text:
George M
Pohl, John F
UL1 TR000077/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
UL1 TR001425/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
K24DK082792A/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Validation Studies
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Sep;59(3):347-55. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000414.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to report on the measurement properties of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module for patients with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (FGIDs) and organic GI diseases, hereafter referred to as "GI disorders," for patient self-report ages between 5 and 18 and parent proxy-report for ages between 2 and 18 years. METHODS: The 74-item PedsQL GI Module and 23-item PedsQL Generic Core Scales were completed in a 9-site study by 584 patients and 682 parents. Patients had physician-diagnosed GI disorders (such as chronic constipation, functional abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease). RESULTS: Fourteen unidimensional scales were derived measuring stomach pain, stomach discomfort when eating, food and drink limits, trouble swallowing, heartburn and reflux, nausea and vomiting, gas and bloating, constipation, blood, diarrhea, worry, medicines, and communication. The PedsQL GI Module Scales evidenced excellent feasibility, excellent reliability for the Total Scale Scores (patient self-report alpha = 0.97, parent proxy-report alpha = 0.97), and good-to-excellent reliability for the 14 individual scales (patient self-report alpha = 0.67-0.94, parent proxy-report alpha = 0.77-0.95). Intercorrelations with the Generic Core Scales supported construct validity. Individual Symptoms Scales known-groups validity across 7 GI disorders was generally supported. Factor analysis supported the unidimensionality of the individual scales. CONCLUSIONS: The PedsQL GI Module Scales demonstrated acceptable-to-excellent measurement properties and may be used as common metrics to compare GI-specific symptoms in clinical research and practice both within and across patient groups for FGIDs and organic GI diseases.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Feasibility Studies
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*complications
Humans
Male
*Parents
Principal Component Analysis
*Quality of Life
Reproducibility of Results
*Surveys and Questionnaires
Symptom Assessment/*methods},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24806837},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000414},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Varni, J. W. and Bendo, C. B. and Nurko, S. and Shulman, R. J. and Self, M. M. and Franciosi, J. P. and Saps, M. and Pohl, J. F.},
   title = {Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases},
   journal = {J Pediatr},
   volume = {166},
   number = {1},
   pages = {85-90},
   note = {1097-6833
Varni, James W
Bendo, Cristiane B
Nurko, Samuel
Shulman, Robert J
Self, Mariella M
Franciosi, James P
Saps, Miguel
Pohl, John F
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module Testing Study Consortium
UL1 TR000077/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
UL1 TR001425/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
United States
J Pediatr. 2015 Jan;166(1):85-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.022. Epub 2014 Sep 17.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in pediatric patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and organic gastrointestinal (GI) diseases with an age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-matched healthy sample across GI diagnostic groups and with one another. STUDY DESIGN: The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Core Scales were completed in a 9-site study by 689 families. Patients had 1 of 7 physician-diagnosed GI disorders: chronic constipation, functional abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The healthy control sample included 1114 families. School days missed, days in bed and needing care, parent missed workdays, work impact, and healthcare utilization were compared as well. RESULTS: Patients with an FGID or organic GI disease demonstrated lower HRQOL than the healthy controls across all dimensions (physical, emotional, social, and school; P < .001 for all), with larger effect sizes for patients with an FGID. Patients with an FGID manifested lower HRQOL than those with an organic GI disease. Patients with an FGID or organic GI disease missed more school, spent more days in bed and needing care, had greater healthcare utilization, and had parents who missed more workdays with greater work impact (P < .001 for most), with larger effect sizes for the patients with an FGID. CONCLUSION: Patients with an FGID or organic GI disease demonstrate impaired HRQOL compared with healthy children. HRQOL can be used as a common metric to compare patient outcomes in clinical research and practice both within and across groups of patients with FGIDs and organic GI diseases.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Cost of Illness
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*psychology
Health Status
Humans
Male
Quality of Life/*psychology
Severity of Illness Index
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0022-3476},
   Accession Number = {25241177},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.022},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Vecchi Brumatti, L. and Marcuzzi, A. and Tricarico, P. M. and Zanin, V. and Girardelli, M. and Bianco, A. M.},
   title = {Curcumin and inflammatory bowel disease: potential and limits of innovative treatments},
   journal = {Molecules},
   volume = {19},
   number = {12},
   pages = {21127-53},
   note = {1420-3049
Vecchi Brumatti, Liza
Marcuzzi, Annalisa
Tricarico, Paola Maura
Zanin, Valentina
Girardelli, Martina
Bianco, Anna Monica
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Switzerland
Molecules. 2014 Dec 16;19(12):21127-53. doi: 10.3390/molecules191221127.},
   abstract = {Curcumin belongs to the family of natural compounds collectively called curcuminoids and it possesses remarkable beneficial anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective properties. Moreover it is commonly assumed that curcumin has also been suggested as a remedy for digestive diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), a chronic immune disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract and that can be divided in two major subgroups: Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), depending mainly on the intestine tract affected by the inflammatory events. The chronic and intermittent nature of IBD imposes, where applicable, long-term treatments conducted in most of the cases combining different types of drugs. In more severe cases and where there has been no good response to the drugs, a surgery therapy is carried out. Currently, IBD-pharmacological treatments are generally not curative and often present serious side effects; for this reason, being known the relationship between nutrition and IBD, it is worthy of interesting the study and the development of new dietary strategy. The curcumin principal mechanism is the suppression of IBD inflammatory compounds (NF-kappaB) modulating immune response. This review summarizes literature data of curcumin as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant in IBD, trying to understand the different effects in CD e UC.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
Clinical Trials as Topic
Curcumin/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*drug therapy/etiology
Molecular Targeted Therapy
Nanotechnology
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1420-3049},
   Accession Number = {25521115},
   DOI = {10.3390/molecules191221127},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Venigalla, P. M. and Ahuja, V.},
   title = {Colon rescue therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Natl Med J India},
   volume = {26},
   number = {3},
   pages = {159-61},
   note = {Venigalla, Pratap Mouli
Ahuja, Vineet
Comment
Journal Article
India
Natl Med J India. 2013 May-Jun;26(3):159-61.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Cyclosporine/*therapeutic use
Female
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Male
Steroids/*administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {0970-258X (Print)
0970-258x},
   Accession Number = {24476163},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Verbeke, K. A. and Boesmans, L. and Boets, E.},
   title = {Modulating the microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases: prebiotics, probiotics or faecal transplantation?},
   journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
   volume = {73},
   number = {4},
   pages = {490-7},
   note = {1475-2719
Verbeke, Kristin A
Boesmans, Leen
Boets, Eef
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Proc Nutr Soc. 2014 Nov;73(4):490-7. doi: 10.1017/S0029665114000639. Epub 2014 Jun 27.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two major phenotypes of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) which constitute a spectrum of chronic, debilitating diseases characterised by a relapsing inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining. Evidence from a variety of disciplines implicates the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of idiopathic IBD and their complications, including pouchitis. Many studies have reported a dysbiosis in IBD, characterised by a decrease in diversity, a decreased abundance of some dominant commensal members (such as Clostridium IV and XIVa) and an increase in detrimental bacteria (such as sulphate reducing bacteria and Escherichia coli). Therapies such as prebiotics and probiotics aim to selectively manipulate the intestinal microbiota and have been evaluated as an attractive therapeutic option with few side effects. The multispecies product VSL#3 was found effective in preventing and maintaining remission in pouchitis, whereas both VSL#3 and E. coli Nissle were effective in maintaining remission in UC. A more drastic approach to restore the composition of the microbiota and correct the underlying imbalance is a faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). FMT has been successfully applied to treat patients with even recalcitrant Clostridium difficile infection. Particularly in UC, the majority of studies suggest that FMT may be an effective treatment option although the evidence is still limited. It is anticipated that our increasing knowledge on the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota components will allow in the future for a better selection of highly performing bacteria with specific functions required for specific benefits.},
   keywords = {Animals
Clostridium difficile/growth & development/isolation & purification
Disease Models, Animal
Escherichia coli/growth & development/isolation & purification
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*microbiology/*therapy
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
Intestines/microbiology
*Microbiota
*Prebiotics
Probiotics/*administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {0029-6651},
   Accession Number = {24969143},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0029665114000639},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Virta, L. J. and Ashorn, M. and Kolho, K. L.},
   title = {Cow's milk allergy, asthma, and pediatric IBD},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {6},
   pages = {649-51},
   note = {1536-4801
Virta, Lauri J
Ashorn, Merja
Kolho, Kaija-Leena
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jun;56(6):649-51. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318285e9d8.},
   abstract = {We identified a total of 595 Finnish children born in 1994-2008 and diagnosed as having inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by October 2010 from the National Reimbursement Register (based on certificates including the diagnostic criteria) to determine whether the presence of cow's milk allergy (CMA) or asthma is associated with the risk of contracting IBD (altogether 2380 matched controls). A diagnosis of CMA in infancy was associated with Crohn disease (odds ratio [OR] 1.92, confidence interval [CI] 1.09-3.36, P < 0.05) and ulcerative colitis (OR 1.71, CI 1.04-2.83, P < 0.05), but childhood asthma only with Crohn disease (OR 2.33, CI 1.41-3.86, P = 0.001). Thus, CMA in infants is a risk factor for contracting pediatric IBD and accordingly, asthma for Crohn disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Asthma/*immunology/physiopathology
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology/etiology/immunology
Crohn Disease/epidemiology/etiology/immunology
Female
Finland/epidemiology
Humans
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/*immunology
Male
Milk Hypersensitivity/*immunology/physiopathology
Odds Ratio
Registries
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23319082},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e318285e9d8},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Waldschmitt, N. and Berger, E. and Rath, E. and Sartor, R. B. and Weigmann, B. and Heikenwalder, M. and Gerhard, M. and Janssen, K. P. and Haller, D.},
   title = {C/EBP homologous protein inhibits tissue repair in response to gut injury and is inversely regulated with chronic inflammation},
   journal = {Mucosal Immunol},
   volume = {7},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1452-66},
   note = {1935-3456
Waldschmitt, N
Berger, E
Rath, E
Sartor, R B
Weigmann, B
Heikenwalder, M
Gerhard, M
Janssen, K-P
Haller, D
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Mucosal Immunol. 2014 Nov;7(6):1452-66. doi: 10.1038/mi.2014.34. Epub 2014 May 21.},
