text:
discrimination stemming from the application of rules of conditional probability as a response to clinical uncertainty. While in the former case, doctors are not acting in the best interests of their patients, in the latter, they are doing the best they can, given the information available. If miscommunication is the culprit, then efforts should be aimed at reducing disparities in the ways in which doctors communicate with patients.},
affiliation = {Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
number = {1},
pages = {227--52},
volume = {40},
year = {2005},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care), Hypertension, Bayes Theorem, Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, African Americans, Male, United States, Decision Making, Regression Analysis, Prevalence, Physician's Practice Patterns, Health Care Surveys, Medical History Taking, Socioeconomic Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Communication, Female, Depressive Disorder, Race Relations, Uncertainty, Humans, Middle Aged, European Continental Ancestry Group, Aged},
date-added = {2010-03-10 20:18:49 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-10 20:18:50 +0100},
doi = {10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00351.x},
pii = {HESR351},
pmid = {15663711},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7289},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dunn:1999p6716,
author = {G Dunn and C Roberts},
journal = {Stat Methods Med Res},
title = {Modelling method comparison data},
abstract = {We explore a range of linear regression models that might be useful for either: (a) the relative calibration of two or more methods or (b) to evaluate their precisions relative to each other. Ideally, one should be able to use a single data set to carry out the jobs (a) and (b) together. Throughout this review we consider the constraints (assumptions) needed to attain identifiability of the models and the possible pitfalls to the unwary in having to introduce them. We also pay particular attention to the possible problems arising from the presence of random matrix effects (reproducible random measurement 'errors' that are characteristic of a given method when being used on a given specimen or sample, i.e. specimen specific biases or subject by method interactions). Finally, we stress the importance of a fully-informative design (using replicate measurements on each subject using at least three independent methods) and large sample sizes.},
affiliation = {Biostatistics Group, The Medical School, University of Manchester, UK. g.dunn@man.ac.uk},
number = {2},
pages = {161--79},
volume = {8},
year = {1999},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Technology: Medical, Linear Models, Factor Analysis: Statistical, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Laboratory Techniques and Procedures},
date-added = {2010-03-05 22:09:44 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-05 22:09:47 +0100},
pmid = {10501651},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dunn-1999-Stat%20Methods%20Med%20Res_Modelling%20method%20com.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6716},
rating = {3}
}

@article{Diday:2000p2326,
author = {E Diday},
title = {Knowledge discovery from symbolic data and the SODAS software},
abstract = {The data descriptions of the units are called ``symbolic'' when they are more complex than the standard ones due to the fact that they contain internal variation and are structured. Symbolic data happen from many sources, for instance in order to summarise huge Rela- tional Data Bases by their underlying concepts. ``Extracting knowledge'' means getting explanatory results, that why, ``symbolic objects'' are in- troduced and studied in this paper. They model concepts and constitute an explanatory output for data analysis. Moreover they can be used in order to define queries of a Relational Data Base and propagate con- cepts between Data Bases. We define ``Symbolic Data Analysis'' (SDA) as the extension of standard Data Analysis to symbolic data tables as input in order to find symbolic objects as output. In this paper we give an overview on recent development on SDA. We present some tools and methods of SDA and introduce the SODAS software prototype (issued from the work of 17 teams of nine countries involved in an European project of EUROSTAT).},
year = {2000},
date-added = {2010-01-10 12:52:06 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 12:53:00 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Diday-2000-_Knowledge%20discovery.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2326},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Skrondal:2003,
author = {Anders Skrondal and Sophia Rabe-Hesketh},
journal = {Norsk Epidemiologi},
title = {Some applications of generalized linear latent and mixed models in epidemiology: Repeated measures, measurement error and multilevel modeling},
number = {2},
pages = {265--278},
volume = {13},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:37:35 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:37:35 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Skrondal-2003-Norsk%20Epidemiologi_Some%20applications%20of.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1117},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Fraley:2010p1686,
author = {C Fraley and A E Raftery},
title = {How Many Clusters? Which Clustering Method? Answers Via Model-Based Cluster Analysis},
abstract = {We consider the problem of determining the structure of clustered data, without prior knowledge of the number of clusters or any other information about their composition. Data are represented by a mixture model in which each component corresponds to a different cluster. Models with varying geometric properties are obtained through Gaussian compo- nents with different parameterizations and cross-cluster constraints. Noise and outliers can be modeled by adding a Poisson process component. Partitions are determined by the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm for maximum likelihood, with initial values from ag- glomerative hierarchical clustering.
Models are compared using an approximation to the Bayes factor based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC); unlike significance tests, this allows comparison of more than two models at the same time, and removes the restriction that the models compared be nested. The problems of determining the number of clusters and the clustering method are solved simultaneously by choosing the best model. Moreover, the EM result provides a measure of uncertainty about the associated classification of each data point.
Examples are given, showing that this approach can give performance that is much better than standard procedures, which often fail to identify groups that are either overlapping or of varying sizes and shapes.},
date-added = {2010-01-09 18:31:02 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-09 18:31:53 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Fraley--_How%20Many%20Clusters?%20W.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1686},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Agresti:2001,
author = {Alan Agresti and I Liu},
journal = {Sociological Methods {\&} Research},
title = {Strategies for modelling a categorical variable allowing multiple category choices},
abstract = {This article discusses strategies for modeling a categorical variable when subjects can select any subset of the categories. With c outcome categories, the models relate to a c-dimensional binary response, with each component indicating whether a particular category is chosen. The strategies are the following: (1) Using logit models directly for the marginal distribution of each component; this accounts for dependence among the component responses but does not treat the dependence as an integral part of the model. (2) Using logit models containing subject random effects to generate the dependence among the components; this approach is limited by implying nonnegative associations having a certain exchangeability. (3) Using loglinear modeling; quasi-symmetric ones are useful but are limited to estimation of within-subject effects. Marginal logit models less fully describe the dependence patterns for the data but require fewer assumptions and focus more directly on the effects of greatest substantive interest.},
pages = {403--434},
volume = {29},
year = {2001},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:18 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:17:57 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1886},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Susser:1996,
author = {E Susser and R Neugebauer and HW et al Hoek},
journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
title = {Schizophrenia after prenatal famine. Further evidence},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Suggestive findings of an earlier study that prenatal nutritional deficiency was a determinant of schizophrenia prompted us to undertake a second test of the hypothesis using more precise data on both exposure and outcome. METHODS: Among persons born in the cities of western Netherlands during 1944 through 1946, we compared the risk for schizophrenia in those exposed and unexposed during early gestation to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944/1945. The frequency of hospitalized patients with schizophrenia at age 24 to 48 years in the exposed and unexposed birth cohorts was ascertained from a national psychiatric registry. RESULTS: The most exposed birth cohort, conceived at the height of the famine, showed a twofold and statistically significant increase in the risk for schizophrenia (relative risk [RR] = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2 to 3.4; P < .01) in both men (RR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.0 to 3.7; P = .05) and women (RR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.0 to 4.7; P = .04). Among all birth cohorts of 1944 through 1946, the risk for schizophrenia clearly peaked in this exposed cohort. CONCLUSION: Prenatal nutritional deficiency may play a role in the origin of some cases of schizophrenia.},
pages = {25--31},
volume = {53},
year = {1996},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:36:09 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:36:10 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1027},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dyer:2010p4932,
author = {Matthew Td Dyer and Kimberley A Goldsmith and Linda S Sharples and Martin J Buxton},
journal = {Health Qual Life Outcomes},
title = {A review of health utilities using the EQ-5D in studies of cardiovascular disease},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The EQ-5D has been extensively used to assess patient utility in trials of new treatments within the cardiovascular field. The aims of this study were to summarise EQ-5D results in the cardiovascular area, review evidence of the validity and reliability of the EQ-5D, and attempt to stratify mean EQ-5D utility scores across different levels of severity of cardiovascular disease. METHODS: A structured literature search was conducted using keywords related to cardiovascular disease and EQ-5D. Original research studies of patients with cardiovascular disease that reported EQ-5D results and its measurement properties were included. RESULTS: Of 147 identified papers, 66 met the selection criteria, with 10 studies reporting evidence on validity or reliability and 60 reporting EQ-5D responses (VAS or self-classification). Mean EQ-5D index-based scores ranged from 0.24 (SD 0.39) to 0.90 (SD 0.16), while VAS scores ranged from 37 (SD 21) to 89 (no SD reported). Stratification of EQ-5D index scores by disease severity revealed that scores decreased from a mean of 0.78 (SD 0.18) to 0.51 (SD 0.21) for mild to severe disease in heart failure patients and from 0.80 (SD 0.05) to 0.45 (SD 0.22) for mild to severe disease in angina patients. CONCLUSIONS: The published evidence generally supports the validity and reliability of the EQ-5D as an outcome measure within the cardiovascular area. This review provides utility estimates across a range of cardiovascular subgroups and treatments that may be useful for future modelling of utilities and QALYs in economic evaluations within the cardiovascular area.},
number = {1},
pages = {13},
volume = {8},
year = {2010},
month = {Jan},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-02-02 12:14:03 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-02 12:14:03 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1477-7525-8-13},
pii = {1477-7525-8-13},
pmid = {20109189},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dyer-2010-Health%20and%20Quality%20of%20Life%20Outcomes_A%20review%20of%20health%20u-1.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4932},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Pettit:2009p11988,
author = {Jeremy W Pettit and Monica J Garza and Kelly E Grover and Dawnelle J Schatte and Sharon T Morgan and Andrew Harper and Ann E Saunders},
journal = {Depress Anxiety},
title = {Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation among suicidal youth},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although suicidal behaviors occur at a high rate in adolescence, relatively few interview-based measures are available to assess suicidal ideation among youth. Existing interview measures are limited by a paucity of empirical study, a failure to conform to standard suicide nomenclature, or a lengthy administration time. This study presents data on the psychometric properties and factor structure of the brief, layperson-administered Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation (MSSI) among suicidal youth. METHODS: The MSSI was administered to an inpatient sample of 102 suicidal youth aged 13-17 years. Additional interview and self-report measures were administered to examine the convergent validity of the MSSI. RESULTS: Consistent with previous findings among suicidal adults, the MSSI displayed good internal consistency and expected patterns of convergent validity. Principal component analysis revealed a bidimensional structure, with factors corresponding to (1) Desire and Ideation and (2) Plans and Preparations. Each factor displayed acceptable internal consistency and expected patterns of convergent validity via associations with hopelessness, depressive symptoms, impulsivity, and a self-report measure of suicidal behaviors. The Plans and Preparations factor significantly associated with the presence of a current suicide attempt and with greater suicide intent among attempters, whereas the Desire and Ideation factor did not. CONCLUSIONS: The MSSI appears to be a reliable and valid instrument to assess suicidal ideation among distressed youth. Clinicians are encouraged to pay particular attention to responses on the Plans and Preparations factor given its stronger association with suicide attempt and more serious suicide intent.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5022, USA. jpettit@uh.edu},
