text:
@article{
   title = {Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: recommendations for diagnosis--the Porto criteria},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {41},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-7},
   note = {IBD Working Group of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
Guideline
Journal Article
Practice Guideline
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Jul;41(1):1-7.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease may present before the age of 20 years in 25% to 30% of all patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Reported incidence figures vary considerably depending on the collection of data. Multicenter, multinational collaboration is needed when studying pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. The essential first step is uniformity in the work-up and criteria used for diagnosis. The Porto diagnostic criteria presented here provide the tool that is needed. These criteria are the result of consensus reached by the ESPGHAN inflammatory bowel disease working group. Diagnosis of Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, endoscopy and histology and radiology. Every child suspected of inflammatory bowel disease should undergo a complete diagnostic program consisting of colonoscopy with ileal intubation, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and (in all cases except in definite ulcerative colitis) radiologic contrast imaging of the small bowel. Multiple biopsies from all segments of the gastrointestinal tract are needed for a complete histologic evaluation. A diagnosis of indeterminate colitis cannot be made unless a full diagnostic program has been performed.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Biopsy
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/pathology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/*methods
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {15990620},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   title = {[Nutritional treatment in childhood Crohn's disease]},
   journal = {Arch Pediatr},
   volume = {12},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1255-66},
   note = {Comite de nutrition de la Societe francaise de pediatrie
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
France
Arch Pediatr. 2005 Aug;12(8):1255-66.},
   abstract = {Growth retardation and delay in sexual maturation are the major complications of child-onset Crohn's disease (CD). Nutritional assessment and monitoring should comprise: weight and height measurement with calculation of respective velocities (growth velocity should be > or = 4-5 cm/year during the prepubertal period); pubertal staging; dietetic evaluation; laboratory analysis for mineral, vitamin and trace element deficiencies; bone age. At diagnosis, weight loss and growth delay are present in 80-90% and 1/3 of cases, respectively. In case of an acute flare-up in a CD child with normal nutritional status, nutritional therapy is limited to oral feeding, with a caloric intake at least equal to recommended dietary allowances for age and sex. A low-fiber diet is advised in case of small bowel stenosis. No diet has been shown as efficient in the long-term maintenance of remission. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EN) is an alternative to corticosteroids for the treatment of an acute flare-up of CD, especially in case of malnutrition. Prolonged nocturnal EN is of great interest for the treatment of growth retardation and delay of sexual maturation and in case of steroid-dependent or steroid-refractory CD. In case of steroid-dependent CD with no delay of growth and/or sexual maturation, immunomodulating agents are nowadays an alternative to long-term EN. Efficacy of polymeric solutions is identical to that of semi-elemental or elemental solutions. Parenteral nutrition is limited to an acute flare-up with resistance to medical treatment and/or EN, and contraindications to surgery; occlusion or fistula; short bowel syndrome.},
   keywords = {Body Height
Body Weight
Child
Crohn Disease/*therapy
*Enteral Nutrition
*Food, Formulated
Humans
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Disorders/therapy
Parenteral Nutrition},
   ISSN = {0929-693X (Print)
0929-693x},
   Accession Number = {16051079},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.arcped.2005.03.035},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Achneck, H. E. and Pradhan, S. K. and Kavic, S. M. and Longo, W. E.},
   title = {Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma mimicking segmental Crohn's colitis},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {37},
   number = {7},
   pages = {537-41},
   note = {Achneck, H E
Pradhan, S K
Kavic, S M
Longo, W E
Case Reports
Journal Article
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2005 Jul;37(7):537-41. Epub 2005 Apr 8.},
   abstract = {Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon is a rare entity with a dismal prognosis, mainly due to a delay in diagnosis. Here, we present a case of a 30-year-old Filipino woman who presented with symptoms mimicking inflammatory bowel disease. A barium enema and colonoscopy demonstrated a stricture in the rectosigmoid region. A biopsy revealed granulomatous changes indicative of inflammatory bowel disease. Despite initial improvement of her symptoms on total parenteral nutrition and steroids, the patient relapsed several weeks later with recurrent left lower quadrant pain. A subsequent biopsy revealed poorly differentiated signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon. She was treated surgically with a left hemi-colectomy and primary repair. A high degree of suspicion is necessary to correctly diagnose these, often young, patients with primary signet-ring cell carcinoma early and have a positive impact on survival. The literature on primary signet-ring cell carcinoma is reviewed.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Adult
Barium Sulfate
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/complications/*diagnosis/surgery
Colectomy
Colonic Neoplasms/complications/*diagnosis/surgery
Colonoscopy
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/surgery
Enema
Female
Humans
Recurrence},
   ISSN = {1590-8658 (Print)
1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {15975543},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2004.12.015},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Afzal, N. A. and Davies, S. and Paintin, M. and Arnaud-Battandier, F. and Walker-Smith, J. A. and Murch, S. and Heuschkel, R. and Fell, J.},
   title = {Colonic Crohn's disease in children does not respond well to treatment with enteral nutrition if the ileum is not involved},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {50},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1471-5},
   note = {Afzal, Nadeem A
Davies, Sue
Paintin, Morine
Arnaud-Battandier, Franck
Walker-Smith, John A
Murch, Simon
Heuschkel, Robert
Fell, John
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2005 Aug;50(8):1471-5.},
   abstract = {Data supporting a response to treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric colonic Crohn's disease are few. We examined clinical and biochemical responses of ileal, colonic, and ileocolonic Crohn's disease and assessed the endoscopic and histological colonic mucosal response in the colonic and ileocolonic groups. We prospectively enrolled 65 children (age: 8-17 years) with acute intestinal Crohn's disease (Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index [PCDAI] >20). After ileocolonoscopy, gastroscopy, and a barium meal and follow-through, they were distributed into three groups (ileal, n = 12, ileocolonic, n = 39; and colonic, n = 14). All patients received exclusive polymeric feed as treatment, with a repeat endoscopy at completion of treatment. At enrollment the ileal group had significantly less severe disease (P = 0.05) compared to the colonic and ileocolonic groups. However, the colonic disease group showed the least fall in PCDAI scores at completion of treatment with enteral nutrition (P = 0.03), with the lowest remission rate (50%, vs 82.1% in the ileocolonic and 91.7% in the ileal group [chi2 test, P = 0.021]). Endoscopic and histologic colonic mucosal assessment showed a post-treatment improvement in the ileocolonic (P < or = 0.01) but not in the colonic disease group (P = ns). Children with disease in the colon respond better to enteral nutrition if the ileum is also involved. This may be due to different underlying inflammatory mechanisms. Detailed pretreatment assessment in studies of Crohn's disease according to disease distribution with appropriate individualized tailoring of treatment may be important in this regard.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Child
Colitis/etiology/pathology/*therapy
Crohn Disease/complications/pathology/*therapy
*Enteral Nutrition
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Ileitis/etiology/pathology/*therapy
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Male
Prospective Studies
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0163-2116 (Print)
0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {16110838},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ahmed, F. E.},
   title = {Role of genes, the environment and their interactions in the etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Expert Rev Mol Diagn},
   volume = {6},
   number = {3},
   pages = {345-63},
   note = {1744-8352
Ahmed, Farid E
Journal Article
Review
England
Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2006 May;6(3):345-63.},
   abstract = {Few of the studied genes demonstrate association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Three mutations in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 gene have consistently shown to be independent risk factors for Crohn's disease, but none of the alleles exhibited high sensitivity or specificity for IBD. Linkage analysis implicated several loci on various chromosomes, and epistasis has been demonstrated. The etiopathogenesis of IBD remains unknown, and environmental contribution to their pathogenesis is evident from genetic studies that demonstrated incomplete monozygotic twins concordandance rate for both Crohn's and ulcerative colitis. Smoking has shown an opposite effect on disease phenotype, with an adverse effect on disease course for Crohn's disease, but a slight beneficial effect in ulcerative colitis. The contribution of infectious agents to susceptibility to IBD appears to be strong. However, the role of nutrition on the etiology and therapy of IBD is not clear. Inconsistencies in environmental risk factors could be due to gene-environment interactions, making it essential to study the role of genetics and environmental contribution to the etiopathology of IBD. Transgenic or knockout mice, such as interleukin-10(-/-), T-cell receptor alpha(-/-), Galphai(2) (-/-) and N-cadherin(-/-), develop colitis-like inflammation similar to humans. Therefore, animal models must be further studied to explore mechanistic interactions.},
   keywords = {Animals
Disease Models, Animal
Environment
Genetic Linkage
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology/*genetics
Mice
Mice, Transgenic
Models, Biological
*Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
Phenotype
Risk Factors
Sensitivity and Specificity},
   ISSN = {1473-7159},
   Accession Number = {16706738},
   DOI = {10.1586/14737159.6.3.345},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Akman, S. A. and Arikan, C. and Sozen, G. and Ozturk, C. and Yagci, R. V.},
   title = {Infliximab treatment of pediatric refractory Crohn's disease: a case report},
   journal = {Turk J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {17},
   number = {2},
   pages = {133-6},
   note = {2148-5607
Akman, Sezin Asik
Arikan, Cigdem
Sozen, Gulben
Ozturk, Can
Yagci, Raflit Vural
Case Reports
Journal Article
Turkey
Turk J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jun;17(2):133-6.},
   abstract = {Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-alpha and has been shown to be effective for the management of steroid-dependent or refractory Crohn's disease. It is an effective therapy in adult patients, but experience in children is limited. We report a case of Crohn's disease which was refractory to the conventional treatment. A 14-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital with arthralgia and oral and perianal lesions. On physical examination his body weight was below the 3rd percentile, and height was between the 3rd-10th percentiles. He had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein and decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit and albumin levels. Barium enema and computerized abdominal tomography revealed a markedly distended small bowel with a narrowed area just above the ileocecal valve and terminal ileum. There was no mucosal pathology in his colonoscopic study. A regimen of prednisolone was begun with a diagnosis of Crohn's disease. In the first month of therapy the patient experienced progressive worsening of his symptoms, and azathioprine was added to the treatment in the second month. As he had exacerbation of his symptoms and worsening laboratory tests, infliximab infusions (5 mg/kg/d) were administered intravenously (at 0, 2 and 6 weeks) at the end of the 8th week. At the 6th week of treatment including two infusions of infliximab at 0 and 2 weeks, clinical and laboratory response occurred. The only side effect of the treatment was pneumonia, which was seen after the 6th week of the therapy. In conclusion, infliximab appears to be an effective and safe therapy for childhood refractory Crohn's disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Azathioprine/therapeutic use
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/*drug therapy
Drug Administration Schedule
Drug Therapy, Combination
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Infliximab
Male
Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use
Remission Induction/methods},
   ISSN = {1300-4948},
   Accession Number = {16830299},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Akobeng, A. K. and Richmond, K. and Miller, V. and Thomas, A. G.},
   title = {Effect of exclusive enteral nutritional treatment on plasma antioxidant concentrations in childhood Crohn's disease},
