text:
but it is unclear how the magnitude of change relates to the recently proposed planetary boundary (“safe limit”). We estimate that land use and related pressures have already reduced local biodiversity intactness—the average proportion of natural biodiversity remaining in local ecosystems—beyond its recently proposed planetary boundary across 58.1{\%} of the world's land surface, where 71.4{\%} of the human population live. Biodiversity intactness within most biomes (especially grassland biomes), most biodiversity hotspots, and even some wilderness areas is inferred to be beyond the boundary. Such widespread transgression of safe limits suggests that biodiversity loss, if unchecked, will undermine efforts toward long-term sustainable development.},
author = {Newbold, Tim and Hudson, Lawrence N and Arnell, Andrew P and Contu, Sara and {De Palma}, Adriana and Ferrier, Simon and Hill, Samantha L L and Hoskins, Andrew J and Lysenko, Igor and Phillips, Helen R P and Burton, Victoria J and Chng, Charlotte W T and Emerson, Susan and Gao, Di and Pask-Hale, Gwilym and Hutton, Jon and Jung, Martin and Sanchez-Ortiz, Katia and Simmons, Benno I and Whitmee, Sarah and Zhang, Hanbin and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P. W. and Purvis, Andy},
doi = {10.1126/science.aaf2201},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {jul},
number = {6296},
pages = {288--291},
pmid = {27418509},
title = {{Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global assessment}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aaf2201 http://science.sciencemag.org/content/353/6296/288.abstract{\%}5Cnhttp://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/353/6296/288.full.pdf http://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaf2201},
volume = {353},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Harfoot2014a,
author = {Harfoot, Michael B. J. and Newbold, Tim and Tittensor, Derek P. and Emmott, Stephen and Hutton, Jon and Lyutsarev, Vassily and Smith, Matthew J. and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P. W. and Purves, Drew W.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1001841},
editor = {Loreau, Michel},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harfoot et al. - 2014 - Emergent Global Patterns of Ecosystem Structure and Function from a Mechanistic General Ecosystem Model.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1545-7885},
journal = {PLoS Biology},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {e1001841},
title = {{Emergent Global Patterns of Ecosystem Structure and Function from a Mechanistic General Ecosystem Model}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001841},
volume = {12},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Frelat2017,
author = {Frelat, Romain and Lindegren, Martin and Denker, Tim Spaanheden and Floeter, Jens and Fock, Heino O. and Sguotti, Camilla and St{\"{a}}bler, Moritz and Otto, Saskia A and M{\"{o}}llmann, Christian},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0188205},
editor = {Patterson, Heather M.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Frelat et al. - 2017 - Community ecology in 3D Tensor decomposition reveals spatio-temporal dynamics of large ecological communities.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1111111111},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {e0188205},
title = {{Community ecology in 3D: Tensor decomposition reveals spatio-temporal dynamics of large ecological communities}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188205},
volume = {12},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Jones2009,
abstract = {Analyses of life-history, ecological, and geographic trait differences among species, their causes, correlates, and likely consequences are increasingly important for understanding and conserving biodiversity in the face of rapid global change. Assembling multispecies trait data from diverse literature sources into a single comprehensive data set requires detailed consideration of methods to reliably compile data for particular species, and to derive single estimates from multiple sources based on different techniques and definitions. Here we describe PanTHERIA, a species-level data set compiled for analysis of life history, ecology, and geography of all known extant and recently extinct mammals. PanTHERIA is derived from a database capable of holding multiple geo-referenced values for variables within a species containing 100 740 lines of biological data for extant and recently extinct mammalian species, collected over a period of three years by 20 individuals. PanTHERIA also includes spatial databases o...},
author = {Jones, Kate E. and Bielby, Jon and Cardillo, Marcel and Fritz, Susanne a. and O'Dell, Justin and Orme, C. David L. and Safi, Kamran and Sechrest, Wes and Boakes, Elizabeth H. and Carbone, Chris and Connolly, Christina and Cutts, Michael J. and Foster, Janine K. and Grenyer, Richard and Habib, Michael and Plaster, Christopher a. and Price, Samantha a. and Rigby, Elizabeth a. and Rist, Janna and Teacher, Amber and Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P. and Gittleman, John L. and Mace, Georgina M. and Purvis, Andy},
doi = {10.1890/08-1494.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jones et al. - 2009 - PanTHERIA a species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012-9658},
issn = {0012-9658},
journal = {Ecology},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {2648--2648},
title = {{PanTHERIA: a species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/08-1494.1},
volume = {90},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Dalmayne2013,
abstract = {Plant species beta diversity is influenced by spatial heterogeneity in the environment. This heterogeneity can potentially be characterised with the help of remote sensing. We used WorldView-2 satellite data acquired over semi-natural grasslands on The Baltic island of {\"{O}}land (Sweden) to examine whether dissimilarities in remote sensing response were related to fine-scale, between-plot dissimilarity (beta diversity) in non-woody vascular plant species composition within the grasslands. Fieldwork, including the on-site description of a set of 30 2. m. ×. 2. m plots and a set of 30 4. m. ×. 4. m plots, was performed to record the species dissimilarity between pairs of same-sized plots. Spectral data were extracted by associating each plot with a suite of differently sized pixel windows, and spectral dissimilarity was calculated between pairs of same-sized pixel windows. Relationships between spectral dissimilarity and beta diversity were analysed using univariate regression and partial least squares regression. The study revealed significant positive relationships between spectral dissimilarity and fine-scale (2. m. ×. 2. m and 4. m. ×. 4. m) between-plot species dissimilarity. The correlation between the predicted and the observed species dissimilarity was stronger for the set of large plots (4. m. ×. 4. m) than for the set of small plots (2. m. ×. 2. m), and the association between spectral and species data at both plot scales decreased when pixel windows larger than 3. ×. 3. pixels were used. We suggest that the significant relationship between spectral dissimilarity and species dissimilarity is a reflection of between-plot environmental heterogeneity caused by differences in grazing intensity (which result in between-plot differences in field-layer height, and amounts of biomass and litter). This heterogeneity is reflected in dissimilarities in both the species composition and the spectral response of the grassland plots. Between-plot dissimilarities in both spectral response and species composition may also be caused by between-plot variations in edaphic conditions. Our results indicate that high spatial resolution satellite data may potentially be able to complement field-based recording in surveys of fine-scale species diversity in semi-natural grasslands. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Dalmayne, Jonas and M{\"{o}}ckel, Thomas and Prentice, Honor C. and Schmid, Barbara C. and Hall, Karin},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecoinf.2013.05.004},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dalmayne et al. - 2013 - Assessment of fine-scale plant species beta diversity using WorldView-2 satellite spectral dissimilarity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1574-9541},
issn = {15749541},
journal = {Ecological Informatics},
keywords = {BrayCurtis,Habitat heterogeneity,High-spatial resolution,Plot size,Species turnover,Spectral distance},
mendeley-tags = {BrayCurtis},
month = {nov},
pages = {1--9},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Assessment of fine-scale plant species beta diversity using WorldView-2 satellite spectral dissimilarity}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2013.05.004 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1574954113000460},
volume = {18},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Cook2013,
abstract = {Pasture ecosystems may be particularly vulnerable to land degradation due to the high risk of human disturbance (e.g., overgrazing, burning, etc.), especially when compared with natural ecosystems (non-pasture, non-cultivated) where direct human impacts are minimal. Using maximum annual leaf area index (LAImax) as a proxy for standing biomass and peak annual aboveground productivity, we analyze greening and browning trends in pasture areas from 1982–2008. Inter-annual variability in pasture productivity is strongly controlled by precipitation (positive correlation) and, to a lesser extent, temperature (negative correlation). Linear temporal trends are significant in 23{\%} of pasture cells, with the vast majority of these areas showing positive LAImax trends. Spatially extensive productivity declines are only found in a few regions, most notably central Asia, southwest North America, and southeast Australia. Statistically removing the influence of precipitation reduces LAImax trends by only 13{\%}, suggesting that precipitation trends are only a minor contributor to long-term greening and browning of pasture lands. No significant global relationship was found between LAImax and pasture intensity, although the magnitude of trends did vary between cells classified as natural versus pasture. In the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, the median rate of greening in pasture cells is significantly higher than for cells dominated by natural vegetation. In the Northern Hemisphere extra-tropics, conversely, greening of natural areas is 2–4 times the magnitude of greening in pasture areas. This analysis presents one of the first global assessments of greening and browning trends in global pasture lands, including a comparison with vegetation trends in regions dominated by natural ecosystems. Our results suggest that degradation of pasture lands is not a globally widespread phenomenon and, consistent with much of the terrestrial biosphere, there have been widespread increases in pasture productivity over the last 30 years.},
author = {Cook, Benjamin and Pau, Stephanie},
doi = {10.3390/rs5052492},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cook, Pau - 2013 - A Global Assessment of Long-Term Greening and Browning Trends in Pasture Lands Using the GIMMS LAI3g Dataset.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Land degradation,Pasture,Vegetation productivity},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {2492--2512},
title = {{A Global Assessment of Long-Term Greening and Browning Trends in Pasture Lands Using the GIMMS LAI3g Dataset}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/5/5/2492/},
volume = {5},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Leys2013,
abstract = {A survey revealed that researchers still seem to encounter difficulties to cope with outliers. Detecting outliers by determining an interval spanning over the mean plus/minus three standard deviations remains a common practice. However, since both the mean and the standard deviation are particularly sensitive to outliers, this method is problematic. We highlight the disadvantages of this method and present the median absolute deviation, an alternative and more robust measure of dispersion that is easy to implement. We also explain the procedures for calculating this indicator in SPSS and R software. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Inc.},
author = {Leys, Christophe and Ley, Christophe and Klein, Olivier and Bernard, Philippe and Licata, Laurent},
doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.013},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Leys et al. - 2013 - Detecting outliers Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1031},
issn = {00221031},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
keywords = {MAD,Median absolute deviation,Outlier},
month = {jul},
number = {4},
pages = {764--766},
pmid = {20228874},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.013 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022103113000668},
volume = {49},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Kruschke2018,
abstract = {In the practice of data analysis, there is a conceptual distinction between hypothesis testing, on the one hand, and estimation with quantified uncertainty, on the other hand. Among frequentists in psychology a shift of emphasis from hypothesis testing to estimation has been dubbed "the New Statistics" (Cumming, 2014). A second conceptual distinction is between frequentist methods and Bayesian methods. Our main goal in this article is to explain how Bayesian methods achieve the goals of the New Statistics better than frequentist methods. The article reviews frequentist and Bayesian approaches to hypothesis testing and to estimation with confidence or credible intervals. The article also describes Bayesian approaches to meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials, and power analysis.},
author = {Kruschke, John K. and Liddell, Torrin M.},
doi = {10.3758/s13423-016-1221-4},
isbn = {1531-5320},
issn = {15315320},
journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin and Review},
keywords = {Bayes factor,Bayesian inference,Confidence interval,Credible interval,Effect size,Equivalence testing,Highest density interval,Meta-analysis,Null hypothesis significance testing,Power analysis,Randomized controlled trial,Region of practical equivalence},
pmid = {28176294},
title = {{The Bayesian New Statistics: Hypothesis testing, estimation, meta-analysis, and power analysis from a Bayesian perspective}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Newbold2018,
author = {Newbold, Tim and Hudson, Lawrence N and Contu, Sara and Hill, Samantha L L and Beck, Jan and Liu, Yunhui and Meyer, Carsten and Phillips, Helen R P and Scharlemann, Jorn P W and Purvis, Andy},
doi = {10.5519/0066354.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Newbold et al. - 2018 - Widespread winners and narrow-ranged losers land use homogenizes biodiversity in local assemblages worldwide.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1111111111},