number = {8},
pages = {769--74},
volume = {26},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Bipolar Disorder, Mass Screening, Substance-Related Disorders, Reproducibility of Results, Humans, Intention, Stress Disorders: Post-Traumatic, Male, Personality Assessment, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Comorbidity, Suicide: Attempted, Hospitalization, Risk Assessment, Female, Psychometrics, Suicide, Interview: Psychological, Depressive Disorder: Major, Depressive Disorder, Adolescent},
date-added = {2010-05-23 17:26:02 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-23 17:26:02 +0200},
doi = {10.1002/da.20575},
pmid = {19434622},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11988},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Juang:2010p11513,
author = {Jyh-Ming Jimmy Juang and Lisa de Las Fuentes and Alan D Waggoner and C Charles Gu and Victor G Davila-Roman},
journal = {BMC Med Genet},
title = {Association and interaction of PPAR-complex gene variants with latent traits of left ventricular diastolic function},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in myocardial metabolism and/or regulatory genes have been implicated in left ventricular systolic dysfunction. However, the extent to which these modulate left ventricular diastolic function (LVDF) is uncertain. METHODS: Independent component analysis was applied to extract latent LVDF traits from 14 measured echocardiography-derived endophenotypes of LVDF in 403 Caucasians. Genetic association was assessed between measured and latent LVDF traits and 64 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-complex genes involved in the transcriptional regulation of fatty acid metabolism. RESULTS: By linear regression analysis, 7 SNPs (4 in PPARA, 2 in PPARGC1A, 1 in PPARG) were significantly associated with the latent LVDF trait, whereas a range of 0-4 SNPs were associated with each of the 14 measured echocardiography-derived endophenotypes. Frequency distribution of P values showed a greater proportion of significant associations with the latent LVDF trait than for the measured endophenotypes, suggesting that analyses of the latent trait improved detection of the genetic underpinnings of LVDF. Ridge regression was applied to investigate within-gene and gene-gene interactions. In the within-gene analysis, there were five significant pair-wise interactions in PPARGC1A and none in PPARA or PPARG. In the gene-gene analysis, significant interactions were found between rs4253655 in PPARA and rs1873532 (p=0.02) and rs7672915 (p=0.02), both in PPARGC1A, and between rs1151996 in PPARG and rs4697046 in PPARGC1A (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial metabolism PPAR-complex genes, including within and between genes interactions, may play an important role modulating left ventricular diastolic function.},
number = {1},
pages = {65},
volume = {11},
year = {2010},
month = {Apr},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-05-01 17:34:39 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-01 17:34:39 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2350-11-65},
pii = {1471-2350-11-65},
pmid = {20426853},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Juang-2010-BMC%20Med%20Genet_Association%20and%20inte.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11513},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Bollen:2002,
author = {K A Bollen},
journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
title = {Latent variables in psychology and the social sciences},
abstract = {The paper discusses the use of latent variables in psychology and social science research. Local independence, expected value true scores, and nondeterministic functions of observed variables are three types of definitions for latent variables. These definitions are reviewed and an alternative ``sample realizations'' definition is presented. Another section briefly describes identification, latent variable indeterminancy, and other properties common to models with latent variables. The paper then reviews the role of latent variables in multiple regression, probit and logistic regression, factor analysis, latent curve models, item response theory, latent class analysis, and structural equation models. Though these application areas are diverse, the paper highlights the similarities as well as the differences in the manner in which the latent variables are defined and used. It concludes with an evaluation of the different definitions of latent variables and their properties.},
pages = {605--634},
volume = {53},
year = {2002},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:21 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:38:22 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1166},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Fraley:2002p1687,
author = {C Fraley and A E Raftery},
journal = {JAMA},
title = {Model-based clustering, discriminant analysis, and density estimation},
number = {458},
pages = {611--630},
volume = {97},
year = {2002},
date-added = {2010-01-09 18:32:05 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:01:34 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Fraley-2002-JAMA_Model-based%20clusteri.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1687},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Boulesteix:2007p2582,
author = {Anne-Laure Boulesteix and Carolin Strobl and Stefan Weidinger and H-Erich Wichmann and Stefan Wagenpfeil},
journal = {Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology},
title = {Multiple testing for SNP-SNP interactions},
abstract = {Most genetic diseases are complex, i.e. associated to combinations of SNPs rather than individual SNPs. In the last few years, this topic has often been addressed in terms of SNP-SNP interaction patterns given as expressions linked by logical operators. Methods for multiple testing in high-dimensional settings can be applied when many SNPs are considered simultaneously. However, another less well-known multiple testing problem arises within a fixed subset of SNPs when the logic expression is chosen optimally. In this article, we propose a general asymptotic approach for deriving the distribution of the maximally selected chi-square statistic in various situations. We show how this result can be used for testing logic expressions - in particular SNP-SNP interaction patterns - while controlling for multiple comparisons. Simulations show that our method provides multiple testing adjustments when the logic expression is chosen such as to maximize the statistic. Its benefit is demonstrated through an application to a real dataset from a large population-based study considering allergy and asthma in KORA. An implementation of our method is available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) as R package 'SNPmaxsel'.},
affiliation = {Sylvia Lawry Centre and Institute for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University of Munich. boulesteix@slcmsr.org},
pages = {Article37},
volume = {6},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Linkage Disequilibrium, Humans, Chi-Square Distribution, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Computer Simulation},
date-added = {2010-01-12 22:28:23 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:50:47 +0200},
doi = {10.2202/1544-6115.1315},
pmid = {18171321},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Boulesteix-2007-Statistical%20Applications%20in%20Genetics%20and%20Molecular%20Biology_Multiple%20testing%20for.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2582},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Wilke:2010p11133,
author = {Caitlyn T Wilke and A Simon Pickard and Surrey M Walton and Joern Moock and Thomas Kohlmann and Todd A Lee},
journal = {Health Econ},
title = {Statistical implications of utility weighted and equally weighted HRQL measures: an empirical study},
abstract = {The utility-based approach to health measurement, exemplified by EQ-5D and Health Utilities Index (HUI), has been challenged on a theoretical basis, but the statistical implications of such an approach have received little attention. To empirically investigate this issue, psychometric properties and statistical efficiency of the EQ-5D and HUI Mark 3 (HUI3) classifiers were compared when scored using preference weighted (WPS) and equally weighted summary scores using two longitudinal datasets (n(stroke)=124; n(rehabilitation)=264). Test-retest reliability, construct validity, responsiveness, and relative efficiency (RE) ratios (with bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals) were examined. WPS had slightly lower test-retest reliability, particularly for EQ-5D (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.61 vs 0.72). For known-groups comparisons, WPS had greater inferential power for both EQ-5D and HUI3 (RE>1). No significant differences in sensitivity to change were observed for EQ-5D [0.71 (95% CI: 0.29,1.33) < or = RE < or = 0.96(95% CI: 0.69,1.32)] or HUI3 [0.97 (95% CI: 0.89,1.03) < or = RE < or = 1.23 (95% CI: 0.98,1.72)]. Implications of weighted scoring will depend on whether the weights are greater or less than equal weights where patients fall along the health state classifier continuum. Because utility weights can affect the statistical properties and significance of results, the summary score selected should be appropriate to the purpose of the study and population of interest.},
affiliation = {Center for Pharmacoeconomic Research and Departments of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacy Administration, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.},
number = {1},
pages = {101--10},
volume = {19},
year = {2010},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Empirical Research, Humans, Psychometrics, Statistics: Nonparametric, Quality of Life, Delivery of Health Care, Reproducibility of Results, Health Status},
date-added = {2010-04-14 13:56:42 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-14 13:56:42 +0200},
doi = {10.1002/hec.1467},
pmid = {19248149},
URL = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122220714/abstract},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Wilke-2010-Health%20Econ_Statistical%20implicat.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11133},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Bond:2003a,
author = {T G Bond and J A King},
journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement},
title = {Measuring Client Satisfaction with Public Education II: Comparing Schools with State Benchmarks},
number = {3},
pages = {258--268},
volume = {4},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:18 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Bond-2003-Journal%20of%20Applied%20Measurement_Measuring%20Client%20Sat.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2184},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Wu:2010p10664,
author = {Li-Tzy Wu and Jeng-Jong Pan and Dan G Blazer and Betty Tai and Maxine L Stitzer and George E Woody},
journal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},
title = {Using a latent variable approach to inform gender and racial/ethnic differences in cocaine dependence: a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study},
abstract = {This study applies a latent variable approach to examine gender and racial/ethnic differences in cocaine dependence, to determine the presence of differential item functioning (DIF) or item-response bias to diagnostic questions of cocaine dependence, and to explore the effects of DIF on the predictor analysis of cocaine dependence. The analysis sample included 682 cocaine users enrolled in two national multisite studies of the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN). Participants were recruited from 14 community-based substance abuse treatment programs associated with the CTN, including 6 methadone and 8 outpatient nonmethadone programs. Factor and multiple indicators-multiple causes (MIMIC) procedures evaluated the latent continuum of cocaine dependence and its correlates. MIMIC analysis showed that men exhibited lower odds of cocaine dependence than women (regression coefficient, beta = -0.34), controlling for the effects of DIF, years of cocaine use, addiction treatment history, comorbid drug dependence diagnoses, and treatment setting. There were no racial/ethnic differences in cocaine dependence; however, DIF by race/ethnicity was noted. Within the context of multiple community-based addiction treatment settings, women were more likely than men to exhibit cocaine dependence. Addiction treatment research needs to further evaluate gender-related differences in drug dependence in treatment entry and to investigate how these differences may affect study participation, retention, and treatment response to better serve this population.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA. litzy.wu@duke.edu},
pages = {S70--9},
volume = {38 Suppl 1},
year = {2010},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-04-07 11:47:40 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-07 11:47:48 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2009.12.011},
pii = {S0740-5472(10)00023-1},
pmid = {20307798},
URL = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740-5472(10)00023-1},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Wu-2010-J%20Subst%20Abuse%20Treat_Using%20a%20latent%20varia.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10664},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Ford:1986p11659,
author = {J K Ford and R C MacCallum and M Tait},
journal = {Personnel Psychology},
title = {The application of exploratory factor analysis in applied psychology: A critical review and analysis},
pages = {291--314},
volume = {39},
year = {1986},
date-added = {2010-05-13 21:23:27 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-13 21:25:10 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Ford-1986-Personnel%20Psychology_The%20application%20of%20e.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11659},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Mortensen:1999p10139,
author = {P B Mortensen and C B Pedersen and T Westergaard and J Wohlfahrt and E Ewald and O Mors and P K Andersen and M Melbye},
journal = {N Engl J Med},
title = {EFFECTS OF FAMILY HISTORY AND PLACE AND SEASON OF BIRTH ON THE RISK OF SCHIZOPHRENIA},
abstract = {Background	Although a family history of schizo- phrenia is the best-established risk factor for schizo- phrenia, environmental factors such as the place and season of birth may also be important.