   journal = {Clin Nutr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {1},
   pages = {51-6},
   note = {Akobeng, Anthony K
Richmond, Kathryn
Miller, Victor
Thomas, Adrian G
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Clin Nutr. 2007 Feb;26(1):51-6. Epub 2006 Dec 11.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidants may play a role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of exclusive enteral nutrition, which is increasingly being used as primary therapy for CD, on plasma antioxidant concentrations in children with active CD. METHODS: In a double-blind randomised controlled trial, 15 children with active CD (mean age, 11.3 years, range 6.8-15.7) attending a paediatric gastroenterology referral centre, were assigned to receive either a standard polymeric diet (Group S, n=8) or a glutamine-enriched polymeric diet (Group G, n=7) as primary therapy for active CD. Plasma concentrations of selenium, urates, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione, and also malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured at baseline and after 4 weeks of exclusive enteral nutritional treatment. RESULTS: Mean (95% CI) selenium concentration of the cohort increased significantly from 0.82 micromol/l (0.72, 0.91) to 1.14 micromol/l (0.98, 1.3), P<0.001. There were, however, significant reductions in mean concentrations of vitamin C {11.8 mg/l (7.7, 15.8) to 6.5 mg/l (4.5, 8.7), P=0.01} and vitamin E {11.3 mg/l (10.3, 12.4) to 9.4 mg/l (8.7, 10.1), P=0.03}. The concentrations of vitamin A, urates, glutathione and MDA did not change significantly over the study period. Glutamine supplementation did not have any significant effect on plasma antioxidant concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes in circulating antioxidant concentrations occurred in children with active CD receiving exclusive enteral nutritional treatment. Glutamine supplementation was not beneficial in improving plasma antioxidant status.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antioxidants/*metabolism
Ascorbic Acid/blood
Child
Crohn Disease/*blood/*therapy
Double-Blind Method
*Enteral Nutrition
Female
Glutamine/*administration & dosage/metabolism
Glutathione/blood
Humans
Male
Malondialdehyde/blood
Oxidative Stress/*drug effects
Selenium/blood
Uric Acid/blood
Vitamin A/blood
Vitamin E/blood},
   ISSN = {0261-5614 (Print)
0261-5614},
   Accession Number = {17161887},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.clnu.2006.10.004},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Amre, D. K. and Lu, S. E. and Costea, F. and Seidman, E. G.},
   title = {Utility of serological markers in predicting the early occurrence of complications and surgery in pediatric Crohn's disease patients},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {101},
   number = {3},
   pages = {645-52},
   note = {Amre, Devendra K
Lu, Shou-En
Costea, Florin
Seidman, Ernest G
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar;101(3):645-52. Epub 2006 Feb 8.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Many Crohn's disease (CD) patients develop complications (fistulae and abscesses), and require surgery, often repeatedly and at variable instances. Identifying serological markers that determine their early or repeated manifestation can enable implementing more aggressive preventive strategies. Our objective was to study the ability of serological markers for predicting development of early (first) and recurrent complications or requirement for surgery. METHODS: Serum anti-Saccharomyces cervisiae (ASCA) (IgA & IgG) and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) were assayed close to diagnosis in a pediatric cohort of CD patients identified between 1996 and 1998. At diagnosis and follow-up, information was acquired on demographic and clinical features of disease. Relation between ASCA and clinical events was studied using adjusted Cox-proportional hazards modeling. The relative rates of recurrent clinical events according to the marker measures were compared. RESULTS: The mean age (SD) at diagnosis was 11.2 (3.4) yr. Among 139 patients, 35 (25.9%) and 31 (22.3%) acquired one or more CD related surgery or complication, respectively. Time to occurrence of the first complication was lower among patients ASCA+ (IgA or IgG) (hazards ratio (HR) = 2.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.99-5.50) and among those with higher ASCA-IgA titers (HR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.08-1.34). The rates of recurrent complications were higher among those positive or with higher ASCA titers. ASCA did not predict time to undergoing surgery independent of complications, and was unrelated to the occurrence of recurrent surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that serum ASCA measured close to diagnosis can determine the occurrence of early complications in pediatric CD. Preventive treatment targeted toward these susceptible patients could potentially modify the disease course.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/*blood
Antibodies, Fungal/*blood
Biomarkers/*blood
Child
Crohn Disease/complications/*diagnosis/*immunology/surgery
Disease Progression
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/*blood
Immunoglobulin G/*blood
Male
Predictive Value of Tests
Proportional Hazards Models
Recurrence
Reoperation
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0002-9270 (Print)
0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {16464223},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00468.x},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Andersen, J. and Kehlet, H.},
   title = {Fast track open ileo-colic resections for Crohn's disease},
   journal = {Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {7},
   number = {4},
   pages = {394-7},
   note = {Andersen, J
Kehlet, H
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Colorectal Dis. 2005 Jul;7(4):394-7.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Introduction of multimodal rehabilitation programmes after open colonic surgery for noninflammatory bowel disease has reduced hospital stay to about 2-3 days, but no data are available from open ileo-colic surgery for Crohn's disease with multimodal rehabilitation regimens. Therefore, the aim of study was to assess outcome after ileo-colic resections for Crohn's disease with multimodal rehabilitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive ileo-colic resections for Crohn's disease in 29 patients received epidural analgesia and enforced postoperative oral nutrition and mobilization with a scheduled stay of 2 days. RESULTS: Median time to defaecation was 2.5 days and postoperative hospital stay was 3 days. During a 30-day postoperative follow-up there was two re-admissions, one for mechanical bowel obstruction (9 days) and one because of fever and vomiting (6 days). Except for one wound abscess, one cystitis and one pneumonia, no other complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Fast-track multimodal rehabilitation in open ileo-colic resections for Crohn's disease reduces hospital stay and with low morbidity and readmission rate.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Colectomy
Colon/surgery
Crohn Disease/*rehabilitation/*surgery
Female
Humans
Ileum/surgery
Male
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1462-8910 (Print)
1462-8910},
   Accession Number = {15932565},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1463-1318.2005.00788.x},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Andoh, A. and Hirashima, M. and Maeda, H. and Hata, K. and Inatomi, O. and Tsujikawa, T. and Sasaki, M. and Takahashi, K. and Fujiyama, Y.},
   title = {Serum selenoprotein-P levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {21},
   number = {5},
   pages = {574-9},
   note = {Andoh, Akira
Hirashima, Masaki
Maeda, Hiroaki
Hata, Kazunori
Inatomi, Osamu
Tsujikawa, Tomoyuki
Sasaki, Masaya
Takahashi, Kazuhiko
Fujiyama, Yoshihide
Journal Article
United States
Nutrition. 2005 May;21(5):574-9.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Selenoprotein-P is a selenium-rich serum protein that carries more than 50% of serum selenium. We evaluated changes in serum selenoprotein-P levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Serum selenoprotein-P levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Twenty healthy individuals (controls), 34 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 37 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) were studied. RESULTS: A highly significant correlation was found between the serum selenium and selenoprotein-P levels. There was no significant difference in serum selenoprotein-P levels between healthy controls (average 3.4+/-0.8 microg/mL, n=20) and patients with ulcerative colitis (3.0+/-1.0 microg/mL, n=34). Serum selenoprotein-P levels were significantly lower in patients with CD (average 1.8+/-0.5 microg/mL, n=37). Serum selenoprotein-P levels were significantly lower in the elemental diet group of patients who had CD (average 1.4+/-0.4 microg/mL, n=17) than in the non-elemental diet group of patients who had CD (average 2.1+/-0.3 microg/mL, n=20). CONCLUSION: We found that the serum selenoprotein-P level is decreased in patients with CD. It may be a useful marker to monitor the systemic selenium status in various disorders.},
   keywords = {Adult
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood
Crohn Disease/blood
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*blood
Male
Nutritional Status
Proteins/*metabolism
Selenium/*blood
Selenoprotein P
Selenoproteins
Spectrophotometry, Atomic/methods},
   ISSN = {0899-9007 (Print)
0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {15850963},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2004.08.025},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Asheim, P. and Uggen, P. E. and Aasarod, K. and Aadahl, P.},
   title = {Intraperitoneal fluid therapy: an alternative to intravenous treatment in a patient with limited vascular access},
   journal = {Anaesthesia},
   volume = {61},
   number = {5},
   pages = {502-4},
   note = {Asheim, P
Uggen, P E
Aasarod, K
Aadahl, P
Case Reports
Journal Article
England
Anaesthesia. 2006 May;61(5):502-4.},
   abstract = {We describe a 58-year-old female with Crohn's disease and short bowel syndrome after repeated intestinal resections, with only 90 cm of small intestine left. She had been dependent on vascular access for total parenteral nutrition for 16 years. Due to intravascular complications after numerous long-term central venous catheters, her vascular accessibility became limited. During the course of a year she was fed enterally through a gastrostomy, but required supplementary fluid therapy through peripheral venous route. Because of extremely limited venous access, we decided to implant an intraperitoneal catheter for administration of crystalloid fluid. The first intraperitoneal catheter had to be removed because of a postoperative infection, but after antibiotic treatment, a second intraperitoneal catheter was implanted without complications, through which the patient is now fully provided with crystalloid fluid (Ringer's acetate). Abdominal ultrasound examination shows good absorption of the fluid, and for the first time in 16 years the patient does not need intravascular access. We suggest that intraperitoneal administration of fluid may be an alternative for patients with limited vascular access.},
   keywords = {Catheterization, Central Venous/adverse effects
Catheters, Indwelling
Crohn Disease/*surgery
Female
Fluid Therapy/*methods
Humans
Infusions, Parenteral/methods
Isotonic Solutions/administration & dosage
Middle Aged
Parenteral Nutrition, Home Total
Short Bowel Syndrome/*therapy},
   ISSN = {0003-2409 (Print)
0003-2409},
   Accession Number = {16674629},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04615.x},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Attvall, E. and Frigyesi, A. and Sternby, B.},
   title = {What is the impact of resistance to activated protein C (Leiden mutation to factor V) in inflammatory bowel disease?},
   journal = {Int J Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {21},
   number = {7},
   pages = {705-10},
   note = {Attvall, Emma
Frigyesi, Attila
Sternby, Berit
Journal Article
Germany
Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Oct;21(7):705-10. Epub 2006 Jan 13.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Resistance to activated protein C (APCR) caused by the Leiden mutation to factor V is the most common cause of inherited thrombosis. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are considered to have an increased risk of thromboembolic complications, and the role of APCR as a cause has previously been investigated. In this study, we investigated if APCR was associated with non-thrombotic morbidities in IBD. PATIENTS/METHODS: Of 951 patients asked to participate, 389 agreed by returning a signed informed consent and filled questionnaire and took the blood test for APCR. Self-reported IBD-related surgery was used as a rough indicator for increased morbidity. RESULTS: APCR was present in 6.6% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD; 10/152) and in 12.7% of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients (30/237). The difference of 6.1% is significant (p=0.039). Among patients with CD and APCR, 9 out of 10 had had surgery, significantly more than among those without APCR (81/142). In patients with UC and APCR, 10 out of 30 had had surgery, still significantly more than in those without APCR (36/207). For the whole group of IBD patients, APCR is associated with a significantly increased risk for thrombosis (p=0.0018), and for the UC group (8/28) p=0.0029, but not for the CD patients alone (2/9), p=0.2323. No other significant differences could be shown for parameters normally related to increased morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: APCR in IBD was associated with an increased frequency of IBD-related surgery, which may warrant screening for APCR in therapy-resistant IBD. In patients with APCR, it may be more difficult and/or important to control inflammation.},
   keywords = {Activated Protein C Resistance/*complications
Adult
Age Distribution
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Alcohol Drinking
