulting in larger fractional shortening values compared with the values obtained by hf-echo. In conclusion, hf-echo M-mode is easy to apply, has high temporal and spatial resolution, and good reproducibility. Self-gated MRI might be advantageous in cases of abnormal LV geometry and heterogeneous regional myocardial function, especially with improvements in spatial resolution. The moderate agreement between the methods must be taken into account when comparing studies using the two modalities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-05-21},
	journal = {Laboratory Animals},
	author = {Amundsen, Brage Høyem and Ericsson, Madelene and Seland, John Georg and Pavlin, Tina and Ellingsen, Øyvind and Brekken, Christian},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21047888},
	keywords = {cardiac phenotyping, left ventricle, magnetic resonance, refinement, ultrasound},
	pages = {31--37}
}

@article{petersen_myocardial_2006-1,
	title = {Myocardial tissue phase mapping with cine phase-contrast mr imaging: regional wall motion analysis in healthy volunteers},
	volume = {238},
	issn = {0033-8419},
	shorttitle = {Myocardial tissue phase mapping with cine phase-contrast mr imaging},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.2383041992},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: To establish prospectively a database of normal three-dimensional systolic and diastolic endocardial and epicardial velocity values for all myocardial segments in healthy volunteers by using cine phase-contrast velocity magnetic resonance imaging, also called tissue phase mapping (TPM).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and was conducted according to principles of the Declaration of Helsinki; each subject provided informed written consent. Ninety-six healthy volunteers (57 [59\%] men, 39 [41\%] women; mean age, 38 years +/- 12 [standard deviation]) underwent cardiac phase-contrast imaging with a black blood segmented k-space gradient-echo sequence for the analysis of three-dimensional myocardial velocity with high spatial resolution at 1.5 T on basal, midventricular, and apical short-axis views. Eighteen consecutive volunteers were imaged twice to determine interstudy reproducibility, and intra- and interobserver variability values were analyzed. Systolic and diastolic velocity curves were analyzed for peak velocity and time to peak velocity in the radial, circumferential, and longitudinal directions, as well as for torsion rate and longitudinal strain rate. Mixed-effects models with a random intercept for volunteers were used to test differences among the three ventricular sections and the transmural, endocardial, and epicardial parameters.
RESULTS: TPM enabled reproducible assessment of myocardial velocity with small intra- and interobserver variability values. Systolic peak radial velocity was lowest at the apical level (P {\textless} .001); diastolic peak radial velocity was similar at all three myocardial levels (P = .73). As viewed from the apex, a relative counterclockwise rotation during systole was followed by a relative clockwise rotation of the apex against the base. Diastolic and systolic peak longitudinal velocity values decreased from base to apex (P {\textless} .001). A gradient between endocardium and epicardium was observed for radial velocity values, with greater endocardial velocity values (P {\textless} .001).
CONCLUSION: TPM is a reproducible comprehensive modality for assessment of regional wall motion, and intra- and interobserver variability values are low.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Petersen, Steffen E. and Jung, Bernd A. and Wiesmann, Frank and Selvanayagam, Joseph B. and Francis, Jane M. and Hennig, Juergen and Neubauer, Stefan and Robson, Matthew D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16424246},
	keywords = {Adult, Diastole, Female, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Myocardial Contraction, Observer Variation, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Reproducibility of Results, Systole},
	pages = {816--826}
}

@article{bock_pulsewave_1995,
	title = {Pulsewave velocity measurement using a new real-time {MR}-method},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0730-725X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0730725X9400077G},
	doi = {10.1016/0730-725X(94)00077-G},
	abstract = {A new, one-dimensional method for the measurement of pulsewave velocities using real-time magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is presented. The measurement sequence is essentially of a RACE-type (Real Time Acquisition and Evaluation) with interleaved acquisition in two not necessarily parallel slices. In each slice the blood flow velocity perpendicular to the slice orientation was monitored. From the relative time difference of blood flow activity and the slice distance, pulsewave velocities were calculated. With a time resolution of 13 ms an overall acquisition time of 3.3 s was achieved. A method for suppression of signal contributions from stationary tissue along the axis of projection is discussed on the basis of a simplified mathematical model. Preliminary volunteer studies show that pulsewave velocities in the range of 1–10 m/s can be measured with an uncertainty of about 0.6 m/s at a conventional 1.5 T imager with a gradient system of maximal 10 mT/m.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-07-15},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Bock, Michael and Schad, Lothar R. and Müller, Edgar and Lorenz, Walter J.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pulsewave measurements, Real time acquisition in 1-dimensional projection (RACE), Stationary tissue suppression, flow quantification},
	pages = {21--29}
}

@article{cheng_nonrigid_2012,
	title = {Nonrigid motion correction in 3D using autofocusing withlocalized linear translations},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22307933},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.24189},
	abstract = {MR scans are sensitive to motion effects due to the scan duration. To properly suppress artifacts from nonrigid body motion, complex models with elements such as translation, rotation, shear, and scaling have been incorporated into the reconstruction pipeline. However, these techniques are computationally intensive and difficult to implement for online reconstruction. On a sufficiently small spatial scale, the different types of motion can be well approximated as simple linear translations. This formulation allows for a practical autofocusing algorithm that locally minimizes a given motion metric - more specifically, the proposed localized gradient-entropy metric. To reduce the vast search space for an optimal solution, possible motion paths are limited to the motion measured from multichannel navigator data. The novel navigation strategy is based on the so-called "Butterfly" navigators, which are modifications of the spin-warp sequence that provides intrinsic translational motion information with negligible overhead. With a 32-channel abdominal coil, sufficient number of motion measurements were found to approximate possible linear motion paths for every image voxel. The correction scheme was applied to free-breathing abdominal patient studies. In these scans, a reduction in artifacts from complex, nonrigid motion was observed. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	urldate = {2012-08-22},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Cheng, Joseph Y and Alley, Marcus T and Cunningham, Charles H and Vasanawala, Shreyas S and Pauly, John M and Lustig, Michael},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22307933}
}

@article{lotz_cardiovascular_2002,
	title = {Cardiovascular {Flow} {Measurement} with {Phase}-{Contrast} {MR} {Imaging}: {Basic} {Facts} and {Implementation}1},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0271-5333, 1527-1323},
	shorttitle = {Cardiovascular {Flow} {Measurement} with {Phase}-{Contrast} {MR} {Imaging}},
	url = {http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/22/3/651},
	abstract = {Phase-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a well-known but undervalued method of obtaining quantitative information on blood flow. Applications of this technique in cardiovascular MR imaging are expanding. According to the sequences available, phase-contrast measurement can be performed in a breath hold or during normal respiration. Prospective as well as retrospective gating techniques can be used. Common errors in phase-contrast imaging include mismatched encoding velocity, deviation of the imaging plane, inadequate temporal resolution, inadequate spatial resolution, accelerated flow and spatial misregistration, and phase offset errors. Flow measurements are most precise if the imaging plane is perpendicular to the vessel of interest and flow encoding is set to through-plane flow. The sequence should be repeated at least once, with a high encoding velocity used initially. If peak velocity has to be estimated, flow measurement is repeated with an adapted encoding velocity. The overall error of a phase-contrast flow measurement comprises errors during prescription as well as errors that occur during image analysis of the flow data. With phase-contrast imaging, the overall error in flow measurement can be reduced to less than 10\%, an acceptable level of error for routine clinical use.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-07-27},
	journal = {Radiographics},
	author = {Lotz, Joachim and Meier, Christian and Leppert, Andreas and Galanski, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {651--671}
}

@article{sarnari_doppler_2009,
	title = {Doppler assessment of the ratio of the systolic to diastolic duration in normal children: relation to heart rate, age and body surface area},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1097-6795},
	shorttitle = {Doppler assessment of the ratio of the systolic to diastolic duration in normal children},
	doi = {10.1016/j.echo.2009.05.004},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

It has been shown that the ratio of systolic duration to diastolic duration (S/D) is a valuable global index of ventricular dysfunction in pediatric dilated and restrictive cardiomyopathy and is also a valuable index of the ventricular function of single systemic right ventricles in children who have undergone palliation of hypoplastic left-heart syndrome. The purposes of this study were to establish normal values for the S/D ratio in children without heart disease and to investigate its variation with heart rate (HR), age, and body surface area.

METHODS

Of 752 children found to have functional murmurs by clinical means, 179 (24\% of the total database) had trace holosystolic tricuspid regurgitation. These patients ranged in age from 0.02 months to 19 years. For this study, the diastolic interval was defined as the period of right ventricular filling (ie, the period between 2 tricuspid regurgitant jets) and the systolic interval as the remainder of the cardiac cycle corresponding to the duration of holosystolic tricuspid regurgitation, including the periods of isovolumic contraction and relaxation. The relations between the systolic and diastolic periods and their ratio (S/D ratio) and HR, age, and body surface area were evaluated using univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

Patient's age ranged from 0.02 months to 19 years (mean, 70.18+/-65.12 months), body surface area from 0.11 to 2.51 m2 (mean, 0.85+/-0.55 m2), and HR from 50 to 156 beats/min (mean, 96.72+/-23.19 beats/min). The systolic period ranged from 208.5 to 467 ms (mean, 314.08+/-52.57 ms) and the diastolic period from 166.5 to 809 ms (mean, 341.34+/-129.61 ms), yielding a S/D ratio ranging from 0.397 to 1.62 (mean, 0.995+/-0.23). Systolic period duration showed a linear negative decrease with increasing HR (y=1.9228x+500.05, r=-0.85). Diastolic duration decreased in an exponential fashion as HR increased (y=130,679x(-1.3232), r=-0.88). The S/D ratio correlated positively with HR (y=-1.656+0.0265 HR-0.000954 HR2, r=76). On multivariate analysis, no significant correlations of S/D ratio with age or body surface area were found.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study provide useful reference values for the S/D ratio across a wide range of HRs in children, adolescents, and young adults.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
	author = {Sarnari, Roberto and Kamal, Reema Yousef and Friedberg, Mark K and Silverman, Norman H},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19553081},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Aging, Anthropometry, Body Surface Area, California, Child, Child, Preschool, Diastole, Echocardiography, Doppler, Female, Heart rate, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Reference Values, Systole, Young Adult},
	pages = {928--932}
}

@article{davarpanah_accelerated_2010,
	title = {Accelerated two- and three-dimensional cine {MR} imaging of the heart by using a 32-channel coil},
	volume = {254},
	issn = {1527-1315},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019138},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.2541090545},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

To compare accelerated real-time two-dimensional (2D) and segmented three-dimensional (3D) cine steady-state free precession magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques by using a 32-channel coil with a conventional 2D cine imaging approach for imaging the heart and to evaluate any difference caused by free breathing and breath holding for real-time imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this institutional review board-approved HIPAA-compliant study, 10 healthy volunteers and 22 consecutive patients who were suspected of having or were known to have heart disease underwent cardiac MR imaging by using a 32-channel coil. A conventional multisection 2D real-time cine sequence was used as the reference standard, and three additional accelerated cine sequences were implemented. Volumetric parameters, including ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume(SV), and myocardial mass, were derived. Wall motion and image quality were assessed by two radiologists. In addition, image time was registered. An additional set of images was acquired by using real-time sequences with free breathing, and quantitative measurements were compared with measurements on images obtained with breath holding. For quantitative analysis, repeated-measures analysis of variance, paired t test, and Bland-Altman analysis were used; for qualitative analysis, nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used.