Methods Using data from the Civil Registration System in Denmark, we established a population- based cohort of 1.75 million persons whose mothers were Danish women born between 1935 and 1978. We linked this cohort to the Danish Psychiatric Cen- tral Register and identified 2669 cases of schizophre- nia among cohort members and additional cases among their parents.
Results The respective relative risks of schizo- phrenia for persons with a mother, father, or sibling who had schizophrenia were 9.31 (95 percent confi- dence interval, 7.24 to 11.96), 7.20 (95 percent confi- dence interval, 5.10 to 10.16), and 6.99 (95 percent confidence interval, 5.38 to 9.09), as compared with persons with no affected parents or siblings. The risk of schizophrenia was associated with the degree of urbanization of the place of birth (relative risk for the capital vs. rural areas, 2.40; 95 percent confidence in- terval, 2.13 to 2.70). The risk was also significantly associated with the season of birth; it was highest for births in February and March and lowest for births in August and September. The population at- tributable risk was 5.5 percent for a history of schizo- phrenia in a parent or sibling, 34.6 percent for urban place of birth, and 10.5 percent for the season of birth.
Conclusions	Although a history of schizophrenia in a parent or sibling is associated with the highest relative risk of having the disease, the place and sea- son of birth account for many more cases on a pop- ulation basis.},
pages = {603--608},
volume = {340},
year = {1999},
date-added = {2010-03-31 20:42:06 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:53:14 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Mortensen-1999-N%20Engl%20J%20Med_EFFECTS%20OF%20FAMILY%20HI.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10139},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Fischer:2004p11166,
author = {R Fischer},
journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
title = {STANDARDIZATION TO ACCOUNT FOR CROSS-CULTURAL RESPONSE BIAS A Classification of Score Adjustment Procedures and Review of Research in JCCP},
abstract = {The article reviews standardization methods commonly employed to adjust for response bias in cross-cul- tural research. First, different standardization procedures are reviewed and a classification scheme is pro- vided. Standardization procedures are classified according to the statistical information used (means, stan- dard deviation) and the source of this information (individual, group, or culture). Second, empirical research in JCCP between 1970 and 2002 is reviewed. Standardization has become more common in the 1990s, and there is a trend to rely more on standardized data. Most studies used standardization prior to analysis of vari- ance and factor analytical techniques. However, an analysis of statistical properties of standardized mea- sures indicates that results based on standardization are ambiguous. The use of statistical techniques and the interpretation of results based on standardized data are discussed.},
number = {3},
pages = {263--282},
volume = {35},
year = {2004},
date-added = {2010-04-25 21:10:42 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-25 21:11:55 +0200},
doi = {10.1177/0022022104264122},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Fischer-2004-Journal%20of%20Cross-Cultural%20Psychology_STANDARDIZATION%20TO%20A.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11166},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Ronkainen:2003p12126,
author = {T Ronkainen and H Oja and P Orponen},
journal = {Developments in Robust Statistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Robust Statistics (ICORS'01)},
title = {Computation of the multivariate Oja median},
abstract = {The multivariate Oja (1983) median is an affine equivariant multivariate location estimate with high efficiency. This estimate has a bounded influence function but zero breakdown. The computation of the estimate appears to be highly intensive. We consider different, exact and stochastic, algorithms for the calculation of the value of the estimate. In the stochastic algorithms, the gradient of the objective function, the rank function, is estimated by sampling observation hyperplanes. The estimated rank function with its estimated accuracy then yields a confidence region for the true Oja sample median, and the confidence region shrinks to the sample median with the increasing number of the sampled hyperplanes. Regular grids and and the grid given by the data points are used in the construction. Computation times of different algorithms are discussed and compared. For a  -variate data set with  observations our exact and stochastic algorithm have rough complexity estimates of  and  , respectively, where is the radius of confidence -ball.},
pages = {344--359},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-05-30 10:10:08 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-30 10:11:43 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Ronkainen-2003-Developments%20in%20Robust%20Statistics%20Proceedings%20of%20the%20International%20Conference%20on%20Robust%20Statistics%20(ICORS'01)_Computation%20of%20the%20m.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12126},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cals:2009p11580,
author = {Jochen W L Cals and Christopher C Butler and Rogier M Hopstaken and Kerenza Hood and Geert-Jan Dinant},
journal = {BMJ},
title = {Effect of point of care testing for C reactive protein and training in communication skills on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of general practitioner testing for C reactive protein (disease approach) and receiving training in enhanced communication skills (illness approach) on antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infection. DESIGN: Pragmatic, 2x2 factorial, cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING: 20 general practices in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: 40 general practitioners from 20 practices recruited 431 patients with lower respiratory tract infection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was antibiotic prescribing at the index consultation. Secondary outcomes were antibiotic prescribing during 28 days' follow-up, reconsultation, clinical recovery, and patients' satisfaction and enablement. INTERVENTIONS: General practitioners' use of C reactive protein point of care testing and training in enhanced communication skills separately and combined, and usual care. RESULTS: General practitioners in the C reactive protein test group prescribed antibiotics to 31% of patients compared with 53% in the no test group (P=0.02). General practitioners trained in enhanced communication skills prescribed antibiotics to 27% of patients compared with 54% in the no training group (P<0.01). Both interventions showed a statistically significant effect on antibiotic prescribing at any point during the 28 days' follow-up. Clinicians in the combined intervention group prescribed antibiotics to 23% of patients (interaction term was non-significant). Patients' recovery and satisfaction were similar in all study groups. CONCLUSION: Both general practitioners' use of point of care testing for C reactive protein and training in enhanced communication skills significantly reduced antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infection without compromising patients' recovery and satisfaction with care. A combination of the illness and disease focused approaches may be necessary to achieve the greatest reduction in antibiotic prescribing for this common condition in primary care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN85154857.},
affiliation = {Department of General Practice, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. j.cals@hag.unimaas.nl},
pages = {b1374},
volume = {338},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Female, Point-of-Care Systems, Cluster Analysis, Biological Markers, Adult, Physician's Practice Patterns, Respiratory Tract Infections, Patient Satisfaction, Family Practice, Male, Humans, Communication, C-Reactive Protein, Professional Competence, Anti-Bacterial Agents},
date-added = {2010-05-09 18:25:14 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-09 18:25:15 +0200},
pmid = {19416992},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Cals-2009-BMJ_Effect%20of%20point%20of%20c.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11580},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Frydenberg:1989p6271,
author = {M Frydenberg and S L Lauritzen},
journal = {Biometrika},
title = {Decomposition of Maximum Likelihood in Mixed Graphical Interaction Models},
number = {3},
pages = {539--555},
volume = {76},
year = {1989},
date-added = {2010-02-19 22:13:04 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-19 22:13:55 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Frydenberg-1989-Biometrika_Decomposition%20of%20Max.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6271},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Ge:2009p1495,
author = {Yongchao Ge and Stuart C Sealfon and Terence P Speed},
journal = {Stat Methods Med Res},
title = {Multiple testing and its applications to microarrays},
abstract = {The large-scale multiple testing problems resulting from the measurement of thousands of genes in microarray experiments have received increasing interest during the past several years. This article describes some commonly used criteria for controlling false positive errors, including familywise error rates, false discovery rates and false discovery proportion rates. Various statistical methods controlling these error rates are described. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. These methods are applied to gene expression data from two microarray studies and the properties of these multiple testing procedures are compared.},
affiliation = {Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Systems Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. yongchao.ge@mssm.edu},
number = {6},
pages = {543--63},
volume = {18},
year = {2009},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-07 12:26:05 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-07 12:26:05 +0100},
doi = {10.1177/0962280209351899},
pii = {18/6/543},
pmid = {20048384},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Ge-2009-Stat%20Methods%20Med%20Res_Multiple%20testing%20and.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1495},
rating = {0}
}

@techreport{Rupp:2007,
author = {A A Rupp and M Vock and C Harsch},
journal = {Techreport},
title = {The development, calibration, and inferential validation of standards-based assessments for english as a first foreign language at the IQB},
affiliation = {Institut zur Qualit{\"a}tsentwicklung im Bildungswesen},
year = {2007},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:22 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Rupp-2007-Techreport_The%20development%20cal.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2039},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Gelhorn:2006p9526,
author = {Heather Gelhorn and Michael Stallings and Susan Young and Robin Corley and Soo Hyun Rhee and Hopfer Christian and John Hewitt},
journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry},
title = {Common and specific genetic influences on aggressive and nonaggressive conduct disorder domains},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic and environmental influences on DSM-IV conduct disorder (CD) aggressive and nonaggressive subscales, taking into account age and sex differences. METHOD: A community sample of 1,100 twin pairs (ages 11-18) was interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Bivariate analyses, using variable threshold models accounting for age and sex differences, were used to determine the extent to which the genetic and environmental influences on aggressive and nonaggressive CD domains are shared or unique. RESULTS: The phenotypic correlation between aggressive and nonaggressive CD domains was 0.32. The most parsimonious bivariate model included additive genetic effects and nonshared environmental effects only (AE model). CONCLUSIONS: The results of behavior genetic model fitting suggest that the DSM-IV CD domains are influenced by unique genetic and environmental factors, but also share some common genetic and environmental influences. A large percentage of the covariation (61%) is caused by genetic factors. These results are consistent with a previous report on the bivariate heritability of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior, but extend the findings to DSM-IV domains.},
affiliation = {Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, USA. gelhorn@colorado.edu},
number = {5},
pages = {570--7},
volume = {45},
year = {2006},
month = {May},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Statistics as Topic, Personality Assessment, Female, Twins: Monozygotic, Phenotype, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Child, Humans, Psychometrics, Male, Twins: Dizygotic, Genotype, Diseases in Twins, Adolescent, Social Environment, Child Behavior Disorders, Aggression},
date-added = {2010-03-23 19:42:26 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-23 19:42:26 +0100},
doi = {10.1097/01.chi.0000198596.76443.b0},
pii = {00004583-200605000-00008},
pmid = {16670651},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9526},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Egan:2000p11679,
author = {V Egan and I Deary and E Austin},
journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
title = {The NEO-FFI: emerging British norms and an item-level analysis suggest N, A and C are more reliable than O and E},