Body Mass Index
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Crohn Disease/*complications
Diabetes Complications
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Tobacco},
   ISSN = {0179-1958 (Print)
0179-1958},
   Accession Number = {16411113},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00384-005-0067-4},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Auvin, S. and Molinie, F. and Gower-Rousseau, C. and Brazier, F. and Merle, V. and Grandbastien, B. and Marti, R. and Lerebours, E. and Dupas, J. L. and Colombel, J. F. and Salomez, J. L. and Cortot, A. and Turck, D.},
   title = {Incidence, clinical presentation and location at diagnosis of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective population-based study in northern France (1988-1999)},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {41},
   number = {1},
   pages = {49-55},
   note = {Auvin, Stephane
Molinie, Florence
Gower-Rousseau, Corinne
Brazier, Franck
Merle, Veronique
Grandbastien, Bruno
Marti, Raymond
Lerebours, Eric
Dupas, Jean-Louis
Colombel, Jean-Frederic
Salomez, Jean-Louis
Cortot, Antoine
Turck, Dominique
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Jul;41(1):49-55.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence and location at diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents in northern France between 1988 and 1999. METHODS: A 12-year prospective population-based study was conducted by gastroenterologists and pediatric gastroenterologists of northern France (1,312,141 children <17 years of age). RESULTS: From 1988 to 1999, 509 cases of childhood inflammatory bowel disease were recorded (7.2% of all inflammatory bowel disease cases in Northern France): 367 Crohn disease, 122 ulcerative colitis and 20 indeterminate colitis. The mean standardized incidence was 3.1/10(5) for inflammatory bowel disease as a whole (2.3 for Crohn disease, 0.8 for ulcerative colitis and 0.12 for indeterminate colitis). Crohn disease location at diagnosis was: small bowel and colon (71%), colon only (10%) and small bowel only (19%). Location of initial ulcerative colitis was: proctitis (11%), left colitis (57%) and pancolitis (32%). Although ulcerative colitis incidence remained stable (0.8), Crohn disease incidence increased from 2.1 in 1988 to 1990 to 2.6 in 1997 to 1999 (P = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of Crohn disease in the children of northern France showed an increasing trend (20%; not significant) during the 12-year period while the incidence of ulcerative colitis remained stable. In the entire population(children and adults)the incidence of Crohn disease increased significantly (+23%; P < 0.001), while the incidence of ulcerative colitis decreased (-17%; P < 0.0001).},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology/pathology
Colon/*pathology
Crohn Disease/epidemiology/pathology
Female
France/epidemiology
Humans
Incidence
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology/*pathology
Intestine, Small/*pathology
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Odds Ratio
*Population Surveillance
Prospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {15990630},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Awad, J. and Farah, R. and Reshef, R. and Cohen, H. and Horn, I.},
   title = {Pyloric stenosis as a presenting symptom of Crohn's disease},
   journal = {J Gastrointestin Liver Dis},
   volume = {15},
   number = {2},
   pages = {175-7},
   note = {Awad, Jamal
Farah, Raymond
Reshef, Ron
Cohen, Hector
Horn, Ivona
Case Reports
Journal Article
Romania
J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2006 Jun;15(2):175-7.},
   abstract = {We report a rare case of pyloric stenosis as a presenting symptom of Crohn's disease. Clinical improvement and long-term relief of pyloric obstruction were obtained following a short course treatment of corticostroids and total parenteral nutrition. In contrast to most of the cases described previously in the literature, surgical treatment was not required.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Adult
Crohn Disease/*complications
Female
Humans
Parenteral Nutrition, Total
Pyloric Stenosis/*etiology/pathology/therapy},
   ISSN = {1841-8724 (Print)
1841-8724},
   Accession Number = {16802014},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Banerjee, S. and Bishop, W. P.},
   title = {Evolution of thiopurine use in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in an academic center},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {43},
   number = {3},
   pages = {324-30},
   note = {1536-4801
Banerjee, Sanjoy
Bishop, Warren P
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Sep;43(3):324-30.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We evaluated how our use of thiopurines was altered by determination of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) level and drug dose adjustment guided by a 6-mercaptopurine metabolite assay. We further examined whether these resulted in better selection of the drug dose, improved control of disease, and decreased corticosteroid use in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 101 pediatric patients with IBD receiving a stable dose of azathioprine (AZA) for 4 months or longer. The study group (n = 64) consisted of patients who received AZA and had metabolite levels measured. The comparison group (n = 37) consisted of patients who were receiving AZA before the availability of metabolite measurement. The TPMT level was measured in study group patients before starting AZA. RESULTS: Patients with normal TPMT level received a higher starting dose of AZA than in patients who were heterozygous for TPMT deficiency (1.7 vs 0.9 mg/[kg x d], P < 0.0001). Study group patients received a higher starting dose (1.6 vs 1.2 mg/[kg x d], P = 0.001) and a higher final dose of AZA (2.4 vs 1.7 mg/[kg x d], P < 0.0001) compared with patients in the comparison group. These patients also had more dose adjustments (0.8 vs 0.4 mg/kg, P < 0.002). The number of disease exacerbations per patient per year was 55% less in the study group (95% CI, 17%-76%, P < 0.0001). The study group patients received less prednisone (P < 0.0001) and had lower disease activity scores (P < 0.05). There was no difference between groups in infliximab use or surgery rate. CONCLUSIONS: Azathioprine dose adjustment using a 6-mercaptopurine metabolite assay was associated with use of higher doses, improved control of disease and decreased corticosteroid use in pediatric patients with IBD.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/analogs &
derivatives/blood
Adolescent
Adult
Azathioprine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/drug therapy
Crohn Disease/blood/drug therapy
Erythrocytes/chemistry/enzymology
Female
Guanine Nucleotides/blood
Heterozygote
Humans
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Male
Methyltransferases/blood/deficiency/genetics
Prednisone/administration & dosage
Remission Induction
Retrospective Studies
Thionucleotides/blood},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16954954},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000228135.31793.9f},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Beattie, R. M.},
   title = {Enteral nutrition as primary therapy in childhood Crohn's disease: control of intestinal inflammation and anabolic response},
   journal = {JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr},
   volume = {29},
   number = {4 Suppl},
   pages = {S151-5; discussion S155-9, S184-8},
   note = {Beattie, Robert M
Journal Article
Review
United States
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2005 Jul-Aug;29(4 Suppl):S151-5; discussion S155-9, S184-8.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease in childhood is a chronic relapsing and remitting condition that can significantly impact normal growth and development. This influences choice of both initial and ongoing management. The goal of therapy is to induce and maintain remission with minimal side effects. Enteral nutrition is effective in active disease and will induce disease remission in most cases avoiding corticosteroid use. The high frequency of relapse means additional immunosuppressive therapies are usually required but nutrition remains a key priority as part of the subsequent management strategy.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Child
Crohn Disease/physiopathology/*therapy
*Enteral Nutrition
Growth/*physiology
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Inflammation/prevention & control
Intestines/pathology
Remission Induction
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0148-6071 (Print)
0148-6071},
   Accession Number = {15980277},
   DOI = {10.1177/01486071050290s4s151},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Beattie, R. M. and Croft, N. M. and Fell, J. M. and Afzal, N. A. and Heuschkel, R. B.},
   title = {Inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Arch Dis Child},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {426-32},
   note = {1468-2044
Beattie, R M
Croft, N M
Fell, J M
Afzal, N A
Heuschkel, R B
Journal Article
Review
England
Arch Dis Child. 2006 May;91(5):426-32.},
   abstract = {Twenty five per cent of inflammatory bowel disease presents in childhood. Growth and nutrition are key issues in the management with the aim of treatment being to induce and then maintain disease remission with minimal side effects. Only 25% of Crohn's disease presents with the classic triad of abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhoea. Most children with ulcerative colitis have blood in the stool at presentation. Inflammatory markers are usually although not invariably raised at presentation (particularly in Crohn's disease). Full investigation includes upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and ileocolonoscopy. Treatment requires multidisciplinary input as part of a clinical network led by a paediatrician with special expertise in the management of the condition.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/genetics/therapy
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/genetics/therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/genetics/therapy},
   ISSN = {0003-9888},
   Accession Number = {16632672},
   DOI = {10.1136/adc.2005.080481},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Beaugerie, L.},
   title = {[What is inflammatory bowel disease?]},
   journal = {Rev Prat},
   volume = {55},
   number = {9},
   pages = {943-8},
   note = {Beaugerie, Laurent
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
France
Rev Prat. 2005 May 15;55(9):943-8.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic conditions of unknown origin that result from continuous or intermittent inflammation of a part of the intestinal wall. The main classic types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and indeterminate colitis that cannot be classified accurately as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease with pure colonic involvement. The two main subtypes of microscopic colitis, namely lymphocytic and collagenous colitis, fulfill the criteria that define IBD and should be considered as true IBD.},
   keywords = {Colon/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/genetics},
   ISSN = {0035-2640 (Print)
0035-2640},
   Accession Number = {16052965},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Berni Canani, R. and Terrin, G. and Borrelli, O. and Romano, M. T. and Manguso, F. and Coruzzo, A. and D'Armiento, F. and Romeo, E. F. and Cucchiara, S.},
   title = {Short- and long-term therapeutic efficacy of nutritional therapy and corticosteroids in paediatric Crohn's disease},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {38},
   number = {6},
   pages = {381-7},
   note = {Berni Canani, R
Terrin, G
Borrelli, O
Romano, M T
Manguso, F
Coruzzo, A
D'Armiento, F
Romeo, E F
Cucchiara, S
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2006 Jun;38(6):381-7. Epub 2005 Nov 18.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Comparative data on the therapeutic efficacy of different enteral nutrition formulas and corticosteroids to obtain clinical remission and to induce mucosal healing influencing long-term disease course in paediatric Crohn's disease are still scarce. AIMS: To investigate the efficacy of nutritional therapy using three different formulas versus corticosteroids to achieve clinical remission as well as to induce intestinal mucosal healing in active Crohn's disease children. Duration of remission and effect on growth recovery were also assessed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical, laboratory, endoscopic and histological data of all new diagnosed active Crohn's disease paediatric cases were retrospectively recorded and reviewed. Thirty-seven children (median age 12.1 years) received nutritional therapy (12 polymeric; 13 semi-elemental; 12 elemental diet) and 10 subjects (median age 12.4 years) received corticosteroids. RESULTS: Similar clinical remission rate were observed after 8 weeks of treatment: 86.5% children receiving nutritional therapy versus 90% treated with corticosteroids. Improvement in mucosal inflammation occurred in 26 out of 37 (64.8%) patients on nutritional therapy and in 4 out of 10 (40%) children on steroids (p < 0.05). Finally, seven subjects on nutritional therapy and none on corticosteroids achieved complete mucosal healing (p < 0.005) at the end of the treatment. Nutritional therapy was more effective than corticosteroids in improving nutritional status and linear growth recovery. Compared to corticosteroids, the duration of clinical remission was longer in the nutritional therapy groups without differences among the three different formulas. CONCLUSIONS: In children with active Crohn's disease, nutritional therapy is more effective than corticosteroids to improve intestinal inflammation and to maintain a more sustained clinical remission.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/*therapeutic use
Child
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/*therapy
*Enteral Nutrition/methods
Female
Food, Formulated
Humans
Male
Remission Induction
Retrospective Studies
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1590-8658 (Print)