journal = {PLoS Biology},
pages = {1--24},
title = {{Widespread winners and narrow-ranged losers: land use homogenizes biodiversity in local assemblages worldwide}},
volume = {NaN},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Hansen2007,
abstract = {Land use is expanding and intensifying in the unprotected lands surrounding many of the world's protected areas. The influence of this land use change on ecological processes is poorly understood. The goal of this paper is to draw on ecological theory to provide a synthetic framework for understanding how land use change around protected areas may alter ecological processes and biodiversity within protected areas and to provide a basis for identifying scientifically based management alternatives. We first present a conceptual model of protected areas embedded within larger ecosystems that often include surrounding human land use. Drawing on case studies in this Invited Feature, we then explore a comprehensive set of ecological mechanisms by which land use on surrounding lands may influence ecological processes and biodiversity within reserves. These mechanisms involve changes in ecosystem size, with implications for minimum dynamic area, species-area effect, and trophic structure; altered flows of materials and disturbances into and out of reserves; effects on crucial habitats for seasonal and migration movements and population source/sink dynamics; and exposure to humans through hunting, poaching, exotics species, and disease. These ecological mechanisms provide a basis for assessing the vulnerability of protected areas to land use. They also suggest criteria for designing regional management to sustain protected areas in the context of surrounding human land use. These design criteria include maximizing the area of functional habitats, identifying and maintaining ecological process zones, maintaining key migration and source habitats, and managing human proximity and edge effects.},
author = {Hansen, Andrew J and DeFries, Ruth},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hansen, DeFries - 2007 - Ecological mechanisms linking protected areas to surrounding lands.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1051-0761},
journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America},
keywords = {17,2007,4,974,988,Conservation of Natural Resources,Ecology,Ecosystem,america,ecological applications,ecological processes,ecosystem size,edge effects,habitat,land use change,management,pp,protected areas,the ecological society of,vulnerability,{\'{o}} 2007 by the},
number = {4},
pages = {974--88},
pmid = {17555212},
title = {{Ecological mechanisms linking protected areas to surrounding lands.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17555212},
volume = {17},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Mehr2011,
abstract = {The decline of bat populations across Europe has generated considerable interest and activities for the conservation of this enigmatic group of mammals. However, the factors influencing their distribution and species richness are still poorly understood, particularly on regional scales. We used the presence/absence data of the bat atlas of the German federal state of Bavaria (grid cell area ∼34km2) to estimate the species-area curve and to compare the predictive power of environmental and climatic data sets for species richness and composition of bat assemblages within grid cells. We used as predictors land-use data extracted from CORINE, and climatic information from the WorldClim database. We found a species-area relationship with a slope very similar to that of other vertebrate assemblages (S=2.56×A0.209). By using variance partitioning for species richness and predictive canonical correspondence analysis, we found that on the scale considered, land use is more important than climate for bat assemblages. Nevertheless, the amount of explained variance is low. Concentrating on the land-use data, we found that the relative amount of the grid cell area dominated by human activities (e.g., settlements, traffic) was associated with increasing species richness as well as the probability of occurrence of several single bat species. Furthermore, broadleaf forests and mixed forests increased species richness, and even small proportions ({\textgreater}5{\%}) of these land-use types within a grid cell are sufficient for a positive influence on species richness. Our results underline the importance of urban areas for the conservation of bats on regional scales. Furthermore, the results underline the importance of small forest patches as habitats for bats. {\textcopyright} 2010 Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"{u}}r S{\"{a}}ugetierkunde.},
author = {Mehr, Milenka and Brandl, Roland and Hothorn, Torsten and Dziock, Frank and F{\"{o}}rster, Bernhard and M{\"{u}}ller, J{\"{o}}rg},
doi = {10.1016/j.mambio.2010.09.004},
isbn = {1616-5047},
issn = {16165047},
journal = {Mammalian Biology},
keywords = {Chiroptera,Land use,Regional scale,Species composition,Species richness,Species-area curve},
number = {4},
pages = {451--460},
title = {{Land use is more important than climate for species richness and composition of bat assemblages on a regional scale}},
volume = {76},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Dornelas2014,
author = {Dornelas, M. and Gotelli, N. J. and McGill, B. and Shimadzu, H. and Moyes, F. and Sievers, Caya and Magurran, Anne E},
doi = {10.1126/science.1248484},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dornelas et al. - 2014 - Assemblage Time Series Reveal Biodiversity Change but Not Systematic Loss.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {apr},
number = {6181},
pages = {296--299},
title = {{Assemblage Time Series Reveal Biodiversity Change but Not Systematic Loss}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1248484},
volume = {344},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Scheffer2003,
abstract = {Occasionally, surprisingly large shifts occur in ecosystems. Theory suggests that such shifts can be attributed to alternative stable states. Verifying this diagnosis is important because it implies a radically different view on management options, and on the potential effects of global change on such ecosystems. For instance, it implies that gradual changes in temperature or other factors might have little effect until a threshold is reached at which a large shift occurs that might be difficult to reverse. Strategies to assess whether alternative stable states are present are now converging in fields as disparate as desertification, limnology, oceanography and climatology. Here, we review emerging ways to link theory to observation, and conclude that although, field observations can provide hints of alternative stable states, experiments and models are essential for a good diagnosis.},
author = {Scheffer, Marten and Carpenter, Stephen R.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.002},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Scheffer, Carpenter - 2003 - Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems linking theory to observation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {648--656},
pmid = {15619361},
title = {{Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534703002787},
volume = {18},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Senf2015,
author = {Senf, Cornelius and Pflugmacher, Dirk and Wulder, Michael a. and Hostert, Patrick},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2015.09.019},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Senf et al. - 2015 - Characterizing spectral–temporal patterns of defoliator and bark beetle disturbances using Landsat time series.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
month = {dec},
pages = {166--177},
title = {{Characterizing spectral–temporal patterns of defoliator and bark beetle disturbances using Landsat time series}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425715301425},
volume = {170},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Li2018,
abstract = {Abstract. Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) impacts local energy and water balance and contributes on global scale to a net carbon emission to the atmosphere. The newly released annual ESA CCI (climate change initiative) land cover maps provide continuous land cover changes at 300m resolution from 1992 to 2015, and can be used in land surface models (LSMs) to simulate LULCC effects on carbon stocks and on surface energy budgets. Here we investigate the absolute areas and gross and net changes in different plant functional types (PFTs) derived from ESA CCI products. The results are compared with other datasets. Global areas of forest, cropland and grassland PFTs from ESA are 30.4, 19.3 and 35.7 millionkm2 in the year 2000. The global forest area is lower than that from LUH2v2h (Hurtt et al., 2011), Hansen et al. (2013) or Houghton and Nassikas (2017) while cropland area is higher than LUH2v2h (Hurtt et al., 2011), in which cropland area is from HYDE 3.2 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2016). Gross forest loss and gain during 1992–2015 are 1.5 and 0.9 millionkm2 respectively, resulting in a net forest loss of 0.6 millionkm2, mainly occurring in South and Central America. The magnitudes of gross changes in forest, cropland and grassland PFTs in the ESA CCI are smaller than those in other datasets. The magnitude of global net cropland gain for the whole period is consistent with HYDE 3.2 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2016), but most of the increases happened before 2004 in ESA and after 2007 in HYDE 3.2. Brazil, Bolivia and Indonesia are the countries with the largest net forest loss from 1992 to 2015, and the decreased areas are generally consistent with those from Hansen et al. (2013) based on Landsat 30m resolution images. Despite discrepancies compared to other datasets, and uncertainties in converting into PFTs, the new ESA CCI products provide the first detailed long-term time series of land-cover change and can be implemented in LSMs to characterize recent carbon dynamics, and in climate models to simulate land-cover change feedbacks on climate. The annual ESA CCI land cover products can be downloaded from http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php (Land Cover Maps – v2.0.7; see details in Sect. 5). The PFT map translation protocol and an example in 2000 can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.834229. The annual ESA CCI PFT maps from 1992 to 2015 at 0.5° × 0.5° resolution can also be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1048163.},
author = {Li, Wei and MacBean, Natasha and Ciais, Philippe and Defourny, Pierre and Lamarche, C{\'{e}}line and Bontemps, Sophie and Houghton, Richard A. and Peng, Shushi},
doi = {10.5194/essd-10-219-2018},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/essd-10-219-2018.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1866-3516},
issn = {1866-3516},
journal = {Earth System Science Data},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {219--234},
title = {{Gross and net land cover changes in the main plant functional types derived from the annual ESA CCI land cover maps (1992–2015)}},
url = {https://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/10/219/2018/},
volume = {10},
year = {2018}
}
@article{LinneKausrud2007,
abstract = {In central Asia, the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) is the main host for the bacterium Yersinia pestis, the cause of bubonic plague. In order to prevent plague outbreaks, monitoring of the great gerbil has been carried out in Kazakhstan since the late 1940s. We use the resulting data to demonstrate that climate forcing synchronizes the dynamics of gerbils over large geographical areas. As it is known that gerbil densities need to exceed a threshold level for plague to persist, synchrony in gerbil abundance across large geographical areas is likely to be a condition for plague outbreaks at similar large scales. Here, we substantiate this proposition through autoregressive modelling involving the normalized differentiated vegetation index as a forcing covariate. Based upon predicted climate changes, our study suggests that during the next century, plague epizootics may become more frequent in central Asia.},
author = {{Linne Kausrud}, K. and Viljugrein, Hildegunn and Frigessi, Arnoldo and Begon, Mike and Davis, Stephen and Leirs, Herwig and Dubyanskiy, Vladimir and Stenseth, Nils Chr},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2007.0568},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Linne Kausrud et al. - 2007 - Climatically driven synchrony of gerbil populations allows large-scale plague outbreaks.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0962-8452},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {Animals,Biological,Climate,Computer Simulation,Disease Outbreaks,Dynamics,Gerbillinae,Gerbillinae: microbiology,Gerbillinae: physiology,Kazakhstan,Models,NDVI,Plague,Plague: epidemiology,Population,Population Density,Risk Factors,Rodents,Yersinia pestis,Yersinia pestis: physiology},
mendeley-tags = {Dynamics,NDVI,Population,Rodents},
month = {aug},
number = {1621},
pages = {1963--1969},
pmid = {17550884},
title = {{Climatically driven synchrony of gerbil populations allows large-scale plague outbreaks}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2275183{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rspb.2007.0568},
volume = {274},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Sax2003,
abstract = {Current patterns of global change can strongly affect biodiversity at global, regional and local scales. At global scales, habitat destruction and the introduction of exotic species are contributing to declines in species diversity. At regional and local scales, evidence for declines in diversity is mixed, and recent work suggests that diversity might commonly be increasing. In spite of these trends, considerable research continues to consider explicitly the effects of declines in diversity on processes that operate at regional and local scales (such as ecosystem functioning), without explicitly considering the converse set of questions, namely the effects of increases in diversity. Here, we examine evidence that indicates how species diversity is changing across spatial scales and argue that global decreases in diversity are commonly contrasted by increases in diversity at regional and local scales.},
author = {Sax, Dov F. and Gaines, Steven D.},
doi = {10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00224-6},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Sax, Gaines - 2003 - Species diversity from global decreases to local increases.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {561--566},
pmid = {2539},
title = {{Species diversity: from global decreases to local increases}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534703002246},