   abstract = {Loss of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) homeostasis and apoptosis negatively affect intestinal barrier function. Uncontrolled activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in IEC contributes to an impaired barrier and is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the contribution of the UPR target gene C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), an apoptosis-associated transcription factor, to inflammation-related disease susceptibility remains unclear. Consistent with observations in patients with ulcerative colitis, we show that despite UPR activation in the epithelium, CHOP expression was reduced in mouse models of T-cell-mediated and bacteria-driven colitis. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of IEC-specific CHOP expression, we generated a conditional transgenic mouse model (Chop(IEC Tg/Tg)). Chop overexpression increased the susceptibility toward dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal inflammation and mucosal tissue injury. Furthermore, a delayed recovery from DSS-induced colitis and impaired closure of mechanically induced mucosal wounds was observed. Interestingly, these findings seemed to be independent of CHOP-mediated apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo cell cycle analyses rather indicated a role for CHOP in epithelial cell proliferation. In conclusion, these data show that IEC-specific overexpression impairs epithelial cell proliferation and mucosal tissue regeneration, suggesting an important role for CHOP beyond mediating apoptosis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Apoptosis/genetics/*immunology
Cell Cycle/genetics/*immunology
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics/*immunology/pathology
Disease Models, Animal
Intestinal Mucosa/*physiology
Mice
Mice, Transgenic
Regeneration/genetics/*immunology
Transcription Factor CHOP/genetics/*immunology
Unfolded Protein Response/genetics/immunology},
   ISSN = {1933-0219},
   Accession Number = {24850428},
   DOI = {10.1038/mi.2014.34},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Walton, M. and Alaunyte, I.},
   title = {Do patients living with ulcerative colitis adhere to healthy eating guidelines? A cross-sectional study},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {112},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1628-35},
   note = {1475-2662
Walton, Michelle
Alaunyte, Ieva
Journal Article
England
Br J Nutr. 2014 Nov 28;112(10):1628-35. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514002074. Epub 2014 Sep 23.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes gastrointestinal lesions, bleeding, diarrhoea and nutritional complications. Insufficient nutrient intake can additionally deteriorate nutritional status. The present cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether UC patients adhere to national dietary guidelines and to assess their dietary habits. An online questionnaire (n 93) was used to assess health-related conditions, current nutritional knowledge, professional dietary guidance and food avoidance. A 24 h dietary recall (n 81) was used to assess nutrient intakes, which were then compared with the national recommended intake values. The results showed that the nutritional knowledge of participants was limited with unofficial sources being used, including websites. Numerous food groups, predominantly fibre-rich foods and fruit and vegetables, were largely avoided by the participants. Almost half of the study population eliminated foods such as dairy products to alleviate symptoms, possibly unnecessarily. Energy intakes were significantly (P< 0.05) lower than the national recommended intake values in women aged 18-65 years and men aged 18-60 years. Fat intake exceeded the national recommended intake values (P< 0.0001), at the expense of carbohydrate and fibre intakes, which were significantly (P< 0.005) lower than the national recommended intake values. Protein intake was significantly high in women aged 19-50 years (P< 0.00) and men aged 19-50 years (P< 0.005). Vitamin C, vitamin B12 and Ca intake levels were overachieved by all participants (P< 0.001), while women aged 19-50 years did not achieve their dietary Fe reference nutrient intake levels (P< 0.001). Osteopaenia, osteoporosis and anaemia were reported by 12, 6 and 31 % of the participants, respectively. Findings indicate that food avoidance may contribute to nutrient deficiencies in UC patients. Low intakes of these food groups, especially during remission, are preventing patients from adhering to dietary guidelines.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Anemia/complications/epidemiology
Bone Diseases, Metabolic/complications/epidemiology
*Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Diet/standards
Energy Intake
*Feeding Behavior
Female
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Male
Mental Recall
Middle Aged
*Nutrition Policy
Osteoporosis/complications/epidemiology
Sex Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {25247445},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114514002074},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wang, Q. and Hou, Y. and Yi, D. and Wang, L. and Ding, B. and Chen, X. and Long, M. and Liu, Y. and Wu, G.},
   title = {Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on acetic acid-induced colitis in a porcine model},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {13},
   pages = {133},
   note = {1471-230x
Wang, Qingjing
Hou, Yongqing
Yi, Dan
Wang, Lei
Ding, Binying
Chen, Xing
Long, Minhui
Liu, Yulan
Wu, Guoyao
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2013 Aug 30;13:133. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-13-133.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease and involves multiple etiological factors. Acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis is a reproducible and simple model, sharing many characteristics with human colitis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been widely used as an antioxidant in vivo and in vitro. NAC can affect several signaling pathways involving in apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell growth and arrest, redox-regulated gene expression, and inflammatory response. Therefore, NAC may not only protect against the direct injurious effects of oxidants, but also beneficially alter inflammatory events in colitis. This study was conducted to investigate whether NAC could alleviate the AA-induced colitis in a porcine model. METHODS: Weaned piglets were used to investigate the effects of NAC on AA-induced colitis. Severity of colitis was evaluated by colon histomorphology measurements, histopathology scores, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, as well as concentrations of malondialdehyde and pro-inflammatory mediators in the plasma and colon. The protective role of NAC was assessed by measurements of antioxidant status, growth modulator, cell apoptosis, and tight junction proteins. Abundances of caspase-3 and claudin-1 proteins in colonic mucosae were determined by the Western blot method. Epidermal growth factor receptor, amphiregulin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA levels in colonic mucosae were quantified using the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, AA treatment increased (P < 0.05) the histopathology scores, intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) numbers and density in the colon, myeloperoxidase activity, the concentrations of malondialdehyde and pro-inflammatory mediators in the plasma and colon, while reducing (P < 0.05) goblet cell numbers and the protein/DNA ratio in the colonic mucosa. These adverse effects of AA were partially ameliorated (P < 0.05) by dietary supplementation with NAC. In addition, NAC prevented the AA-induced increase in caspase-3 protein, while stimulating claudin-1 protein expression in the colonic mucosa. Moreover, NAC enhanced mRNA levels for epidermal growth factor and amphiregulin in the colonic mucosa. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation with NAC can alleviate AA-induced colitis in a porcine model through regulating anti-oxidative responses, cell apoptosis, and EGF gene expression.},
   keywords = {*Acetic Acid
Acetylcysteine/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Amphiregulin
Animals
Apoptosis/drug effects
Caspase 3/drug effects/metabolism
Claudin-1/drug effects/metabolism
Colitis/chemically induced/pathology/*prevention & control
*Colitis, Ulcerative
Colon/drug effects/metabolism/pathology
Dietary Supplements
Dinoprostone/metabolism
Disease Models, Animal
EGF Family of Proteins
Epidermal Growth Factor/blood/drug effects
Free Radical Scavengers/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Glycoproteins/drug effects/genetics
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
Interleukin-6/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/metabolism/pathology
Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/drug effects/genetics
Swine
Toll-Like Receptor 4/drug effects/genetics
Transforming Growth Factor alpha/drug effects/metabolism
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/drug effects/genetics/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {24001404},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-230x-13-133},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Webster, T. and Appelbaum, H. and Weinstein, T. A. and Rosen, N. and Mitchell, I. and Levine, J. J.},
   title = {Simultaneous development of ulcerative colitis in the colon and sigmoid neovagina},
   journal = {J Pediatr Surg},
   volume = {48},
   number = {3},
   pages = {669-72},
   note = {1531-5037
Webster, Toni
Appelbaum, Heather
Weinstein, Toba A
Rosen, Nelson
Mitchell, Ian
Levine, Jeremiah J
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Surg. 2013 Mar;48(3):669-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.12.025.},
   abstract = {Vaginoplasty using sigmoid colon is a common technique for creation of a neovagina. However, special consideration must be given to potential long term consequences of using a colonic conduit for vaginal replacement. We report on the youngest described case in which a patient developed ulcerative colitis refractory to medical therapy with simultaneous involvement of a sigmoid neovagina requiring total proctocolectomy and neovaginectomy. A 17 year old XY female with a history of gonadal dysgenesis and sigmoid graft vaginoplasty presented with a history of bloody, mucoid vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea and weight loss. Colonic and neovaginal biopsies demonstrated active colitis with diffuse ulcerations, consistent with ulcerative colitis. Despite aggressive immunosuppressive treatment she had persistent neovaginal and colonic bleeding requiring multiple transfusions, subtotal colectomy and ultimately completion proctectomy and neovaginectomy. It is imperative to recognize that colectomy alone may be an inadequate surgical intervention in patients with ulcerative colitis and a colonic neovaginal graft and that a concomitant neovaginectomy may be integral in providing appropriate treatment.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Colon, Sigmoid/*transplantation
Colonic Diseases/*complications
Female
Gynecologic Surgical Procedures/methods
Humans
*Postoperative Complications
Vagina/*surgery},
   ISSN = {0022-3468},
   Accession Number = {23480931},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.12.025},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wedlake, L. and Slack, N. and Andreyev, H. J. and Whelan, K.},
   title = {Fiber in the treatment and maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {3},
   pages = {576-86},
   note = {1536-4844
Wedlake, Linda
Slack, Natalie
Andreyev, H Jervoise N
Whelan, Kevin
Journal Article
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Mar;20(3):576-86. doi: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000437984.92565.31.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dietary fiber may favorably influence fermentation, gastrointestinal inflammation, and disease progression in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis (UC), and pouchitis and offer an attractive therapeutic addition to pharmacological treatment. This systematic review appraised data from randomized controlled trials of fiber in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: The review followed Cochrane and PRISMA recommendations. Seven electronic databases were searched along with hand searching and contacting experts. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials of the effects of fiber on clinical endpoints (primarily disease activity for treatment or maintenance) or physiological outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. RESULTS: In total, 23 randomized controlled trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria (UC, 10; Crohn's disease, 12; and pouchitis, 1) recruiting 1296 patients. In UC, 3/10 studies reported fiber supplementation to benefit disease outcomes. In Crohn's disease, 0/12 studies and in pouchitis 1/1 study reported a benefit on disease activity. Despite this, a number of studies reported favorable intragroup effects on physiological outcomes including fecal butyrate, fecal calprotectin, inflammatory cytokines, microbiota, and gastrointestinal symptom indices. Meta-analysis was not possible. CONCLUSIONS: There is limited weak evidence for the efficacy of fiber in improving disease outcomes in UC and pouchitis. The potential antiinflammatory role of fiber is intriguing and merits further investigation in adequately powered clinical trials. Excluding overt gastrointestinal obstruction, there was no evidence that fiber intake should be restricted in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Dietary Fiber/*therapeutic use
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy
Prognosis
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24445775},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mib.0000437984.92565.31},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wedrychowicz, A. and Tomasik, P. and Pieczarkowski, S. and Kowalska-Duplaga, K. and Grzenda-Adamek, Z. and Fyderek, K.},
   title = {Clinical value of serum eosinophilic cationic protein assessment in children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Arch Med Sci},
   volume = {10},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1142-6},
   note = {Wedrychowicz, Andrzej
Tomasik, Przemyslaw
Pieczarkowski, Stanislaw
Kowalska-Duplaga, Kinga
Grzenda-Adamek, Zofia
Fyderek, Krzysztof
Journal Article
Poland
Arch Med Sci. 2014 Dec 22;10(6):1142-6. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2013.34415. Epub 2013 Apr 9.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Eosinophils contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the intestine. Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) is one of the most important eosinophilic specific mediators released during activation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical value of serum ECP determination in children with active and inactive IBD and its correlation with disease activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 125 children with IBD (63 with Crohn's disease - CD, 44 with ulcerative colitis - UC, 18 indeterminate colitis - IC) enrolled in the study. Among them 83 children were in the active phase of the disease, while the remaining 42 were in remission. The control group consisted of 56 healthy children. The ECP was assessed three times in children with active IBD, at baseline and after 2 and 6 weeks of treatment and once in children with inactive IBD and controls using fluoroenzymeimmunoassays. RESULTS: We found elevated ECP at baseline in the total active IBD group when compared to the inactive IBD and control groups, decreasing during treatment. Serum ECP was also elevated in the active UC and CD groups when compared to the inactive UC and CD groups, and correlated with clinical UC and CD activity (R = 0.57 and R = 0.52, p < 0.05, respectively) and duration of the clinical manifestation in UC (R = 0.62, p < 0.05) but not with the disease location in the gastrointestinal tract, or endoscopic and histopathological activity. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of serum ECP in children with IBD may be useful in disease activity assessment at onset and during the treatment.},
   keywords = {children
eosinophilic cationic protein
inflammatory bowel disease},
   ISSN = {1734-1922 (Print)
1734-1922},
   Accession Number = {25624851},
   DOI = {10.5114/aoms.2013.34415},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Weidlich, S. and Bulau, A. M. and Schwerd, T. and Althans, J. and Kappler, R. and Koletzko, S. and Mayr, D. and Bufler, P.},
   title = {Intestinal expression of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 homologue IL-37 in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {2},
   pages = {e18-26},
   note = {1536-4801
Weidlich, Simon
Bulau, Ana-Maria
Schwerd, Tobias
Althans, Johanna
Kappler, Roland
Koletzko, Sibylle
Mayr, Doris
Bufler, Philip
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Aug;59(2):e18-26. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000387.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The function of interleukin (IL)-37 has not been resolved. We recently showed that IL-37 suppresses colonic inflammation in mice. To gain more insight into its relevance in human disease, we investigated the expression of IL-37 in the intestine of pediatric patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: Intestinal biopsies were obtained from children with IBD (18 Crohn disease [CD], 14 ulcerative colitis [UC] and 11 controls) during endoscopy and analyzed for IL-37 expression by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results were correlated with immunostaining for IL-18 and IL-17, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and clinical parameters. RESULTS: IL-37 protein was detected in epithelial cells and submucosal lymphoid cells of patients with CD and UC as well as healthy controls. IL-37 protein expression tended to be higher with submucosal lymphoid cell infiltration of patients with CD and UC and correlated with histological severity score of inflammation. IL-18 showed a staining pattern similar to that of IL-37, whereas staining for IL-17 revealed distinct positive cells scattered in the submucosal layer. mRNA expression of IL-8, IL-17, and IL-10 was upregulated in patients with CD and UC. mRNA levels of IL-18 and IL-37 were not significantly elevated compared with controls. Levels of IL-37 and IL-18 mRNA showed a positive correlation in the CD group. CONCLUSIONS: IL-37 protein is expressed in healthy and diseased bowel tissue. IL-37 and IL-18 show a similar expression pattern and correlate at mRNA levels. Future studies are warranted to delineate the specific contribution of IL-37 to modulate chronic bowel inflammation in humans.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*metabolism/pathology
Colon/*metabolism
Crohn Disease/*metabolism/pathology
Female
Humans
Inflammation/metabolism
Inflammation Mediators/*metabolism
Interleukin-1/genetics/*metabolism
Interleukin-17/genetics/metabolism
Interleukin-18/genetics
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism
Male
RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Up-Regulation},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24732025},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000387},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Weintraub, Y. and Mimouni, F. B. and Cohen, S.},
   title = {Temporal trends in inflammatory bowel disease publications over a 19-years period},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {20},
   number = {44},
   pages = {16745-9},
   note = {2219-2840
Weintraub, Yael
Mimouni, Francis B
Cohen, Shlomi
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov 28;20(44):16745-9. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16745.},
   abstract = {AIM: To determine whether temporal changes occurred in the pediatric vs adult inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), both in terms of number and type of yearly published articles. METHODS: We aimed to evaluate all PubMed-registered articles related to the field of IBD from January 1, 1993 and until December 31, 2011. We searched for articles using the key words "inflammatory bowel disease" or "Crohn's disease" or "ulcerative colitis" or "undetermined colitis", using the age filters of "child" or "adult". We repeated the search according to the total number per year of articles per type of article, for each year of the specified period. We studied randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, case reports, meta-analyses, letters to the editor, reviews, systematic reviews, practice guidelines, and editorials. RESULTS: We identified 44645 articles over the 19 year-period. There were 8687 pediatric-tagged articles vs 19750 adult-tagged articles. Thus 16208 articles were unaccounted and not assigned a "pediatric" or "adult" tag by PubMed. There was an approximately 3-fold significant increase in all articles recorded both in pediatric and adult articles. This significant increase was true for nearly every category of article but the number of clinical trials, meta-analysis, and randomized controlled trials increased proportionally more than the number of "lower quality" articles such as editorials or letters to the editor. Very few guidelines were published every year. CONCLUSION: There is a yearly linear increase in publications related to IBD. Relatively, there are more and more clinical trials and higher quality articles.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bibliometrics
Biomedical Research/*trends
Evidence-Based Medicine/*trends
Humans
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy
Periodicals as Topic/*trends
Time Factors
Crohn's disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Meta-analysis
Randomized clinical trial
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {25469047},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16745},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wenzel, U. A. and Magnusson, M. K. and Rydstrom, A. and Jonstrand, C. and Hengst, J. and Johansson, M. E. and Velcich, A. and Ohman, L. and Strid, H. and Sjovall, H. and Hansson, G. C. and Wick, M. J.},
   title = {Spontaneous colitis in Muc2-deficient mice reflects clinical and cellular features of active ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {9},
   number = {6},
   pages = {e100217},
   note = {1932-6203
Wenzel, Ulf A
Magnusson, Maria K
Rydstrom, Anna
Jonstrand, Caroline
Hengst, Julia
Johansson, Malin E V
Velcich, Anna
Ohman, Lena
Strid, Hans
Sjovall, Henrik
Hansson, Gunnar C
Wick, Mary Jo
U01 AI095473/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
U01AI095473/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2014 Jun 19;9(6):e100217. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100217. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The colonic mucus layer plays a critical role in intestinal homeostasis by limiting contact between luminal bacteria and the mucosal immune system. A defective mucus barrier in animal models allows bacterial contact with the intestinal epithelium and results in spontaneous colitis. A defective mucus barrier is also a key feature of active ulcerative colitis (UC). Alterations in the immune compartment due to intestinal bacterial breach in mice lacking the colon mucus barrier have not been characterized and correlated to active UC. AIMS: To characterize alterations in the immune compartment due to intestinal bacterial breach in Muc2-/- mice, which lack the colon mucus barrier, and correlate the findings to active UC. METHODS: Bacterial contact with colon epithelium and penetration into colon tissue was examined in Muc2-/- mice and colon biopsies from patients with active UC using fluorescence microscopy and qPCR. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, CD103+ dendritic cell subsets and macrophages in colon from Muc2-/- mice and biopsies from UC patients were quantitated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Inflamed UC patients and Muc2-/- mice had bacteria in contact with the colon epithelium. Bacterial rRNA was present in colonic mucosa in humans and Muc2-/- mice and in the draining lymph nodes of mice. Inflamed Muc2-/- mice and UC patients had elevated colon neutrophils, T cells and macrophages while a reduced frequency of CD103+ DCs was present in the inflamed colon of both mice and humans. CONCLUSIONS: The parallel features of the colon immune cell compartment in Muc2-/- mice and UC patients supports the usefulness of this model to understand the early phase of spontaneous colitis and will provide insight into novel strategies to treat UC.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Animals
Antigens, CD/metabolism
Antigens, CD14/metabolism
Cell Count
Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology/*pathology
Colon/microbiology/pathology
Dendritic Cells/pathology
Female
Humans
Inflammation/pathology
Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Macrophages/pathology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Middle Aged
Mucin-2/*deficiency/metabolism
Neutrophil Infiltration
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24945909},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0100217},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Werner, H. and Landolt, M. A. and Buehr, P. and Koller, R. and Nydegger, A. and Spalinger, J. and Heyland, K. and Schibli, S. and Braegger, C. P.},
   title = {Validation of the IMPACT-III quality of life questionnaire in Swiss children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {8},
   number = {7},
   pages = {641-8},
   note = {1876-4479
Werner, Helene
Landolt, Markus A
Buehr, Patrick
Koller, Rebekka
Nydegger, Andreas
Spalinger, Johannes
Heyland, Klaas
Schibli, Susanne
Braegger, Christian P
Swiss IBD Cohort Study Group
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Validation Studies
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Jul;8(7):641-8. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.11.025. Epub 2013 Dec 15.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently manifests during childhood and adolescence. For providing and understanding a comprehensive picture of a patients' health status, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments are an essential complement to clinical symptoms and functional limitations. Currently, the IMPACT-III questionnaire is one of the most frequently used disease-specific HRQoL instrument among patients with IBD. However, there is a lack of studies examining the validation and reliability of this instrument. METHODS: 146 paediatric IBD patients from the multicenter Swiss IBD paediatric cohort study database were included in the study. Medical and laboratory data were extracted from the hospital records. HRQoL data were assessed by means of standardized questionnaires filled out by the patients in a face-to-face interview. RESULTS: The original six IMPACT-III domain scales could not be replicated in the current sample. A principal component analysis with the extraction of four factor scores revealed the most robust solution. The four factors indicated good internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha=.64-.86), good concurrent validity measured by correlations with the generic KIDSCREEN-27 scales and excellent discriminant validity for the dimension of physical functioning measured by HRQoL differences for active and inactive severity groups (p<.001, d=1.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study with Swiss children with IBD indicates good validity and reliability for the IMPACT-III questionnaire. However, our findings suggest a slightly different factor structure than originally proposed. The IMPACT-III questionnaire can be recommended for its use in clinical practice. The factor structure should be further examined in other samples.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*psychology
Crohn Disease/*psychology
Female
Humans
Male
Quality of Life/*psychology
Reproducibility of Results
Severity of Illness Index
*Surveys and Questionnaires
Switzerland
Children
Inflammatory bowel disease
Quality of life
Validation},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {24342766},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2013.11.025},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Whelan, K. and Quigley, E. M.},
   title = {Probiotics in the management of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Opin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {29},
   number = {2},
   pages = {184-9},
   note = {1531-7056
Whelan, Kevin
Quigley, Eamonn M M
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2013 Mar;29(2):184-9. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835d7bba.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is direct evidence that the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves the gastrointestinal microbiota and some evidence that the microbiota might also play a similar role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The aim of this article is to review the emerging evidence for the mechanisms and effectiveness of probiotics in the management of these disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: The composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota is strongly influenced by factors including age, diet and disease. Probiotics may be effective through their impact on the host gastrointestinal microbiota and promotion of mucosal immunoregulation. Probiotics are considered to be well tolerated, although the quality of studies and health claims has been variable. There are many short-term studies demonstrating the effectiveness of probiotics in IBS, although recommendations should be made for specific strains and for specific symptoms. Within IBD, a number of trials have shown the benefits of a range of probiotics in pouchitis and in ulcerative colitis, although current evidence in Crohn's disease is less promising. SUMMARY: Clearly, some probiotics have considerable potential in the management of IBS and IBD; however, the benefits are strain specific. High-quality trials of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders as well as laboratory investigations of their mechanism of action are required in order to understand who responds and why.},
   keywords = {Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/microbiology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*drug therapy/microbiology
Metagenome
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0267-1379},
   Accession Number = {23286925},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835d7bba},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wills, E. S. and Jonkers, D. M. and Savelkoul, P. H. and Masclee, A. A. and Pierik, M. J. and Penders, J.},
   title = {Fecal microbial composition of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients in remission and subsequent exacerbation},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {9},
   number = {3},
   pages = {e90981},
   note = {1932-6203
Wills, Edgar S
Jonkers, Daisy M A E
Savelkoul, Paul H
Masclee, Ad A
Pierik, Marieke J
Penders, John
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2014 Mar 7;9(3):e90981. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090981. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Limited studies have examined the intestinal microbiota composition in relation to changes in disease course of IBD over time. We aimed to study prospectively the fecal microbiota in IBD patients developing an exacerbation during follow-up. DESIGN: Fecal samples from 10 Crohn's disease (CD) and 9 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients during remission and subsequent exacerbation were included. Active disease was determined by colonoscopy and/or fecal calprotectine levels. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, antibiotic use, enema use and/or medication changes between consecutive samples. The microbial composition was assessed by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing. RESULTS: After quality control, 6,194-11,030 sequences per sample were available for analysis. Patient-specific shifts in bacterial composition and diversity were observed during exacerbation compared to remission, but overarching shifts within UC or CD were not observed. Changes in the bacterial community composition between remission and exacerbation as assessed by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, were significantly larger in CD versus UC patients (0.59 vs. 0.42, respectively; p = 0.025). Thiopurine use was found to be a significant cause of clustering as shown by Principal Coordinate Analysis and was associated with decreases in bacterial richness (Choa1 501.2 vs. 847.6 in non-users; p<0.001) and diversity (Shannon index: 5.13 vs. 6.78, respectively; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Shifts in microbial composition in IBD patients with changing disease activity over time seem to be patient-specific, and are more pronounced in CD than in UC patients. Furthermore, thiopurine use was found to be associated with the microbial composition and diversity, and should be considered when studying the intestinal microbiota in relation to disease course.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/therapeutic use
Adult
Aged
Antimetabolites/therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/*microbiology/pathology
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/*microbiology/pathology
Disease Progression
Feces/microbiology
Female
Genetic Variation
Humans
Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
Intestines/microbiology/pathology
Male
Microbiota/*genetics
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics
Recurrence
Remission Induction
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24608638},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0090981},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Winter, H. S. and Krzeski, P. and Heyman, M. B. and Ibarguen-Secchia, E. and Iwanczak, B. and Kaczmarski, M. and Kierkus, J. and Kolacek, S. and Osuntokun, B. and Quiros, J. A. and Shah, M. and Yacyshyn, B. and Dunnmon, P. M.},
   title = {High- and low-dose oral delayed-release mesalamine in children with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {6},
   pages = {767-72},
   note = {1536-4801
Winter, Harland S
Krzeski, Piotr
Heyman, Melvin B
Ibarguen-Secchia, Eduardo
Iwanczak, Barbara
Kaczmarski, Maciej
Kierkus, Jaroslaw
Kolacek, Sanja
Osuntokun, Bankole
Quiros, J Antonio
Shah, Manoj
Yacyshyn, Bruce
Dunnmon, Preston M
K24 DK060617/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK060617/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Dec;59(6):767-72. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000530.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the safety and efficacy of high- and low-dose oral, delayed-release mesalamine in a randomized, double-blind, active control study of children with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis. METHODS: Patients ages 5 to 17 years, with a Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI) score of >/= 10 to </= 55 and a truncated Mayo Score of >/= 1 for both rectal bleeding and stool frequency, were enrolled. They received body weight-dependent doses of oral, delayed-release mesalamine for 6 weeks in a low- (27-71 mg . g(-1) . day(-1)) or high-dose group (53-118 mg . g(-1) . day(-1)). The primary endpoint was treatment success, defined as the proportion of patients who achieved remission (PUCAI score <10) or partial response (PUCAI score >/= 10 with a decrease from baseline by >/= 20 points). Secondary endpoints included truncated Mayo Score and global assessment of change of disease activity. RESULTS: The modified intent-to-treat population included 81 of 83 patients enrolled. Treatment success by PUCAI was achieved by 23 of 41 (56%) and 22 of 40 (55%) patients in the mesalamine low- and high-dose groups, respectively (P = 0.924). Truncated Mayo Score (low-dose 30 [73%] and high-dose 28 [70%] patients) and other efficacy results did not differ between the groups. The type and severity of adverse events were consistent with those reported in previous studies of adults with ulcerative colitis and did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both low- and high-dose oral, delayed-release mesalamine doses were equally effective as short-term treatment of mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis in children, without a specific benefit or risk to using either dose.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
*Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Delayed-Action Preparations
Double-Blind Method
Female
Humans
Male
Mesalamine/*administration & dosage/adverse effects},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {25419597},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000530},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wong, S. C. and Catto-Smith, A. G. and Zacharin, M.},
   title = {Pathological fractures in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Eur J Pediatr},
   volume = {173},
   number = {2},
   pages = {141-51},
   note = {1432-1076
Wong, Sze Choong
Catto-Smith, A G Anthony
Zacharin, Margaret
Case Reports
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Eur J Pediatr. 2014 Feb;173(2):141-51. doi: 10.1007/s00431-013-2174-5. Epub 2013 Oct 17.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: Paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially Crohn's disease (CD), is commonly associated with poor skeletal health, related to the direct effects of chronic inflammation, prolonged use of glucocorticoid (GC), poor nutrition, delayed puberty and low muscle mass. Low bone mineral density is commonly reported, although the prevalence of long bone fractures may not be increased in these patients. Emerging evidence however suggests that there may be an increased risk of vertebral fractures (VFs) in this group. VFs presenting at diagnosis of paediatric CD, prior to any GC exposure, have been reported, highlighting the deleterious effect of inflammation on skeletal health. This paper reviews the published literature on pathophysiology of skeletal morbidity and fractures in paediatric IBD, illustrated with a new case report of multiple VFs in a prepubertal girl with CD, soon after diagnosis, who received minimal amounts of oral GC. Optimising control of disease, addressing vitamin D deficiency, encouraging physical activity and ensuring normal growth and pubertal progression are paramount to management of bone health in these patients. Despite the lack of evidence, there may be a place for bisphosphonate treatment, especially in the presence of symptomatic pathological fractures, but this requires close monitoring by clinicians with expertise in paediatric bone health. CONCLUSION: Chronic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines may have adverse effects on skeletal health in paediatric patients with IBD. The risk of vertebral fractures may be increased, even without exposure to glucocorticoid. Clinical monitoring of these patients requires careful attention to the various factors that impact on bone health.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Body Height/drug effects
Body Weight/drug effects
Bone Density/drug effects
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology
Crohn Disease/complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology
Diphosphonates/therapeutic use
Fractures, Spontaneous/chemically induced/drug therapy/*epidemiology
Humans
Mass Screening
Methylprednisolone/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Prednisolone/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Puberty, Delayed/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology
Risk Factors
Spinal Fractures/chemically induced/drug therapy/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0340-6199},
   Accession Number = {24132387},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00431-013-2174-5},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wuensch, T. and Schulz, S. and Ullrich, S. and Lill, N. and Stelzl, T. and Rubio-Aliaga, I. and Loh, G. and Chamaillard, M. and Haller, D. and Daniel, H.},
   title = {The peptide transporter PEPT1 is expressed in distal colon in rodents and humans and contributes to water absorption},
   journal = {Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol},
   volume = {305},
   number = {1},
   pages = {G66-73},
   note = {1522-1547
Wuensch, Tilo
Schulz, Stephan
Ullrich, Sina
Lill, Nicole
Stelzl, Tamara
Rubio-Aliaga, Isabel
Loh, Gunnar
Chamaillard, Mathias
Haller, Dirk
Daniel, Hannelore
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013 Jul 1;305(1):G66-73. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00491.2012. Epub 2013 May 9.},
   abstract = {The peptide transporter PEPT1, expressed in the brush border membrane of enterocytes, mediates the uptake of di- and tripeptides from luminal protein digestion in the small intestine. PEPT1 was proposed not to be expressed in normal colonic mucosa but may become detectable in inflammatory states such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. We reassessed colonic expression of PEPT1 by performing a systematic analysis of PEPT1 mRNA and protein levels in healthy colonic tissues in mice, rats, and humans. Immunofluorescence analysis of different mouse strains (C57BL/6N, 129/Sv, BALB/c) demonstrated the presence of PEPT1 in the distal part of the colon but not in proximal colon. Rat and human intestines display a similar distribution of PEPT1 as found in mice. However, localization in human sigmoid colon revealed immunoreactivity present at low levels in apical membranes but substantial staining in distinct intracellular compartments. Functional activity of PEPT1 in colonic tissues from mice was assessed in everted sac preparations using [(1)(4)C]Gly-Sar and found to be 5.7-fold higher in distal compared with proximal colon. In intestinal tissues from Pept1-/- mice, no [(1)(4)C]Gly-Sar transport was detectable but feces samples revealed significantly higher water content than in wild-type mice, suggesting that PEPT1 contributes to colonic water absorption. In conclusion, our studies unequivocally demonstrate the presence of PEPT1 protein in healthy distal colonic epithelium in mice, rats, and humans and proved that the protein is functional and contributes to electrolyte and water handling in mice.},
   keywords = {Adult
Animals
Colon/*metabolism
Feces/chemistry
Female
Gene Expression Regulation/*physiology
Germ-Free Life
Humans
Intestinal Absorption
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred Strains
Mice, Knockout
Mice, Transgenic
Middle Aged
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Symporters/genetics/*metabolism
Water/chemistry/*metabolism
Pept1
Slc15a1
colon
peptide transporter},
   ISSN = {0193-1857},
   Accession Number = {23660505},
   DOI = {10.1152/ajpgi.00491.2012},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wuensch, T. and Ullrich, S. and Schulz, S. and Chamaillard, M. and Schaltenberg, N. and Rath, E. and Goebel, U. and Sartor, R. B. and Prager, M. and Buning, C. and Bugert, P. and Witt, H. and Haller, D. and Daniel, H.},
   title = {Colonic expression of the peptide transporter PEPT1 is downregulated during intestinal inflammation and is not required for NOD2-dependent immune activation},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {4},
   pages = {671-84},
   note = {1536-4844
Wuensch, Tilo
Ullrich, Sina
Schulz, Stephan
Chamaillard, Mathias
Schaltenberg, Nicola
Rath, Eva
Goebel, Ulf
Sartor, R Balfour
Prager, Matthias
Buning, Carsten
Bugert, Peter
Witt, Heiko
Haller, Dirk
Daniel, Hannelore
P40 RR018603/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK53347/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Apr;20(4):671-84. doi: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000443336.71488.08.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: PEPT1 was proposed to be expressed only in inflamed colonic tissues in which it could contribute to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) development by transporting bacterial peptides, such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP), that activate intracellular pattern recognition receptors, such as the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2. To better define the pathological relevance of this transporter, we analyzed PEPT1 expression during intestinal inflammation and studied the susceptibility of Pept1-deficient (Pept1) mice to experimental colitis. METHODS: Wild-type and Pept1 mice were treated with dextran sulfate sodium and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid to induce colitis, and MDP-induced cytokine expression was studied in colonic tissue cultures. PEPT1 expression was characterized in mouse models of Crohn's disease-like ileitis (Tnf) or colitis (Il-10, Il-10XTlr2) and endoscopic tissue samples from descending colon of patients with IBD (n = 11) and controls (n = 17). Moreover, the prevalence of the PEPT1 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2297322 was tested in German patients with IBD (n = 458) and controls (n = 452). RESULTS: PEPT1 expression was consistently reduced under condition of acute or chronic experimental inflammation. Wild-type and Pept1 mice revealed comparable susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium-induced and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis, and MDP-induced cytokine expression was PEPT1-independent. PEPT1 expression levels were also decreased in descending colon of patients with IBD during acute inflammation, but the rs2297322 single-nucleotide polymorphism was not associated with IBD susceptibility in the German cohort. CONCLUSIONS: PEPT1 expression is reduced during intestinal inflammation and PEPT1 is neither required for MDP-induced immune response nor is the PEPT1 rs2297322 single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with IBD susceptibility in our German cohort. These data strongly argue against a primary role of PEPT1 in the initiation or progression of IBD.},
   keywords = {Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/pharmacology
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Animals
Colitis/chemically induced/genetics/metabolism/pathology
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics/*metabolism
Crohn Disease/genetics/*metabolism
Cytokines/genetics
Dextran Sulfate
Disease Models, Animal
Down-Regulation
Female
Gene Knockdown Techniques
Genotype
Humans
Ileitis/genetics/metabolism/pathology
Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects/genetics
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Middle Aged
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics/*immunology/metabolism
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Symporters/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
Tissue Culture Techniques
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24583477},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mib.0000443336.71488.08},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yamada, S. and Koyama, T. and Noguchi, H. and Ueda, Y. and Kitsuyama, R. and Shimizu, H. and Tanimoto, A. and Wang, K. Y. and Nawata, A. and Nakayama, T. and Sasaguri, Y. and Satoh, T.},
   title = {Marine hydroquinone zonarol prevents inflammation and apoptosis in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mice ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {9},
   number = {11},
   pages = {e113509},
   note = {1932-6203
Yamada, Sohsuke
Koyama, Tomoyuki
Noguchi, Hirotsugu
Ueda, Yuki
Kitsuyama, Ryo
Shimizu, Hiroya
Tanimoto, Akihide
Wang, Ke-Yong
Nawata, Aya
Nakayama, Toshiyuki
Sasaguri, Yasuyuki
Satoh, Takumi
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2014 Nov 19;9(11):e113509. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113509. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: We previously identified an anti-inflammatory compound, zonarol, a hydroquinone isolated from the brown algae Dictyopteris undulata as a marine natural product. To ascertain the in vivo functions of zonarol, we examined the pharmacological effects of zonarol administration on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammation in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis (UC). Our goal is to establish a safe and effective cure for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using zonarol. METHODS AND RESULTS: We subjected Slc:ICR mice to the administration of 2% DSS in drinking water for 14 days. At the same time, 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) at a dose of 50 mg/kg (positive control) and zonarol at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, were given orally once a day. DSS-treated animals developed symptoms similar to those of human UC, such as severe bloody diarrhea, which were evaluated by the disease activity index (DAI). Treatment with 20 mg/kg of zonarol, as well as 5-ASA, significantly suppressed the DAI score, and also led to a reduced colonic ulcer length and/or mucosal inflammatory infiltration by various immune cells, especially macrophages. Zonarol treatment significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules, and prevented the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Finally, zonarol protected against in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation in the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report that a marine bioproduct protects against experimental UC via the inhibition of both inflammation and apoptosis, very similar to the standard-of-care sulfasalazine, a well-known prodrug that releases 5-ASA. We believe that the oral administration of zonarol might offer a better treatment for human IBDs than 5-ASA, or may be useful as an alternative/additive therapeutic strategy against UC, without any evidence of side effects.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Apoptosis/*drug effects
Cell Line
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/drug therapy/pathology
Colon/pathology
Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
Disease Models, Animal
Hydroquinones/chemistry/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Inflammation/prevention & control
Interleukin-6/analysis/genetics
Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
Male
Mesalamine/therapeutic use
Mice
Mice, Inbred ICR
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics/metabolism
Phaeophyta/chemistry/metabolism
Sesquiterpenes/chemistry/isolation & purification/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis/genetics},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {25409433},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0113509},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yamamoto, T.},
   title = {Is pouch surgery safe in children with ulcerative colitis who are treated with preoperative immunosuppressive medications?},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {5},
   pages = {e38},
   note = {1536-4801
Yamamoto, Takayuki
Comment
Letter
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 May;56(5):e38. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828952f7.},
   keywords = {Colectomy/*adverse effects
Colitis, Ulcerative/*surgery
Female
Humans
Immunosuppression/*adverse effects
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*surgery
Male
*Postoperative Complications},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23364245},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828952f7},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yamamoto, T.},
   title = {Nutrition and diet in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Opin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {29},
   number = {2},
   pages = {216-21},
   note = {1531-7056
Yamamoto, Takayuki
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2013 Mar;29(2):216-21. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835b9a40.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diet is known to have a major role in the expression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The role of dietary interventions and enteral nutrition in the management of IBD remains unelucidated. This study was to review the current evidence for dietary risk factors for the development of IBD and the efficacies of dietary and enteral interventions. RECENT FINDINGS: High dietary intakes of total fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat are associated with an increased risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these observations. Among various dietary interventions, none has shown striking efficacy. Meta-analyses have shown enteral nutrition to be inferior to corticosteroids in adults with active Crohn's disease. However, in children, a meta-analysis has shown no significant difference in the remission rates between enteral nutrition and corticosteroid therapy. Although the evidence level is not striking, enteral nutrition may be useful for maintaining remission in patients with quiescent Crohn's disease. SUMMARY: Dietary risk factors for IBD and the therapeutic benefit of dietary and enteral interventions need to be confirmed by further well designed studies in large cohorts of patients.},
   keywords = {Crohn Disease/prevention & control/surgery
Diet/*adverse effects
Enteral Nutrition/*methods
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology/therapy
Risk Factors
Secondary Prevention},
   ISSN = {0267-1379},
   Accession Number = {23385526},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835b9a40},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yamamoto-Furusho, J. K. and De-Leon-Rendon, J. L. and Alvarez-Leon, E. and Valdivia-Eziquio, M. and Obil-Chavarria, C. and Vargas-Alarcon, G.},
   title = {Association of the interleukin 15 (IL-15) gene polymorphisms with the risk of developing ulcerative colitis in Mexican individuals},
   journal = {Mol Biol Rep},
   volume = {41},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2171-6},
   note = {1573-4978
Yamamoto-Furusho, Jesus K
De-Leon-Rendon, Jorge L
Alvarez-Leon, Edith
Valdivia-Eziquio, Mario
Obil-Chavarria, Claudia
Vargas-Alarcon, Gilberto
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Mol Biol Rep. 2014;41(4):2171-6. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3067-z. Epub 2014 Jan 11.},
   abstract = {Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a Th1-related cytokine that triggers inflammatory cell recruitment with implications for pathogenesis in ulcerative colitis. The IL-15 gene is located within a 35 kb region of the q28-31 locus of chromosome 4. In the present work, the role of IL-15 gene polymorphisms as susceptibility markers for UC was evaluated. Seven polymorphisms of IL-15 (rs3806798, rs10833, rs4956403, rs2254514, rs2857261, rs10519613, and rs1057972) were genotyped by 5' exonuclease TaqMan genotyping assays in a group of 199 Mexican patients with UC and 698 Mexican Mestizo healthy unrelated individuals. UC patients and healthy controls showed similar distribution of the rs3806798, rs10833, rs4956403, rs2857261, rs10519613, and rs1057972 polymorphisms. The rs2254514 polymorphism was significantly associated with decreased risk of UC as compared to controls under both dominant and additive models (OR 0.62, Pdom = 0.014 and OR 0.65, Padd = 0.02). The rs2254514 CC genotype was associated with young age at diagnosis <40 years (P = 0.03; OR 3.67). Five polymorphisms (rs1051613, rs2254514, rs2857261, rs1057972, and rs10833) were in strong linkage disequilibrium and were included in six haplotypes: H1 (ACAAC), H2 (CCGTC), H3 (CTAAT), H4 (CCAAT), H5 (CTAAC), and H6 (CCAAC). UC patients showed an increased frequency of the H6 haplotype (P = 0.005; OR 3.2) and a decreased frequency of the H5 haplotype (P = 0.031; OR 0.40). These results suggest that the IL-15 rs2254514 polymorphism might have an important role in the development of UC in the Mexican population. We were able to distinguish one risk and one protective uncommon haplotype for the development of UC.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Alleles
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/drug therapy/*genetics
Female
Gene Frequency
Genetic Association Studies
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Haplotypes
Humans
Interleukin-15/*genetics
Linkage Disequilibrium
Male
Mexico
Middle Aged
Odds Ratio
*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Risk
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0301-4851},
   Accession Number = {24415300},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11033-014-3067-z},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yamamoto-Furusho, J. K. and De-Leon-Rendon, J. L. and de la Torre, M. G. and Alvarez-Leon, E. and Vargas-Alarcon, G.},
   title = {Genetic polymorphisms of interleukin 20 (IL-20) in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Immunol Lett},
   volume = {149},
   number = {1-2},
   pages = {50-3},
   note = {1879-0542
Yamamoto-Furusho, Jesus K
De-Leon-Rendon, Jorge L
de la Torre, Monica Garcia
Alvarez-Leon, Edith
Vargas-Alarcon, Gilberto
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Immunol Lett. 2013 Jan;149(1-2):50-3. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.11.008. Epub 2012 Nov 23.},
   abstract = {Interleukin (IL)-20 belongs to the IL-10 family and is a potent immunomodulatory cytokine with implications for pathogenesis in the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The interleukin 20 gene is located within a 200kb region of q31-32 locus of chromosome 1. No previous studies have reported this novel association between ulcerative colitis (UC) and IL-20 polymorphisms. In the present work, we evaluated the role of IL-20 gene polymorphisms as susceptibility markers for UC. Three polymorphisms of IL-20 gene (rs2981573, rs2232360, rs1518108) were genotyped by 5' exonuclease TaqMan genotyping assays on an ABI Prism 7900 HT Fast Real-Time PCR system in a group of 198 Mexican Mestizo patients with UC and 698 ethnically matched healthy unrelated individuals with no family history of UC. We found significant decreased frequencies of two IL-20 genotypes: GG (rs2981573) [10.6% vs. 17.6%, p=0.017, OR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.93] and GG (rs2232360) [10.6% vs. 17.6%, p=0.017, OR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.93] in UC patients as compared to healthy controls. No significant differences of gene frequencies were found between UC patients and healthy controls in the rs1518108 polymorphism. In the subgroup analysis, no differences were found between the IL-20 genotypes and the clinical characteristics of UC. The results suggest that the GG genotypes of the IL-20 polymorphisms (rs2981573 and rs2232360) might have an important role in the development of UC in the Mexican population.},
   keywords = {Adult
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/*genetics/immunology
Colitis, Ulcerative/*genetics/immunology
Female
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Interleukins/*genetics/immunology
Male
Mexico
Middle Aged
*Polymorphism, Genetic},
   ISSN = {0165-2478},
   Accession Number = {23183096},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.imlet.2012.11.008},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yamamoto-Furusho, J. K. and Jacintez-Cazares, M. and Furuzawa-Carballeda, J. and Fonseca-Camarillo, G.},
   title = {Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors family is involved in the response to treatment and mild clinical course in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Dis Markers},
   volume = {2014},
   pages = {932530},
   note = {1875-8630
Yamamoto-Furusho, J K
Jacintez-Cazares, M
Furuzawa-Carballeda, J
Fonseca-Camarillo, G
Journal Article
United States
Dis Markers. 2014;2014:932530. doi: 10.1155/2014/932530. Epub 2014 Dec 8.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: PPARs play an important role in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. METHODS: We included a total of 46 UC patients and 31 controls. The gene expression of PPARs was measured by RT-PCR and protein expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: PPARalpha gene expression was significantly decreased in patients with active UC compared with remission UC group (P = 0.001) and controls (P = 0.001). We found that low gene expression of PPARalpha in mucosa confers a higher risk of UC activity (P </= 0.0001, OR = 22.6). We observed an increase of PPARalpha expression in patients with UC who were treated with 5-aminosalicylates compared with those who received any other combined therapy (P = 0.03, OR = 0.08). PPARgamma gene expression was decreased in the active UC group compared with UC in remission (P = 0.001) and control group (P = 0.001). An increased expression of PPARgamma gene was associated with mild clinical course of the disease (P </= 0.001, OR = 0.05). No gene expression of PPARbeta/delta was found in the colonic mucosa from UC patients and controls. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that patients with high gene expression of PPARs have a better response to medical treatment and a mild clinical course of the disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/*metabolism
Colon/metabolism
Female
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
Male
Mesalamine/pharmacology/therapeutic use
PPAR alpha/*metabolism
PPAR gamma/*metabolism
PPAR-beta/*metabolism
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0278-0240},
   Accession Number = {25548431},
   DOI = {10.1155/2014/932530},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yanai, H. and Lichtenstein, L. and Assa, A. and Mazor, Y. and Weiss, B. and Levine, A. and Ron, Y. and Kopylov, U. and Bujanover, Y. and Rosenbach, Y. and Ungar, B. and Eliakim, R. and Chowers, Y. and Shamir, R. and Fraser, G. and Dotan, I. and Ben-Horin, S.},
   title = {Levels of drug and antidrug antibodies are associated with outcome of interventions after loss of response to infliximab or adalimumab},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {13},
   number = {3},
   pages = {522-530.e2},
   note = {1542-7714
Yanai, Henit
Lichtenstein, Lev
Assa, Amit
Mazor, Yoav
Weiss, Batia
Levine, Arie
Ron, Yulia
Kopylov, Uri
Bujanover, Yoram
Rosenbach, Yoram
Ungar, Bella
Eliakim, Rami
Chowers, Yehuda
Shamir, Raanan
Fraser, Gerald
Dotan, Iris
Ben-Horin, Shomron
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Mar;13(3):522-530.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07.029. Epub 2014 Jul 25.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: There is controversy about whether levels of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and antidrug antibodies (ADAs) are accurate determinants of loss of response to therapy. We analyzed the association between trough levels of anti-TNF agents or ADAs and outcomes of interventions for patients with loss of response to infliximab or adalimumab. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of pediatric and adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease and suspected loss of response to anti-TNF agents treated at medical centers throughout Israel from October 2009 through February 2013. We examined the correlation between outcomes of different interventions and trough levels of drug or ADAs during loss of response. An additional subanalysis was performed including only patients with a definite inflammatory loss of response (clinical worsening associated with increased levels of C-reactive protein or fecal calprotectin, or detection of inflammation by endoscopy, fistula discharge, or imaging studies). RESULTS: Among 247 patients (42 with ulcerative colitis), there were 330 loss-of-response events (188 to infliximab and 142 to adalimumab). Trough levels of adalimumab greater than 4.5 mcg/mL and infliximab greater than 3.8 mcg/mL identified patients who failed to respond to an increase in drug dosage or a switch to another anti-TNF agent with 90% specificity; these were set as adequate trough levels. Adequate trough levels identified patients who responded to expectant management or out-of-class interventions with more than 75% specificity. Levels of antibodies against adalimumab >4 microgram per mL equivalent (mcg/mL-eq) or antibodies against infliximab >9 mcg/mL-eq identified patients who did not respond to an increased drug dosage with 90% specificity. Patients with high titers of ADAs had longer durations of response when anti-TNF agents were switched than when dosage was increased (P = .03; log-rank test), although dosage increases were more effective for patients with no or low titers of ADAs (P = .02). An analysis of definite inflammatory loss-of-response events (n = 244) produced similar results; patients with adequate trough levels had a longer duration of response when they switched to a different class of agent than when anti-TNF was optimized by either a dosage increase or by a switch within the anti-TNF class (P = .002; log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this retrospective analysis suggest that trough levels of drug or ADAs may guide therapeutic decisions for more than two-thirds of inflammatory bowel disease patients with either clinically suspected or definite inflammatory loss of response to therapy.},
   keywords = {Adalimumab
Adult
Antibodies/*blood
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*immunology/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use
Cohort Studies
Female
Humans
Immunologic Factors/*immunology/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Infliximab
Israel
Male
Middle Aged
Retrospective Studies
Treatment Failure
Young Adult
Anti-TNF Antibodies
Crohn's Disease
Ibd
Uc},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {25066837},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07.029},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yang, Z. and Clark, N. and Park, K. T.},
   title = {Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of measuring fecal calprotectin in diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in adults and children},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {12},
   number = {2},
   pages = {253-62.e2},
   note = {1542-7714
Yang, Zhuo
Clark, Nick
Park, K T
K08 DK094868/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK094868A/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Feb;12(2):253-62.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.06.028. Epub 2013 Jul 21.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: The level of fecal calprotectin (FC) can predict the onset of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with high accuracy and precision. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of using measurements of FC to identify adults and children who require endoscopic confirmation of IBD. METHODS: We constructed a decision analytic tree to compare the cost-effectiveness of measuring FC before endoscopy examination with that of direct endoscopic evaluation alone. A second decision analytic tree was constructed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of FC cutoff levels of 100 mug/g vs 50 mug/g (typically used to screen for intestinal inflammation). The primary outcome measure was the incremental cost required to avoid 1 false-negative result by using FC level to diagnose new-onset IBD. RESULTS: In adults, FC screening saved $417/patient but delayed diagnosis for 2.2/32 patients with IBD among 100 screened patients. In children, FC screening saved $300/patient but delayed diagnosis for 4.8/61 patients with IBD among 100 screened patients. If endoscopic biopsy analysis remained the standard for diagnosis, direct endoscopic evaluation would cost an additional $18,955 in adults and $6250 in children to avoid 1 false-negative result from FC screening. Sensitivity analyses showed that cost-effectiveness of FC screening varied with the sensitivity of the test and the pre-test probability of IBD in adults and children. Pre-test probabilities for IBD of </=75% in adults and </=65% in children made FC screening cost-effective, but it was cost-ineffective if the probabilities were >/=85% and >/=78% in adults and children, respectively. Compared with the FC cutoff level of 100 mug/g, the cutoff level of 50 mug/g cost an additional $55 and $43 for adults and children, respectively, but it yielded 2.4 and 6.1 additional accurate diagnoses of IBD per 100 screened adults and children, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Screening adults and children to measure fecal levels of calprotectin is effective and cost-effective in identifying those with IBD on a per-case basis when the pre-test probability is </=75% for adults and </=65% for children. The utility of the test is greater for adults than children. Increasing the FC cutoff level to >/=50 mug/g increases diagnostic accuracy without substantially increasing total cost.},
   keywords = {Adult
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/economics/metabolism/pathology
Colonoscopy
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/economics/metabolism/pathology
Decision Trees
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Feces/*chemistry
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/economics/metabolism/pathology
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/*metabolism
Male
Mass Screening/*economics/methods
Sensitivity and Specificity
Cd
Cost-effectiveness
Crohn's Disease
Dee
Endoscopy
Fc
Fcs
Fecal Calprotectin
Ibd
Icer
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Psa
Qaly
Uc
Ulcerative Colitis
Wtp
direct endoscopic evaluation
fecal calprotectin screening
incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
probabilistic sensitivity analysis
quality-adjusted life year
willingness to pay},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {23883663},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2013.06.028},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zaja, O. and Popovic, M. and Lesar, T. and Pavic, I. and Hojsak, I.},
   title = {Co-occurrence of celiac disease and ulcerative colitis in a 12-year-old girl},
   journal = {Fetal Pediatr Pathol},
   volume = {34},
   number = {2},
   pages = {99-102},
   note = {1551-3823
Zaja, Orjena
Popovic, Maja
Lesar, Tatjana
Pavic, Ivana
Hojsak, Iva
Case Reports
Journal Article
England
Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2015 Apr;34(2):99-102. doi: 10.3109/15513815.2014.970262. Epub 2014 Oct 29.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are separately well-described entities, but the co-occurrence in children has been very rarely reported until today. According to the literature, this case about 12-year-old girl would be the fifth case ever published about co-occurrence in children. We presume that there should be a higher comorbidity prevalence than that described. Distinguishing both diseases in one patient could be difficult due to the overlapping symptoms, but it is very important considering completely different therapeutic approaches.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/complications/diagnosis/*pathology/therapy
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/diagnosis/*pathology/therapy
Female
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/ultrastructure
Treatment Outcome
Ibd
celiac disease
co-occurrence
genetics
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1551-3815},
   Accession Number = {25353699},
   DOI = {10.3109/15513815.2014.970262},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zaltman, C. and Braulio, V. B. and Outeiral, R. and Nunes, T. and de Castro, C. L.},
   title = {Lower extremity mobility limitation and impaired muscle function in women with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {8},
   number = {6},
   pages = {529-35},
   note = {1876-4479
Zaltman, Cyrla
Braulio, Valeria Bender
Outeiral, Rosangela
Nunes, Tiago
de Castro, Carmen Lucia Natividade
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Jun;8(6):529-35. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.11.006. Epub 2013 Dec 7.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: Fatigue, weakness and musculoskeletal manifestations are associated with IBD. An impaired nutritional status and a reduced physical activity can contribute to these clinical outcomes, impacting quality of life and increasing disability. This study aims to assess muscle strength and lower limb physical performance in female UC patients, taking into consideration disease activity, body composition and habitual physical activity. METHODS: A case-control study was performed including 23 UC female outpatients and 23 age- and BMI-matched healthy women as controls. Quadriceps strength (QS), handgrip strength (HGS), physical performance based measures (five repetitions sit-up test and 4meter gait speed test), body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis, anthropometry), and habitual physical activity (HPA) levels were assessed. RESULTS: UC group had decreased QS (-6%; P=0.012), slower sit-up test (-32%; P=0.000), slower gait speed (-17% P=0.002) and decreased HPA level (-30%, P=0.001) compared with controls. No difference in HGS was observed between groups. Logistic regression showed that UC was an independent factor for decreased QS and slower sit-up test, while HPA was a protective factor for impaired gait speed. Multivariate linear regression showed that BMI was independently associated with an improved QS and slower sit-up test in the UC group. CONCLUSION: Women with UC had decreased lower limb strength and mobility limitations, which were associated with BMI and the level of physical activity. Early evaluation of nutritional status and performance of the lower limbs could identify UC patients with pre-clinical disability who may benefit from earlier health lifestyle modifications.},
   keywords = {Adult
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Female
Gait
Humans
Leg
*Mobility Limitation
Motor Activity
Muscle Weakness/*etiology
Body composition
Muscle function
Physical performance
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {24315794},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2013.11.006},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zarogoulidis, P. and Kioumis, I. and Tsiouda, T. and Pezirkianidis, N. and Ritzoulis, C. and Huang, H. and Hohenforst-Schmidt, W. and Spyratos, D. and Porpodis, K. and Pitsiou, G. and Lampaki, S. and Organtzis, J. and Malecki, B. K. and Saetre, S. E. and Zarogoulidis, K. and Malecki, M.},
   title = {A 3D Polymer Model for Future Nutrition Design Novel Nutrition Approach for Cystic Fibrosis, Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease},
   journal = {J Nanomedine Biotherapeutic Discov},
   volume = {4},
   number = {2},
   pages = {128},
   note = {Zarogoulidis, Paul
Kioumis, Ioannis
Tsiouda, Theodora
Pezirkianidis, Nikolaos
Ritzoulis, Christos
Huang, Haidong
Hohenforst-Schmidt, Wolfgang
Spyratos, Dionysios
Porpodis, Konstantinos
Pitsiou, Georgia
Lampaki, Sofia
Organtzis, John
Malecki, Bianca Kathryn
Saetre, Sindre Ervik
Zarogoulidis, Konstantinos
Malecki, Marek
P41 RR002301/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
United States
J Nanomedine Biotherapeutic Discov. 2014 Aug;4(2):128.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Cystic Fibrosis (CF), Ulcerative Colitis (UC), and Crohn's Disease (CD) manifest as various, multiple symptoms from malfunctioning and/or damaged gastrointestinal tract, which plague the patients. These symptoms result from the dysfunctional expression products of the specific mutations of the genes, which either manifest upon birth (CF) or later in life in immuno-genetically susceptible individuals as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). They all may potentially lead to malnutrition of the patients. Since only correcting the mutated genes, may cure these diseases permanently, the works on the future safe gene therapies continue vigorously. However, provision of the necessary nutrients to the suffering patients is the requirement for an effective, supportive care at present. In this realm, we have developed a model of the diseased gastrointestinal tract aimed to guide designing and testing various nutritional therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is well known that inflammatory bowel diseases induce crypts within the patients' gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, we have bioengineered, a novel, three-dimensional model of the gastrointestinal tract to evaluate the rheology of different types of nutrients. The model was assembled out of the bio-inert polymer tube with openings leading to vials of different shapes and sizes, as the simulation of the gastrointestinal tract altered by the diseases to contain multiple crypts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed three-dimensional model effectively simulates the structure and functions of the gastrointestinal tract of the patients with mild and severe Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's Disease, and Cystic Fibrosis. This model should allow us to design and test different nutritional supplements, with properties complementing the pathologically altered by the diseases functionalities of the patients' gastrointestinal tracts. Therefore, it should help us to design the effective supportive therapies; thus to prevent the patients' malnutrition.},
   keywords = {Crohn`s Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Ulcerative Colitis
bioengineering
biotechnology
gene therapy
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
malnutrition
nutrition model},
   ISSN = {2155-983X (Print)
2155-983x},
   Accession Number = {25642355},
   DOI = {10.4172/2155-983x.1000128},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zator, Z. A. and Cantu, S. M. and Konijeti, G. G. and Nguyen, D. D. and Sauk, J. and Yajnik, V. and Ananthakrishnan, A. N.},
   title = {Pretreatment 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and durability of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr},
   volume = {38},
   number = {3},
   pages = {385-91},
   note = {Zator, Zachary A
Cantu, Stephanie M
Konijeti, Gauree Gupta
Nguyen, Deanna D
Sauk, Jenny
Yajnik, Vijay
Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N
Journal Article
United States
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014 Mar-Apr;38(3):385-91. doi: 10.1177/0148607113504002. Epub 2013 Oct 2.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Emerging evidence supports an immunologic role for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here we examined if pretreatment vitamin D status influences durability of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha therapy in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: All IBD patients who had plasma 25(OH)D level checked <3 months prior to initiating anti-TNF-alpha therapy were included in this retrospective single-center cohort study. Our main predictor variable was insufficient plasma 25(OH)D (<30 ng/mL). Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for potential confounders was used to identify the independent effect of pretreatment vitamin D on biologic treatment cessation. RESULTS: Our study included 101 IBD patients (74 CD; median disease duration 9 years). The median index 25(OH)D level was 27 ng/mL (interquartile range, 20-33 ng/mL). One-third of the patients had prior exposure to anti-TNF-alpha therapy. On multivariate analysis, patients with insufficient vitamin D demonstrated earlier cessation of anti-TNF-alpha therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-4.39; P = .04). This effect was significant in patients who stopped treatment for loss of response (HR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.34-9.09) and stronger for CD (HR, 2.38; 95% CI, 0.95-5.99) than UC (P = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that vitamin D levels may influence durability of anti-TNF-alpha induction and maintenance therapy. Larger cohort studies and clinical trials of supplemental vitamin D use with disease activity as an end point may be warranted.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Dietary Supplements
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/complications/*drug therapy
Male
Proportional Hazards Models
Retrospective Studies
Sensitivity and Specificity
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*antagonists & inhibitors
Vitamin D/*analogs & derivatives/blood
Vitamin D Deficiency/blood/complications
Young Adult
Crohn's disease
biologic therapy
ulcerative colitis
vitamin D},
   ISSN = {0148-6071 (Print)
0148-6071},
   Accession Number = {24088707},
   DOI = {10.1177/0148607113504002},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zeisler, B. and Lerer, T. and Markowitz, J. and Mack, D. and Griffiths, A. and Bousvaros, A. and Keljo, D. and Rosh, J. and Evans, J. and Kappelman, M. and Otley, A. and Kay, M. and Grossman, A. and Saeed, S. and Carvalho, R. and Oliva-Hemker, M. and Faubion, W. and Sudel, B. and Pfefferkorn, M. and Ashai-Khan, F. and Leleiko, N. and Hyams, J.},
   title = {Outcome following aminosalicylate therapy in children newly diagnosed as having ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {1},
   pages = {12-8},
   note = {1536-4801
Zeisler, Bella
Lerer, Trudy
Markowitz, James
Mack, David
Griffiths, Anne
Bousvaros, Athos
Keljo, David
Rosh, Joel
Evans, Jonathan
Kappelman, Michael
Otley, Anthony
Kay, Marsha
Grossman, Andrew
Saeed, Shehzad
Carvalho, Ryan
Oliva-Hemker, Maria
Faubion, William
Sudel, Boris
Pfefferkorn, Marian
Ashai-Khan, Farhat
Leleiko, Neal
Hyams, Jeffrey
Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jan;56(1):12-8. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31826ac41a.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Despite a paucity of published supporting data, 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) use in pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) is common. The present study describes the use and outcome of a large multicenter inception cohort of children with UC treated with 5-ASA. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group Registry, a prospective North American observational study of children newly diagnosed as having inflammatory bowel disease ages 16 years or younger. Patient data are recorded at diagnosis, 30 days, and then quarterly. Patients are managed by physician dictate, not protocol. Disease activity is classified by physician global assessment. The primary outcome examined was corticosteroid (CS) free, inactive UC at 1 year following initiation of 5-ASA within 30 days of diagnosis (with or without concomitant CS use) without the need for rescue therapy (immunomodulators, biologics, or colectomy). RESULTS: Study subjects included 213 patients newly diagnosed as having UC who received oral 5-ASA compounds (115 of whom also received CS) during the first 30 days after diagnosis, and no other oral therapies for the treatment of UC. Of these 213 patients, 86 (40%) were CS free and physician global assessment inactive at 1 year without rescue. Outcome was not associated with disease severity at diagnosis, demographic or laboratory factors examined, or initial dose of 5-ASA used. CONCLUSIONS: Forty percent of children taking 5-ASA as primary maintenance therapy at diagnosis are in CS-free remission after 1 year of treatment. Further pediatric studies will be needed to address whether increased adherence and/or higher dosing schedules will improve outcomes.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Female
Humans
Male
Mesalamine/*therapeutic use
Prospective Studies
Remission Induction
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {22847466},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31826ac41a},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib


text:
package awshoney

import (
	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/ec2metadata"
	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/session"
)

func ec2Map() map[string]string {
	m := map[string]string{}

	sess, err := session.NewSession()
	if err != nil {
		return m
	}
	metadata := ec2metadata.New(sess)

	id, err := metadata.GetInstanceIdentityDocument()
	if err != nil {
		return m
	}

	m["aws.ec2.image-id"] = id.ImageID
	m["aws.ec2.instance-type"] = id.InstanceType
	m["aws.ec2.instance-id"] = id.InstanceID
	m["aws.availability-zone"] = id.AvailabilityZone
	m["aws.region"] = id.Region

	return m
}

repository: syllogy/awshoney

repo_name: syllogy/awshoney

extension: go


text:
@InProceedings{miller14,
  pdf = {http://jmlr.org/proceedings/papers/v32/miller14.pdf},
  section = {cycle-1},
  supplementary = {Supplementary:miller14-supp.pdf},
  title = {Factorized Point Process Intensities: A Spatial Analysis of Professional Basketball},
  author = {Andrew Miller and Luke Bornn and Ryan Adams and Kirk Goldsberry},
  pages = {235-243},
  abstract = {We develop a machine learning approach to represent and analyze the underlying spatial structure that governs shot selection among professional basketball players in the NBA.  Typically, NBA players are discussed and compared in an heuristic, imprecise manner that relies on unmeasured intuitions about player behavior.  This makes it difficult to draw comparisons between players and make accurate player specific predictions.  Modeling shot attempt data as a point process, we create a low dimensional representation of offensive player types in the NBA.  Using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), an unsupervised dimensionality reduction technique, we show that a low-rank spatial decomposition summarizes the shooting habits of NBA players.  The spatial representations discovered by the algorithm correspond to intuitive descriptions of NBA player types, and can be used to model other spatial effects, such as shooting accuracy.},
}

repository: mreid/papersite

repo_name: mreid/papersite

gha_license_id: MIT

gha_language: TeX