abstract = {The NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) was given to 1025 British subjects as part of three independent research studies. Data from these studies were pooled and subjected to item-level analyses. Using standard scoring criteria from the measure provisional British norms were produced which were broadly equivalent to those obtained in the USA. The individual subscales showed good internal consistency. However, the item-level principal components analysis using varimax and oblique rotation and con{\textregistered}rmatory factor analysis revealed that only the Neuroticism, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness traits were coherently represented in the main factors derived by the analysis. Openness and Extraversion factors did not show such stability or consistency. It is argued that as a result of these di􏱜culties, thoughtlessly embracing the NEO-FFI as a quick and e􏱜cient instrument for measuring the `Big Five' personality traits is perhaps premature, as the instrument requires modi{\textregistered}cation and improvement before it can truly be regarded as measuring {\textregistered}ve independent personality traits.},
pages = {907--920},
volume = {29},
year = {2000},
date-added = {2010-05-14 21:28:35 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-24 09:39:36 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Egan-2000-Personality%20and%20Individual%20Differences_The%20NEO-FFI%20emergin-1.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11679},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Schmidt:2009p9093,
author = {Louis A Schmidt and Nathan A Fox and Koraly Perez-Edgar and Dean H Hamer},
journal = {Psychol Sci},
title = {Linking gene, brain, and behavior: DRD4, frontal asymmetry, and temperament},
abstract = {Gene-environment interactions involving exogenous environmental factors are known to shape behavior and personality development. Although gene-environment interactions involving endogenous environmental factors are hypothesized to play an equally important role, this conceptual approach has not been empirically applied in the study of early-developing temperament in humans. Here we report evidence for a gene-endoenvironment (i.e., resting frontal brain electroencephalogram, EEG, asymmetry) interaction in predicting child temperament. The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene (long allele vs. short allele) moderated the relation between resting frontal EEG asymmetry (left vs. right) at 9 months and temperament at 48 months. Children who exhibited left frontal EEG asymmetry at 9 months and who possessed the DRD4 long allele were significantly more soothable at 48 months than other children. Among children with right frontal EEG asymmetry at 9 months, those with the DRD4 long allele had significantly more difficulties focusing and sustaining attention at 48 months than those with the DRD4 short allele. Resting frontal EEG asymmetry did not influence temperament in the absence of the DRD4 long allele. We discuss how the interaction of genetic and endoenvironmental factors may confer risk and protection for different behavioral styles in children.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, Neuroscience {\&} Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada. schmidtl@mcmaster.ca},
number = {7},
pages = {831--7},
volume = {20},
year = {2009},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Longitudinal Studies, Brain, Temperament, Alleles, Behavior, Infant Behavior, Frontal Lobe, Electroencephalography, Child: Preschool, Functional Laterality, Infant, Receptors: Dopamine D4, Humans},
date-added = {2010-03-22 13:23:57 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:46:15 +0200},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02374.x},
pii = {PSCI2374},
pmid = {19493320},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Schmidt-2009-Psychol%20Sci_Linking%20gene%20brain.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9093},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dahl:2009p927,
author = {Tobias Dahl and T Naes},
journal = {Food Qualify and Prefrence},
title = {Identifying outlying assessors in sensory profiling using fuzzy clustering and multi-block methodology},
abstract = {In this paper we discuss methods for detecting outlying assessors in descriptive sensory analysis. A new method is proposed which is based on fuzzy clustering with the use of the noise cluster method. The technique ends up with a plot which can be used to provide information about which assessors that are different from the rest and also to suggest reasons why the assessors are different. The method is based on data compression by the use of either Tucker-1 or Tucker-2 for multi-block data. The technique is used on a dataset based on an oxidation experiment of cheese. There are 9 trained and 3 untrained assessors in the panel.},
affiliation = {epartment of Informatics, University of Oslo, PB-1060 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway},
pages = {287--294},
volume = {20},
year = {2009},
keywords = {Multi-block methods, Principal components, Outliers, Fuzzy clustering, Noise cluster},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:25:13 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:26:50 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dahl-2009-Food%20Qualify%20and%20Prefrence_Identifying%20outlying.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p927},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Robbins:2008p1449,
author = {T W Robbins and B J Everitt and D J Nutt},
journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci},
title = {Introduction. The neurobiology of drug addiction: new vistas},
affiliation = {Experimental Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. twr2@cam.ac.uk},
number = {1507},
pages = {3109--11},
volume = {363},
year = {2008},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Dopamine, Models: Biological, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, Neurobiology, Association Learning, Nucleus Accumbens},
date-added = {2010-01-07 12:22:38 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-07 12:22:38 +0100},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2008.0108},
pii = {5361474767210852},
pmid = {18640913},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Robbins-2008-Philos%20Trans%20R%20Soc%20Lond%20B%20Biol%20Sci_Introduction.%20The%20ne.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1449},
rating = {0}
}

@article{OrlandoEdelen:2006p7865,
author = {Maria Orlando Orlando Edelen and David Thissen and Jeanne A Teresi and Marjorie Kleinman and Katja Ocepek-Welikson},
journal = {Med Care},
title = {Identification of differential item functioning using item response theory and the likelihood-based model comparison approach. Application to the Mini-Mental State Examination},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: An important part of examining the adequacy of measures for use in ethnically diverse populations is the evaluation of differential item functioning (DIF) among subpopulations such as those administered the measure in different languages. A number of methods exist for this purpose. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to introduce and demonstrate the identification of DIF using item response theory (IRT) and the likelihood-based model comparison approach. METHODS: Data come from a sample of community-residing elderly who were part of a dementia case registry. A total of 1578 participants were administered either an English (n = 913) or Spanish (n = 665) version of the 21-item Mini-Mental State Examination. IRT was used to identify language DIF in these items with the likelihood-based model comparison approach. RESULTS:: Fourteen of the 21 items exhibited significant DIF according to language of administration. However, because the direction of the identified DIF was not consistent for one language version over the other, the impact at the scale level was negligible. CONCLUSIONS: IRT and the likelihood-based model comparison approach comprise a powerful tool for DIF detection that can aid in the development, refinement, and evaluation of measures for use in ethnically diverse populations.},
affiliation = {RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California 90407, USA. maria_orlando@rand.org},
number = {11 Suppl 3},
pages = {S134--42},
volume = {44},
year = {2006},
month = {Nov},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Hispanic Americans, Aged, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Ethnic Groups, New York City, Female, Bias (Epidemiology), Neuropsychological Tests, Reference Standards, Dementia, Translating, Male, Humans, Psychometrics, Cross-Cultural Comparison},
date-added = {2010-03-20 19:02:20 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:39:29 +0200},
doi = {10.1097/01.mlr.0000245251.83359.8c},
pii = {00005650-200611001-00019},
pmid = {17060820},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Orlando%20Edelen-2006-Med%20Care_Identification%20of%20di.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7865},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Yang:2007p10080,
author = {Jian Yang and Jun Zhu and Robert W Williams},
journal = {Bioinformatics},
title = {Mapping the genetic architecture of complex traits in experimental populations},
abstract = {SUMMARY: Understanding how interactions among set of genes affect diverse phenotypes is having a greater impact on biomedical research, agriculture and evolutionary biology. Mapping and characterizing the isolated effects of single quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a first step, but we also need to assemble networks of QTLs and define non-additive interactions (epistasis) together with a host of potential environmental modulators. In this article, we present a full-QTL model with which to explore the genetic architecture of complex trait in multiple environments. Our model includes the effects of multiple QTLs, epistasis, QTL-by-environment interactions and epistasis-by-environment interactions. A new mapping strategy, including marker interval selection, detection of marker interval interactions and genome scans, is used to evaluate putative locations of multiple QTLs and their interactions. All the mapping procedures are performed in the framework of mixed linear model that are flexible to model environmental factors regardless of fix or random effects being assumed. An F-statistic based on Henderson method III is used for hypothesis tests. This method is less computationally greedy than corresponding likelihood ratio test. In each of the mapping procedures, permutation testing is exploited to control for genome-wide false positive rate, and model selection is used to reduce ghost peaks in F-statistic profile. Parameters of the full-QTL model are estimated using a Bayesian method via Gibbs sampling. Monte Carlo simulations help define the reliability and efficiency of the method. Two real-world phenotypes (BXD mouse olfactory bulb weight data and rice yield data) are used as exemplars to demonstrate our methods. AVAILABILITY: A software package is freely available at http://ibi.zju.edu.cn/software/qtlnetwork},
affiliation = {Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.},
number = {12},
pages = {1527--36},
volume = {23},
year = {2007},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Oryza sativa, Chromosomes: Mammalian, Phenotype, Genotype, Genome, Animals, Stochastic Processes, Crosses: Genetic, Computational Biology, Markov Chains, Monte Carlo Method, Chromosome Mapping, Epistasis: Genetic, Haplotypes, Mice, Mice: Inbred C57BL, Quantitative Trait: Heritable, Chromosomes: Plant, Genetic Markers, Algorithms, Genetic Variation, Likelihood Functions, Mice: Inbred DBA, Genome: Plant, Regression Analysis, Models: Genetic, Computer Simulation},
date-added = {2010-03-31 20:19:40 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-03-31 20:19:40 +0200},
doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btm143},
pii = {btm143},
pmid = {17459962},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10080},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Mislevy:2006p4258,
author = {R J Mislevy},
title = {Issues of Structure and Issues of Scale in Assessment From a Situative/Sociocultural Perspective},
abstract = {A situated/sociocultural (SC) view of assessment ``emphasizes questions about the quality of students' participation in activities of inquiry and sense-making, and considers assessment practices as integral components of the general systems of activity in which they occur'' (Greeno, Collins, {\&} Resnick, 1997, p. 36). This presentation addresses two issues. The first is understanding the SC view of assessment through the lens of an ``evidence centered'' design framework that has proven useful for assessment cast in trait, behavioral, and information-processing perspectives. The second is addressing issues that arise when one attempts to design assessments that are at once compatible with SC principles and suitable for large-scale use. Illustrations are drawn from the Advanced Placement Studio Art portfolio art assessment and the HYDRIVE intelligent tutoring system.},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-01-23 21:06:16 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-23 21:06:44 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Mislevy-2006-_Issues%20of%20Structure.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4258},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Straus:2004p8308,
author = {Murray A Straus and Emily M Douglas},
journal = {Violence Vict},
title = {A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for severity and mutuality},
abstract = {The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) is the most widely used instrument for measuring intimate partner violence. This article presents a short form to enable the CTS2 to be used when testing time is very limited. It also presents procedures that can be used with either the full test or the short form to classify individuals on the basis of severity of behavior toward a partner or by a partner, and to classify couples on the basis of mutuality or symmetry in the behaviors measured by the CTS2. The results indicate that the short form is comparable in validity to the full CTS2. Although the short form does not identify as many cases of partner violence as the full scale, it does identify a large number of cases and if there is insufficient time for the full scale, can be a useful screening instrument.},
affiliation = {Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824, USA. Murray.Straus@unh.edu},
number = {5},
pages = {507--20},
volume = {19},
year = {2004},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Spouse Abuse, Adult, United States, Interpersonal Relations, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Severity of Illness Index, Mass Screening, Sensitivity and Specificity, Questionnaires},
date-added = {2010-03-20 20:05:47 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-20 20:05:47 +0100},
pmid = {15844722},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8308},
rating = {0}
}

@article{McPhail:2010p13752,
author = {Steven McPhail and Terry Haines},
journal = {Health Qual Life Outcomes},
title = {Response shift, recall bias and their effect on measuring change in health-related quality of life amongst older hospital patients},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Assessments of change in subjective patient reported outcomes such as health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are a key component of many clinical and research evaluations. However, conventional longitudinal evaluation of change may not agree with patient perceived change if patients' understanding of the subjective construct under evaluation changes over time (response shift) or if patients' have inaccurate recollection (recall bias). This study examined whether older adults' perception of change is in agreement with conventional longitudinal evaluation of change in their HRQoL over the duration of their hospital stay. It also investigated this level of agreement after adjusting patient perceived change for recall bias that patients may have experienced. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal cohort design nested within a larger randomised controlled trial was implemented. 103 hospitalised older adults participated in this investigation at a tertiary hospital facility. The EQ-5D utility and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) scores were used to evaluate HRQoL. Participants completed EQ-5D reports as soon as they were medically stable (within three days of admission) then again immediately prior to discharge. Three methods of change score calculation were used (conventional change, patient perceived change and patient perceived change adjusted for recall bias). Agreement was primarily investigated using intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC) and limits of agreement. RESULTS: Overall 101(98%) participants completed both admission and discharge assessments. The mean(SD) age was 73.3(11.2). The median(IQR) length of stay was 38(20-60) days. For agreement between conventional longitudinal change and patient perceived change: ICCs were 0.34 and 0.40 for EQ-5D utility and VAS respectively. For agreement between conventional longitudinal change and patient perceived change adjusted for recall bias: ICCs were 0.98 and 0.90 respectively. Discrepancy between conventional longitudinal change and patient perceived change was considered clinically meaningful for 84(83.2%) of participants, after adjusting for recall bias this reduced to 8(7.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Agreement between conventional change and patient perceived change was not strong. A large proportion of this disagreement could be attributed to recall bias. To overcome the invalidating effect of response shift (on conventional change) and recall bias (on patient perceived change) a method of adjusting patient perceived change for recall bias has been described.},
number = {1},
pages = {65},
volume = {8},
year = {2010},
month = {Jul},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-07-24 12:43:41 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-24 12:43:41 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1477-7525-8-65},
pii = {1477-7525-8-65},
pmid = {20618978},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/McPhail-2010-Health%20and%20Quality%20of%20Life%20Outcomes_Response%20shift%20reca-1.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13752},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Wolpert:1992p2804,
author = {D H Wolpert},
journal = {Neural Netw},
title = {Stacked generalization},
pages = {241--259},
volume = {5},
year = {1992},
date-added = {2010-01-13 14:48:34 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:41:07 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Wolpert-1992-Neural%20Netw_Stacked%20generalizati.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2804},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lecoutre:1999p11764,
author = {B Lecoutre},
journal = {International Statistical Institute},
title = {Beyond the significance test controversy: Prime time for Bayes?},
year = {1999},
date-added = {2010-05-23 10:12:02 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-23 10:12:28 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Lecoutre-1999-International%20Statistical%20Institute_Beyond%20the%20significa.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11764},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Barnes:2002,
author = {L L B Barnes and D Harp and W S Jung},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
title = {Reliability Generalization of scores on the Speilberger State-trait Anxiety Inventory},
volume = {62},
year = {2002},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:21 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1899},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Liu:2007p2906,
author = {Hongjie Liu and Shuli Yu and Lesley Cottrell and Sonja Lunn and Lynette Deveaux and Nanika V Brathwaite and Sharon Marshall and Xiaoming Li and Bonita Stanton},
journal = {BMC Public Health},
title = {Personal values and involvement in problem behaviors among Bahamian early adolescents: a cross-sectional study},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Few studies, particularly in developing countries, have explored the relationship between adolescents and parental values with adolescent problem behaviors. The objectives of the study are to (1) describe adolescents' personal values, their problem behaviors, and the relationships thereof according to gender and (2) examine the relationship between parental values, adolescent values, and adolescents' problem behaviors among sixth-grade students and one of their parents. METHODS: The data used in these analyses were from the baseline assessment of a school-based HIV risk reduction intervention being conducted and evaluated among sixth grade students and one of their parents across 9 elementary schools in The Bahamas. Personal values were measured by the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ). Seven reported problem behaviors were queried from the students, which included physical fight with a friend, drank alcohol, beer, or wine, smoked a cigarette, pushed or carried any drugs, carried a gun, knife, screwdriver or cutlass to use as a weapon, had sex and used marijuana or other illicit drugs over the past 6 months. Multilevel modeling for binary data was performed to estimate the associations between adolescent and parental values and adolescent problem behaviors. RESULTS: Among 785 students, 47% of the students reported at least one problem behavior. More boys (54%) reported having one or more problem behaviors than girls (41%, p < 0.01). Boys compared to girls expressed a higher level of self-enhancement (means score: 36.5 vs. 35.1; p = 0.03), while girls expressed a higher level of self-transcendence (42.3 vs. 40.7; p = 0.03). The results of multilevel modeling indicates that boys with a higher level of self-enhancement and girls with a higher level of openness to change and a lower level of conservation were more likely to report engagement in problem behaviors. Only two parental values (self-transcendence and conservation) were low or modestly correlated with youth' values (openness to change and self-enhancement). Parental-reported values documented limited association on adolescents' reported values and behaviors. CONCLUSION: In designing interventions for reducing adolescents' problem behaviors, it may be important to understand the values associated with specific problem behaviors. Further exploration regarding lack of association between adolescent and parental values and problem behaviors is needed.},
affiliation = {The Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. hongjie@med.wayne.edu},
pages = {135},
volume = {7},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Questionnaires, Students, Interviews as Topic, Adolescent Behavior, Sexual Behavior, Adolescent, Female, Risk-Taking, Social Values, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Cross-Sectional Studies, Child, Psychometrics, Health Knowledge: Attitudes: Practice, Sex Factors, Male, Humans, Social Behavior Disorders, Bahamas},
date-added = {2010-01-13 15:01:48 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-13 15:01:48 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-7-135},
pii = {1471-2458-7-135},
pmid = {17605792},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Liu-2007-BMC%20Public%20Health_Personal%20values%20and.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2906},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Reeve:2007p2441,
author = {Bryce B Reeve and Ron D Hays and Jakob B Bjorner and Karon F Cook and Paul K Crane and Jeanne A Teresi and David Thissen and Dennis A Revicki and David J Weiss and Ronald K Hambleton and Honghu Liu and Richard Gershon and Steven P Reise and Jin-Shei Lai and David Cella and PROMIS Cooperative Group},
journal = {Med Care},
title = {Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The construction and evaluation of item banks to measure unidimensional constructs of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a fundamental objective of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) project. OBJECTIVES: Item banks will be used as the foundation for developing short-form instruments and enabling computerized adaptive testing. The PROMIS Steering Committee selected 5 HRQOL domains for initial focus: physical functioning, fatigue, pain, emotional distress, and social role participation. This report provides an overview of the methods used in the PROMIS item analyses and proposed calibration of item banks. ANALYSES: Analyses include evaluation of data quality (eg, logic and range checking, spread of response distribution within an item), descriptive statistics (eg, frequencies, means), item response theory model assumptions (unidimensionality, local independence, monotonicity), model fit, differential item functioning, and item calibration for banking. RECOMMENDATIONS: Summarized are key analytic issues; recommendations are provided for future evaluations of item banks in HRQOL assessment.},
affiliation = {National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. reeveb@mail.nih.gov},
number = {5 Suppl 1},
pages = {S22--31},
volume = {45},
year = {2007},
month = {May},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Female, Psychometrics, Health Status, Adult, United States, Questionnaires, Self Disclosure, Databases as Topic, Adolescent, Aged, Middle Aged, Calibration, Humans, Quality of Life, Male, Information Systems, Evaluation Studies as Topic},
date-added = {2010-01-11 23:51:14 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:39:29 +0200},
doi = {10.1097/01.mlr.0000250483.85507.04},
pii = {00005650-200705001-00004},
pmid = {17443115},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Reeve-2007-Med%20Care_Psychometric%20evaluat.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2441},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Wilson:1995p268,
author = {I B Wilson and P D Cleary},
journal = {JAMA},
title = {Linking clinical variables with health-related quality of life. A conceptual model of patient outcomes},
abstract = {Our model proposes a taxonomy or classification scheme for different measures of health outcome. We divide these outcomes into five levels: biological and physiological factors, symptoms, functioning, general health perceptions, and overall quality of life. In addition to classifying these outcome measures, we propose specific causal relationships between them that link traditional clinical variables to measures of HRQL. As one moves from left to right in the model, one moves outward from the cell to the individual to the interaction of the individual as a member of society. The concepts at each level are increasingly integrated and increasingly difficult to define and measure. AT each level, there are an increasing number of inputs that cannot be controlled by clinicians or the health care system as it is traditionally defined.},
affiliation = {Primary Care Outcomes Research Institute, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA.},
number = {1},
pages = {59--65},
volume = {273},
year = {1995},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Health Services Research, Health Status Indicators, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Models: Theoretical, Patient Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Humans, Activities of Daily Living, Decision Support Techniques},
date-added = {2010-01-03 11:27:04 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 11:27:04 +0100},
pmid = {7996652},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p268},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Pages:2001p4077,
author = {J Pag{\`e}s and M Tenenhaus},
journal = {Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems},
title = {Multiple factor analysis combined with PLS path modelling. Application to the analysis of relationships between physicochemical variables, sensory profiles and hedonic judgements},
abstract = {Multiple Factor Analysis {\v Z}MFA. highlights the structures common to a set of J groups {\v Z}or blocks. of variables observed for the same individuals. PLS path modelling allows a search for latent variables, summarising as far as possible one-dimen- sional blocks of manifest variables while taking account of causal links between the blocks. These two methods can be com- bined: MFA, as an exploratory analysis, helps to define blocks, being both one-dimensional and as well-correlated as possi- ble, on which PLS path modelling is performed.
In this paper, we present MFA in detail and PLS path modelling more briefly. We also mention some links between MFA, PLS path modelling and PLS regression. A detailed presentation of a sensory analysis example will illustrate the proposed methodology. },
affiliation = {ENSA--INSFA, Rennes, France},
pages = {261--273},
volume = {58},
year = {2001},
date-added = {2010-01-19 15:54:32 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-19 15:55:57 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Pag%C3%A8s-2001-Chemometrics%20and%20Intelligent%20Laboratory%20Systems_Multiple%20factor%20anal.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4077},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Ferrando:1999p5902,
author = {P J Ferrando},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
title = {Likert Scaling Using Continuous, Censored, and Graded Response Models: Effects on Criterion-Related Validity},
abstract = {This study examined how three item response models performed when they were applied to data col- lected from a conventionally developed Likert-type personality scale. Each model examined is based on a different response assumption: the multiple linear factor analysis model (continuous responses), the TOBIT factor analysis model (censored responses), and the multidimensional graded response model. The item and examinee parameters of the models were estimated using different discrepancy functions and current software implementations. Comparisons
were made in terms of the goodness-of-fit of the model, parameter estimates, and criterion-related validity. Results showed that the models' response assumptions were reasonably tenable and that the solutions obtained in all cases were similar. More complex models did not lead to substantial improve- ment in predictive validity.},
number = {2},
pages = {161--175},
volume = {23},
year = {1999},
date-added = {2010-02-18 23:01:34 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-18 23:02:29 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Ferrando-1999-Applied%20Psychological%20Measurement_Likert%20Scaling%20Using.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5902},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kolenikov:2010p2925,
author = {S Kolenikov},
journal = {The Stata Joumal},
title = {Confirmatory factor analysis using cfa},
date-added = {2010-01-13 22:11:56 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:53:39 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kolenikov--The%20Stata%20Joumal_Confirmatory%20factor.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2925},
rating = {0}
}

@inbook{Schaeffer:2004,
author = {NC Schaeffer and JL Dykema},
journal = {Book},
title = {Methods for testing and evaluating survey questionnaires},
chapter = {Improving the clarity of closely related concepts},
year = {2004},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:21:41 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p935},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Hatemi:2007p2237,
author = {Peter K Hatemi and Sarah E Medland and Katherine I Morley and Andrew C Heath and Nicholas G Martin},
journal = {Behav Genet},
title = {The genetics of voting: an Australian twin study},
abstract = {Previously we and others have shown evidence for genetic influences on political attitudes and sociodemographic indicators (Martin 1987; Posner et al. 1996; Truett et al. 1992; Eaves et al. 1999). However, the nature of the relationship between political attitudes, social indictors and voting behavior has not been investigated. While heritability estimates for social and political attitudes have been reported in previous research, the heritability for vote choice has not. Furthermore, if vote choice is heritable, it is unclear whether the heritable component can be accounted for through the genetic influence on related social and political traits, or if there exists a unique genetic component specific to voting behavior. In mailed surveys of adult Australian twins, we asked respondents to indicate their usual voting preference as well as attitudes on contemporary individual political items. When vote choice was dichotomized as Labor versus Conservative, twin correlations were r (mz) = 0.81 (1,661 pairs), and r (dz) = 0.69 (1,727 pairs) consistent with modest genetic influence (a (2) = 0.24). However, multivariate genetic analysis showed no unique genetic contribution to voting preference; rather, the genetic influence in vote choice could be explained by shared genetic influences in perceived social class, church attendance and certain key political attitude items.},
affiliation = {Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. Peter.Hatemi@qimr.edu.au},
number = {3},
pages = {435--48},
volume = {37},
year = {2007},
month = {May},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Socioeconomic Factors, Cohort Studies, Registries, Adult, Attitude, Humans, Health Status, Life Style, Data Collection, Social Class, Politics, Australia, Questionnaires, Social Behavior},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:57:38 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:09:06 +0200},
doi = {10.1007/s10519-006-9138-8},
pmid = {17221311},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Hatemi-2007-Behav%20Genet_The%20genetics%20of%20voti.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2237},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Bland:1997p899,
author = {JM Bland and Douglas G Altman},
journal = {British Medical Journal},
title = {Cronbach's Alpha},
pages = {572},
volume = {314},
year = {1997},
date-added = {2010-01-03 18:26:16 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:20:56 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Bland-1997-British%20Medical%20Journal_Cronbach's%20Alpha.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p899},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lee:2006p1720,
author = {S H Lee and R Terry},
journal = {SUGI 31 Proceedings},
title = {MDIRT-FIT: SAS{\textregistered} Macros for Fitting Multidimensional Item Response},
abstract = {Even though unidimensional item response theory (IRT) provides a better framework for practical test settings than classical test theory (CTT), theoretical and empirical evidence shows that most response data violate the assumption of unidimensionality. There are several computer programs dedicated to estimating parameters based on the multidimensional perspective (MIRT). However, their accessibility is still costly, and they are not easy to use. In this paper, we present a SAS macro called MDIRT-FIT, to increase accessibility to the benefits obtained from this recent measurement theory development. The program is developed to estimate parameters based on a compensatory multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) model for dichotomous data. The full information item factor analysis model with an EM algorithm suggested in Bock {\&} Aitken (1988) is implemented in the SAS programs. The estimation program written in SAS/IML{\textregistered} provides both parameters of MIRT and parameters of the factor analysis model with their associated standard errors and overall model fit statistics. The maximum number of latent traits that can be estimated with this program is limited to five latent dimensions because of both computational burden and practical sufficiency. The accuracy and stability of the SAS macro is examined by utilizing simulated data of examinees' responses.},
pages = {199--31},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-01-09 20:27:29 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-09 20:29:42 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Lee-2006-SUGI%2031%20Proceedings_MDIRT-FIT%20SAS%C2%AE%20Macr.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1720},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Halpern:2009p6389,
author = {Vera Halpern and Orikomaba Obunge and Folasade Ogunsola and Sakiru Otusanya and John Umo-Otong and Chin-Hua Wang and Neha Mehta},
journal = {BMC Med Res Methodol},
title = {Interim data monitoring to enroll higher-risk participants in HIV prevention trials},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Lower-than-expected incidence of HIV undermines sample size calculations and compromises the power of a HIV prevention trial. We evaluated the effectiveness of interim monitoring of HIV infection rates and on-going modification of recruitment strategies to enroll women at higher risk of HIV in the Cellulose Sulfate Phase III study in Nigeria. METHODS: We analyzed prevalence and incidence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, demographic and sexual behavior characteristics aggregated over the treatment groups on a quarterly basis. The site investigators were advised on their recruitment strategies based on the findings of the interim analyses. RESULTS: A total of 3619 women were screened and 1644 enrolled at the Ikeja and Apapa clinics in Lagos, and at the Central and Peripheral clinics in Port Harcourt. Twelve months after study initiation, the overall incidence of HIV was less than one-third of the pre-study assumption, with rates of HIV that varied substantially between clinics. Due to the low prevalence and incidence rates of HIV, it was decided to close the Ikeja clinic in Lagos and to find new catchment areas in Port Harcourt. This strategy was associated with an almost two-fold increase in observed HIV incidence during the second year of the study. CONCLUSION: Given the difficulties in estimating HIV incidence, a close monitoring of HIV prevalence and incidence rates during a trial is warranted. The on-going modification of recruitment strategies based on the regular analysis of HIV rates appeared to be an efficient method for targeting populations at greatest risk of HIV infection and increasing study power in the Nigeria trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov registry under {\#}NCT00120770 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00120770.},
affiliation = {Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. vhalpern@fhi.org},
pages = {44},
volume = {9},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Nigeria, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Adult, Female, Incidence, Sample Size, Young Adult, Prevalence, Data Collection, HIV Infections, Humans},
date-added = {2010-02-23 08:26:08 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-23 08:26:08 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-9-44},
pii = {1471-2288-9-44},
pmid = {19549331},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6389},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Javaras:2007p2335,
author = {K N Javaras and B D Ripley},
journal = {JAMA},
title = {An ``Unfolding'' Latent Variable Model for Likert Attitude Data: Drawing Inferences Adjusted for Response Style},
abstract = {Likert attitude data consist of responses to favorable and unfavorable statements about an entity, where responses fall into ordered categories ranging from disagreement to agreement. Social science and marketing researchers frequently use data of this type to measure attitudes toward an entity such as a policy or product. We focus on data on American and British attitudes toward their respective nations (``national pride''). We introduce a multidimensional unfolding model (MUM) to describe the relationship between the data and the attitudes underlying them. Unlike most existing models, the MUM allows the data to reflect not just attitudes, but also response style, which is defined as a consistent and content-independent pattern of response category selection such as a tendency to agree with all statements. The MUM can be used to model multiple attitudes, which allows researchers to expand their analysis of the data of interest to include all available Likert data so as to increase information on response style. For example, we include additional data on immigration attitudes to help distinguish the effects of response style and national pride on our data. The MUM can be used to fit linear models for the effects of background variables on attitudes. Resulting inferences about attitudes are adjusted for response style and should be less biased. Simulation results strongly suggest that, unlike Likert's popular scoring model, the MUM yields unbiased inferences even when there are unequal proportions of favorable and unfavorable statements.},
number = {478},
pages = {454--463},
volume = {102},
year = {2007},
date-added = {2010-01-10 13:18:58 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:01:35 +0200},
doi = {10.1198/016214506000000960},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Javaras-2007-JAMA_An%20%E2%80%9CUnfolding%E2%80%9D%20Laten.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2335},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Barrada:2009p534,
author = {Juan Ramon Barrada and Julio Olea and Vicente Ponsoda and Francisco Jose Abad},
journal = {Methodology},
title = {Item Selection Rules in Computerized Adaptive Testing. Accuracy and Security},
abstract = {The item selection rule (ISR) most commonly used in computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is to select the item with maximum Fisher information for the current trait estimation (PFI). Several alternative ISRs have been proposed. Among them, Fisher information considered in an interval (FI*I), Fisher information weighted with the likelihood function (FI*L), Kullback-Leibler information considered in an interval (KL*I) and Kullback-Leibler weighted with the likelihood function (KL*L) have shown a greater precision of trait estimation at the early stages of CAT. A new ISR is proposed, Fisher information by interval with geometric mean (FI*IG), which tries to rectify some detected problems in FI*I. We evaluate accuracy and item bank security for these six ISRs. FI*IG is the only ISR which simultaneously outperforms PFI in both variables. For the other ISRs, there seems to be a trade-off between accuracy and security, PFI being the one with worse accuracy and greater security, and the ISRs using the likelihood function the reverse.},
affiliation = {Universidad Aut{\'o}noma de Barcelona, Spain},
number = {1},
pages = {7--17},
volume = {5},
year = {2009},
keywords = {item selection, computerized adaptive testing, test security, item exposure control},
date-added = {2010-01-03 13:49:23 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:04:05 +0200},
doi = {10.1027/1614-2241.5.1.7},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Barrada-2009-Methodology_Item%20Selection%20Rules.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p534},
rating = {0}
}

@article{John:1999p1370,
author = {O P John and S Srivastava},
title = {The Big-Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives},
year = {1999},
date-added = {2010-01-07 12:14:31 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-07 12:15:14 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/John-1999-_The%20Big-Five%20Trait%20T.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1370},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Gandek:1998p5873,
author = {B Gandek and J E Ware and Neil K Aaronson and Jordi Alonso and G Apolone and J Bjorner and J Brazier and M Bullinger and S Fukuhara and S Kaasa and A Lepl{\`e}ge and M Sullivan},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
title = {Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability of the SF-36 in eleven countries: results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment},
abstract = {Data from general population samples in 11 countries (n = 1483 to 9151) were used to assess data quality and test the assumptions underlying the construction and scoring of multi-item scales from the SF-36 Health Survey. Across all countries, the rate of item-level missing data generally was low, although slightly higher for items printed in the grid format. In each country, item means generally were clustered as hypothesized within scales. Correlations between items and hypothesized scales were greater than 0.40 with one exception, supporting item internal consistency. Items generally correlated significantly higher with their own scale than with competing scales, supporting item discriminant validity. Scales could be constructed for 93-100% of respondents. Internal consistency reliability of the eight SF-36 scales was above 0.70 for all scales, with two exceptions. Floor effects were low for all except the two role functioning scales; ceiling effects were high for both role functioning scales and also were noteworthy for the Physical Functioning, Bodily Pain, and Social Functioning scales in some countries. These results support the construction and scoring of the SF-36 translations in these 11 countries using the method of summated ratings.},
affiliation = {Health Assessment Lab at the Health Institute, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.},
number = {11},
pages = {1149--58},
volume = {51},
year = {1998},
month = {Nov},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Questionnaires, Developed Countries, Health Status Indicators, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Quality of Life, Psychometrics, Humans, Discriminant Analysis},
date-added = {2010-02-17 15:01:49 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:19:11 +0200},
pii = {S0895435698001061},
pmid = {9817132},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Gandek-1998-Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Epidemiology_Tests%20of%20data%20qualit.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5873},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dai:2006p4648,
author = {James Y Dai and Ingo Ruczinski and Michael LeBlanc and Charles Kooperberg},
journal = {Genet Epidemiol},
title = {Imputation methods to improve inference in SNP association studies},
abstract = {Missing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are quite common in genetic association studies. Subjects with missing SNPs are often discarded in analyses, which may seriously undermine the inference of SNP-disease association. In this article, we develop two haplotype-based imputation approaches and one tree-based imputation approach for association studies. The emphasis is to evaluate the impact of imputation on parameter estimation, compared to the standard practice of ignoring missing data. Haplotype-based approaches build on haplotype reconstruction by the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm or a weighted EM (WEM) algorithm, depending on whether case-control status is taken into account. The tree-based approach uses a Gibbs sampler to iteratively sample from a full conditional distribution, which is obtained from the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm. We employ a standard multiple imputation procedure to account for the uncertainty of imputation. We apply the methods to simulated data as well as a case-control study on developmental dyslexia. Our results suggest that imputation generally improves efficiency over the standard practice of ignoring missing data. The tree-based approach performs comparably well as haplotype-based approaches, but the former has a computational advantage. The WEM approach yields the smallest bias at a price of increased variance.},
affiliation = {Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. yud@u.washington.edu},
number = {8},
pages = {690--702},
volume = {30},
year = {2006},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Probability, Case-Control Studies, Algorithms, Likelihood Functions, Research Design, Reproducibility of Results, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Chromosome Mapping, Models: Statistical, Dyslexia, Models: Genetic, Haplotypes, Computer Simulation, Humans},
date-added = {2010-01-30 16:05:53 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-30 16:05:53 +0100},
doi = {10.1002/gepi.20180},
pmid = {16986162},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dai-2006-Genet%20Epidemiol_Imputation%20methods%20t.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4648},
rating = {0}
}

@book{Guyon2006,
author = {I Guyon and S Gunn and M Nikravesh and L A Zadeh},
journal = {Book},
title = {Feature Extraction: Foundations And Applications},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-01-12 14:26:46 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-12 14:26:52 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2535},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Shen:2009p2373,
author = {Qi Shen and Wei-min Shi and Wei Kong},
journal = {J Biomed Inform},
title = {New gene selection method for multiclass tumor classification by class centroid},
abstract = {In the analysis of gene expression profiles, the selection of genetic markers and precise diagnosis of cancer type are crucial for successful treatment. The selection of discriminatory genes is critical to improve the accuracy and decrease computational complexity and cost in microarray analysis. In this paper, we developed a new statistical parameter, the suitability score to filter genes which only utilize sample distances from the class centroid. The filtered genes are employed in the nearest centroid classification to classify cancer. To evaluate the performance of the new statistical parameter, the proposed approach is applied to three publicly available microarray datasets. In this paper we demonstrate that the proposed gene selection method is steady in handling classification tasks and is a useful tool for gene selection and mining high dimension data.},
affiliation = {Chemistry Department, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.},
number = {1},
pages = {59--65},
volume = {42},
year = {2009},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Genetic Markers, Genes, Databases: Genetic, Neoplasms, Algorithms, Genes: Neoplasm, Gene Expression Profiling, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Humans, Sensitivity and Specificity},
date-added = {2010-01-10 19:28:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 19:28:10 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbi.2008.05.011},
pii = {S1532-0464(08)00082-8},
pmid = {18835752},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Shen-2009-J%20Biomed%20Inform_New%20gene%20selection%20m.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2373},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Ormel:1997p13122,
author = {J Ormel and S Lindenberg and N Steverink and M Vonkorff},
journal = {Soc Sci Med},
title = {Quality of life and social production functions: a framework for understanding health effects},
abstract = {Quality of life (QofL) has emerged as a new outcome paradigm. It is now the endpoint in various taxonomies of patient outcomes, in which relationships are modeled amongst biological abnormalities, symptom status, functional status, disability, health perceptions and quality of life. Although current models and taxonomies point at important determinants of QofL, they do not provide a heuristic that guides the conceptualization of QofL and the systematic development of an explanatory theory of how ill health affects QofL. General mechanisms linking ill health, behavior, and QofL are lacking. In this paper we propose social production function (SPF) theory as providing such a heuristic, relating the effects of ill health, the activities that patients engage in to maintain QofL, and QofL itself. This theory basically asserts that people produce their own well-being by trying to optimize achievement of universal human goals via six instrumental goals within the environmental and functional limitations they are facing. Three important notions of SPF theory are: (1) the linkages between goals, needs, and well-being; (2) the distinction between universal needs and instrumental goals; and (3) substitution among instrumental goals, activities and endowments according to cost-benefit considerations, whereby costs refer to scarce resources such as functional capacity, time, effort and money. We will argue that SPF theory meaningfully relates the "biomedical model"-with its focus on pathological processes and biological, physiological and clinical outcomes-to the "quality of life" model, with its focus on functioning and well-being. We describe SPF theory and how SPF theory can be used to: (1) operationally define and measure QofL; (2) clarify persistent measurement problems; and (3) develop an explanatory framework of the effects of disease on QofL. In the discussion section, we address the limitations of the SPF approach of QofL and its relationship with personality.},
affiliation = {Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.},
number = {7},
pages = {1051--63},
volume = {45},
year = {1997},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Health Status Indicators, Activities of Daily Living, Health Services Research, Humans, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Models: Theoretical},
date-added = {2010-06-26 10:48:24 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-26 10:48:24 +0200},
pii = {S0277953697000324},
pmid = {9257397},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Ormel-1997-Soc%20Sci%20Med_Quality%20of%20life%20and.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13122},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kahler:2009p12167,
author = {Christopher W Kahler and Nichea S Spillane and Jane Metrik and Adam M Leventhal and Peter M Monti},
journal = {Pharmacol Biochem Behav},
title = {Sensation seeking as a predictor of treatment compliance and smoking cessation treatment outcomes in heavy social drinkers},
abstract = {The personality trait of sensation seeking has been positively associated with risk of smoking initiation and level of tobacco use. However, its role in smoking cessation is much less established. This study examined the association between sensation seeking and smoking cessation among 236 heavy social drinkers participating in a clinical trial testing the efficacy of incorporating brief alcohol intervention into smoking cessation treatment. As hypothesized, higher sensation seeking predicted reduced odds of abstinence from smoking as well as greater alcohol use over 26 weeks of follow-up. Sensation seeking also significantly interacted with age, having a protective influence on smoking outcomes among the youngest participants and an increasingly negative effect on smoking outcomes with greater age. Compliance with nicotine replacement therapy and use of smoking cessation strategies (e.g., planning for high risk situations, thinking about the benefits of quitting, avoiding smoking situations) were negatively associated with sensation seeking and accounted for most of the main effect of sensation seeking on smoking outcomes. Findings suggest (a) that smokers high in sensation seeking may require a specific emphasis on treatment compliance and behavioral rehearsal of cessation strategies, and (b) that the significance of sensation seeking for smoking cessation may change with increasing age.},