volume = {18},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Olden2006,
abstract = {Ongoing species invasions and extinctions are changing biological diversity in different ways at different spatial scales. Biotic homogenization (or BH) refers to the process by which the genetic, taxonomic or functional similarities of regional biotas increase over time. It is a multifaceted process that encompasses species invasions, extinctions and environmental alterations, focusing on how the identities of species (or their genetic or functional attributes) change over space and time. Despite the increasing use of the term BH in conservation biology, it is often used erroneously as a synonym for patterns of species invasions, loss of native species or changes in species richness through time. This reflects the absence of an agreed-upon, cogent definition of BH. Here, we offer an operational definition for BH and review the various methodologies used to study this process. We identify the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches, and make explicit recommendations for future studies. We conclude by citing the need for researchers to: (1) consider carefully the definition of BH by recognizing the genetic, taxonomic and functional realms of this process; (2) recognize that documenting taxonomic homogenization requires tracking the identity of species (not species richness) comprising biotas through space and time; and (3) employ more rigorous methods for quantifying BH.},
author = {Olden, Julian D and Rooney, Thomas P},
doi = {10.1111/j.1466-822X.2006.00214.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2006/Olden, Rooney{\_}2006{\_}On defining and quantifying biotic homogenization.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1466-822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Beta-diversity,Biotic Homogenization,Review,Study,biological impoverishment,community change,extinction,invasion,species richness,taxonomic homogenization},
mendeley-tags = {Biotic Homogenization,Review,Study},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {113--120},
title = {{On defining and quantifying biotic homogenization}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2006.00214.x},
volume = {15},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Pettorelli2007,
abstract = {Seasonal patterns of climate and vegetation growth are expected to be altered by global warming. In alpine environments, the reproduction of birds and mammals is tightly linked to seasonality; therefore such alterations may have strong repercussions on recruitment. We used the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a satellite-based measurement that correlates strongly with aboveground net primary productivity, to explore how annual variations in the timing of vegetation onset and in the rate of change in primary production during green-up affected juvenile growth and survival of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), and mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) in four different populations in two continents. We indexed timing of onset of vegetation growth by the integrated NDVI (INDVI) in May. The rate of change in primary production during green-up (early May to early July) was estimated as (1) the maximal slope between any two successive bimonthly NDVI values during this period and (2) the slope in NDVI between early May and early July. The maximal slope in NDVI was negatively correlated with lamb growth and survival in both populations of bighorn sheep, growth of mountain goat kids, and survival of Alpine ibex kids, but not with survival of mountain goat kids. There was no effect of INDVI in May and of the slope in NDVI between early May and early July on juvenile growth and survival for any species. Although rapid changes in NDVI during the green-up period could translate into higher plant productivity, they may also lead to a shorter period of availability of high-quality forage over a large spatial scale, decreasing the opportunity for mountain ungulates to exploit high-quality forage. Our results suggest that attempts to forecast how warmer winters and springs will affect animal population dynamics and life histories in alpine environments should consider factors influencing the rate of changes in primary production during green-up and the timing of vegetation onset.},
author = {Pettorelli, Nathalie and Pelletier, Fanie and {Von Hardenberg}, Achaz and Festa-Bianchet, Marco and C{\^{o}}t{\'{e}}, Steeve D.},
doi = {10.1890/06-0875},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pettorelli et al. - 2007 - Early onset of vegetation growth vs. rapid green-up Impacts on juvenile mountain ungulates.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012-9658},
issn = {00129658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Body mass,Green-up,NDVI,Plant phenology,Population dynamics,Resource-animal interactions,Survival},
number = {2},
pages = {381--390},
pmid = {17479756},
title = {{Early onset of vegetation growth vs. rapid green-up: Impacts on juvenile mountain ungulates}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/27651111},
volume = {88},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Burgess2007b,
abstract = {This paper explores whether spatial variation in the biodiversity values of vertebrates and plants (species richness, range-size rarity and number or proportion of IUCN Red Listed threatened species) of three African tropical mountain ranges (Eastern Arc, Albertine Rift and Cameroon-Nigeria mountains within the Biafran Forests and Highlands) co-vary with proxy measures of threat (human population density and human infrastructure). We find that species richness, range-size rarity, and threatened species scores are all significantly higher in these three tropical African mountain ranges than across the rest of sub-Saharan Africa. When compared with the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, human population density is only significantly higher in the Albertine Rift mountains, whereas human infrastructure is only significantly higher in the Albertine Rift and the Cameroon-Nigeria mountains. Statistically there are strong positive correlations between human density and species richness, endemism and density or proportion of threatened species across the three tropical African mountain ranges, and all of sub-Saharan Africa. Kendall partial rank-order correlation shows that across the African tropical mountains human population density, but not human infrastructure, best correlates with biodiversity values. This is not the case across all of sub-Saharan Africa where human density and human infrastructure both correlate almost equally well with biodiversity values. The primary conservation challenge in the African tropical mountains is a fairly dense and poor rural population that is reliant on farming for their livelihood. Conservation strategies have to address agricultural production and expansion, in some cases across the boundaries and into existing reserves. Strategies also have to maintain, or finalise, an adequate protected area network. Such strategies cannot be implemented in conflict with the local population, but have to find ways to provide benefits to the people living adjacent to the remaining forested areas, in return for their assistance in conserving the forest habitats, their biodiversity, and their ecosystem functions. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Burgess, Neil D. and Balmford, Andrew and Cordeiro, Norbert J. and Fjelds{\aa}, Jon and K{\"{u}}per, Wolfgang and Rahbek, Carsten and Sanderson, Eric W. and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P W and Sommer, J. Henning and Williams, Paul H.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.024},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Burgess et al. - 2007 - Correlations among species distributions, human density and human infrastructure across the high biodiversity tr.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Africa,Biodiversity,Human infrastructure,Human population,Tropical mountains},
pages = {164--177},
title = {{Correlations among species distributions, human density and human infrastructure across the high biodiversity tropical mountains of Africa}},
volume = {134},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Seppelt2016,
abstract = {Biodiversity conservation and agricultural production are often seen as mutually exclusive objectives. Strategies for reconciling them are intensely debated. We argue that harmonization between biodiversity conservation and crop production can be improved by increasing our understanding of the underlying relationships between them. We provide a general conceptual framework that links biodiversity and agricultural production through the separate relationships between land use and biodiversity and between land use and production. Hypothesized relationships are derived by synthesizing existing empirical and theoretical ecological knowledge. The framework suggests nonlinear relationships caused by the multifaceted impacts of land use (composition, configuration, and intensity). We propose solutions for overcoming the apparently dichotomous aims of maximizing either biodiversity conservation or agricultural production and suggest new hypotheses that emerge from our proposed framework.},
author = {Seppelt, Ralf and Beckmann, Michael and Ceauşu, Silvia and Cord, Anna F and Gerstner, Katharina and Gurevitch, Jessica and Kambach, Stephan and Klotz, Stefan and Mendenhall, Chase and Phillips, Helen R P and Powell, Kristin and Verburg, Peter H and Verhagen, Willem and Winter, Marten and Newbold, Tim},
doi = {10.1093/biosci/biw004},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Seppelt et al. - 2016 - Harmonizing Biodiversity Conservation and Productivity in the Context of Increasing Demands on Landscapes.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1525-3244},
journal = {BioScience},
keywords = {agricultural production,biodiversity conservation,land-use intensity,landscape composition,landscape configuration},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {890--896},
title = {{Harmonizing Biodiversity Conservation and Productivity in the Context of Increasing Demands on Landscapes}},
url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/biosci/biw004 https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/66/10/890/2236133},
volume = {66},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Patiny2009,
author = {Patiny, S{\'{e}}bastien and Rasmont, Pierre and Michez, Denis and Zoologie, Laboratoire De},
doi = {10.1051/apido/2009028},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/Patiny et al.{\_}2009{\_}A survey and review of the status of wild bees in the West-Palaearctic region.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0044-8435},
journal = {Apidologie},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {313--331},
title = {{A survey and review of the status of wild bees in the West-Palaearctic region}},
url = {http://www.apidologie.org/10.1051/apido/2009028},
volume = {40},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Zeileis2005,
abstract = {Three classes of structural change tests (or tests for parameter instability) that have been receiving much attention in both the statistics and the econometrics communities but have been developed in rather loosely connected lines of research are unified by embedding them into the framework of generalized M-fluctuation tests (Zeileis and Hornik, 2003). These classes are tests based on maximum likelihood scores (including the Nyblom–Hansen test), on F statistics (sup F, ave F, exp F tests), and on OLS residuals (OLS-based CUSUM and MOSUM tests). We show that (representatives from) these classes are special cases of the generalized M-fluctuation tests, based on the same functional central limit theorem but employing different functionals for capturing excessive fluctuations. After embedding these tests into the same framework and thus understanding the relationship between these procedures for testing in historical samples, it is shown how the tests can also be extended to a monitoring situation. This is achieved by establishing a general M-fluctuation monitoring procedure and then applying the different functionals corresponding to monitoring with ML scores, F statistics, and OLS residuals. In particular, an extension of the sup F test to a monitoring scenario is suggested and illustrated on a real-world data set.},
author = {Zeileis, Achim},
doi = {10.1080/07474930500406053},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zeileis - 2005 - A Unified Approach to Structural Change Tests Based on ML Scores, F Statistics, and OLS Residuals.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0747-4938},
issn = {0747-4938},
journal = {Econometric Reviews},
keywords = {Aggregation functional,Fluctuation test,Functional central limit theorem,Monitoring,Nyblom-Hansen test,OLS-based CUSUM test,Parameter instability,Structural change,Sup F test},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {445--466},
title = {{A Unified Approach to Structural Change Tests Based on ML Scores, F Statistics, and OLS Residuals}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07474930500406053},
volume = {24},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Harvey2007,
abstract = {Although an increasing number of studies have shown that diverse, multi-strata agroforestry systems can contribute to the conservation of tropical biodiversity, there is still debate about how the biodiversity within agroforestry systems compares to that of intact forest and alternative land uses. In order to assess the relative importance of agroforestry systems for biodiversity conservation, we characterized bat and bird assemblages occurring in forests, two types of agroforestry systems (cacao and banana) and plantain monocultures in the indigenous reserves of Talamanca, Costa Rica. A total of 2,678 bats of 45 species were captured, and 3,056 birds of 224 species were observed. Agroforestry systems maintained bat assemblages that were as (or more) species-rich, abundant and diverse as forests, had the same basic suite of dominant species, but contained more nectarivorous bats than forests. Agroforestry systems also contained bird assemblages that were as abundant, species-rich and diverse as forests; however the species composition of these assemblages was highly modified, with fewer forest dependent species, more open area species and different dominant species. The plantain monocultures had highly modified and depauperate assemblages of both birds and bats. Across land uses, bird diversity and species richness were more closely correlated with the structural and floristic characteristics than were bats, suggesting potential taxon-specific responses to different land uses. Our results indicate that diverse cacao and banana agroforestry systems contribute to conservation efforts by serving as habitats to high numbers of bird and bat species, including some, but not all, forest-dependent species and species of known conservation concern. However, because the animal assemblages in agroforestry systems differ from those in forests, the maintenance of forests within the agricultural landscape is critical for conserving intact assemblages at the landscape level.},
author = {Harvey, Celia and {Gonz{\'{a}}lez Villalobos}, Jorge a.},
doi = {10.1007/s10531-007-9194-2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2007/Harvey, Gonz{\'{a}}lez Villalobos{\_}2007{\_}Agroforestry systems conserve species-rich but modified assemblages of tropical birds and bats.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0960-3115},
issn = {0960-3115},
journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
keywords = {Banana agroforestry systems,Biodiversity conservation,Cacao agroforestry systems,Costa Rica,Human-modified landscapes,Indigenous agroecosystems,Land use,Talamanca,Tropical forests},
month = {may},
number = {8},
pages = {2257--2292},
title = {{Agroforestry systems conserve species-rich but modified assemblages of tropical birds and bats}},
volume = {16},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Nimmo2015,
author = {Nimmo, D.G. and {Mac Nally}, R. and Cunningham, S.C. and Haslem, A. and Bennett, A.F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.07.008},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Nimmo et al. - 2015 - Vive la r{\'{e}}sistance reviving resistance for 21st century conservation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {516--523},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Vive la r{\'{e}}sistance: reviving resistance for 21st century conservation}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534715001871 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534715001871},
volume = {30},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Marin2018,
abstract = {Global variation in species richness is widely recognized, but the explanation for what drives it continues to be debated. Previous efforts have focused on a subset of potential drivers, including evolutionary rate, evolutionary time (maximum clade age of species restricted to a region), dispersal (migration fromone region to another), ecological factors and climatic stability.However, no study has evaluated thesecompeting hypotheses simultaneously at a broad spatial scale. Here, we examine their relative contribution in determining the richness of the most comprehensive dataset of tetrapods to our knowledge (84{\%}of the described species), distinguishing between the direct influences of evolutionary rate, evolutionary time and dispersal, and the indirect influences of ecological factors and climatic stability through their effect on direct factors. We found that evolutionary time exerted a primary influence on species richness, with evolutionary rate being of secondary importance. By contrast, dispersal did not significantly affect richness patterns. Ecological and climatic stability factors influenced species richness indirectly by modifying evolutionary time (i.e. persistence time) and rate. Overall, our findings suggest that global heterogeneity in tetrapod richness is explained primarily by the length of time species have had to diversify.},
author = {Marin, Julie and Rapacciuolo, Giovanni and Costa, Gabriel C. and Graham, Catherine H. and Brooks, Thomas M. and Young, Bruce E. and Radeloff, Volker C. and Behm, Jocelyn E. and Helmus, Matthew R. and Hedges, S. Blair},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2017.2378},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Marin et al. - 2018 - Evolutionary time drives global tetrapod diversity.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
month = {feb},
number = {1872},
pages = {20172378},
pmid = {29436494},
title = {{Evolutionary time drives global tetrapod diversity}},
url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/lookup/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.2378},
volume = {285},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Pompe2008a,
abstract = {We present niche-based modelling to project the distribution of 845 European plant species for Germany using three different models and three scenarios of climate and land use changes up to 2080. Projected changes suggested large effects over the coming decades, with consequences for the German flora. Even under a moderate scenario (approx. +2.2 degrees C), 15-19{\%} (across models) of the species we studied could be lost locally-averaged from 2,995 grid cells in Germany. Models projected strong spatially varying impacts on the species composition. In particular, the eastern and southwestern parts of Germany were affected by species loss. Scenarios were characterized by an increased number of species occupying small ranges, as evidenced by changes in range-size rarity scores. It is anticipated that species with small ranges will be especially vulnerable to future climate change and other ecological stresses.},
author = {Pompe, Sven and Hanspach, Jan and Badeck, Franz and Klotz, Stefan and Thuiller, Wilfried and K{\"{u}}hn, Ingolf},
doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2008.0231},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2008/Pompe et al.{\_}2008{\_}Climate and land use change impacts on plant distributions in Germany.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1744-9561},
journal = {Biology letters},
keywords = {Biological,Ecosystem,Geography,Germany,Greenhouse Effect,Land use,Models,Plants},
mendeley-tags = {Land use,Plants},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {564--7},
pmid = {18664416},
title = {{Climate and land use change impacts on plant distributions in Germany.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2610074{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/5/564.short},
volume = {4},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Brown2016,
author = {Brown, J. L. and Weber, J. J. and Alvarado-Serrano, D. F. and Hickerson, M. J. and Franks, S. J. and Carnaval, a. C.},
doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500117},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Brown et al. - 2016 - Predicting the genetic consequences of future climate change The power of coupling spatial demography, the coalesc.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0002-9122},
journal = {American Journal of Botany},
keywords = {by humans is central,climate change,conservation,demographic inference,eco- and,for con-,genetic diversity is infl,pant environmental changes triggered,penstemon deustus,plantaginaceae,predicting how intraspecifi c,servation and essential for,spatial coalescent,species distribution models,the maintenance of global,uenced by ram-},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {153--163},
title = {{Predicting the genetic consequences of future climate change: The power of coupling spatial demography, the coalescent, and historical landscape changes}},
url = {http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/doi/10.3732/ajb.1500117},
volume = {103},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Jakovac2016,
author = {Jakovac, Catarina C. and Bongers, Frans and Kuyper, Thomas W. and Mesquita, Rita C.G. and Pe{\~{n}}a-Claros, Marielos},
doi = {10.1111/jvs.12457},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jakovac et al. - 2016 - Land use as a filter for species composition in Amazonian secondary forests.pdf:pdf},
issn = {11009233},
journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
keywords = {Brazil,Cecropia,Fire,Landscape composition,Phosphorus,Slash‐and‐burn,Soil,Sprouting,Succession,Vismia,$\alpha$‐Diversity,$\beta$‐Diversity},
month = {nov},
number = {6},
pages = {1104--1116},
title = {{Land use as a filter for species composition in Amazonian secondary forests}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jvs.12457},
volume = {27},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Scheffer2001,
abstract = {All ecosystems are exposed to gradual changes in climate, nutrient loading, habitat fragmentation or biotic exploitation. Nature is usually assumed to respond to gradual change in a smooth way. However, studies on lakes, coral reefs, oceans, forests and arid lands have shown that smooth change can be interrupted by sudden drastic switches to a contrasting state. Although diverse events can trigger such shifts, recent studies show that a loss of resilience usually paves the way for a switch to an alternative state. This suggests that strategies for sustainable management of such ecosystems should focus on maintaining resilience.},
author = {Scheffer, M and Carpenter, S and Foley, J a and Folke, C and Walker, B},
doi = {10.1038/35098000},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Scheffer et al. - 2001 - Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0028-0836},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
number = {6856},
pages = {591--596},
pmid = {11595939},
title = {{Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems.}},
volume = {413},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Azaele2015,
author = {Azaele, Sandro and Maritan, Amos and Cornell, Stephen J. and Suweis, Samir and Banavar, Jayanth R. and Gabriel, Doreen and Kunin, William E.},
doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.12319},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Azaele et al. - 2015 - Towards a unified descriptive theory for spatial ecology predicting biodiversity patterns across spatial scales.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2041210X},
journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
number = {3},
pages = {324--332},
title = {{Towards a unified descriptive theory for spatial ecology: predicting biodiversity patterns across spatial scales}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/2041-210X.12319},
volume = {6},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Speakman2005,
abstract = {Bigger animals live longer. The scaling exponent for the relationship between lifespan and body mass is between 0.15 and 0.3. Bigger animals also expend more energy, and the scaling exponent for the relationship of resting metabolic rate (RMR) to body mass lies somewhere between 0.66 and 0.8. Mass-specific RMR therefore scales with a corresponding exponent between -0.2 and -0.33. Because the exponents for mass-specific RMR are close to the exponents for lifespan, but have opposite signs, their product (the mass-specific expenditure of energy per lifespan) is independent of body mass (exponent between -0.08 and 0.08). This means that across species a gram of tissue on average expends about the same amount of energy before it dies regardless of whether that tissue is located in a shrew, a cow, an elephant or a whale. This fact led to the notion that ageing and lifespan are processes regulated by energy metabolism rates and that elevating metabolism will be associated with premature mortality--the rate of living theory. The free-radical theory of ageing provides a potential mechanism that links metabolism to ageing phenomena, since oxygen free radicals are formed as a by-product of oxidative phosphorylation. Despite this potential synergy in these theoretical approaches, the free-radical theory has grown in stature while the rate of living theory has fallen into disrepute. This is primarily because comparisons made across classes (for example, between birds and mammals) do not conform to the expectations, and even within classes there is substantial interspecific variability in the mass-specific expenditure of energy per lifespan. Using interspecific data to test the rate of living hypothesis is, however, confused by several major problems. For example, appeals that the resultant lifetime expenditure of energy per gram of tissue is 'too variable' depend on the biological significance rather than the statistical significance of the variation observed. Moreover, maximum lifespan is not a good marker of ageing and RMR is not a good measure of total energy metabolism. Analysis of residual lifespan against residual RMR reveals no significant relationship. However, this is still based on RMR. A novel comparison using daily energy expenditure (DEE), rather than BMR, suggests that lifetime expenditure of energy per gram of tissue is NOT independent of body mass, and that tissue in smaller animals expends more energy before expiring than tissue in larger animals. Some of the residual variation in this relationship in mammals is explained by ambient temperature. In addition there is a significant negative relationship between residual lifespan and residual daily energy expenditure in mammals. A potentially much better model to explore the links of body size, metabolism and ageing is to examine the intraspecific links. These studies have generated some data that support the original rate of living theory and other data that conflict. In particular several studies have shown that manipulating animals to expend more or less energy generate the expected effects on lifespan (particularly when the subjects are ectotherms). However, smaller individuals with higher rates of metabolism live longer than their slower, larger conspecifics. An addition to these confused observations has been the recent suggestion that under some circumstances we might expect mitochondria to produce fewer free radicals when metabolism is higher--particularly when they are uncoupled. These new ideas concerning the manner in which mitochondria generate free radicals as a function of metabolism shed some light on the complexity of observations linking body size, metabolism and lifespan.},
author = {Speakman, John R.},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.01556},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Speakman - 2005 - Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-0949},
issn = {0022-0949},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
keywords = {Animals,Basal Metabolism,Basal Metabolism: physiology,Biological,Body Size,Energy Metabolism,Energy Metabolism: physiology,Free Radicals,Free Radicals: metabolism,Longevity,Mitochondria,Mitochondria: metabolism,Models,Species Specificity,Temperature},
month = {may},
number = {9},
pages = {1717--1730},
pmid = {15855403},
title = {{Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15855403 http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.01556},
volume = {208},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Sedano2014,