RESULTS

All volumetric measurements were significantly correlated with those of the standard sequence (r {\textgreater} 0.80, P {\textless} .01). No significant difference among protocols was observed in terms of mean levels for EF or ESV (P {\textgreater} .05). However, a significant difference was indicated for EDV and SV (P {\textless} .01).The accelerated protocols had significantly shorter image times (P {\textless} .001). Wall motion scores were concordant with the standard sequence in 43-44 (93\%-96\%) segments for the accelerated protocols, with a strong interreader agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient, {\textgreater} or =0.93). No significant difference was identified between real-time protocols with free breathing and those with breath holding for measurement of volumetric parameters.

CONCLUSION

Accelerated real-time 2D and segmented 3D cine techniques are comparable to the standard clinical protocol in assessment of left ventricular global and regional parameters in substantially shorter image times.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-07-30},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Davarpanah, Amir H and Chen, Yu-Po and Kino, Aya and Farrelly, Cormac T and Keeling, Aoife N and Sheehan, John J and Ragin, Ann B and Weale, Peter J and Zuehlsdorff, Sven and Carr, James C},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20019138},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Case-Control Studies, Female, Heart Diseases, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, Statistics, Nonparametric},
	pages = {98--108}
}

@article{meyer_towards_2014,
	title = {Towards a new method for cardiac tissue velocity measurements using {MRI}, comparison with echocardiography},
	volume = {16},
	url = {http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00932140},
	abstract = {na},
	number = {Suppl 1},
	urldate = {2014-01-22},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Meyer, Christophe and Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Felblinger, Jacques and Bonnemains, Laurent},
	year = {2014},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/RNA2ECTD/Meyer et al. - 2014 - Towards a new method for cardiac tissue velocity m.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/T3DUKICE/fr.html:text/html}
}

@article{boudoulas_changes_1979,
	title = {Changes in diastolic time with various pharmacologic agents: implication for myocardial perfusion.},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	shorttitle = {Changes in diastolic time with various pharmacologic agents},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/60/1/164},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.60.1.164},
	abstract = {Diastolic time (DT) is calculated as the cycle length (RR) minus electromechanical systole (QS2). The ratio of DT (RR-QS2) to RR interval times 100, or the percent diastole (\%D), varies nonlinearly with heart rate (HR), increasing rapidly with decreasing HR. The effect of commonly used cardioactive agents on \%D was studied in five groups of normal subjects. In group 1 (n = 12), propranolol (160 mg daily) increased \%D from 55.9 +/- 1.7 to 64.7 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.001) by slowing HR. In group 2 (n = 12), dobutamine (2.5 micrograms/kg/min) increased \%D from 56.4 +/- 1.4 to 61.8 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.005) by shortening the QS2. In group 3 (n = 10), Cedilanid-D (1.6 mg i.v.) increased \%D from 55.5 +/- 1 to 63.2 +/- 0.7 (p less than 0.001), both by slowing the HR and shortening the QS2. In group 4 (n = 12), isoproterenol (2 micrograms/min) increased HR and shortened the QS2 significantly. The net result was a significant reduction of \%D from 56.1 +/- 1.4 to 53.5 +/- 1.1, (p less than 0.05). In group 5 (n = 15), a 100-mg bolus of i.v. lidocaine did not have a significant effect on \%D. This study indicates that cardiovascular drugs may have significant effects on the relative duration of diastole either by affecting HR or the duration of systole. This may have clinical implications for patients with coronary artery disease and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, since in both cases coronary flow in mostly diastolic.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Boudoulas, H. and Rittgers, S. E. and Lewis, R. P. and Leier, C. V. and Weissler, A. M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1979},
	pmid = {376175},
	pages = {164--169},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/8R9A95EK/Boudoulas et al. - 1979 - Changes in diastolic time with various pharmacolog.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/AT2F8W9F/164.html:text/html}
}

@article{hoerr_cardiac-respiratory_2013,
	title = {Cardiac-respiratory self-gated cine ultra-short echo time ({UTE}) cardiovascular magnetic resonance for assessment of functional cardiac parameters at high magnetic fields},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-15-59},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: To overcome flow and electrocardiogram-trigger artifacts in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), we have implemented a cardiac and respiratory self-gated cine ultra-short echo time (UTE) sequence. We have assessed its performance in healthy mice by comparing the results with those obtained with a self-gated cine fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequence and with echocardiography.
METHODS: 2D self-gated cine UTE (TE/TR = 314 μs/6.2 ms, resolution: 129 × 129 μm, scan time per slice: 5 min 5 sec) and self-gated cine FLASH (TE/TR = 3 ms/6.2 ms, resolution: 129 × 129 μm, scan time per slice: 4 min 49 sec) images were acquired at 9.4 T. Volume of the left and right ventricular (LV, RV) myocardium as well as the end-diastolic and -systolic volume was segmented manually in MR images and myocardial mass, stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF) and cardiac output (CO) were determined. Statistical differences were analyzed by using Student t test and Bland-Altman analyses.
RESULTS: Self-gated cine UTE provided high quality images with high contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) also for the RV myocardium (CNRblood-myocardium = 25.5 ± 7.8). Compared to cine FLASH, susceptibility, motion, and flow artifacts were considerably reduced due to the short TE of 314 μs. The aortic valve was clearly discernible over the entire cardiac cycle. Myocardial mass, SV, EF and CO determined by self-gated UTE were identical to the values measured with self-gated FLASH and showed good agreement to the results obtained by echocardiography.
CONCLUSIONS: Self-gated UTE allows for robust measurement of cardiac parameters of diagnostic interest. Image quality is superior to self-gated FLASH, rendering the method a powerful alternative for the assessment of cardiac function at high magnetic fields.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Hoerr, Verena and Nagelmann, Nina and Nauerth, Arno and Kuhlmann, Michael T. and Stypmann, Jörg and Faber, Cornelius},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23826850},
	pmcid = {PMC3707860},
	keywords = {Animals, Artifacts, Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques, Echocardiography, Doppler, Female, Heart rate, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Models, Animal, Myocardial Contraction, Predictive Value of Tests, Reproducibility of Results, Respiratory Rate, Stroke Volume, Time Factors, Ventricular Function, Left, Ventricular Function, Right, signal-to-noise ratio},
	pages = {59}
}

@article{keegan_improved_2006,
	title = {Improved turbo spin‐echo imaging of the heart with motion‐tracking},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/jmri.20655/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.20655},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-01-06},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Keegan, Jennifer and Gatehouse, Peter D and Prasad, Sanjay K and Firmin, David N},
	month = sep,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Echo-Planar Imaging, Heart, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Movement, Myocardium, STIR, Spin Labels, TSE, Time Factors, dark‐blood, morphology, motion‐tracking},
	pages = {563--570}
}

@article{steeden_rapid_2011,
	title = {Rapid {Flow} {Assessment} of {Congenital} {Heart} {Disease} with {High}-{Spatiotemporal}-{Resolution} {Gated} {Spiral} {Phase}-{Contrast} {MR} {Imaging}},
	volume = {260},
	issn = {0033-8419, 1527-1315},
	url = {http://radiology.rsna.org/content/260/1/79},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.11101844},
	abstract = {Purpose: To validate a prospectively triggered spiral phase-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) sequence accelerated with sensitivity encoding (SENSE) in a population of children and adults with congenital heart disease.
Materials and Methods: The local research ethics committee approved this study, and written consent was obtained from all patients or guardians. Stroke volumes were quantified in 40 patients (mean age ± standard deviation: 21.4 years ± 13.8, age range: 3.0–61.3 years; 22 male patients aged 3.0–38.0 years [mean age, 17.2 years ± 10.5], 18 female patients aged 4.7–61.3 years [mean age, 26.6 years ± 15.9]) with congenital heart disease in the aorta (n = 40), main pulmonary artery (n = 38), right pulmonary artery (n = 22), and left pulmonary artery (n = 24). Stroke volumes were obtained with (a) breath-hold spiral phase-contrast MR imaging with SENSE, (b) conventional breath-hold cartesian phase-contrast MR imaging, and (c) reference free-breathing phase-contrast MR imaging. Stroke volumes were compared by using repeated-measures analysis of variance, Bland-Altman analysis, and correlation coefficients.
Results: Imaging time with the breath-hold spiral phase-contrast MR sequence was significantly lower than that with the conventional breath-hold phase-contrast MR sequence ({\textasciitilde}5 seconds vs {\textasciitilde}16 seconds, respectively; P {\textless} .0001). There was excellent agreement in stroke volumes in all vessels between the reference free-breathing sequence (mean volume, 60.3 mL ± 27.3) and the two breath-hold sequences—spiral SENSE phase-contrast MR imaging (mean volume, 59.5 mL ± 27.1; P {\textless} .001) and conventional cartesian phase-contrast MR imaging (mean volume, 59.8 mL ± 27.6; P = .268). The limits of agreement were smaller with the spiral breath-hold sequence than with the conventional breath-hold sequence (−4.4 mL, 2.9 mL vs −10.3 mL, 9.3 mL, respectively); correlation was similar (r = 0.998 vs r = 0.984, respectively).
Conclusion: Flow volumes can be accurately and reliably quantified by using a spiral SENSE phase-contrast MR sequence, with high spatiotemporal resolution obtained in a short breath hold. © RSNA, 2011 Supplemental material: http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.11101844/-/DC1},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-04-16},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Steeden, Jennifer A and Atkinson, David and Hansen, Michael S and Taylor, Andrew M and Muthurangu, Vivek},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {79--87}
}

@article{adluru_temporally_2007,
	title = {Temporally constrained reconstruction of dynamic cardiac perfusion {MRI}},
	volume = {57},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21248/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21248},
	abstract = {Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI is a powerful technique to probe an area of interest in the body. Here a temporally constrained reconstruction (TCR) technique that requires less k-space data over time to obtain good-quality reconstructed images is proposed. This approach can be used to improve the spatial or temporal resolution, or increase the coverage of the object of interest. The method jointly reconstructs the space-time data iteratively with a temporal constraint in order to resolve aliasing. The method was implemented and its feasibility tested on DCE myocardial perfusion data with little or no motion. The results obtained from sparse k-space data using the TCR method were compared with results obtained with a sliding-window (SW) method and from full data using the standard inverse Fourier transform (IFT) reconstruction. Acceleration factors of 5 (R = 5) were achieved without a significant loss in image quality. Mean improvements of 28 ± 4\% in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and 14 ± 4\% in the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were observed in the images reconstructed using the TCR method on sparse data (R = 5) compared to the standard IFT reconstructions from full data for the perfusion datasets. The method has the potential to improve dynamic myocardial perfusion imaging and also to reconstruct other sparse dynamic MR acquisitions. Magn Reson Med 57:1027–1036, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-08-16},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Adluru, Ganesh and Awate, Suyash P. and Tasdizen, Tolga and Whitaker, Ross T. and DiBella, Edward V.R.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {L-curve, cardiac perfusion, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR, regularization, regularization parameter},
	pages = {1027--1036}
}

@article{axel_intensity_1987,
	title = {Intensity correction in surface-coil {MR} imaging},
	volume = {148},
	issn = {0361-803X, 1546-3141},
	url = {http://www.ajronline.org/content/148/2/418},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-08-30},
	journal = {American Journal of Roentgenology},
	author = {Axel, L. and Costantini, J. and Listerud, J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1987},
	pages = {418--420}
}

@article{brooks_deformable_2008,
	title = {Deformable ultrasound registration without reconstruction},
	volume = {11},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/18982705},
	abstract = {Ultrasound (US) imaging is often proposed as an interoperative imaging modality. This use nearly always requires that the collected data be registered to preoperative data of another modality. Existing intensity-based registration approaches all begin by reconstructing a 3D US volume from the collected 2D slices. We propose to directly register the set of 2D slices to the preoperative images. We argue this has a number of advantages, including the omission of the potentially complex reconstruction step, greater adaptability of the similarity measures, and easier parallelization. We describe a system for performing this task and present results on phantom data that show that our slice based method consistently outperforms a reconstruction based method in both speed and accuracy.},
	number = {Pt 2},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention: MICCAI ... International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention},
	author = {Brooks, Rupert and Collins, D Louis and Morandi, Xavier and Arbel, Tal},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18982705},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Subtraction Technique, Ultrasonography},
	pages = {1023--1031}
}

@article{kaul_assessment_1984,
	title = {Assessment of right ventricular function using two-dimensional echocardiography},
	volume = {107},
	issn = {0002-8703},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002870384900954},
	doi = {10.1016/0002-8703(84)90095-4},
	abstract = {With the use of two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE), we analyzed apical and subcostal four-chamber views for evaluation of right ventricular (RV) function in 30 individuals as compared to RV ejection fraction (RVEF) obtained by radionuclide angiography. In addition to previously reported parameters of changes in areas and chords, a new simple measurement of tricuspid annular excursion was correlated with RVEF. A close correlation was noted between tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and RVEF (r = 0.92). The RV end-diastolic area (RVEDA) and percentage of systolic change in area in the apical four-chamber view also showed close correlation with RVEF (r = −0.76 and 0.81); however, the entire RV endocardium could only be traced in about half of our patients. The end-diastolic transverse chord length and the percentage of systolic change in chord length in the apical view showed a poor correlation with RVEF. The correlation between RVEF and both areas and chords measured in the subcostal view was poor. It is concluded that the measurement of TAPSE offers a simple echocardiographic parameter which reflects RVEF. This measurement is not dependent on either geometric assumptions or traceable endocardial edges. When the endocardial outlines could be traced, the apical four-chamber view was superior to the subcostal view in assessment of RV function.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-08-12},
	journal = {American Heart Journal},
	author = {Kaul, Sanjiv and Tei, Chuwa and Hopkins, James M. and Shah, Pravin M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1984},
	pages = {526--531}
}

@article{rebergen_magnetic_1993-1,
	title = {Magnetic resonance measurement of velocity and flow: technique, validation, and cardiovascular applications},
	volume = {126},
	issn = {0002-8703},
	shorttitle = {Magnetic resonance measurement of velocity and flow},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8249802},
	abstract = {With a newly developed magnetic resonance (MR) technique for blood flow measurements, qualitative and quantitative information on both flow volume and flow velocity in the great vessels can be obtained. MR flow quantitation is performed with a gradient-echo MR sequence with high temporal resolution enabling measurements at frequent intervals throughout the cardiac cycle. MR flow quantitation uses the phase rather than the amplitude of the MR signal to reconstruct the images. These images, often referred to as MR velocity maps or velocity-encoded cine MR images, are two-dimensional displays of flow velocity. From these velocity maps, velocity and volume flow data can be obtained. Previous validation experiments have demonstrated the accuracy of MR velocity mapping, and this technique is now being applied successfully in several clinical fields. MR velocity mapping may be of considerable value when Doppler echocardiography results are unsatisfactory or equivocal, particularly because MR is suited for the analysis of volumetric flow and complex flow patterns. Among the vastly growing number of clinical cardiovascular applications that have been reported are the great arteries and veins, coronary vessels, valvular disease, and the abdominal and peripheral vessels. These items are reviewed, and some aspects of the technique that need improvement are discussed.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2011-09-07},
	journal = {American Heart Journal},
	author = {Rebergen, S A and van der Wall, E E and Doornbos, J and de Roos, A},
	month = dec,
	year = {1993},
	pmid = {8249802},
	keywords = {Aorta, Blood Flow Velocity, Coronary Circulation, Heart Defects, Congenital, Heart Valve Diseases, Humans, Hypertension, Pulmonary, Pulmonary Artery},
	pages = {1439--1456}
}

@article{mcveigh_phase_1986,
	title = {Phase and sensitivity of receiver coils in magnetic resonance imaging},
	volume = {13},
	url = {/pmc/articles/PMC2396267/?report=abstract},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-10-02},
	journal = {Medical physics},
	author = {McVeigh, E. R. and Bronskill, M. J. and Henkelman, R. M.},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {806}
}

@article{zaitsev_magnetic_2006,
	title = {Magnetic resonance imaging of freely moving objects: prospective real-time motion correction using an external optical motion tracking system},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1053-8119},
	shorttitle = {Magnetic resonance imaging of freely moving objects},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16600642},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.039},
	abstract = {Subject motion and associated artefacts limit the applicability of MRI and the achievable quality of the images acquired. In this paper, a fully integrated method for prospective correction of arbitrary rigid body motion employing an external motion tracking device is demonstrated for the first time. The position of the imaging volume is updated prior to every excitation of the spin system. The performance of the available tracking hardware and its connection to the MR imager is analyzed in detail. With the introduction of a novel calibration procedure the accuracy of motion correction is improved compared to previous approaches. Together with the high geometry update rate even freely moving objects can be imaged without motion related artefacts. The high performance and image quality improvement in case of subject motion are demonstrated for various imaging techniques such as gradient and spin echo, as well as echo planar imaging.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-02-07},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	author = {Zaitsev, M and Dold, C and Sakas, G and Hennig, J and Speck, O},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16600642},
	keywords = {Artifacts, Brain, Head Movements, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Movement, Phantoms, Imaging, Sensitivity and Specificity, Software},
	pages = {1038--1050}
}

@article{visvikis-siest_stanislas_2008,
	title = {The {STANISLAS} {Cohort}: a 10-year follow-up of supposed healthy families. {Gene}-environment interactions, reference values and evaluation of biomarkers in prevention of cardiovascular diseases},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1434-6621},
	shorttitle = {The {STANISLAS} {Cohort}},
	doi = {10.1515/CCLM.2008.178},
	abstract = {The description of this familial longitudinal cohort was published in this journal 10 years ago, in 1998. To date, 117 publications on the STANISLAS Cohort (SC) have appeared, corresponding to five main categories of results: familial resemblance and heritability; genetics and gene-environment interactions; mRNA and proteins as gene products; reference values and biological variations of proteins; and finally preventive medicine and prepathological epidemiological data. More than 600 data values on demographic and laboratory data have been collected on each individual taking part out of the 1006 families at the beginning and for all three recruitments. Serum and plasma are stored in liquid nitrogen for all participants for all three recruitments. DNA has been extracted from all participants and mRNA from 357 families. They are stored at -80 degrees C. Owing to the SC study, heritability and many gene-environment interactions have been described. The expression of 166 genes related to cardiovascular diseases was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells RNA. Reference values for proteins and vitamins have been established in addition to reference values for the carotid and femoral intima media thickness in adults and children. The data obtained contribute to a better understanding of the relation between the studied polymorphisms (161 polymorphic sites) and health, and predisposition to obesity, high blood pressure and metabolic syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, the SC study is internationally the only longitudinal family cohort of subjects who are presumed to be healthy, which enables the study of the chain DNA-RNA-proteins.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine: CCLM / FESCC},
	author = {Visvikis-Siest, Sophie and Siest, Gérard},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18601594},
	keywords = {Biological Markers, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cohort Studies, Environment, Family, Gene Frequency, Genotype, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Metabolic Syndrome X, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Reference Values, Risk Factors},
	pages = {733--747}
}

@article{miao_quantitative_2008,
	title = {Quantitative image quality evaluation of {MR} images using perceptual difference models},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {00942405},
	url = {http://online.medphys.org/resource/1/mphya6/v35/i6/p2541_s1},
	doi = {10.1118/1.2903207},
	urldate = {2011-11-02},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Miao, Jun and Huo, Donglai and Wilson, David L.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2541}
}

@article{bonnemains_diagnostic_2014,
	title = {Diagnostic and prognostic value of {MRI} {T}2 quantification in heart transplant patients},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1432-2277},
	doi = {10.1111/tri.12222},
	abstract = {This study was designed retrospectively to assess the value of myocardial T2 to detect or predict ongoing acute heart rejection, in heart transplant patients, with a 1.5-T MRI magnet. One hundred and ninety-six myocardial T2 quantifications were performed on sixty consecutive heart transplant patients during routine follow-up. T2 values were assessed (i) with regard to the results of concomitant biopsies and (ii) with a Cox multivariate model for the prediction of subsequent rejections, defined by a ≥ grade 2 at biopsy or highly suspected in the absence of biopsy ({\textgreater}10\% drop in ejection fraction with subsequent reversibility under treatment). T2 values were proposed as main covariate, after logit transformation and adjustment for other confounding parameters such as delay since graft surgery and delay before biopsy. T2 values were strongly linked (i) to the presence of rejection on concomitant biopsy (P {\textless} 0.0001) and (ii) to the risk of subsequent rejection on Cox multivariate model (P {\textless} 0.001). T2 values above 60 ms were associated with relative risk of rejection higher than 2.0 and rapidly increasing. In conclusion, myocardial T2 yields a high diagnostic and prognostic value for graft rejection in heart transplant patients.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Transplant International: Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation},
	author = {Bonnemains, Laurent and Villemin, Thibaut and Escanye, Jean-Marie and Hossu, Gabriela and Odille, Freddy and Vanhuyse, Fabrice and Felblinger, Jacques and Marie, Pierre-Yves},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24164356},
	pages = {69--76}
}

@article{codreanu_longitudinally_2010,
	title = {Longitudinally and circumferentially directed movements of the left ventricle studied by cardiovascular magnetic resonance phase contrast velocity mapping},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20716369},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-12-48},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE

Using high resolution cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), we aimed to detect new details of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, to explain the twisting and longitudinal movements of the left ventricle.

METHODS

Using CMR phase contrast velocity mapping (also called Tissue Phase Mapping) regional wall motion patterns and longitudinally and circumferentially directed movements of the left ventricle were studied using a high temporal resolution technique in healthy male subjects (n = 14, age 23 +/- 3 years).

RESULTS

Previously undescribed systolic and diastolic motion patterns were obtained for left ventricular segments (based on the AHA segmental) and for basal, mid and apical segments. The summation of segmental motion results in a complex pattern of ventricular twisting and longitudinal motion in the normal human heart which underlies systolic and diastolic function. As viewed from the apex, the entire LV initially rotates in a counter-clockwise direction at the beginning of ventricular systole, followed by opposing clockwise rotation of the base and counter-clockwise rotation at the apex, resulting in ventricular torsion. Simultaneously, as the entire LV moves in an apical direction during systole, the base and apex move towards each other, with little net apical displacement. The reverse of these motion patterns occur in diastole.

CONCLUSION

Left ventricular function may be a consequence of the relative orientations and moments of torque of the sub-epicardial relative to the sub-endocardial myocyte layers, with influence from tethering of the heart to adjacent structures and the directional forces associated with blood flow. Understanding the complex mechanics of the left ventricle is vital to enable these techniques to be used for the evaluation of cardiac pathology.},
	urldate = {2012-06-11},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Codreanu, Ion and Robson, Matthew D and Golding, Stephen J and Jung, Bernd A and Clarke, Kieran and Holloway, Cameron J},
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20716369},
	keywords = {Adult, Diastole, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Systole, Ventricular Function, Left},
	pages = {48}
}

@article{herraez_fast_2002-1,
	title = {Fast two-dimensional phase-unwrapping algorithm based on sorting by reliability following a noncontinuous path},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0003-6935},
	abstract = {We describe what is to our knowledge a novel technique for phase unwrapping. Several algorithms based on unwrapping the most-reliable pixels first have been proposed. These were restricted to continuous paths and were subject to difficulties in defining a starting pixel. The technique described here uses a different type of reliability function and does not follow a continuous path to perform the unwrapping operation. The technique is explained in detail and illustrated with a number of examples.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {35},
	journal = {Applied optics},
	author = {Herráez, Miguel Arevallilo and Burton, David R and Lalor, Michael J and Gdeisat, Munther A},
	month = dec,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12502301},
	pages = {7437--7444}
}

@article{mansfield_planar_1977,
	title = {Planar spin imaging by {NMR}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0022-2364},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7GXD-4CRGDR0-9V/2/cf552dbe54be0fa97c016af871ccd891},
	doi = {10.1016/0022-2364(77)90197-4},
	abstract = {A new method of spin-density imaging by NMR is described which allows simultaneous observation and differentiation of signals arising from spins distributed throughout a thin layer or plane within the specimen. The method, which is based on selective rf irradiation of the sample in switched magnetic field gradients, can produce visual pictures considerably faster than previously described line-scan imaging methods. Some simple examples of two-dimensional images obtained by the method are presented.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-03-08},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969)},
	author = {Mansfield, P. and Maudsley, A. A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1977},
	pages = {101--119}
}

@article{flessas_effects_1970,
	title = {Effects of the {Valsalva} maneuver on the cardiac systolic intervals: {Beat}-to-beat versus timed analysis},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0002-8703},
	shorttitle = {Effects of the {Valsalva} maneuver on the cardiac systolic intervals},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002870370902012},
	doi = {10.1016/0002-8703(70)90201-2},
	abstract = {Beat-to-beat and timed measurements of Valsalva-induced changes in pre-ejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and heart rate (HR) were made in 11 normal volunteers. External isovolumic contraction time and other intervals could not be measured because the apexcardiogram was distorted during straining. HR followed the classic pattern. PEP and its components tended to be stable, reflecting mutual cancellation of opposite effects of HR and stroke volume. Following strain, LVET fell and remained low until just after release and departed widely from predicted values for the corresponding heart rates, reflecting its primary dependence on stroke volume rather than HR. Beat-to-beat analysis of changes in LVET and HR showed less variability among subjects than did time-based determinations of the same points.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	journal = {American Heart Journal},
	author = {Flessas, Athanassios P. and Kumar, Sudarshan and Spodick, David H.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1970},
	pages = {522--531},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/5DPWCZM3/0002870370902012.html:text/html}
}

@article{bloch_nuclear_1946,
	title = {Nuclear induction},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0031-8914},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6X42-4CRP4NT-5H/2/35feeef8accacf86e587fd7110229b3b},
	doi = {10.1016/0031-8914(51)90068-7},
	abstract = {The investigation of nuclear moments by nuclear induction or, as it is sometimes called, magnetic resonance absorption has progressed in many laboratories and in a variety of directions since its initiation. We shall report upon two special developments in which we have recently been most interested.
The first is the establishment of suitable standards of comparison for the measurement of magnetic moments. While, until recently, the magnetic moment of the proton has been used as standard, there are now measurements carried out which give directly and with high precision the magnetic moment of the proton in units of the nuclear magneton. They are based upon the comparison of its resonance frequency with the orbital frequency of protons, circulating in the same magnetic field. The latter frequency has been measured by observing either the accelerating or the decelerating action of an applied electric field at radio frequencies. Both methods will be discussed and results will be presented.
The second development is the application of nuclear induction to a great variety of different nuclei. The proper choice in the chemical composition of the sample is here of major importance in order to obtain suitable concentration, relaxation time and line width. Particularly in cases where the nucleus possesses a large electric quadrupole moment, it is important to find a compound such that the broadening electric field gradients are greatly reduced by the symmetry of the molecule. It has been found, in this connection, that different compounds can lead to different resonance frequencies for the same nucleus, the largest differences, sofar observed, being that of certain cobalt compounds and amounting to more than one percent. A possible interpretation of these chemical effects will be presented.},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2011-03-08},
	journal = {Physica},
	author = {Bloch, F.},
	year = {1946},
	pages = {272--281}
}

@article{clique_3d_2014,
	title = {3D myocardial {T}1 mapping at 3T using variable flip angle method: {Pilot} study},
	volume = {71},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {3D myocardial {T}1 mapping at 3T using variable flip angle method},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.24688/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.24688},
	abstract = {Purpose

Myocardial T1 mapping is an emerging technique that could improve cardiovascular magnetic resonance diagnostic accuracy. In this study, a variable flip angle approach with B1 correction is proposed at 3T on the myocardium, employing standard 3D spoiled fast gradient echo and echo planar imaging sequences.

Methods

The method was tested on phantoms to determine the set of standard 3D spoiled fast gradient echo angles adapted to myocardial T1 measurements and was compared to the inversion-recovery spin-echo reference T1 method. Seven volunteers underwent magnetic imaging resonance to acquire myocardial T1 maps and T1 values of the human heart.

Results

This original method demonstrated good reproducibility in phantoms and a significant correlation between variable flip angle T1 values and reference inversion-recovery spin-echo T1 values. It yielded myocardial T1 values consistent with expected T1 and an increasing homogenization of myocardial segments owing to B1 correction. The mean myocardial T1 value was 1341 ± 42 ms.

Conclusion

Myocardial 3D T1 mapping using the variable flip angle approach can potentially be useful for evaluating fibrosis on the entire myocardium using a standard clinical sequence. Magn Reson Med 71:823–829, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-07-01},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Clique, Hélène and Cheng, Hai-Ling Margaret and Marie, Pierre-Yves and Felblinger, Jacques and Beaumont, Marine},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {3 Tesla, B1 correction, Myocardium, T1 mapping, variable flip angle},
	pages = {823--829}
}

@article{hu_mr_2009,
	title = {{MR} to ultrasound image registration for guiding prostate biopsy and interventions},
	journal = {Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention–MICCAI 2009},
	author = {Hu, Y. and Ahmed, H. and Allen, C. and Pendsé, D. and Sahu, M. and Emberton, M. and Hawkes, D. and Barratt, D.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {787--794}
}

@article{li_-line_2010,
	title = {In-line automated tracking for ventricular function with magnetic resonance imaging},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1876-7591},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/20705268},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jcmg.2010.04.013},
	abstract = {An efficient nonrigid registration algorithm was implemented on the image reconstruction computer to enable in-line automatic tracking of features in steady-state free precession cine images. Four-dimensional left ventricle function analysis was performed with and without use of the in-line automatic tracking result. The method was tested in 30 patients referred for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for a variety of clinical assessments. The time required for in-line tracking was 10 +/- 2 s per slice using an image reconstructor with dual Advanced Micro Devices single-core Opteron 248 CPUs (2.2 GHz) and 8GB random access memory. The precision of clinical estimates of left ventricular volumes was significantly improved relative to the ground truth research estimates with automatic tracking versus without (6 ml vs. 9 ml in end-diastolic volume; 5 ml vs. 10 ml in end-systolic volume; both p {\textless} 0.05). In-line automatic tracking of image features shows promise for facilitating clinical analysis of ventricular function.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {JACC. Cardiovascular Imaging},
	author = {Li, Bo and Liu, Yingmin and Occleshaw, Christopher J and Cowan, Brett R and Young, Alistair A},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20705268},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Automation, Laboratory, Child, Feasibility Studies, Female, Finite Element Analysis, Heart Diseases, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Least-Squares Analysis, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, New Zealand, Predictive Value of Tests, Ventricular Function, Left, Young Adult},
	pages = {860--866}
}

@article{xu_designing_2008,
	title = {Designing multichannel, multidimensional, arbitrary flip angle {RF} pulses using an optimal control approach},
	volume = {59},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21485/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21485},
	abstract = {The vast majority of parallel transmission RF pulse designs so far are based on small-tip-angle (STA) approximation of the Bloch equation. These methods can design only excitation pulses with small flip angles (e.g., 30°). The linear class large-tip-angle (LCLTA) method is able to design large-tip-angle parallel transmission pulses through concatenating a sequence of small-excitation pulses when certain k-space trajectories are used. However, both STA and LCLTA are linear approximations of the nonlinear Bloch equation. Therefore, distortions from the ideal magnetization profiles due to the higher order terms can appear in the final magnetization profiles. This issue is addressed in this work by formulating the multidimensional multichannel RF pulse design as an optimal control problem with multiple controls based directly on the Bloch equation. Necessary conditions for the optimal solution are derived and a first-order gradient optimization algorithm is used to iteratively solve the optimal control problem, where an existing pulse is used as an initial “guess.” A systematic design procedure is also presented. Bloch simulation and phantom experimental results using various parallel transmission pulses (excitation, inversion, and refocusing) are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the optimal control method in improving the spatial localization or homogeneity of the magnetization profiles. Magn Reson Med 59:547–560, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-10-19},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Xu, Dan and King, Kevin F. and Zhu, Yudong and McKinnon, Graeme C. and Liang, Zhi-Pei},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {multidimensional pulse, optimal control, parallel transmission, pulse design, transmit SENSE},
	pages = {547--560}
}

@article{ridgway_cardiovascular_2010,
	title = {Cardiovascular magnetic resonance physics for clinicians: part {I}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	shorttitle = {Cardiovascular magnetic resonance physics for clinicians},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/12/1/71},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-12-71},
	abstract = {There are many excellent specialised texts and articles that describe the physical principles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques. There are also many texts written with the clinician in mind that provide an understandable, more general introduction to the basic physical principles of magnetic resonance (MR) techniques and applications. There are however very few texts or articles that attempt to provide a basic MR physics introduction that is tailored for clinicians using CMR in their daily practice. This is the first of two reviews that are intended to cover the essential aspects of CMR physics in a way that is understandable and relevant to this group. It begins by explaining the basic physical principles of MR, including a description of the main components of an MR imaging system and the three types of magnetic field that they generate. The origin and method of production of the MR signal in biological systems are explained, focusing in particular on the two tissue magnetisation relaxation properties (T1 and T2) that give rise to signal differences from tissues, showing how they can be exploited to generate image contrast for tissue characterisation. The method most commonly used to localise and encode MR signal echoes to form a cross sectional image is described, introducing the concept of k-space and showing how the MR signal data stored within it relates to properties within the reconstructed image. Before describing the CMR acquisition methods in detail, the basic spin echo and gradient pulse sequences are introduced, identifying the key parameters that influence image contrast, including appearances in the presence of flowing blood, resolution and image acquisition time. The main derivatives of these two pulse sequences used for cardiac imaging are then described in more detail. Two of the key requirements for CMR are the need for data acquisition first to be to be synchronised with the subject's ECG and to be fast enough for the subject to be able to hold their breath. Methods of ECG synchronisation using both triggering and retrospective gating approaches, and accelerated data acquisition using turbo or fast spin echo and gradient echo pulse sequences are therefore outlined in some detail. It is shown how double inversion black blood preparation combined with turbo or fast spin echo pulse sequences acquisition is used to achieve high quality anatomical imaging. For functional cardiac imaging using cine gradient echo pulse sequences two derivatives of the gradient echo pulse sequence; spoiled gradient echo and balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) are compared. In each case key relevant imaging parameters and vendor-specific terms are defined and explained.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-02-25},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Ridgway, John},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {71}
}

@article{su_evaluation_2006,
	title = {Evaluation of cardiac global function using the myocardial performance index by tissue {Doppler} echocardiography in patients with uremia},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0278-4297},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess global ventricular function in patients with uremia by means of the myocardial performance index (MPI) derived from tissue Doppler echocardiography.
METHODS: According to the left ventricular mass index and pericardial effusion, 45 patients with uremia were classified into 2 groups: a uremia group and a uremia with pericardial effusion group. To calculate left ventricular MPI (LVMPI) and right ventricular MPI (RVMPI) by tissue Doppler echocardiography, the isovolumic contraction time (ICT), isovolumic relaxation time (IRT), and ejection time (ET) were measured at different sites in the mitral and tricuspid annuli.
RESULTS: The mean ICT and IRT were longer, the ET was shorter, and the LVMPI and RVMPI were higher in the 2 disease groups than in a control group, and the indices were higher in the uremia with pericardial effusion group than in the uremia group. The increase of the LVMPI was more obvious than that of the RVMPI. There was a significant difference in the mean LVMPI and RVMPI among the 3 groups (P{\textless}.01). The MPI was positively correlated with the IRT and the sum of the ICT and IRT and negatively correlated with the ET.
CONCLUSIONS: Both left and right ventricular systolic and diastolic function are impaired in patients with uremia. The MPI could be measured by tissue Doppler echocardiography, and we suggest that this index provides a novel, noninvasive method for clinical research on global myocardial performance in patients with uremia.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of ultrasound in medicine: official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine},
	author = {Su, Yanxin and Wu, Naishi and Tian, Jiawei},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {17121951},
	keywords = {Adult, Echocardiography, Doppler, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pericardial Effusion, Uremia, Ventricular Function, Left, Ventricular Function, Right},
	pages = {1563--1569}
}

@article{lingamneni_validation_1995,
	title = {Validation of cine phase-contrast {MR} imaging for motion analysis},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.1880050318/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.1880050318},
	abstract = {The accuracy of cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for motion analysis was evaluated. By using a rotating phantom and postprocessing algorithm for phase tracking, errors arising during data acquisition were identified and compensation methods were developed. A spatially varying background phase offset in the velocity images was found to be due to eddy current-induced fields. The magnitude of the offset was in the range of 0–20 cm/sec, which is of the same order of magnitude as cardiac contractile velocities. Background offset is thus an important source of error in tracking cardiac motion. Study of different tracking algorithms revealed the need for an integration scheme using motion terms higher than velocity. Also, considerable improvement in the accuracy and stability of the predicted trajectories was obtained by averaging the trajectories proceeding both forward and backward in time from the starting point. With the algorithm developed, the motion of the phantom was tracked through a complete rotation of the phantom to an accuracy of 2 pixels.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-06-06},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Lingamneni, Anila and Hardy, Peter A. and Powell, Kimerly A. and Pelc, Norbert J. and White, Richard D.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {51.12144, Cine studies, Heart, Image processing, MR, Motion studies, Phase Imaging, Phase correction, Velocity studies, function},
	pages = {331--338}
}

@article{paulev_cardiac_1968,
	title = {Cardiac output during breath-holding in man},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0036-5513},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation},
	author = {Paulev, P and Wetterqvist, H},
	year = {1968},
	pmid = {4885346},
	keywords = {Adult, Anesthesia, Local, Apnea, Arteries, Blood, Blood Pressure, Carbon Dioxide, Cardiac Output, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart rate, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Indicator Dilution Techniques, Lung, Male, Oxygen, Pressure, Respiration, Respiratory Function Tests, Transducers, Valsalva Maneuver, Veins},
	pages = {115--123}
}

@article{stenger_multishot_2002,
	title = {Multishot 3D slice‐select tailored {RF} pulses for {MRI}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.10194/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10194},
	abstract = {A multishot 3D slice-select tailored RF pulse method is presented for the excitation of slice profiles with arbitrary resolution. This method is derived from the linearity of the small tip angle approximation, allowing for the decomposition of small tip angle tailored RF pulses into separate excitations. The final image is created by complex summation of the images acquired from the individual excitations. This technique overcomes the limitation of requiring a long pulse to excite thin slices with adequate resolution. This has implications in applications including T-weighted functional MRI in brain regions corrupted by intravoxel dephasing artifacts due to susceptibility variations. Simulations, phantom experiments, and human brain images are presented. It is demonstrated that at most four shots of 40 ms pulse length are needed to excite a 5 mm-thick slice in the brain with reduced susceptibility artifacts at 3T. Magn Reson Med 48:157–165, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-10-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Stenger, V. Andrew and Boada, Fernando E and Noll, Douglas C},
	month = jul,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {3D tailored RF pulses, functional MRI, spiral imaging, susceptibility artifacts},
	pages = {157--165}
}

@article{meyer_longitudinal_2013,
	title = {Longitudinal myocardial peak velocities using high temporal resolution phase-contrast and simple averaging are comparable to tissue {Doppler} echocardiography},
	issn = {0968-5243, 1352-8661},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10334-013-0405-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-013-0405-4},
	abstract = {Object Phase contrast imaging is widely used to measure blood velocity. However tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography is the reference for myocardial velocity assessment. This study aims at validating the ability of phase contrast (PC) sequences to correctly assess myocardial velocities and to compare these velocities to TDI. The phase contrast sequence was performed with breath-hold parameters and with parameters tuned to increase temporal resolution in free breathing. Materials and methods Left and Right auriculo-ventricular annuluses longitudinal velocities were recorded on six healthy volunteers with different temporal resolutions (TDI: 5 ms, breath-hold PC: 94 ms and free-breathing PC: 19 ms). Free-breathing PC was obtained by averaging of three excitations. Amplitudes of four standard echocardiographic and clinically relevant myocardial longitudinal velocity waves were compared: Early filling and auricular, systolic and isovolumic contractions. Results Isovolumic contraction waves were only visible with free-breathing PC and TDI. The differences with the reference TDI wave velocities were lower (p = 0.02) for free-breathing PC (19.2 ± 2.6 \%) than for breath-hold PC (28.1 ± 2.9 \%). These differences for free-breathing PC were close to (p = 0.21) the coefficient of variation of the measurements provided by TDI (14.8 ± 1.2 \%). Conclusion Myocardial longitudinal peak velocities can be assessed with a PC sequence tuned to optimize temporal resolution.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2013-09-11},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Meyer, Christophe and Bonnemains, Laurent and Marçon, François and Marie, Pierre-Yves and Felblinger, Jacques and Vuissoz, Pierre-André},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Biomedical Engineering, Computer Appl. in Life Sciences, Health Informatics, Imaging / Radiology, Right ventricle, Solid State Physics, Tissue Doppler echocardiography, left ventricle, phase contrast, tissue phase mapping},
	pages = {1--8},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/5QKKX7FR/10.html:text/html}
}

@article{pruessmann_sense:_1999,
	title = {{SENSE}: sensitivity encoding for fast {MRI}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	shorttitle = {{SENSE}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10542355},
	abstract = {New theoretical and practical concepts are presented for considerably enhancing the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by means of arrays of multiple receiver coils. Sensitivity encoding (SENSE) is based on the fact that receiver sensitivity generally has an encoding effect complementary to Fourier preparation by linear field gradients. Thus, by using multiple receiver coils in parallel scan time in Fourier imaging can be considerably reduced. The problem of image reconstruction from sensitivity encoded data is formulated in a general fashion and solved for arbitrary coil configurations and k-space sampling patterns. Special attention is given to the currently most practical case, namely, sampling a common Cartesian grid with reduced density. For this case the feasibility of the proposed methods was verified both in vitro and in vivo. Scan time was reduced to one-half using a two-coil array in brain imaging. With an array of five coils double-oblique heart images were obtained in one-third of conventional scan time. Magn Reson Med 42:952-962, 1999.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-03-02},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Pruessmann, K P and Weiger, M and Scheidegger, M B and Boesiger, P},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10542355},
	keywords = {Brain, Fourier Analysis, Heart, Humans, Image Enhancement, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Theoretical, Phantoms, Imaging, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {952--962}
}

@article{lima_cardiovascular_2004,
	title = {Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: current and emerging applications},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0735-1097},
	shorttitle = {Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.033},
	abstract = {Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is gaining importance in cardiology as the newest, most complex, and rapidly emerging noninvasive test of choice for patients with a multitude of cardiovascular problems. It has long been recognized to provide an accurate and reliable means of assessing the function and anatomy of the heart and great vessels, but its emerging role as one of the dominant imaging modalities in other aspects of cardiology such as perfusion imaging, atherosclerosis imaging, and coronary artery imaging cannot be understated. As MR technology evolves, newer therapeutic applications are also being developed, including specific MR-compatible catheters for electrophysiology studies/ablation as well as interventional cardiology related procedures, which may alter the way we practice cardiology in the future. Also, MR is entering an important phase in its evolution, with an anticipated exponential growth in its current applications and through the development of newer molecular imaging applications. It is anticipated that such developments will be coupled to the utilization of molecular markers to index biologic processes to allow for their in vivo visualization. This combination of biochemical markers and imaging methodology will also usher in an era of molecular imaging during which much progress in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease is anticipated.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
	author = {Lima, João A C and Desai, Milind Y},
	month = sep,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15364314},
	keywords = {Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Myocardium, Pericardium, Pulmonary Veins, Radiographic Image Enhancement, Review Literature as Topic, Ventricular Function},
	pages = {1164--1171}
}

@article{odille_generalized_2008,
	title = {Generalized {Reconstruction} by {Inversion} of {Coupled} {Systems} ({GRICS}) applied to free-breathing {MRI}},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {07403194},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21623/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21623},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-03-02},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Odille, Freddy and Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Marie, Pierre-Yves and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {146--157}
}

@article{selton-suty_non-invasive_2009,
	title = {Non-invasive investigations of the right heart: {How} and why?},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {1875-2136},
	shorttitle = {Non-invasive investigations of the right heart},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875213609000321},
	doi = {10.1016/j.acvd.2008.12.010},
	abstract = {Summary
The importance of right ventricular (RV) function in the clinical management of patients with cardiopulmonary disorders is now well recognized. However, due to both its shape and location and to the load dependence of its ejection fraction, accurate evaluation of its function is still a challenge. Echocardiography allows morphological, hemodynamic and functional assessment of the right heart. Displacement and deformation parameters derived from new techniques are promising tools. 3D echocardiography also has a potential interest in the quantification of RV volumes and ejection fraction. Radionuclide technique allows an easy and accurate measurement of right ventricular ejection fraction. MRI remains nowadays the technique of choice for the quantification of volumes and function of the RV. All these techniques have proven their interest in various diseases affecting the right heart. RV function is an important prognostic factor in heart failure and is a major component of functional capacity in such patients. In pulmonary arterial hypertension, echocardiography is the best tool for the routine follow-up of patients. Finally, all these non-invasive techniques of investigation of the right heart enable the diagnosis of specific right ventricular damage such as myocardial infarction or arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-08-14},
	journal = {Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases},
	author = {Selton-Suty, Christine and Juillière, Yves},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {2D speckle imaging, 3D echocardiography, Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, Doppler tissulaire, Dysplasie arythmogène du ventricule droit, Echocardiography, Heart Failure, Hypertension artérielle pulmonaire, Infarctus du myocarde, Insuffisance cardiaque, Myocardial Infarction, Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Right ventricle, Tissue Doppler imaging, Ventricule droit, Échocardiographie, Échocardiographie tridimensionnelle},
	pages = {219--232}
}

@article{eryaman_design_2009,
	title = {Design of internal {MRI} coils using ultimate intrinsic {SNR}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0968-5243},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-009-0167-1},
	abstract = {OBJECT: Internal MRI coils have important applications in diagnostic and interventional studies. Since they can be placed very close to the region of interest in the body, they are favored over external coils in applications where high-resolution images are required. In this paper it is demonstrated that ultimate intrinsic SNR (UISNR) and the optimum coil sensitivity solutions can be used to make new coil designs with higher intrinsic SNR.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, UISNR, which is the maximum attainable value of the intrinsic SNR, is used as a measure of performance and as a design criterion. As an example, a novel endorectal MRI coil is designed. The design is tested with phantom and patient studies.
RESULTS: An endorectal coil is built to demonstrate the effectiveness of the design strategy. ISNR of the endorectal coil approximates the UISNR to 72\%.
CONCLUSION: An internal coil design method that takes advantage of the UISNR and optimum coil sensitivity calculations was presented. This method can also be used to design better internal MRI coils for different applications.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Magma (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Eryaman, Yiğitcan and Oner, Yusuf and Atalar, Ergin},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19326160},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Computer Simulation, Diagnostic Imaging, Electromagnetic Phenomena, Equipment Design, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Statistical, Phantoms, Imaging, Prostate, Rectum, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {221--228}
}

@article{uecker_real-time_2010,
	title = {Real-time {MRI} at a resolution of 20 ms},
	volume = {23},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-1492},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nbm.1585/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/nbm.1585},
	abstract = {The desire to visualize noninvasively physiological processes at high temporal resolution has been a driving force for the development of MRI since its inception in 1973. In this article, we describe a unique method for real-time MRI that reduces image acquisition times to only 20 ms. Although approaching the ultimate limit of MRI technology, the method yields high image quality in terms of spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and the absence of artifacts. As proposed previously, a fast low-angle shot (FLASH) gradient-echo MRI technique (which allows for rapid and continuous image acquisitions) is combined with a radial encoding scheme (which offers motion robustness and moderate tolerance to data undersampling) and, most importantly, an iterative image reconstruction by regularized nonlinear inversion (which exploits the advantages of parallel imaging with multiple receiver coils). In this article, the extension of regularization and filtering to the temporal domain exploits consistencies in successive data acquisitions and thereby enhances the degree of radial undersampling in a hitherto unexpected manner by one order of magnitude. The results obtained for turbulent flow, human speech production and human heart function demonstrate considerable potential for real-time MRI studies of dynamic processes in a wide range of scientific and clinical settings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2013-01-18},
	journal = {NMR in Biomedicine},
	author = {Uecker, Martin and Zhang, Shuo and Voit, Dirk and Karaus, Alexander and Merboldt, Klaus-Dietmar and Frahm, Jens},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {MRI, cardiovascular MRI, dynamic imaging, heart function, movie, real time, speech production, turbulent flow},
	pages = {986--994}
}

@article{ommen_clinical_2000-1,
	title = {Clinical {Utility} of {Doppler} {Echocardiography} and {Tissue} {Doppler} {Imaging} in the {Estimation} of {Left} {Ventricular} {Filling} {Pressures} {A} {Comparative} {Simultaneous} {Doppler}-{Catheterization} {Study}},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/102/15/1788},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.102.15.1788},
	abstract = {Background—Noninvasive assessment of diastolic filling by Doppler echocardiography provides important information about left ventricular (LV) status in selected subsets of patients. This study was designed to assess whether mitral annular velocities as assessed by tissue Doppler imaging are associated with invasive measures of diastolic LV performance and whether additional information is gained over traditional Doppler variables.
Methods and Results—One hundred consecutive patients referred for cardiac catheterization underwent simultaneous Doppler interrogation. Invasive measurements of LV pressures were obtained with micromanometer-tipped catheters, and the mean LV diastolic pressure (M-LVDP) was used as a surrogate for mean left atrial pressure. Doppler signals from the mitral inflow, pulmonary venous inflow, and TDI of the mitral annulus were obtained. Isolated parameters of transmitral flow correlated with M-LVDP only when ejection fraction {\textless}50\%. The ratio of mitral velocity to early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (E/E′) showed a better correlation with M-LVDP than did other Doppler variables for all levels of systolic function. E/E′ {\textless}8 accurately predicted normal M-LVDP, and E/E′ {\textgreater}15 identified increased M-LVDP. Wide variability was present in those with E/E′ of 8 to 15. A subset of those patients with E/E′ 8 to 15 could be further defined by use of other Doppler data.
Conclusions—The combination of tissue Doppler imaging of the mitral annulus and mitral inflow velocity curves provides better estimates of LV filling pressures than other methods (pulmonary vein, preload reduction). However, accurate prediction of filling pressures for an individual patient requires a stepwise approach incorporating all available data.},
	language = {en},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2014-08-14},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Ommen, S. R. and Nishimura, R. A. and Appleton, C. P. and Miller, F. A. and Oh, J. K. and Redfield, M. M. and Tajik, A. J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {11023933},
	keywords = {Diastole, Echocardiography, Pressure},
	pages = {1788--1794}
}

@article{hunold_parallel_2004,
	title = {Parallel acquisition techniques in cardiac cine magnetic resonance imaging using {TrueFISP} sequences: {Comparison} of image quality and artifacts},
	volume = {20},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {Parallel acquisition techniques in cardiac cine magnetic resonance imaging using {TrueFISP} sequences},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.20125/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.20125},
	abstract = {PurposeTo compare image quality, artifacts, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in cardiac cine TrueFISP magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without parallel acquisition techniques (PAT).Materials and MethodsMRI was performed in 16 subjects with a TrueFISP sequence (1.5 T; Magnetom Sonata, Siemens): TR, 3.0 msec; TE, 1.5 msec; flip angle (FA), 60°. Three axes were scanned without PAT (no PAT) and using the generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) and modified sensitivity encoding (mSENSE) reconstruction algorithms with an autocalibration mode to reduce scan time. A conventional spine array and a body flex array were used. Artifacts, image noise, and overall image quality were classified on a 4-point scale by an observer blinded to the implemented technique; for quantitative comparison, SNR was measured.ResultsWith a PAT factor of two, acquisition time could be reduced by 39\%. No PAT did not show artifacts, and GRAPPA revealed fewer artifacts than mSENSE. PAT provided inferior-quality scores concerning image noise and overall image quality. In quantitative measurements, GRAPPA and mSENSE (20.1 ± 6.2 and 15.6 ± 6.2, respectively) yielded lower SNR than no PAT (30.6 ± 20.1; P {\textless} 0.05) and P {\textless} 0.001).ConclusionTime savings in PAT are accompanied by artifacts and an increase in image noise. The GRAPPA algorithm was superior to mSENSE concerning image quality, noise, and SNR. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:506–511. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-04-16},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Hunold, Peter and Maderwald, Stefan and Ladd, Mark E. and Jellus, Vladimir and Barkhausen, Jörg},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {cardiovascular MRI, cine MRI, image quality, parallel acquisition techniques, reconstruction algorithms, steady-state free precession},
	pages = {506--511}
}

@article{usman_motion_2013,
	title = {Motion corrected compressed sensing for free-breathing dynamic cardiac {MRI}},
	volume = {70},
	copyright = {© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.24463/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.24463},
	abstract = {Compressed sensing (CS) has been demonstrated to accelerate MRI acquisitions by reconstructing sparse images of good quality from highly undersampled data. Motion during MR scans can cause inconsistencies in k-space data, resulting in strong motion artifacts in the reconstructed images. For CS to be useful in these applications, motion correction techniques need to be combined with the undersampled reconstruction. Recently, joint motion correction and CS approaches have been proposed to partially correct for effects of motion. However, the main limitation of these approaches is that they can only correct for affine deformations. In this work, we propose a novel motion corrected CS framework for free-breathing dynamic cardiac MRI that incorporates a general motion correction formulation directly into the CS reconstruction. This framework can correct for arbitrary affine or nonrigid motion in the CS reconstructed cardiac images, while simultaneously benefiting from highly accelerated MR acquisition. The application of this approach is demonstrated both in simulations and in vivo data for 2D respiratory self-gated free-breathing cardiac CINE MRI, using a golden angle radial acquisition. Results show that this approach allows for the reconstruction of respiratory motion corrected cardiac CINE images with similar quality to breath-held acquisitions. Magn Reson Med 70:504–516, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-07-25},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Usman, Muhammad and Atkinson, David and Odille, Freddy and Kolbitsch, Christoph and Vaillant, Ghislain and Schaeffter, Tobias and Batchelor, Philip G. and Prieto, Claudia},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Dynamic cardiac MRI, compressed sensing, motion correction, nonrigid motion, undersampling},
	pages = {504--516}
}

@article{nagueh_recommendations_2009-1,
	title = {Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1097-6795},
	doi = {10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.023},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
	author = {Nagueh, Sherif F and Appleton, Christopher P and Gillebert, Thierry C and Marino, Paolo N and Oh, Jae K and Smiseth, Otto A and Waggoner, Alan D and Flachskampf, Frank A and Pellikka, Patricia A and Evangelista, Arturo},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19187853},
	keywords = {Echocardiography, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Stroke Volume, United States, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left},
	pages = {107--133}
}

@article{buechel_normal_2009,
	title = {Normal right- and left ventricular volumes and myocardial mass in children measured by steady state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-11-19},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Quantification of ventricular volume by steady state free precession (SSFP) cardiovascular magnetic resonance is accurate and reproducible. Normal values exist for adults, but are lacking for children.We sought to establish normal values for left and right ventricular volumes, mass and function in healthy children by using SSFP.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty children (27 females, 23 males) without cardiovascular disease were evaluated. Median age was 11 years (range 7 months - 18 years), weight 35 kg (range 7-77 kg), height 146 cm (range 66-181 cm). Thirty-six examinations were performed with breath holding, 14 in freely breathing sedated children.Ventricular volumes and mass were measured in the end systolic and end diastolic phase on SSFP cine images acquired in a short axis plane as a stack of 12 contiguous slices covering full length of both ventricles. Regression analysis showed an exponential relationship between body surface area (BSA) and ventricular volumes and mass (normal value = a*BSAb). Normative curves for males and females are presented in relation to BSA for the end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume and mass of both ventricles. Intra- and interobserver variability of the measurements was within the limits of 2\% and 7\% respectively, except for right ventricular mass (10\%).
CONCLUSION: The exponential equation for calculation of normal values for each ventricular parameter and graphical display of normative curves for data acquired in healthy children by SSFP cardiovascular magnetic resonance are provided.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Buechel, Emanuela Valsangiacomo and Kaiser, Thomas and Jackson, Clare and Schmitz, Achim and Kellenberger, Christian J.},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19545393},
	pmcid = {PMC2718870},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Body Surface Area, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Observer Variation, Organ Size, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Respiration, Stroke Volume, Ventricular Function, Left, Ventricular Function, Right},
	pages = {19}
}

@article{aksoy_real-time_2011,
	title = {Real-time optical motion correction for diffusion tensor imaging},
	volume = {66},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.22787/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22787},
	abstract = {Head motion is a fundamental problem in brain MRI. The problem is further compounded in diffusion tensor imaging because of long acquisition times, and the sensitivity of the tensor computation to even small misregistration. To combat motion artifacts in diffusion tensor imaging, a novel real-time prospective motion correction method was introduced using an in-bore monovision system. The system consists of a camera mounted on the head coil and a self-encoded checkerboard marker that is attached to the patient's forehead. Our experiments showed that optical prospective motion correction is more effective at removing motion artifacts compared to image-based retrospective motion correction. Statistical analysis revealed a significant improvement in similarity between diffusion data acquired at different time points when prospective correction was used compared to retrospective correction (P {\textless} 0.001). Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-12-14},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Aksoy, Murat and Forman, Christoph and Straka, Matus and Skare, Stefan and Holdsworth, Samantha and Hornegger, Joachim and Bammer, Roland},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {DTI, Motion, diffusion, optical motion correction, prospective motion correction, real-time motion correction},
	pages = {366--378}
}

@article{foo_improved_1995-1,
	title = {Improved ejection fraction and flow velocity estimates with use of view sharing and uniform repetition time excitation with fast cardiac techniques.},
	volume = {195},
	issn = {0033-8419, 1527-1315},
	url = {http://radiology.rsna.org/content/195/2/471},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: To improve the accuracy of ventricular volume estimates and effective temporal resolution in fast cardiac acquisitions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data sets at intermediate temporal phases were generated by means of sharing of views from two temporally adjacent data sets. A simulated model was used, and studies with patients and volunteers were conducted. View sharing was implemented in both fast gradient-echo and fast phase-contrast cine acquisitions; breath holding was used when possible. RESULTS: Uniform repetition time (TR) radio-frequency (RF) excitation allowed a better assessment of the end-diastolic ventricular volume. In addition, view sharing provided a better estimate of end-systolic ventricular volume in cases in which rapid changes in volume occurred at or about the temporal boundary of the source images. View sharing also provided a much smoother representation of dynamic cardiac motion when viewed in a cine loop. CONCLUSION: View sharing and uniform TR RF excitation improve the accuracy of end-systolic and end-diastolic ventricular volume measurements by improving the effective temporal resolution.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-11-06},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Foo, T. K. and Bernstein, M. A. and Aisen, A. M. and Hernandez, R. J. and Collick, B. D. and Bernstein, T.},
	month = may,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {471--478}
}

@article{sampath_automatic_2007,
	title = {Automatic 3D tracking of cardiac material markers using slice-following and harmonic-phase {MRI}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0730-725X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T9D-4MG1NXP-3/2/2ed53474999c71baf4107c1ad7748c12},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mri.2006.09.033},
	abstract = {A method to track a grid of cardiac material points in three dimensions using slice-following (SF) tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and harmonic-phase MRI is presented. A three-dimensional grid of material points on the lines of intersections of short-axis (SA) and long-axis (LA) planes is automatically tracked by combining two-dimensional pathlines that are computed on both SA and LA image planes. This process yields the true three-dimensional motion of points originating on the image plane intersections. Experimental data from normal volunteers, each obtained in four short breath-holds using the SF harmonic phase MRI pulse sequence, is presented. A validation of two-dimensional in-plane tracks using this pulse sequence on a moving phantom is also presented.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-03-02},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Sampath, Smita and Prince, Jerry L.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Cardiac motion, Cardiac strain, HARP, Magnetic resonance tagging, Slice-following},
	pages = {197--208}
}

@article{kelman_prediction_1981,
	title = {The prediction of individual systolic time interval v heart rate regression equations.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0306-5251},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1401761/},
	abstract = {1. Twenty-eight sets of systolic time interval (STI) and heart rate (HR) data were available from studies in which small bolus doses of atropine had been given to alter heart rate. 2. Regression lines of the form LVET = A+B.HR and QS2 = C+D.HR were calculated. There was no significant relationship between PEP and HR. The values of the parameters A-D were normally distributed. 3. The maximum likelihood Estimation was used to obtain the most likely values of the parameters A-D for individual subjects. 4. The technique proved to be highly satisfactory and was subsequently validated with a further six sets of data.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-04-16},
	journal = {British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
	author = {Kelman, A W and Sumner, D J and Whiting, B},
	month = jul,
	year = {1981},
	pmid = {7248137},
	pmcid = {PMC1401761},
	pages = {21--30}
}

@article{belohlavek_real-time_2001,
	title = {Real-time strain rate echocardiographic imaging: temporal and spatial analysis of postsystolic compression in acutely ischemic myocardium},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0894-7317},
	shorttitle = {Real-time strain rate echocardiographic imaging},
	abstract = {Postsystolic compression (PSC) is a sensitive indicator of regional left ventricular ischemic diastolic dysfunction. Quantitative assessment of compression patterns by strain rate imaging could determine the presence and spatial extent of PSC for the detection and analysis of acute ischemic diastolic dysfunction. With the use of a segmental left ventricular model, we evaluated time to compression/expansion crossover (T-CEC) in standard apical views. Data at baseline and after acute left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion were collected from 18 open-chest pigs. We found significant mean prolongation of T-CEC, ranging from 43.9 +/- 48.6 ms to 110.8 +/- 73.8 ms, in all apical segments and in 2 midventricular (anterior and anteroseptal) segments. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the prolonged T-CEC is spatially consistent with perfusion defect. The temporal and spatial analysis of T-CEC with the use of strain rate imaging is a new noninvasive technique for identification and topographic quantitation of ischemic diastolic dysfunction expressed by PSC.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
	author = {Belohlavek, M and Pislaru, C and Bae, R Y and Greenleaf, J F and Seward, J B},
	month = may,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11337681},
	keywords = {Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Echocardiography, Myocardial Ischemia, Observer Variation, Swine, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left},
	pages = {360--369}
}

@article{larson_anisotropic_2008,
	title = {Anisotropic {Field}-of-{Views} in {Radial} {Imaging}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0278-0062},
	doi = {10.1109/TMI.2007.902799},
	abstract = {Radial imaging techniques, such as projection-reconstruction (PR), are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for dynamic imaging, angiography, and short- imaging. They are robust to flow and motion, have diffuse aliasing patterns, and support short readouts and echo times. One drawback is that standard implementations do not support anisotropic field-of-view (FOV) shapes, which are used to match the imaging parameters to the object or region-of-interest. A set of fast, simple algorithms for 2-D and 3-D PR, and 3-D cones acquisitions are introduced that match the sampling density in frequency space to the desired FOV shape. Tailoring the acquisitions allows for reduction of aliasing artifacts in undersampled applications or scan time reductions without introducing aliasing in fully-sampled applications. It also makes possible new radial imaging applications that were previously unsuitable, such as imaging elongated regions or thin slabs. 2-D PR longitudinal leg images and thin-slab, single breath-hold 3-D PR abdomen images, both with isotropic resolution, demonstrate these new possibilities. No scan time to volume efficiency is lost by using anisotropic FOVs. The acquisition trajectories can be computed on a scan by scan basis.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging},
	author = {Larson, P. E.Z and Gurney, P. T and Nishimura, D. G},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {2D PR, 3D Cones, 3D PR, 3D cone acquisitions, Algorithms, Anatomy, Cross-Sectional, Angiography, Anisotropic field-of-view (FOV), Anisotropy, FOV shapes, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, PR, Radial imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, abdomen images, acquisition trajectories, anisotropic field-of-view, anisotropic field-of-views, dynamic imaging, image matching, medical image processing, projection reconstruction, projection-reconstruction, projection-reconstruction (PR), scan time reductions, short imaging, three-dimensional (3-D) cones},
	pages = {47--57}
}

@article{rabi_new_1938,
	title = {A {New} {Method} of {Measuring} {Nuclear} {Magnetic} {Moment}},
	volume = {53},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.53.318},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.53.318},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-03-08},
	journal = {Physical Review},
	author = {Rabi, I. I. and Zacharias, J. R. and Millman, S. and Kusch, P.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1938},
	pages = {318}
}

@article{oster_nonlinear_2010,
	title = {Nonlinear {Bayesian} {Filtering} for {Denoising} of {Electrocardiograms} {Acquired} in a {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Environment}},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0018-9294},
	doi = {10.1109/TBME.2010.2046324},
	abstract = {ECGs are currently acquired during magnetic resonance examinations. This “hostile” environment highly distorts ECG signals, due to the high-static magnetic field, RF pulses and fast switching magnetic gradients. Specific signal processing is then required since the ECG signal is used for image synchronization with heart activity (or triggering) and for patient monitoring. A new set of two magnetic field gradient (MFG) artifact reduction methods, based on ECG and MFG artifact modelings and Bayesian filtering, is herein presented and will be called Bayesian gradient artifact reduction monitoring (BAGARRE-M) and BAGARRE-triggering. These algorithms overcome the limitations of state-of-the-art methods and enable accurate processing of very noisy ECG acquisitions during MRI. Whether for triggering or monitoring purposes, the presented methods overcome state-of-the-art techniques with both better QRS detection accuracy and signal denoising quality.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering},
	author = {Oster, J. and Pietquin, O. and Kraemer, M. and Felblinger, J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Artifacts, BAGARRE-M, BAGARRE-triggering, Bayes, Bayes Theorem, Bayes methods, Bayesian gradient artifact reduction monitoring, Databases, Factual, ECG signal, Electrocardiography, Electromagnetic Fields, Female, Humans, MFG artifact reduction, MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nonlinear Dynamics, RF pulse, Reproducibility of Results, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, denoising, electrocardiogram denoising, fast switching magnetic gradient, heart activity, high static magnetic field, image synchronization, magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance environment, medical signal processing, nonlinear Bayesian filtering, patient monitoring, signal denoising, synchronisation},
	pages = {1628--1638}
}

@article{uecker_real-time_2010-1,
	title = {Real-time {MRI} at a resolution of 20 ms},
	volume = {23},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-1492},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nbm.1585/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/nbm.1585},
	abstract = {The desire to visualize noninvasively physiological processes at high temporal resolution has been a driving force for the development of MRI since its inception in 1973. In this article, we describe a unique method for real-time MRI that reduces image acquisition times to only 20 ms. Although approaching the ultimate limit of MRI technology, the method yields high image quality in terms of spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and the absence of artifacts. As proposed previously, a fast low-angle shot (FLASH) gradient-echo MRI technique (which allows for rapid and continuous image acquisitions) is combined with a radial encoding scheme (which offers motion robustness and moderate tolerance to data undersampling) and, most importantly, an iterative image reconstruction by regularized nonlinear inversion (which exploits the advantages of parallel imaging with multiple receiver coils). In this article, the extension of regularization and filtering to the temporal domain exploits consistencies in successive data acquisitions and thereby enhances the degree of radial undersampling in a hitherto unexpected manner by one order of magnitude. The results obtained for turbulent flow, human speech production and human heart function demonstrate considerable potential for real-time MRI studies of dynamic processes in a wide range of scientific and clinical settings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-01-26},
	journal = {NMR in Biomedicine},
	author = {Uecker, Martin and Zhang, Shuo and Voit, Dirk and Karaus, Alexander and Merboldt, Klaus-Dietmar and Frahm, Jens},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {MRI, cardiovascular MRI, dynamic imaging, heart function, movie, real time, speech production, turbulent flow},
	pages = {986--994},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/SB6TDP84/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{saekho_small_2005,
	title = {Small tip angle three‐dimensional tailored radiofrequency slab‐select pulse for reduced {B}1 inhomogeneity at 3 {T}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.20358/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20358},
	abstract = {This work presents a small tip-angle 3D tailored RF slab-select pulse for reducing the B1 field inhomogeneity at 3T. The compensated slice profile was determined from a B1 inhomogeneity map. SNR improvement and degree of artifact reduction were evaluated in a NiCl2 doped phantom and human brains. The technique was found to reduce inhomogeneities as large as 30\% of the peak image magnitude in all three spatial directions in the brain using a standard head coil. Magn Reson Med 53:479–484, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-10-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Saekho, Suwit and Boada, Fernando E and Noll, Douglas C and Stenger, V. Andrew},
	month = feb,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {B1 inhomogeneity, high field MRI, small tip‐angle approximation, structural brain MRI, tailored RF pulses},
	pages = {479--484}
}

@article{kim_accelerated_2012,
	title = {Accelerated phase-contrast cine {MRI} using k-t {SPARSE}-{SENSE}},
	volume = {67},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.23088/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.23088},
	abstract = {Phase-contrast (PC) cine MRI is a promising method for assessment of pathologic hemodynamics, including cardiovascular and hepatoportal vascular dynamics, but its low data acquisition efficiency limits the achievable spatial and temporal resolutions within clinically acceptable breath-hold durations. We propose to accelerate PC cine MRI using an approach which combines compressed sensing and parallel imaging (k-t SPARSE-SENSE). We validated the proposed 6-fold accelerated PC cine MRI against 3-fold accelerated PC cine MRI with parallel imaging (generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions). With the programmable flow pump, we simulated a time varying waveform emulating hepatic blood flow. Normalized root mean square error between two sets of velocity measurements was 2.59\%. In multiple blood vessels of 12 control subjects, two sets of mean velocity measurements were in good agreement (mean difference = −0.29 cm/s; lower and upper 95\% limits of agreement = −5.26 and 4.67 cm/s, respectively). The mean phase noise, defined as the standard deviation of the phase in a homogeneous stationary region, was significantly lower for k-t SPARSE-SENSE than for generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (0.05 ± 0.01 vs. 0.19 ± 0.06 radians, respectively; P {\textless} 0.01). The proposed 6-fold accelerated PC cine MRI pulse sequence with k-t SPARSE-SENSE is a promising investigational method for rapid velocity measurement with relatively high spatial (1.7 mm × 1.7 mm) and temporal (∼35 ms) resolutions. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-07-26},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Kim, Daniel and Dyvorne, Hadrien A. and Otazo, Ricardo and Feng, Li and Sodickson, Daniel K. and Lee, Vivian S.},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Liver, MRI, PC MRI, blood flow, compressed sensing, parallel imaging, velocity},
	pages = {1054--1064}
}

@article{walker_semiautomated_1993,
	title = {Semiautomated method for noise reduction and background phase error correction in {MR} phase velocity data},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	abstract = {Background phase distortion and random noise can adversely affect the quality of magnetic resonance (MR) phase velocity measurements. A semiautomated method has been developed that substantially reduces both effects. To remove the background phase distortion, the following steps were taken: The time standard deviations of the phase velocity images over a cardiac cycle were calculated. Static regions were identified as those in which the standard deviation was low. A flat surface representing an approximation to the background distortion was fitted to the static regions and subtracted from the phase velocity images to give corrected phase images. Random noise was removed by setting to zero those regions in which the standard deviation was high. The technique is demonstrated with a sample set of data in which the in-plane velocities have been measured in an imaging section showing the left ventricular outflow tract of a human left ventricle. The results are presented in vector and contour form, superimposed on the conventional MR angiographic images.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Walker, P G and Cranney, G B and Scheidegger, M B and Waseleski, G and Pohost, G M and Yoganathan, A P},
	month = jun,
	year = {1993},
	pmid = {8324312},
	keywords = {Blood Flow Velocity, Heart, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	pages = {521--530}
}

@article{ward_prospective_2000,
	title = {Prospective multiaxial motion correction for {fMRI}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10725890},
	abstract = {Corruption of the image time series due to interimage head motion limits the clinical utility of functional MRI. This paper presents a method for real-time prospective correction of rotation and translation in all six degrees of rigid body motion. By incorporating an orbital navigator (ONAV) echo for each of the sagittal, axial, and coronal planes into the fMRI pulse sequence, rotation and translation can be measured and the spatial orientation of the image acquisition sequence that follows can be corrected prospectively in as little as 160 msec. Testing of the method using a computerized motion phantom capable of performing complex multiaxial motion showed subdegree rotational and submillimeter translational accuracy over a range of +/-8 degrees and +/-8 mm of motion. In vivo images demonstrate correction of simultaneous through-plane and in-plane motion and improved detection of fMRI activation in the presence of head motion.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-03-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Ward, H A and Riederer, S J and Grimm, R C and Ehman, R L and Felmlee, J P and Jack, C R},
	month = mar,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {10725890},
	keywords = {Artifacts, Brain, Head Movements, Humans, Image Enhancement, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Rotation, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {459--469}
}

@article{yeh_parallel_2005,
	title = {Parallel magnetic resonance imaging with adaptive radius in k‐space ({PARS}): {Constrained} image reconstruction using k‐space locality in radiofrequency coil encoded data},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {3Parallel magnetic resonance imaging with adaptive radius in k‐space ({PARS})},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.20490/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20490},
	abstract = {A parallel image reconstruction algorithm is presented that exploits the k-space locality in radiofrequency (RF) coil encoded data. In RF coil encoding, information relevant to reconstructing an omitted datum rapidly diminishes as a function of k-space separation between the omitted datum and the acquired signal data. The proposed method, parallel magnetic resonance imaging with adaptive radius in k-space (PARS), harnesses this physical property of RF coil encoding via a sliding-kernel approach. Unlike generalized parallel imaging approaches that might typically involve inverting a prohibitively large matrix for arbitrary sampling trajectories, the PARS sliding-kernel approach creates manageable and distributable independent matrices to be inverted, achieving both computational efficiency and numerical stability. An empirical method designed to measure total error power is described, and the total error power of PARS reconstructions is studied over a range of k-space radii and accelerations, revealing “minimal-error” conditions at comparatively modest k-space radii. PARS reconstructions of undersampled in vivo Cartesian and non-Cartesian data sets are shown and are compared selectively with traditional SENSE reconstructions. Various characteristics of the PARS k-space locality constraint (such as the tradeoff between signal-to-noise ratio and artifact power and the relationship with iterative parallel conjugate gradient approaches or nonparallel gridding approaches) are discussed. Magn Reson Med 53:1383–1392, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2011-11-02},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Yeh, Ernest N and McKenzie, Charles A and Ohliger, Michael A and Sodickson, Daniel K},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {RF coil arrays, image reconstruction, parallel imaging, rapid MRI, regularization},
	pages = {1383--1392}
}

@article{doran_complete_2005,
	title = {A complete distortion correction for {MR} images: {I}. {Gradient} warp correction},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0031-9155},
	shorttitle = {A complete distortion correction for {MR} images},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9155/50/7/001},
	doi = {10.1088/0031-9155/50/7/001},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2011-03-30},
	journal = {Physics in Medicine and Biology},
	author = {Doran, Simon J and Charles-Edwards, Liz and Reinsberg, Stefan A and Leach, Martin O},
	month = apr,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1343--1361}
}

@article{ng_comparison_2004,
	title = {Comparison of breath-hold 2D phase-contrast with non breath-hold cine phase-contrast {MRA} in the assessment of azygos venous blood flow in portal hypertension},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0968-5243, 1352-8661},
	url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10334-003-0026-4?LI=true#page-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-00

repository: cmey/resume

repo_name: cmey/resume