affiliation = {Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Christopher_Kahler@brown.edu},
number = {3},
pages = {285--90},
volume = {93},
year = {2009},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Nicotinic Agonists, Nicotine, Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Administration: Cutaneous, Male, Counseling, Exploratory Behavior, Alcohol Drinking, Adult, Treatment Outcome, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Smoking Cessation, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Female},
date-added = {2010-05-30 10:44:33 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:43:17 +0200},
pmid = {19593843},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12167},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Matthews:1990,
author = {JNS Matthews and Douglas G Altman and MJ Campbell and P Royston},
journal = {British Medical Journal},
title = {Analysis of serial measures in medical research},
abstract = {In medical research data are often collected serially on subjects. The statistical analysis of such data is often inadequate in two ways: it may fail to settle clinically relevant questions and it may be statistically invalid. A commonly used method which compares groups at a series of time points, possibly with t tests, is flawed on both counts. There may, however, be a remedy, which takes the form of a two stage method that uses summary measures. In the first stage a suitable summary of the response in an individual, such as a rate of change or an area under a curve, is identified and calculated for each subject. In the second stage these summary measures are analysed by simple statistical techniques as though they were raw data. The method is statistically valid and likely to be more relevant to the study questions. If this method is borne in mind when the experiment is being planned it should promote studies with enough subjects and sufficient observations at critical times to enable useful conclusions to be drawn. Use of summary measures to analyse serial measurements, though not new, is potentially a useful and simple tool in medical research.},
pages = {230--235},
volume = {300},
year = {1990},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:36:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:20:56 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1074},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Calhoun:2009p4708,
author = {Vince D Calhoun and T{\"u}lay Adali},
journal = {IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed},
title = {Feature-based fusion of medical imaging data},
abstract = {The acquisition of multiple brain imaging types for a given study is a very common practice. There have been a number of approaches proposed for combining or fusing multitask or multimodal information. These can be roughly divided into those that attempt to study convergence of multimodal imaging, for example, how function and structure are related in the same region of the brain, and those that attempt to study the complementary nature of modalities, for example, utilizing temporal EEG information and spatial functional magnetic resonance imaging information. Within each of these categories, one can attempt data integration (the use of one imaging modality to improve the results of another) or true data fusion (in which multiple modalities are utilized to inform one another). We review both approaches and present a recent computational approach that first preprocesses the data to compute features of interest. The features are then analyzed in a multivariate manner using independent component analysis. We describe the approach in detail and provide examples of how it has been used for different fusion tasks. We also propose a method for selecting which combination of modalities provides the greatest value in discriminating groups. Finally, we summarize and describe future research topics.},
affiliation = {Mind Research Network and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. vcalhoun@unm.edu},
number = {5},
pages = {711--20},
volume = {13},
year = {2009},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Models: Biological, Algorithms, Brain, Brain Mapping, Electroencephalography, Models: Statistical, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Signal Processing: Computer-Assisted},
date-added = {2010-01-30 16:19:57 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-30 16:19:57 +0100},
doi = {10.1109/TITB.2008.923773},
pmid = {19273016},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4708},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Bastien:2008p1522,
author = {P Bastien},
title = {Pr{\'e}gression PLS et donn{\'e}es censur{\'e}es},
year = {2008},
date-added = {2010-01-07 15:54:19 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-07 15:55:05 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Bastien-2008-_Pr%C3%A9gression%20PLS%20et%20d.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1522},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Jacobusse:2006,
author = {G Jacobusse and S van Buuren and P H Verberk},
journal = {Stat Med},
title = {An interval scale for development of children aged 0 --2 years},
pages = {2272--2283},
volume = {25},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:19 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Jacobusse-2006-Stat%20Med_An%20interval%20scale%20fo.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2166},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kirby:2009p9623,
author = {Kris N Kirby},
journal = {Psychon Bull Rev},
title = {One-year temporal stability of delay-discount rates},
abstract = {The temporal stability of delay-discount rates for monetary rewards was assessed using a monetary choice questionnaire (Kirby {\&} Marakovic, 1996). Of 100 undergraduate participants who completed the questionnaire at the initial session, 81 returned 5 weeks later and 46 returned 57 weeks later for subsequent sessions. The 5-week test-retest stability of discount rates was .77 (95% confidence interval = .67-.85), the 1-year stability was .71 (.50-.84), and the 57-week stability was .63 (.41-.77). Thus, at least when similar testing situations are reinstated, discount rates as individual differences have 1-year stabilities in the range that is typically obtained for personality traits. Discount rates index an attribute of the person that is relatively stable over time but that is moderated by aspects of the situation, such as reward type and deprivational state.},
affiliation = {Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA. kkirby@williams.edu},
number = {3},
pages = {457--62},
volume = {16},
year = {2009},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Male, Adolescent, Psychometrics, Character, Female, Individuality, Follow-Up Studies, Reward, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Choice Behavior, Young Adult, Motivation, Time Factors},
date-added = {2010-03-25 14:43:43 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-25 14:43:43 +0100},
doi = {10.3758/PBR.16.3.457},
pii = {16/3/457},
pmid = {19451368},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9623},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Voon:2010p12353,
author = {Valerie Voon and Brady Reynolds and Christina Brezing and Cecile Gallea and Meliha Skaljic and Vindhya Ekanayake and Hubert Fernandez and Marc N Potenza and Raymond J Dolan and Mark Hallett},
journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)},
title = {Impulsive choice and response in dopamine agonist-related impulse control behaviors},
abstract = {RATIONALE: Dopaminergic medication-related impulse control disorders (ICDs) such as pathological gambling and compulsive shopping have been reported in Parkinson's disease (PD). HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that dopamine agonists (DAs) would be associated with greater impulsive choice or greater discounting of delayed rewards in PD patients with ICDs (PDI). METHODS: Fourteen PDI patients, 14 PD controls without ICDs, and 16 medication-free matched normal controls were tested on the Experiential Discounting Task (EDT), a feedback-based intertemporal choice task, spatial working memory, and attentional set shifting. The EDT was used to assess choice impulsivity (hyperbolic K value), reaction time (RT), and decision conflict RT (the RT difference between high conflict and low conflict choices). PDI patients and PD controls were tested on and off DA. RESULTS: On the EDT, there was a group by medication interaction effect [F(1,26) = 5.62; p = 0.03] with pairwise analyses demonstrating that DA status was associated with increased impulsive choice in PDI patients (p = 0.02) but not in PD controls (p = 0.37). PDI patients also had faster RT compared to PD controls [F(1,26) = 7.51, p = 0.01]. DA status was associated with shorter RT [F(3,24) = 8.39, p = 0.001] and decision conflict RT [F(1,26) = 6.16, p = 0.02] in PDI patients but not in PD controls. There were no correlations between different measures of impulsivity. PDI patients on DA had greater spatial working memory impairments compared to PD controls on DA (t = 2.13, df = 26, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Greater impulsive choice, faster RT, faster decision conflict RT, and executive dysfunction may contribute to ICDs in PD.},
affiliation = {National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg 10/Rm 7D37, Bethesda, MD 20892-1428, USA. voonv@ninds.nih.gov},
number = {4},
pages = {645--59},
volume = {207},
year = {2010},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Female, Adult, Memory Disorders, Male, Attention, Middle Aged, Impulse Control Disorders, Gambling, Reaction Time, Aged, Dopamine Agonists, Compulsive Behavior, Task Performance and Analysis, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Set (Psychology), Case-Control Studies},
date-added = {2010-06-15 17:27:34 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-15 17:27:34 +0200},
doi = {10.1007/s00213-009-1697-y},
pmid = {19838863},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Voon-2010-Psychopharmacology%20(Berl)_Impulsive%20choice%20and.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12353},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Crane:2004p7342,
author = {Paul K Crane and Gerald van Belle and Eric B Larson},
journal = {Stat Med},
title = {Test bias in a cognitive test: differential item functioning in the CASI},
abstract = {Assessment of test bias is important to establish the construct validity of tests. Assessment of differential item functioning (DIF) is an important first step in this process. DIF is present when examinees from different groups have differing probabilities of success on an item, after controlling for overall ability level. Here, we present analysis of DIF in the Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI) using data from a large cohort study of elderly adults. We developed an ordinal logistic regression modelling technique to assess test items for DIF. Estimates of cognitive ability were obtained in two ways based on responses to CASI items: using traditional CASI scoring according to the original test instructions as well as using item response theory (IRT) scoring. Several demographic characteristics were examined for potential DIF, including ethnicity and gender (entered into the model as dichotomous variables), and years of education and age (entered as continuous variables). We found that a disappointingly large number of items had DIF with respect to at least one of these demographic variables. More items were found to have DIF with traditional CASI scoring than with IRT scoring. This study demonstrates a powerful technique for the evaluation of DIF in psychometric tests. The finding that so many CASI items had DIF suggests that previous findings of differences between groups in cognitive functioning as measured by the CASI may be due to biased test items rather than true differences between groups. The finding that IRT scoring diminished the impact of DIF is discussed. Some preliminary suggestions for how to deal with items found to have DIF in cognitive tests are made. The advantages of the DIF detection techniques we developed are discussed in relation to other techniques for the evaluation of DIF.},
affiliation = {Medicine and Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98104, USA. pcrane@u.washington.edu},
number = {2},
pages = {241--56},
volume = {23},
year = {2004},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Cohort Studies, Demography, Humans, United States, Cognition Disorders, Female, Bias (Epidemiology), Diagnosis: Differential, Male},
date-added = {2010

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib