text:
:pdf},
issn = {0065-2504},
keywords = {Alpha diversity,Ecological synthesis,Experimental design,Global change,Human impacts,Space-for-space substitution,Space-for-time substitution,Time-for-time substitution},
pages = {1--37},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd.},
title = {{Challenges With Inferring How Land-Use Affects Terrestrial Biodiversity: Study Design, Time, Space and Synthesis}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065250417300296},
year = {2018}
}
@article{LAURANCE2008,
abstract = {Island biogeography theory (IBT) provides a basic conceptual model for understanding habitat fragmentation. Empirical studies of fragmented landscapes often reveal strong effects of fragment area and isolation on species richness, although other predictions of the theory, such as accelerated species turnover in fragments, have been tested less frequently. As predicted by IBT, biota in fragments typically ‘relax' over time towards lower species richness. Beyond these broad generalizations, however, the relevance of IBT for understanding fragmented ecosystems is limited. First, IBT provides few predictions about how community composition in fragments should change over time, and which species should be most vulnerable. Second, edge effects can be an important driver of local species extinctions and ecosystem change, but are not considered by IBT. Third, the matrix of modified vegetation surrounding fragments—also ignored by IBT—can strongly influence fragment connectivity, which in turn affects the demography, genetics, and survival of local populations. Fourth, most fragmented landscapes are also altered by other anthropogenic changes, such as hunting, logging, fires, and pollution, which can interact synergistically with habitat fragmentation. Finally, fragmentation often has diverse impacts on ecosystem properties such as canopy-gap dynamics, carbon storage, and the trophic structure of communities that are not considered by IBT. I highlight these phenomena with findings from fragmented ecosystems around the world.},
author = {Laurance, William F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2008.05.011},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2008/Laurance{\_}2008{\_}Theory meets reality How habitat fragmentation research has transcended island biogeographic theory.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Area effects,Edge effects,Extinction,Fragmentation,Island biogeography theory,Matrix effects,Species turnover},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1731--1744},
title = {{Theory meets reality: How habitat fragmentation research has transcended island biogeographic theory}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320708001845},
volume = {141},
year = {2008}
}
@inproceedings{Correll2018,
abstract = {Understanding uncertainty is critical for many analytical tasks. One common approach is to encode data values and uncer-tainty values independently, using two visual variables. These resulting bivariate maps can be difficult to interpret, and in-terference between visual channels can reduce the discrim-inability of marks. To address this issue, we contribute Value-Suppressing Uncertainty Palettes (VSUPs). VSUPs allocate larger ranges of a visual channel to data when uncertainty is low, and smaller ranges when uncertainty is high. This non-uniform budgeting of the visual channels makes more economical use of the limited visual encoding space when uncertainty is low, and encourages more cautious decision-making when uncertainty is high. We demonstrate several examples of VSUPs, and present a crowdsourced evaluation showing that, compared to traditional bivariate maps, VSUPs encourage people to more heavily weight uncertainty informa-tion in decision-making tasks.},
address = {New York, New York, USA},
author = {Correll, Michael and Moritz, Dominik and Heer, Jeffrey},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '18},
doi = {10.1145/3173574.3174216},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2018-UncertaintyPalettes-CHI.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9781450356206},
pages = {1--11},
publisher = {ACM Press},
title = {{Value-Suppressing Uncertainty Palettes}},
url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3173574.3174216},
year = {2018}
}
@book{burnham2002model,
abstract = {We wrote this book to introduce graduate students and research workers in various scienti?c disciplines to the use of information-theoretic approaches in the analysis of empirical data. These methods allow the data-based selection of a “best” model and a ranking and weighting of the remaining models in a pre-de?ned set. Traditional statistical inference can then be based on this selected best model. However, we now emphasize that information-theoretic approaches allow formal inference to be based on more than one model (m- timodel inference). Such procedures lead to more robust inferences in many cases, and we advocate these approaches throughout the book. The second edition was prepared with three goals in mind. First, we have tried to improve the presentation of the material. Boxes now highlight ess- tial expressions and points. Some reorganization has been done to improve the ?ow of concepts, and a new chapter has been added. Chapters 2 and 4 have been streamlined in view of the detailed theory provided in Chapter 7. S- ond, concepts related to making formal inferences from more than one model (multimodel inference) have been emphasized throughout the book, but p- ticularly in Chapters 4, 5, and 6. Third, new technical material has been added to Chapters 5 and 6. Well over 100 new references to the technical literature are given. These changes result primarily from our experiences while giving several seminars, workshops, and graduate courses on material in the ?rst e- tion.},
address = {New York, NY},
author = {Burnham, Kenneth P and Anderson, David R},
doi = {10.1007/b97636},
editor = {Burnham, Kenneth P. and Anderson, David R.},
isbn = {978-0-387-95364-9},
pages = {488},
publisher = {Springer New York},
title = {{Model Selection and Multimodel Inference}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/b97636},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Simard2011,
abstract = {Data from spaceborne light detection and ranging (lidar) opens the possibility to map forest vertical structure globally. We present a wall-to-wall, global map of canopy height at 1km spatial resolution, using 2005 data from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) aboard ICESat (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite). A challenge in the use of GLAS data for global vegetation studies is the sparse coverage of lidar shots (mean = 121 data points/degree2 for the L3C campaign). However, GLAS-derived canopy height (RH100) values were highly correlated with other, more spatially dense, ancillary variables available globally, which allowed us to model global RH100 from forest type, tree cover, elevation, and climatology maps. The difference between the model predicted RH100 and footprint level lidar-derived RH100 values showed that error increased in closed broadleaved forests such as the Amazon, underscoring the challenges in mapping tall ({\textgreater}40 m) canopies. The resulting map was validated with field measurements from 66 FLUXNET sites. The modeled RH100 versus in situ canopy height error (RMSE = 6.1 m, R2 = 0.5; or, RMSE = 4.4 m, R2 = 0.7 without 7 outliers) is conservative as it also includes measurement uncertainty and sub pixel variability within the 1km pixels. Our results were compared against a recently published canopy height map. We found our values to be in general taller and more strongly correlated with FLUXNET data. Our map reveals a global latitudinal gradient in canopy height, increasing towards the equator, as well as coarse forest disturbance patterns.},
author = {Simard, Marc and Pinto, Naiara and Fisher, Joshua B. and Baccini, Alessandro},
doi = {10.1029/2011JG001708},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Simard et al. - 2011 - Mapping forest canopy height globally with spaceborne lidar.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2156-2202},
issn = {0148-0227},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
keywords = {ICESat,biomass,forest,global,lidar,vegetation},
month = {nov},
number = {G4},
pages = {G04021},
pmid = {905025977},
title = {{Mapping forest canopy height globally with spaceborne lidar}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2011JG001708},
volume = {116},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Sterling2008,
author = {Sterling, Shannon and Ducharne, Agn{\`{e}}s},
doi = {10.1029/2007GB002959},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Sterling, Ducharne - 2008 - Comprehensive data set of global land cover change for land surface model applications.pdf:pdf},
issn = {08866236},
journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
title = {{Comprehensive data set of global land cover change for land surface model applications}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2007GB002959},
volume = {22},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Frohn2006,
abstract = {Sixteen landscape metrics were evaluated with respect to the effects of spatial aggregation on six different years of Landsat data for a deforested area in Rondonia, Brazil. Spatial aggregation was performed by two methods. The first method involved varying the window size in texture mean co-occurrence filtering prior to classification. The second method involved aggregating the data post-classification by resampling with a majority filter. The Landscape Shape Index (LSI) and Square Pixel (SqP) metric showed the most predictable behavior of the shape complexity metrics having strong decreases with each increase in aggregation. The Edge Density (ED) and Patch Density (PD) metrics showed the most predictable behavior among the edge and patch metrics, decreasing with increasing aggregation. The Mean Nearest Neighbor (MNN) metric also behaved as expected but its results were less consistent than those of ED and PD. Many of the remaining metrics gave inconsistent and unpredictable results with respect to spatial aggregation.},
author = {Frohn, R and Hao, Y},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2005.10.026},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Frohn, Hao - 2006 - Landscape metric performance in analyzing two decades of deforestation in the Amazon Basin of Rondonia, Brazil.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Grain size,Landscape metrics,Majority filtering,Scale,Spatial aggregation,Spatial resolution,Texture filtering},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {237--251},
title = {{Landscape metric performance in analyzing two decades of deforestation in the Amazon Basin of Rondonia, Brazil}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425705003573},
volume = {100},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Devoto2012,
abstract = {Ecology Letters (2012) ABSTRACT: Theory developed from studying changes in the structure and function of communities during natural or managed succession can guide the restoration of particular communities. We constructed 30 quantitative plant-flower visitor networks along a managed successional gradient to identify the main drivers of change in network structure. We then applied two alternative restoration strategies in silico (restoring for functional complementarity or redundancy) to data from our early successional plots to examine whether different strategies affected the restoration trajectories. Changes in network structure were explained by a combination of age, tree density and variation in tree diameter, even when variance explained by undergrowth structure was accounted for first. A combination of field data, a network approach and numerical simulations helped to identify which species should be given restoration priority in the context of different restoration targets. This combined approach provides a powerful tool for directing management decisions, particularly when management seeks to restore or conserve ecosystem function.},
author = {Devoto, Mariano and Bailey, Sallie and Craze, Paul and Memmott, Jane},
doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01740.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Devoto et al. - 2012 - Understanding and planning ecological restoration of plant-pollinator networks.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1461-023X},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {2012,Ecosystem function,Functional complementarity,Functional redundancy,Pine forest,Plant-Animal Network,Plant-animal interaction,Plant-pollinator network,Redundancy analysis,Restoration,Restoration strategy,Succession,animal interaction,ecology letters,ecosystem function,functional complementarity,functional redundancy,pine forest,plant,pollinator network,redundancy analysis,restoration,restoration strategy,succession},
mendeley-tags = {Plant-Animal Network,Restoration},
month = {jan},
pages = {no--no},
pmid = {22251948},
title = {{Understanding and planning ecological restoration of plant-pollinator networks}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01740.x/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22251948 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01740.x},
volume = {15},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Holderegger2006,
abstract = {Genetic diversity is important for the maintenance of the viability and the evolutionary or adaptive potential of populations and species. However, there are two principal types of genetic diversity: adaptive and neutral – a fact widely neglected by non-specialists. We introduce these two types of genetic diversity and critically point to their potential uses and misuses in population or landscape genetic studies. First, most molecular-genetic laboratory techniques analyse neutral genetic variation. This means that the gene variants detected do not have any direct effect on fitness. This type of genetic variation is thus selectively neutral and tells us nothing about the adaptive or evolutionary potential of a population or a species. Nevertheless, neutral genetic markers have great potential for investigating processes such as gene flow, migration or dispersal. Hence, they allow us to empirically test the functional relevance of spatial indices such as connectivity used in landscape ecology. Second, adaptive genetic variation, i.e. genetic variation under natural selection, is analysed in quantitative genetic experiments under controlled and uniform environmental conditions. Unfortunately, the genetic variation (i.e. heritability) and population differentiation at quantitative, adaptive traits is not directly linked with neutral genetic diversity or differentiation. Thus, neutral genetic data cannot serve as a surrogate of adaptive genetic data. In summary, neutral genetic diversity is well suited for the study of processes within landscapes such as gene flow, while the evolutionary or adaptive potential of populations or species has to be assessed in quantitative genetic experiments. Landscape ecologists have to mind these differences between neutral and adaptive genetic variation when interpreting the results of landscape genetic studies.},
author = {Holderegger, Rolf and Kamm, Urs and Gugerli, Felix},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-005-5245-9},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Holderegger, Kamm, Gugerli - 2006 - Adaptive vs. neutral genetic diversity implications for landscape genetics.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0921-2973},