abstract = {A data assimilation method to produce complete temporal sequences of synthetic medium-resolution images is presented. The method implements a Kalman filter recursive algorithm that integrates medium and moderate resolution imagery. To demonstrate the approach, time series of 30-m spatial resolution NDVI images at 16-day time steps were generated using Landsat NDVI images and MODIS NDVI products at four sites with different ecosystems and land cover-land use dynamics. The results show that the time series of synthetic NDVI images captured seasonal land surface dynamics and maintained the spatial structure of the landscape at higher spatial resolution. The time series of synthetic medium-resolution NDVI images were validated within a Monte Carlo simulation framework. Normalized residuals decreased as the number of available observations increased, ranging from 0.2 to below 0.1. Residuals were also significantly lower for time series of synthetic NDVI images generated at combined recursion (smoothing) than individually at forward and backward recursions (filtering). Conversely, the uncertainties of the synthetic images also decreased when the number of available observations increased and combined recursions were implemented.},
author = {Sedano, Fernando and Kempeneers, Pieter and Hurtt, George},
doi = {10.3390/rs61212381},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Sedano, Kempeneers, Hurtt - 2014 - A Kalman Filter-Based Method to Generate Continuous Time Series of Medium-Resolution NDVI Images.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {3014051888},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Data fusion,Filtering,Kalman filter,Landsat,MODIS,Monitoring,Smoothing,Time series,Uncertainty},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {12381--12408},
title = {{A Kalman Filter-Based Method to Generate Continuous Time Series of Medium-Resolution NDVI Images}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/6/12/12381/},
volume = {6},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Wood2008,
abstract = {Existing computationally efficient methods for penalized likelihood GAM fitting employ iterative smoothness selection on working linear models (or working mixed models). Such schemes fail to converge for a non-negligible proportion of models, with failure being particularly frequent in the presence of concurvity. If smoothness selection is performed by optimizing `whole model' criteria these problems disappear, but until now attempts to do this have employed finite difference based optimization schemes which are computationally inefficient, and can suffer from false convergence. This paper develops the first computationally efficient method for direct GAM smoothness selection. It is highly stable, but by careful structuring achieves a computational efficiency that leads, in simulations, to lower mean computation times than the schemes based on working-model smoothness selection. The method also offers a reliable way of fitting generalized additive mixed models.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {0709.3906},
author = {Wood, Simon N.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9868.2007.00646.x},
eprint = {0709.3906},
isbn = {1369-7412},
issn = {1369-7412},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)},
keywords = {Akaike's information criterion,Generalized additive mixed models,Generalized additive models,Generalized approximate cross-validation,Generalized cross-validation,Penalized likelihood,Penalized regression splines,Stable computation},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {495--518},
title = {{Fast stable direct fitting and smoothness selection for generalized additive models}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2007.00646.x},
volume = {70},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Roschewitz2005,
abstract = {Little is known about the predictive value of landscape complexity and farm specialisation for land-use intensity, although this is critical for regional agri-environmental schemes and conservation of biodiversity. Here, we analysed land-use intensity of annual crop fields of 30 farms in northern Germany that were located in 15 landscapes differing in structural complexity ranging from {\textless}15{\%} to {\textgreater}65{\%} non-crop habitats. The proportion of arable land per landscape was used as simple predictor of landscape complexity due to its close correlation with habitat-type diversity, and the proportion of arable land per farm acted as an indicator for farm specialisation due to its negative correlation with stock farming. Land-use intensity was quantified using questionnaires. Landscape complexity and farm specialisation were related to several but not all indicators of land-use intensity. Structurally simple landscapes were related to more nitrogen input and higher crop yields, and farms specialised on annual crops had reduced crop-species diversity, larger fields, higher crop yields and more pathogen species. In contrast to general expectations, pesticide use in annual crop fields was exceptionally high and not a function of landscape complexity or farm specialisation. Our results show that generalisations such as "farms specialised on annual crops and structurally simple landscapes show increased land-use intensity" may be misleading. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Roschewitz, Indra and Thies, Carsten and Tscharntke, Teja},
doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2004.05.010},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Roschewitz, Thies, Tscharntke - 2005 - Are landscape complexity and farm specialisation related to land-use intensity of annual crop fie.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0167-8809},
issn = {01678809},
journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Cereal fields,Conservation,Grassland,Lower Saxony (Germany),Nitrogen fertilisation,Pesticide use},
month = {jan},
number = {1-2},
pages = {87--99},
title = {{Are landscape complexity and farm specialisation related to land-use intensity of annual crop fields?}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880904001823},
volume = {105},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Bluthgen2007,
abstract = {The topology of ecological interaction webs holds important information for theories of coevolution, biodiversity, and ecosystem stability . However, most previous network analyses solely counted the number of links and ignored variation in link strength. Because of this crude resolution, results vary with scale and sampling intensity, thus hampering a comparison of network patterns at different levels . We applied a recently developed quantitative and scale-independent analysis based on information theory to 51 mutualistic plant-animal networks, with interaction frequency as measure of link strength. Most networks were highly structured, deviating significantly from random associations. The degree of specialization was independent of network size. Pollination webs were significantly more specialized than seed-dispersal webs, and obligate symbiotic ant-plant mutualisms were more specialized than nectar-mediated facultative ones. Across networks, the average specialization of animal and plants was correlated, but is constrained by the ratio of plant to animal species involved. In pollination webs, rarely visited plants were on average more specialized than frequently attended ones, whereas specialization of pollinators was positively correlated with their interaction frequency. We conclude that quantitative specialization in ecological communities mirrors evolutionary trade-offs and constraints of web architecture. This approach can be easily expanded to other types of biological interactions.},
author = {Bl{\"{u}}thgen, Nico Nils and Menzel, Florian and Hovestadt, Thomas and Fiala, Brigitte and Bl{\"{u}}thgen, Nico Nils},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.039},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2007/Bl{\"{u}}thgen et al.{\_}2007{\_}Specialization, constraints, and conflicting interests in mutualistic networks.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0960-9822},
issn = {0960-9822},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
keywords = {Adaptation,Animals,Biological,Biological Evolution,EVO{\_}ECOL,Ecosystem,Information Theory,Interaction Networks,Method-Paper,Models,Plants,Symbiosis,Theoretical},
mendeley-tags = {Interaction Networks,Method-Paper},
month = {feb},
number = {4},
pages = {341--6},
pmid = {17275300},
title = {{Specialization, constraints, and conflicting interests in mutualistic networks.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275300 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098220602673X},
volume = {17},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Julliard2006,
abstract = {Each species generally has a close relationship with one or more habitats and can therefore be classified as either specialist or generalist. We studied whether specialist and generalist species are spatially distributed independently of each other. Repeating the analysis for 100 of the most frequent terrestrial bird species recorded over the 10 000 sampled sites of the French Breeding Bird survey, we found that specialists were more abundant if the rest of the community was specialized, and that the inverse was also true. This pattern was far subtler than just a simple dichotomy: most species actually presented a maximum abundance at a value of community specialization similar to their own level of specialization. Bird communities appear very well defined along a specialist-generalist gradient. We believe this pattern becomes more apparent with habitat degradation. The consequences on both ecological services and community resilience may well be considerable.},
author = {Julliard, Romain and Clavel, Joanne and Devictor, Vincent and Jiguet, Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric and Couvet, Denis},
doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00977.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2006/Julliard et al.{\_}2006{\_}Spatial segregation of specialists and generalists in bird communities.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1461-0248 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1461-023X (Linking)},
issn = {1461-0248},
journal = {Ecology letters},
keywords = {Abundance,Animals,Biological,Biotic Homogenization,Birds,Birds: physiology,Competition,Demography,Ecosystem,Feeding Behavior,Feeding Behavior: physiology,Functional homogenization,GAM modelling,Interaction milieu,Method-Paper,Models,Niche theory,Population Density,Species Specificity,Study},
mendeley-tags = {Biotic Homogenization,Method-Paper,Study},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {1237--44},
pmid = {17040326},
title = {{Spatial segregation of specialists and generalists in bird communities.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17040326},
volume = {9},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Riitters2002,
abstract = {We report a multiple-scale analysis of forest frag- mentation based on 30-m (0.09 ha pixel1) land- cover maps for the conterminous United States. Each 0.09-ha unit of forest was classified according to fragmentation indexes measured within the sur- rounding landscape, for five landscape sizes includ- ing 2.25, 7.29, 65.61, 590.49, and 5314.41 ha. Most forest is found in fragmented landscapes. With 65.61-ha landscapes, for example, only 9.9{\%} of all forest was contained in a fully forested landscape, and only 46.9{\%} was in a landscape that was more than 90{\%} forested. Overall, 43.5{\%} of forest was located within 90 m of forest edge and 61.8{\%} of forest was located within 150 m of forest edge. Nevertheless, where forest existed, it was usually dominant—at least 72.9{\%} of all forest was in land- scapes that were at least 60{\%} forested for all land- scape sizes. Small (less than 7.29 ha) perforations in otherwise continuous forest cover accounted for about half of the fragmentation. These results sug- gest that forests are connected over large regions, but fragmentation is so pervasive that edge effects potentially influence ecological processes on most forested lands.},
author = {Riitters, Kurt H and Wickham, James D and O'Neill, Robert V. and Jones, K Bruce and Smith, Elizabeth R. and Coulston, John W and Wade, Timothy G and Smith, Jonathan H.},
doi = {10.1007/s10021-002-0209-2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Riitters et al. - 2002 - Fragmentation of Continental United States Forests.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1432-9840},
issn = {1432-9840},
journal = {Ecosystems},
keywords = {Edge effect,Forest ecology,Forest fragmentation,Landscape pattern,Spatial pattern},
month = {dec},
number = {8},
pages = {815--822},
pmid = {1240},
title = {{Fragmentation of Continental United States Forests}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10021-002-0209-2},
volume = {5},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Vaclavik2013,
author = {V{\'{a}}clav{\'{i}}k, Tom{\'{a}}{\v{s}} and Lautenbach, Sven and Kuemmerle, Tobias and Seppelt, Ralf},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.09.004},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/V{\'{a}}clav{\'{i}}k et al. - 2013 - Mapping global land system archetypes.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09593780},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
keywords = {environment interactions,global classification,human},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {1637--1647},
title = {{Mapping global land system archetypes}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378013001532},
volume = {23},
year = {2013}
}
@article{McGill2014,
abstract = {Humans are transforming the biosphere in unprecedented ways, raising the important question of how these impacts are changing biodiversity. Here we argue that our understanding of biodiversity trends in the Anthropocene, and our ability to protect the natural world, is impeded by a failure to consider different types of biodiversity measured at different spatial scales. We propose that ecologists should recognize and assess 15 distinct categories of biodiversity trend. We summarize what is known about each of these 15 categories, identify major gaps in our current knowledge, and recommend the next steps required for better understanding of trends in biodiversity.},
author = {McGill, Brian J. and Dornelas, Maria and Gotelli, Nicholas J. and Magurran, Anne E.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/McGill et al. - 2014 - Fifteen forms of biodiversity trend in the Anthropocene.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/McGill et al. - 2014 - Fifteen forms of biodiversity trend in the Anthropocene(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
keywords = {Alpha diversity,Anthropocene,Beta diversity,Change,Landscape,Local,Loss,Meta-community,Region,Species richness,Winners and losers,alpha diversity,anthropocene,beta diversity,change,landscape,local,loss,meta-community,region,species richness,winners and losers},
month = {feb},
number = {Box 1},
pages = {1--10},
pmid = {25542312},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Fifteen forms of biodiversity trend in the Anthropocene}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.006 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534714002456},
volume = {30},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Pimm2014,
abstract = {Recent studies clarify where the most vulnerable species live, where and how humanity changes the planet, and how this drives extinctions. We assess key statistics about species, their distribution, and their status. Most are undescribed. Those we know best have large geographical ranges and are often common within them. Most known species have small ranges. The numbers of small-ranged species are increasing quickly, even in well-known taxa. They are geographically concentrated and are disproportionately likely to be threatened or already extinct. Current rates of extinction are about 1000 times the likely background rate of extinction. Future rates depend on many factors and are poised to increase. Although there has been rapid progress in developing protected areas, such efforts are not ecologically representative, nor do they optimally protect biodiversity.},
author = {Pimm, S L and Jenkins, C N and Abell, R and Brooks, T M and Gittleman, J L and Joppa, L N and Raven, P H and Roberts, C M and Sexton, J O},
doi = {10.1126/science.1246752},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pimm et al. - 2014 - The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0036-8075 (Linking)},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {Animals,Biodiversity,Biological,Conservation of Natural Resources,Conservation of Natural Resources: methods,Endangered Species,Extinction,Geography,Humans,Population Dynamics},
month = {may},
number = {6187},
pages = {1246752--1246752},
pmid = {24876501},
title = {{The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876501 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1246752},
volume = {344},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Hijmans2005,
abstract = {We developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution). The climate elements considered were monthly precipitation and mean, minimum, and maximum temperature. Input data were gathered from a variety of sources and, where possible, were restricted to records from the 1950-2000 period. We used the thin-plate smoothing spline algorithm implemented in the ANUSPLIN package for interpolation, using latitude, longitude, and elevation as independent variables. We quantified uncertainty arising from the input data and the interpolation by mapping weather station density, elevation bias in the weather stations, and elevation variation within grid cells and through data partitioning and cross validation. Elevation bias tended to be negative (stations lower than expected) at high latitudes but positive in the tropics. Uncertainty is highest in mountainous and in poorly sampled areas. Data partitioning showed high uncertainty of the surfaces on isolated islands, e.g. in the Pacific. Aggregating the elevation and climate data to 10 arc min resolution showed an enormous variation within grid cells, illustrating the value of high-resolution surfaces. A comparison with an existing data set at 10 arc min resolution showed overall agreement, but with significant variation in some regions. A comparison with two high-resolution data sets for the United States also identified areas with large local differences, particularly in mountainous areas. Compared to previous global climatologies, ours has the following advantages: the data are at a higher spatial resolution (400 times greater or more); more weather station records were used; improved elevation data were used; and more information about spatial patterns of uncertainty in the data is available. Owing to the overall low density of available climate stations, our surfaces do not capture of all variation that may occur at a resolution of 1 km, particularly of precipitation in mountainous areas. In future work, such variation might be captured through knowledge-based methods and inclusion of additional co-variates, particularly layers obtained through remote sensing. Copyright {\"{i}}¿½ 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.},
author = {Hijmans, Robert J. and Cameron, Susan E. and Parra, Juan L. and Jones, Peter G. and Jarvis, Andy},
doi = {10.1002/joc.1276},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2005/Hijmans et al.{\_}2005{\_}Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1097-0088},
issn = {0899-8418},
journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
keywords = {ANUSPLIN,Climate,Error,GIS,Interpolation,Precipitation,Temperature,Uncertainty},
month = {dec},
number = {15},
pages = {1965--1978},
pmid = {2054449},
title = {{Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/joc.1276},
volume = {25},
year = {2005}
}
@article{He2015a,
abstract = {Two prominent limitations of species distribution models (SDMs) are spatial biases in existing occurrence data and a lack of spatially explicit predictor variables to fully capture habitat characteristics of species. Can existing and emerging remote sensing technologies meet these challenges and improve future SDMs? We believe so. Novel products derived from multispectral and hyperspectral sensors, as well as future Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and RADAR missions, may play a key role in improving model performance. In this perspective piece, we demonstrate how modern sensors onboard satellites, planes and unmanned aerial vehicles are revolutionizing the way we can detect and monitor both plant and animal species in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as allowing the emergence of novel predictor variables appropriate for species distribution modeling. We hope this interdisciplinary perspective will motivate ecologists, remote sensing experts and modelers to work together for developing a more refined SDM framework in the near future.},
author = {He, Kate S. and Bradley, Bethany A. and Cord, Anna F. and Rocchini, Duccio and Tuanmu, Mao-Ning and Schmidtlein, Sebastian and Turner, Woody and Wegmann, Martin and Pettorelli, Nathalie},
doi = {10.1002/rse2.7},
editor = {Nagendra, Harini and Horning, Ned},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/He et al. - 2015 - Will remote sensing shape the next generation of species distribution models.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/He et al. - 2015 - Will remote sensing shape the next generation of species distribution models(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2056-3485},
issn = {20563485},
journal = {Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation},
keywords = {Ecological niche modeling,LiDAR and RADAR metrics,habitat suitability modeling,hyperspectral and multispectral data,predictor and response variables,spatial and temporal resolution},
month = {oct},
number = {1},
pages = {4--18},
title = {{Will remote sensing shape the next generation of species distribution models?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/rse2.7},
volume = {1},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Dormann2018,
abstract = {Ten international laboratories specializing in the determination of marine pigment concentrations using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were intercompared using in situ samples and a mixed pigment sample. Although prior Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Round-Robin Experiment (SeaHARRE) activities conducted in open-ocean waters covered a wide dynamic range in productivity, and some of the samples were collected in the coastal zone, none of the activities involved exclusively coastal samples. Consequently, SeaHARRE-4 was organized and executed as a strictly coastal activity and the field samples were collected from primarily eutrophic waters within the coastal zone of Denmark. The more restrictive perspective limited the dynamic range in chlorophyll concentration to approximately one and a half orders of magnitude (previous activities covered more than two orders of magnitude). The method intercomparisons were used for the following objectives: a) estimate the uncertainties in quantitating individual pigments and higher-order variables formed from sums and ratios; b) confirm if the chlorophyll a accuracy requirements for ocean color validation activities (approximately 25{\%}, although 15{\%} would allow for algorithm refinement) can be met in coastal waters; c) establish the reduction in uncertainties as a result of applying QA procedures; d) show the importance of establishing a properly defined referencing system in the computation of uncertainties; e) quantify the analytical benefits of performance metrics, and f) demonstrate the utility of a laboratory mix in understanding method performance. In addition, the remote sensing requirements for the in situ determination of total chlorophyll a were investigated to determine whether or not the average uncertainty for this measurement is being satisfied.},
author = {Dormann, Carsten F. and Calabrese, Justin M. and Guillera-Arroita, Gurutzeta and Matechou, Eleni and Bahn, Volker and Barto{\'{n}}, Kamil and Beale, Colin M. and Ciuti, Simone and Elith, Jane and Gerstner, Katharina and Guelat, J{\'{e}}r{\^{o}}me and Keil, Petr and Lahoz-Monfort, Jos{\'{e}} J. and Pollock, Laura J. and Reineking, Bj{\"{o}}rn and Roberts, David R. and Schr{\"{o}}der, Boris and Thuiller, Wilfried and Warton, David I. and Wintle, Brendan A. and Wood, Simon N. and W{\"{u}}est, Rafael O. and Hartig, Florian},
doi = {10.1002/ecm.1309},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/Dormann{\_}et{\_}al-2018-Ecological{\_}Monographs.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {Technical Memorandum NASA/TM-2005-212787},
issn = {00129615},
journal = {Ecological Monographs},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {485--504},
pmid = {11317470},
title = {{Model averaging in ecology: a review of Bayesian, information-theoretic, and tactical approaches for predictive inference}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ecm.1309},
volume = {88},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Chazdon2003,
abstract = {Land-use history interacts with natural forces to influence the severity of disturbance events and the rate and nature of recovery processes in tropical forests. Although we are far from an integrated view of forest recovery processes, some generalizations can be made. Recovery of forest structure and composition is relatively rapid following disturbances that primarily impact forest canopies, such as hurricanes. Recovery is considerably slower following disturbances that heavily impact soils as well as aboveground vegetation, such as bulldozing, heavy or long-term grazing, and severe fires, often with long-lasting effects on species composition. The landscape matrix plays a critical role in local recovery processes. Proximity of disturbed areas to remnant forest patches promotes more rapid recovery, which depends heavily on seed dispersal. Recovery of aboveground biomass is constrained by soil fertility and texture across regions as well as across soil types within a region. Restoration of soil fertility may be a prerequisite for forest recovery on sites with severely degraded soils. Despite evidence of rapid forest recovery following large-scale deforestation, many degraded areas of today's tropics will require human assistance to recover forest structure, species composition, and species interactions typical of mature tropical forests.},
author = {Chazdon, Robin L.},
doi = {10.1078/1433-8319-00042},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chazdon - 2003 - Tropical forest recovery legacies of human impact and natural disturbances.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1433-8319},
issn = {14338319},
journal = {Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics},
keywords = {disturbance,land-use history,landscape matrix,recovery,soil fertility,tropical forests},
month = {jan},
number = {1-2},
pages = {51--71},
pmid = {211},
title = {{Tropical forest recovery: legacies of human impact and natural disturbances}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1433831904700670 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1433831904700670},
volume = {6},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Wilman2014,
author = {Wilman, Hamish and Belmaker, Jonathan and Simpson, Jennifer and de la Rosa, Carolina and Rivadeneira, Marcelo M and Jetz, Walter},
doi = {10.1890/13-1917.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2014/Wilman et al.{\_}2014{\_}EltonTraits 1.0 Species-level foraging attributes of the world's birds and mammals.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0012-9658},
journal = {Ecology},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {2027--2027},
title = {{EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging attributes of the world's birds and mammals}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/13-1917.1},
volume = {95},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Munteanu2015,
author = {Munteanu, Catalina and Kuemmerle, Tobias and Keuler, Nicholas S. and M{\"{u}}ller, Daniel and Bal{\'{a}}zs, Pal and Dobosz, Monika and Griffiths, Patrick and Halada, Lubos and Kaim, Dominik and Kir{\'{a}}ly, G{\'{e}}za and Konkoly-Gyur{\'{o}}, {\'{E}}va and Kozak, Jacek and Lieskovsky, Juraj and Ostafin, Krzysztof and Ostapowicz, Katarzyna and Shandra, Oleksandra and Radeloff, Volker C.},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.015},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Munteanu et al. - 2015 - Legacies of 19th century land use shape contemporary forest cover.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09593780},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
month = {sep},
pages = {83--94},
title = {{Legacies of 19th century land use shape contemporary forest cover}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378015300078},
volume = {34},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Albrecht2014,
abstract = {Networks of species interactions promote biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services. These networks have traditionally been studied in isolation, but species are commonly involved in multiple, diverse types of interaction. Therefore, whether different types of species interaction networks coupled through shared species show idiosyncratic or correlated responses to habitat degradation is unresolved. Here we study the collective response of coupled mutualistic networks of plants and their pollinators and seed dispersers to the degradation of Europe's last relict of old-growth lowland forest (Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a, Poland). We show that logging of old-growth forests has correlated effects on the number of partners and interactions of plants in both mutualisms, and that these effects are mediated by shifts in plant densities on logged sites. These results suggest bottom-up-controlled effects of habitat degradation on plant-animal mutualistic networks, and predict that the conversion of primary old-growth forests to secondary habitats may cause a parallel loss of multiple animal-mediated ecosystem services.},
author = {Albrecht, J{\"{o}}rg and Berens, Dana Gertrud and Jaroszewicz, Bogdan and Selva, Nuria and Brandl, Roland and Farwig, Nina},
doi = {10.1038/ncomms4810},
issn = {2041-1723},
journal = {Nature communications},
keywords = {Bialowieza,Birds,Ecosystem Services},
mendeley-tags = {Bialowieza,Birds,Ecosystem Services},
month = {jan},
number = {May},
pages = {3810},
pmid = {24806612},
title = {{Correlated loss of ecosystem services in coupled mutualistic networks.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24806612},
volume = {5},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Moser2007,
author = {Moser, Brigitte and Jaeger, Jochen a. G. and Tappeiner, Ulrike and Tasser, Erich and Eiselt, Beatrice},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-006-9023-0},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Moser et al. - 2007 - Modification of the effective mesh size for measuring landscape fragmentation to solve the boundary problem.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0921-2973},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {cross-boundary connections,extent {\ae} landscape metrics,indicators {\ae},procedure {\ae} cutting-out procedure,spatial heterogeneity {\ae} environmental,{\ae} landscape indices {\ae},{\ae} scale {\ae} spatial},
month = {feb},
number = {3},
pages = {447--459},
title = {{Modification of the effective mesh size for measuring landscape fragmentation to solve the boundary problem}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-006-9023-0},
volume = {22},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Aue2012,
abstract = {1. In species-habitat models, curves describing the changes in correlation strength between habitat cover and species occurrence over a continuum of spatial scales tend to be hump-shaped, and the correlation maximum is generally assumed to indicate the ecologically most meaningful scale of habitat influence on the species. This approach does not take account of the fact that distant habitat is overrated by increasing areawith larger buffer sizes whilst habitat influence decays with distance. We devised four levels of distance weighting, down-weighting more distant habitat with increasing realism. 2. We analysed correlation strength across scale (200 m ) 50 km) in simulations assuming a Gaussian distance kernel of habitat influence and in empirical data for Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) covering Central Europe.Regressionswere run with the four levels of distance weighting. 3. Both in the simulated data and the empirical data distanceweighting transformed humped corre- lation curves into saturation curves with high correlations at large scales, thereby eliminating a well- defined correlationmaximum. 4. Weargue that saturation curves naturally reflect the integration of habitat influence over increas- ing buffer areas. We conclude that without distance weighting, the correlation strength between habitat cover and species occurrence is prone to misinterpretation. We present two approaches to implementing distance weighting in species-habitat regressions.},
author = {Aue, Birgit and Ekschmitt, Klemens and Hotes, Stefan and Wolters, Volkmar},
doi = {10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00130.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/j.2041-210X.2011.00130.x.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2041-210X},
issn = {2041210X},
journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {Distance weighting,Habitat influence,Landscape matrix,Spatial scale,Species distribution models,Species-habitat relationships},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {102--111},
title = {{Distance weighting avoids erroneous scale effects in species-habitat models}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00130.x},
volume = {3},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Murphy2014,
abstract = {There is high uncertainty surrounding the magnitude of current and future biodiversity loss that is occurring due to human disturbances. Here, we present a global meta-analysis of experimental and observational studies that report 327 measures of change in species richness between disturbed and undisturbed habitats across both terrestrial and aquatic biomes. On average, human-mediated disturbances lead to an 18.3{\%} decline in species richness. Declines in species richness were highest for endotherms (33.2{\%}), followed by producers (25.1{\%}), and ectotherms (10.5{\%}). Land-use change and species invasions had the largest impact on species richness resulting in a 24.8{\%} and 23.7{\%} decline, respectively, followed by habitat loss (14{\%}), nutrient addition (8.2{\%}), and increases in temperature (3.6{\%}). Across all disturbances, declines in species richness were greater for terrestrial biomes (22.4{\%}) than aquatic biomes (5.9{\%}). In the tropics, habitat loss and land-use change had the largest impact on species richness, whereas in the boreal forest and Northern temperate forests, species invasions had the largest impact on species richness. Along with revealing trends in changes in species richness for different disturbances, biomes, and taxa, our results also identify critical knowledge gaps for predicting the effects of human disturbance on Earth's biomes.},
author = {Murphy, Grace E P and Romanuk, Tamara N.},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.909},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Murphy, Romanuk - 2014 - A meta-analysis of declines in local species richness from human disturbances.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2045-7758},
issn = {20457758},
journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {Biodiversity loss,Disturbance,Extinction,Habitat loss,Species invasions,Species richness},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {91--103},
pmid = {24455164},
title = {{A meta-analysis of declines in local species richness from human disturbances}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ece3.909},
volume = {4},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Schultz2015,
author = {Schultz, Michael and Verbesselt, Jan and Avitabile, Valerio and Souza, Carlos and Herold, Martin},
doi = {10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2477473},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schultz et al. - 2015 - Error Sources in Deforestation Detection Using BFAST Monitor on Landsat Time Series Across Three Tropical Sites.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1939-1404},
journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing},
pages = {1--14},
title = {{Error Sources in Deforestation Detection Using BFAST Monitor on Landsat Time Series Across Three Tropical Sites}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=7307955},
volume = {accepted},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Pidgeon2014,
abstract = {As people encroach increasingly on natural areas, one question is how this affects avian biodiversity. The answer to this is partly scale-dependent. At broad scales, human populations and biodiversity concentrate in the same areas and are positively associated, but at local scales people and biodiversity are negatively associated with biodiversity. We investigated whether there is also a systematic temporal trend in the relationship between bird biodiversity and housing development. We used linear regression to examine associations between forest bird species richness and housing growth in the conterminous United States over 30 years. Our data sources were the North American Breeding Bird Survey and the 2000 decennial U.S. Census. In the 9 largest forested ecoregions, housing density increased continually over time. Across the conterminous United States, the association between bird species richness and housing density was positive for virtually all guilds except ground nesting birds. We found a systematic trajectory of declining bird species richness as housing increased through time. In more recently developed ecoregions, where housing density was still low, the association with bird species richness was neutral or positive. In ecoregions that were developed earlier and where housing density was highest, the association of housing density with bird species richness for most guilds was negative and grew stronger with advancing decades. We propose that in general the relationship between human settlement and biodiversity over time unfolds as a 2-phase process. The first phase is apparently innocuous; associations are positive due to coincidence of low-density housing with high biodiversity. The second phase is highly detrimental to biodiversity, and increases in housing density are associated with biodiversity losses. The long-term effect on biodiversity depends on the final housing density. This general pattern can help unify our understanding of the relationship of human encroachment and biodiversity response.},
author = {Pidgeon, Anna M. and Flather, Curtis H. and Radeloff, Volker C. and Lepczyk, Christopher A and Keuler, Nicholas S. and Wood, Eric M. and Stewart, Susan I. and Hammer, Roger B.},
doi = {10.1111/cobi.12291},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pidgeon et al. - 2014 - Systematic Temporal Patterns in the Relationship Between Housing Development and Forest Bird Biodiversity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1523-1739 (Electronic) 0888-8892 (Linking)},
issn = {08888892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
keywords = {Animals,BBS,Birds,Forest,Functional groups,Housing,North America,Temporal pattern,Timeseries,Woodland},
mendeley-tags = {BBS,Timeseries},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {1291--1301},
pmid = {24811862},
title = {{Systematic Temporal Patterns in the Relationship Between Housing Development and Forest Bird Biodiversity}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/cobi.12291},
volume = {28},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Joensson2004,
author = {Joensson, P and Eklundh, L},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Joensson, Eklundh - 2004 - TIMESAT - a program for analysing time-series of satellite sensor data.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Computers and Geosciences},
pages = {833--845},
title = {{TIMESAT - a program for analysing time-series of satellite sensor data}},
volume = {30},
year = {2004}
}
@article{ROUGET2006,
abstract = {Given high-level commitments to reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, there is a pressing need to develop simple and practical indicators to monitor progress. In this context, a biodiversity intactness index (BII) was recently proposed, which provides an overall indicator suitable for policy makers. The index links data on land use with expert assessments of how this impacts the population densities of well-understood taxonomic groups to estimate current population sizes relative to premodern times. However, when calculated for southern Africa, the resulting BII of 84{\%} suggests a far more positive picture of the state of wild nature than do other large-scale estimates. Here, we argue that this discrepancy is in part an artefact of the coarseness of the land degradation data used to calculate the BII, and that the overall BII for southern Africa is probably much lower than 84{\%}. In particular, based on two relatively inexpensive, ground-truthed studies of areas not generally regarded as exceptional in terms of their degradation status, we demonstrate that Scholes and Biggs might have seriously underestimated the extent of land degradation. These differences have substantial bearing on BII scores. Urgent attention should be given to the further development of cost-effective ground-truthing methods for quantifying the extent of land degradation in order to provide reliable estimates of biodiversity loss, both in southern Africa and more widely. {\textcopyright} 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Cited By (since 1996): 8 Export Date: 22 April 2009 Source: Scopus},
author = {ROUGET, MATHIEU and COWLING, R. M. and VLOK, JAN and THOMPSON, MARK and BALMFORD, ANDREW},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01238.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/ROUGET et al. - 2006 - Getting the biodiversity intactness index right the importance of habitat degradation data.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2486},
issn = {1354-1013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {Biodiversity intactness index,Biodiversity loss,GroundTruthing,Land cover,Land degradation,Land use,NDVI,Remote-sensing,South Africa},
mendeley-tags = {GroundTruthing,Land use,NDVI},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {2032--2036},
title = {{Getting the biodiversity intactness index right: the importance of habitat degradation data}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01238.x},
volume = {12},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Laurance2012a,
abstract = {The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon. With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses. As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world's major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve ‘health': about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.},
author = {Laurance, William F and Useche, D Carolina and Rendeiro, Julio and Kalka, Margareta and Bradshaw, Corey J a and Sloan, Sean P and Laurance, Susan G and Campbell, Mason and Abernethy, Kate and Alvarez, Patricia and Arroyo-Rodriguez, Victor and Ashton, Peter and Ben{\'{i}}tez-Malvido, Julieta and Blom, Allard and Bobo, Kadiri S and Cannon, Charles H and Cao, Min and Carroll, Richard and Chapman, Colin and Coates, Rosamond and Cords, Marina and Danielsen, Finn and {De Dijn}, Bart and Dinerstein, Eric and Donnelly, Maureen A and Edwards, David and Edwards, Felicity and Farwig, Nina and Fashing, Peter and Forget, Pierre-Michel and Foster, Mercedes and Gale, George and Harris, David and Harrison, Rhett and Hart, John and Karpanty, Sarah and Kress, W John and Krishnaswamy, Jagdish and Logsdon, Willis and Lovett, Jon and Magnusson, William and Maisels, Fiona and Marshall, Andrew R and McClearn, Deedra and Mudappa, Divya and Nielsen, Martin R and Pearson, Richard and Pitman, Nigel and van der Ploeg, Jan and Plumptre, Andrew and Poulsen, John and Quesada, Mauricio and Rainey, Hugo and Robinson, Douglas and Roetgers, Christiane and Rovero, Francesco and Scatena, Frederick and Schulze, Christian and Sheil, Douglas and Struhsaker, Thomas and Terborgh, John and Thomas, Duncan and Timm, Robert and Urbina-Cardona, J Nicolas and Vasudevan, Karthikeyan and Wright, S Joseph and Arias-G, Juan Carlos and Arroyo, Luzmila and Ashton, Mark and Auzel, Philippe and Babaasa, Dennis and Babweteera, Fred and Baker, Patrick and Banki, Olaf and Bass, Margot and Bila-Isia, Inogwabini and Blake, Stephen and Brockelman, Warren and Brokaw, Nicholas and Br{\"{u}}hl, Carsten A and Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh and Chao, Jung-Tai and Chave, Jerome and Chellam, Ravi and Clark, Connie J and Clavijo, Jos{\'{e}} and Congdon, Robert and Corlett, Richard and Dattaraja, H S and Dave, Chittaranjan and Davies, Glyn and Beisiegel, Beatriz De Mello and da Silva, Rosa De Nazar{\'{e}} Paes and {Di Fiore}, Anthony and Diesmos, Arvin and Dirzo, Rodolfo and Doran-Sheehy, Diane and Eaton, Mitchell and Emmons, Louise and Estrada, Alejandro and Ewango, Corneille and Fedigan, Linda and Feer, Fran{\c{c}}ois and Fruth, Barbara and Willis, Jacalyn Giacalone and Goodale, Uromi and Goodman, Steven and Guix, Juan C and Guthiga, Paul and Haber, William and Hamer, Keith and Herbinger, Ilka and Hill, Jane and Huang, Zhongliang and Sun, I Fang and Ickes, Kalan and Itoh, Akira and Ivanauskas, Nat{\'{a}}lia and Jackes, Betsy and Janovec, John and Janzen, Daniel and Jiangming, Mo and Jin, Chen and Jones, Trevor and Justiniano, Hermes and Kalko, Elisabeth and Kasangaki, Aventino and Killeen, Timothy and King, Hen-biau and Klop, Erik and Knott, Cheryl and Kon{\'{e}}, Inza and Kudavidanage, Enoka and Ribeiro, Jos{\'{e}} Lahoz Da Silva and Lattke, John and Laval, Richard and Lawton, Robert and Leal, Miguel and Leighton, Mark and Lentino, Miguel and Leonel, Cristiane and Lindsell, Jeremy and Ling-Ling, Lee and Linsenmair, K Eduard and Losos, Elizabeth and Lugo, Ariel and Lwanga, Jeremiah and Mack, Andrew L and Martins, Marlucia and McGraw, W Scott and McNab, Roan and Montag, Luciano and Thompson, Jo Myers and Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob and Nakagawa, Michiko and Nepal, Sanjay and Norconk, Marilyn and Novotny, Vojtech and O'Donnell, Sean and Opiang, Muse and Ouboter, Paul and Parker, Kenneth and Parthasarathy, N and Pisciotta, K{\'{a}}tia and Prawiradilaga, Dewi and Pringle, Catherine and Rajathurai, Subaraj and Reichard, Ulrich and Reinartz, Gay and Renton, Katherine and Reynolds, Glen and Reynolds, Vernon and Riley, Erin and R{\"{o}}del, Mark-Oliver and Rothman, Jessica and Round, Philip and Sakai, Shoko and Sanaiotti, Tania and Savini, Tommaso and Schaab, Gertrud and Seidensticker, John and Siaka, Alhaji and Silman, Miles R and Smith, Thomas B and de Almeida, Samuel Soares and Sodhi, Navjot and Stanford, Craig and Stewart, Kristine and Stokes, Emma and Stoner, Kathryn E and Sukumar, Raman and Surbeck, Martin and Tobler, Mathias and Tscharntke, Teja and Turkalo, Andrea and Umapathy, Govindaswamy and van Weerd, Merlijn and Rivera, Jorge Vega and Venkataraman, Meena and Venn, Linda and Verea, Carlos and de Castilho, Carolina Volkmer and Waltert, Matthias and Wang, Benjamin and Watts, David and Weber, William and West, Paige and Whitacre, David and Whitney, Ken and Wilkie, David and Williams, Stephen and Wright, Debra D and Wright, Patricia and Xiankai, Lu and Yonzon, Pralad and Zamzani, Franky},
doi = {10.1038/nature11318},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2012/Laurance et al.{\_}2012{\_}Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-4687},
journal = {Nature},
month = {sep},
number = {7415},
pages = {290--4},
pmid = {22832582},
title = {{Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas.}},
volume = {489},
year = {2012}
}
@techreport{Simonetti2014,
address = {Luxembourg},
author = {Simonetti, Dario},
doi = {10.2788/15561},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Simonetti - 2014 - Phenology - based land cover classification using Landsat 8 time series.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9789279408441},
issn = {1831-9424},
title = {{Phenology - based land cover classification using Landsat 8 time series}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{DeFries2007,
author = {DeFries, Ruth and Hansen, Andrew and Turner, B L and Reid, Robin and Liu, Jianguo},
doi = {10.1890/05-1111},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DeFries et al. - 2007 - Land use change around protected areas management to balance human needs and ecological function.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1051-0761},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
keywords = {and e cological f,big gain opportunities,connectivity,greater ecosystem,land use change,protected areas,regional management,small loss,socioeconomic dynamics,t he c hallenge,to b alance h,uman n eeds,unction},
month = {jun},
number = {4},
pages = {1031--1038},
title = {{Land use change around protected areas: management to balance human needs and ecological function.}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/05-1111},
volume = {17},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Bluthgen2006,
abstract = {Network analyses of plant-animal interactions hold valuable biological information. They are often used to quantify the degree of specialization between partners, but usually based on qualitative indices such as 'connectance' or number of links. These measures ignore interaction frequencies or sampling intensity, and strongly depend on network size.},
author = {Bl{\"{u}}thgen, Nico Nils and Menzel, Florian and Bl{\"{u}}thgen, Nico Nils},
doi = {10.1186/1472-6785-6-9},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bl{\"{u}}thgen, Menzel, Bl{\"{u}}thgen - 2006 - Measuring specialization in species interaction networks.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1472-6785},
issn = {1472-6785},
journal = {BMC ecology},
keywords = {Adaptation,Animals,Argentina,Bees,Bees: physiology,Biological,Computer Simulation,Ecosystem,Food Chain,Great Britain,Interaction Networks,Method-Paper,Models,Physiological,Plant Physiological Phenomena,Pollen,Population Dynamics,Species Specificity},
mendeley-tags = {Interaction Networks,Method-Paper},
month = {jan},
pages = {9},
pmid = {16907983},
title = {{Measuring specialization in species interaction networks.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1570337{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {6},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Ewers2009,
abstract = {Habitat loss is not randomly distributed across modified landscapes, yet spatial patterns of habitat cover are not routinely combined with biodiversity data when assessing or predicting the biodiversity impacts of land use change. Here, we convert point observations of more than 28,000 beetles from 851 species into a continuous biodiversity surface representing the similarity of ecological communities relative to that of pristine forest, effectively integrating on-the-ground biodiversity data with remotely sensed land cover data to predict the magnitude of community change in a modified landscape. We generated biodiversity surfaces for both present-day and pre-human landscapes to map spatial patterns of change in a diverse ecological community to calculate the combined biodiversity impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation that accounts for the exact spatial pattern of deforestation. Our spatially-explicit, landscape-scale index of community change shows how the fine-scale configuration of habitat loss sums across a landscape to determine changes in biodiversity at a larger spatial scale. After accounting for naturally occurring within-forest heterogeneity, we estimate that the conversion of 43{\%} of forest to grassland in a 1300 km2 landscape in New Zealand resulted in a 47{\%} change to the beetle community. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Ewers, Robert M. and Kapos, Valerie and Coomes, David A. and Lafortezza, Raffaele and Didham, Raphael K.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.022},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ewers et al. - 2009 - Mapping community change in modified landscapes.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Biodiversity index,BrayCurtis,Community composition,Deforestation,Habitat fragmentation,Habitat loss,Landscape pattern,Mapping,Turnover},
mendeley-tags = {BrayCurtis,Mapping,Turnover},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {2872--2880},
title = {{Mapping community change in modified landscapes}},
volume = {142},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Wulder2015,
author = {Wulder, Michael A. and White, Joanne C. and Loveland, Thomas R. and Woodcock, Curtis E. and Belward, Alan S. and Cohen, Warren B. and Fosnight, Eugene A. and Shaw, Jerad and Masek, Jeffrey G. and Roy, David P.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2015.11.032},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wulder et al. - 2015 - The global Landsat archive Status, consolidation, and direction.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {LGAC,Landsat,Landsat Global Archive Consolidation,Monitoring,Satellite,landsat global archive consolidation},
month = {nov},
pages = {271--283},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{The global Landsat archive: Status, consolidation, and direction}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425715302194 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425715302194},
volume = {185},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ogle2015,
abstract = {The role of time in ecology has a long history of investigation, but ecologists have largely restricted their attention to the influence of concurrent abiotic conditions on rates and magnitudes of important ecological processes. Recently, however, ecologists have improved their understanding of ecological processes by explicitly considering the effects of antecedent conditions. To broadly help in studying the role of time, we evaluate the length, temporal pattern, and strength of memory with respect to the influence of antecedent conditions on current ecological dynamics. We developed the stochastic antecedent modelling (SAM) framework as a flexible analytic approach for evaluating exogenous and endogenous process components of memory in a system of interest. We designed SAM to be useful in revealing novel insights promoting further study, illustrated in four examples with different degrees of complexity and varying time scales: stomatal conductance, soil respiration, ecosystem productivity, and tree growth. Models with antecedent effects explained an additional 18-28{\%} of response variation compared to models without antecedent effects. Moreover, SAM also enabled identification of potential mechanisms that underlie components of memory, thus revealing temporal properties that are not apparent from traditional treatments of ecological time-series data and facilitating new hypothesis generation and additional research.},
author = {Ogle, Kiona and Barber, Jarrett J. and Barron-Gafford, Greg A. and Bentley, Lisa Patrick and Young, Jessica M. and Huxman, Travis E. and Loik, Michael E. and Tissue, David T.},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12399},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ogle et al. - 2015 - Quantifying ecological memory in plant and ecosystem processes.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1461-0248},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {Antecedent conditions,Hierarchical Bayesian model,Lag effects,Legacy effects,Net primary production,Soil respiration,Stomatal conductance,Time-series,Tree growth,Tree rings},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {221--235},
pmid = {25522778},
title = {{Quantifying ecological memory in plant and ecosystem processes}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.12399},
volume = {18},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Miettinen2014,
abstract = {In this review paper we present geographical, ecological and historical aspects of Southeast Asia from the perspective of forest degradation monitoring and critically discuss available approaches for large area forest degradation monitoring with satellite remote sensing data at high to medium spatial resolution (5–30 m). Several authors have achieved promising results in geographically limited areas within Southeast Asia using automated detection algorithms. However, the application of automated methods to large area assessments remains a major challenge. To-date, nearly all large area assessments of forest degradation in the region have included a strong visual interpretation component. We conclude that due to the variety of forest types and forest disturbance levels, as well as the variable image acquisition conditions in Southeast Asia, it is unlikely that forest degradation monitoring can be conducted throughout the region using a single automated approach with currently available remote sensing data. The provision of regionally consistent information on forest degradation from satellite remote sensing data remains therefore challenging. However, the expected increase in observation frequency in the near future (due to Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 satellites) may lead to the desired improvement in data availability and enable consistent and robust regional forest degradation monitoring in Southeast Asia.},
author = {Miettinen, Jukka and Stibig, Hans-J{\"{u}}rgen and Achard, Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric},
doi = {10.1016/j.gecco.2014.07.007},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Miettinen, Stibig, Achard - 2014 - Remote sensing of forest degradation in Southeast Asia—Aiming for a regional view through 5–30 m sate.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2351-9894},
issn = {23519894},
journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
keywords = {Indochina peninsula,Maritime continent,Satellite data,Selective logging,Shifting cultivation,Tropical forest disturbance},
month = {dec},
pages = {24--36},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Remote sensing of forest degradation in Southeast Asia—Aiming for a regional view through 5–30 m satellite data}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989414000134 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2351989414000134},
volume = {2},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Leung2017,
abstract = {Aim Considerable controversy exists over the nature of the “Biodiversity Crisis.” While some studies suggest declining diversity, others suggest no loss on average. Population declines necessarily precede species loss and may therefore be a more sensitive metric. We examine trends in abundances to test the hypotheses: (1) losses are experienced disproportionately by some taxa, in particular amphibians; (2) positive trends in alien or unexploited species mask declines in native or exploited species, respectively; (3) populations are becoming more unstable, and variances of within-population growth rates are increasing. Location Freshwater and terrestrial habitats in North America and Europe. Methods We analysed abundances of 4,343 population time series of 983 species of temperate amphibians, birds, bony fishes, reptiles and mammals from 1970 to 2014. Population mean trends were estimated using a state-space model to account for observation error, and then, linear mixed-effects models were used to test mean differences among groups. As a measure of instability, trends over time in variance of population growth rates were analysed using a Breusch–P

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib