text:
pages = {36},
volume = {8},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-30 16:17:44 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:54:38 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1745-6215-8-36},
pii = {1745-6215-8-36},
pmid = {18021449},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Pocock-2007-Trials_Figures%20in%20clinical.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4696},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Martyn:1989,
author = {CN Martyn and C Osmond and JA Edwardson and DJP Barker and EC Harris and RF Lacey},
journal = {Lancet},
title = {Geographical relation between Alzheimer's disease and aluminium in drinking water},
abstract = {In a survey of eighty-eight county districts within England and Wales, rates of Alzheimer's disease in people under the age of 70 years were estimated from the records of the computerised tomographic (CT) scanning units that served these districts. Rates were adjusted to compensate for differences in distance from the nearest CT scanning unit and for differences in the size of the population served by the units. Aluminium concentrations in water over the past 10 years were obtained from water authorities and water companies. The risk of Alzheimer's disease was 1.5 times higher in districts where the mean aluminium concentration exceeded 0.11 mg/l than in districts where concentrations were less than 0.01 mg/l. There was no evidence of a relation between other causes of dementia, or epilepsy, and aluminium concentrations in water.},
number = {8629},
pages = {59--62},
volume = {1},
year = {1989},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:36:09 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:38:44 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1035},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Zumbo:1999p4611,
author = {Bruno D Zumbo},
title = {A Handbook on the Theory and Methods of Differential Item Functioning (DIF)},
abstract = {That a test not be biased is an important consideration in the selection and use of any psychological test. That is, it is essential that a test is fair to all applicants, and is not biased against a segment of the applicant population. Bias can result in systematic errors that distort the inferences made in selection and classification. In many cases, test items are biased due to the fact that they contain sources of difficulty that are irrelevant or extraneous to the construct being measured, and these extraneous or irrelevant factors affect performance. Perhaps the item is tapping a secondary factor or factors over-and- above the one of interest. This issue, known as test bias, has been the subject of a great deal of recent research, and a technique called Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis has become the new standard in psychometric bias analysis. The purpose of this handbook is to provide a perspective and foundation for DIF, a review and recommendation of a family of statistical techniques (i.e., logistic regression) to conduct DIF analyses, and a series of examples to motivate its use in practice. DIF statistical techniques are based on the principle that if different groups of test-takers (e.g., males and females) have roughly the same level of something (e.g., knowledge), then they should perform similarly on individual test items regardless of group membership. In their essence, all DIF techniques match test takers from different groups according to their total test scores and then investigate how the different groups performed on individual test items to determine whether the test items are creating problems for a particular group.},
year = {1999},
date-added = {2010-01-30 15:10:56 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:46:35 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Zumbo-1999-_A%20Handbook%20on%20the%20Th.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4611},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Domschke:2010p10538,
author = {Katharina Domschke and Stephan Stevens and Bettina Pfleiderer and Alexander L Gerlach},
journal = {Clin Psychol Rev},
title = {Interoceptive sensitivity in anxiety and anxiety disorders: an overview and integration of neurobiological findings},
abstract = {Interoceptive sensitivity, particularly regarding heartbeat, has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of anxiety and anxiety disorders. This review provides an overview of methods which are frequently used to assess heartbeat perception in clinical studies and summarizes presently available results referring to interoceptive sensitivity with respect to heartbeat in anxiety-related traits (anxiety sensitivity, state/trait anxiety), panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. In addition, recent neurobiological studies of neuronal activation correlates of heartbeat perception using positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques are presented. Finally, possible clinical and therapeutic implications (e.g., beta-blockers, biofeedback therapy, cognitive interventions and interoceptive exposure) of the effects of heartbeat perception on anxiety and the anxiety disorders and the potential use of interoceptive sensitivity as an intermediate phenotype of anxiety disorders in future neurobiological and genetic studies are discussed.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of M{\"u}nster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 11, D-48149 M{\"u}nster, Germany. katharina.domschke@ukmuenster.de},
number = {1},
pages = {1--11},
volume = {30},
year = {2010},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Anxiety, Heart Rate, Perception, Emotions, Awareness, Brain, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Attention},
date-added = {2010-04-07 11:31:47 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-07 11:31:47 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.008},
pii = {S0272-7358(09)00114-7},
pmid = {19751958},
URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VB8-4X3W499-1&_user=2432700&_coverDate=02%252F28%252F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000057263&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2432700&md5=264bc6a3a7572fa71fdc012c99f4c081},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Domschke-2010-Clin%20Psychol%20Rev_Interoceptive%20sensit.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10538},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kerr:2001p13190,
author = {M K Kerr and G A Churchill},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA},
title = {Bootstrapping cluster analysis: assessing the reliability of conclusions from microarray experiments},
abstract = {We introduce a general technique for making statistical inference from clustering tools applied to gene expression microarray data. The approach utilizes an analysis of variance model to achieve normalization and estimate differential expression of genes across multiple conditions. Statistical inference is based on the application of a randomization technique, bootstrapping. Bootstrapping has previously been used to obtain confidence intervals for estimates of differential expression for individual genes. Here we apply bootstrapping to assess the stability of results from a cluster analysis. We illustrate the technique with a publicly available data set and draw conclusions about the reliability of clustering results in light of variation in the data. The bootstrapping procedure relies on experimental replication. We discuss the implications of replication and good design in microarray experiments.},
affiliation = {The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.},
number = {16},
pages = {8961--5},
volume = {98},
year = {2001},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Models: Statistical, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Cluster Analysis},
date-added = {2010-07-01 15:23:42 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-01 15:23:49 +0200},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.161273698},
pii = {161273698},
pmid = {11470909},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kerr-2001-Proc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20USA_Bootstrapping%20cluste.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13190},
rating = {5}
}

@article{Hooper:2008p6791,
author = {D Hooper and J Coughlan and M R Mullen},
journal = {The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods},
title = {Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit},
abstract = {The following paper presents current thinking and research on fit indices for structural equation modelling. The paper presents a selection of fit indices that are widely regarded as the most informative indices available to researchers. As well as outlining each of these indices, guidelines are presented on their use. The paper also provides reporting strategies of these indices and concludes with a discussion on the future of fit indices.},
number = {1},
pages = {53--60},
volume = {6},
year = {2008},
date-added = {2010-03-05 22:29:06 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-05 22:30:15 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Hooper-2008-The%20Electronic%20Journal%20of%20Business%20Research%20Methods_Structural%20Equation.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6791},
rating = {0}
}

@inproceedings{Gerber:1994,
author = {ER Gerber},
journal = {Proceedings},
title = {Hidden assumptions: The use of vignettes in cognitive interviewing},
abstract = {This paper examines the use of vignettes in cognitive particular living situations, and to provide us with interviews as a means of examining this evidence of the way respondents use residence terms. implicit social knowledge. Our intent was to investigate The first aim was accomplished by choosing situations in a broad range of naturally occurring terms and concepts, which we believed that respondents might have difficulty and not just those which appear in the roster questions in defining...},
year = {1994},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:44:49 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p931},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Zhu:2009p3741,
author = {Chengsong Zhu and Jianming Yu},
journal = {Genetics},
title = {Nonmetric multidimensional scaling corrects for population structure in association mapping with different sample types},
abstract = {Recent research has developed various promising methods to control for population structure in genomewide association mapping of complex traits, but systematic examination of how well these methods perform under different genetic scenarios is still lacking. Appropriate methods for controlling genetic relationships among individuals need to balance the concern of false positives and statistical power, which can vary for different association sample types. We used a series of simulated samples and empirical data sets from cross- and self-pollinated species to demonstrate the performance of several contemporary methods in correcting for different types of genetic relationships encountered in association analysis. We proposed a two-stage dimension determination approach for both principal component analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) to capture the major structure pattern in association mapping samples. Our results showed that by exploiting both genotypic and phenotypic information, this two-stage dimension determination approach balances the trade-off between data fit and model complexity, resulting in an effective reduction in false positive rate with minimum loss in statistical power. Further, the nMDS technique of correcting for genetic relationship proved to be a powerful complement to other existing methods. Our findings highlight the significance of appropriate application of different statistical methods for dealing with complex genetic relationships in various genomewide association studies.},
affiliation = {Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA.},
number = {3},
pages = {875--88},
volume = {182},
year = {2009},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Genetics: Population, Algorithms, Crosses: Genetic, Quantitative Trait: Heritable, Models: Genetic, Phenotype, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Zea mays, Pollination, Genotype, Arabidopsis, Plants, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genome: Plant, Chromosome Mapping},
date-added = {2010-01-16 20:58:22 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-16 20:58:22 +0100},
doi = {10.1534/genetics.108.098863},
pii = {genetics.108.098863},
pmid = {19414565},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3741},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cordell:2009p5278,
author = {Heather J Cordell},
journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
title = {Genome-wide association studies: Detecting gene-gene interactions that underlie human diseases},
abstract = {Following the identification of several disease-associated polymorphisms by genome-wide association (GWA) analysis, interest is now focusing on the detection of effects that, owing to their interaction with other genetic or environmental factors, might not be identified by using standard single-locus tests. In addition to increasing the power to detect associations, it is hoped that detecting interactions between loci will allow us to elucidate the biological and biochemical pathways that underpin disease. Here I provide a critical survey of the methods and related software packages currently used to detect the interactions between genetic loci that contribute to human genetic disease. I also discuss the difficulties in determining the biological relevance of statistical interactions.},
affiliation = {Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK. heather.cordell@ncl.ac.uk.},
pages = {},
year = {2009},
month = {May},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-02-09 22:28:36 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:40:47 +0200},
doi = {10.1038/nrg2579},
pii = {nrg2579},
pmid = {19434077},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5278},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Fuhrer:1999,
author = {R Fuhrer and SA Stansfeld and J Chemali and MJ Shipley},
journal = {Social Science and Medicine},
title = {Gender, social relations and mental health: prospective findings from an occupational cohort (Whitehall II)},
abstract = {Gender differences in social support tend to suggest that women have larger social networks and both give and receive more support than men. Nevertheless, although social support has been identified as protective of mental health, women have higher rates of psychological distress than men. We examine the prospective association between social support and psychological distress by gender in a cohort study of middle aged British Civil Servants, the Whitehall II study. In this sample we found that women have a larger number of close persons than men although men have larger social networks. We also found that the effects of marital status, social support within and outside the workplace and social networks on subsequent occurrence of psychological distress were similar for men and women independently of baseline mental health status.},
number = {1},
pages = {77--87},
volume = {48},
year = {1999},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:36:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:36:10 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1085},
rating = {0}
}

@article{VanRoy:2003p2313,
author = {P Van Roy and S Haridi},
title = {Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-01-10 12:28:48 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 12:29:20 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Van%20Roy-2003-_Concepts%20Techniques.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2313},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Bock:2008p2294,
author = {H H Bock},
journal = {Electronic Journ@l for History of Probability and Statistics},
title = {Origins and extensions of the k-means algorithm in cluster
analysis},
abstract = {This paper presents a historical view of the well-known k-means al- gorithm that aims at minimizing (approximately) the classical SSQ or variance criterion in cluster analysis . We show to which authors the different (discrete and continuous) versions of this algorithm can be traced back, and which were the underlying applications. Moreover, the paper describes a series of extensions and generalizations of this algorithm (for fuzzy clustering, maximum likelihood cluster- ing, convexity-based criteria,...) that shows the importance and usefulness of the k-means approach and related alternating minimization techniques in data analysis.},
number = {2},
volume = {4},
year = {2008},
date-added = {2010-01-10 12:08:09 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 12:08:55 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Bock-2008-Electronic%20Journ@l%20for%20History%20of%20Probability%20and%20Statistics_Origins%20and%20extensio.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2294},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Yu:2009p9909,
author = {Fuli Yu and Alon Keinan and Hua Chen and Russell J Ferland and Robert S Hill and Andre A Mignault and Christopher A Walsh and David Reich},
journal = {Hum Mol Genet},
title = {Detecting natural selection by empirical comparison to random regions of the genome},
abstract = {Historical episodes of natural selection can skew the frequencies of genetic variants, leaving a signature that can persist for many tens or even hundreds of thousands of years. However, formal tests for selection based on allele frequency skew require strong assumptions about demographic history and mutation, which are rarely well understood. Here, we develop an empirical approach to test for signals of selection that compares patterns of genetic variation at a candidate locus with matched random regions of the genome collected in the same way. We apply this approach to four genes that have been implicated in syndromes of impaired neurological development, comparing the pattern of variation in our re-sequencing data with a large-scale, genomic data set that provides an empirical null distribution. We confirm a previously reported signal at FOXP2, and find a novel signal of selection centered at AHI1, a gene that is involved in motor and behavior abnormalities. The locus is marked by many high frequency derived alleles in non-Africans that are of low frequency in Africans, suggesting that selection at this or a closely neighboring gene occurred in the ancestral population of non-Africans. Our study also provides a prototype for how empirical scans for ancient selection can be carried out once many genomes are sequenced.},
affiliation = {Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. fyu@bcm.edu},
number = {24},
pages = {4853--67},
volume = {18},
year = {2009},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Nerve Tissue Proteins, Sequence Analysis: DNA, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Genome: Human, Humans, Neurogenesis, Models: Genetic, Selection: Genetic, Forkhead Transcription Factors, Haplotypes, Computer Simulation, Receptors: G-Protein-Coupled, Gene Frequency, Adaptor Proteins: Signal Transducing},
date-added = {2010-03-26 19:35:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:28:52 +0200},
doi = {10.1093/hmg/ddp457},
pii = {ddp457},
pmid = {19783549},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9909},
rating = {0}
}

@article{vanLang:2006p1839,
author = {Natasja D J van Lang and Anne Boomsma and Sjoerd Sytema and Annelies A de Bildt and Dirk W Kraijer and Cees Ketelaars and Ruud B Minderaa},
journal = {J Child Psychol Psychiatry},
title = {Structural equation analysis of a hypothesised symptom model in the autism spectrum},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several studies showed a different symptom structure underlying the spectrum of autistic-like disorders from the behaviour triad as mentioned in the DSM-IV. In the present study, a hypothesised symptom model for autism was constructed, based on earlier explorative findings, and was put to a confirmatory test. METHOD: Items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) were used to examine the goodness of fit of the DSM-IV model, the hypothesised symptom model, and two additional models for autism. All models were tested in a group of 255 verbal and nonverbal individuals with minor to severe autistic symptomatology. RESULTS: The DSM-IV model encountered estimation problems. Conversely, the hypothesised symptom model had no such problems and proved to have a better fit to the sample data than the two additional models for autism. However, some of the observed variables were weak indicators of the three latent factors in the model. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesised symptom model appeared to be a plausible model in a group of individuals with a broad range of autistic behaviours and levels of functioning. Nevertheless, the stability of the model needs further examination in a larger group of individuals with disorders in the autism spectrum, and with varying degrees of intellectual functioning.},
affiliation = {University of Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Netherlands.},
number = {1},
pages = {37--44},
volume = {47},
year = {2006},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Female, Autistic Disorder, Factor Analysis: Statistical, Humans, Interview: Psychological, Child, Severity of Illness Index, Male},
date-added = {2010-01-10 10:31:54 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:32:47 +0200},
doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01434.x},
pii = {JCPP1434},
pmid = {16405639},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/van%20Lang-2006-J%20Child%20Psychol%20Psychiatry_Structural%20equation.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1839},
read = {Yes},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Kottner:2010p12848,
author = {J Kottner and L Audig{\'e} and S Brorson and A Donner and B J Gajewski and A Hrobjartsson and C Roberts and M Shoukri and D L Streiner},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
title = {Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were proposed},
abstract = {Objective: Results of reliability and agreement studies are intended to provide information about the amount of error inherent in any diagnosis, score, or measurement. The level of reliability and agreement among users of scales, instruments, or classifications is widely unknown. Therefore, there is a need for rigorously conducted interrater and intrarater reliability and agreement studies. Information about sample selection, study design, and statistical analysis is often incomplete. Because of inadequate reporting, interpretation and synthesis of study results are often difficult. Widely accepted criteria, standards, or guidelines for reporting reliability and agreement in the health care and medical field are lacking. The objective was to develop guidelines for reporting reliability and agreement studies.
Study Design and Setting: Eight experts in reliability and agreement investigation developed guidelines for reporting.
Results: Fifteen issues that should be addressed when reliability and agreement are reported are proposed. The issues correspond to the headings usually used in publications.
Conclusion: The proposed guidelines intend to improve the quality of reporting.},
year = {2010},
date-added = {2010-06-21 20:12:12 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-21 20:13:28 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kottner-2010-Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Epidemiology_Guidelines%20for%20Repor.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12848},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Jenkinson:2001,
author = {C Jenkinson and R Fitzpatrick and A Garratt and V Peto and S Stewart-Brown},
journal = {J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry},
title = {Can item response theory reduce patient burden when measuring health status in neurological disorders? Results from Rasch analysis of the SF-36 physical functioning scale (PF-10).},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Indices of physical function may have a hierarchy of items. In cases where this can be demonstrated it may be possible to reduce patient burden by asking them to complete only those items which relate directly to their own level of ability. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether statistical procedures, operationalising what is known as item response theory (IRT), can be used to assess the unidimensionality of the 10 item physical functioning domain of the SF-36 in patients with Parkinson's disease and motor neuron disease, and, secondly, to determine whether it would be possible to administer subsets of items to certain patients, on the basis of their replies to other items in the scale, thereby reducing patient burden. METHODS: Rasch analysis, a form of IRT methodology, of the 10 item physical functioning domain (PF-10) in two neurological patient samples was undertaken and the results compared with results of a Rasch analysis of data gained from a population survey (the third Oxford healthy lifestyles survey). RESULTS: Evidence from the analyses suggests that the PF-10 does not form a perfect hierarchy on a unidimensional scale. However, certain items seem to form a hierarchy, and responses to some of them are contingent on responses to the other items. CONCLUSIONS: Rasch analysis of the PF-10 in neurological patients has indicated that certain items of the scale are hierarchically ordered, and consequently not all respondents would need to complete them all: indeed those most severely ill would be required to complete less items than those with only limited disabilities. The implications of this are discussed.},
affiliation = {Health Services Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Institute of Health Sciences, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK. crispin.jenkinson@dphpc.ox.ac.uk},
number = {2},
pages = {220--224},
volume = {71},
year = {2001},
month = {Aug},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:22 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:38:22 +0100},
pmid = {11459897},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1132},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Groenvold:2006p7351,
author = {Mogens Groenvold and Morten Aa Petersen and Neil K Aaronson and Juan I Arraras and Jane M Blazeby and Andrew Bottomley and Peter M Fayers and Alexander de Graeff and Eva Hammerlid and Stein Kaasa and Mirjam A G Sprangers and Jakob B Bjorner and EORTC Quality of Life Group},
journal = {Eur J Cancer},
title = {The development of the EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL: a shortened questionnaire for cancer patients in palliative care},
abstract = {This study aimed at developing a shortened version of the EORTC QLQ-C30, one of the most widely used health-related quality of life questionnaires in oncology, for palliative care research. The study included interviews with 41 patients and 66 health care professionals in palliative care to determine the appropriateness, relevance and importance of the various domains of the QLQ-C30. Item response theory methods were used to shorten scales. Patients and health care professionals rated pain, physical function, emotional function, fatigue, global health status/quality of life, nausea/vomiting, appetite, dyspnoea, constipation, and sleep as most important. Therefore, these scales/items were retained in the questionnaire. Four scales were shortened without reducing measurement precision. Important dimensions not covered by the questionnaire were identified. The resulting 15-item EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL is a 'core questionnaire' for palliative care. Depending on the research questions, it may be supplemented by additional items, modules or questionnaires.},
affiliation = {Research Unit, Department of Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, 23, Bispebjerg Bakke, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark. mg02@bbh.hosp.dk},
number = {1},
pages = {55--64},
volume = {42},
year = {2006},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Neoplasms, Adult, Quality of Life, Vomiting, Aged: 80 and over, Constipation, Eating Disorders, Nausea, Palliative Care, Cognition Disorders, Health Status, Fatigue, Pain, Cost of Illness, Questionnaires, Emotions, Interpersonal Relations, Activities of Daily Living, Humans, Middle Aged, Dyspnea, Aged},
date-added = {2010-03-10 20:24:44 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:13:56 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejca.2005.06.022},
pii = {S0959-8049(05)00616-7},
pmid = {16162404},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7351},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Clarke:2004p9427,
author = {Sally-Ann Clarke and Christine Eiser},
journal = {Health Qual Life Outcomes},
title = {The measurement of health-related quality of life (QOL) in paediatric clinical trials: a systematic review},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The goal of much care in chronic childhood illness is to improve quality of life (QOL). However, surveys suggest QOL measures are not routinely included. In addition, there is little consensus about the quality of many QOL measures. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which quality of life (QOL) measures are used in paediatric clinical trials and evaluate the quality of measures used. DESIGN: Systematic literature review. REVIEW METHODS: Included paediatric trials published in English between 1994 and 2003 involving children and adolescents up to the age of 20 years, and use of a standardised QOL measure. Data Sources included MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMB Reviews, AMED, BNI, PSYCHINFO, the Cochrane library, Internet, and reference lists from review articles. RESULTS: We identified 18 trials including assessment of QOL (4 Asthma, 4 Rhinitis, 2 Dermatitis, and single studies of Eczema, Cystic fibrosis, Otis media, Amblyopia, Diabetes, Obesity associated with a brain tumour, Idiopathic short stature, and Congenital agranulocytosis). In three trials, parents rated their own QOL but not their child's. Fourteen different QOL measures were used but only two fulfilled our minimal defined criteria for quality. CONCLUSIONS: This review confirms previous reports of limited use of QOL measures in paediatric clinical trials. Our review provides information about availability and quality of measures which will be of especial value to trial developers.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK. s.a.clarke@sheffield.ac.uk},
pages = {66},
volume = {2},
year = {2004},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Quality of Life, Pediatrics, Adolescent Psychology, Child Psychology, Sickness Impact Profile, Clinical Trials as Topic, Adolescent, Chronic Disease, Child, Psychometrics},
date-added = {2010-03-23 18:57:07 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-23 18:57:07 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1477-7525-2-66},
pii = {1477-7525-2-66},
pmid = {15555077},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Clarke-2004-Health%20and%20Quality%20of%20Life%20Outcomes_The%20measurement%20of%20h.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9427},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Beckles:2007,
author = {Gloria L A Beckles and David F Williamson and Arleen F Brown and Edward W Gregg and Andrew J Karter and Catherine Kim and R Adams Dudley and Monika M Safford and Mark R Stevens and Theodore J Thompson},
journal = {Med Care},
title = {Agreement between self-reports and medical records was only fair in a cross-sectional study of performance of annual eye examinations among adults with diabetes in managed care.},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite consensus about the importance of measuring quality of diabetes care and the widespread use of self-reports and medical records to assess quality, little is known about the degree of agreement between these data sources. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate agreement between self-reported and medical record data on annual eye examinations and to identify factors associated with agreement. RESEARCH DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Data from interviews and medical records were available for 8409 adults with diabetes who participated in the baseline round of the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. MEASURES: Agreement between self-reports and medical records was evaluated as concordance and Cohen's kappa coefficient. RESULTS: Self-reports indicated a higher performance of annual dilated eye examinations than did medical records (75.9% vs. 38.8%). Concordance between the data sources was 57.9%. Agreement was only fair (kappa coefficient = 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.26). Nearly two-thirds (64.6%) of discordance was due to lack of evidence in the medical record to support self-reported performance of the procedure. After adjustment, agreement was most strongly related to health plan (chi = 977.9, df = 9; P < 0.0001), and remained significantly better for 3 of the 10 health plans (P < 0.00001) and for persons younger than 45 years of age (P = 0.00002). CONCLUSIONS: The low level of agreement between self-report and medical records suggests that many providers of diabetes care do not have easily available accurate information on the eye examination status of their patients.},
affiliation = {Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.},
number = {9},
pages = {876--883},
volume = {45},
year = {2007},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:21 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:39:29 +0200},
doi = {10.1097/MLR.0b013e3180ca95fa},
pii = {00005650-200709000-00010},
pmid = {17712258},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e3180ca95fa},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1168},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Erfurth:2005p4390,
author = {Andreas Erfurth and Alexander L Gerlach and Nikolaus Michael and Ines Boenigk and Inga Hellweg and Salvatore Signoretta and Kareen Akiskal and Hagop S Akiskal},
journal = {J Affect Disord},
title = {Distribution and gender effects of the subscales of a German version of the temperament autoquestionnaire briefTEMPS-M in a university student population},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This paper examines the distribution of the temperamental characteristics and gender effects of a new autoquestionnaire developed by Akiskal et al. (TEMPS-A) in its German briefTEMPS-M version. METHODS: As described in a companion article [J. Affect. Disord. 85 (2005), 53, this issue], based on a study population of 1056 students of the Westf{\"a}lische-Wilhelms-Universit{\"a}t in M{\"u}nster, Germany, we constructed the briefTEMPS-M. In the present paper we report on the basic descriptive statistics of the five subscales of the briefTEMPS (depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable, and anxious), as well as gender differences. RESULTS: Except for the hyperthymic, these subscales are capable of representing the full range of temperament in a sample of German students. Characteristics of the distribution (skewness, kurtosis) of the subscales are well in acceptable limits. We found higher depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious, as well as lower hyperthymic, temperament values in women as compared to men. Cut-off scores to determine extreme groups are provided. To render our results comparable to a similar study using the interview version of the TEMPS-I in an Italian student population [J. Affect. Disord. 47 (1998) 1; J. Affect. Disord. 51 (1998) 7], we computed the rates for dominant temperaments based on the z scores +2 S.D., and obtained the following: depressive, 4.7%; cyclothymic, 4.7%; hyperthymic, 2.1%; irritable, 4.0%; and anxious, 4.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The briefTEMPS-M is a potentially valuable scale to quickly assess temperament in research, clinical and normal samples.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry, M{\"u}nster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 11, 48129 M{\"u}nster, Germany. andreas.erfurth@bkh-augsburg.de},
number = {1-2},
pages = {71--6},
volume = {85},
year = {2005},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Students, Affective Symptoms, Computer Graphics, Female, Adult, Male, Reference Values, Language, Temperament, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Adolescent, Universities, Sex Factors, Humans, Italy, Germany, Personality Inventory, Personality Assessment},
date-added = {2010-01-28 16:32:03 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:18:17 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2003.07.003},
pii = {S0165032703002532},
pmid = {15780677},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4390},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Byrne:2007p7513,
author = {Enda Byrne and Maria Stillitano and Christopher J Williams and Joe C Christian},
journal = {Behav Genet},
title = {The influence of twin pair permutation on likelihood-based-estimates of genetic variance that require ordering of twin-pairs},
abstract = {Results from analyses of twin data that use models assuming a bivariate distribution of twin values will change when twins within pairs are reordered. We examined the effect of twin pair ordering on additive genetic variance estimates and hypothesis tests, from a bivariate normal model, both via simulation and through examination of real twin data. The simulations generated twin data for varying sample sizes and amounts of additive genetic and common environmental variance. The real data sets had sample sizes of 60 or less per zygosity. The results indicate that for moderate or large size studies, the effects of twin pair ordering are unlikely to greatly change the results of the data analysis; but for small studies the results can be sensitive to twin pair ordering. We therefore suggest that methods, not sensitive to within twin-pair differences be compared to the results obtained from twin-pair ordering. Methods not influenced by twin-pair ordering include least squares methods or covariance matrices approaches as described by Carey (2005, Behav Genet 35:667-670) or Guo and Wang (2002, Behav Genet 32:37-49).},
affiliation = {Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.},
number = {4},
pages = {617--20},
volume = {37},
year = {2007},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Likelihood Functions, Computer Simulation, Humans, Twins, Models: Genetic, Genetic Variation, Mutation},
date-added = {2010-03-10 20:53:33 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:09:06 +0200},
doi = {10.1007/s10519-007-9154-3},
pmid = {17473978},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Byrne-2007-Behav%20Genet_The%20influence%20of%20twi.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7513},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Eysenck:1994,
author = {HJ Eysenck},
journal = {British Medical Journal},
title = {Meta-analysis and its problems},
abstract = {Including all relevant material - good, bad, and indifferent - in meta -analysis admits the subjective judgments that meta-analysis was designed to avoid. Several problems arise in meta-analysis: regressions are often non -linear; effects are often multivariate rather than univariate; coverage can be restricted; bad studies may be included; the data summarised may not be homogeneous; grouping different causal factors may lead to meaningless estimates of effects; and the theory-directed approach may obscure discrepancies. Meta-analysis may not be the one best method for studying the diversity of fields for which it has been used. Why do we undertake systematic reviews of a given field? The most important reason is perhaps that we are concerned about a particular theory and wish to know how the evidence for and against stacks up. There are also practical reasons; single studies often use small numbers of subjects, and basing our estimates of effect sizes on large numbers of studies drastically lowers the fiducial limits around our estimates. Systematic reviews can be of several different kinds: traditional reviews, often not very systematic, and frequently biased; meta-analyses, including (we hope) all relevant material, good, bad, and different, and leading to an estimate of effect size*RF 1-3*; best-evidence synthesis4; and the hypothetico-deductive approach,5 in which the effort is directed at evaluating the evidence for and against a given theory, in an attempt to solve the problem of why contradictory results appear, rather than simply averaging often incompatible data.},
pages = {789--792},
volume = {309},
year = {1994},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:36:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:36:10 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1089},
rating = {0}
}

@inproceedings{Bianco:2005,
author = {Maryse Bianco and Philippe Dessus and Beno{\^\i}t Lemaire and Sonia Mandin and Patrick Mendelsohn},
journal = {Proceedings},
title = {Mod{\'e}lisation des processus de hi{\'e}rarchisation et d'application de macror{\`e}gles et conception d'un prototype d'aide au r{\'e}sum{\'e}},
year = {2005},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Bianco-2005-Proceedings_Mod%C3%A9lisation%20des%20pro.PDF},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2085},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Simianer:1989p6978,
author = {H Simianer and L R Schaeffer},
journal = {Genet Sel Evol},
title = {Estimation of covariance components between one continuous and one binary trait},
abstract = {A method is described to estimate variance and covariance components in a multiple trait situation with one continuous and one binary trait. An underlying bivariate normal distribution is assumed with one variable dichotomized on the observable scale through a fixed threshold. A mixed linear model is applied to the underlying scale, and Bayesian arguments are employed to derive estimation procedures for both location and dispersion parameters. This leads to a nonlinear system of equations similar to the mixed model equations for observations that have been transformed by a Cholesky decomposition of the residual variance-covariance matrix so that the residual covariance between the two transformed traits is zero, thereby simplifying construction of the multiple trait mixed model equations. The procedures for estimating genetic variances and covariances and the residual variance for the continuous trait are equivalent to restricted maximum likelihood in the multivariate normal case. The residual correlation is estimated using a maximum likelihood approach. Suitable computing strategies are indicated and a simulation study is giventoillustratetheuseofthemethod.Theimpactofsmallsubclasssizeontheestimates is seen to be a serious drawback to the proposed method. Possible generalizations of the method and potential problems in its practical application are discussed.},
pages = {303--315},
volume = {21},
year = {1989},
date-added = {2010-03-06 19:44:45 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-06 19:45:40 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Simianer-1989-Genet%20Sel%20Evol_Estimation%20of%20covari.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6978},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Williams:2010p12779,
author = {Valerie S L Williams and Robert J Morlock and Douglas Feltner},
journal = {Health Qual Life Outcomes},
title = {Psychometric evaluation of a visual analog scale for the assessment of anxiety},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: : Fast-acting medications for the management of anxiety are important to patients and society. Measuring early onset, however, requires a sensitive and clinically responsive tool. This study evaluates the psychometric properties of a patient-reported Global Anxiety - Visual Analog Scale (GA-VAS). METHOD: : Data from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of lorazepam and paroxetine in patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder were analyzed to assess the reliability, validity, responsiveness, and utility of the GA-VAS. The GA-VAS was completed at clinic visits and at home during the first week of treatment. Targeted psychometric analyses - test-retest reliabilities, validity correlations, responsiveness statistics, and minimum important differences - were conducted. RESULTS: : The GA-VAS correlates well with other anxiety measures, at Week 4, r=0.60 (p<0.0001) with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and r=0.74 (p<0.0001) with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Anxiety subscale. In terms of convergent and divergent validity, the GA-VAS correlated -0.54 (p<0.0001), -0.48 (p<0.0001), and -0.68 (p<0.0001) with the SF-36 Emotional Role, Social Function, and Mental Health subscales, respectively, but correlated much lower with the SF-36 physical functioning subscales. Preliminary minimum important difference estimates cluster between 10 and 15 mm. CONCLUSIONS: : The GA-VAS is capable of validly and effectively capturing a reduction in anxiety as quickly as 24 hours post-dose.},
number = {1},
pages = {57},
volume = {8},
year = {2010},
month = {Jun},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-06-18 20:45:54 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-18 20:45:54 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1477-7525-8-57},
pii = {1477-7525-8-57},
pmid = {20529361},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Williams-2010-Health%20and%20Quality%20of%20Life%20Outcomes_Psychometric%20evaluat-1.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12779},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Grezes:2009p13989,
author = {J Gr{\`e}zes and B Wicker and S Berthoz and B de Gelder},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
title = {A failure to grasp the affective meaning of actions in autism spectrum disorder subjects},
abstract = {The ability to grasp emotional messages in everyday gestures and respond to them is at the core of successful social communication. The hypothesis that abnormalities in socio-emotional behavior in people with autism are linked to a failure to grasp emotional significance conveyed by gestures was explored. We measured brain activity using fMRI during perception of fearful or neutral actions and showed that whereas similar activation of brain regions known to play a role in action perception was revealed in both autistics and controls, autistics failed to activate amygdala, inferior frontal gyrus and premotor cortex when viewing gestures expressing fear. Our results support the notion that dysfunctions in this network may contribute significantly to the characteristic communicative impairments documented in autism.},
affiliation = {Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, INSERM U960 {\&} DEC, Ecole Normale Sup{\'e}rieure, Paris, France. julie.grezes@ens.fr},
number = {8-9},
pages = {1816--25},
volume = {47},
year = {2009},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Photic Stimulation, Emotions, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Hand Strength, Image Processing: Computer-Assisted, Young Adult, Adolescent, Oxygen, Humans, Autistic Disorder, Female, Adult, Middle Aged, Brain, Neuropsychological Tests, Male, Brain Mapping},
date-added = {2010-08-04 09:20:25 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-08-04 09:20:25 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.021},
pii = {S0028-3932(09)00087-6},
pmid = {19428413},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Gr%C3%A8zes-2009-Neuropsychologia_A%20failure%20to%20grasp%20t.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13989},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Clayton:2009p2283,
author = {David G Clayton},
journal = {Genome Med},
title = {Sex chromosomes and genetic association studies},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: Although the literature concerning statistical testing for genotype-phenotype association in family-based and population-based studies is very extensive, until recently the sex chromosomes have received little attention. Here it is shown that the X chromosome in particular presents special problems with respect to efficient analysis of mixed-sex population studies, and as a result of X inactivation. This paper reviews recent developments in approaching these problems.},
affiliation = {Wellcome Trust/Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge University, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK. david.clayton@cimr.cam.ac.uk.},
number = {11},
pages = {110},
volume = {1},
year = {2009},
month = {Nov},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-01-10 12:01:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 12:01:10 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/gm110},
pii = {gm110},
pmid = {19939292},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Clayton-2009-Genome%20Med_Sex%20chromosomes%20and.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2283},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Coons:2009p8806,
author = {Stephen Joel Coons and Chad J Gwaltney and Ron D Hays and J Jason Lundy and Jeff A Sloan and Dennis A Revicki and William R Lenderking and David Cella and Ethan Basch and ISPOR ePRO Task Force},
journal = {Value Health},
title = {Recommendations on evidence needed to support measurement equivalence between electronic and paper-based patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures: ISPOR ePRO Good Research Practices Task Force report},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are the consequences of disease and/or its treatment as reported by the patient. The importance of PRO measures in clinical trials for new drugs, biological agents, and devices was underscored by the release of the US Food and Drug Administration's draft guidance for industry titled "Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims." The intent of the guidance was to describe how the FDA will evaluate the appropriateness and adequacy of PRO measures used as effectiveness end points in clinical trials. In response to the expressed need of ISPOR members for further clarification of several aspects of the draft guidance, ISPOR's Health Science Policy Council created three task forces, one of which was charged with addressing the implications of the draft guidance for the collection of PRO data using electronic data capture modes of administration (ePRO). The objective of this report is to present recommendations from ISPOR's ePRO Good Research Practices Task Force regarding the evidence necessary to support the comparability, or measurement equivalence, of ePROs to the paper-based PRO measures from which they were adapted. METHODS: The task force was composed of the leadership team of ISPOR's ePRO Working Group and members of another group (i.e., ePRO Consensus Development Working Group) that had already begun to develop recommendations regarding ePRO good research practices. The resulting task force membership reflected a broad array of backgrounds, perspectives, and expertise that enriched the development of this report. The prior work became the starting point for the Task Force report. A subset of the task force members became the writing team that prepared subsequent iterations of the report that were distributed to the full task force for review and feedback. In addition, review beyond the task force was sought and obtained. Along with a presentation and discussion period at an ISPOR meeting, a draft version of the full report was distributed to roughly 220 members of a reviewer group. The reviewer group comprised individuals who had responded to an emailed invitation to the full membership of ISPOR. This Task Force report reflects the extensive internal and external input received during the 16-month good research practices development process. RESULTS/RECOMMENDATIONS: An ePRO questionnaire that has been adapted from a paper-based questionnaire ought to produce data that are equivalent or superior (e.g., higher reliability) to the data produced from the original paper version. Measurement equivalence is a function of the comparability of the psychometric properties of the data obtained via the original and adapted administration mode. This comparability is driven by the amount of modification to the content and format of the original paper PRO questionnaire required during the migration process. The magnitude of a particular modification is defined with reference to its potential effect on the content, meaning, or interpretation of the measure's items and/or scales. Based on the magnitude of the modification, evidence for measurement equivalence can be generated through combinations of the following: cognitive debriefing/testing, usability testing, equivalence testing, or, if substantial modifications have been made, full psychometric testing. As long as only minor modifications were made to the measure during the migration process, a substantial body of existing evidence suggests that the psychometric properties of the original measure will still hold for the ePRO version. Hence, an evaluation limited to cognitive debriefing and usability testing only may be sufficient. However, where more substantive changes in the migration process has occurred, confirming that the adaptation to the ePRO format did not introduce significant response bias and that the two modes of administration produce essentially equivalent results is necessary. Recommendations regarding the study designs and statistical approaches for assessing measurement equivalence are provided. CONCLUSIONS: The electronic administration of PRO measures offers many advantages over paper administration. We provide a general framework for decisions regarding the level of evidence needed to support modifications that are made to PRO measures when they are migrated from paper to ePRO devices. The key issues include: 1) the determination of the extent of modification required to administer the PRO on the ePRO device and 2) the selection and implementation of an effective strategy for testing the measurement equivalence of the two modes of administration. We hope that these good research practice recommendations provide a path forward for researchers interested in migrating PRO measures to electronic data collection platforms.},
affiliation = {Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0202, USA. coons@pharmacy.arizona.edu},
number = {4},
pages = {419--29},
volume = {12},
year = {2009},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Leadership, Questionnaires, Software, United States Food and Drug Administration, Quality of Life, United States, Evidence-Based Medicine, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Paper, Cognition, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Statistics as Topic, Benchmarking, Decision Making, Psychometrics, Medical Records Systems: Computerized, Cross-Over Studies, Feasibility Studies, Humans},
date-added = {2010-03-22 12:09:13 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 12:09:13 +0100},
doi = {10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00470.x},
pii = {VHE470},
pmid = {19900250},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8806},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Zwick:1990,
author = {Rebecca Zwick},
journal = {Journal of Educational Statistics},
title = {When do item reponse function and Mantel-Haenszel definitions of Differential Item Functioning coincide?},
number = {3},
pages = {185--197},
volume = {15},
year = {1990},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:24 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:46:26 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2102},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Liao:2010p12782,
author = {Yi-Chu Liao and Hsiu-Fen Lin and Yuh-Cherng Guo and Ming-Lung Yu and Ching-Kuan Liu and Suh-Hang Hank Juo},
journal = {BMC Med Genet},
title = {Sex-differential genetic effect of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) on carotid atherosclerosis},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) gene was reported as a susceptibility gene to stroke. The genetic effect might be attributed to its role in modulating the atherogenic process in the carotid arteries. Using carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque index as phenotypes, the present study sought to determine the influence of this gene on subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS: Carotid ultrasonography was performed on 1013 stroke-free subjects who participated in the health screening programs at the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (age 52.6 +- 12.2; 47.6% men). Genotype distribution was compared among high- (plaque index>= 4), low-risk (index=1-3), and reference (index=0) groups. We analyzed continuous IMT data and further dichotomized IMT data using mean plus one standard deviation as the cutoff level. Because the plaque prevalence and IMT values displayed a notable difference between men and women, we carried out sex-specific analyses in addition to analyzing the overall data. Rs702553 at the PDE4D gene was selected because it confers a risk for young stroke in our previous report. Previous young stroke data (190 cases and 211 controls) of additional 532 control subjects without ultrasonic data were shown as a cross-validation for the genetic effect. RESULTS: In the overall analyses, the rare homozygote of rs702553 led to OR of 3.1 (p = 0.034) for a plaque index >= 4. When subjects were stratified by sex, the genetic effect was only evident in men but not in women. Comparing male subjects with plaque index >= 4 and plaque index = 0, the TT genotype was over-represented (27.6% vs. 13.4%, p = 0.008). For dichotomized IMT data in men, the TT genotype had an OR of 2.1 (p = 0.032) for a thicker IMT at the common carotid artery compared with the (AA+AT) genotypes. In women, neither IMT nor plaque index was associated with rs702553. Similarly, SNP rs702553 was only significant in young stroke men (OR=1.8, p=0.025) but not in women (p= 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates a sex-differential effect of PDE4D on IMT, plaque index and stroke, which highlights its influence on various aspects of atherogenesis.},
number = {1},
pages = {93},
volume = {11},
year = {2010},
month = {Jun},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-06-18 20:46:42 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-18 20:46:42 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2350-11-93},
pii = {1471-2350-11-93},
pmid = {20540798},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Liao-2010-BMC%20Med%20Genet_Sex-differential%20gen.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12782},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lee:2009p1453,
author = {Brian K Lee and Justin Lessler and Elizabeth A Stuart},
journal = {Stat Med},
title = {Improving propensity score weighting using machine learning},
abstract = {Machine learning techniques such as classification and regression trees (CART) have been suggested as promising alternatives to logistic regression for the estimation of propensity scores. The authors examined the performance of various CART-based propensity score models using simulated data. Hypothetical studies of varying sample sizes (n=500, 1000, 2000) with a binary exposure, continuous outcome, and 10 covariates were simulated under seven scenarios differing by degree of non-linear and non-additive associations between covariates and the exposure. Propensity score weights were estimated using logistic regression (all main effects), CART, pruned CART, and the ensemble methods of bagged CART, random forests, and boosted CART. Performance metrics included covariate balance, standard error, per cent absolute bias, and 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) coverage. All methods displayed generally acceptable performance under conditions of either non-linearity or non-additivity alone. However, under conditions of both moderate non-additivity and moderate non-linearity, logistic regression had subpar performance, whereas ensemble methods provided substantially better bias reduction and more consistent 95 per cent CI coverage. The results suggest that ensemble methods, especially boosted CART, may be useful for propensity score weighting. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley {\&} Sons, Ltd.},
affiliation = {Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.},
pages = {},
year = {2009},
month = {Dec},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-01-07 12:24:27 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-07 12:24:27 +0100},
doi = {10.1002/sim.3782},
pmid = {19960510},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Lee-2009-Stat%20Med_Improving%20propensity.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1453},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Martin:1996p2805,
author = {J K Martin and D S Hirschberg},
title = {Small sample statistics for classification error rates II: Confidence intervals and significance tests},
year = {1996},
date-added = {2010-01-13 14:49:36 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-13 14:50:29 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Martin-1996-_Small%20sample%20statist.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2805},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lopez:2008p6045,
author = {Beatriz L{\'o}pez and Susan R Leekam and Gerda R J Arts},
journal = {Autism},
title = {How central is central coherence? Preliminary evidence on the link between conceptual and perceptual processing in children with autism},
abstract = {This study aimed to test the assumption drawn from weak central coherence theory that a central cognitive mechanism is responsible for integrating information at both conceptual and perceptual levels. A visual semantic memory task and a face recognition task measuring use of holistic information were administered to 15 children with autism and 16 typically developing children. If there is a central integration mechanism, performance on the two tasks should be positively associated. No relationship was found, however, between the two abilities in the comparison group and, unexpectedly, a strong significant inverse correlation was found in the autism group. Classification data further confirmed this finding and indicated the possibility of the presence of subgroups in autism. The results add to emerging evidence suggesting that central coherence is not a unitary construct.},
affiliation = {University of the West of England, UK. lopez@uwe.ac.uk},
number = {2},
pages = {159--71},
volume = {12},
year = {2008},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Autistic Disorder, Visual Perception, Case-Control Studies, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Memory Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Child, Concept Formation, Perceptual Disorders, Humans},
date-added = {2010-02-19 17:01:56 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-19 17:01:56 +0100},
doi = {10.1177/1362361307086662},
pii = {12/2/159},
pmid = {18308765},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6045},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Erosheva:2006p1770,
author = {E A Erosheva},
title = {Latent class representation of the Grade of Membership model},
abstract = {Latent class and the Grade of Membership (GoM) models are two examples of latent structure models. Latent class models are discrete mixture models. The GoM model has been originally developed as an extension of latent class models to a continuous mixture. This note describes a constrained latent class model which is equivalent to the GoM model, and provides a detailed proof of this equivalence. Implications for model fitting and interpretation are discussed.},
affiliation = {Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Box 354322 Seattle, WA 98195-4322, U. S. A.},
year = {2006},
keywords = {Class membership, Stochastic subject, Mixture models, Latent structure, Contingency tables},
date-added = {2010-01-09 21:30:05 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-09 21:31:14 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Erosheva-2006-_Latent%20class%20represe.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1770},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Zhao:2004p11368,
author = {Wei Zhao and Changxing Ma and James M Cheverud and Rongling Wu},
journal = {Physiol Genomics},
title = {A unifying statistical model for QTL mapping of genotype x sex interaction for developmental trajectories},
abstract = {Most organisms display remarkable differences in morphological, anatomical, and developmental features between the two sexes. It has been recognized that these sex-dependent differences are controlled by an array of specific genetic factors, mediated through various environmental stimuli. In this paper, we present a unifying statistical model for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are responsible for sexual differences in growth trajectories during ontogenetic development. This model is derived within the maximum likelihood context, incorporated by sex-stimulated differentiation in growth form that is described by mathematical functions. A typical structural model is implemented to approximate time-dependent covariance matrices for longitudinal traits. This model allows for a number of biologically meaningful hypothesis tests regarding the effects of QTL on overall growth trajectories or particular stages of development. It is particularly powerful to test whether and how the genetic effects of QTL are expressed differently in different sexual backgrounds. Our model has been employed to map QTL affecting body mass growth trajectories in both male and female mice of an F2 population derived from the large (LG/J) and small (SM/J) mouse strains. We detected four growth QTL on chromosomes 6, 7, 11, and 15, two of which trigger different effects on growth curves between the two sexes. All the four QTL display significant genotype-sex interaction effects on the timing of maximal growth rate in the ontogenetic growth of mice. The implications of our model for studying the genetic architecture of growth trajectories and its extensions to some more general situations are discussed.},
affiliation = {Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.},
number = {2},
pages = {218--27},
volume = {19},
year = {2004},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Models: Statistical, Quantitative Trait Loci, Gene Expression Regulation: Developmental, Genotype, Male, Animals, Sex Determination (Genetics), Female, Mice, Chromosome Mapping, Body Mass Index},
date-added = {2010-04-26 23:08:16 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-26 23:08:16 +0200},
doi = {10.1152/physiolgenomics.00129.2004},
pii = {00129.2004},
pmid = {15304622},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Zhao-2004-Physiol%20Genomics_A%20unifying%20statistic.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11368},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Wang:2006p4363,
author = {Lu-Yong Wang and D Fasulo},
journal = {Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc},
title = {A fast boosting-based screening method for large-scale association study in complex traits with genetic heterogeneity},
abstract = {Genome-wide association study for complex diseases will generate massive amount of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) data. Univariate statistical test (i.e. Fisher exact test) was used to single out non-associated SNPs. However, the disease-susceptible SNPs may have little marginal effects in population and are unlikely to retain after the univariate tests. Also, model-based methods are impractical for large-scale dataset. Moreover, genetic heterogeneity makes the traditional methods harder to identify the genetic causes of diseases. A more recent random forest method provides a more robust method for screening the SNPs in thousands scale. However, for more large-scale data, i.e., Affymetrix Human Mapping 100K GeneChip data, a faster screening method is required to screening SNPs in whole-genome large scale association analysis with genetic heterogeneity. We propose a boosting-based method for rapid screening in large-scale analysis of complex traits in the presence of genetic heterogeneity. It provides a relatively fast and fairly good tool for screening and limiting the candidate SNPs for further more complex computational modeling task.},
affiliation = {Integrated Data Syst. Dept., Siemens Corp. Res. Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. luyong.wang@siemens.com},
pages = {5771--4},
volume = {1},
year = {2006},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Linkage (Genetics), Algorithms, Genome: Human, Linkage Disequilibrium, Humans, Phenotype, Software, Models: Genetic, Programming Languages, Genetic Heterogeneity, Models: Statistical, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Genomics, Computational Biology},
date-added = {2010-01-28 13:30:52 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-28 13:30:52 +0100},
doi = {10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260585},
pmid = {17946332},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4363},
rating = {0}
}

@book{Turner:1984,
author = {CF Turner and E Martin},
journal = {Book},
title = {Surveying subjective phenomena},
year = {1984},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:21:41 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p946},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Novembre:2009p7186,
author = {John Novembre and Anna Di Rienzo},
journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
title = {Spatial patterns of variation due to natural selection in humans},
abstract = {Empowered by technology and sampling efforts designed to facilitate genome-wide association mapping, human geneticists are now studying the geography of genetic variation in unprecedented detail. With high genomic coverage and geographic resolution, these studies are identifying loci with spatial signatures of selection, such as extreme levels of differentiation and correlations with environmental variables. Collectively, patterns at these loci are beginning to provide new insights into the process of human adaptation. Here, we review the challenges of these studies and emerging results, including how human population structure has influenced the response to novel selective pressures.},
affiliation = {Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606, USA. jnovembre@ucla.edu},
number = {11},
pages = {745--55},
volume = {10},
year = {2009},
month = {Nov},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Selection: Genetic, Genetic Variation, Genome-Wide Association Study, Animals},
date-added = {2010-03-06 21:18:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-06 21:18:17 +0100},
doi = {10.1038/nrg2632},
pii = {nrg2632},
pmid = {19823195},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7186},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Mohamed:2010p5896,
author = {S Mohamed and K Heller and Z Ghahramani},
title = {Sparse Exponential Family Latent Variable Models},
year = {2010},
date-added = {2010-02-17 21:14:06 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-17 21:15:10 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Mohamed-2010-_Sparse%20Exponential%20F.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5896},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Terracciano:2008p1448,
author = {A Terracciano and S Sanna and M Uda and B Deiana and G Usala and F Busonero and A Maschio and M Scally and N Patriciu and W-M Chen and M A Distel and E P Slagboom and Dorret I Boomsma and S Villafuerte and E Sliwerska and M Burmeister and N Amin and A C J W Janssens and C M van Duijn and D Schlessinger and Gon{\c c}alo R Abecasis and P T Costa},
journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
title = {Genome-wide association scan for five major dimensions of personality},
abstract = {Personality traits are summarized by five broad dimensions with pervasive influences on major life outcomes, strong links to psychiatric disorders and clear heritable components. To identify genetic variants associated with each of the five dimensions of personality we performed a genome-wide association (GWA) scan of 3972 individuals from a genetically isolated population within Sardinia, Italy. On the basis of the analyses of 362 129 single-nucleotide polymorphisms we found several strong signals within or near genes previously implicated in psychiatric disorders. They include the association of neuroticism with SNAP25 (rs362584, P=5 x 10(-5)), extraversion with BDNF and two cadherin genes (CDH13 and CDH23; Ps<5 x 10(-5)), openness with CNTNAP2 (rs10251794, P=3 x 10(-5)), agreeableness with CLOCK (rs6832769, P=9 x 10(-6)) and conscientiousness with DYRK1A (rs2835731, P=3 x 10(-5)). Effect sizes were small (less than 1% of variance), and most failed to replicate in the follow-up independent samples (N up to 3903), though the association between agreeableness and CLOCK was supported in two of three replication samples (overall P=2 x 10(-5)). We infer that a large number of loci may influence personality traits and disorders, requiring larger sample sizes for the GWA approach to confidently identify associated genetic variants.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 28 October 2008; doi:10.1038/mp.2008.113.},
affiliation = {1National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.},
pages = {},
year = {2008},
month = {Oct},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-01-07 12:22:16 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:25:51 +0200},
doi = {10.1038/mp.2008.113},
pii = {mp2008113},
pmid = {18957941},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Terracciano-2008-Mol%20Psychiatry_Genome-wide%20associat.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1448},
read = {Yes},
rating = {3}
}

@article{McKinley:1985p2702,
author = {R L McKinley and C N Mills},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
title = {A Comparison of Several Goodness-of-Fit Statistics},
number = {1},
pages = {49--57},
volume = {9},
year = {1985},
date-added = {2010-01-13 10:21:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:16:53 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/McKinley-1985-Applied%20Psychological%20Measurement_A%20Comparison%20of%20Seve.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2702},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Gelman:2010p7203,
author = {A Gelman},
title = {Causality and Statistical Learning},
year = {2010},
date-added = {2010-03-06 21:20:31 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-06 21:20:50 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Gelman-2010-_Causality%20and%20Statis.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7203},
rating = {0}
}

@article{DeYoung:2010p13852,
author = {Colin G DeYoung and Jacob B Hirsh and Matthew S Shane and Xenophon Papademetris and Nallakkandi Rajeevan and Jeremy R Gray},
journal = {Psychol Sci},
title = {Testing predictions from personality neuroscience: brain structure and the big five},
abstract = {We used a new theory of the biological basis of the Big Five personality traits to generate hypotheses about the association of each trait with the volume of different brain regions. Controlling for age, sex, and whole-brain volume, results from structural magnetic resonance imaging of 116 healthy adults supported our hypotheses for four of the five traits: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Extraversion covaried with volume of medial orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region involved in processing reward information. Neuroticism covaried with volume of brain regions associated with threat, punishment, and negative affect. Agreeableness covaried with volume in regions that process information about the intentions and mental states of other individuals. Conscientiousness covaried with volume in lateral prefrontal cortex, a region involved in planning and the voluntary control of behavior. These findings support our biologically based, explanatory model of the Big Five and demonstrate the potential of personality neuroscience (i.e., the systematic study of individual differences in personality using neuroscience methods) as a discipline.},
affiliation = {University of Minnesota, 75 East River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. ccdeyoung@umn.edu},
number = {6},
pages = {820--8},
volume = {21},
year = {2010},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-07-29 17:44:14 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:46:15 +0200},
doi = {10.1177/0956797610370159},
pii = {0956797610370159},
pmid = {20435951},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13852},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dipple:2000p5530,
author = {K M Dipple and E R McCabe},
journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
title = {Phenotypes of patients with "simple" Mendelian disorders are complex traits: thresholds, modifiers, and systems dynamics},
number = {6},
pages = {1729--35},
volume = {66},
year = {2000},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Genetic Diseases: Inborn, Phenotype, Environment, Animals, Genetic Variation, Mutation, Syndrome, Humans, Models: Genetic, Genotype},
date-added = {2010-02-12 15:29:50 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-12 15:29:50 +0100},
doi = {10.1086/302938},
pii = {S0002-9297(07)63525-3},
pmid = {10793008},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dipple-2000-Am%20J%20Hum%20Genet_Phenotypes%20of%20patien.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5530},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Vivien:2010p12011,
author = {M Vivien and R Sabatier},
title = {Generalized orthogonal multiple co-inertia analysis (-PLS): new multiblock component and regression methods},
date-added = {2010-05-23 22:30:54 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-23 22:32:19 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Vivien--_Generalized%20orthogon.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12011},
rating = {3}
}

@article{Hays:1993p9577,
author = {R D Hays and R Anderson and D Revicki},
journal = {Qual Life Res},
title = {Psychometric considerations in evaluating health-related quality of life measures},
abstract = {How does one determine if a measure of health-related quality of life (HRQL) is adequate for clinical trials? Psychometric methods are frequently used to answer this question. What is psychometrics all about? In this paper we address these questions, discussing common psychometric evaluation procedures applied to HRQL measures. Specifically, we discuss issues regarding the evaluation of reliability and validity (including responsiveness).},
affiliation = {RAND, Social Policy Department, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138.},
number = {6},
pages = {441--9},
volume = {2},
year = {1993},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Cross-Cultural Comparison, Questionnaires, Health Surveys, Reproducibility of Results, Humans, Psychometrics, Quality of Life},
date-added = {2010-03-23 20:58:29 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:48:30 +0200},
pmid = {8161978},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Hays-1993-Qual%20Life%20Res_Psychometric%20conside.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9577},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Bartlett:2009p12030,
author = {James C Bartlett and Kalyan K Shastri and Herv{\'e} Abdi and Marsha Neville-Smith},
journal = {J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn},
title = {Component structure of individual differences in true and false recognition of faces},
abstract = {Principal-component analyses of 4 face-recognition studies uncovered 2 independent components. The first component was strongly related to false-alarm errors with new faces as well as to facial "conjunctions" that recombine features of previously studied faces. The second component was strongly related to hits as well as to the conjunction/new difference in false-alarm errors. The pattern of loadings on both components was impressively invariant across the experiments, which differed in age range of participants, stimulus set, list length, facial orientation, and the presence versus absence of familiarized lures along with conjunction and entirely new lures in the recognition test. Taken together, the findings show that neither component was exclusively related to discrimination, criterion, configural processing, featural processing, context recollection, or familiarity. Rather, the data are consistent with a neuropsychological model that distinguishes frontal and occipitotemporal contributions to face recognition memory. Within the framework of the model, findings showed that frontal and occipitotemporal contributions are discernible from the pattern of individual differences in behavioral performance among healthy young adults.},
affiliation = {School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Campus Mailbox GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA. jbartlet@utdallas.edu},
number = {5},
pages = {1207--30},
volume = {35},
year = {2009},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Facial Expression, Repression, Humans, Principal Component Analysis, Male, Adult, Recognition (Psychology), Analysis of Variance, Neuropsychological Tests, ROC Curve, Photic Stimulation, Female, Judgment, Young Adult, Factor Analysis: Statistical, Discrimination (Psychology), Pattern Recognition: Visual, Face, Adolescent, Middle Aged},
date-added = {2010-05-24 10:25:57 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:14:08 +0200},
doi = {10.1037/a0016368},
pii = {2009-12193-009},
pmid = {19686016},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Bartlett-2009-J%20Exp%20Psychol%20Learn%20Mem%20Cogn_Component%20structure.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12030},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Anonymous:2003p11759,
title = {Bayesian Inference and Sampling Theory},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-05-23 10:06:22 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-23 10:07:18 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/2003-_Bayesian%20Inference%20a.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11759},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lustgarten:2008p12954,
author = {Jonathan L Lustgarten and Vanathi Gopalakrishnan and Himanshu Grover and Shyam Visweswaran},
journal = {AMIA  Annual Symposium proceedings / AMIA Symposium AMIA Symposium},
title = {Improving classification performance with discretization on biomedical datasets},
abstract = {Discretization acts as a variable selection method in addition to transforming the continuous values of the variable to discrete ones. Machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machines and Random Forests have been used for classification in high-dimensional genomic and proteomic data due to their robustness to the dimensionality of the data. We show that discretization can help improve significantly the classification performance of these algorithms as well as algorithms like Na{\"\i}ve Bayes that are sensitive to the dimensionality of the data.},
affiliation = {Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.},
pages = {445--9},
year = {2008},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Database Management Systems, Decision Support Techniques, Pattern Recognition: Automated, Artificial Intelligence, Algorithms, Databases: Factual},
date-added = {2010-06-25 22:08:47 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-25 22:08:50 +0200},
pmid = {18999186},
URL = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=18999186&dopt=abstractplus},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Lustgarten-2008-AMIA%20Annual%20Symposium%20proceedings%20AMIA%20Symposium%20AMIA%20Symposium_Improving%20classifica.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12954},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Gierl:2004p4613,
author = {M Gierl and J Bisanz and Y Y Li},
title = {Using the Multidimensionality-Based DIF Analysis Paradigm to Study Cognitive Skills that Elicit Group Differences: A Critique},
year = {2004},
date-added = {2010-01-30 15:13:49 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-30 15:15:02 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Gierl-2004-_Using%20the%20Multidimen.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4613},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Nandakumar:1998,
author = {R Nandakumar and F Yu and H-H Li and W Stout},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
title = {Assessing Unidimensionality of Polytomous Data},
abstract = {This study investigated the performance of Poly-DIMTEST (PD) to assess unidimensionality of test data produced by polytomous items. Two types of polytomous data were considered: (1) tests in which all items had the same number of response categories, and (2) tests in which items had a mixed number of response categories. Test length, sample size, and the type of correlation matrix (used in factor analysis for selecting ATI subset items) were varied in Type I error analyses. For the power study, the correlation between Os and the item-0 loadings were also varied. The results showed that PD was able to confirm unidimensionality for unidimensional simulated test data, with the average observed level of significance slightly below the nominal level. PD was also highly effective in detecting lack of unidimensionality in various two-dimensional tests. As expected, power increased as the sample size and test length increased, and the correlation between the Os decreased. The results also demonstrated that use of Pearson correlations to select ATI items led to equally good or better performance than using polychoric correlations; therefore Pearson correlations are recommended for future use.},
number = {2},
pages = {99--115},
volume = {22},
year = {1998},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:21 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:38:22 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1180},
rating = {4}
}

@mastersthesis{Davis:2002,
author = {Laurie Laughlin Davis},
journal = {Masters Thesis},
title = {Strategies for controlling item exposure in computerized adaptive testing with polytomously scored items},
affiliation = {University of Texas at Austin},
year = {2002},
month = {May},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:24 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Davis-2002-Masters%20Thesis_Strategies%20for%20contr.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2021},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Schwender:2007p1757,
author = {H Schwender},
title = {Statistical Analysis of Genotype and Gene Expression Data},
year = {2007},
date-added = {2010-01-09 21:12:05 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-09 21:12:36 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Schwender-2007-_Statistical%20Analysis.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1757},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lin:2009p8347,
author = {Jin-Mann S Lin and Dana J Brimmer and Elizabeth M Maloney and Ernestina Nyarko and Rhonda Belue and William C Reeves},
journal = {Popul Health Metr},
title = {Further validation of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory in a US adult population sample},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) was developed in 1995. Since then, it has been widely used in cancer research and cancer-related illnesses but has never been validated in fatiguing illnesses or in a large US population-selected sample. In this study, we sought to examine the reliability and validity of the MFI-20 in the population of the state of Georgia, USA. Further, we assessed whether the MFI-20 could serve as a complementary diagnostic tool in chronically fatigued and unwell populations. METHODS: The data derive from a cross-sectional population-based study investigating the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in Georgia. The study sample was comprised of three diagnostic groups: CFS-like (292), chronically unwell (269), and well (222). Participants completed the MFI-20 along with several other measures of psychosocial functioning, including the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36 (SF-36), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). We assessed the five MFI-20 subscales using several criteria: inter-item correlations, corrected item-total correlations, internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficients), construct validity, discriminant (known-group) validity, floor/ceiling effects, and convergent validity through correlations with the SF-36, SDS, and STAI instruments. RESULTS: Averaged inter-item correlations ranged from 0.38 to 0.61, indicating no item redundancy. Corrected item-total correlations for all MFI-20 subscales were greater than 0.30, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients achieved an acceptable level of 0.70. No significant floor/ceiling effect was observed. Factor analysis demonstrated factorial complexity. The MFI-20 also distinguished clearly between three diagnostic groups on all subscales. Furthermore, correlations with depression (SDS), anxiety (STAI), and functional impairment (SF-36) demonstrated strong convergent validity. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides support for the MFI-20 as a valuable tool when used in chronically unwell and well populations. It also suggests that the MFI-20 could serve as a complementary diagnostic tool in fatiguing illnesses, such as CFS.},
affiliation = {Chronic Viral Diseases Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop A-15, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA, USA. dwe3@cdc.gov.},
pages = {18},
volume = {7},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-03-21 12:50:11 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:44:07 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1478-7954-7-18},
pii = {1478-7954-7-18},
pmid = {20003524},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Lin-2009-Popul%20Health%20Metr_Further%20validation%20o.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8347},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Willke:2004p4449,
author = {Richard J Willke and Laurie B Burke and Pennifer Erickson},
journal = {Controlled Clinical Trials},
title = {Measuring treatment impact: a review of patient-reported outcomes and other efficacy endpoints in approved product labels},
abstract = {CONTEXT: The term "patient-reported outcomes" (PROs) has evolved to include any endpoint derived from patient reports, whether collected in the clinic, in a diary, or by other means, including single-item outcome measures, event logs, symptom reports, formal instruments to measure health-related quality of life (HRQL), health status, adherence, and satisfaction with treatment. This term coincides with the explicit interest from drug development researchers and regulatory authorities in the appropriate utilization and reporting of treatment impact measures. OBJECTIVE: To determine the level and nature of use of PROs compared to other types of effectiveness endpoints in approved product labeling for new drugs recently approved in the United States. DESIGN AND SOURCES: Review and analysis of effectiveness endpoints as reported in clinical study descriptions in approved product labeling of new molecular entities (NMEs) approved in the United States from 1997 through 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effectiveness study endpoints reported in approved product labeling that fall into the following categories of measurement: PROs, clinician-reported outcomes (CROs), and laboratory test/device measurement endpoints. RESULTS: PROs were reported in 64 (30%) of the 215 product labels reviewed. Clinician-reported outcomes were reported most frequently (62%) followed by laboratory/device endpoints (50%). PROs were the only type of endpoint used in the FDA-approved label for 23 products. Formal multiitem PRO scales were cited 22 times. Use of PROs is most common in antiinflammatory, CNS, gastrointestinal, respiratory, allergic conjunctivitis, and urologic therapy areas. The frequency of reported PRO use over this period did not change. CONCLUSION: PROs, although quite variable as a class of study endpoints, were found to have a significant role in the development and evaluation of new medicines. More formal guidance from the FDA about use of such measures along with continued collaboration by PRO researchers to develop and disseminate standards will enhance the appropriate use of PROs in future drug development and labeling.},
affiliation = {Pfizer Inc., Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA. richard.j.willke@pfizer.com},
number = {6},
pages = {535--52},
volume = {25},
year = {2004},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Health Status, Drug Labeling, Reproducibility of Results, Drug Therapy, Patient Satisfaction, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Endpoint Determination, Humans, Psychometrics, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Clinical Trials as Topic, Questionnaires, Quality of Life, Drug Prescriptions},
date-added = {2010-01-29 21:36:34 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-29 21:36:34 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.cct.2004.09.003},
pii = {S0197-2456(04)00091-1},
pmid = {15588741},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Willke-2004-Controlled%20Clinical%20Trials_Measuring%20treatment.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4449},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Hudziak:2004p9137,
author = {James J Hudziak and C E M van Beijsterveldt and Robert R Althoff and Catherine Stanger and David C Rettew and Elliot C Nelson and Richard D Todd and Meike Bartels and Dorret I Boomsma},
journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
title = {Genetic and environmental contributions to the Child Behavior Checklist Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: a cross-cultural twin study},
abstract = {CONTEXT: We have reported elsewhere on the development of an 8-item Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (OCS) contained in the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to identify children who meet criteria for DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive disorder. Twin studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder have indicated a significant genetic component to its expression. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on childhood obsessive-compulsive behavior using the CBCL OCS in twin samples. DESIGN: The CBCL data were received by survey of twins in the Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR) and the Missouri Twin Study (USA/MOTWIN). SETTING: General community twin samples. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 4246 twin pairs aged 7 years, 2841 aged 10 years, and 1562 aged 12 years (who also participated in the study at 7 and 10 years of age) from the NTR and 1461 mixed-age twin pairs (average age, approximately 9 years) from the USA/MOTWIN. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Model fitting to test for genetic and environmental influences, sex differences, and sibling interaction/rater contrast effects on the CBCL OCS. RESULTS: In each case, the best-fitting model was one that indicated significant additive genetic influences (range, 45%-58%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 45%-61%), and unique environmental influences (range, 42%-55%; 95% CI, 39%-55%), with shared environmental influences in the NTR sample aged 12 years (16%). Sex differences were seen in the mixed-age USA/MOTWIN model, but not in the NTR samples. No evidence of dominance, sibling interaction, or rater-contrast effects was seen. These data were relatively consistent across age and cultures. CONCLUSIONS: The CBCL OCS is influenced by genetic factors (approximately 55%) and unique environmental factors (approximately 45%) in the younger sample, with common environmental influences only at 12 years of age. These effects do not vary with differences in sex or sibling interaction/rater contrast effects. Our data reveal higher genetic influences for obsessive-compulsive behavior and do not demonstrate genetic differences across sex.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington; Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. james.hudziak@uvm.edu},
number = {6},
pages = {608--16},
volume = {61},
year = {2004},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Phenotype, Netherlands, Models: Genetic, Gene Expression, Twins: Monozygotic, Personality Inventory, Missouri, Twins: Dizygotic, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Male, Female, Sex Factors, Age Factors, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Humans, United States, Social Environment, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Molecular Biology, Child, Diseases in Twins},
date-added = {2010-03-22 13:29:46 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 13:29:46 +0100},
doi = {10.1001/archpsyc.61.6.608},
pii = {61/6/608},
pmid = {15184240},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Hudziak-2004-Arch%20Gen%20Psychiatry_Genetic%20and%20environm.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9137},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cordell:2003p5246,
author = {Heather J Cordell and Joanna M M Howson and David G Clayton},
journal = {BMC Genet},
title = {Linkage analysis of a derived glucose phenotype in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 simulated data using a variety of Haseman-Elston based regression methods},
abstract = {A variety of Haseman-Elston type regression procedures were used to perform a genome scan across five chromosomes, using replicates 1-5 of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 simulated data. The traits of interest were variables corresponding to 'baseline' and 'slope' effects derived from the fasting glucose phenotypes. Performance in terms of detecting the locations of known trait loci was poor for all methods, even when all five replicates were combined to produce a large data set (9230 sib pairs). All methods performed well, however, when applied to new simulated data in which the true genetic effects were allowed to explain a greater proportion of the overall variance.},
affiliation = {University of Cambridge, Department of Medical Genetics, JDRF/WT Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, United Kingdom. heather.cordell@cimr.cam.ac.uk},
pages = {S6},
volume = {4 Suppl 1},
year = {2003},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Adult Children, Female, Quantitative Trait Loci, Male, Humans, Regression Analysis, Fasting, Phenotype, Longitudinal Studies, Computer Simulation, Linkage (Genetics), Blood Glucose, Models: Statistical, Matched-Pair Analysis, Siblings},
date-added = {2010-02-09 22:25:51 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-09 22:25:51 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2156-4-S1-S6},
pii = {1471-2156-4-S1-S6},
pmid = {14975074},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Cordell-2003-BMC%20Genet_Linkage%20analysis%20of.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5246},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Farcomeni:2008p4686,
author = {Alessio Farcomeni},
journal = {Stat Methods Med Res},
title = {A review of modern multiple hypothesis testing, with particular attention to the false discovery proportion},
abstract = {In the last decade a growing amount of statistical research has been devoted to multiple testing, motivated by a variety of applications in medicine, bioinformatics, genomics, brain imaging, etc. Research in this area is focused on developing powerful procedures even when the number of tests is very large. This paper attempts to review research in modern multiple hypothesis testing with particular attention to the false discovery proportion, loosely defined as the number of false rejections divided by the number of rejections. We review the main ideas, stepwise and augmentation procedures; and resampling based testing. We also discuss the problem of dependence among the test statistics. Simulations make a comparison between the procedures and with Bayesian methods. We illustrate the procedures in applications in DNA microarray data analysis. Finally, few possibilities for further research are highlighted.},
affiliation = {Universit{\`a} di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy. alessio.farcomeni@uniroma1.it},
number = {4},
pages = {347--88},
volume = {17},
year = {2008},
month = {Aug},
language = {eng},
keywords = {False Positive Reactions, Bayes Theorem, Models: Theoretical},
date-added = {2010-01-30 16:13:05 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-30 16:13:07 +0100},
doi = {10.1177/0962280206079046},
pii = {0962280206079046},
pmid = {17698936},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4686},
rating = {4}
}

@article{OLeary:2009p12875,
author = {R A O'Leary and R W Francis and K W Carter and M J Firth and U R Kees and N H de Klerk},
journal = {18th World IMACS / MODSIM Congress},
title = {A comparison of Bayesian classification trees and random forest to identify classifiers for childhood leukaemia},
abstract = {Recently, microarrays technologies have been extensively used to distinguish gene expression in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (e.g. Pui et al., 2004; Hoffmann et al., 2008). ALL is the most common type of leukaemia diagnosed in children, with an incidence rate of about 4 per 100,000 per year (Pizzo and Poplack, 2001; Milne et al., 2008). There are six main subtypes of leukaemia, one of which is T- cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) which generally has lower cure rates than other forms of ALL. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) samples from each patient can be put onto microarrays to provide gene expression levels for around 20 thousand genes (depending on which microarray chip is used). One of the challenges with microarray analysis in leukaemia research is identifying the smallest possible set of genes that predict relapse with the highest predictive performance.},
year = {2009},
date-added = {2010-06-24 12:57:39 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-24 12:58:38 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/O'Leary-2009-18th%20World%20IMACS%20MODSIM%20Congress_A%20comparison%20of%20Baye.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12875},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kendall:1988,
author = {PC Kendall and WM Grove},
journal = {Behavioral Assessment},
title = {Normative comparisons in therapy outcome},
abstract = {Normative comparisons are a procedure for evaluating the clinical significance of therapeutic interventions. Although a step-by-step statistical methodology for conducting normative comparisons has been reported elsewhere (P. C. Kendall, A. Marrs-Garcia, S. R. Nath, {\&} R. C. Sheldrick, 1999), questions regarding the collecting of normative data remain. For this study, all treatment outcome studies published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology from 1988 to 1997 were examined and reviewed, and the 5 most commonly used outcome measures were identified. For these outcome measures, multiple sources of normative data were located. Although we identified a dearth of normative data on measures used for treatment outcome, results discussed here nevertheless provide information that may be of use to therapy outcome evaluators when conducting normative comparisons. In addition, equations to determine the minimum sample size needed in a normative sample for a given treatment outcome study are provided.},
pages = {147--158},
volume = {10},
year = {1988},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:35:29 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:35:29 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1024},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Goldstein:2010p13172,
author = {Benjamin A Goldstein and Alan E Hubbard and Adele Cutler and Lisa F Barcellos},
journal = {BMC Genet},
title = {An application of Random Forests to a genome-wide association dataset: Methodological considerations {\&} new findings},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: As computational power improves, the application of more advanced machine learning techniques to the analysis of large genome-wide association (GWA) datasets becomes possible. While most traditional statistical methods can only elucidate main effects of genetic variants on risk for disease, certain machine learning approaches are particularly suited to discover higher order and non-linear effects. One such approach is the Random Forests (RF) algorithm. The use of RF for SNP discovery related to human disease has grown in recent years; however, most work has focused on small datasets or simulation studies which are limited. RESULTS: Using a multiple sclerosis (MS) case-control dataset comprised of ~300K SNP genotypes across the genome, we outline an approach and some considerations for optimally tuning the RF algorithm based on the empirical dataset. Importantly, results show that typical default parameter values are not appropriate for large GWA datasets. Furthermore, gains can be made by sub-sampling the data, pruning based on linkage disequilibrium (LD), and removing strong effects from RF analyses. The new RF results are compared to findings from the original MS GWA study and demonstrate overlap. In addition, four new interesting candidate MS genes are identified, MPHOSPH9, CTNNA3, PHACTR2 and IL7, by RF analysis and warrant further follow-up in independent studies. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents one of the first illustrations of successfully analyzing GWA data with a machine learning algorithm. It is shown that RF is computationally feasible for GWA data and the results obtained make biologic sense based on previous studies. More importantly, new genes were identified as potentially being associated with MS, suggesting new avenues of investigation for this complex disease.},
number = {1},
pages = {49},
volume = {11},
year = {2010},
month = {Jun},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-06-26 11:18:21 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-26 11:18:25 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2156-11-49},
pii = {1471-2156-11-49},
pmid = {20546594},
URL = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/49},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Goldstein-2010-BMC%20Genet_An%20application%20of%20Ra.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13172},
read = {Yes},
rating = {5}
}

@article{Ioannidis:2001p10436,
author = {J P Ioannidis and E E Ntzani and T A Trikalinos and D G Contopoulos-Ioannidis},
journal = {Nat Genet},
title = {Replication validity of genetic association studies},
abstract = {The rapid growth of human genetics creates countless opportunities for studies of disease association. Given the number of potentially identifiable genetic markers and the multitude of clinical outcomes to which these may be linked, the testing and validation of statistical hypotheses in genetic epidemiology is a task of unprecedented scale. Meta-analysis provides a quantitative approach for combining the results of various studies on the same topic, and for estimating and explaining their diversity. Here, we have evaluated by meta-analysis 370 studies addressing 36 genetic associations for various outcomes of disease. We show that significant between-study heterogeneity (diversity) is frequent, and that the results of the first study correlate only modestly with subsequent research on the same association. The first study often suggests a stronger genetic effect than is found by subsequent studies. Both bias and genuine population diversity might explain why early association studies tend to overestimate the disease protection or predisposition conferred by a genetic polymorphism. We conclude that a systematic meta-analytic approach may assist in estimating population-wide effects of genetic risk factors in human disease.},
affiliation = {Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece. jioannid@cc.uoi.gr},
number = {3},
pages = {306--9},
volume = {29},
year = {2001},
month = {Nov},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Reproducibility of Results, Chromosome Mapping, Bias (Epidemiology), Genetic Markers, Humans, Linkage (Genetics), Polymorphism: Genetic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Variation, Odds Ratio, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Disease, Regression Analysis},
date-added = {2010-04-07 11:01:42 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-07 11:01:51 +0200},
doi = {10.1038/ng749},
pii = {ng749},
pmid = {11600885},
URL = {http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v29/n3/abs/ng749.html},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Ioannidis-2001-Nat%20Genet_Replication%20validity.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10436},
read = {Yes},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Noh:2006p6785,
author = {M Noh and B Yip and Y Lee and Y Pawitan},
journal = {Genet Epidemiol},
title = {Multicomponent variance estimation for binary traits in family-based studies},
abstract = {In biometrical genetic analyses of binary traits, the use of family data overcomes some limitations of twin studies, particularly in terms of sample size and types of genetic or environmental factors that can be estimated. However, because of computational problems, recent methods in the application of generalized linear mixed models for family data structure have limited the ability to handle large data sets with general covariates. In this paper, we investigate the use of the hierarchical likelihood approach to the analysis of binary traits from family data. In a simulation study, the method is shown to be highly accurate for the estimation of both the variance components and fixed regression parameters, even for small family sizes. For illustration, we analyze a real data set of familial aggregation of preeclampsia, a pregnancy-induced hypertension. When possible, the analysis is compared with the exact maximum likelihood approach.},
affiliation = {Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, South Korea.},
number = {1},
pages = {37--47},
volume = {30},
year = {2006},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Female, Models: Genetic, Genotype, Humans, Cytogenetic Analysis, Quantitative Trait Loci, Pregnancy, Pre-Eclampsia, Analysis of Variance, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Likelihood Functions, Linear Models},
date-added = {2010-03-05 22:25:30 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-05 22:25:30 +0100},
doi = {10.1002/gepi.20099},
pmid = {16265627},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6785},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Parkes:2008p3279,
author = {Jackie Parkes and Melanie White-Koning and Heather O Dickinson

repository: sergiud/bibtex-spirit

repo_name: sergiud/bibtex-spirit

gha_license_id: MIT