issn = {0921-2973},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {Adaptive genetic variation,Heritability,Landscape genetics,Neutral genetic variation,Population differentiation,Quantitative genetics},
month = {aug},
number = {6},
pages = {797--807},
pmid = {9641},
title = {{Adaptive vs. neutral genetic diversity: implications for landscape genetics}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-005-5245-9},
volume = {21},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Ruiz-Gonzalez2015,
author = {Ruiz-Gonzalez, Aritz and Cushman, Samuel A. and Madeira, Mar{\'{i}}a Jos{\'{e}} and Randi, Ettore and G{\'{o}}mez-Moliner, Benjam{\'{i}}n J.},
doi = {10.1111/mec.13392},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ruiz-Gonzalez et al. - 2015 - Isolation by distance, resistance andor clusters Lessons learned from a forest-dwelling carnivore inhabiti.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09621083},
journal = {Molecular Ecology},
keywords = {2015,34 945013014,accepted 16 september 2015,aritz ruiz-gonzalez,bayesian analysis,correspondence,fax,isolation by cluster,isolation by distance,isolation by landscape,landscape genetics,martes martes,received 18 march 2015,reciprocal causal modelling,resistance,revision received 15 september},
month = {oct},
number = {20},
pages = {5110--5129},
title = {{Isolation by distance, resistance and/or clusters? Lessons learned from a forest-dwelling carnivore inhabiting a heterogeneous landscape}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mec.13392},
volume = {24},
year = {2015}
}
@book{Stevenson2004,
address = {London},
author = {Stevenson, Terry and Fanshawe, John},
isbn = {0713673478, 9780713673470},
keywords = {Africa,Birds,Eastern Arc,Taxonomy},
mendeley-tags = {Africa,Birds,Eastern Arc,Taxonomy},
pages = {640},
publisher = {T {\&} AD Poyser},
title = {{Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi}},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Jin2005,
abstract = {Vegetation indices and transformations have been used extensively in forest change detection studies. In this study, we processed multitemporal normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) and tasseled cap wetness (TCW) data sets and compared their statistical relationships and relative efficiencies in detecting forest disturbances associated with forest type and harvest intensity at five, two and one year Landsat acquisition intervals. The NDMI and TCW were highly correlated ({\textgreater}0.95 r2) for all five image dates. There was no significant difference between TCW and NDMI for detecting forest disturbance. Using either a NDMI or TCW image differencing method, when Landsat image acquisitions were 5 years apart, clear cuts could be detected with nearly equal accuracy compared to images collected 2 years apart. Partial cuts had much higher commission and omission errors compared to clear cut. Both methods had 7-8{\%} higher commission and 12-22{\%} higher omission error to detect hardwood disturbance when it occurred in the first year of the 2-year interval (as compared to 1-year interval). Softwood and hardwood change detection errors were slightly higher at 2-year Landsat acquisition intervals compared to 1-year interval. For images acquired 1 and 2 years apart, NDMI forest disturbance commission and omission errors were slightly lower than TCW. The NDMI can be calculated using any sensor that has near-infrared and shortwave bands and is at least as accurate as TCW for detecting forest type and intensity disturbance in biomes similar to the Maine forest, particularly when Landsat images are acquired less than 2 years apart. Where partial cutting is the most dominant harvesting system as is currently the case in northern Maine, we recommend images collected every year to minimize (particularly omission) errors. However, where clear cuts or nearly complete canopy removal occurs, Landsat intervals of up to 5 years may be nearly as accurate in detecting forest change as 1 or 2 year intervals. ?? 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
author = {Jin, Suming and Sader, Steven a.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2004.10.012},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jin, Sader - 2005 - Comparison of time series tasseled cap wetness and the normalized difference moisture index in detecting forest dist.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Forest change detection,Forest type,Harvest intensity,Normalized difference moisture index,Tasseled cap wetness},
month = {feb},
number = {3},
pages = {364--372},
pmid = {9787041},
title = {{Comparison of time series tasseled cap wetness and the normalized difference moisture index in detecting forest disturbances}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425704003414},
volume = {94},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Allan2003,
author = {Allan, Brian F. and Keesing, Felicia and Ostfeld, Richard S.},
doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Allan, Keesing, Ostfeld - 2003 - Effect of Forest Fragmentation on Lyme Disease Risk.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0888-8892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {267--272},
title = {{Effect of Forest Fragmentation on Lyme Disease Risk}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed{\&}cmd=Retrieve{\&}dopt=AbstractPlus{\&}list{\_}uids=411537626052837252related:hD-WXEoTtgUJ http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x},
volume = {17},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Valle2014,
abstract = {We propose a novel multivariate method to analyse biodiversity data based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model. LDA, a probabilistic model, reduces assemblages to sets of distinct component communities. It produces easily interpretable results, can represent abrupt and gradual changes in composition, accommodates missing data and allows for coherent estimates of uncertainty. We illustrate our method using tree data for the eastern United States and from a tropical successional chronosequence. The model is able to detect pervasive declines in the oak community in Minnesota and Indiana, potentially due to fire suppression, increased growing season precipitation and herbivory. The chronosequence analysis is able to delineate clear successional trends in species composition, while also revealing that site-specific factors significantly impact these successional trajectories. The proposed method provides a means to decompose and track the dynamics of species assemblages along temporal and spatial gradients, including effects of global change and forest disturbances.},
author = {Valle, Denis and Baiser, Benjamin and Woodall, Christopher W. and Chazdon, Robin},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12380},
editor = {Chave, Jerome},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Valle et al. - 2014 - Decomposing biodiversity data using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model, a probabilistic multivariate statistica.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1461-0248},
issn = {14610248},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {Biodiversity data,Cluster analysis,Community ecology,Latent Dirichlet Allocation,Multivariate statistics,Text-mining},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {1591--1601},
pmid = {25328064},
title = {{Decomposing biodiversity data using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model, a probabilistic multivariate statistical method}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.12380},
volume = {17},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Renard2015,
author = {Renard, Delphine and Rhemtulla, Jeanine M and Bennett, Elena M},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1502565112},
pages = {1--6},
title = {{Historical dynamics in ecosystem service bundles}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Wotton2017,
abstract = {Biodiversity indicators are essential for monitoring the impacts of pressures on the state of nature, determining the effectiveness of policy responses, and tracking progress towards biodiversity targets and sustainable development goals. Indicators based on trends in the abundance of birds are widely used for these purposes in Europe and have been identified as priorities for development elsewhere. To facilitate this we established bird population monitoring schemes in three African countries, based on citizen science approaches used in Europe, aiming to monitor population trends in common and widespread species. We recorded {\textgreater} 500 bird species from c. 450 2-km transects in Botswana, {\textgreater} 750 species from c. 120 transects in Uganda, and {\textgreater} 630 species from c. 90 transects in Kenya. Provisional Wild Bird Indices indicate a strong increase in bird populations in Botswana and a small decrease in Uganda. We also provide comparisons between trends of habitat generalists and specialists, of birds within and outside protected areas, and between Afro-Palearctic migrants and resident birds. Challenges encountered included recruiting, training and retaining volunteer surveyors, and securing long-term funding. However, we show that with technical support and modest investment (c. USD 30,000 per scheme per year), meaningful biodiversity indicators can be generated and used in African countries. Sustained resourcing for the existing schemes, and replication elsewhere, would be a cost-effective way to improve our understanding of biodiversity trends globally, and measure progress towards environmental goals.},
author = {Wotton, S.R. and Eaton, M.A. and Sheehan, D. and Munyekenye, F. Barasa and Burfield, I.J. and Butchart, S.H.M. and Moleofi, K. and Nalwanga-Wabwire, D. and Ndang'ang'a, P.K. and Pomeroy, D. and Senyatso, K.J. and Gregory, R.D.},
doi = {10.1017/S0030605317001181},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wotton et al. - 2017 - Developing biodiversity indicators for African birds.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0030-6053},
journal = {Oryx},
keywords = {abundance,aichi targets,and international reporting,article is available at,land bird monitoring,national,policy relevant,population,supplementary material for this,trim,wild bird index},
month = {nov},
pages = {1--12},
title = {{Developing biodiversity indicators for African birds}},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0030605317001181/type/journal{\_}article},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Bobiec2002,
abstract = {The Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a Primeval Forest (BPF) is the only forest area in temperate Europe where forest communities have developed a natural stand structure and a natural distribution of coarse woody debris ((CWD)=standing dead trees (SDT)+down woody material (DWM)). Stand and dead wood characteristics are influenced by ancient and recent historical factors and current processes, such as fires, competitive exclusion, storms, insect outbreaks, and forest management. The aim of the present study was to relate CWD to stand characteristics in mesic deciduous forest (Tilio–Carpinetum (TC)) and riparian forest (Circaeo–Alnetum (CA)). Direct comparison of managed forest to protected forest provides information about the impact of the forestry practices on TC stand and CWD characteristics. Approximately two-fold larger volume of trees was found in the Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a National Park (BNP) TC stands (from 336 to 555 m3 ha−1) than in the commercial forest ((CF), from 239 to 279 m3 ha−1). Irregular distribution of “legacy trees” (DBH{\textgreater}90 cm) accounted for most of the variability among the TC BNP stands. Even stronger differences within TC stands were revealed among the various developmental phases (from 147 m3 ha−1 in degradation phase to 630 m3 ha−1 in biostatic-optimal phase). Difference in rate of stand development was responsible for the variability of tree volume within CA (338 m3 ha−1 in early succession stand versus 634 m3 ha−1 in close-to-climax stand). CWD (mostly DWM) contributed about one-quarter of the total above ground wood biomass in BNP TC and CA ecosystems, ranging from 87 to 160 m3 ha−1. Higher relative abundance of spruce in DWM than in living stand volume and more spruce in old debris than in fresh debris suggests that the end of the spruce mortality wave was imminent. As a consequence, structural and dynamic changes in favour of smaller regeneration units are expected. A mere vestige of CWD was found in the CF ecosystem. Both stand and CWD data show a negative impact of former management on the forest ecosystems. In conclusion, special measures aimed at the restoration of ecological capacity of forest communities, including legacy retention and management for decadence, have been recommended. There is an urgent need for complementary studies to supply information necessary for successful adaptive management of the Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a Primeval Forest.},
author = {Bobiec, Andrzej},
doi = {10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00655-7},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2002/Bobiec{\_}2002{\_}Living stands and dead wood in the Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a forest suggestions for restoration management.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03781127},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
keywords = {Bialowieza,Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a Primeval Forest,Coarse woody debris,Developmental phases,Forest,Forest dynamics,Forest management,Legacy trees,bia{\o}owiez,restoration management},
mendeley-tags = {Bialowieza,Forest},
month = {jul},
number = {1-3},
pages = {125--140},
title = {{Living stands and dead wood in the Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a forest: suggestions for restoration management}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112701006557 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112701006557},
volume = {165},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Johnstone2016,
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Johnstone, Jill F and Allen, Craig D and Franklin, Jerry F and Frelich, Lee E and Harvey, Brian J and Higuera, Philip E and Mack, Michelle C and Meentemeyer, Ross K and Metz, Margaret R and Perry, George LW and Schoennagel, Tania and Turner, Monica G},
doi = {10.1002/fee.1311},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Johnstone et al. - 2016 - Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {15409295},
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
month = {sep},
number = {7},
pages = {369--378},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fee.1311},
volume = {14},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ahmed2017,
abstract = {ABSTRACTOver the last few decades, the African Sahel has become the focus of many studies regarding vegetation dynamics and their relationships with climate and people. This is because rainfall limits the production of biomass in the region, a resource on which people are directly dependent for their livelihoods. In this study, we utilized a remote-sensing approach to answering the following two questions: (1) how does the dynamic relationship between soil moisture and plant growth vary across hydrological regimes, and (2) are vegetation-type-dependent responses to soil moisture availability detectable from satellite imagery? In order to answer these questions, we studied the relationship between monthly modelled soil moisture as an indicator for water availability and the remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as a proxy for vegetation growth between a “recovery rainfall period” (1982 to 1997) and a “stable rainfall period” (1998 to 2013), at different time lags across the Sahel re...},
author = {Ahmed, Mohamed and Else, Brent and Eklundh, Lars and Ard{\"{o}}, Jonas and Seaquist, Jonathan},
doi = {10.1080/01431161.2017.1339920},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/Dynamic response of NDVI to soil moisture variations during different hydrological regimes in the Sahel region.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
month = {oct},
number = {19},
pages = {5408--5429},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{Dynamic response of NDVI to soil moisture variations during different hydrological regimes in the Sahel region}},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01431161.2017.1339920},
volume = {38},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Dolan2017,
abstract = {Disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic, are critical determinants 32 of forest structure, function, and distribution. The vulnerability of forests to potential 33 changes in disturbance rates remains largely unknown. Here, we developed a framework 34 for quantifying and mapping the vulnerability of forests to changes in disturbance rates. 35 By comparing recent estimates of observed forest disturbance rates over a sample 36 37 of contiguous U.S. forests to modeled rates of disturbance resulting in forest loss, 38 a novel index of vulnerability, Disturbance Distance, was produced. Sample results 39 indicate that 20{\%} of current U.S. forestland could be lost if disturbance rates were to 40 double, with southwestern forests showing highest vulnerability. Under a future climate 41 scenario, the majority of U.S. forests showed capabilities of withstanding higher rates 42 of disturbance then under the current climate scenario, which may buffer some impacts 43 of intensified forest disturbance.},
author = {Dolan, K. A. and Hurtt, G. C. and Flanagan, S. A. and Fisk, J. P. and Sahajpal, R. and Huang, C. and {Le Page}, Y. and Dubayah, R. and Masek, J.},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8ea9},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dolan et al. - 2017 - Disturbance distance quantifying forests' vulnerability to disturbance under current and future conditions.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
title = {{Disturbance distance: quantifying forests' vulnerability to disturbance under current and future conditions}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Baldeck2013,
abstract = {Airborne remote sensing has an important role to play in mapping and monitoring biodiversity over large spatial scales. Techniques for applying this technology to biodiversity mapping have focused on remote species identification of individual crowns; however, this requires collection of a large number of crowns to train a classifier, which may limit the usefulness of this approach in many study regions. Based on the premise that the spectral variation among sites is related to their ecological dissimilarity, we asked whether it is possible to estimate the beta diversity, or turnover in species composition, among sites without the use of training data. We evaluated alternative methods using simulated communities constructed from the spectra of field-identified tree and shrub crowns from an African savanna. A method based on the k-means clustering of crown spectra produced beta diversity estimates (measured as Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) among sites with an average pairwise correlation of {\~{}}0.5 with the true beta diversity, compared to an average correlation of {\~{}}0.8 obtained by a supervised species classification approach. When applied to savanna landscapes, the unsupervised clustering method produced beta diversity estimates similar to those obtained from supervised classification. The unsupervised method proposed here can be used to estimate the spatial structure of species turnover in a landscape when training data (e.g., tree crowns) are unavailable, providing top-down information for science, conservation and ecosystem management applications.},
author = {Baldeck, Claire and Asner, Gregory},
doi = {10.3390/rs5052057},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Baldeck, Asner - 2013 - Estimating Vegetation Beta Diversity from Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy and Unsupervised Clustering.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {10.3390/rs5052057},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Beta diversity,Bray-Curtis,BrayCurtis,Carnegie Airborne Observatory,Hyperspectral,K-means clustering,Kruger National Park,LiDAR,Savanna,Spectral variation hypothesis,Support vector machine,Unsupervised},
mendeley-tags = {BrayCurtis},
month = {apr},
number = {5},
pages = {2057--2071},
title = {{Estimating Vegetation Beta Diversity from Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy and Unsupervised Clustering}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/5/5/2057/},
volume = {5},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Johnson2016,
abstract = {An exploratory assessment was undertaken to determine the correlation strength and optimal timing of several commonly used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) composited imagery products against crop yields for 10 globally significant agricultural commodities. The crops analyzed included barley, canola, corn, cotton, potatoes, rice, sorghum, soybeans, sugarbeets, and wheat. The MODIS data investigated included the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR), Leaf Area Index (LAI), and Gross Primary Production (GPP), in addition to daytime Land Surface Temperature (DLST) and nighttime LST (NLST). The imagery utilized all had 8-day time intervals, but NDVI had a 250 m spatial resolution while the other products were 1000 m. These MODIS datasets were also assessed from both the Terra and Aqua satellites, with their differing overpass times, to document any differences. A follow-on analysis, using the Terra 250 m NDVI data as a benchmark, looked at the yield prediction utility of NDVI at two spatial scales (250 m vs. 1000 m), two time precisions (8-day vs. 16-day), and also assessed the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI, at 250 m, 16-day). The analyses spanned the major farming areas of the United States (US) from the summers of 2008–2013 and used annual county-level average crop yield data from the US Department of Agriculture as a basis. All crops, except rice, showed at least some positive correlations to each of the vegetation related indices in the middle of the growing season, with NDVI performing slightly better than FPAR. LAI was somewhat less strongly correlated and GPP weak overall. Conversely, some of the crops, particularly canola, corn, and soybeans, also showed negative correlations to DLST mid-summer. NLST, however, was never correlated to crop yield, regardless of the crop or seasonal timing. Differences between the Terra and Aqua results were found to be minimal. The 1000 m resolution NDVI showed somewhat poorer performance than the 250 m and suggests spatial resolution is helpful but not a necessity. The 8-day versus 16-day NDVI relationships to yields were very similar other than for the temporal precision. Finally, the EVI often showed the very best performance of all the variables, all things considered.},
author = {Johnson, David M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2016.05.010},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Johnson - 2016 - A comprehensive assessment of the correlations between field crop yields and commonly used MODIS products.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0303-2434},
issn = {03032434},
journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
month = {oct},
pages = {65--81},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{A comprehensive assessment of the correlations between field crop yields and commonly used MODIS products}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2016.05.010 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303243416300769},
volume = {52},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Westerling2006,
abstract = {Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer temperatures and an earlier spring snowmelt.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {astro-ph/0702209},
author = {Westerling, a. L. and Hidalgo, H G and Cayan, D R and Swetnam, T W},
doi = {10.1126/science.1128834},
eprint = {0702209},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Westerling et al. - 2006 - Warming and earlier spring increase western U.S. forest wildfire activity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0036-8075},
issn = {1095-9203},
journal = {Science},
month = {aug},
number = {5789},
pages = {940--3},
pmid = {16825536},
primaryClass = {astro-ph},
title = {{Warming and earlier spring increase western U.S. forest wildfire activity.}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1128834 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825536},
volume = {313},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Cardille2016,
abstract = {Since the opening of the Landsat archive, the availability of remote sensing data has increased dramatically, and algorithms that can interpret large time series of satellite imagery are in rapid development as additions to the decades of interpretation of remotely-sensed images. To date, processing of these massive data repositories has focused mostly on tracing forest growth and loss across very large areas within pre-defined study periods. Despite these very considerable advances, there is a need for methodology that could allow analysts to use their own specific land-cover categories of interest, and update existing land-cover classifications either forward or backward to a desired point in time. Here we demonstrate an algorithm (Bayesian Updating of Land-Cover, or BULC) developed for the continuous updating of land-cover classifications through time in large data sets. The BULC algorithm is designed to permit users to build new classifications or update existing classifications based on long streams of imagery, but with minimal storage and memory requirements. The algorithm ingests a sequence of classified land-cover data for a user-specified set of detectable classes, and maintains a continually updated estimate of land-cover probabilities and the most probable class at all time points along the sequence. We tested this algorithm in central Quebec with Landsat 8 imagery for summer 2013, when a series of large fires erupted and burned through forests. In this very dynamic setting, many of the summer's images were contaminated by ordinary standards, yet parts of the region could be seen through the clouds, smoke, and haze of each image. Across 11 dates of widely varying quality, BULC tracked the fires, ignored contaminated image information, and mapped fire borders consistently throughout the summer, autumn, and subsequent winter and spring. Building on images having a median accuracy of 78{\%} and 8{\%} NoData, the BULC algorithm created 11 sequenced land-cover maps each having more than 90{\%} overall accuracy and covering the entire study area. BULC's classifications mapped each of the land-cover categories with user's and producer's accuracies that compared well to the best individual images used as input, while accurately tracking land-cover change that occurred between those infrequent clear images. As we leave remote sensing's data-poor era and enter a period with many images of Earth's surface supplied by multiple sensors over a short period of time, the BULC algorithm may help to sift through images of varying quality to extract the most useful information for mapping time series of land-cover classifications.},
author = {Cardille, Jeffrey A. and Fortin, Julie A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2016.08.021},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cardille, Fortin - 2016 - Bayesian updating of land-cover estimates in a data-rich environment.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Bayesian updating,Change detection,Land-cover,Land-use,Landsat 8,Time series},
pages = {234--249},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Bayesian updating of land-cover estimates in a data-rich environment}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.08.021},
volume = {186},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Clavel2011,
abstract = {Specialization is a concept based on a broad theoretical framework developed by evolutionary biologists and ecologists. In the past 10 years, numerous studies have reported that – in many contexts – generalist species are “replacing” specialist species. We review recent research on the concept of the ecological niche and species specialization, and conclude that (1) the observed worldwide decline in specialist species is predicted by niche theory, (2) specialist declines cause “functional homogenization” of biodiversity, and (3) such homogenization may be used to measure the impact of disturbance on communities. Homogenization at the community level could alter ecosystem functioning and productivity, as well as result in the deterioration of ecosystem goods and services. We propose community-level specialization as an indicator of the impact of global changes (habitat and climate disturbances) on},
author = {Clavel, Joanne and Julliard, Romain and Devictor, Vincent},
doi = {10.1890/080216},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2011/Clavel, Julliard, Devictor{\_}2011{\_}Worldwide decline of specialist species toward a global functional homogenization.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1540-9295},
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Biotic Homogenization,Homogenization,Study,biotic homogenization},
mendeley-tags = {Biotic Homogenization,Homogenization,Study},
month = {may},
number = {4},
pages = {222--228},
title = {{Worldwide decline of specialist species: toward a global functional homogenization?}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/080216 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/080216},
volume = {9},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Martin2012,
author = {Martin, Laura J and Blossey, Bernd and Ellis, Erle},
doi = {10.1890/110154},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2012/Martin, Blossey, Ellis{\_}2012{\_}Mapping where ecologists work biases in the global distribution of terrestrial ecological observations.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1540-9295},
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
month = {may},
number = {4},
pages = {195--201},
title = {{Mapping where ecologists work: biases in the global distribution of terrestrial ecological observations}},
volume = {10},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Butsic2015,
abstract = {Top-down forces are expected to be important in regulating herbivore populations in most agricultural systems where primary productivity is high and species diversity is low. Under such conditions, trophic cascades are predicted to occur when predator populations are reduced or removed. Studies on how predator removal indirectly affects herbivory rates in agricultural systems are lacking. Through a bird-exclosure experiment, I test the hypothesis that insectivorous birds indirectly defend oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) from herbivorous insects. Results show that bird exclusion significantly increased herbivory damage to oil palms, and that the size of this exclusion effect increased with bird density, although the latter result was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that insectivorous birds deliver a natural pest control service for oil palm agriculture, which is important not only for the direct benefits it delivers for human welfare, but also in strengthening the economic justifications for conserving the remaining natural habitats and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.},
author = {Butsic, Van and Kuemmerle, Tobias},
doi = {10.1890/14-1927.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Butsic, Kuemmerle - 2015 - Using optimization methods to align food production and biodiversity conservation beyond land sharing and lan.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0849309670},
issn = {1051-0761},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
keywords = {and analysis,disturbance,forest service forest inventory,harvest regimes,logging,northeastern united states,s,tree mortality,u},
month = {apr},
number = {3},
pages = {589--595},
title = {{Using optimization methods to align food production and biodiversity conservation beyond land sharing and land sparing}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/14-1927.1},
volume = {25},
year = {2015}
}
@article{DiMarco2015,
abstract = {Geographic range size is the manifestation of complex interactions between intrinsic species traits and extrinsic environmental conditions. It is also a fundamental ecological attribute of species and a key extinction risk correlate. Past research has primarily focused on the role of biological and environmental predictors of range size, but macroecological patterns can also be distorted by human activities. Here, we analyse the role of extrinsic (biogeography, habitat state, climate, human pressure) and intrinsic (biology) variables in predicting range size of the world's terrestrial mammals. In particular, our aim is to compare the predictive ability of human pressure vs. species biology. We evaluated the ability of 19 intrinsic and extrinsic variables in predicting range size for 4867 terrestrial mammals. We repeated the analyses after excluding restricted-range species and performed separate analyses for species in different biogeographic realms and taxonomic groups. Our model had high predictive ability and showed that climatic variables and human pressures are the most influential predictors of range size. Interestingly, human pressures predict current geographic range size better than biological traits. These findings were confirmed when repeating the analyses on large-ranged species, individual biogeographic regions and individual taxonomic groups. Climatic and human impacts have determined the extinction of mammal species in the past and are the main factors shaping the present distribution of mammals. These factors also affect other vertebrate groups globally, and their influence on range size may be similar as well. Measuring climatic and human variables can allow to obtain approximate range size estimations for data-deficient and newly discovered species (e.g. hundreds of mammal species worldwide). Our results support the need for a more careful consideration of the role of climate change and human impact – as opposed to species biological characteristics – in shaping species distribution ranges.},
author = {{Di Marco}, Moreno and Santini, Luca},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.12834},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/Marco{\_}et{\_}al-2015-Global{\_}Change{\_}Biology.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2486},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {Biological traits,Geographic range size,Human pressures,Macroecology,Terrestrial mammals},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {2169--2178},
pmid = {25504910},
title = {{Human pressures predict species' geographic range size better than biological traits}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/gcb.12834},
volume = {21},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Fraterrigo2006,
abstract = {* 1 Former human practices can persistently influence forest ecosystems, particularly by altering the distribution and abundance of vegetation. Previous research has focused on the role of colonization success in governing plant community patterns in abandoned forests, but few studies have explored how changes in the performance of adult plants may contribute to changes in plant populations. * 2 We examined patterns of biomass allocation and growth of 12 herbaceous plant species in southern Appalachian forest stands that have developed after agricultural abandonment or logging at least 55 years ago, to determine whether plant performance varied with land-use history. Soil nutrient availability and canopy closure were also investigated. * 3 Adult plant biomass allocation varied appreciably among stands with different histories. Herbs in farmed stands generally allocated the most to leaves and the least to stems, while reference stands showed the opposite pattern. Plants in previously farmed sites had the highest rate of growth, although we observed considerable interspecific variation in plant performance. Stem allocation and relative growth rate were positively correlated in reference stands, but not in farmed or logged stands. Similarly, the growth of plants was clearly associated with soil nutrient concentration in reference stands but not in farmed or logged stands. * 4 Differences in understorey density and soil nutrient availability may account for the observed patterns. Total herbaceous cover was appreciably lower in farmed and logged stands (58{\%} and 51{\%}) than in reference stands (78{\%}), and soil phosphorus was higher in farmed stands than in logged and reference stands. Thus, competition for light and nutrients may be lower in farmed and logged stands than in reference stands, despite there being no difference in canopy closure with land-use history. * 5 Overall, these results suggest that land-use history may influence environmental variables in ways that can enhance the performance of some herbaceous species. However, not all species may respond similarly to these changes.},
author = {Fraterrigo, Jennifer M. and Turner, Monica G. and Pearson, Scott M.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01081.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fraterrigo, Turner, Pearson - 2006 - Previous land use alters plant allocation and growth in forest herbs.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2745},
issn = {00220477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {Allometry,Biomass,Growth rate,Land-use history,Leaf area,Optimal partitioning,Southern Appalachians USA,Understorey},
month = {apr},
number = {3},
pages = {548--557},
title = {{Previous land use alters plant allocation and growth in forest herbs}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01081.x},
volume = {94},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Thackeray2016,
author = {Thackeray, Stephen J and Henrys, Peter A and Hemming, Deborah and Bell, James R and Botham, Marc S and Burthe, Sarah and Helaouet, Pierre and Johns, David G and Jones, Ian D and Leech, David I and Mackay, Eleanor B and Massimino, Dario and Atkinson, Sian and Bacon, Philip J and Brereton, Tom M and Carvalho, Laurence and Clutton-Brock, Tim H. and Duck, Callan and Edwards, Martin and Elliott, J Malcolm and Hall, Stephen J G and Harrington, Richard and Pearce-Higgins, James W. and H{\o}ye, Toke T. and Kruuk, Loeske E. B. and Pemberton, Josephine M and Sparks, Tim H and Thompson, Paul M and White, Ian and Winfield, Ian J and Wanless, Sarah},
doi = {10.1038/nature18608},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Thackeray et al. - 2016 - Phenological sensitivity to climate across taxa and trophic levels.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {jun},
pages = {1--17},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Phenological sensitivity to climate across taxa and trophic levels}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18608 http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature18608},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Vegas-Vilarrubia2011,
abstract = {Palaeoecology, as an ecological discipline, is able to provide relevant inputs for conservation science and ecosystem management, especially for issues involving long-term processes, such as ecological succession, migration, adaptation, microevolution, and extinction. This use of palaeoecology has been noted for several decades, and it has become widely accepted, especially in the frame of ongoing and near-future global warming and its potential biotic consequences. Selected palaeoecological insights of interest for conservation include the following: 1) species respond in an individualistic manner to environmental changes that lead to changes in community composition, suggesting that future ecosystems would have no modern analogues; 2) in the short-term, acclimation is more likely a response of species that are expected to persist in the face of global warming, but the possibility of evolutionary change linked to the existence of pre-adapted genomes cannot be dismissed; 3) species unable to acclimate or adapt to new conditions should migrate or become extinct, which has been observed in past records; 4) current extinction estimates for the near-future should be revised in light of palaeoecological information, which shows that spatial reorganisations and persistence in suitable microrefugia have been more common than extinction during the Quaternary; 5) biotic responses to environmental changes do not necessarily follow the rules of equilibrium dynamics but depend on complex and non-linear processes that lead to unexpected "surprises", which are favoured by the occurrence of thresholds and amplifying positive feedbacks; 6) threshold responses can cause the movement of ecosystems among several potentially stable states depending on their resilience, or the persistence of transient states; 7) species and their communities have responded to environmental changes in a heterogeneous fashion according to the local and regional features, which is crucial for present and future management policies; 8) the global warming that occurred at the end of the Younger Drays cold reversal (ca 13.0 to 11.5 cal kyr BP) took place at similar rates and magnitudes compared to the global warming projected for the 21st century, thus becoming a powerful past analogue for prediction modelling; 9) environmental changes have acted upon ecosystems in an indirect way by modifying human behaviour and activities that, in turn, have had the potential of changing the environment and enhancing the disturbance effects by synergistic processes involving positive feedbacks; 10) the collapse of past civilisations under climate stress has been chiefly the result of inadequate management procedures and weaknesses in social organisation, which would be a warning for the present uncontrolled growth of human population, the consequent overexploitation of natural resources, and the continuous increase of greenhouse gas emissions; 11) the impact of fire as a decisive ecological agent has increased since the rise of humans, especially during the last millennia, but anthropic fires were not dominant over natural fires until the 19th century; 12) fire has been an essential element in the development and ecological dynamics of many ecosystems, and it has significantly affected the worldwide biome distribution; 13) climate-fire-human synergies that amplify the effects of climate, or fire alone, have been important in the shaping of modern landscapes. These general paleoecological observations and others that have emerged from case studies of particular problems can improve the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Nature conservation requires the full consideration of palaeoecological knowledge in an ecological context, along with the synergistic cooperation of palaeoecologists with neoecologists, anthropologists, and conservation scientists. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Vegas-Vilarr{\'{u}}bia, T. and Rull, V. and Montoya, E. and Safont, E.},
doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Vegas-Vilarr{\'{u}}bia et al. - 2011 - Quaternary palaeoecology and nature conservation a general review with examples from the neotropics.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {02773791},
issn = {02773791},
journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
keywords = {Abrupt changes,Biotic responses,Global change,Gradual changes,Human disturbance,Long-term ecology,Palaeoclimates,Past analogues,Resilience,Threshold responses,Tropical America},
month = {sep},
number = {19-20},
pages = {2361--2388},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Quaternary palaeoecology and nature conservation: a general review with examples from the neotropics}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.006 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379111001429},
volume = {30},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Hillebrand2017,
abstract = {Introduction: D-dimer assay, generally evaluated according to cutoff points calibrated for VTE exclusion, is used to estimate the individual risk of recurrence after a first idiopathic event of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Methods: Commercial D-dimer assays, evaluated according to predetermined cutoff levels for each assay, specific for age (lower in subjects {\textless}70 years) and gender (lower in males), were used in the recent DULCIS study. The present analysis compared the results obtained in the DULCIS with those that might have been had using the following different cutoff criteria: traditional cutoff for VTE exclusion, higher levels in subjects aged ≥60 years, or age multiplied by 10. Results: In young subjects, the DULCIS low levels resulted in half the recurrent events that would have occurred using the other criteria. In elderly patients, the DULCIS results were similar to those calculated for the two age-adjusted criteria. The adoption of traditional VTE exclusion criteria would have led to positive results in the large majority of elderly subjects, without a significant reduction in the rate of recurrent event. Conclusion: The results confirm the usefulness of the cutoff levels used in DULCIS.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:physics/0608246v3},
author = {Hillebrand, Helmut and Blasius, Bernd and Borer, Elizabeth T. and Chase, Jonathan M. and Downing, John A. and Eriksson, Britas Klemens and Filstrup, Christopher T. and Harpole, W. Stanley and Hodapp, Dorothee and Larsen, Stefano and Lewandowska, Aleksandra M. and Seabloom, Eric W. and {Van de Waal}, Dedmer B. and Ryabov, Alexey B.},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.12959},
editor = {Cadotte, Marc},
eprint = {0608246v3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hillebrand et al. - 2017 - Biodiversity change is uncoupled from species richness trends Consequences for conservation and monitoring.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {4955139574},
issn = {00218901},
journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
keywords = {Biodiversity change,Biodiversity loss,Diversity,Dominance,Human impact,Monitoring,Richness,Species composition,Species turnover,Time series},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {169--184},
pmid = {28199780},
primaryClass = {arXiv:physics},
title = {{Biodiversity change is uncoupled from species richness trends: Consequences for conservation and monitoring}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2664.12959},
volume = {55},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Estes2018,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2017 John Wiley {\&} Sons Ltd. Land cover maps increasingly underlie research into socioeconomic and environmental patterns and processes, including global change. It is known that map errors impact our understanding of these phenomena, but quantifying these impacts is difficult because many areas lack adequate reference data. We used a highly accurate, high-resolution map of South African cropland to assess (1) the magnitude of error in several current generation land cover maps, and (2) how these errors propagate in downstream studies. We first quantified pixel-wise errors in the cropland classes of four widely used land cover maps at resolutions ranging from 1 to 100 km, and then calculated errors in several representative "downstream" (map-based) analyses, including assessments of vegetative carbon stocks, evapotranspiration, crop production, and household food security. We also evaluated maps' spatial accuracy based on how precisely they could be used to locate specific landscape features. We found that cropland maps can have substantial biases and poor accuracy at all resolutions (e.g., at 1 km resolution, up to ∼45{\%} underestimates of cropland (bias) and nearly 50{\%} mean absolute error (MAE, describing accuracy); at 100 km, up to 15{\%} underestimates and nearly 20{\%} MAE). National-scale maps derived from higher-resolution imagery were most accurate, followed by multi-map fusion products. Constraining mapped values to match survey statistics may be effective at minimizing bias (provided the statistics are accurate). Errors in downstream analyses could be substantially amplified or muted, depending on the values ascribed to cropland-adjacent covers (e.g., with forest as adjacent cover, carbon map error was 200{\%}-500{\%} greater than in input cropland maps, but ∼40{\%} less for sparse cover types). The average locational error was 6 km (600{\%}). These findings provide deeper insight into the causes and potential consequences of land cover map error, and suggest several recommendations for land cover map users.},
author = {Estes, Lyndon and Chen, Peng and Debats, Stephanie and Evans, Tom and Ferreira, Stefanus and Kuemmerle, Tobias and Ragazzo, Gabrielle and Sheffield, Justin and Wolf, Adam and Wood, Eric and Caylor, Kelly},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.13904},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/gcb.13904.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0000000154871},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {agent-based model,agriculture,bias,carbon,crop yield,evapotranspiration,land cover,remote sensing},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {322--337},
pmid = {27935037},
title = {{A large-area, spatially continuous assessment of land cover map error and its impact on downstream analyses}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/gcb.13904},
volume = {24},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Padisak1992,
abstract = {1. The phytoplankton of the large shallow Lake Balaton was studied quantitatively on 21 1 consecutive days between April and November 1980. In total 417 taxa were found during the period of sampling. The number of planktonic species was c. 300. Compared with the few dominants, most of the species were extremely rare. 2. Relative frequencies (RF) within the total number of enumerated specimens (c. 100000) were used to analyse the quantities of both frequent and rare species on a common quantitative base. Approximately two-thirds of the 300 planktonic species were evenly distributed in time, the others exhibited temporal peaks. Based on population dynamics, 100 species (RF{\textgreater} 2000{\~{}}', i.e. a relative frequency greater than 500 out of 100000 specimens) are considered to characterize the community responses to changes in both major and minor resources set by the given pattern of environmental background. Approximately 15 of these 100 species might have had an allochthonous origin. 3. Approximately half of the 200 rare species are velocity specialists, able to grow rapidly in spatially and temporally randomly distributed, nutrient-rich microenvironments; the other 100 are termed the 'ecological memory' of the phytoplankton community. Memory is considered here to be the capacity of past states or experiences to influence present or future responses of the community. 4. The memory of the community comprises all the potential recruit-species which are not completely excluded because of spatial and temporal disturbances (heterogeneity). These species may out-compete the regular dominants of the most probable seasonal successional pattern if the competitive arena changes. 5. Several cases (years with exceptional meteorological conditions, limnocorral experiments) in the history of planktonic events in Lake Balaton and in other lakes support the hypothesis.},
author = {Padisak, Judit},
doi = {10.2307/2261008},
isbn = {0022-0477},
issn = {00220477},
journal = {The Journal of Ecology},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {217},
title = {{Seasonal Succession of Phytoplankton in a Large Shallow Lake (Balaton, Hungary)--A Dynamic Approach to Ecological Memory, Its Possible Role and Mechanisms}},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2261008?origin=crossref},
volume = {80},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Winfree2007,
abstract = {It is important for conservation biologists to understand how well species persist in human-dominated ecosystems because protected areas constitute a small fraction of the Earth's surface and because anthropogenic habitats may offer more opportunities for conservation than has been previously thought. We investigated how an important functional group, pollinators (bees; Hymenoptera: Apiformes), are affected by human land use at the landscape and local scales in southern New Jersey (U.S.A.). We established 40 sites that differed in surrounding landscape cover or local habitat type and collected 2551 bees of 130 species. The natural habitat in this ecosystem is a forested, ericaceous heath. Bee abundance and species richness within forest habitat decreased, not increased, with increasing forest cover in the surrounding landscape. Similarly, bee abundance was greater in agricultural fields and suburban and urban developments than in extensive forests, and the same trend was found for species richness. Particular species groups that might be expected to show greater sensitivity to habitat loss, such as floral specialists and bees of small or large body size, did not show strong positive associations with forest habitat. Nevertheless, 18 of the 130 bee species studied were positively associated with extensive forest. One of these species is a narrow endemic that was last seen in 1939. Our results suggest that at least in this system, moderate anthropogenic land use may be compatible with the conservation of many, but not all, bee species.},
author = {Winfree, Rachael and Griswold, Terry and Kremen, Claire},
doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00574.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2007/Winfree, Griswold, Kremen{\_}2007{\_}Effect of human disturbance on bee communities in a forested ecosystem.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0888-8892},
journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology},
keywords = {Agriculture,Animals,Bees,Bees: physiology,Body Size,Cities,Conservation of Natural Resources,Ecosystem,Geographic Information Systems,New Jersey,Population Density,Trees},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {213--23},
pmid = {17298527},
title = {{Effect of human disturbance on bee communities in a forested ecosystem.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17298527},
volume = {21},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Reed2016,
abstract = {Poverty, food insecurity, climate change and biodiversity loss continue to persist as the primary environmental and social challenges faced by the global community. As such, there is a growing acknowledgement that conventional sectorial approaches to addressing often inter-connected social, environmental, economic, and political challenges are proving insufficient. An alternative is to focus on integrated solutions at landscape-scales, or "landscape approaches". The appeal of landscape approaches has resulted in the production of a significant body of literature in recent decades, yet confusion over terminology, application and utility persists. Focusing on the tropics, we systematically reviewed the literature to: 1) disentangle the historical development and theory behind the framework of the landscape approach and how it has progressed into its current iteration, 2) establish lessons learned from previous land management strategies, 3) determine the barriers that currently restrict implementation of the landscape approach and 4) provide recommendations for how the landscape approach can contribute towards the fulfilment of the goals of international policy processes. This review suggests that, despite some barriers to implementation, a landscape approach has considerable potential to meet social and environmental objectives at local scales while aiding national commitments to addressing ongoing global challenges. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
author = {Reed, James and {Van Vianen}, Josh and Deakin, Elizabeth L. and Barlow, Jos and Sunderland, Terry},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.13284},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {Sustainable Development Goals,biodiversity conservation,conservation and development trade‐offs,food security,integrated management,landscape approach},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
pmid = {26990574},
title = {{Integrated landscape approaches to managing social and environmental issues in the tropics: learning from the past to guide the future}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/gcb.13284},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Donohue2000a,
abstract = {1 Past land use can have long-term effects on plant species' distributional patterns if alterations in resources and environmental conditions have persistent effects on population demography (environmental change) and/or if plants are intrinsically limited in their colonization ability (historical factors). 2 We evaluated the role of environmental alteration vs. historical factors in controlling distributional patterns of Gaultheria procumbens, a woody, clonal understorey species with a pronounced restriction to areas that have never been ploughed, and near absence from adjoining areas that were ploughed in the 19th century. The demographic study was conducted in scrub oak and hardwood plant communities on an extensive sand plain, where it was possible to control for the effect of variation in environment prior to land use. 3 The observed demographic effects were contrary to the hypothesis that persistent environmental alteration depressed demographic performance and limited the distribution of G. procumbens. We observed no overall effect of land-use history on stem density, stem recruitment or flower production. In fact, some aspects of performance were enhanced in previously ploughed areas. Populations in previously ploughed areas exhibited less stem mortality in scrub oak transitions, an increase in germination, seedling longevity and proportion of potentially reproductive stems in both plant communities, a trend for slower observed rates of population decline in both plant communities, and a higher projected rate of population growth in the scrub oak transitions. Thus, particularly in scrub oak communities, the lower abundance of G. procumbens in formerly ploughed than in unploughed areas contrasted with its performance. 4 The limited occurrence of G. procumbens in formerly farmed areas was explained instead by its slow intrinsic growth rate, coupled with limited seedling establishment. Lateral population extension occurred exclusively through vegetative growth, allowing a maximum expansion of 43 cm year−1. 5 We conclude that inherent limitations in the colonizing ability of some plant species may present a major obstacle in the restoration or recovery of plant communities on intensively disturbed sites, even in the absence of persistent environmental effects that depress population growth.},
author = {Donohue, Kathleen and Foster, David R. and Motzkin, Glenn},
doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00441.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Donohue, Foster, Motzkin - 2000 - Effects of the past and the present on species distribution land-use history and demography of winterg.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-0477},
issn = {0022-0477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {Gaultheria procumbens,clonal growth,demographic effects of land-use history,distributional restrictions,environmental alterations,historical constraints on species distribution},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {303--316},
pmid = {2984},
title = {{Effects of the past and the present on species distribution: land-use history and demography of wintergreen}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00441.x},
volume = {88},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Estel2015,
author = {Estel, Stephan and Kuemmerle, Tobias and Alc{\'{a}}ntara, Camilo and Levers, Christian and Prishchepov, Alexander and Hostert, Patrick},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.028},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Estel et al. - 2015 - Mapping farmland abandonment and recultivation across Europe using MODIS NDVI time series.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Europe,Fallow farmland,Farmland abandonment,Land-use change,MODIS time series,Management intensity,Random Forests classifier,Recultivation,farmland abandonment},
month = {jun},
pages = {312--325},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Mapping farmland abandonment and recultivation across Europe using MODIS NDVI time series}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.028 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003442571500125X},
volume = {163},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Li2015,
author = {Li, Wenjuan and Weiss, Marie and Waldner, Francois and Defourny, Pierre and Demarez, Valerie and Morin, David and Hagolle, Olivier and Baret, Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric},
doi = {10.3390/rs71115494},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Li et al. - 2015 - A Generic Algorithm to Estimate LAI, FAPAR and FCOVER Variables from SPOT4{\_}HRVIR and Landsat Sensors Evaluation of th.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {15494--15516},
title = {{A Generic Algorithm to Estimate LAI, FAPAR and FCOVER Variables from SPOT4{\_}HRVIR and Landsat Sensors: Evaluation of the Consistency and Comparison with Ground Measurements}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/11/15494},
volume = {7},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Meyfroidt2014,
abstract = {Commodity crop expansion, for both global and domestic urban markets, follows multiple land change pathways entailing direct and indirect deforestation, and results in various social and environmental impacts. Here we compare six published case studies of rapid commodity crop expansion within forested tropical regions. Across cases, between 1.7{\%} and 89.5{\%} of new commodity cropland was sourced from forestlands. Four main factors controlled pathways of commodity crop expansion: (i) the availability of suitable forestland, which is determined by forest area, agroecological or accessibility constraints, and land use policies, (ii) economic and technical characteristics of agricultural systems, (iii) differences in constraints and strategies between small-scale and large-scale actors, and (iv) variable costs and benefits of forest clearing. When remaining forests were unsuitable for agriculture and/or policies restricted forest encroachment, a larger share of commodity crop expansion occurred by conversion of existing agricultural lands, and land use displacement was smaller. Expansion strategies of large-scale actors emerge from context-specific balances between the search for suitable lands; transaction costs or conflicts associated with expanding into forests or other state-owned lands versus smallholder lands; net benefits of forest clearing; and greater access to infrastructure in alreadycleared lands. We propose five hypotheses to be tested in further studies: (i) land availability mediates expansion pathways and the likelihood that land use is displaced to distant, rather than to local places; (ii) use of already-cleared lands is favored when commodity crops require access to infrastructure; (iii) in proportion to total agricultural expansion, large-scale actors generate more clearing of mature forests than smallholders; (iv) property rights and land tenure security influence the actors participating in commodity crop expansion, the form of land use displacement, and livelihood outcomes; (v) intensive commodity crops may fail to spare land when inducing displacement. We conclude that understanding pathways of commodity crop expansion is essential to improve land use governance.},
author = {Meyfroidt, Patrick and Carlson, Kimberly M and Fagan, Matthew E and Guti{\'{e}}rrez-V{\'{e}}lez, Victor H and Macedo, Marcia N and Curran, Lisa M and DeFries, Ruth S and Dyer, George a and Gibbs, Holly K and Lambin, Eric F and Morton, Douglas C and Robiglio, Valentina},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/074012},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Meyfroidt et al. - 2014 - Multiple pathways of commodity crop expansion in tropical forest landscapes.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1748-9326},
issn = {1748-9326},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {074012},
publisher = {IOP Publishing},
title = {{Multiple pathways of commodity crop expansion in tropical forest landscapes}},
url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/9/i=7/a=074012?key=crossref.38b6e5ba2fc931b7469f11c3ad7c1743},
volume = {9},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Hughes2017,
abstract = {In the species-rich and structurally complex forests of the Eastern United States, disturbance events are often partial and therefore difficult to detect using remote sensing methods. Here we present a set of new algorithms, collectively called Vegetation Regeneration and Disturbance Estimates through Time (VeRDET), which employ a novel patch-based approach to detect periods of vegetation disturbance, stability, and growth from the historical Landsat image records. VeRDET generates a yearly clear-sky composite from satellite imagery, calculates a spectral vegetation index for each pixel in that composite, spatially segments the vegetation index image into patches, temporally divides the time series into differently sloped segments, and then labels those segments as disturbed, stable, or regenerating. Segmentation at both the spatial and temporal steps are performed using total variation regularization, an algorithm originally designed for signal denoising. This study explores VeRDET's effectiveness in detecting forest change using four vegetation indices and two parameters controlling the spatial and temporal scales of segmentation within a calibration region. We then evaluate algorithm effectiveness within a 386,000 km2 area in the Eastern United States where VeRDET has overall error of 23{\%} and omission error across disturbances ranging from 22{\%} to 78{\%} depending on agent.},
author = {Hughes, M. and Kaylor, S. and Hayes, Daniel},
doi = {10.3390/f8050166},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hughes, Kaylor, Hayes - 2017 - Patch-Based Forest Change Detection from Landsat Time Series.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1999-4907},
journal = {Forests},
keywords = {Change detection,Forest disturbance,Landsat,Remote sensing,Segmentation,Total variation regularization},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {166},
title = {{Patch-Based Forest Change Detection from Landsat Time Series}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/8/5/166},
volume = {8},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Busch2017,
author = {Busch, Jonah and Ferretti-Gallon, Kalifi},
doi = {10.1093/reep/rew013},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Busch, Ferretti-Gallon - 2017 - What Drives Deforestation and What Stops It A Meta-Analysis.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1750-6816},
journal = {Review of Environmental Economics and Policy},
number = {1},
pages = {3--23},
title = {{What Drives Deforestation and What Stops It? A Meta-Analysis}},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/reep/article/3066302/What https://academic.oup.com/reep/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/reep/rew013},
volume = {11},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Cowlishaw1999,
abstract = {Populations that have survived extensive habitat loss may still face extinction owing to a time lag between initial habitat loss and eventual population collapse. Using island biogeography theory, I investigated the potential existence and magnitude of such “extinction debts” among African forest primates as a result of historical deforestation. Forest primate species exhibited a classic species-area relationship ( S = cAz) with forest habitat across African countries. I conducted three tests based on the species-area relationship that indicate extinction debts are likely to exist in African forest primates; in particular, several national extinctions should have already occurred solely as a result of forest loss in the last 50 years (if extinctions occurred simultaneously with habitat loss), but none of these extinctions have yet taken place. I also used the species-area relationship to predict the number of species that make up the total debt accumulated since deforestation began in these countries. My results suggest that in most countries the debt currently consists of over 30{\%} of the forest primate fauna, which usually constitutes between four and eight species. These figures are likely to be accurate because the same model predicts with a reasonable degree of precision (1) the severity of threat of extinction from deforestation faced by country endemics, (2) the distribution of regional community endemics threatened by deforestation, and (3) the total number of African species threatened by deforestation (according to the 1996 IUCN Red List). My findings indicate that although protected areas are an essential part of conservation, the protection of the remaining forest alone may not be enough to prevent extinctions caused by habitat loss.},
author = {Cowlishaw, Guy},
doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98433.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1999/Cowlishaw{\_}1999{\_}Predicting the Pattern of Decline of African Primate Diversity an Extinction Debt from Historical Deforestation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0888-8892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
keywords = {SAVE,africa,conservation,extinction debts,populations,primate},
mendeley-tags = {SAVE},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {1183--1193},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Predicting the Pattern of Decline of African Primate Diversity: an Extinction Debt from Historical Deforestation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98433.x},
volume = {13},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Hovick2015,
abstract = {Grasslands are inherently dynamic in space and time, evolving with frequent disturbance from fire and herbivores. As a consequence of human actions, many remaining grasslands have become homogenous, which has led to reduced ecosystem function, biodiversity loss, and decreased ecological services. Previous research has shown that restoring inherent heterogeneity to grasslands can increase avian diversity, but the amount of heterogeneity (i.e., number of patches or fire return interval) and the impact on avian community stability have yet to be investigated. We used a unique landscape-level design to examine avian response to interacting fire and grazing across multiple experimental landscapes that represented a gradient of fire- and grazing-dependent heterogeneity. We used seven landscapes (430–980 ha; x̄ = 627 ha) with varying levels of patchiness ranging from annually burned (one single patch) with spring-only fires to a four-year fire return interval with spring and summer fires (eight patches). This de...},
author = {Hovick, Torre J. and Elmore, R. Dwayne and Fuhlendorf, Samuel D. and Engle, David M. and Hamilton, Robert G.},
doi = {10.1890/14-1067.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hovick et al. - 2015 - Spatial heterogeneity increases diversity and stability in grassland bird communities.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1051-0761},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
keywords = {Dynamics,Recovery,Restoration,ammodramus henslowii,conservation,disturbance,diversity,fire,grassland birds,grazing pressure,henslow,oklahoma,pyric herbivory,s sparrow,spatial scale,stability relationships,tallgrass},
mendeley-tags = {Dynamics,Recovery,Restoration},
month = {apr},
number = {3},
pages = {662--672},
title = {{Spatial heterogeneity increases diversity and stability in grassland bird communities}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/10.1890/14-1067.1},
volume = {25},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Pettorelli2006,
abstract = {Animals in seasonal environments are affected by climate in very different ways depending on season and part of the climatic effects operates indirectly through the plants. Vegetation conditions in spring and summer are regarded as decisive for the reproductive success and the offspring's condition of large herbivores, but objective ways to determine key periods during the growing season have not been done often due to limitations in plant data. Using satellite data (NDVI), we determined how plant productivity from birth to fall influences the following winter body mass of roe deer fawns. We do this in two populations, the first inhabiting the low productive Chize ´ reserve in south western France with an oceanic climate and the second from Trois Fontaines, a highly productive forest with continental climate in east France. The effect of plant productivity was similar for male and female fawn mass, as expected from the weak intensity of sexual selection in roe deer life history traits. We found contrasting results between sites, with a strong effect of plant productivity in spring (April-May) in the Chize ´ population, but no effect in the Trois Fontaines population. The relatively low variability in winter fawn body mass could account for the absence ofNDVI effects at Trois Fontaines. However, such results might also point to a limitation in the use of the NDVI, since the relationship between the canopy and the plant productivity at the ground level might be weak in the highly productive forest of Trois Fontaines.},
author = {Pettorelli, Nathalie and Gaillard, Jean-Michel and Mysterud, Atle and Duncan, Patrick and {Chr. Stenseth}, Nils and Delorme, Daniel and {Van Laere}, Guy and To{\"{i}}go, Carole and Klein, Francois},
doi = {10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14447.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pettorelli et al. - 2006 - Using a proxy of plant productivity (NDVI) to find key periods for animal performance the case of roe deer.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0030-1299},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {565--572},
pmid = {1108},
title = {{Using a proxy of plant productivity (NDVI) to find key periods for animal performance: the case of roe deer}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14447.x},
volume = {112},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Basille2008,
abstract = {We propose here some refinements of the ecological-niche factor analysis (ENFA) to describe precisely one organism's habitat selection. The ENFA is based on the concept of the ecological niche, and provides a measure of the realised niche within the available space from the computation of two parameters, the marginality and the specialization. By measuring the departure of the ecological niche from the average available habitat, the marginality identifies the preference of the individual, population, or species for specific conditions of the environment among the whole set of possibilities. The specialization appears as a consequence of the narrowness of the niche on some environmental variables. The ENFA is a factorial analysis that extracts one axis of marginality and several axes of specialization. We present here the use of biplots (i.e., the projection of both the pixels of the map and the environmental variables in the subspace extracted by the ENFA) as a way to identify the key-variables for management, assessing which habitat features are of prime importance and should be preserved or reinforced. With the help of this tool, we are now able to describe much more precisely the habitat selection of the organism under focus. In our application to the lynx in the Vosges mountains, based on sightings as well as other indices of lynx presence, we thus underlined a strong avoidance of agricultural areas by the lynx. We also highlighted the relative indifference of the lynx to the proximity of artificial areas and at the opposite, the sensitivity to the proximity of highways. The ENFA provides a suitable way to measure habitat use/selection under a large range of ecological contexts and should be used to define precisely the ecological niche and therefore identify the characteristics searched for by the organism under study.},
author = {Basille, Mathieu and Calenge, Cl{\'{e}}ment and Marboutin, E and Marboutin, {\'{E}}ric and Andersen, Reidar and Gaillard, Jean-michel},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.09.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2008/Basille et al.{\_}2008{\_}Assessing habitat selection using multivariate statistics Some refinements of the ecological-niche factor analysis.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03043800},
journal = {Ecological Modelling},
keywords = {Biplot,ENFA,Lynx,Lynx lynx,Marginality,Method-Paper,Modelling,Presence-only data,Specialization,Vosges mountains},
mendeley-tags = {Method-Paper,Modelling},
month = {feb},
number = {1-2},
pages = {233--240},
title = {{Assessing habitat selection using multivariate statistics: Some refinements of the ecological-niche factor analysis}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304380007004577 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380007004577},
volume = {211},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Macfadyen2009,
abstract = {While many studies have demonstrated that organic farms support greater levels of biodiversity, it is not known whether this translates into better provision of ecosystem services. Here we use a food-web approach to analyse the community structure and function at the whole-farm scale. Quantitative food webs from 10 replicate pairs of organic and conventional farms showed that organic farms have significantly more species at three trophic levels (plant, herbivore and parasitoid) and significantly different network structure. Herbivores on organic farms were attacked by more parasitoid species on organic farms than on conventional farms. However, differences in network structure did not translate into differences in robustness to simulated species loss and we found no difference in percentage parasitism (natural pest control) across a variety of host species. Furthermore, a manipulative field experiment demonstrated that the higher species richness of parasitoids on the organic farms did not increase mortality of a novel herbivore used to bioassay ecosystem service. The explanation for these differences is likely to include inherent differences in management strategies and landscape structure between the two farming systems.},
author = {Macfadyen, Sarina and Gibson, Rachel and Polaszek, Andrew and Morris, Rebecca J. and Craze, Paul G. and Planqu{\'{e}}, Robert and Symondson, William O C and Memmott, Jane},
doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01279.x},
isbn = {1461-0248},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology letters},
keywords = {Agriculture,Agriculture: methods,Agro-ecology,Animals,Biodiversity,Ecosystem Services,Food Chain,Host-Parasite Interactions,Insects,Insects: parasitology,Insects: physiology,Networks,Parasitoid diversity,Pest Control,Pesticides,Pesticides: pharmacology,Pollination,Species interactions},
mendeley-tags = {Ecosystem Services,Pollination},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {229--238},
pmid = {19141122},
title = {{Do differences in food web structure between organic and conventional farms affect the ecosystem service of pest control?}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19141122},
volume = {12},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Griffiths2015,
author = {Griffiths, Anthony D. and Garnett, Stephen T. and Brook, Barry W.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.021},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Griffiths, Garnett, Brook - 2015 - Fire frequency matters more than fire size Testing the pyrodiversity–biodiversity paradigm for at-ris.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
month = {jun},
pages = {337--346},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Fire frequency matters more than fire size: Testing the pyrodiversity–biodiversity paradigm for at-risk small mammals in an Australian tropical savanna}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320715001329},
volume = {186},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Jose2009,
abstract = {Agroforestry systems are believed to provide a number of ecosystem services; however, until recently evidence in the agroforestry literature supporting these perceived benefits has been lacking. This special issue brings together a series of papers from around the globe to address recent findings on the ecosystem services and environmental benefits provided by agroforestry. As prelude to the special issue, this paper examines four major ecosystem services and environmental benefits of agroforestry: (1) carbon sequestration, (2) biodiversity conservation, (3) soil enrichment and (4) air and water quality. Past and present evidence clearly indicates that agroforestry, as part of a multifunctional working landscape, can be a viable land-use option that, in addition to alleviating poverty, offers a number of ecosystem services and environmental benefits. This realization should help promote agroforestry and its role as an integral part of a multifunctional working landscape the world over.},
author = {Jose, Shibu},
doi = {10.1007/s10457-009-9229-7},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/Jose{\_}2009{\_}Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits an overview.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0167-4366},
issn = {0167-4366},
journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
keywords = {Biodiversity conservation,Carbon sequestration,Clean air,Clean water,Multifunctional working landscape,Soil enrichment},
month = {may},
number = {1},
pages = {1--10},
title = {{Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: an overview}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10457-009-9229-7},
volume = {76},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Ewers2006,
abstract = {Habitat loss has pervasive and disruptive impacts on biodiversity in habitat remnants. The magnitude of the ecological impacts of habitat loss can be exacerbated by the spatial arrangement -- or fragmentation -- of remaining habitat. Fragmentation per se is a landscape-level phenomenon in which species that survive in habitat remnants are confronted with a modified environment of reduced area, increased isolation and novel ecological boundaries. The implications of this for individual organisms are many and varied, because species with differing life history strategies are differentially affected by habitat fragmentation. Here, we review the extensive literature on species responses to habitat fragmentation, and detail the numerous ways in which confounding factors have either masked the detection, or prevented the manifestation, of predicted fragmentation effects. Large numbers of empirical studies continue to document changes in species richness with decreasing habitat area, with positive, negative and no relationships regularly reported. The debate surrounding such widely contrasting results is beginning to be resolved by findings that the expected positive species-area relationship can be masked by matrix-derived spatial subsidies of resources to fragment-dwelling species and by the invasion of matrix-dwelling species into habitat edges. Significant advances have been made recently in our understanding of how species interactions are altered at habitat edges as a result of these changes. Interestingly, changes in biotic and abiotic parameters at edges also make ecological processes more variable than in habitat interiors. Individuals are more likely to encounter habitat edges in fragments with convoluted shapes, leading to increased turnover and variability in population size than in fragments that are compact in shape. Habitat isolation in both space and time disrupts species distribution patterns, with consequent effects on metapopulation dynamics and the genetic structure of fragment-dwelling populations. Again, the matrix habitat is a strong determinant of fragmentation effects within remnants because of its role in regulating dispersal and dispersal-related mortality, the provision of spatial subsidies and the potential mediation of edge-related microclimatic gradients. We show that confounding factors can mask many fragmentation effects. For instance, there are multiple ways in which species traits like trophic level, dispersal ability and degree of habitat specialisation influence species-level responses. The temporal scale of investigation may have a strong influence on the results of a study, with short-term crowding effects eventually giving way to long-term extinction debts. Moreover, many fragmentation effects like changes in genetic, morphological or behavioural traits of species require time to appear. By contrast, synergistic interactions of fragmentation with climate change, human-altered disturbance regimes, species interactions and other drivers of population decline may magnify the impacts of fragmentation. To conclude, we emphasise that anthropogenic fragmentation is a recent phenomenon in evolutionary time and suggest that the final, long-term impacts of habitat fragmentation may not yet have shown themselves.},
author = {Ewers, Robert M and Didham, Raphael K},
doi = {10.1017/S1464793105006949},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2006/Ewers, Didham{\_}2006{\_}Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1464-7931},
journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
keywords = {Animal,Animal: physiology,Animals,Behavior,Biodiversity,Confounding Factors (Epidemiology),Environment,Fragmentation,Population Dynamics,Review,Species Specificity},
mendeley-tags = {Fragmentation,Review},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {117--42},
pmid = {16318651},
title = {{Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16318651},
volume = {81},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Cord2011,
author = {Cord, Anna and R{\"{o}}dder, Dennis},
doi = {10.1890/11-0114.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cord, R{\"{o}}dder - 2011 - Inclusion of habitat availability in species distribution models through multi-temporal remote-sensing data.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1051-0761},
issn = {1051-0761},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
keywords = {anurans,bioclimatic variables,habitat availability,land surface temperature,maxent,mexico,remote sensing,species distribution model,terra-modis,time series,vegetation index},
month = {dec},
number = {8},
pages = {3285--3298},
title = {{Inclusion of habitat availability in species distribution models through multi-temporal remote-sensing data?}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/11-0114.1 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/11-0114.1},
volume = {21},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Zurbrugg2006,
abstract = {We investigated the abundance and species richness of heteropteran bugs and explored environmental factors which influence bug diversity in three types of semi-natural habitats (wildflower areas, extensively used meadows, extensively grazed pastures). To cover this topic, it is essential to know how much the relatively young wildflower areas contribute to biodiversity compared with well-established extensive meadows and pastures. Total bug species richness and phytophagous bug species richness were significantly higher in wildflower areas and meadows than in pastures. In wildflower areas, we found the highest number of zoophagous bug species and species overwintering in the egg-stage. Species overwintering as adults were most abundant in meadows. Total number of bug species as well as species richness in either trophic groups and overwintering strategies were significantly positively correlated with vegetation structure. Except for overwintering strategies, the same was true to bug abundance. The bug community based on the number of individuals per species was significantly explained by flower abundance and vegetation structure, accounting for 18.4 and 16.8{\%} of the variance, respectively. Our results indicate that vegetation structure and flower abundance are key factors for bug species richness, abundance and bug species composition. Since wildflower areas and meadows clearly increased bug species richness and contained several specialised bug species that did not occur in pastures, we recommend the promotion of wildflower areas and extensively used meadows in order to restore both high heteropteran diversity and overall insect biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.},
author = {Zurbr{\"{u}}gg, Corinne and Frank, Thomas and Zurbru, Corinne},
doi = {10.1007/s10531-004-8231-7},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2006/Zurbr{\"{u}}gg, Frank, Zurbru{\_}2006{\_}Factors influencing bug diversity (Insecta Heteroptera) in semi-natural habitats.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0960-3115},
journal = {Arthropod Diversity and Conservation},
keywords = {Arthropods,Diversity,Ecological compensation areas,Paper,Study,abstract,agroecosystems,and species richness of,bug community,canonical correspondence analysis,compensation areas,ecological,flower abundance,functional groups,heteropteran bugs and explored,insect diversity,species richness,vegetation structure,we investigated the abundance},
mendeley-tags = {Arthropods,Diversity,Paper,Study},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {275--294},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Factors influencing bug diversity (Insecta: Heteroptera) in semi-natural habitats}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10531-004-8231-7 http://www.springerlink.com/index/w827m527160q272k.pdf},
volume = {15},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Graham2015,
author = {Graham, Conor T. and Wilson, Mark W. and Gittings, Tom and Kelly, Thomas C. and Irwin, Sandra and Quinn, John L. and O'Halloran, John},
doi = {10.1007/s10531-015-0987-4},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Graham et al. - 2015 - Implications of afforestation for bird communities the importance of preceding land-use type.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0960-3115},
journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Forest management,Grassland,Land-use change,Peatland,Plantation forest,Sustainable forest management},
month = {dec},
number = {13},
pages = {3051--3071},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{Implications of afforestation for bird communities: the importance of preceding land-use type}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10531-015-0987-4},
volume = {26},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Saxena2018,
abstract = {One way of analyzing satellite images for land use and land cover change (LULCC) is time series analysis (TSA). Most of the many TSA based LULCC algorithms proposed in the remote sensing community perform well on datasets for which they were designed, but their performance on randomly chosen datasets from across the globe has not been studied. A polyalgorithm combines several basic algorithms, each meant to solve the same problem, producing a strategy that unites the strengths and circumvents the weaknesses of constituent algorithms. The foundation of the proposed TSA based ‘polyalgorithm' for LULCC is three algorithms (BFAST, EWMACD, and LandTrendR), precisely described mathematically, and chosen to be fundamentally distinct from each other in design and in the phenomena they capture. Analysis of results representing success, failure, and parameter sensitivity for each algorithm is presented. For a given pixel, Hausdorff distance is used to compare the distance between the change times (breakpoints) obtained from two different algorithms. Timesync validation data, a dataset that is based on human interpretation of Landsat time series in concert with historical aerial photography, is used for validation. The polyalgorithm yields more accurate results than EWMACD and LandTrendR alone, but counterintuitively not better than BFAST alone. This nascent work will be directly useful in land use and land cover change studies, of interest to terrestrial science research, especially regarding anthropogenic impacts on the environment.},
author = {Saxena, Rishu and Watson, Layne T. and Wynne, Randolph H. and Brooks, Evan B. and Thomas, Valerie A. and Zhiqiang, Yang and Kennedy, Robert E.},
doi = {10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.07.002},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2018/saxena2018.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09242716},
journal = {ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Change detection,Polyalgorithm,Remote sensing,Scalable computing,Time series analysis},
month = {oct},
number = {January},
pages = {217--234},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Towards a polyalgorithm for land use change detection}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.07.002 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924271618301941},
volume = {144},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Dupont2003,
author = {Dupont, Yoko L. and Hansen, Dennis M. and Olesen, Jens M.},
doi = {10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03443.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2003/Dupont, Hansen, Olesen{\_}2003{\_}Structure of a plant-flower-visitor network in the high-altitude sub-alpine desert of Tenerife, Canary Islan.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {jun},
number = {3},
pages = {301--310},
title = {{Structure of a plant-flower-visitor network in the high-altitude sub-alpine desert of Tenerife, Canary Islands}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03443.x/full http://doi.wiley.com/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03443.x},
volume = {26},
year = {2003}
}
@article{SZABO2011,
author = {Szabo, Peter and Hedl, Radim},
doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01710.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Szabo, Hedl - 2011 - Advancing the Integration of History and Ecology for Conservation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {08888892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
keywords = {avanzando en la integraci,driving forces,environmental history,historical ecology,interdisciplinarity,on de la historia,restoration,scaling,y la ecolog,ıa para la conservaci},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {680--687},
title = {{Advancing the Integration of History and Ecology for Conservation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01710.x},
volume = {25},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Santini2016,
abstract = {A large number of diversity metrics are available to study and monitor biodiversity, and their responses to biodiversity changes are not necessarily coherent with each other. The choice of biodiversity metrics may thus strongly affect our interpretation of biodiversity change and, hence, prioritization of resources for conservation. Therefore it is crucial to understand which metrics respond to certain changes, are the most sensitive to change, show consistent responses across different communities, detect early signals of species decline, and are insensitive to demographic stochasticity. Here we generated synthetic communities and simulated changes in their composition according to 9 scenarios of biodiversity change to investigate the behaviour of 12 biodiversity metrics. Metrics showed diverse abilities to detect changes under different scenarios. S??rensen similarity index, arithmetic and geometric mean abundance, and species and functional richness were the most sensitive to community changes. S??rensen similarity index, species richness and geometric abundance showed consistent responses across all simulated communities and scenarios. S??rensen similarity index and geometric mean abundance were able to detect early signals of species decline. Geometric mean abundance, and functional evenness under certain scenarios, had the greatest ability to distinguish directional trends from stochastic changes, but S??rensen similarity index and geometric mean abundance were the only indices to show consistent signals under all replicates and scenarios. Classic abundance-weighted heterogeneity indices (e.g. Shannon index) were insensitive to certain changes or showed misleading responses, and are therefore unsuitable for comparison of biological communities. We therefore suggest that separate metrics of species composition, richness, and abundance should be reported instead of (or in addition to) composite metrics like the Shannon index.},
author = {Santini, Luca and Belmaker, Jonathan and Costello, Mark J. and Pereira, Henrique M. and Rossberg, Axel G. and Schipper, Aafke M. and Ceaușu, Silvia and Dornelas, Maria and Hilbers, Jelle P. and Hortal, Joaquin and Huijbregts, Mark A.J. and Navarro, Laetitia M. and Schiffers, Katja H. and Visconti, Piero and Rondinini, Carlo},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.024},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Santini et al. - 2016 - Assessing the suitability of diversity metrics to detect biodiversity change.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Abundance,Biodiversity indicators,Biodiversity monitoring,Functional diversity,Phylogenetic diversity,Shannon index,Similarity index,Simpson index,Synthetic community},
month = {sep},
pages = {341--350},
title = {{Assessing the suitability of diversity metrics to detect biodiversity change}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320716303305 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320716303305},
volume = {213},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Krauss2010,
abstract = {Intensification or abandonment of agricultural land use has led to a severe decline of semi-natural habitats across Europe. This can cause immediate loss of species but also time-delayed extinctions, known as the extinction debt. In a pan-European study of 147 fragmented grassland remnants, we found differences in the extinction debt of species from different trophic levels. Present-day species richness of long-lived vascular plant specialists was better explained by past than current landscape patterns, indicating an extinction debt. In contrast, short-lived butterfly specialists showed no evidence for an extinction debt at a time scale of c. 40 years. Our results indicate that management strategies maintaining the status quo of fragmented habitats are insufficient, as time-delayed extinctions and associated co-extinctions will lead to further biodiversity loss in the future.},
author = {Krauss, Jochen and Bommarco, Riccardo and Guardiola, Mois{\`{e}}s and Heikkinen, Risto K. and Helm, Aveliina and Kuussaari, Mikko and Lindborg, Regina and {\"{O}}ckinger, Erik and P{\"{a}}rtel, Meelis and Pino, Joan and P{\"{o}}yry, Juha and Raatikainen, Katja M. and Sang, Anu and Stefanescu, Constant{\'{i}} and Teder, Tiit and Zobel, Martin and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf},
doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Krauss et al. - 2010 - Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1461-023X},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {Conservation,Extinction cascades,Extinction debt,Grassland communities,Habitat loss,Habitat management,Landscape change,Relaxation time,Species longevity},
month = {apr},
number = {5},
pages = {597--605},
pmid = {20337698},
title = {{Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x},
volume = {13},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{University2016,
address = {Palisades, NY},
author = {University, Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia},
doi = {10.7927/H4NP22DQ},
publisher = {NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)},
title = {{Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4NP22DQ},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ramalho2012,
abstract = {Contemporary cities are expanding rapidly in a spatially complex, non-linear manner. However, this form of expansion is rarely taken into account in the way that urbanization is classically assessed in ecological studies. An explicit consideration of the temporal dynamics, although frequently missing, is crucial in order to understand the effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in rapidly urbanizing landscapes. In particular, a temporal perspective highlights the importance of land-use legacies and transient dynamics in the response of biodiversity to environmental change. Here, we outline the essential elements of an emerging framework for urban ecology that incorporates the characteristics of contemporary urbanization and thus empowers ecologists to understand and intervene in the planning and management of cities. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Ramalho, Cristina E. and Hobbs, Richard J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.10.008},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ramalho, Hobbs - 2012 - Time for a change dynamic urban ecology.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {179--188},
pmid = {22093191},
title = {{Time for a change: dynamic urban ecology}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534711003028},
volume = {27},
year = {2012}
}
@misc{Pardieck2018,
author = {Pardieck, K.L. and Ziolkowski, D.J. and Lutmerding, M. and Hudson, M.-A.R.},
doi = {10.5066/F76972V8},
keywords = {version 2017.0},
title = {{North American Breeding Bird Survey Dataset 1966 - 2017}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5066/F76972V8},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Dormann2009a,
abstract = {Many analyses of ecological networks in recent years have introduced new indices to describe network properties. As a consequence, tens of indices are available to address similar questions, differing in specific detail, sensitivity in detecting the property in question, and robustness with respect to network size and sampling intensity. Furthermore, some indices merely reflect the number of species participating in a network, but not their interrelationship, requiring a null model approach. Here we introduce a new, free software calculating a large spectrum of network indices, visualizing bipartite networks and generating null models. We use this tool to explore the sensitivity of 26 network indices to network dimensions, sampling intensity and singleton observations. Based on observed data, we investigate the interrelationship of these indices, and show that they are highly correlated, and heavily influenced by network dimensions and connectance. Finally, we re-evaluate five common hypotheses about network properties, comparing 19 pollination networks with three differently complex null models: 1. The number of links per species (“degree”) follow (truncated) power law distributions. 2. Generalist pollinators interact with specialist plants, and vice versa (dependence asymmetry). 3. Ecological networks are nested. 4. Pollinators display complementarity, owing to specialization within the network. 5. Plant-pollinator networks are more robust to extinction than random networks. Our results indicate that while some hypotheses hold up against our null models, others are to a large extent understandable on the basis of network size, rather than ecological interrelationships. In particular, null model pattern of dependence asymmetry and robustness to extinction are opposite to what current network paradigms suggest. Our analysis, and the tools we provide, enables ecologists to readily contrast their findings with null model expectations for many different questions, thus separating statistical inevitability from ecological process.},
author = {Dormann, Carsten F. CF and Fr{\"{u}}nd, J and Bl{\"{u}}thgen, N and Gruber, Bernd and Frund, Jochen and Bluthgen, Nico and Access, Open},
doi = {10.2174/1874213000902010007},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/Dormann et al.{\_}2009{\_}Indices, graphs and null models analyzing bipartite ecological networks.pdf:pdf},
issn = {18742130},
journal = {The Open Ecology Journal},
keywords = {Ecological Network,Method-Paper,connectance,linkage density,nestedness,network,pollination web,specialization},
mendeley-tags = {Ecological Network,Method-Paper},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {7--24},
title = {{Indices, graphs and null models: analyzing bipartite ecological networks}},
url = {http://benthamscience.com/open/openaccess.php?toecolj/articles/V002/7TOECOLJ.htm http://goedoc.uni-goettingen.de/handle/1/5837},
volume = {2},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Price2015,
abstract = {Wild populations of endangered Hawaiian tree snails have declined precipitously over the last century due to introduced predators and other human impacts. Life history traits, such as very low fecundity ({\textless}5 offspring per year across taxa) and maturity at approximately four years of age have made recovery difficult. Conservation efforts such as in situ predator-free enclosures may increase survival to maturity by protecting offspring from predation, but no long-term data existed prior to this study demonstrating the demographic and genetic parameters necessary to maintain populations within those enclosures. We evaluated over 20 years of evidence for the dynamics of survival and extinction in captive ex situ populations of Hawaiian tree snails established from wild-collected individuals. From 1991 to 2006, small numbers of snails ({\textless}15) from fifteen species were collected from the wild to initiate captive-reared populations as a hedge against extinction. This small number of founders resulted in a severe bottleneck in each of the captive-reared populations. We identified key demographic parameters that predicted population recovery from this bottleneck. Species with captive populations that produced between two and four offspring per adult per year and had 20–50{\%} of those offspring survive to maturity recovered to numbers above 100 individuals, and maintained viable populations following a decline that occurred between 2009 and 2014. Those populations that had less than two offspring per adult per year and less than 20{\%} survival to maturity did not reach 100 individuals in captivity, and many of these populations died out during the recent decline. We suggest that small reductions in fitness may contribute to extirpation in taxa with inherently low fecundity, by keeping populations below a threshold number essential to long-term recovery. Future ex situ populations should be founded with no less than 15 adults, and maintained in conditions closely approximating the temperature and humidity of source locations to optimize fitness. Permanent translocations of wild populations for conservation purposes will be more likely to succeed with greater than 100 adults, and should be limited to locations with a similar climate to source locations.},
author = {Price, Melissa R. and Sischo, David and Pascua, Mark-Anthony and Hadfield, Michael G.},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.1406},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Price et al. - 2015 - Demographic and genetic factors in the recovery or demise of ex situ populations following a severe bottleneck in.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2167-8359},
journal = {PeerJ},
month = {nov},
pages = {e1406},
title = {{Demographic and genetic factors in the recovery or demise of ex situ populations following a severe bottleneck in fifteen species of Hawaiian tree snails}},
url = {https://peerj.com/articles/1406},
volume = {3},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Newbold2016a,
abstract = {The planetary boundaries framework attempts to set limits for biodiversity loss within which ecological function is relatively unaffected. Newbold et al. present a quantitative global analysis of the extent to which the proposed planetary boundary has been crossed (see the Perspective by Oliver). Using over 2 million records for nearly 40,000 terrestrial species, they modeled the response of biodiversity to land use and related pressures and then estimated, at a spatial resolution of ∼1 km2, the extent and spatial patterns of changes in local biodiversity. Across 65{\%} of the terrestrial surface, land use and related pressures have caused biotic intactness to decline beyond 10{\%}, the proposed “safe” planetary boundary. Changes have been most pronounced in grassland biomes and biodiversity hotspots.Science, this issue p. 288; see also p. 220Land use and related pressures have reduced local terrestrial biodiversity,