1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {16301010},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2005.10.005},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bickston, S. J. and Foley, E. and Lawrence, C. and Rockoff, T. and Shaffer, H. A., Jr. and Yeaton, P.},
   title = {Terminal ileal stricture in Crohn's disease: treatment using a metallic enteral endoprosthesis},
   journal = {Dis Colon Rectum},
   volume = {48},
   number = {5},
   pages = {1081-5},
   note = {Bickston, S J
Foley, E
Lawrence, C
Rockoff, T
Shaffer, H A Jr
Yeaton, P
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 May;48(5):1081-5.},
   abstract = {Enteral strictures are a frequent indication for surgery in Crohn's disease. Postoperative complications are increased in patients with poor preoperative nutritional status, which is common in this patient population. We present a 49-year-old female with longstanding Crohn's disease admitted to our Digestive Health Center with four weeks of increasing abdominal symptoms and radiographic evidence of small-bowel obstruction caused by ileal stricture. Given her poor nutritional status, our team elected to pursue metallic enteral stenting as a bridge to surgical resection. Two Wallstents were placed; luminal patency was subsequently confirmed by a fluoroscopic study. The patient tolerated regular diet and was discharged. When seen in follow-up, she remained asymptomatic and wished to defer surgical intervention indefinitely.},
   keywords = {Contrast Media
Crohn Disease/diagnostic imaging/*surgery
Enema
Female
Humans
Ileal Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*surgery
Intestinal Obstruction/diagnostic imaging/*surgery
*Intestine, Small
Middle Aged
*Stents
Tomography, X-Ray Computed},
   ISSN = {0012-3706 (Print)
0012-3706},
   Accession Number = {15785899},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10350-004-0865-8},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bousvaros, A. and Sylvester, F. and Kugathasan, S. and Szigethy, E. and Fiocchi, C. and Colletti, R. and Otley, A. and Amre, D. and Ferry, G. and Czinn, S. J. and Splawski, J. B. and Oliva-Hemker, M. and Hyams, J. S. and Faubion, W. A. and Kirschner, B. S. and Dubinsky, M. C.},
   title = {Challenges in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {12},
   number = {9},
   pages = {885-913},
   note = {Bousvaros, Athos
Sylvester, Francisco
Kugathasan, Subra
Szigethy, Eva
Fiocchi, Claudio
Colletti, Richard
Otley, Anthony
Amre, Devendra
Ferry, George
Czinn, Steven J
Splawski, Judy B
Oliva-Hemker, Maria
Hyams, Jeffrey S
Faubion, William A
Kirschner, Barbara S
Dubinsky, Marla C
Challenges in Pediatric IBD Study Groups
Consensus Development Conference
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Sep;12(9):885-913.},
   abstract = {It is estimated that of the >1 million individuals in the United States with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), approximately 100,000 are children. IBD that begins in childhood affects the individual at a critical period of growth and development. Children with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis may experience complications such as growth failure, school absence, and depression. In addition, because children with IBD have fewer environmental confounders such as smoking, children may be an excellent population to study microbial and immune interactions. Despite these opportunities, the discipline of pediatric IBD investigation is still in its infancy. In September of 2005, a group of investigators with expertise in pediatric IBD met in Boston (Massachusetts) to review the current status of childhood IBD research and to develop research priorities that warranted funding from the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. The group included pediatricians, internists, basic scientists, clinical investigators, and members of the administrative staff and board of the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. The research needs in respective areas were outlined by the heads of 10 focus groups, each with expertise in their respective fields (genetics, psychosocial issues, epidemiology, microbiology, immunology, quality improvement, pharmacogenomics, nutrition, growth and skeletal health, and clinical trials). Before the conference, heads of the research focus groups developed their proposals with experts in the field. At the end of the conference, members of the focus groups and members of the steering committee rated the proposed areas of study in terms of feasibility and importance. It was recommended that the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America focus its initial efforts in pediatric IBD in 5 areas: the effects of inflammation on growth and skeletal development, the genetics of early-onset IBD, the development of quality improvement interventions to standardize and improve clinical care of children with IBD, the immunology of childhood IBD, and the diagnosis and treatment of psychosocial sequelae of childhood IBD. At the conclusion of the meeting, investigators discussed the formation of a multicenter collaborative network to advance clinical and basic research in the field.},
   keywords = {Child
Humans
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/physiopathology/psychology/therapy
Pediatrics/methods/standards
Research},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {16954808},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mib.0000228358.25364.8b},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bregenzer, N. and Lange, A. and Furst, A. and Gross, V. and Scholmerich, J. and Andus, T.},
   title = {Patient education in inflammatory bowel disease does not influence patients knowledge and long-term psychosocial well-being},
   journal = {Z Gastroenterol},
   volume = {43},
   number = {4},
   pages = {367-71},
   note = {Bregenzer, N
Lange, A
Furst, A
Gross, V
Scholmerich, J
Andus, T
Clinical Trial
Controlled Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Germany
Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr;43(4):367-71.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patient education is accepted in many disciplines as a valid component of disease management in chronic diseases. The aim of this prospective study was to analyze the effects of an education program in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: 145 patients with inflammatory bowel disease were prospectively included: 73 were educated in four sessions, 72 were educated after the one year evaluation period (control group). The following topics were presented: pathogenesis, diagnostic procedures, course of disease, medical and surgical treatment, nutrition, social problems and support, stress management, and coping with the disease. RESULTS: The repeated measurement two-way analysis of variances showed no effects of the patient education program on disease-related knowledge, depression and quality of life. CONCLUSION: This patient education program was not able to increase disease-related knowledge or psychosocial variables in patients with IBD. However, most of the patients were very satisfied with the education program, since as judged by their own assessment it helped them to act responsibly for themselves and their disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Colitis, Ulcerative/*psychology/therapy
Crohn Disease/*psychology/therapy
Curriculum
Depression/psychology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Education as Topic/*methods
Patient Satisfaction
Prospective Studies
Quality of Life/*psychology
Self Care/psychology
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0044-2771 (Print)
0044-2771},
   Accession Number = {15830302},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-2004-813867},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brihier, H. and Nion-Larmurier, I. and Afchain, P. and Tiret, E. and Beaugerie, L. and Gendre, J. P. and Cosnes, J.},
   title = {Intestinal perforation in Crohn's disease. Factors predictive of surgical resection},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Clin Biol},
   volume = {29},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1105-11},
   note = {Brihier, Helene
Nion-Larmurier, Isabelle
Afchain, Pauline
Tiret, Emmanuel
Beaugerie, Laurent
Gendre, Jean-Pierre
Cosnes, Jacques
Journal Article
France
Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2005 Nov;29(11):1105-11.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: New medical therapeutic options challenge the usual surgical management of Crohn's disease patients with intestinal perforation. OBJECTIVES: To determine factors predictive of surgery for perforation in Crohn's disease and define a group of patients that may benefit from non-surgical treatment. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-two patients (69 males, 93 females, mean age 39) with perforated Crohn's disease (fistula, abscess, inflammatory mass) between January 1995 and September 2003 were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-one patients (93%) underwent surgery: 70 had planned surgery and 81 had surgery for symptomatic deterioration. At two years, the cumulative probability of intestinal resection was 0.89 +/- 0.03, and the cumulative probability of unplanned intestinal resection was 0.72 +/- 0.05. Predictive factors of unplanned surgery were elevated platelet count (adjusted hazard ratio 3.15; 95% CI 2.21-4.50) and absence of fistula (adjusted hazard ratio 3.14; 95% CI 2.48-3.99). The rate of postoperative complications, the need for a stoma, and the length of bowel resection were not significantly different whether the surgery was planned or not. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of patients with intestinal perforation complicating Crohn's disease, particularly those with a fistula, might benefit from non-surgical treatment.},
   keywords = {Abscess/etiology/surgery
Adult
Aged
Crohn Disease/*complications/*surgery
Digestive System Fistula/*etiology/surgery
*Digestive System Surgical Procedures
Disease Progression
Female
Humans
Inflammation
Intestinal Perforation/*etiology/*surgery
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Selection
Prognosis
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {0399-8320 (Print)
0399-8320},
   Accession Number = {16505755},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bringer, M. A. and Barnich, N. and Glasser, A. L. and Bardot, O. and Darfeuille-Michaud, A.},
   title = {HtrA stress protein is involved in intramacrophagic replication of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli strain LF82 isolated from a patient with Crohn's disease},
   journal = {Infect Immun},
   volume = {73},
   number = {2},
   pages = {712-21},
   note = {Bringer, Marie-Agnes
Barnich, Nicolas
Glasser, Anne-Lise
Bardot, Olivier
Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Infect Immun. 2005 Feb;73(2):712-21.},
   abstract = {Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) bacteria isolated from Crohn's disease patients are able to greatly replicate within macrophages without escaping from the phagosome and without inducing macrophage death. In the present study, evidence is provided that in AIEC strain LF82 the htrA gene encoding the stress protein HtrA is essential for intracellular replication within J774-A1 macrophages. Deletion of the htrA gene in strain LF82 induced increased sensitivity of the isogenic mutant to oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide and a reduced rate of growth in an acid and nutrient-poor medium partly reproducing the microenvironment of the phagosome. In vitro experiments using an LF82 htrA gene promoter fusion with the lacZ gene revealed a 38-fold activation of the promoter in AIEC LF82 intramacrophagic bacteria. The CpxRA two-component signaling pathway was not involved in this activation. In addition, the activation of the LF82 htrA gene promoter was not observed in the nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 intramacrophagic bacteria, indicating that the AIEC LF82 genetic background is crucial for induction of htrA gene transcription during phagocytosis.},
   keywords = {Cell Division/genetics/*physiology
Crohn Disease/*microbiology
DNA Transposable Elements
Escherichia coli/cytology/enzymology/genetics/*physiology
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology
Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics/*physiology
Humans
Macrophages/*microbiology
Mutation
Oxidative Stress
Periplasmic Proteins/genetics/*physiology
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Serine Endopeptidases/genetics/*physiology},
   ISSN = {0019-9567 (Print)
0019-9567},
   Accession Number = {15664909},
   DOI = {10.1128/iai.73.2.712-721.2005},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brogan, P. A. and Malik, M. and Shah, N. and Kilday, J. P. and Ramsay, A. and Shah, V. and Murch, S. H. and Thomson, M. A. and Walker-Smith, J. A. and Lindley, K. J. and Milla, P. J. and Dillon, M. J.},
   title = {Systemic vasculitis: a cause of indeterminate intestinal inflammation},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {42},
   number = {4},
   pages = {405-15},
   note = {Brogan, P A
Malik, M
Shah, N
Kilday, J P
Ramsay, A
Shah, V
Murch, S H
Thomson, M A
Walker-Smith, J A
Lindley, K J
Milla, P J
Dillon, M J
Case Reports
