text:
and Ferreira, Joice and Berenguer, Erika and Lees, Alexander C and Nally, Ralph Mac and Thomson, James R and Ferraz, Silvio Frosini de Barros and Louzada, Julio and Oliveira, Victor Hugo Fonseca and Parry, Luke and {Ribeiro de Castro Solar}, Ricardo and Vieira, Ima C G and Arag{\~{a}}o, Luiz E O C and Begotti, Rodrigo Anzolin and Braga, Rodrigo F and Cardoso, Thiago Moreira and Jr, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira and {Souza Jr}, Carlos M. and Moura, N{\'{a}}rgila G. and Nunes, S{\^{a}}mia Serra and Siqueira, Jo{\~{a}}o Victor and Pardini, Renata and Silveira, Juliana M. and Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. and Veiga, Ruan Carlo Stulpen and Venturieri, Adriano and Gardner, Toby A.},
doi = {10.1038/nature18326},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Barlow et al. - 2016 - Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {jun},
pages = {1--16},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18326 http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature18326},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Upham2019,
author = {Upham, Nathan and Esselstyn, Jacob A and Jetz, Walter},
doi = {10.1101/504803},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Upham, Esselstyn, Jetz - 2019 - Ecological causes of uneven diversification and richness in the mammal tree of life.pdf:pdf},
journal = {bioRxiv},
keywords = {mammal,phylogeny},
mendeley-tags = {mammal,phylogeny},
pages = {21},
title = {{Ecological causes of uneven diversification and richness in the mammal tree of life}},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/01/04/504803},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Rittenhouse2010,
abstract = {Background $\backslash$nQuantifying changes in forest bird diversity is an essential task for developing effective conservation actions. When subtle changes in diversity accumulate over time, annual comparisons may offer an incomplete perspective of changes in diversity. In this case, progressive change, the comparison of changes in diversity from a baseline condition, may offer greater insight because changes in diversity are assessed over longer periods of times. Our objectives were to determine how forest bird diversity has changed over time and whether those changes were associated with forest disturbance. $\backslash$n $\backslash$nMethodology/Principal Findings $\backslash$nWe used North American Breeding Bird Survey data, a time series of Landsat images classified with respect to land cover change, and mixed-effects models to associate changes in forest bird community structure with forest disturbance, latitude, and longitude in the conterminous United States for the years 1985 to 2006. We document a significant divergence from the baseline structure for all birds of similar migratory habit and nest location, and all forest birds as a group from 1985 to 2006. Unexpectedly, decreases in progressive similarity resulted from small changes in richness ({\textless}1 species per route for the 22-year study period) and modest losses in abundance (−28.7–−10.2 individuals per route) that varied by migratory habit and nest location. Forest disturbance increased progressive similarity for Neotropical migrants, permanent residents, ground nesting, and cavity nesting species. We also documented highest progressive similarity in the eastern United States. $\backslash$n $\backslash$nConclusions/Significance $\backslash$nContemporary forest bird community structure is changing rapidly over a relatively short period of time (e.g., ∼22 years). Forest disturbance and forest regeneration are primary factors associated with contemporary forest bird community structure, longitude and latitude are secondary factors, and forest loss is a tertiary factor. Importantly, these findings suggest some regions of the United States may already fall below the habitat amount threshold where fragmentation effects become important predictors of forest bird community structure.},
author = {Rittenhouse, Chadwick D. and Pidgeon, Anna M. and Albright, Thomas P. and Culbert, Patrick D. and Clayton, Murray K. and Flather, Curtis H. and Huang, Chengquan and Masek, Jeffrey G. and Stewart, Susan I. and Radeloff, Volker C.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0011938},
editor = {Hector, Andy},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Rittenhouse et al. - 2010 - Conservation of Forest Birds Evidence of a Shifting Baseline in Community Structure.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1932-6203},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
keywords = {BBS,Forest disturbance,Timeseries},
mendeley-tags = {BBS,Forest disturbance,Timeseries},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {e11938},
pmid = {20689854},
title = {{Conservation of Forest Birds: Evidence of a Shifting Baseline in Community Structure}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011938},
volume = {5},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Havlik2011,
abstract = {Recently, an active debate has emerged around greenhouse gas emissions due to indirect land use change (iLUC) of expanding agricultural areas dedicated to biofuel production. In this paper we provide a detailed analysis of the iLUC effect, and further address the issues of deforestation, irrigation water use, and crop price increases due to expanding biofuel acreage. We use GLOBIOM - an economic partial equilibrium model of the global forest, agriculture, and biomass sectors with a bottom-up representation of agricultural and forestry management practices. The results indicate that second generation biofuel production fed by wood from sustainably managed existing forests would lead to a negative iLUC factor, meaning that overall emissions are 27{\%} lower compared to the "No biofuel" scenario by 2030. The iLUC factor of first generation biofuels global expansion is generally positive, requiring some 25 years to be paid back by the GHG savings from the substitution of biofuels for conventional fuels. Second generation biofuels perform better also with respect to the other investigated criteria; on the condition that they are not sourced from dedicated plantations directly competing for agricultural land. If so, then efficient first generation systems are preferable. Since no clear technology champion for all situations exists, we would recommend targeting policy instruments directly at the positive and negative effects of biofuel production rather than at the production itself. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Havl{\'{i}}k, Petr and Schneider, Uwe a. and Schmid, Erwin and B{\"{o}}ttcher, Hannes and Fritz, Steffen and Skalsk{\'{y}}, Rastislav and Aoki, Kentaro and Cara, St{\'{e}}phane De and Kindermann, Georg and Kraxner, Florian and Leduc, Sylvain and McCallum, Ian and Mosnier, Aline and Sauer, Timm and Obersteiner, Michael},
doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.030},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Havl{\'{i}}k et al. - 2011 - Global land-use implications of first and second generation biofuel targets.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0301-4215},
issn = {03014215},
journal = {Energy Policy},
keywords = {Biofuels,Land use change,Modelling},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {5690--5702},
title = {{Global land-use implications of first and second generation biofuel targets}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030142151000193X},
volume = {39},
year = {2011}
}
@techreport{WWF2018,
address = {Gland, Switzerland},
author = {WWF},
institution = {WWF},
keywords = {Living planet,WWF,biodiversity},
mendeley-tags = {Living planet,WWF,biodiversity},
title = {{Living Planet Report - 2018: Aiming Higher}},
url = {http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/15549/1/{\%}255bEMBARGO 30 OCT{\%}255d LPR2018{\_}Full Report{\_}12.10.2018.pdf},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Ebeling2008,
abstract = {Pollinators play a key role in the reproduction of most plant species, and pollinator and plant diversity are often related. We studied an experimental gradient of plant species richness for a better understanding of plant–pollinator community interactions and their temporal variability, because in non-experimental field surveys plant richness is often confounded with gradients in management, soil fertility, and community composition. We observed pollinator species richness and frequency of visits six times in 73 plots over two years, and used advanced statistical analysis to account for the high number of zeroes that often occur in count data of rare species. The frequency of pollinator visits increased linearly with both the blossom cover and the number of flowering plant species, which was closely related to the total number of plant species, whereas the number of pollinator species followed a saturation curve. The presence of particularly attractive plant species was only important for the frequency of flower visits, but not to the richness of pollinators. Plant species richness, blossom cover, and the presence of attractive plant species enhanced the temporal stability in the frequency of pollinator visits. In conclusion, grasslands with high plant diversity enhance and stabilize frequent and diverse flower visitations, which should sustain effective pollination and plant reproduction.},
author = {Ebeling, Anne and Klein, Alexandra-Maria and Schumacher, Jens and Weisser, Wolfgang W. and Tscharntke, Teja},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16819.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2008/Ebeling et al.{\_}2008{\_}How does plant richness affect pollinator richness and temporal stability of flower visits.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
keywords = {Biodiversity experiment,Bumble bees,Grassland,Honey bees,Paper,Solitary bees,Temporal stability,diversity},
mendeley-tags = {Grassland,Paper},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {1808--1815},
title = {{How does plant richness affect pollinator richness and temporal stability of flower visits?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16819.x},
volume = {117},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Hirabayashi2013,
abstract = {A warmer climate would increase the risk of floods. So far, only a few studies have projected changes in floods on a global scale. None of these studies relied on multiple climate models. A few global studies have started to estimate the exposure to flooding (population in potential inundation areas) as a proxy of risk, but none of them has estimated it in a warmer future climate. Here we present global flood risk for the end of this century based on the outputs of 11 climate models. A state-of-the-art global river routing model with an inundation scheme was employed to compute river discharge and inundation area. An ensemble of projections under a new high-concentration scenario demonstrates a large increase in flood frequency in Southeast Asia, Peninsular India, eastern Africa and the northern half of the Andes, with small uncertainty in the direction of change. In certain areas of the world, however, flood frequency is projected to decrease. Another larger ensemble of projections under four new concentration scenarios reveals that the global exposure to floods would increase depending on the degree of warming, but interannual variability of the exposure may imply the necessity of adaptation before significant warming.},
author = {Hirabayashi, Yukiko and Mahendran, Roobavannan and Koirala, Sujan and Konoshima, Lisako and Yamazaki, Dai and Watanabe, Satoshi and Kim, Hyungjun and Kanae, Shinjiro},
doi = {10.1038/nclimate1911},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hirabayashi et al. - 2013 - Global flood risk under climate change.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {doi:10.1038/nclimate1911},
issn = {1758-678X},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
keywords = {10,1038,9 june 2013,climate change,dai yamazaki 2,doi,global flood risk under,lisako konoshima 1,nclimate1911,published online,roobavannan mahendran 1,sujan koirala 1,ters,yukiko hirabayashi 1},
month = {jun},
number = {9},
pages = {816--821},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Global flood risk under climate change}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1911 http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nclimate1911},
volume = {3},
year = {2013}
}
@article{VRANCKX2012,
author = {Vranckx, Guy and Jacquemyn, Hans and Muys, Bart and Honnay, Oliver},
doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01778.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Vranckx et al. - 2012 - Meta-Analysis of Susceptibility of Woody Plants to Loss of Genetic Diversity through Habitat Fragmentation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {08888892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
keywords = {effect size,extinction debt,pollen limitation,pollination vector,woody species},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {228--237},
title = {{Meta-Analysis of Susceptibility of Woody Plants to Loss of Genetic Diversity through Habitat Fragmentation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01778.x},
volume = {26},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Mayer2016,
author = {Mayer, Audrey L. and Buma, Brian and Davis, Am{\'{e}}lie and Gagn{\'{e}}, Sara A. and Loudermilk, E. Louise and Scheller, Robert M. and Schmiegelow, Fiona K.A. and Wiersma, Yolanda F. and Franklin, Janet},
doi = {10.1093/biosci/biw035},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mayer et al. - 2016 - How Landscape Ecology Informs Global Land-Change Science and Policy.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mayer et al. - 2016 - How Landscape Ecology Informs Global Land-Change Science and Policy(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {0006-3568},
journal = {BioScience},
keywords = {andscape ecologists employ an,caused drivers of landscape,change operating simultane-,climate change,interdisciplinary,land use,landscape ecology,natural and human-,perspective to understand multiple,policy,urbanization},
month = {apr},
number = {X},
pages = {biw035},
title = {{How Landscape Ecology Informs Global Land-Change Science and Policy}},
url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/biosci/biw035},
volume = {XX},
year = {2016}
}
@techreport{Pesaresi2016,
author = {Pesaresi, Martino and Ehrlich, Daniele and Ferri, Stefano and Florczyk, Aneta J. and Freire, Sergio and Halkia, Matina and Julea, Andreea and Kemper, Thomas and Soille, Pierre and Syrris, Vasileios},
doi = {10.2788/253582},
institution = {European Union},
keywords = {GHS,JRC,Population},
mendeley-tags = {GHS,JRC,Population},
title = {{Operating procedure for the production of the Global Human Settlement Layer from Landsat data of the epochs 1975, 1990, 2000, and 2014}},
url = {http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC97705},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Kleinschroth2016,
abstract = {1.Logging roads can trigger tropical forest degradation by reducing the integrity of the ecosystem and providing access for encroachment. Therefore, road management is crucial in reconciling selective logging and biodiversity conservation. Most logging roads are abandoned after timber harvesting; however, little is known about their long-term impacts on forest vegetation and accessibility, especially in Central Africa. 2.In 11 logging concessions in the Congo Basin we field-sampled a chronosequence of roads that, judging from satellite images, had been abandoned between 1985 and 2015. We assessed recovery of timber resources, tree diversity and above-ground biomass in three zones: the road track, the road edge (where forest had been cleared during road construction) and the adjacent logged forest. 3.The density of commercial timber species {\textless} 15 cm d.b.h. was almost three times higher in the road track (321 individuals ha−1) and edge (267) than in the logged adjacent forest (97). Over time, tree species diversity converged to a comparable level between roads and adjacent forests, along with an increase in canopy closure. 4.The average width of forest clearing for road construction was 20 m, covering a total 0.76{\%} of the forest area inside concessions. After 15 years following abandonment, road tracks had recovered 24 Mg ha−1 of above-ground woody biomass, which was 6{\%} of that in the adjacent forest, while road edges had accumulated 167 Mg ha−1 (42{\%}). Ten years after abandonment, roads were no longer penetrable by poachers on motorcycles. An exotic herb species was fully replaced by dominant Marantaceae that have even higher abundance in the adjacent forest. 5.Synthesis and applications. Our evidence of vegetation recovery suggests that logging roads are mostly transient elements in forest landscapes. However, given the slow recovery of biomass on abandoned road tracks, we advocate both reducing the width of forest clearing for road construction and reopening old logging roads for future harvests, rather than building new roads in intact forests. Road edges seem suitable for post-logging silviculture which needs to be assisted by removing dominant herbs during the early years after abandonment while the road track is still accessible. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
author = {Kleinschroth, Fritz and Healey, John R. and Sist, Plinio and Mortier, Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric and Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.12661},
editor = {Baeten, Lander},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kleinschroth et al. - 2016 - How persistent are the impacts of logging roads on Central African forest vegetation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2664},
issn = {00218901},
journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
keywords = {Congo Basin,biomass,invasive herbs,rain forest resilience,regeneration,road ecology,selective logging,soil compaction,sustainable forest management,tree diversity},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {1127--1137},
title = {{How persistent are the impacts of logging roads on Central African forest vegetation?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2664.12661},
volume = {53},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Mildrexler2007,
author = {Mildrexler, David J. and Zhao, Maosheng and Heinsch, Faith Ann and Running, Steven W.},
doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2007)017[0235:ANSMFC]2.0.CO;2},
issn = {1051-0761},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
keywords = {aqua land,disturbance recovery,ecosystem variability,landscape disturbance,modis,surface temperature,wildfire},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {235--250},
title = {{A NEW SATELLITE-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR CONTINENTAL-SCALE DISTURBANCE DETECTION}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/1051-0761(2007)017[0235:ANSMFC]2.0.CO;2},
volume = {17},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Gibbs1998,
abstract = {Fragmentation of natural habitats is increasing dramatically, yet its effects on the distribution of genetic variation in wild populations remain largely unknown. In this study, two woodland populations of the redback salamander Plethodon cinereus in Connecticut, USA, were contrasted using molecular and morphological markers. One population was from a landscape fragmented for 300 yr by human activities and another from a nearby, undisturbed landscape. Genetic differentiation, based on molecular markers, was marginally greater in the fragmented population than in the contiguous population, and, within the fragmented population, was greater among subpopulations lacking historical forest connections. Genetic divergence between subpopulations was also weakly related to geographic distance in the population occupying continuous forest, but not in the population occupying fragmented forest. Fragmentation enhanced morphotype diversity within populations of P. cinereus, whereas levels of molecular genetic diversity within subpopulations were apparently unaffected.},
author = {Gibbs, James P.},
doi = {10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00173-0},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gibbs - 1998 - Genetic structure of redback salamander Plethodon cinereus populations in continuous and fragmented forests.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Genetic diversity,Habitat fragmentation,Plethodon cinereus,Population subdivision,Salamander},
month = {oct},
number = {1},
pages = {77--81},
title = {{Genetic structure of redback salamander Plethodon cinereus populations in continuous and fragmented forests}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320797001730},
volume = {86},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Albright2011,
abstract = {Heat waves are expected to become more frequent and severe as climate changes, with unknown consequences for biodiversity. We sought to identify ecologically-relevant broad-scale indicators of heat waves based on MODIS land surface temperature (LST) and interpolated air temperature data and assess their associations with avian community structure. Specifically, we asked which data source, time periods, and heat wave indices best predicted changes in avian abundance and species richness. Using mixed effects models, we analyzed associations between these indices and data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey in the central United States between 2000 and 2007 in four ecoregions and five migratory and nesting species groups. We then quantified avian responses to scenarios of severe, but commonly-occurring early, late, and summer-long heat waves. Indices based on MODIS LST data, rather than interpolated air temperatures, were more predictive of avian community structure. Avian communities were more related to 8-day LST exceedances (positive anomalies only); and were generally more sensitive to summer-long heat waves. Across the region, abundance, and to a lesser extent, species richness, declined following heat waves. Among the ecoregions, relationships were most consistently negative in the southern and montane ecoregions, but were positive in a more humid northern ecoregion. Among migratory groups, permanent resident species were the most sensitive, declining in abundance following a summer-long heat wave by 19{\%} and 13{\%} in the montane and southern ecoregions, respectively. Ground-nesting species, which declined in the south by 12{\%} following a late summer heat wave, were more sensitive than avifauna overall. These results demonstrate the value of MODIS LST data for measuring ecologically-relevant heat waves across large regions. Ecologically, these findings highlight the importance of extreme events for avian biodiversity and the considerable variation in response to environmental change associated with different functional groups and geographic regions. The magnitude of the relationships between avian abundance and heat waves reported here raises concerns about the impacts of more frequent and severe heat waves in a warming climate. ?? 2010 Elsevier Inc.},
author = {Albright, Thomas P. and Pidgeon, Anna M. and Rittenhouse, Chadwick D. and Clayton, Murray K. and Flather, Curtis H. and Culbert, Patrick D. and Radeloff, Volker C.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2010.08.024},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Albright et al. - 2011 - Heat waves measured with MODIS land surface temperature data predict changes in avian community structure.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Abundance,BBS,Biodiversity,Birds,Climate change,Heat waves,Land surface temperature,MODIS,Mixed effects models,North American Breeding Bird Survey,PRISM,Species richness,United States},
mendeley-tags = {BBS,MODIS},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {245--254},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Heat waves measured with MODIS land surface temperature data predict changes in avian community structure}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.08.024 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425710002671},
volume = {115},
year = {2011}
}
@article{KleinGoldewijk2016,
abstract = {This paper presents an update and expansion of the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE, v 3.2.000). HYDE is and internally consistent combination of updated historical population estimates and enhanced allocation algorithms with weighting maps for land use which are time-dependent. Categories include cropland, with a new distinction into irrigated and rain fed crops (other than rice) and irrigated and rain fed rice. Also grazing lands are provided, divided into more intensively used pasture and less intensively used rangeland. Population is represented by maps of total, urban, rural population and population density as well as built-up area. The period covered is 10{\&}thinsp;000{\&}thinsp;BCE to 2015{\&}thinsp;CE. We estimate that global population increased from 4.4 million people in 10{\&}thinsp;000 BCE to 7310{\&}thinsp;million in 2015{\&}thinsp;CE, resulting in a global population density increase of {\&}minus;2 to almost 56{\&}thinsp;cap{\&}thinsp;km{\&}minus;2 respectively. The urban built-up area evolved from almost zero to roughly 450{\&}thinsp;Mha at present, still only less than 0.5{\&}thinsp;{\%} of the total land surface of the globe. Cropland occupied approximately less than 1{\&}thinsp;{\%} of the global land area for a long time period until 1000{\&}thinsp;CE, quite similar like the grazing land area. In the next centuries the share of global cropland slowly grew to 2.3{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 1700{\&}thinsp;CE (ca. 294{\&}thinsp;Mha), 4.5{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 1850{\&}thinsp;CE (580{\&}thinsp;Mha) and 11{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 2015{\&}thinsp;CE (ca. 1564{\&}thinsp;Mha). Cropland can be further divided into rain-fed and irrigated land, and these categories can be further divided into rice and non-rice. Rainfed croplands are much more common with 2.2{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 1700{\&}thinsp;CE (294{\&}thinsp;Mha), 4.2{\&}thinsp;{\%} (552{\&}thinsp;Mha) in 1850{\&}thinsp;CE and 10{\&}thinsp;{\%} (1298{\&}thinsp;Mha) in 2015 CE, while irrigated croplands used less than 0.05{\&}thinsp;{\%} (5{\&}thinsp;Mha), 0.2{\&}thinsp;{\%} (28{\&}thinsp;Mha) and 2.0{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 2015{\&}thinsp;CE (266{\&}thinsp;Mha) resp. We estimate the irrigated rice area (paddy) at 0.02{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 1700{\&}thinsp;CE (2.7{\&}thinsp;Mha), 0.1{\&}thinsp;{\%} (127{\&}thinsp;Mha) in 1850{\&}thinsp;CE and 0.6{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 2015{\&}thinsp;CE (73{\&}thinsp;Mha). The share of grazing land grew from 5.1{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 1700{\&}thinsp;CE (668{\&}thinsp;Mha) to 9.2{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 1850{\&}thinsp;CE (1200{\&}thinsp;Mha) and 25.2{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 2015{\&}thinsp;CE (3284{\&}thinsp;Mha). Land used for grazing can be divided into more intensively used pasture and less (or not) managed rangeland. Pasture occupied 1.1{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 1700{\&}thinsp;CE (149{\&}thinsp;Mha), 2.0{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 1850{\&}thinsp;CE (257{\&}thinsp;Mha) and 6.1{\&}thinsp;{\%} (800{\&}thinsp;Mha) in 2015{\&}thinsp;CE, while rangelands usually occupy more space due to the occurrence in more arid regions and thus lower yields to sustain livestock. We estimate 4{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 1700{\&}thinsp;CE (519{\&}thinsp;Mha), 7.2{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 1850{\&}thinsp;CE (943{\&}thinsp;Mha) and 19{\&}thinsp;{\%} in 2015{\&}thinsp;CE (2483{\&}thinsp;Mha). All data can be downloaded from doi:10.17026/dans-znk-cfy3.},
author = {{Klein Goldewijk}, Kees and Beusen, Arthur and Doelman, Jonathan and Stehfest, Elke},
doi = {10.5194/essd-2016-58},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Klein Goldewijk et al. - 2016 - New anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene HYDE 3.2.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1866-3591},
journal = {Earth System Science Data Discussions},
month = {dec},
number = {December},
pages = {1--40},
title = {{New anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene; HYDE 3.2}},
url = {http://www.earth-syst-sci-data-discuss.net/essd-2016-58/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Dullinger2013,
abstract = {Rapid economic development in the past century has translated into severe pressures on species survival as a result of increasing land-use change, environmental pollution, and the spread of invasive alien species. However, though the impact of these pressures on biodiversity is substantial, it could be seriously underestimated if population declines of plants and animals lag behind contemporary environmental degradation. Here, we test for such a delay in impact by relating numbers of threatened species appearing on national red lists to historical and contemporary levels of socioeconomic pressures. Across 22 European countries, the proportions of vascular plants, bryophytes, mammals, reptiles, dragonflies, and grasshoppers facing medium-to-high extinction risks are more closely matched to indicators of socioeconomic pressures (i.e., human population density, per capita gross domestic product, and a measure of land use intensity) from the early or mid-, rather than the late, 20th century. We conclude that, irrespective of recent conservation actions, large-scale risks to biodiversity lag considerably behind contemporary levels of socioeconomic pressures. The negative impact of human activities on current biodiversity will not become fully realized until several decades into the future. Mitigating extinction risks might be an even greater challenge if temporal delays mean many threatened species might already be destined toward extinction.},
author = {Dullinger, Stefan and Essl, Franz and Rabitsch, Wolfgang and Erb, K.-H. and Gingrich, Simone and Haberl, Helmut and Hulber, K. and Jarosik, V. and Krausmann, Fridolin and Kuhn, I. and Pergl, Jan and Pysek, Petr and Hulme, Philip E},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1216303110},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dullinger et al. - 2013 - Europe's other debt crisis caused by the long legacy of future extinctions.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0387954422},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {Animals,Biological,Endangered Species,Europe,Extinction,Humans,Models,Multivariate Analysis,Socioeconomic Factors,Species Specificity},
month = {apr},
number = {18},
pages = {7342--7347},
pmid = {23589873},
title = {{Europe's other debt crisis caused by the long legacy of future extinctions}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3645564{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1216303110},
volume = {110},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Siriwardena2012,
abstract = {Given likely dramatic land use changes in the UK, there is a need to predict their impact upon biodiversity. Such predictions require an understanding of the habitat factors that determine species abundances. We relate British farmland bird abundance at the 1 km square scale to three variable sets: landscape composition (for example, areas of woodland, urban and arable), field boundary characteristics and cropping. We then use multi-model inference to summarize model fits for each variable set and compare their explanatory power to identify the relative importance of the three forms of description of the farm landscape. The important variables across species within each set show the habitat features that are most significant for the farmland bird community. Models comprising landscape variables provided the best fits for 21 of 31 bird species, while field boundary variables were most important for seven species and cropping variables for one. After controlling for landscape influences, we then found that field boundary variation was slightly more influential than cropping. These patterns remained when farmland-specialist species were considered alone. This shows that landscapes are the most important determinant of bird abundance and that cropping patterns and field boundary characteristics are influential only within the constraints of landscape structure. However, boundaries and, especially, crops remain important from a management perspective because they are more volatile, and can still drive population change. Important single variables that affected multiple species included woodland (predominantly negative even within farmland-dominated landscapes), hedges with trees (providing nesting habitat and song-posts) and heterogeneity both of landscapes and of cropping (predominantly positive effects). The results indicate which habitat features off er the most scope for induced population changes via management action and potentially provide relationships for input into predictive models with respect to land-use change.},
author = {Siriwardena, Gavin M. and Cooke, Ira R. and Sutherland, William J.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06839.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Siriwardena, Cooke, Sutherland - 2012 - Landscape, cropping and field boundary influences on bird abundance.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0906-7590},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {162--173},
title = {{Landscape, cropping and field boundary influences on bird abundance}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06839.x},
volume = {35},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Scheffer2015a,
author = {Scheffer, Marten and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Dakos, Vasilis and van Nes, Egbert},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054242},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Scheffer et al. - 2015 - Generic Indicators of Ecological Resilience Inferring the Chance of a Critical Transition.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Scheffer et al. - 2015 - Generic Indicators of Ecological Resilience Inferring the Chance of a Critical Transition(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {1543-592X},
journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
keywords = {browzine},
mendeley-tags = {browzine},
month = {dec},
number = {1},
pages = {annurev--ecolsys--112414--054242},
title = {{Generic Indicators of Ecological Resilience: Inferring the Chance of a Critical Transition}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054242},
volume = {46},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Levers2015,
author = {Levers, Christian and M{\"{u}}ller, Daniel and Erb, Karlheinz and Haberl, Helmut and Jepsen, Martin Rudbeck and Metzger, Marc J. and Meyfroidt, Patrick and Plieninger, Tobias and Plutzar, Christoph and St{\"{u}}rck, Julia and Verburg, Peter H. and Verkerk, Pieter J. and Kuemmerle, Tobias},
doi = {10.1007/s10113-015-0907-x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Levers et al. - 2015 - Archetypical patterns and trajectories of land systems in Europe.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1436-3798},
journal = {Regional Environmental Change},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {715--732},
title = {{Archetypical patterns and trajectories of land systems in Europe}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10113-015-0907-x},
volume = {18},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Stein2014,
abstract = {Environmental heterogeneity is regarded as one of the most important factors governing species richness gradients. An increase in available niche space, provision of refuges and opportunities for isolation and divergent adaptation are thought to enhance species coexistence, persistence and diversification. However, the extent and generality of positive heterogeneity–richness relationships are still debated. Apart from widespread evidence supporting positive relationships, negative and hump-shaped relationships have also been reported. In a meta-analysis of 1148 data points from 192 studies worldwide, we examine the strength and direction of the relationship between spatial environmental heterogeneity and species richness of terrestrial plants and animals. We find that separate effects of heterogeneity in land cover, vegetation, climate, soil and topography are significantly positive, with vegetation and topographic heterogeneity showing particularly strong associations with species richness. The use of equal-area study units, spatial grain and spatial extent emerge as key factors influencing the strength of heterogeneity–richness relationships, highlighting the pervasive influence of spatial scale in heterogeneity–richness studies. We provide the first quantitative support for the generality of positive heterogeneity–richness relationships across heterogeneity components, habitat types, taxa and spatial scales from landscape to global extents, and identify specific needs for future comparative heterogeneity–richness research.},
author = {Stein, Anke and Gerstner, Katharina and Kreft, Holger},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12277},
editor = {Arita, Hector},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Stein, Gerstner, Kreft - 2014 - Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial sc.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1461-0248},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {Habitat diversity,Habitat structure,Meta-analysis,Meta-regression,Robust variance estimation,Spatial scale,Species diversity,Topographical heterogeneity,Vegetation structure},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {866--880},
pmid = {24751205},
title = {{Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial scales}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.12277},
volume = {17},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Linderman2005,
abstract = {[1] Using improved metrics and recently available MODerate resolution$\backslash$nImaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data, we examined the magnitude, extent,$\backslash$nand nature of changes in photosynthetic activity and its timing across$\backslash$nSub-[Saharan Africa. Changes in overall vegetation activity and shifts$\backslash$nin its timing have considerable implications for a variety of processes$\backslash$nincluding surface-atmosphere energy exchanges, terrestrial sources$\backslash$nand sinks of carbon, the contribution of local evapotranspiration$\backslash$nto the water cycle, disturbance regimes such as fires and pests,$\backslash$nand the food security of societies using these ecosystems. While$\backslash$nprevious studies have examined broad-scale trends in phenology or$\backslash$nprovided more detailed estimates of land-cover conversion in the$\backslash$ntropics, less is known of the year-to-year dynamics of vegetation.$\backslash$nHere we quantified the overall changes in vegetation activity for$\backslash$neach year between 2000 and 2004 and examined the proportion linked$\backslash$nto differences in phenology and overall photosynthetic activity.$\backslash$nIn addition, we examined the nature of these changes in terms of$\backslash$nfrequency and duration, the proportion per ecosystem, identified$\backslash$nareas of intensive change, and discuss the potential consequences$\backslash$nof these changes. We found that most interannual change was not from$\backslash$nshifts in timing or phenology, but rather largely due to differences$\backslash$nin the amount of annual photosynthetic activity. In fact, there was$\backslash$nas much as a 5{\%} annual difference in vegetation activity across the$\backslash$ncontinent. The changes were likely climate driven with particular$\backslash$nvegetation types most susceptible to interannual change with high$\backslash$nspatial and temporal variability found across the continent.},
author = {Linderman, Marc and Rowhani, Pedram and Benz, David and Serneels, Suzanne and Lambin, Eric F.},
doi = {10.1029/2004JD005521},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Linderman et al. - 2005 - Land-cover change and vegetation dynamics across Africa.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0148-0227},
issn = {01480227},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres},
keywords = {doi:10.102,http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005521},
number = {12},
pages = {1--15},
title = {{Land-cover change and vegetation dynamics across Africa}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2004JD005521},
volume = {110},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Lassau2008,
abstract = {Patterns generated from ecological surveys are rarely tested in similar habitats to assess the accuracy of predictions. Testing empirically derived predictions provides a strong tool for establishing the consistency of general patterns in ecology. We test the consistency of beetle community associations with habitat complexity in open canopy forests and make both community and morphospecies-level comparisons with results from a previous study. We use Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVIs) from remote sensing as a surrogate for habitat complexity. The positive relationships between NDVIs and site-based beetle species richness and abundance were consistent in open canopy forests both south and north of Sydney, Australia. NDVIs were also useful for predicting differences in beetle composition in open canopy forests. Taxon-specific responses to NDVI differences in 'southern forests' were very similar to responses in 'northern forests', most likely reflecting beetle trophic roles. This study shows that NDVIs can be used as rapid biodiversity indicators, when integrated with identified faunal responses to vegetation structure, provided that the lower vegetation strata may be measured by remote sensing. {\^{A}}{\textcopyright} 2007 The Authors.},
author = {Lassau, Scott a. and Hochuli, Dieter F.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00438.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lassau, Hochuli - 2008 - Testing predictions of beetle community patterns derived empirically using remote sensing.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1366-9516},
issn = {13669516},
journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
keywords = {Beetle community patterns,Habitat complexity,Predictive responses,Remote sensing},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {138--147},
title = {{Testing predictions of beetle community patterns derived empirically using remote sensing}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00438.x},
volume = {14},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Newbold2014a,
author = {Newbold, Tim and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P. W. and Butchart, Stuart H. M. and Şekercioğlu, {\c{C}}ağan H. and Joppa, Lucas and Alkemade, Rob and Purves, Drew W.},
doi = {10.1111/geb.12186},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2014/Newbold et al.{\_}2014{\_}Functional traits, land-use change and the structure of present and future bird communities in tropical forests.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Birds,Land use,Macroecology,Traits,biodiversity,birds,community composition,correspondence,dietary guilds,functional traits,land-use change,tim newbold,tropical forest,uncertainty,united},
mendeley-tags = {Birds,Land use,Macroecology,Traits},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {1073--1084},
title = {{Functional traits, land-use change and the structure of present and future bird communities in tropical forests}},
volume = {23},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Inglada2015,
author = {Inglada, Jordi and Arias, Marcela and Tardy, Benjamin and Hagolle, Olivier and Valero, Silvia and Morin, David and Dedieu, G{\'{e}}rard and Sepulcre, Guadalupe and Bontemps, Sophie and Defourny, Pierre and Koetz, Benjamin},
doi = {10.3390/rs70912356},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Inglada et al. - 2015 - Assessment of an Operational System for Crop Type Map Production Using High Temporal and Spatial Resolution Sate.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {12356--12379},
title = {{Assessment of an Operational System for Crop Type Map Production Using High Temporal and Spatial Resolution Satellite Optical Imagery}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/9/12356/},
volume = {7},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Guisan2005,
author = {Guisan, Antoine and Thuiller, Wilfried},
doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2005/Guisan, Thuiller{\_}2005{\_}Predicting species distribution offering more than simple habitat models.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1461-023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {Prediction,SDM,dispersal,dynamics,ecological niche theory,future projections,habitat suitability maps,population,prediction errors,predictive biogeography,spatial scales,species distribution},
mendeley-tags = {Prediction,SDM},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {993--1009},
title = {{Predicting species distribution: offering more than simple habitat models}},
volume = {8},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Harrison2015,
abstract = {Overdispersion is a common feature of models of biological data, but researchers often fail to model the excess variation driving the overdispersion, resulting in biased parameter estimates and standard errors. Quantifying and modeling overdispersion when it is present is therefore critical for robust biological inference. One means to account for overdispersion is to add an observation-level random effect (OLRE) to a model, where each data point receives a unique level of a random effect that can absorb the extra-parametric variation in the data. Although some studies have investigated the utility of OLRE to model overdispersion in Poisson count data, studies doing so for Binomial proportion data are scarce. Here I use a simulation approach to investigate the ability of both OLRE models and Beta-Binomial models to recover unbiased parameter estimates in mixed effects models of Binomial data under various degrees of overdispersion. In addition, as ecologists often fit random intercept terms to models when the random effect sample size is low ({\textless}5 levels), I investigate the performance of both model types under a range of random effect sample sizes when overdispersion is present. Simulation results revealed that the efficacy of OLRE depends on the process that generated the overdispersion; OLRE failed to cope with overdispersion generated from a Beta-Binomial mixture model, leading to biased slope and intercept estimates, but performed well for overdispersion generated by adding random noise to the linear predictor. Comparison of parameter estimates from an OLRE model with those from its corresponding Beta-Binomial model readily identified when OLRE were performing poorly due to disagreement between effect sizes, and this strategy should be employed whenever OLRE are used for Binomial data to assess their reliability. Beta-Binomial models performed well across all contexts, but showed a tendency to underestimate effect sizes when modelling non-Beta-Binomial data. Finally, both OLRE and Beta-Binomial models performed poorly when models contained {\textless}5 levels of the random intercept term, especially for estimating variance components, and this effect appeared independent of total sample size. These results suggest that OLRE are a useful tool for modelling overdispersion in Binomial data, but that they do not perform well in all circumstances and researchers should take care to verify the robustness of parameter estimates of OLRE models.},
author = {Harrison, Xavier A.},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.1114},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harrison - 2015 - A comparison of observation-level random effect and Beta-Binomial models for modelling overdispersion in Binomial data.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2167-8359},
journal = {PeerJ},
keywords = {accepted 29 june 2015,bayesian,beta-binomial model,e ff ect size,ecological modelling,overdispersion,published 21 july 2015,submitted 26 march 2015},
month = {jul},
pages = {e1114},
pmid = {26244118},
title = {{A comparison of observation-level random effect and Beta-Binomial models for modelling overdispersion in Binomial data in ecology {\&} evolution}},
url = {https://peerj.com/articles/1114},
volume = {3},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Kneib2009,
abstract = {SUMMARY: Model choice and variable selection are issues of major concern in practical regression analyses, arising in many biometric applications such as habitat suitability analyses, where the aim is to identify the influence of potentially many environmental conditions on certain species. We describe regression models for breeding bird communities that facilitate both model choice and variable selection, by a boosting algorithm that works within a class of geoadditive regression models comprising spatial effects, nonparametric effects of continuous covariates, interaction surfaces, and varying coefficients. The major modeling components are penalized splines and their bivariate tensor product extensions. All smooth model terms are represented as the sum of a parametric component and a smooth component with one degree of freedom to obtain a fair comparison between the model terms. A generic representation of the geoadditive model allows us to devise a general boosting algorithm that automatically performs model choice and variable selection.},
author = {Kneib, Thomas and Hothorn, Torsten and Tutz, Gerhard},
doi = {10.1111/j.1541-0420.2008.01112.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/j.1541-0420.2008.01112.x.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-341X},
issn = {0006341X},
journal = {Biometrics},
keywords = {Bivariate smoothing,Boosting,Functional gradient,Penalized splines,Space-varying effects},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {626--634},
pmid = {18759832},
title = {{Variable Selection and Model Choice in Geoadditive Regression Models}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2008.01112.x},
volume = {65},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Stirling2006,
abstract = {Polar bears depend on sea ice for survival. Climate warming in the Arctic has caused significant declines in total cover and polar bear populations in the eastern Canadian Arctic (including Western Hudson Bay) have reported seeing more bears near settlements during the open-water period in recent years. In a fifth ecologically similar population, no changes have yet been reported by Inuit hunters. These observations, interpreted as evidence of increasing population size, have resulted in increases in hunting quotas. However, long-term data on the population size and body condition of polar bears in Western Hudson Bay, as well as population and harvest data from Baffin Bay, make it clear that those two populations at least are more likely to be declining, not increasing. While the ecological details vary in the regions occupied by the five different populations discussed in this paper, analysis of passive-microwave satellite imagery beginning in the late 1970s indicates that the sea ice is breaking up at progressively earlier dates, so that bears must fast for longer periods during the open-water season. Thus, at least part of the explanation for the appearance of more bears near coastal communities and hunting camps is likely that they are searching for alternative food sources in years when their stored body fat depots may be depleted before freeze-up, when they can return to the sea ice to hunt seals again. We hypothesize that, if the climate continues to warm as projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), then polar bears in all five populations discussed in this paper will be increasingly food-stressed, and their numbers are likely to decline eventually, probably significantly so. As these populations decline, problem interactions between bears and humans will likely continue, and possibly increase, as the bears seek alternative food sources. Taken together, the data reported in this paper suggest that a precautionary approach be taken to the harvesting of polar bears and that the potential effects of climate warming be incorporated into planning for the management and conservation of this species throughout the Arctic.},
author = {Stirling, Ian and Parkinson, C.L.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2006/Stirling, Parkinson{\_}2006{\_}Possible Effects of Climate Warming on Selected Populations of Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Ar.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Arctic},
keywords = {IPCC,Paper,Study,Ursidae,climate warming,future distribution,modelling,ursus maritimus},
mendeley-tags = {Paper,Study},
number = {3},
pages = {261--275},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Possible Effects of Climate Warming on Selected Populations of Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40512813},
volume = {59},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Adler2011,
abstract = {For more than 30 years, the relationship between net primary productivity and species richness has generated intense debate in ecology about the processes regulating local diversity. The original view, which is still widely accepted, holds that the relationship is hump-shaped, with richness first rising and then declining with increasing productivity. Although recent meta-analyses questioned the generality of hump-shaped patterns, these syntheses have been criticized for failing to account for methodological differences among studies. We addressed such concerns by conducting standardized sampling in 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities on five continents. We found no clear relationship between productivity and fine-scale (meters{\^{a}}ˆ2) richness within sites, within regions, or across the globe. Ecologists should focus on fresh, mechanistic approaches to understanding the multivariate links between productivity and richness.},
author = {Adler, Peter B. and Seabloom, Eric W and Borer, Elizabeth T and Hillebrand, Helmut and Hautier, Yann and Hector, Andy and Harpole, W Stanley and O'Halloran, L. R. and Grace, James B and Anderson, T Michael and Bakker, Jonathan D and Biederman, Lori a and Brown, Cynthia S and Buckley, Yvonne M and Calabrese, Laura B and Chu, C.-J. and Cleland, Elsa E and Collins, Scott L and Cottingham, K. L. and Crawley, M. J. and Damschen, E. I. and Davies, K. F. and DeCrappeo, N. M. and Fay, P. A. and Firn, J. and Frater, P. and Gasarch, E. I. and Gruner, D. S. and Hagenah, N. and {Hille Ris Lambers}, J. and Humphries, H. and Jin, V. L. and Kay, A. D. and Kirkman, K. P. and Klein, J. A. and Knops, J. M. H. and {La Pierre}, K. J. and Lambrinos, J. G. and Li, W. and MacDougall, A. S. and McCulley, R. L. and Melbourne, B. A. and Mitchell, C. E. and Moore, J. L. and Morgan, J. W. and Mortensen, B. and Orrock, J. L. and Prober, S. M. and Pyke, D. A. and Risch, A. C. and Schuetz, M. and Smith, M. D. and Stevens, C. J. and Sullivan, L. L. and Wang, G. and Wragg, P. D. and Wright, J. P. and Yang, L. H.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1204498},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Adler et al. - 2011 - Productivity Is a Poor Predictor of Plant Species Richness.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0036-8075},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {sep},
number = {6050},
pages = {1750--1753},
pmid = {21940895},
title = {{Productivity Is a Poor Predictor of Plant Species Richness}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1204498},
volume = {333},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Reiche2015,
author = {Reiche, Johannes and Verbesselt, Jan and Hoekman, Dirk and Herold, Martin},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2014.10.001},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Reiche et al. - 2015 - Remote Sensing of Environment Fusing Landsat and SAR time series to detect deforestation in the tropics.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0034-4257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {ALOS PALSAR,Change detection,Deforestation,Landsat,MulTiFuse,Multi-sensor data fusion,Sensor interoperability,Time series},
pages = {276--293},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Remote Sensing of Environment Fusing Landsat and SAR time series to detect deforestation in the tropics}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.10.001},
volume = {156},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Letourneau2012,
abstract = {Most of the current global land cover datasets and global scale land-use models use a classification of land cover based on the dominant land cover type within a distinct region or pixel. Such a classification disregards the diversity and intensity of human influence on land systems. In this paper we propose a novel way of classification and modeling land-use using a classification based on land-use systems (LUSs) that represent specific combinations of human-environment interactions. A cluster analysis was used to identify and map these LUSs. The analysis accounted for population density, accessibility to market places, land-use/cover types and livestock densities. A conceptual framework was developed to model dynamics in LUSs accounting for both land cover and land management changes. LUSs changes were simulated based on changes in both local socio-economic and biophysical conditions and regional-scale changes in demand for agricultural products. The new land-use systems change model was used in the context of the integrated assessment model IMAGE. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Letourneau, Aur{\'{e}}lien and Verburg, Peter H. and Stehfest, Elke},
doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.01.007},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Letourneau, Verburg, Stehfest - 2012 - A land-use systems approach to represent land-use dynamics at continental and global scales.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1364-8152},
issn = {13648152},
journal = {Environmental Modelling {\&} Software},
keywords = {Global,IMAGE,Land-use change,Land-use intensification,Land-use systems},
month = {jul},
pages = {61--79},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A land-use systems approach to represent land-use dynamics at continental and global scales}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.01.007 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136481521200014X},
volume = {33},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Barnagaud2017,
author = {Barnagaud, Jean-Yves and Ga{\"{u}}z{\`{e}}re, Pierre and Zuckerberg, Benjamin and Princ{\'{e}}, Karine and Svenning, Jens-Christian},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-017-3967-4},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Barnagaud et al. - 2017 - Temporal changes in bird functional diversity across the United States.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0123456789},
issn = {0029-8549},
journal = {Oecologia},
keywords = {Breeding bird survey,Climate,Community dynamics,Ec,breeding bird survey,climate,community,dynamics,ecological traits,ndvi,non-linear trends},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {737--748},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
title = {{Temporal changes in bird functional diversity across the United States}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00442-017-3967-4},
volume = {185},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Yin2014,
abstract = {Mapping land use and land cover change (LULCC) over large areas at regular time intervals is a key requisite to improve our understanding of dynamic land systems. In this study, we developed and tested an automated approach for mapping LULCCs at annual time intervals using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Our approach characterizes changes between land cover types based on annual time series of per-pixel land cover probabilities. We used the temporal segmentation algorithm MODTrendr to identify trends and changes in the probability time series that were associated with land cover/use conversions. Accuracy assessment revealed good performance of our approach (overall accuracy of 92.0{\%}). The method detected conversions from forest to grassland with a user's accuracy of 94.0 {\&}{\#}x00B1; 2.0{\%} and a producer's accuracy of 95.6 {\&}{\#}x00B1; 1.6{\%}. Conversions between cropland and grassland were detected with a user's and a producer's accuracy of 65.8 {\&}{\#}x00B1; 4.8{\%} and 72.2 {\&}{\#}x00B1; 9.2{\%}, respectively. We here present for the first time an approach that combines probabilities derived from machine learning (random forest classification) with time-series-based analysis (MODTrendr) for land cover/use change analysis at MODIS scale.},
author = {Yin, He and Pflugmacher, Dirk and Kennedy, Robert E and Sulla-Menashe, Damien and Hostert, Patrick},
doi = {10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2348411},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Yin et al. - 2014 - Mapping Annual Land Use and Land Cover Changes Using MODIS Time Series.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1939-1404 VO - 7},
issn = {1939-1404},
journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Accuracy,Earth,Inner Mongolia,MODIS,MODIS scale,MODIS time series,MODTrendr,MODTrendr algorithm,Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MOD,Remote sensing,Satellites,Time series analysis,Vegetation mapping,annual land cover change mapping,annual land use change mapping,dynamic land systems,fast-growing plantations,geophysical image processing,geophysical techniques,image classification,image segmentation,land cover,land use,land use and land use change,machine learning,per-pixel land cover probabilities,probability time series,random forest (RF),random forest classification,remote sensing,temporal segmentation algorithm,time-series-based analysis},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {3421--3427},
title = {{Mapping Annual Land Use and Land Cover Changes Using MODIS Time Series}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6905741},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Jakovac2015,
author = {Jakovac, Catarina C. and Pe{\~{n}}a-Claros, Marielos and Kuyper, Thomas W. and Bongers, Frans},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.12298},
editor = {Gibson, David},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jakovac et al. - 2015 - Loss of secondary-forest resilience by land-use intensification in the Amazon.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00220477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {67--77},
title = {{Loss of secondary-forest resilience by land-use intensification in the Amazon}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2745.12298},
volume = {103},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Jung2016,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2016 The Zoological Society of London.Land-use change is the single biggest driver of biodiversity loss in the tropics. Biodiversity models can be useful tools to inform policymakers and conservationists of the likely response of species to anthropogenic pressures, including land-use change. However, such models generalize biodiversity responses across wide areas and many taxa, potentially missing important characteristics of particular sites or clades. Comparisons of biodiversity models with independently collected field data can help us understand the local factors that mediate broad-scale responses. We collected independent bird occurrence and abundance data along two elevational transects in Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania and the Taita Hills, Kenya. We estimated the local response to land use and compared our estimates with modelled local responses based on a large database of many different taxa across Africa. To identify the local factors mediating responses to land use, we compared environmental and species assemblage information between sites in the independent and African-wide datasets. Bird species richness and abundance responses to land use in the independent data followed similar trends as suggested by the African-wide biodiversity model, however the land-use classification was too coarse to capture fully the variability introduced by local agricultural management practices. A comparison of assemblage characteristics showed that the sites on Kilimanjaro and the Taita Hills had higher proportions of forest specialists in croplands compared to the Africa-wide average. Local human population density, forest cover and vegetation greenness also differed significantly between the independent and Africa-wide datasets. Biodiversity models including those variables performed better, particularly in croplands, but still could not accurately predict the magnitude of local species responses to most land uses, probably because local features of the land management are still missed. Overall, our study demonstrates that local factors mediate biodiversity responses to land use and cautions against applying biodiversity models to local contexts without prior knowledge of which factors are locally relevant.},
author = {Jung, M. and Hill, S. L.L. and Platts, P. J. and Marchant, R. and Siebert, S. and Fournier, A. and Munyekenye, F. B. and Purvis, A. and Burgess, N. D. and Newbold, T.},
doi = {10.1111/acv.12327},
issn = {14691795},
journal = {Animal Conservation},
keywords = {Kilimanjaro,PREDICTS,biodiversity model,biodiversity responses,birds,land use,tropics},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {370--381},
title = {{Local factors mediate the response of biodiversity to land use on two African mountains}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/acv.12327},
volume = {20},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Scheffer2017,
author = {Scheffer, Marten and van Bavel, Bas and van de Leemput, Ingrid A. and van Nes, Egbert H.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1706412114},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Scheffer et al. - 2017 - Inequality in nature and society.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {nov},
pages = {201706412},
pmid = {29183971},
title = {{Inequality in nature and society}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1706412114},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Meyfroidt2018,
author = {Meyfroidt, P. and {Roy Chowdhury}, R. and de Bremond, A. and Ellis, E.C. and Erb, K.-H. and Filatova, T. and Garrett, R.D. and Grove, J.M. and Heinimann, A. and Kuemmerle, T. and Kull, C.A. and Lambin, E.F. and Landon, Y. and {le Polain de Waroux}, Y. and Messerli, P. and M{\"{u}}ller, D. and Nielsen, J.{\O}. and Peterson, G.D. and {Rodriguez Garc{\'{i}}a}, V. and Schl{\"{u}}ter, M. and Turner, B.L. and Verburg, P.H.},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.08.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1-s2.0-S0959378018302280-main.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0959-3780},
issn = {09593780},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
keywords = {Box and arrow framework,Deforestation,Human-environment systems,Indirect land-use change,Land-use intensification,Land-use spillover,Urban dynamics,box and arrow framework,human-environment systems,indirect land-use change},
month = {nov},
number = {March},
pages = {52--67},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Middle-range theories of land system change}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.08.006 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378018302280},
volume = {53},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Vamosi2006,
abstract = {As pollinators decline globally, competition for their services is expected to intensify, and this antagonism may be most severe where the number of plant species is the greatest. Using meta-analysis and comparative phylogenetic analysis, we provide a global-scale test of whether reproduction becomes more limited by pollen receipt (pollen limitation) as the number of coexisting plant species increases. As predicted, we find a significant positive relationship between pollen limitation and species richness. In addition, this pattern is particularly strong for species that are obligately outcrossing and for trees relative to herbs or shrubs. We suggest that plants occurring in species-rich communities may be more prone to pollen limitation because of interspecific competition for pollinators. As a consequence, plants in biodiversity hotspots may have a higher risk of extinction and/or experience increased selection pressure to specialize on certain pollinators or diversify into different phenological niches. The combination of higher pollen limitation and habitat destruction represents a dual risk to tropical plant species that has not been previously identified.},
author = {Vamosi, Jana C and Knight, Tiffany M and Steets, Janette a and Mazer, Susan J and Burd, Martin and Ashman, Tia-Lynn},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0507165103},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2006/Vamosi et al.{\_}2006{\_}Pollination decays in biodiversity hotspots.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Biological,Conservation of Natural Resources,Ecosystem,Environment,Flowers,Geography,Meta-Analysis,Meta-Analysis as Topic,Models,Phylogeny,Plant Physiological Phenomena,Plants,Pollen,Pollen: physiology,Pollination,Software,Species Specificity,Theoretical,Trees},
mendeley-tags = {Meta-Analysis,Pollination},
month = {jan},
number = {4},
pages = {956--61},
pmid = {16418284},
title = {{Pollination decays in biodiversity hotspots.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1347978{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {103},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Lesiv2018,
abstract = {Very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery from Google Earth and Bing Maps is increasingly being used in a variety of applications from computer sciences to arts and humanities. In the field of remote sensing, this imagery is used to create detailed time-sensitive maps, e.g. for emergency response purposes, or to validate coarser resolution products such as global land cover maps. However, little is known about where VHR satellite imagery exists globally or the dates of the imagery. Here we present a global snapshot of the spatial and temporal distribution of VHR satellite imagery in Google Earth and Bing Maps. The results show an uneven availability globally, with biases in certain areas such as the USA, Europe and India. We also show that the availability of VHR imagery is currently not adequate for monitoring protected areas and deforestation, but is better suited for monitoring changes in cropland or urban areas. Supplementary data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.885767.},
author = {Lesiv, Myroslava and See, Linda and {Laso Bayas}, Juan Carlos and Sturn, Tobias and Schepaschenko, Dmitry and Karner, Matthias and Moorthy, Inian and McCallum, Ian and Fritz, Steffen},
doi = {10.5194/essd-2018-13},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lesiv et al. - 2018 - Characterizing the Spatial and Temporal Availability of Very High Resolution Satellite Imagery for Monitoring Appl.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1866-3591},
journal = {Earth System Science Data Discussions},
month = {mar},
number = {March},
pages = {1--24},
title = {{Characterizing the Spatial and Temporal Availability of Very High Resolution Satellite Imagery for Monitoring Applications}},
url = {https://www.earth-syst-sci-data-discuss.net/essd-2018-13/},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Schneider-Maunoury2016,
author = {Schneider-Maunoury, Laure and Lefebvre, Veronique and Ewers, Robert M. and Medina-Rangel, Guido.F. and Peres, Carlos A. and Somarriba, Eduardo and Urbina-Cardona, Nicol{\'{a}}s and Pfeifer, Marion},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2016.06.011},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schneider-Maunoury et al. - 2016 - Abundance signals of amphibians and reptiles indicate strong edge effects in Neotropical fragmented f.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Edge influence,Forest fragmentation,Herpetofauna,Species abundance,Tropical forest,forest fragmentation},
month = {aug},
pages = {207--215},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Abundance signals of amphibians and reptiles indicate strong edge effects in Neotropical fragmented forest landscapes}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.06.011 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000632071630235X},
volume = {200},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Hansen2000,
abstract = {This paper on reports the production of a 1 km spatial resolution land cover classification using data for 1992-1993 from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). This map will be included as an at-launch product of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to serve as an input for several algorithms requiring knowledge of land cover type. The methodology was derived from a similar effort to create a product at 8 km spatial resolution, where high resolution data sets were interpreted in order to derive a coarse-resolution training data set. A set of 37 294 x 1 km pixels was used within a hierarchical tree structure to classify the AVHRR data into 12 classes. The approach taken involved a hierarchy of pair-wise class trees where a logic based on vegetation form was applied until all classes were depicted. Multitemporal AVHRR metrics were used to predict class memberships. Minimum annual red reflectance, peak annual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and minimum channel three brightness temperature were among the most used metrics. Depictions of forests and woodlands, and areas of mechanized agriculture are in general agreement with other sources of information, while classes such as low biomass agriculture and high-latitude broadleaf forest are not. Comparisons of the final product with regional digital land cover maps derived from high-resolution remotely sensed data reveal general agreement, except for apparently poor depictions of temperate pastures within areas of agriculture. Distinguishing between forest and non-forest was achieved with agreements ranging from 81 to 92{\%} for these regional subsets. The agreements for all classes varied from an average of 65{\%} when viewing all pixels to an average of 82{\%} when viewing only those 1 km pixels consisting of greater than 90{\%} one class within the high-resolution data sets.},
author = {Hansen, M. C. and Defries, R. S. and Townshend, J. R. G. and Sohlberg, R.},
doi = {10.1080/014311600210209},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hansen et al. - 2000 - Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0143116002},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
month = {jan},
number = {6-7},
pages = {1331--1364},
pmid = {3355},
title = {{Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/014311600210209},
volume = {21},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Hofner2011,
abstract = {Flexible modeling frameworks for species distribution models based on generalized additive models that allow for smooth, nonlinear effects and interactions are of increasing importance in ecology. Commonly, the flexibility of such smooth function estimates is controlled by means of penalized estimation procedures. However, the actual shape remains unspecified. In many applications, this is not desirable as researchers have a priori assumptions on the shape of the estimated effects, with monotonicity being the most important. Here we demonstrate how monotonicity constraints can be incorporated in a recently proposed flexible framework for species distribution models. Our proposal allows monotonicity constraints to be imposed on smooth effects and on ordinal, categorical variables using an additional asymmetric L2 penalty. Model estimation and variable selection for Red Kite (Milvus milvus) breeding was conducted using the flexible boosting framework implemented in R package mboost.},
author = {Hofner, Benjamin and M{\"{u}}ller, J{\"{o}}rg and Hothorn, Torsten},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hofner, M{\"{u}}ller, Hothorn - 2011 - Monotonicity-constrained species distribution models.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0012-9658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Animals,Biological,Demography,Falconiformes,Falconiformes: physiology,Models,Reproduction,Seasons,Trees,Trees: classification,bavaria,boosting,distribution,germany,milvus milvus,model,monotonic p-splines,ordinal variables,red kite breeding,spatial autocorrelation,species distribution model,structured additive,variable selection},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {1895--901},
pmid = {22073780},
title = {{Monotonicity-constrained species distribution models.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073780 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/10-2276.1},
volume = {92},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Brooks1999,
author = {Brooks, TM and Pimm, SL and Oyugi, JO},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1999/Brooks, Pimm, Oyugi{\_}1999{\_}Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
number = {5},
pages = {1140--1150},
title = {{Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98341.x/full},
volume = {13},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Crandall2015,
author = {Crandall, Raelene and Knight, Tiffany M.},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12473},
editor = {Vila, Montserrat},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Crandall, Knight - 2015 - Positive frequency dependence undermines the success of restoration using historical disturbance regimes.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {18,2015,883,891,aggregation,coexistence,disturbance,ecology letters,exotic species,frequency dependence,negative frequency dependence,positive,propagule pressure,restoration,spatial model},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {883--891},
title = {{Positive frequency dependence undermines the success of restoration using historical disturbance regimes}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.12473},
volume = {18},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Wehmann2015,
abstract = {Due to a lack of spatial-temporal consistency, the current generation of multi-temporal land cover products is subject to significant error propagation in change detection results. To address the evolving needs of land change science, the next generation of land cover products must be derived from new classification methods that are designed specifically for multi-temporal land cover mapping. In this paper, a next generation classifier is proposed that fully exploits contextual information by combining results born from the machine learning paradigm in remote sensing with domain knowledge from multi-temporal land cover mapping. This classifier, the Spatial-Temporal Markovian Support Vector Classifier, exhibits an entirely new level of accuracy of change detection when evaluated for the classification of seven Landsat images from an Appalachian Ohio study area. It exceeds previous leading techniques employing machine learning kernel methods and Markov Random Field models of image context on all accuracy metrics for the creation of a spatial-temporally consistent land cover product. It owes its performance to the greatly improved decision-making about contextual information afforded by the extension and integration of these previous techniques. With such a classifier, substantially more accurate and spatial-temporally consistent multi-temporal land cover products are possible that are suitable for the detailed study of land cover change.},
author = {Wehmann, Adam and Liu, Desheng},
doi = {10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.04.009},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wehmann, Liu - 2015 - A spatial–temporal contextual Markovian kernel method for multi-temporal land cover mapping.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09242716},
journal = {ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Classification,Kernel method,Land cover change,Markov Random Field (MRF),Support Vector Machine (SVM)},
month = {sep},
pages = {77--89},
publisher = {International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS)},
title = {{A spatial–temporal contextual Markovian kernel method for multi-temporal land cover mapping}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.04.009 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924271615001197},
volume = {107},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Nepstad1999,
abstract = {Amazonian deforestation rates are used to determine human effects on the global carbon cycle1, 2, 3 and to measure Brazil's progress in curbing forest impoverishment1,4,5. But this widely used measure of tropical land use tells only part of the story. Here we present field surveys of wood mills and forest burning across Brazilian Amazonia which show that logging crews severely damage 10,000 to 15,000 km2 yr-1 of forest that are not included in deforestation mapping programmes. Moreover, we find that surface fires burn additional large areas of standing forest, the destruction of which is normally not documented. Forest impoverishment due to such fires may increase dramatically when severe droughts provoke forest leaf-shedding and greater flammability; our regional water-balance model indicates that an estimated 270,000 km2 of forest became vulnerable to fire in the 1998 dry season. Overall, we find that present estimates of annual deforestation for Brazilian Amazonia capture less than half of the forest area that is impoverished each year, and even less during years of severe drought. Both logging and fire increase forest vulnerability to future burning6,7 and release forest carbon stocks to the atmosphere, potentially doubling net carbon emissions from regional land-use during severe El Ni{\~{n}}o episodes. If this forest impoverishment is to be controlled, then logging activities need to be restricted or replaced with low-impact timber harvest techniques, and more effective strategies to prevent accidental forest fires need to be implemented.},
annote = {From Duplicate 2 (Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and{\textregistered} re - Nepstad, D.C. DC D.C. DC; Verissimo, A.; Alencar, A.; Nobre, C.; Lima, E.; Lefebvre, P.; Schlesinger, P.; Potter, C.; Moutinho, P.; Mendoza, E.; others; Verssimo, A; Alencar, A.; Nobre, C.; Verissimo, A.; Lima, E.; Lefebvre, P.; Schlesinger, P.; Potter, C.; Moutinho, P.; Mendoza, E.; others)

From Duplicate 1 (

Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire

- Nepstad, D.C. DC; Verissimo, A.; Alencar, A.; Nobre, C.; Lima, E.; Lefebvre, P.; Schlesinger, P.; Potter, C.; Moutinho, P.; Mendoza, E.; others )

},
author = {Nepstad, D.C. DC D.C. DC and Verissimo, A. and Alencar, A. and Nobre, C. and Lima, E. and Lefebvre, P. and Schlesinger, P. and Potter, C. and Moutinho, P. and Mendoza, E. and Others and Verssimo, A and Alencar, A. and Nobre, C. and Verissimo, A. and Lima, E. and Lefebvre, P. and Schlesinger, P. and Potter, C. and Moutinho, P. and Mendoza, E. and Others},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Nepstad et al. - 1999 - Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and{\textregistered} re.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Nature},
keywords = {Forest,Land use,Paper,indirect effects,land use impacts},
mendeley-tags = {Forest,Paper},
number = {1997},
pages = {505--508},
title = {{Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and{\textregistered} re}},
url = {http://www.joanneum.at/carboinvent/post2012{\_}/Bird/Nepstad{\_}et{\_}al{\_}1999.pdf http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/{~}wxcheng/envs23/lecture12/Fire{\_}nature.pdf http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v398/n6727/abs/398505a0.html},
volume = {398},
year = {1999}
}
@inproceedings{FuChang2003,
abstract = {A new linear-time algorithm is presented in this paper that simultaneously labels connected components (to be referred to merely as components in this paper) and their contours in binary images. The main step of this algorithm is to use a contour tracing technique to detect the external contour and possible internal contours of each component, and also to identify and label the interior area of each component. Labeling is done in a single pass over the image, while contour points are revisited more than once, but no more than a constant number of times. Moreover, no re-labeling is required throughout the entire process, as it is required by other algorithms. Experimentation on various types of images (characters, half-tone pictures, photographs, newspaper, etc.) shows that our method outperforms methods that use the equivalence technique. Our algorithm not only labels components but also extracts component contours and sequential orders of contour points, which can be useful for many applications. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
author = {{Fu Chang} and {Chun-Jen Chen}},
booktitle = {Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2003. Proceedings.},
doi = {10.1109/ICDAR.2003.1227760},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1-s2.0-S1077314203001401-main.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0-7695-1960-1},
issn = {15205363},
keywords = {component-labeling algorithm,contour tracing,linear-time algorithm},
pages = {741--745},
publisher = {IEEE Comput. Soc},
title = {{A component-labeling algorithm using contour tracing technique}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1227760/},
volume = {1},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Olson2001,
abstract = {A NEW GLOBAL MAP OF TERRESTRIAL ECOREGIONS PROVIDES AN INNOVATIVE TOOL FOR CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY},
author = {Olson, David M. and Dinerstein, Eric and Wikramanayake, Eric D. and Burgess, Neil D. and Powell, George V. N. and Underwood, Emma C. and D'amico, Jennifer a. and Itoua, Illanga and Strand, Holly E. and Morrison, John C. and Loucks, Colby J. and Allnutt, Thomas F. and Ricketts, Taylor H. and Kura, Yumiko and Lamoreux, John F. and Wettengel, Wesley W. and Hedao, Prashant and Kassem, Kenneth R.},
doi = {10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Olson et al. - 2001 - Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World A New Map of Life on Earth.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Olson et al. - 2001 - Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World A New Map of Life on Earth(2).pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Olson et al. - 2001 - Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World A New Map of Life on Earth(3).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3568},
issn = {0006-3568},
journal = {BioScience},
number = {11},
pages = {933},
pmid = {437},
title = {{Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth}},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2 http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2},
volume = {51},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Crouzeilles2016,
author = {Crouzeilles, Authors Renato and Curran, Michael and Ferreira, Mariana S and David, B and Grelle, Carlos E V and Benayas, Jos{\'{e}} M Rey},
doi = {10.1038/ncomms11666},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Crouzeilles et al. - 2016 - Ecological drivers of forest restoration success a global meta- analysis.pdf:pdf},
number = {May},
pages = {1--8},
title = {{Ecological drivers of forest restoration success : a global meta- analysis}},
year = {2016}
}
@book{Lambin2006,
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
author = {Lambin, Ef and Geist, Hj},
booktitle = {Global Change – The IGBP Series},
doi = {10.1007/3-540-32202-7},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lambin, Geist - 2006 - Land-Use and Land-Cover Change.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {978-3-540-32201-6},
pages = {236},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
series = {Global Change - The IGBP Series},
title = {{Land-Use and Land-Cover Change}},
url = {http://medcontent.metapress.com/index/A65RM03P4874243N.pdf{\%}5Cnhttp://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/3-540-32202-7.pdf http://link.springer.com/10.1007/3-540-32202-7},
year = {2006}
}
@article{VanAsselen2012,
abstract = {Current global scale land-change models used for integrated assessments and climate modeling are based on classifications of land cover. However, land-use management intensity and livestock keeping are also important aspects of land use, and are an integrated part of land systems. This article aims to classify, map, and to characterize Land Systems (LS) at a global scale and analyze the spatial determinants of these systems. Besides proposing such a classification, the article tests if global assessments can be based on globally uniform allocation rules. Land cover, livestock, and agricultural intensity data are used to map LS using a hierarchical classification method. Logistic regressions are used to analyze variation in spatial determinants of LS. The analysis of the spatial determinants of LS indicates strong associations between LS and a range of socioeconomic and biophysical indicators of human-environment interactions. The set of identified spatial determinants of a LS differs among regions and scales, especially for (mosaic) cropland systems, grassland systems with livestock, and settlements. (Semi-)Natural LS have more similar spatial determinants across regions and scales. Using LS in global models is expected to result in a more accurate representation of land use capturing important aspects of land systems and land architecture: the variation in land cover and the link between land-use intensity and landscape composition. Because the set of most important spatial determinants of LS varies among regions and scales, land-change models that include the human drivers of land change are best parameterized at sub-global level, where similar biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural conditions prevail in the specific regions.},
author = {van Asselen, Sanneke and Verburg, Peter H.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02759.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/van Asselen, Verburg - 2012 - A Land System representation for global assessments and land-use modeling.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1354-1013},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {Global,Human-environment interactions,Land cover,Land system,Land-change models,Spatial determinants},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {3125--3148},
title = {{A Land System representation for global assessments and land-use modeling}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02759.x},
volume = {18},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Kalman1960,
abstract = {The classical filtering and prediction problem is re-examined using the Bode- Shannon representation of random processes and the state transition method of analysis of dynamic systems. New results are: (1) The formulation and methods of solution of the problem apply without modifica- tion to stationary and nonstationary statistics and to growing-memory and infinite- memory filters. (2) A nonlinear difference (or differential) equation is derived for the covariance matrix of the optimal estimation error. From the solution of this equation the co- efficients of the difference (or differential) equation of the optimal linear filter are ob- tained without further calculations. (3) The filtering problem is shown to be the dual of the noise-free regulator problem. The new method developed here is applied to two well-known problems, confirming and extending earlier results. The discussion is largely self-contained and proceeds from first principles; basic concepts of the theory of random processes are reviewed in the Appendix.},
author = {Kalman, R. E.},
doi = {10.1115/1.3662552},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kalman - 1960 - A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9783540769897},
issn = {00219223},
journal = {Journal of Basic Engineering},
keywords = {kalman filter,lineal filter,prediction,predictor},
number = {1},
pages = {35--45},
pmid = {5311910},
title = {{A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}btnG=Search{\&}q=intitle:A+New+Approach+to+Linear+Filtering+and+Prediction+Problems{\#}0{\%}5Cnhttp://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=1430402 http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollec},
volume = {82},
year = {1960}
}
@article{Kennedy2012,
abstract = {Understanding fine-grain patterns of forest disturbance and regrowth at the landscape scale is critical for effective management, particularly in forests in western Washington, Oregon, and California, U.S., where the policy known as the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) was imposed in 1994 over {\textgreater}. 8 million ha of forest in an effort to balance environmental and economic tensions. We developed approaches to create disturbance and regrowth maps for forests within the area of the NWFP from the results of LandTrendr, a temporal segmentation algorithm described previously only at the pixel scale. Maps were developed from 674 Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper. + images distributed across 22 separate scene areas, and were assessed for validity at 2360 points using TimeSync, a time-series validation and interpretation tool. Unlike maps derived using other techniques, maps derived from the segmentation approach were unique in providing simultaneous detection of abrupt disturbance, chronic disturbance, and ongoing vegetative growth with consistency across large areas and across time. Maps were then used to address six core monitoring questions focusing on the distribution of disturbance across time, ownership categories, and ecoregions. Forest was disturbed at rates that varied by ownership category and state, ranging from 9{\%} to {\textgreater}. 39{\%} of forest area over the period 1985 to 2008, with highest cumulative disturbed area on private and native lands in Washington and Oregon and lowest disturbed area on federal protected lands in Washington. Effects of court injunctions and subsequent implementation of the NWFP lowered forest disturbance rates, particularly in Oregon, and also caused decreases in the relative magnitude of disturbance on those lands relative to private lands. State-managed forests showed forest disturbance rates that varied considerably among the three states, with the highest rates in Washington state and lowest in California. Affected by large, stochastic fire events, protected lands in both Oregon and California showed disturbance rates similar to those found on actively managed federal lands. Protected lands also experienced high rates of chronic disturbance, often associated with insect-related mortality. As expected, moisture-limited ecoregions recovered vegetation more slowly than those where moisture was not limiting. Vegetative regrowth rates showed substantial variation among ownership categories, suggesting that differential forest policies may affect vegetative recovery rate. Taken together, these results emphasize that forest management policies do have manifestations at the landscape scale, but that detection of these manifestations is best achieved with mapping approaches that can detect both abrupt and longer-duration processes within the Landsat archive. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
author = {Kennedy, Robert E. and Yang, Zhiqiang and Cohen, Warren B. and Pfaff, Eric and Braaten, Justin and Nelson, Peder},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.024},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kennedy et al. - 2012 - Spatial and temporal patterns of forest disturbance and regrowth within the area of the Northwest Forest Plan.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Change detection,Disturbance,Forest,Growth,Landsat,Northwest forest plan},
month = {jul},
pages = {117--133},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Spatial and temporal patterns of forest disturbance and regrowth within the area of the Northwest Forest Plan}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.024 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425712000417},
volume = {122},
year = {2012}
}
@article{See2015,
author = {See, Linda and Schepaschenko, Dmitry and Lesiv, Myroslava and McCallum, Ian and Fritz, Steffen and Comber, Alexis and Perger, Christoph and Schill, Christian and Zhao, Yuanyuan and Maus, Victor and Siraj, Muhammad Athar and Albrecht, Franziska and Cipriani, Anna and Vakolyuk, Mar'yana and Garcia, Alfredo and Rabia, Ahmed H. and Singha, Kuleswar and Marcarini, Abel Alan and Kattenborn, Teja and Hazarika, Rubul and Schepaschenko, Maria and van der Velde, Marijn and Kraxner, Florian and Obersteiner, Michael},
doi = {10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.06.016},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/See et al. - 2015 - Building a hybrid land cover map with crowdsourcing and geographically weighted regression.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09242716},
journal = {ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
month = {may},
pages = {48--56},
publisher = {International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS)},
title = {{Building a hybrid land cover map with crowdsourcing and geographically weighted regression}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924271614001713},
volume = {103},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Bennett2014,
author = {Bennett, Joanne M. and Nimmo, Dale G. and Clarke, Rohan H. and Thomson, James R. and Cheers, Garry and Horrocks, Gregory F. B. and Hall, Mark and Radford, James Q. and Bennett, Andrew F. and {Mac Nally}, Ralph},
doi = {10.1111/ddi.12230},
editor = {Duncan, Richard},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bennett et al. - 2014 - Resistance and resilience can the abrupt end of extreme drought reverse avifaunal collapse.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13669516},
journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
keywords = {big dry,big wet,climate change,degradation,land-use change,recovery},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {1321--1332},
title = {{Resistance and resilience: can the abrupt end of extreme drought reverse avifaunal collapse?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ddi.12230},
volume = {20},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Hiyama2012,
abstract = {The collapse of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant caused a massive release of radioactive materials to the environment. A prompt and reliable system for evaluating the biological impacts of this accident on animals has not been available. Here we show that the accident caused physiological and genetic damage to the pale grass blue Zizeeria maha, a common lycaenid butterfly in Japan. We collected the first-voltine adults in the Fukushima area in May 2011, some of which showed relatively mild abnormalities. The F₁ offspring from the first-voltine females showed more severe abnormalities, which were inherited by the F₂ generation. Adult butterflies collected in September 2011 showed more severe abnormalities than those collected in May. Similar abnormalities were experimentally reproduced in individuals from a non-contaminated area by external and internal low-dose exposures. We conclude that artificial radionuclides from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant caused physiological and genetic damage to this species.},
author = {Hiyama, Atsuki and Nohara, Chiyo and Kinjo, Seira and Taira, Wataru and Gima, Shinichi and Tanahara, Akira and Otaki, Joji M.},
doi = {10.1038/srep00570},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hiyama et al. - 2012 - The biological impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the pale grass blue butterfly.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2045-2322 (Electronic)$\backslash$r2045-2322 (Linking)},
issn = {2045-2322},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
pmid = {22880161},
title = {{The biological impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the pale grass blue butterfly}},
volume = {2},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Stamps1997,
abstract = {Polyculture in crop agroecosystems has been examined in numerous studies with the aim of reducing pest populations by increasing diversity among insect populations over those found in traditional monoculture. Resource concentration and enemies hypotheses predict decreased pest populations in more diverse plant communities. Although results have been mixed, insect diversity has been generally increased in polyculture over traditional monoculture. Maintaining natural insect diversity in managed forests to limit possible pest outbreaks has been the goal in forestry systems. Increased arthropod diversity with increased tree diversity has been observed, though fewer studies have been conducted in forestry compared to agricul- ture. Agroforestry holds promise for increasing insect diversity and reducing pest problems because the combination of trees and crops provides greater niche diversity and complexity in both time and space than does polyculture of annual crops.},
author = {Stamps, W. T. and Linit, M. J.},
doi = {10.1023/A:1005972025089},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1997/Stamps, Linit{\_}1997{\_}Plant diversity and arthropod communities Implications for temperate agroforestry.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0167-4366},
issn = {01674366},
journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
keywords = {Alley cropping,Associational resistance,Monoculture,Natural enemies,Polyculture,Resource concentration},
pages = {73--89},
pmid = {72684800007},
title = {{Plant diversity and arthropod communities: Implications for temperate agroforestry}},
volume = {39},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Treurnicht2016,
author = {Treurnicht, Martina and Pagel, J{\"{o}}rn and Esler, Karen J. and Schutte-Vlok, AnneLise and Nottebrock, Henning and Kraaij, Tineke and Rebelo, Anthony G. and Schurr, Frank M.},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.12508},
editor = {Salguero-G{\'{o}}mez, Roberto},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Treurnicht et al. - 2016 - Environmental drivers of demographic variation across the global geographical range of 26 plant species.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00220477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {Fire,Post-fire,Recruitment,lag-effects},
mendeley-tags = {Fire,Post-fire,Recruitment,lag-effects},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {331--342},
title = {{Environmental drivers of demographic variation across the global geographical range of 26 plant species}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2745.12508},
volume = {104},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Wickham2014,
abstract = {The Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium demonstrates the national benefits of USA Federal collaboration. Starting in the mid-1990s as a small group with the straightforward goal of compiling a comprehensive national Landsat dataset that could be used to meet agencies' needs, MRLC has grown into a group of 10 USA Federal Agencies that coordinate the production of five different products, including the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), the Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP), the Cropland Data Layer (CDL), the Gap Analysis Program (GAP), and the Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools (LANDFIRE). As a set, the products include almost every aspect of land cover from impervious surface to detailed crop and vegetation types to fire fuel classes. Some products can be used for land cover change assessments because they cover multiple time periods. The MRLC Consortium has become a collaborative forum, where members share research, methodological approaches, and data to produce products using established protocols, and we believe it is a model for the production of integrated land cover products at national to continental scales. We provide a brief overview of each of the main products produced by MRLC and examples of how each product has been used. We follow that with a discussion of the impact of the MRLC program and a brief overview of future plans.},
author = {Wickham, James and Homer, Collin and Vogelmann, James and McKerrow, Alexa and Mueller, Rick and Herold, Nate and Coulston, John},
doi = {10.3390/rs6087424},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wickham et al. - 2014 - The multi-resolution land characteristics (MRLC) consortium - 20 years of development and integration of USA nat.pdf:pdf},
issn = {20724292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {C-CAP,Change detection,Cropland Data Layer (CDL),GAP,LANDFIRE,NLCD},
number = {8},
pages = {7424--7441},
title = {{The multi-resolution land characteristics (MRLC) consortium - 20 years of development and integration of USA national land cover data}},
volume = {6},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Roy2016,
author = {Roy, D.P. and Kovalskyy, V. and Zhang, H.K. and Vermote, E.F. and Yan, L. and Kumar, S.S. and Egorov, A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.024},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Roy et al. - 2016 - Characterization of Landsat-7 to Landsat-8 reflective wavelength and normalized difference vegetation index continui.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Continuity,ETM+,Landsat,Ndvi,OLI,Reflectance},
month = {jan},
pages = {0--13},
publisher = {The Authors},
title = {{Characterization of Landsat-7 to Landsat-8 reflective wavelength and normalized difference vegetation index continuity}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425715302455},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Newbold2010,
abstract = {Species distribution models are a very popular tool in ecology and biogeography and have great potential to help direct conservation efforts. Models are traditionally tested by using half the original species records to build the model and half to evaluate it. However, this can lead to overly optimistic estimates of model accuracy, particularly when there are systematic biases in the data. It is better to evaluate models using independent data. Tis study used independent species records from a new to survey to provide a more rigorous evaluation of distribution-model accuracy. Distribution models were built for reptile, amphibian, butterfly and mammal species. Te accuracy of these models was evaluated using the traditional approach of partitioning the original species records into model-building and model-evaluating datasets, and using independent records collected during a new field survey of 21 previously unvisited sites in diverse habitat types. We tested whether variation in distribution-model accuracy among species could be explained by species detectability, range size, number of records used to build the models, and body size. Estimates of accuracy derived using the new species records correlated positively with estimates generated using the traditional data-partitioning approach, but were on average 22{\%} lower. Model accuracy was negatively related to range size and number of records used to build the models, and positively related to the body size of butterflies. Tere was no clear relationship between species detectability and model accuracy. Te field data generally validated the species distribution models. However, there was considerable variation in model accuracy among species, some of which could be explained by the characteristics of species.},
author = {Newbold, Tim and Reader, Tom and El-Gabbas, Ahmed and Berg, Wiebke and Shohdi, Wael M. and Zalat, Samy and {El Din}, Sherif Baha and Gilbert, Francis},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18295.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Newbold et al.{\_}2010{\_}Testing the accuracy of species distribution models using species records from a new field survey.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {00301299},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
keywords = {Butterfly,SDM,Validation},
mendeley-tags = {Butterfly,SDM,Validation},
number = {December 2009},
pages = {1326--1334},
title = {{Testing the accuracy of species distribution models using species records from a new field survey}},
volume = {119},
year = {2010}
}
@article{HANSKI2006,
abstract = {1 Recent studies on butterflies have documented apparent evolutionary changes in dispersal rate in response to climate change and habitat change. These studies often assume a trade-off between dispersal rate (or flight capacity) and reproduction, which is the rule in wing-dimorphic species but might not occur equally in wing-monomorphic species such as butterflies. 2 To investigate the relationship between dispersal rate and fecundity in the Glanville fritillary butterfly Melitaea cinxia we recorded lifetime individual movements, matings, ovipositions, and maximal life span in a large (32 × 26 m) population cage in the field. Experimental material was obtained from 20 newly established and 20 old local populations within a large metapopulation in the {\AA}land Islands in Finland. 3 Females of the Glanville fritillary from newly established populations are known to be more dispersive in the field, and in the cage they showed significantly greater mobility, mated earlier, and laid more egg clutches than females from old populations. The dispersive females from new populations exhibited no reduced lifetime fecundity in the cage, but they had a shorter maximal life span than old-population females. 4 These results challenge the dispersal–fecundity trade-off for nonmigratory butterflies but instead suggest a physiological trade-off between high metabolic performance and reduced maximal life span. High metabolic performance may explain high rates of dispersal and oviposition in early life. 5 In fragmented landscapes, an ecological trade-off exists between being more dispersive and hence spending more time in the landscape matrix vs. having more time for reproduction in the habitat. We estimate with a dispersal model parameterized for the Glanville fritillary that the lifetime egg production is 4{\%} smaller on average in the more dispersive butterflies in a representative landscape, with much variation depending on landscape structure in the neighbourhood of the natal patch, from −26 to 45{\%} in the landscape analysed in this paper.},
author = {HANSKI, ILKKA and SAASTAMOINEN, MARJO and OVASKAINEN, OTSO},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01024.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2006/HANSKI, SAASTAMOINEN, OVASKAINEN{\_}2006{\_}Dispersal-related life-history trade-offs in a butterfly metapopulation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0021-8790},
journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
keywords = {Butterflies,Dispersal,Melitaea cinxia,Traits,dispersal,fecundity,life history,metabolic performance,metapopulation,trade-off},
mendeley-tags = {Dispersal,Traits},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {91--100},
title = {{Dispersal-related life-history trade-offs in a butterfly metapopulation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01024.x},
volume = {75},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Pinheiro2015,
abstract = {Pinheiro J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., 2007. nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1-111, 186.},
author = {Pinheiro, Jose and Bates, Douglas and DebRoy, Saikat and Sarkar, Deepayan and {R Development Core Team}, R},
journal = {R package version 3.1-122},
pages = {1--3},
title = {nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models.},
url = {http://cran.r-project.org/package=nlme.},
volume = {R package},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Jackson2012,
author = {Jackson, Heather Bird and Fahrig, Lenore},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-012-9757-9},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jackson, Fahrig - 2012 - What size is a biologically relevant landscape.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0921-2973},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {dispersal {\'{a}} boundary behavior,habitat fragmentation {\'{a}} focal,informed dispersal {\'{a}} habitat,landscape context {\'{a}} spatial,patch {\'{a}} buffer {\'{a}},scale {\'{a}},selection {\'{a}} edge-mediated},
month = {aug},
number = {7},
pages = {929--941},
title = {{What size is a biologically relevant landscape?}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-012-9757-9},
volume = {27},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Chazdon2008,
abstract = {To truly understand the current status of tropical diversity and to forecast future trends, we need to increase emphasis on the study of biodiversity in rural landscapes that are actively managed or modified by people. We present an integrated landscape approach to promote research in human-modified landscapes that includes the effects of landscape structure and dynamics on conservation of biodiversity, provision of ecosystem services, and sustainability of rural livelihoods. We propose research priorities encompassing three major areas: biodiversity, human-environment interactions, and restoration ecology. We highlight key areas where we lack knowledge and where additional understanding is most urgent for promoting conservation and sustaining rural livelihoods. Finally, we recommend participatory and multidisciplinary approaches in research and management. Lasting conservation efforts demand new alliances among conservation biologists, agroecologists, agronomists, farmers, indigenous peoples, rural social movements, foresters, social scientists, and land managers to collaborate in research, co-design conservation programs and policies, and manage human-modified landscapes in ways that enhance biodiversity conservation and promote sustainable livelihoods. {\textcopyright} 2009 by The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 27 July 2009 Source: Scopus},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {j.1744-7429.2008.00471.x},
author = {Chazdon, RL Robin L. and Harvey, CA Celia A. and Komar, Oliver and Griffith, Daniel M. and Ferguson, Bruce G. and Mart??nez-Ramos, Miguel and Morales, Helda and Nigh, Ronald and Soto-Pinto, Lorena and {Van Breugel}, Michiel and Philpott, Stacy M.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00471.x},
eprint = {j.1744-7429.2008.00471.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chazdon et al. - 2008 - Beyond reserves A research agenda for conserving biodiversity in human-modified tropical landscapes.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1744-7429},
issn = {00063606},
journal = {Biotropica},
keywords = {Agricultural matrix,Agroecology,Conservation value,Ecosystem services,Fragmentation,Remnant vegetation,Restoration,Traditional knowledge,a deficit of information,agricultural matrix,agroecology,conservation value,ecosystem services,is largely driven by,of biodiversity in human-modified,on the future of,regarding the status,remnant vegetation,restoration,rural landscapes,t he active debate,traditional knowledge,tropical biodiversity,wright},
mendeley-tags = {Fragmentation},
number = {2},
pages = {142--153},
title = {{Beyond reserves: A research