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Apr;42(4):405-15.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Indeterminate intestinal inflammation may result from a variety of inflammatory conditions in addition to ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. The primary systemic vasculitides may present with intestinal inflammation and an indeterminate colitis. We set out to describe a series of children with primary systemic vasculitis who initially presented with clinical features suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to establish criteria that might help discriminate between IBD and primary systemic vasculitis. METHODS: Ten children (6 boys, median age at presentation 8.9 years, range 0.9-14.5 years) satisfied inclusion criteria. RESULTS: All had abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea (6 of 10 bloody) and laboratory evidence of a severe acute phase response. Extraintestinal clinical features included vasculitic rash, renal impairment, myalgia, testicular pain and polyarthritis. Endoscopy showed vascular changes or other macroscopic findings suggestive of vasculitis in 5 of 10 patients. Gut histology revealed indeterminate chronic inflammatory mucosal changes and one patient with small artery fibrinoid necrosis in the submucosal vessels. Extraintestinal biopsy was performed in 6 patients and had a higher yield for the demonstration of vasculitis than intestinal biopsy. The results of selective visceral angiography was suggestive of vasculitis in all patients, but was normal in 7 cases of treatment-unresponsive classic IBD. Treatment comprised corticosteroid and azathioprine in all patients. Cyclophosphamide was given to 7 of 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Extraintestinal manifestations and inflammatory responses that may be disproportionate to the degree of intestinal inflammation provide clues to the presence of an underlying primary systemic vasculitis, and these data suggest that selective visceral angiography plays a key role in the diagnosis of vasculitis in this context. It is important to identify and treat any vasculitic component because failure to do so may result in consequential morbidity or mortality.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Acute-Phase Reaction
Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Diagnosis, Differential
Diarrhea/etiology
Female
Humans
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/etiology/pathology
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Male
Vasculitis/complications/*diagnosis/pathology
Weight Loss},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16641579},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000215305.63417.26},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Buning, C. and Lochs, H.},
   title = {Conventional therapy for Crohn's disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {12},
   number = {30},
   pages = {4794-806},
   note = {Buning, Carsten
Lochs, Herbert
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Aug 14;12(30):4794-806.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease (CD) is a multifactorial disorder of unknown cause. Outstanding progress regarding the pathophysiology of CD has led to the development of innovative therapeutic concepts. Numerous controlled trials have been performed in CD over the last years. However, many drugs have not been approved by regulatory authorities due to lack of efficacy or severe side effects. Therefore, well-known drugs, including 5-ASA, systemic or topical corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, are still the mainstay of CD therapy. Importantly, biologicals such as infliximab have shown to be efficacious in problematic settings such as fistulizing or steroid-dependent CD. This review is intended to give practical guidelines to clinicians for the conventional treatment of CD. We concentrated on the results of randomized, placebo-controlled trials and meta-analyses, when available, that provide the highest degree of evidence. We provide evidence-based treatment algorithms whenever possible. However, many clinical situations have not been answered by controlled clinical trials and it is important to fill these gaps through expert opinions. We hope that this review offers a useful tool for clinicians in the challenging treatment of CD.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Azathioprine/therapeutic use
Budesonide/therapeutic use
Crohn Disease/complications/pathology/physiopathology/*therapy
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Infliximab
Mesalamine/therapeutic use
Methotrexate/therapeutic use
Nutrition Therapy
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Remission Induction},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {16937460},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Buret, A. G.},
   title = {Immunopathology of giardiasis: the role of lymphocytes in intestinal epithelial injury and malfunction},
   journal = {Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz},
   volume = {100 Suppl 1},
   pages = {185-90},
   note = {Buret, A G
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Brazil
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2005 Mar;100 Suppl 1:185-90. Epub 2005 Jun 14.},
   abstract = {T lymphocyte-mediated pathogenesis is common to a variety of enteropathies, including giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, bacterial enteritis, celiac's disease, food anaphylaxis, and Crohn's disease. In giardiasis as well as in these other disorders, a diffuse loss of microvillous brush border, combined or not with villus atrophy, is responsible for disaccharidase insufficiencies and malabsorption of electrolytes, nutrients, and water, which ultimately cause diarrheal symptoms. Other mucosal changes may include crypt hyperplasia and increased infiltration of intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Recent studies using models of giardiasis have shed new light on the immune regulation of these abnormalities. Indeed, experiments using an athymic mouse model of infection have found that these epithelial injuries were T cell-dependent. Findings from further research indicate that that the loss of brush border surface area, reduced disaccharidase activities, and increase crypt-villus ratios are mediated by CD8+ T cells, whereas both CD8+ and CD4+ small mesenteric lymph node T cells regulate the influx of intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Future investigations need to characterize the CD8+ T cell signaling cascades that ultimately lead to epithelial injury and malfunction in giardiasis and other malabsorptive disorders of the intestine.},
   keywords = {Animals
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
Giardiasis/immunology/*pathology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/parasitology/*pathology
Microvilli/parasitology/pathology},
   ISSN = {0074-0276 (Print)
0074-0276},
   Accession Number = {15962121},
   DOI = {/S0074-02762005000900032},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Burnham, J. M. and Shults, J. and Semeao, E. and Foster, B. J. and Zemel, B. S. and Stallings, V. A. and Leonard, M. B.},
   title = {Body-composition alterations consistent with cachexia in children and young adults with Crohn disease},
   journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {82},
   number = {2},
   pages = {413-20},
   note = {Burnham, Jon M
Shults, Justine
Semeao, Edisio
Foster, Bethany J
Zemel, Babette S
Stallings, Virginia A
Leonard, Mary B
T32 DK007785/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
M01RR00240/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
United States
Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;82(2):413-20.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Crohn disease (CD) in children is associated with low body mass index (BMI), poor growth, and delayed maturation; alterations in lean and fat mass, however, are poorly characterized. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to quantify lean and fat mass in children and young adults with CD and in healthy control subjects, relative to height and pubertal maturation. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study assessed whole-body lean and fat mass by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 104 subjects with CD and in 233 healthy control subjects aged 4-25 y. Linear regression was used to determine the effect of CD on body composition and to generate sex-specific SD scores (z scores) for lean and fat mass relative to height. RESULTS: Subjects with CD had lower height-for-age and BMI-for-age z scores (P < 0.001 for both) than did control subjects. CD was associated with significant deficits in lean mass after adjustment for height, age, race, and Tanner stage (P = 0.003); deficits in fat mass were not observed. The mean (+/-SD) lean mass-for-height and fat mass-for-height z scores in the subjects with CD were -0.61 +/- 0.92 and -0.04 +/- 0.86, respectively. Within the control group, fat mass-for-height was positively correlated with lean mass-for height (r = 0.41, P < 0.0001); this association was absent in the subjects with CD. CONCLUSIONS: Children and young adults with CD had significant deficits in lean mass but preserved fat mass, which is consistent with cachexia. Further research is needed to identify physical activity, nutritional, and antiinflammatory interventions to improve body composition in persons with CD.},
   keywords = {Adipose Tissue/metabolism
Adolescent
Adult
*Body Composition
Cachexia/*metabolism
Child
Child, Preschool
Crohn Disease/*metabolism
Cross-Sectional Studies
Energy Metabolism
Female
Humans
Male},
   ISSN = {0002-9165 (Print)
0002-9165},
   Accession Number = {16087987},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Calenda, K. A. and Schornagel, I. L. and Sadeghi-Nejad, A. and Grand, R. J.},
   title = {Effect of recombinant growth hormone treatment on children with Crohn's disease and short stature: a pilot study},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {11},
   number = {5},
   pages = {435-41},
   note = {Calenda, Kathleen A
Schornagel, Irene L
Sadeghi-Nejad, Abdollah
Grand, Richard J
M01 RR 00054/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK 34928/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
T32 DK 07471/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005 May;11(5):435-41.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Growth failure frequently complicates Crohn's disease in childhood. Abnormalities in the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis may occur. The effects of administered GH on growth have not been studied previously in a randomized trial. METHODS: Seven children (6 boys and 1 girl; age, 11.9-16 yr) with Crohn's disease and growth failure were enrolled. In phase 1, patients were randomized to either GH (0.05 mg/kg per day) or placebo; in phase 2, patients who received placebo during the first year received GH for various time periods. Follow-up was every 3 months for up to 2 years. RESULTS: During placebo treatment (4 patients), mean height-for-age z score (haz) increased 0.23 in the first half year and 0.55 in the second half year. The mean improvement in haz during the first half year of GH treatment (7 patients) was 0.13; during the second half year (5 patients), haz decreased 0.01. Effects of GH varied among patients; 2 patients grew only when nutritional supplementation was added. Observed changes were not statistically significant; however, the number of patients studied was small, and statistical analyses could have been affected by sample size. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels correlated with height velocity. Only 2 patients later reached expected adult height. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, GH treatment at the dose given did not stimulate growth in children with Crohn's disease and short stature. Whether or not GH plus nutritional therapy would be effective in promoting sustained catch-up growth remains to be determined.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Body Height/drug effects
Body Weight/drug effects
Child
Crohn Disease/*complications
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Drug Administration Schedule
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Growth Disorders/*drug therapy/etiology
Human Growth Hormone/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Humans
Male
Pilot Projects
Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {15867582},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cameron, D.},
   title = {Diagnostic role of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {40},
   number = {3},
   pages = {383},
   note = {Cameron, Don
Comment
Letter
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Mar;40(3):383.},
   keywords = {Cecum
Colitis, Ulcerative
Colon
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Duodenum/pathology
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/*methods
Esophagus/pathology
Humans
Ileum/pathology
Rectum/pathology
Stomach/pathology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {15735499},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Canani, R. B. and de Horatio, L. T. and Terrin, G. and Romano, M. T. and Miele, E. and Staiano, A. and Rapacciuolo, L. and Polito, G. and Bisesti, V. and Manguso, F. and Vallone, G. and Sodano, A. and Troncone, R.},
   title = {Combined use of noninvasive tests is useful in the initial diagnostic approach to a child with suspected inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {42},
   number = {1},
   pages = {9-15},
   note = {Canani, Roberto Berni
de Horatio, Laura Tanturri
Terrin, Gianluca
Romano, Maria Teresa
Miele, Erasmo
Staiano, Annamaria
Rapacciuolo, Luciano
Polito, Gaetano
Bisesti, Vincenzo
Manguso, Francesco
Vallone, Gianfranco
Sodano, Antonio
Troncone, Riccardo
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Jan;42(1):9-15.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of the combined use of fecal calprotectin (FC), anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA), perinuclear staining antineutrophil antibody (pANCA), small intestinal permeability test (IP), and bowel wall ultrasonography measurement (BWUS) in the diagnostic work-up of children with suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: All children referred for initial assessment of possible IBD were eligible. Patients with symptoms or signs (right-lower quadrant mass, perianal disease, or hematochezia) mandating a complete work-up for IBD were excluded. All enrolled patients underwent a clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and endoscopic evaluation including biopsy examinations. The immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA ASCA, IgG pANCA, FC, IP, and BWUS were tested in all patients at the initial assessment. RESULTS: A final diagnosis of IBD was made in 27 patients: 17 Crohn disease and 10 ulcerative colitis. Eighteen children had other gastrointestinal diagnoses (8 functional bowel disorders, 5 food allergy-mediated diseases, 4 infectious enterocolitis, 1 familial Mediterranean fever). In patients with simultaneous abnormal values of FC, BWUS, and ASCA/pANCA, the estimated probability of having IBD was 99.47%. Patients with negative results on all tests had a 0.69% of probability of IBD. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of noninvasive diagnostic tests into the initial diagnostic approach may avoid unnecessary invasive procedures and facilitate clinical decision-making when the diagnosis of IBD in children is initially uncertain.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/*analysis
Antibodies, Fungal/*analysis
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/immunology/pathology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/immunology/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods/*standards
Feces/chemistry
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/immunology/pathology
Intestine, Small/diagnostic imaging/pathology/physiology
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/*analysis
Male
Permeability
Reproducibility of Results
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/immunology
Sensitivity and Specificity
Ultrasonography},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16385247},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Carvalho, R. S. and Abadom, V. and Dilworth, H. P. and Thompson, R. and Oliva-Hemker, M. and Cuffari, C.},
   title = {Indeterminate colitis: a significant subgroup of pediatric IBD},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {12},
   number = {4},
   pages = {258-62},
   note = {Carvalho, Ryan S
Abadom, Vivian
Dilworth, Harrison P
Thompson, Richard
Oliva-Hemker, Maria
Cuffari, Carmen
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Apr;12(4):258-62.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Indeterminate colitis (IC) is a subgroup of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that cannot be characterized as either ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD). Our aims are to determine the prevalence of IC in our pediatric patient population and to describe its clinical presentation, natural history,and disease distribution. METHODS: We performed a retrospective database analysis of all children diagnosed with IBD at the Johns Hopkins Children's IBD Center between 1996 and 2001. Patient demographics, including age, sex, and age at disease onset, were tallied. Disease distribution was identified on the basis of a review of all endoscopic, colonoscopic, histopathological, and radiological records. All of the patients were followed up clinically to determine the extent of disease progression on the basis of the initial diagnosis of IC. RESULTS: Among 250 children registered in the database, 127 (50.8%) had a diagnosis of CD, 49 (19.6%) had UC, and 74(29.6%) had IC. Patients with IC had a significantly younger mean +/- SEM age (9.53 +/- 4.8 years) at diagnosis compared with patients with CD (12.4 +/- 3.8 years; P < 0.001) but not compared with patients with UC (7.41 +/- 3.5 years). Among the patients with IC, 59 (79.7%) had a pancolitis at diagnosis, and the remaining 15 had left-sided disease that progressed to a pancolitis within a mean of 6 years. Twenty-five patients (33.7%) with an initial diagnosis of IC were reclassified to either CD or UC after a median follow-up of 1.9 years (range 0.6-4.5 years). Forty-nine patients (66.2%) maintained their diagnosis of IC after a mean follow-up of 7 years (SEM 2.5 years). CONCLUSIONS: IC is a distinct pediatric subgroup of IBD with a prevalence that is higher than that observed in adults. Children with IC have an early age of disease onset and a disease that rapidly progresses to pancolitis. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the clinical implications of this pediatric IBD subgroup.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Distribution
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Colonoscopy
Diagnosis, Differential
Disease Progression
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Male
Prevalence
Prognosis
Retrospective Studies
United States/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {16633047},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.MIB.0000215093.62245.b9},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Castro, M. and Knafelz, D. and Rossi, L. and Ambrosini, M. I. and Papadatou, B. and Mambrini, G. and Magnani, M.},
   title = {Periodic treatment with autologous erythrocytes loaded with dexamethasone 21-phosphate for fistulizing pediatric Crohn's disease: case report},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {42},
   number = {3},
   pages = {313-5},
   note = {Castro, Massimo
Knafelz, Daniela
Rossi, Luigia
Ambrosini, Maria Irene
Papadatou, Bronislava
Mambrini, Giovanni
Magnani, Mauro
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Mar;42(3):313-5.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Capsules
Child
Crohn Disease/*complications/*drug therapy
Dexamethasone/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism/therapeutic use
Drug Carriers
*Erythrocytes/chemistry
Female
Humans
Intestinal Fistula/*drug therapy
Safety
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16540801},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000188006.59128.47},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chiarenza, L. and Pignataro, A. and Lanza, V.},
   title = {Refeeding syndrome in early pregnancy. Case report},
   journal = {Minerva Anestesiol},
   volume = {71},
   number = {12},
   pages = {803-8},
   note = {Chiarenza, L
Pignataro, A
Lanza, V
Case Reports
Journal Article
Italy
Minerva Anestesiol. 2005 Dec;71(12):803-8.},
   abstract = {Refeeding syndrome is a very serious disorder that is not often observed today, as it is more common during times of mass starvation or war. Nowadays, it is sometimes found in patients suffering from anorexia nervosa or neoplastic diseases. A case recently treated in our Intensive Care Unit is described. The patient was pregnant and suffering from Crohn's disease. It is emphasized that although refeeding syndrome is often fatal if not treated early, it is easily prevented or treated with adequate nutritional support.},
   keywords = {Acid-Base Imbalance/etiology/*therapy
Critical Care
Crohn Disease/complications
Female
Humans
*Nutritional Support
Parenteral Nutrition, Total
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications/*therapy},
   ISSN = {0375-9393 (Print)
0375-9393},
   Accession Number = {16288187},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Colletti, R. B.},
   title = {Next steps on the thiopurine methyltransferase 6-thioguanine nucleotide pathway},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {43},
   number = {3},
   pages = {282-3},
   note = {1536-4801
Colletti, Richard B
Comment
Editorial
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Sep;43(3):282-3.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/administration & dosage/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Azathioprine/administration & dosage/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
Crohn Disease/drug therapy
Erythrocytes/chemistry
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Methyltransferases/genetics/*metabolism
Nucleotides/*metabolism
Remission Induction
Thioguanine/blood/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16954947},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000237940.50791.70},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Condino, A. A. and Fidanza, S. and Hoffenberg, E. J.},
   title = {A home infliximab infusion program},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {40},
   number = {1},
   pages = {67-9},
   note = {Condino, Adria A
Fidanza, Sara
Hoffenberg, Edward J
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Jan;40(1):67-9.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Infliximab is a promising advance in the treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Infliximab is an effective therapy for selected children with Crohn disease but is both costly and time consuming. OBJECTIVES: To analyze our center's experience with a program of home-based infliximab infusion. METHODS: Between September, 2001, and October, 2003 we reviewed the charts of all children receiving home infliximab infusions focusing on cost, safety, and patient satisfaction. Children were enrolled in the home infusion program if they were compliant with hospital-based infliximab infusions and other medications, had no adverse events during hospital-based infliximab infusions, were in remission and had access to experienced pediatric homecare nursing. RESULTS: Ten children received 59 home infusions with a dose range of 7.5 to 10 mg/kg/dose. The calculated average savings per patient was 1335 US dollar/100 mg infliximab. Home infusions ranged from 2 to 5 hours. Since infusions could be performed any day of the week, school absenteeism was decreased. The average patient satisfaction rating for home infusions was 9 on a scale from 1 to 10 (10 = most satisfied). Three patients experienced difficulty with IV access requiring multiple attempts, but all were able to receive their infusions. One infusion was stopped because of arm pain above the IV site. This patient had his next infusion in the hospital before returning to the home infusion program. No severe adverse events (palpitations, blood pressure instability, hyperemia, respiratory symptoms) occurred during home infusions. CONCLUSIONS: In our carefully selected patients, infliximab infusions administered at home were safe and are cost-effective. Patients and families preferred home infusions, since time missed from school and work was reduced.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antibodies, Monoclonal/economics/*therapeutic use
Child
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Crohn Disease/therapy
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Female
Gastrointestinal Agents/economics/*therapeutic use
*Home Care Services/economics
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*therapy
Infliximab
*Infusions, Parenteral
Male
*Patient Satisfaction
Retrospective Studies
Safety
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {15625429},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Condino, A. A. and Hoffenberg, E. J. and Accurso, F. and Penvari, C. and Anthony, M. and Gralla, J. and O'Connor, J. A.},
   title = {Frequency of ASCA seropositivity in children with cystic fibrosis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {41},
   number = {1},
   pages = {23-6},
   note = {Condino, Adria A
Hoffenberg, Edward J
Accurso, Frank
Penvari, Chureeporn
Anthony, Meg
Gralla, Jane
O'Connor, Judith A
M01-RR00069/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Jul;41(1):23-6.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) seropositivity in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and correlate ASCA with clinical features. METHODS: Prospective study of children with CF aged 2 to 21 years enrolled from The Children's Hospital Cystic Fibrosis Center. Exclusion criteria included Crohn disease, immunodeficiency or immunoglobulin A deficiency. The frequency of ASCA (ASCA immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G) was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit provided by Inova, Inc. (San Diego, CA). The CF Foundation database was queried for clinical data on ASCA seropositive patients. RESULTS: Seventeen (20.7%) of 82 patients were seropositive for ASCA. Of these, eight had immunoglobulin A antibodies, six had immunoglobulin G antibodies and three had both. ASCA seropositivity in CF patients was significantly greater than the general population (20.7% versus 4%, P < 0.0001), using an exact binomial test on a single proportion. The 95% confidence limits around our observed proportion were 12.6% to 31.1%. Of 17 ASCA positive patients, 1 (5.8%) had a history of meconium ileus, 14 (82.4%) had DeltaF508 gene mutation, 9 (52.9%) had positive sputum cultures for fungal organisms, and 17 (100%) had an ideal body weight % >or=85%. CONCLUSION: Patients with CF have a higher frequency of ASCA seropositivity than the general population. When evaluating CF patients for Crohn disease, ASCA should be used with caution. The reasons for higher ASCA seropositivity in CF patients are unknown, but may include exposure to fungal organisms via intestinal or pulmonary sources.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Antibodies, Fungal/*blood
Child
Cystic Fibrosis/blood/*complications
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
Female
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Immunoglobulin G/blood
Male
Mycoses/complications/*epidemiology
Prospective Studies
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*immunology
Seroepidemiologic Studies},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {15990625},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cormier, K. and Mager, D. and Bannister, L. and Fortin, M. and Richards, H. and Jackson, C. and Pencharz, P.},
   title = {Resting energy expenditure in the parenterally fed pediatric population with Crohn's disease},
   journal = {JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr},
   volume = {29},
   number = {2},
   pages = {102-7},
   note = {Cormier, Kathryn
Mager, Diana
Bannister, Louise
Fortin, Marie
Richards, Helen
Jackson, Cheryl
Pencharz, Paul
Journal Article
United States
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2005 Mar-Apr;29(2):102-7.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a common sequela of Crohn's disease (CD) and may result in reduced skeletal muscle function and growth retardation. Energy requirements of parenterally fed hospitalized pediatric patients with active CD were measured using indirect calorimetry, to assess whether Food Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations University (UNU) equations provide appropriate estimations of energy requirements in this patient population. METHODS: Twenty hospitalized patients with active CD fed exclusively via parenteral nutrition (PN) were investigated. A chart review and patient interviews were conducted to assess disease duration, location, laboratory parameters, and symptomology associated with CD. Disease severity was quantified using the Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index. Each subject underwent indirect calorimetry, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and anthropometric assessment once the ordered PN met estimated macronutrient requirements of each patient (predicted resting energy expenditure x1.3). Predicted resting energy expenditure (REE) was determined using the FAO/WHO/UNU equations. RESULTS: REE showed a strong correlation with predicted REE (r(2) = .73, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Measured REE did not significantly differ from predicted resting energy requirements. This indicates that REE for the parenterally fed pediatric patients with CD can be accurately predicted using the FAO/WHO/UNU equations.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Anthropometry
Basal Metabolism/*physiology
Body Composition/physiology
Calorimetry, Indirect/methods
Child
Child, Preschool
Crohn Disease/*metabolism
Electric Impedance
Energy Intake/physiology
Female
Humans
Male
*Nutritional Requirements
*Parenteral Nutrition
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0148-6071 (Print)
0148-6071},
   Accession Number = {15772388},
   DOI = {10.1177/0148607105029002102},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cosnes, J. and Nion-Larmurier, I. and Beaugerie, L. and Afchain, P. and Tiret, E. and Gendre, J. P.},
   title = {Impact of the increasing use of immunosuppressants in Crohn's disease on the need for intestinal surgery},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {54},
   number = {2},
   pages = {237-41},
   note = {Cosnes, J
Nion-Larmurier, I
Beaugerie, L
Afchain, P
Tiret, E
Gendre, J-P
Journal Article
England
Gut. 2005 Feb;54(2):237-41.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIM: Immunosuppressants are now used much earlier in the course of Crohn's disease; however their effect on the natural history of the disease, especially on the need for surgery, is not known. The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of the need for surgery in Crohn's disease during the last 25 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical charts of 2573 patients were reviewed retrospectively. The use of immunosuppressants (azathioprine or methotrexate), the need for intestinal resection, and the occurrence of intestinal complications were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis in five consecutive cohorts of patients defined by the date of diagnosis of Crohn's disease (1978-82; 1983-87; 1988-92; 1993-97; 1998-2002). RESULTS: In 565 patients seen in the authors' unit within the first three months after diagnosis, characteristics of Crohn's disease at diagnosis did not differ from one cohort to another. The five year cumulative probability to receive immunosuppressants increased from 0 in the 1978-82 cohort to 0.13, 0.25, 0.25, and 0.56 in the 1983-87, 1988-92, 1993-97, and 1998-2002 cohorts, respectively (p<0.001). Concomitantly, the cumulative risk of intestinal resection remained unchanged (from 0.35 to 0.34 at five years; p=0.81). The cumulative risk of developing a stricturing or a penetrating intestinal complication remained also unchanged. Similar results were obtained in the 2008 patients seen during the same period who were referred to us more than three months after diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Although immunosuppressants have been used more frequently over the last 25 years, there was no significant decrease of the need for surgery, or of intestinal complications of Crohn's disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Azathioprine/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Crohn Disease/complications/*drug therapy/*surgery
Digestive System Surgical Procedures/trends/utilization
Drug Administration Schedule
Drug Therapy, Combination
Drug Utilization/trends
Female
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Intestinal Obstruction/etiology
Male
Methotrexate/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Middle Aged
Retrospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0017-5749 (Print)
0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {15647188},
   DOI = {10.1136/gut.2004.045294},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cosnes, J. and Seksik, P. and Nion-Larmurier, I. and Beaugerie, L. and Gendre, J. P.},
   title = {Prior appendectomy and the phenotype and course of Crohn's disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {12},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1235-42},
   note = {Cosnes, Jacques
Seksik, Philippe
Nion-Larmurier, Isabelle
Beaugerie, Laurent
Gendre, Jean-Pierre
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb 28;12(8):1235-42.},
   abstract = {AIM: To determine whether prior appendectomy modifies the phenotype and severity of Crohn's disease. METHODS: Appendectomy status and smoking habits were specified by direct interview in 2838 patients consecutively seen between 1995 and 2004. Occurrence of complications and therapeutic needs were reviewed retrospectively. Additionally, annual disease activity was assessed prospectively between 1995 and 2004 in patients who had not had ileocecal resection and of a matched control group. RESULTS: Compared to 1770 non-appendectomized patients, appendectomized patients more than 5 years before Crohn's disease diagnosis (n=716) were more often females, smokers, with ileal disease. Cox regression showed that prior appendectomy was positively related to the risk of intestinal stricture (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.36; P=0.02) and inversely related to the risk of perianal fistulization (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 0.83; P=0.002). No difference was observed between the two groups regarding the therapeutic needs, except for an increased risk of surgery in appendectomized patients, attributable to the increased prevalence of ileal disease. Between 1995 and 2004, Crohn's disease was active during 50% of years in appendectomized patients (1318 out of 2637 patient-years) and 51% in non-appendectomized patients (1454 out of 2841 patient-years; NS). CONCLUSION: Prior appendectomy is associated with a more proximal disease and has an increased risk of stricture and a lesser risk of anal fistulization. However, the severity of the disease is unaffected.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
*Appendectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology/physiopathology
Crohn Disease/complications/*pathology/*physiopathology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Intestinal Fistula/epidemiology/etiology
Male
Middle Aged
Odds Ratio
Phenotype
Prospective Studies
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
Smoking
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {16534877},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cottone, M. and Orlando, A. and Modesto, I.},
   title = {Postoperative maintenance therapy for inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Opin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {22},
   number = {4},
   pages = {377-81},
   note = {Cottone, Mario
Orlando, Ambrogio
Modesto, Irene
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul;22(4):377-81.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review will highlight the knowledge gained from studies published in the year 2005 on maintenance treatment after surgery for inflammatory bowel diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: In Crohn's disease the role of smoking in increasing the risk of relapse and recurrence after surgery is confirmed. Ornidazole seems effective in reducing endoscopic recurrence and clinical relapse after surgery. Probiotics do not appear to be effective in preventing endoscopic recurrence and clinical relapse: a controlled placebo trial showed that Lactobacillus johnsonii is not effective in preventing endoscopic recurrence. A retrospective study suggested that enteral nutrition after surgery may reduce the clinical relapse. Pathophysiological studies underlined the value of probiotics in pouchitis. SUMMARY: In Crohn's disease postoperative maintenance treatment is disappointing. Giving up smoking is still the only effective measure. Mesalamine remains the drug that has been widely studied with large trials and meta-analysis. Encouraging results come from small trials on antibiotics. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine must be evaluated in better designed controlled trials. There is no evidence in favour of probiotics as an effective therapy to prevent recurrence. Enteral nutrition after surgery is a candidate new therapy, but further controlled trials are needed. Pathophysiological studies confirm the beneficial role of probiotics in pouchitis.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use
*Digestive System Surgical Procedures
Enteral Nutrition
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/*surgery
Postoperative Care/*methods
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0267-1379 (Print)
0267-1379},
   Accession Number = {16760753},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mog.0000231811.95525.7c},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cukovic-Cavka, S. and Likic, R. and Francetic, I. and Rustemovic, N. and Opacic, M. and Vucelic, B.},
   title = {Lactobacillus acidophilus as a cause of liver abscess in a NOD2/CARD15-positive patient with Crohn's disease},
   journal = {Digestion},
   volume = {73},
   number = {2-3},
   pages = {107-10},
   note = {Cukovic-Cavka, S
Likic, R
Francetic, I
Rustemovic, N
Opacic, M
Vucelic, B
Case Reports
Journal Article
Switzerland
Digestion. 2006;73(2-3):107-10. Epub 2006 Jun 20.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The development of a fistula and/or an abscess are major complications in patients with Crohn's disease. An abscess can involve any of the major viscera, including the liver and spleen. CASE REPORT: A 27-year-old male patient with a 6-month history of NOD2/CARD15-positive Crohn's disease with stenosis of the terminal ileum, previously treated with corticosteroids, was admitted with fever, chills, diarrhea, fatigue and cachexia. Diagnostic work-up revealed sepsis, an abscess in the right hepatic lobe, multiple abdominal collections and right-sided pleural effusion. It was felt that his poor general condition prevented surgical intervention and complex conservative treatment was initiated. It consisted of total parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, percutaneous drainage of the liver abscess, and thoracocentesis. Pus and blood cultures showed Lactobacillus acidophilus. There was a gradual improvement in the patient's condition and the liver abscess decreased in diameter from 14 to 2 cm. Aminosalicylates and enteral nutrition were gradually introduced. The patient was discharged after 9 weeks in good general condition. CONCLUSION: Although extremely rarely, L. acidophilus can cause hepatic abscess and sepsis. This can be explained by immunologic incompetence due to corticosteroid treatment of Crohn's disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Crohn Disease/*complications
Humans
Lactobacillus acidophilus/*pathogenicity
Liver Abscess/diagnostic imaging/*microbiology/therapy
Male
Tomography, X-Ray Computed},
   ISSN = {0012-2823 (Print)
0012-2823},
   Accession Number = {16788305},
   DOI = {10.1159/000094041},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Damen, G. M. and Hol, J. and de Ruiter, L. and Bouquet, J. and Sinaasappel, M. and van der Woude, J. and Laman, J. D. and Hop, W. C. and Buller, H. A. and Escher, J. C. and Nieuwenhuis, E. E.},
   title = {Chemokine production by buccal epithelium as a distinctive feature of pediatric Crohn disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {42},
   number = {2},
   pages = {142-9},
   note = {Damen, Gerard M
Hol, Jeroen
de Ruiter, Lilian
Bouquet, Jan
Sinaasappel, Maarten
van der Woude, Janneke
Laman, Jon D
Hop, Wim C J
Buller, Hans A
Escher, Johanna C
Nieuwenhuis, Edward E S
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Feb;42(2):142-9.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) represent an aberrant immune response by the mucosal immune system to luminal bacteria. Because the oral mucosa harbors the first epithelial cells that interact with microorganisms, we assessed the immunologic activity of buccal epithelium in children with IBD and adults with Crohn disease. METHODS: Buccal epithelial cells were obtained from 17 children and 14 adults with Crohn disease, 18 children with ulcerative colitis, and 40 controls. Cells were cultured with and without microbial stimulation. Chemokine levels were determined in culture supernatants by cytometric bead array and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. CXCL-8 production was studied by immunohistochemical analysis of these cells. CXCL-8 production by lipopolysaccharide stimulated monocyte-derived dendritic cells from these patients was determined. RESULTS: Compared with controls, pediatric ulcerative colitis patients, and adult Crohn disease patients, only in children with Crohn disease did buccal epithelial cells exhibit enhanced production of CXCL-8, CXCL-9, and CXCL-10. In vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or zymosan resulted in a further increase of chemokine levels only in cells from pediatric Crohn disease patients. CXCL-8 production by stimulated monocyte-derived dendritic cells from children with Crohn disease was equal to that of children with ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS: Buccal epithelium of children with Crohn disease is immunologically active, even in the absence of oral lesions. The enhanced chemokine production is associated with pediatric Crohn disease and appears restricted to cells derived from the epithelial barrier. Assessment of chemokine production by buccal epithelial cells may become a new, rapid, noninvasive test for screening and classification of IBD in children.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Case-Control Studies
Chemokines, CXC/*biosynthesis
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/immunology/pathology
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/immunology/pathology
Epithelial Cells/immunology/metabolism
Female
Humans
Immunity, Mucosal
Immunohistochemistry
Infant
Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
Male
Middle Aged
Mouth Mucosa/*immunology/*metabolism
Severity of Illness Index
Zymosan/pharmacology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16456405},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000189336.70021.8a},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Darbari, A. and Kalloo, A. N. and Cuffari, C.},
   title = {Diagnostic yield, safety, and efficacy of push enteroscopy in pediatrics},
   journal = {Gastrointest Endosc},
   volume = {64},
   number = {2},
   pages = {224-8},
   note = {Darbari, Anil
Kalloo, Anthony N
Cuffari, Carmen
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Gastrointest Endosc. 2006 Aug;64(2):224-8.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Push enteroscopy has not been compared to standard endoscopy in children. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of push enteroscopy in children with suspected proximal small bowel disease, and to compare its diagnostic yield and safety with standard endoscopy. DESIGN/SETTING: Database review. PATIENTS: A database analysis was performed on all children who underwent push enteroscopy at The Johns Hopkins Children's Center from 2001 to 2005. Patient demographics, clinical history, and indication for push enteroscopy were all recorded. Clinical utility was qualified based on the influence of PE on therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Diagnostic yield and safety of push enteroscopy in children. RESULTS: Push enteroscopy was performed on 44 children (27 M; 17 F) with a median age (range) of 10 (2-18) years. The most common indications for push enteroscopy were suspected proximal small bowel disease based on radiological criteria (21), and bleeding (9). Push enteroscopy confirmed the diagnosis of proximal small bowel Crohn's disease (CD) in 23, polyps in 5, eosinophilic gastroenteritis in 4, celiac disease in 1, microvillous inclusion disease in 1, and lymphoproliferative disease in 1 patient. An isolated non-Crohn's related gastric (1) and jejunal ulcer (1) was also identified. Just 9 of these identifiable lesions were within reach by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Seven patients had a normal push enteroscopy. The clinical management was modified in 34 patients. Push enteroscopy was not shown to significantly alter the time of procedure when compared to EGD. CONCLUSIONS: Push enteroscopy is a safe diagnostic tool with proven clinical utility in children with suspected proximal small bowel disease. Larger studies are needed to establish the widespread application of push enteroscopy in pediatrics.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Crohn Disease/diagnosis
Endoscopy, Digestive System
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/*methods
Feasibility Studies
Female
Humans
Intestinal Diseases/*diagnosis/drug therapy
Intestinal Polyps/diagnosis
Male
Pediatrics},
   ISSN = {0016-5107 (Print)
0016-5107},
   Accession Number = {16860073},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.039},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Day, A. S. and Whitten, K. E. and Lemberg, D. A. and Clarkson, C. and Vitug-Sales, M. and Jackson, R. and Bohane, T. D.},
   title = {Exclusive enteral feeding as primary therapy for Crohn's disease in Australian children and adolescents: a feasible and effective approach},
   journal = {J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {21},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1609-14},
   note = {Day, Andrew S
Whitten, Kylie E
Lemberg, Daniel A
Clarkson, Cathy
Vitug-Sales, Maribel
Jackson, Reuben
Bohane, Tim D
Journal Article
Australia
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;21(10):1609-14.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Exclusive enteral feeding has been shown to be as efficacious as corticosteroids in inducing remission in children with Crohn's disease (CD), with additional nutritional benefits. The use of polymeric formulae provides superior palatability and acceptance over elemental feeds, but polymeric formulae have not been universally adopted. The present retrospective analysis of enteral feeding in children with Crohn's disease aims to demonstrate the short-term benefits of enteral feeding in children upon disease activity and nutrition parameters. METHODS: The case records of children with CD managed with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) by a multidisciplinary team over a 2-year period were reviewed. Data relating to therapy, background disease details, and outcome were collated. Primary outcome measures established were weight change and disease activity (Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index: PCDAI). RESULTS: Twenty-seven children received EEN with polymeric formulae. Fifteen children had newly diagnosed CD and 12 had known long-standing CD. Twenty-four children completed the prescribed period of EEN. Twelve of 15 (80%) newly diagnosed CD and seven of 12 (58%) with long-standing disease entered remission. Children with newly diagnosed CD responding to EEN took all feeds orally and gained an average of 4.7+/-3.5 kg with mean PCDAI decreasing from 37.1+/-10.8 to 6.7+/-5.1 after 8 weeks. In addition, four children continued supplementary polymeric formula (without other medical therapies) and all have maintained remission during an average follow-up period of 15.2 months. CONCLUSION: Exclusive enteral feeds induced remission in 80% of children with newly diagnosed CD (on intention-to-treat basis) when used as sole initial therapy while also improving nutritional status. All newly diagnosed children treated with EEN, who were able to establish feeds, achieved remission. In addition, remission may be prolonged with oral supplementary formula as sole ongoing treatment. Further study of the role(s) of enteral feeds and of longer-term benefits of enteral feeding in children with CD is now required.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Australia
Body Weight
Child
Child, Preschool
Crohn Disease/*therapy
Enteral Nutrition/*methods
Feasibility Studies
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Remission Induction/methods
Retrospective Studies
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0815-9319 (Print)
0815-9319},
   Accession Number = {16928225},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04294.x},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de Ridder, L. and Benninga, M. A. and Taminiau, J. A. and Hommes, D. W.},
   title = {Infliximab as first-line therapy in severe pediatric Crohn disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {43},
   number = {3},
   pages = {388-90},
   note = {1536-4801
de Ridder, Lissy
Benninga, Marc A
Taminiau, Jan A J M
Hommes, Daniel W
Case Reports
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Sep;43(3):388-90.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Azathioprine/therapeutic use
Blood Sedimentation
Child
Colon/pathology
Colonoscopy
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/*drug therapy
Diarrhea
Duodenoscopy
Duodenum/pathology
Esophagus/pathology
Female
Gastroscopy
Humans
Ileum/pathology
Infliximab
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Remission Induction
Severity of Illness Index
Sigmoidoscopy
Stomach/pathology
Weight Loss},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16954965},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000226369.31956.bf},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Desreumaux, P.},
   title = {[NOD2/CARD15 and Crohn's disease]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Clin Biol},
   volume = {29},
   number = {6-7},
   pages = {696-700},
   note = {Desreumaux, Pierre
Journal Article
Review
France
Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2005 Jun-Jul;29(6-7):696-700.},
   keywords = {Crohn Disease/*genetics/*physiopathology
Genetic Markers
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*genetics
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein},
   ISSN = {0399-8320 (Print)
0399-8320},
   Accession Number = {16142004},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Djeddi, D. and Kongolo, G. and Goissen, C. and Mounard, J. and Ribeiro, L. and Cevallos, R. and Gottrand, F. and Pautard, J. C.},
   title = {[Pulmonary involvement with Crohn's disease in an adolescent]},
   journal = {Arch Pediatr},
   volume = {13},
   number = {2},
   pages = {202-3},
   note = {Djeddi, D
Kongolo, G
Goissen, C
Mounard, J
Ribeiro, L
Cevallos, R
Gottrand, F
Pautard, J C
Case Reports
Letter
France
Arch Pediatr. 2006 Feb;13(2):202-3. Epub 2005 Nov 28.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis
Enteral Nutrition
Humans
Lung Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*etiology
Male
Radiography},
   ISSN = {0929-693X (Print)
0929-693x},
   Accession Number = {16311025},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.arcped.2005.10.011},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Draganov, K. and Dimitrova, V. and Ionkov, A. and Rusenov, D. and Tosheva, E. and Dimitrov, K. and Tonev, S.},
   title = {[Acquierd entero-cutaneous fistulas--diagnostic and therapeutic approach]},
   journal = {Khirurgiia (Sofiia)},
   number = {2},
   pages = {42-6},
   note = {Draganov, K
Dimitrova, V
Ionkov, A
Rusenov, D
Tosheva, E
Dimitrov, K
Tonev, S
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Bulgaria
Khirurgiia (Sofiia). 2005;(2):42-6.},
   abstract = {The acquired entero-cutaneous fistulas are a current problem in the field of abdominal surgery. Most of them are postoperative--after an intestinal resection and/or anastomosis. Crohn's disease and coplicated colonic diverticulosis rank second as causal factors. The risk factors for the development of an entero-cutaneous fistula and for the poor prognosis at the same time are the next: (1) Most of the patients suffer of severe main and co-exhisting diseases; (2) The presence of previous laparotomies, radion and chemotherapy, significant disturbances in the base-acid and water-electrolyte balance; (3) The fistula itself worsens these disturbances and may doom to fail the substitutional and nutritional therapy. The diagnostics of a fistula, including its location is comparatively easy. The surgical treatment plays an important role in the therapeutic scheme, especially in cases of high-output fistulas of the small intestin. At the same time the adequate total parenteral nutrition and correction of the base-acid and water-electrolyte disbalance is also very important. Recently there are some new diagnostic methods and alternatives of the basic surgical procedures, some of them quite contraversial.},
   keywords = {Anastomosis, Surgical/*adverse effects
*Cutaneous Fistula/diagnosis/etiology/surgery
*Digestive System Fistula/diagnosis/etiology/surgery
Digestive System Surgical Procedures/*adverse effects
Humans},
   ISSN = {0450-2167 (Print)
0450-2167},
   Accession Number = {18681147},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dray, X. and Marteau, P.},
   title = {The use of enteral nutrition in the management of Crohn's disease in adults},
   journal = {JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr},
   volume = {29},
   number = {4 Suppl},
   pages = {S166-9; discussion S169-72, S184-8},
   note = {Dray, X
Marteau, Phillipe
Journal Article
Review
United States
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2005 Jul-Aug;29(4 Suppl):S166-9; discussion S169-72, S184-8.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease is a chronic, relapsing disease and none of the treatments developed so far can cure it. Artificial nutrition is effective to both treat malnutrition when present and induce remission. However, striking advances in anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating therapies (including infliximab) and low compliance to treatment in the first trials have limited its place in the management of adults to drug-resistant patients. Randomized controlled trials show that artificial nutrition is effective in >50% of the cases in this selected population. Significant progress has recently been made to improve the palatability (and thus acceptability) of some enteral solutions, which can be consumed by the oral route and as pharmaconutrition. We reviewed the literature on enteral nutrition in adults with Crohn's disease. We present herein the results of the studies performed with antioxidants, glutamine, short-chain fatty acids, prebiotics, probiotics, low microparticle diets, and a TGFbeta2 enriched formulation.},
   keywords = {Adult
Crohn Disease/*therapy
*Enteral Nutrition
Food, Formulated/*standards
Humans
Patient Compliance
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Taste
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0148-6071 (Print)
0148-6071},
   Accession Number = {15980279},
   DOI = {10.1177/01486071050290s4s166},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dray, X. and Marteau, P.},
   title = {[Crohn's disease: nutrition should not be forgotten]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Clin Biol},
   volume = {30},
   number = {2},
   pages = {215-6},
   note = {Dray, Xavier
Marteau, Philippe
Editorial
France
Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2006 Feb;30(2):215-6.},
   keywords = {Crohn Disease/*therapy
*Enteral Nutrition
Humans
Remission Induction},
   ISSN = {0399-8320 (Print)
0399-8320},
   Accession Number = {16565652},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Duerksen, D. R. and Fallows, G. and Bernstein, C. N.},
   title = {Vitamin B12 malabsorption in patients with limited ileal resection},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {22},
   number = {11-12},
   pages = {1210-3},
   note = {Duerksen, Donald R
Fallows, Glen
Bernstein, Charles N
Journal Article
United States
Nutrition. 2006 Nov-Dec;22(11-12):1210-3.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Patients with Crohn's disease who have terminal ileal resections are at risk for vitamin B12 malabsorption. Our aim was to determine whether the length of terminal ileum resected correlated with an abnormal Schilling test result. METHODS: Patients with a history of ileal resection had the length of small bowel removed determined by review of their pathology report. Patients who had a Schilling test within 3 mo of surgery or who had a documented normal terminal ileum at the time of the Schilling test were included in the study. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients were included in the study. Patients who had <20 cm of terminal ileum resected (n = 14) did not develop abnormal Schilling test results; 52% of the remainder (n = 42) had abnormal Schilling test results and there was no clear correlation between re

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag