text:
F. L. and Bergmann, M. M. and Overvad, K. and Palli, D. and Masala, G. and Khaw, K. T. and Racine, A. and Carbonnel, F. and Boutron-Ruault, M. C. and Olsen, A. and Tjonneland, A. and Kaaks, R. and Tumino, R. and Trichopoulou, A. and Hart, A. R.},
   title = {Carbohydrate intake in the etiology of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2013-21},
   note = {1536-4844
Chan, Simon S M
Luben, Robert
van Schaik, Fiona
Oldenburg, Bas
Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas
Hallmans, Goran
Karling, Pontus
Lindgren, Stefan
Grip, Olof
Key, Timothy
Crowe, Francesca L
Bergmann, Manuela M
Overvad, Kim
Palli, Domenico
Masala, Giovanna
Khaw, Kay-Tee
Racine, Antoine
Carbonnel, Franck
Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine
Olsen, Anja
Tjonneland, Anne
Kaaks, Rudolf
Tumino, Rosario
Trichopoulou, Antonia
Hart, Andrew R
Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
14136/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom
Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom
G0401527/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Nov;20(11):2013-21. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000168.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diet may have a role in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease. In previous studies, the associations between increased intakes of carbohydrates, sugar, starch, and inflammatory bowel disease are inconsistent. However, few prospective studies have investigated the associations between these macronutrients and incident Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: A total of 401,326 men and women were recruited between 1991 and 1998. At recruitment, dietary intakes of carbohydrate, sugar, and starch were measured using validated food frequency questionnaires. The cohort was monitored identifying participants who developed incident CD or UC. Cases were matched with 4 controls, and odds ratios were calculated for quintiles of total carbohydrate, sugar, and starch intakes adjusted for total energy intake, body mass index, and smoking. RESULTS: One hundred ten participants developed CD, and 244 participants developed UC during follow-up. The adjusted odds ratio for the highest versus the lowest quintiles of total carbohydrate intake for CD was 0.87, 95% CI = 0.24 to 3.12 and for UC 1.46, 95% CI = 0.62 to 3.46, with no significant trends across quintiles for either (CD, P trend = 0.70; UC, P trend = 0.41). Similarly, no associations were observed with intakes of total sugar (CD, P trend = 0.50; UC, P trend = 0.71) or starch (CD, P trend = 0.69; UC, P trend = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of associations with these nutrients is in agreement with many case-control studies that have not identified associations with CD or UC. As there is biological plausibility for how specific carbohydrates could have an etiological role in inflammatory bowel disease, future epidemiological work should assess individual carbohydrates, although there does not seem to be a macronutrient effect.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Body Mass Index
Carbohydrates/*adverse effects
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology/*etiology
Crohn Disease/epidemiology/*etiology
Diet/*adverse effects
Energy Intake
Europe/epidemiology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Incidence
Male
Middle Aged
Prognosis
Prospective Studies
Risk Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {25265262},
   DOI = {10.1097/mib.0000000000000168},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chen, W. X. and Ren, L. H. and Shi, R. H.},
   title = {Enteric microbiota leads to new therapeutic strategies for ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {20},
   number = {42},
   pages = {15657-63},
   note = {2219-2840
Chen, Wei-Xu
Ren, Li-Hua
Shi, Rui-Hua
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov 14;20(42):15657-63. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15657.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a leading form of inflammatory bowel disease that involves chronic relapsing or progressive inflammation. As a significant proportion of UC patients treated with conventional therapies do not achieve remission, there is a pressing need for the development of more effective therapies. The human gut contains a large, diverse, and dynamic population of microorganisms, collectively referred to as the enteric microbiota. There is a symbiotic relationship between the human host and the enteric microbiota, which provides nutrition, protection against pathogenic organisms, and promotes immune homeostasis. An imbalance of the normal enteric microbiota composition (termed dysbiosis) underlies the pathogenesis of UC. A reduction of enteric microbiota diversity has been observed in UC patients, mainly affecting the butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which can repress pro-inflammatory cytokines. Many studies have shown that enteric microbiota plays an important role in anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities, which can benefit UC patients. Therefore, manipulation of the dysbiosis is an attractive approach for UC therapy. Various therapies targeting a restoration of the enteric microbiota have shown efficacy in treating patients with active and chronic forms of UC. Such therapies include fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, helminth therapy, and dietary polyphenols, all of which can alter the abundance and composition of the enteric microbiota. Although there have been many large, randomized controlled clinical trials assessing these treatments, the effectiveness and safety of these bacteria-driven therapies need further evaluation. This review focuses on the important role that the enteric microbiota plays in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and discusses new therapeutic strategies targeting the enteric microbiota for UC.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Biological Therapy/methods
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/microbiology/*therapy
Diet
Dysbiosis
Feces/microbiology
Homeostasis
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Intestines/drug effects/*microbiology
*Microbiota/drug effects
Prebiotics
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome
Enteric microbiota
Fecal microbiota transplantation
Polyphenol
Probiotic
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {25400449},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15657},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chuengsamarn, S. and Rattanamongkolgul, S. and Phonrat, B. and Tungtrongchitr, R. and Jirawatnotai, S.},
   title = {Reduction of atherogenic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes by curcuminoid extract: a randomized controlled trial},
   journal = {J Nutr Biochem},
   volume = {25},
   number = {2},
   pages = {144-50},
   note = {1873-4847
Chuengsamarn, Somlak
Rattanamongkolgul, Suthee
Phonrat, Benjaluck
Tungtrongchitr, Rungsunn
Jirawatnotai, Siwanon
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Nutr Biochem. 2014 Feb;25(2):144-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.013. Epub 2013 Nov 6.},
   abstract = {Curcumin is a phytocompound found in the root of turmeric, a common herbal ingredient in many Asian cuisines. The compound contains anti-inflammatory activity, which is mediated through an up-regulation of adiponectin and reduction of leptin. Consumption of curcumin was shown to prevent some deteriorative conditions caused by inflammation, such as ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis and esophagitis, and so on. Inflammation-associated cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerosis are common in diabetes patients. The anti-inflammation effect of curcumin might be beneficial to prevent such condition in these patients. We aim to evaluate an antiatherosclerosis effect of curcumin in diabetes patients. Effects of curcumin on risk factors for atherosclerosis were investigated in a 6-month randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled clinical trial that included subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. An atherosclerosis parameter, the pulse wave velocity, and other metabolic parameters in patients treated with placebo and curcumin were compared. Our results showed that curcumin intervention significantly reduced pulse wave velocity, increased level of serum adiponectin and decreased level of leptin. These results are associated with reduced levels of homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, triglyceride, uric acid, visceral fat and total body fat. In summary, a 6-month curcumin intervention in type 2 diabetic population lowered the atherogenic risks. In addition, the extract helped to improve relevant metabolic profiles in this high-risk population.},
   keywords = {Atherosclerosis/complications/*prevention & control
Curcumin/*pharmacology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/*drug therapy
Double-Blind Method
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Compliance
Placebos
Abdominal obesity (visceral fat and total body fat)
Atherogenic risk
Curcuminoid extract
Insulin resistance
Pulse wave velocity (PWV)
Type 2 diabetes},
   ISSN = {0955-2863},
   Accession Number = {24445038},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.013},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chun, J. Y. and Kang, B. and Lee, Y. M. and Lee, S. Y. and Kim, M. J. and Choe, Y. H.},
   title = {Adverse events associated with azathioprine treatment in korean pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients},
   journal = {Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr},
   volume = {16},
   number = {3},
   pages = {171-7},
   note = {Chun, Ji Young
Kang, Ben
Lee, Yoo Min
Lee, Soo Youn
Kim, Mi Jin
Choe, Yon Ho
Journal Article
Korea (South)
Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2013 Sep;16(3):171-7. doi: 10.5223/pghn.2013.16.3.171. Epub 2013 Sep 30.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: This study was aimed to evaluate the frequency and course of adverse events associated with azathioprine treatment in Korean pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Total of 174 pediatric patients (age range, 1 to 19 years) with inflammatory bowel disease who received azathioprine in order to maintain remission at Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) from January 2002 through December 2012 were included in this study. Medical records of these subjects were retrospectively reviewed regarding the development of adverse events associated with azathioprine treatment. RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients (56.3%) of 174 patients experienced 136 episodes of adverse events, requiring dose reduction in 31 patients (17.8%), and discontinuation in 18 patients (10.3%). The mean dose of azathioprine that had been initially administered was 1.32+/-0.42 mg/kg/day. Among the adverse reactions, bone marrow suppression developed in 47 patients (27.0%), requiring dose reduction in 22 patients (12.6%) and discontinuation in 8 patients (4.6%). Other adverse events that occurred were gastrointestinal disturbance (15.5%), hair loss (12.1%), pancreatitis (7.5%), arthralgia (6.9%), hepatotoxicity (2.9%), skin rash/allergic reactions (2.9%), headache/dizziness (2.3%), sepsis (0.6%), and oral mucositis (0.6%). CONCLUSION: Bone marrow suppression, especially leukopenia was most commonly associated with azathioprine treatment in Korean pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients. Close observation for possible adverse events is required in this population with inflammatory bowel diseases who are under treatment with azathioprine.},
   keywords = {Adverse reactions
Azathioprine
Bone marrow suppression
Crohn disease
Inflammatory bowel diseases
Leukopenia
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {2234-8646 (Print)
2234-8840},
   Accession Number = {24224150},
   DOI = {10.5223/pghn.2013.16.3.171},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Coates, M. D. and Lahoti, M. and Binion, D. G. and Szigethy, E. M. and Regueiro, M. D. and Bielefeldt, K.},
   title = {Abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {10},
   pages = {2207-14},
   note = {1536-4844
Coates, Matthew D
Lahoti, Mayank
Binion, David G
Szigethy, Eva M
Regueiro, Miguel D
Bielefeldt, Klaus
T32 DK063922/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK063922/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2207-14. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829614c6.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic pain is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and often attributed to inflammation. However, many patients with inflammatory bowel disease without evidence of active disease continue to experience pain. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of pain in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and examine the role of inflammation and psychiatric comorbidities in patients with UC with pain. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of adult patients with UC seen at a tertiary referral inflammatory bowel disease center. Age, gender, disease duration and extent, abdominal pain rating, quality of life, physician global assessment, endoscopic and histological rating of disease severity, C reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were abstracted. RESULTS: A total of 1268 patients were identified using billing codes for colitis. Five hundred and two patients (48.2% women) met all inclusion criteria. Two hundred and sixty-two individuals (52.2%) complained of abdominal pain, with 108 individuals (21.5%) describing more frequent pain ("some of the time or more"). Of those with quiescent disease (n = 326), 33 patients (10%) complained of more frequent pain. Physician global assessment, endoscopic and histological severity rating, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C reactive protein significantly correlated with pain ratings. The best predictors of pain were physician global assessment, C reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, female gender, and coexisting mood disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal pain affects more than 50% of patients with UC. Although inflammation is important, the skewed gender distribution and correlation with mood disorders highlight parallels with functional bowel disorders and suggest a significant role for central mechanisms. Management strategies should thus go beyond a focus on inflammation and also include interventions that target psychological mechanisms of pain.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology
Adult
Blood Sedimentation
C-Reactive Protein/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/pathology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Inflammation/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology
Male
Middle Aged
Mood Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology
Retrospective Studies
Severity of Illness Index
Tertiary Care Centers
United States/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {23929261},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829614c6},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Coburn, L. A. and Horst, S. N. and Chaturvedi, R. and Brown, C. T. and Allaman, M. M. and Scull, B. P. and Singh, K. and Piazuelo, M. B. and Chitnavis, M. V. and Hodges, M. E. and Rosen, M. J. and Williams, C. S. and Slaughter, J. C. and Beaulieu, D. B. and Schwartz, D. A. and Wilson, K. T.},
   title = {High-throughput multi-analyte Luminex profiling implicates eotaxin-1 in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {8},
   number = {12},
   pages = {e82300},
   note = {1932-6203
Coburn, Lori A
Horst, Sara N
Chaturvedi, Rupesh
Brown, Caroline T
Allaman, Margaret M
Scull, Brooks P
Singh, Kshipra
Piazuelo, M Blanca
Chitnavis, Maithili V
Hodges, Mallary E
Rosen, Michael J
Williams, Christopher S
Slaughter, James C
Beaulieu, Dawn B
Schwartz, David A
Wilson, Keith T
R01 DK053620/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
UL1TR000445/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
K01AT007324/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
5T32DK007673/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01AT004821/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK058404/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 AT004821/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
3R01AT004821-02S1/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
P01 CA116087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
I01 BX001453/BX/BLRD VA/United States
K23DK094832/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30DK058404/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
K23 DK094832/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2013 Dec 18;8(12):e82300. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082300. eCollection 2013.},
   abstract = {Accurate and high-throughput technologies are needed for identification of new therapeutic targets and for optimizing therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Our aim was to assess multi-analyte protein-based assays of cytokines/chemokines using Luminex technology. We have reported that Luminex-based profiling was useful in assessing response to L-arginine therapy in the mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium colitis. Therefore, we studied prospectively collected samples from ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and control subjects. Serum, colon biopsies, and clinical information were obtained from subjects undergoing colonoscopy for evaluation of UC or for non-UC indications. In total, 38 normal controls and 137 UC cases completed the study. Histologic disease severity and the Mayo Disease Activity Index (DAI) were assessed. Serum and colonic tissue cytokine/chemokine profiles were measured by Luminex-based multiplex testing of 42 analytes. Only eotaxin-1 and G-CSF were increased in serum of patients with histologically active UC vs. controls. While 13 cytokines/chemokines were increased in active UC vs. controls in tissues, only eotaxin-1 was increased in all levels of active disease in both serum and tissue. In tissues, eotaxin-1 correlated with the DAI and with eosinophil counts. Increased eotaxin-1 levels were confirmed by real-time PCR. Tissue eotaxin-1 levels were also increased in experimental murine colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium, oxazolone, or Citrobacter rodentium, but not in murine Helicobacter pylori infection. Our data implicate eotaxin-1 as an etiologic factor and therapeutic target in UC, and indicate that Luminex-based assays may be useful to assess IBD pathogenesis and to select patients for anti-cytokine/chemokine therapies.},
   keywords = {Adult
Animals
Chemokine CCL11/*metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/chemically induced/*metabolism
Female
Gastritis/blood/metabolism/microbiology
Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity
Humans
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Middle Aged
Oxazolone/toxicity
Prospective Studies},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24367513},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0082300},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Coman, R. M. and Glover, S. C. and Gjymishka, A.},
   title = {Febrile pleuropericarditis, a potentially life-threatening adverse event of balsalazide--case report and literature review of the side effects of 5-aminosalicylates},
   journal = {Expert Rev Clin Immunol},
   volume = {10},
   number = {5},
   pages = {667-75},
   note = {1744-8409
Coman, Roxana M
Glover, Sarah C
Gjymishka, Altin
Case Reports
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014 May;10(5):667-75. doi: 10.1586/1744666X.2014.902313. Epub 2014 Apr 1.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the colonic mucosa. One class among the drugs used for its treatment is the 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs). While highly efficacious in treating mild-to-moderate UC, 5-ASAs are associated with rare but potentially life-threatening side effects such as pericarditis, myocarditis and pneumonitis. These adverse events appear to be caused by a hypersensitivity reaction and resolve after cessation of 5-ASA drugs. This article presents a case report of febrile pleuropericarditis in a UC patient treated with balsalazide, and provides a thorough literature review of the rare side effects of 5-ASAs, their incidence, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and treatment. In conclusion, the clinicians should be aware that this type of adverse events to 5-ASA compounds can be easily overlooked but it has significant morbidity if not promptly diagnosed.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Fever/chemically induced/*diagnosis
Humans
Male
Mesalamine/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Pericarditis/chemically induced/*diagnosis
Phenylhydrazines/adverse effects/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1744-666x},
   Accession Number = {24689504},
   DOI = {10.1586/1744666x.2014.902313},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Czub, E. and Nowak, J. K. and Szaflarska-Poplawska, A. and Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk, U. and Landowski, P. and Moczko, J. and Adamczak, D. and Mankowski, P. and Banasiewicz, T. and Plawski, A. and Walkowiak, J.},
   title = {Comparison of fecal pyruvate kinase isoform M2 and calprotectin in assessment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease severity and activity},
   journal = {Acta Biochim Pol},
   volume = {61},
   number = {1},
   pages = {99-102},
   note = {1734-154x
Czub, Elzbieta
Nowak, Jan K
Szaflarska-Poplawska, Anna
Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk, Urszula
Landowski, Piotr
Moczko, Jerzy
Adamczak, Daria
Mankowski, Przemyslaw
Banasiewicz, Tomasz
Plawski, Andrzej
Walkowiak, Jaroslaw
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Poland
Acta Biochim Pol. 2014;61(1):99-102. Epub 2014 Mar 20.},
   abstract = {AIMS: Accurate assessment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity is the cornerstone of effective therapy. Fecal M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) and fecal calprotectin (FC) are noninvasive markers of mucosal inflammation in IBD. The aim of this study was to compare performance of M2-PK and FC in assessment of pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) severity and activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 121 patients with IBD, including 75 with UC and 46 with CD were recruited. Control group consisted of 35 healthy children (HS). Patients were assigned to groups depending on disease severity and activity. M2-PK and calprotectin concentration were determined in stool samples using ELISA. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for FC and M2-PK with cut-off level at which M2-PK specificity was matching FC specificity were calculated and compared. RESULTS: Performance of M2-PK at identifying patients with IBD, UC and CD among HS was inferior to FC. The differences in AUC were respectively: -0.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.13-(-0.06)], p<0.0001), -0.14 (95% CI [-0.19-(-0.09)], p<0.0001) and -0.03 (95% CI [-0.05-(-0.001)], p<0.02). M2-PK was inferior to FC in discriminating patients with mild UC from those with HS (AUC difference -0.23, 95% CI [-0.31-(-0.15)], p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: FC reflects pediatric IBD severity and activity better than M2-PK. This difference is particularly pronounced when identifying patients with mild UC and UC in remission.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Biomarkers
Child
Feces/*enzymology
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/enzymology/*pathology
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/*biosynthesis
Male
Pediatrics
Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
Pyruvate Kinase/*biosynthesis},
   ISSN = {0001-527x},
   Accession Number = {24649481},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dahlen, R. and Strid, H. and Lundgren, A. and Isaksson, S. and Raghavan, S. and Magnusson, M. K. and Simren, M. and Sjovall, H. and Ohman, L.},
   title = {Infliximab inhibits activation and effector functions of peripheral blood T cells in vitro from patients with clinically active ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Scand J Immunol},
   volume = {78},
   number = {3},
   pages = {275-84},
   note = {1365-3083
Dahlen, R
Strid, H
Lundgren, A
Isaksson, S
Raghavan, S
Magnusson, M K
Simren, M
Sjovall, H
Ohman, L
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Scand J Immunol. 2013 Sep;78(3):275-84. doi: 10.1111/sji.12081.},
   abstract = {Many patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are undergoing therapy with infliximab, an antibody specific for TNF. However, the exact mechanisms of action of infliximab are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro effects of infliximab on blood T cells derived from anti-TNF therapy-naive ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with clinically active disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated polyclonally or by antigen in the presence or absence of infliximab. The T cell phenotype was investigated by flow cytometry, cytokine secretion was determined by ELISA, and cell proliferation was determined by thymidine assay or CFSE dye. Presence of infliximab resulted in reduced expression of CD25 in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell populations and inhibited secretion of IFN-gamma, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF as well as granzyme A. Infliximab also suppressed CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation. These effects of infliximab were recorded both in T cells activated by polyclonal and antigen-specific stimulation. The effects of infliximab on T cell apoptosis and induction of FOXP3(+) CD4(+) T regulatory cells were ambiguous and depended on the originating cellular source and/or the stimulation mode and strength. In conclusion, infliximab is able to reduce T cell activation as measured by CD25, proliferation and cytokine secretion in vitro from UC patients with clinically active disease. These data suggest that suppression of T cell activity may be important for infliximab-mediated disease remission in patients with UC.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Apoptosis/drug effects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*drug effects/immunology
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*drug effects/immunology
Cell Proliferation/drug effects
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/immunology/metabolism
Female
Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
Granzymes/secretion
Humans
Infliximab
Interferon-gamma/secretion
Interleukin-13/secretion
Interleukin-17/secretion
Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
Male
Middle Aged
Tumor Necrosis Factors/secretion
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0300-9475},
   Accession Number = {23713660},
   DOI = {10.1111/sji.12081},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dan-Nielsen, S. and Wewer, V. and Paerregaard, A. and Hansen, L. F. and Nielsen, R. G. and Lange, A. and Jakobsen, C.},
   title = {Does infliximab prevent colectomy in acute and chronic active ulcerative colitis?},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {58},
   number = {6},
   pages = {768-72},
   note = {1536-4801
Dan-Nielsen, Steffen
Wewer, Vibeke
Paerregaard, Anders
Hansen, Lars F
Nielsen, Rasmus G
Lange, Aksel
Jakobsen, Christian
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Jun;58(6):768-72. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000340.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate clinical response, use of colectomy, and adverse events related to infliximab (IFX) treatment in acute and chronic active ulcerative colitis (UC) in children. METHODS: Children from 3 centers, who had received IFX for UC, were identified, and patient charts were reviewed retrospectively. Data concerning symptoms, biochemistry, concomitant medical treatment, colectomy, and adverse events were registered. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients with UC (median age at diagnosis 12 years, interquartile range 10-14) were included, and studied for a median of 15 months (interquartile range 4.5-29) after first IFX infusion. The cumulative 1- and 2-year risks of colectomy were 21% and 26%, respectively. The cumulative 1- and 2-year risks of receiving a new course of systemic corticosteroids were 32% and 48%, respectively. Twenty-one patients (46%) experienced adverse events. Most common were mild infusion reactions, but 3 (7%) had serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: IFX was efficient in preventing colectomy in children with UC. The risk of receiving systemic corticosteroids was lower than that reported in other studies. Most adverse events were mild to moderate and self-limiting.},
   keywords = {Acute Disease
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Child
Chronic Disease
*Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/surgery
Female
Gastrointestinal Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Humans
Infliximab
Male
Retrospective Studies
Risk
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24572593},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000340},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Davenport, M. and Poles, J. and Leung, J. M. and Wolff, M. J. and Abidi, W. M. and Ullman, T. and Mayer, L. and Cho, I. and Loke, P.},
   title = {Metabolic alterations to the mucosal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {4},
   pages = {723-31},
   note = {1536-4844
Davenport, Michael
Poles, Jordan
Leung, Jacqueline M
Wolff, Martin J
Abidi, Wasif M
Ullman, Thomas
Mayer, Lloyd
Cho, Ilseung
Loke, P'ng
R01 AI093811/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
P01 DK072201/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R21 AI094166/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
5R01AI093811/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
UL1 TR000038/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
3R21AI094166/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Apr;20(4):723-31. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000011.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Inflammation during inflammatory bowel disease may alter nutrient availability to adherent mucosal bacteria and impact their metabolic function. Microbial metabolites may regulate intestinal CD4 T-cell homeostasis. We investigated the relationship between inflammation and microbial function by inferred metagenomics of the mucosal microbiota from colonic pinch biopsies of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Paired pinch biopsy samples of known inflammation states were analyzed from ulcerative colitis (UC) (23), Crohn's disease (CD) (21), and control (24) subjects by 16S ribosomal sequencing, histopathologic assessment, and flow cytometry. PICRUSt was used to generate metagenomic data and derive relative Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway abundance information. Leukocytes were isolated from paired biopsy samples and analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry. Active inflammation was defined by neutrophil infiltration into the epithelium. RESULTS: Carriage of metabolic pathways in the mucosal microbiota was relatively stable among patients with inflammatory bowel disease, despite large variations in individual bacterial community structures. However, microbial function was significantly altered in inflamed tissue of UC patients, with a reduction in carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism in favor of increased lipid and amino acid metabolism. These differences were not observed in samples from CD patients. In CD, microbial lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism tightly correlated with the frequency of CD4Foxp3 Tregs, whereas in UC, these pathways correlated with the frequency of CD4IL-22 (TH22) cells. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic pathways of the mucosal microbiota in CD do not vary as much as UC with inflammation state, indicating a more systemic perturbation of host-bacteria interactions in CD compared with more localized dysfunction in UC.},
   keywords = {Amino Acids/*metabolism
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
Carbohydrate Metabolism/*physiology
*Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology
Colon/microbiology
*Crohn Disease/microbiology
Humans
Inflammation/microbiology
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
Lipid Metabolism/*physiology
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Metagenomics
Microbiota/*physiology
Nucleotides/*metabolism
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24583479},
   DOI = {10.1097/mib.0000000000000011},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Davidovics, Z. H. and Hyams, J. S.},
   title = {Fecal transplantation: re-discovering the value of stool},
   journal = {Curr Opin Pediatr},
   volume = {25},
   number = {5},
   pages = {618-23},
   note = {1531-698x
Davidovics, Zev H
Hyams, Jeffrey S
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013 Oct;25(5):618-23. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e328363ed66.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: For over 1000 years, stool in various forms has been used to treat disease. Within the past few decades, fecal infusion either rectally or via a nasogastric tube has become a viable option for the treatment of refractory Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), and, more recently, it has shown promise in treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and metabolic disease. The purpose of this article is to review the use of feces as a treatment option in pediatric disease. RECENT FINDINGS: The majority of publications detailing the use of fecal infusion as a medical treatment have been case reports. In the first randomized controlled trial of its kind, fecal infusion via nasogastric tube was shown to be beneficial in treating refractory CDI in adults. In another first of its kind, a pilot study on the use of fecal enemas to treat ulcerative colitis in pediatric patients found it to be well tolerated and effective. SUMMARY: The infusion of feces into the intestinal tract shows great promise for treatment and modulation of a variety of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Defining the underlying mechanism, microbes, and metabolites that mediate this effect will lead to more directed, safer, and potentially more effective treatments.},
   keywords = {Child
Child, Preschool
Clostridium Infections/immunology/microbiology/*therapy
Clostridium difficile/*pathogenicity
*Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Feces/*microbiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology/microbiology/*therapy
Intubation, Gastrointestinal
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1040-8703},
   Accession Number = {23995428},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOP.0b013e328363ed66},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Davidovics, Z. H. and Sylvester, F. A.},
   title = {Medical stool: the future of treatment for inflammatory bowel disease?},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {6},
   pages = {583},
   note = {1536-4801
Davidovics, Zev H
Sylvester, Francisco A
Comment
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jun;56(6):583. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318295cc5a.},
   keywords = {*Biological Therapy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*therapy
Dysbiosis/*prevention & control
Feces/*microbiology
Female
Humans
Male
*Therapies, Investigational},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23575302},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e318295cc5a},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Davies, Y. K. and Tsay, C. J. and Caccamo, D. V. and Cox, K. M. and Castillo, R. O. and Cox, K. L.},
   title = {Successful treatment of recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after orthotopic liver transplantation with oral vancomycin},
   journal = {Case Rep Transplant},
   volume = {2013},
   pages = {314292},
   note = {Davies, Yinka K
Tsay, Cynthia J
Caccamo, Dario V
Cox, Kathleen M
Castillo, Ricardo O
Cox, Kenneth L
Journal Article
United States
Case Rep Transplant. 2013;2013:314292. doi: 10.1155/2013/314292. Epub 2013 Feb 24.},
   abstract = {Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive, cholestatic disease of the liver that is marked by inflammation of the bile ducts and damage to the hepatic biliary tree. Approximately 60-70% of patients also have inflammatory bowel disease and progression of PSC can lead to ulcerative colitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Due to limited understanding of the etiology and mechanism of PSC, the only existing treatment option is orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT); however, recurrence of PSC, after OLT is estimated to be between 5% and 35%. We discuss the successful treatment of a pediatric patient, with recurrent PSC, after OLT with oral Vancomycin.},
   ISSN = {2090-6943 (Print)
2090-6951},
   Accession Number = {23509657},
   DOI = {10.1155/2013/314292},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {De Greef, E. and Vandenplas, Y. and Hauser, B. and Devreker, T. and Veereman-Wauters, G.},
   title = {Probiotics and IBD},
   journal = {Acta Gastroenterol Belg},
   volume = {76},
   number = {1},
   pages = {15-9},
   note = {De Greef, Elisabeth
Vandenplas, Yvan
Hauser, Bruno
Devreker, Thierry
Veereman-Wauters, Gigi
Journal Article
Review
Belgium
Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2013 Mar;76(1):15-9.},
   abstract = {The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease is still incompletely understood. While the development of the immune system and the establishment of the microflora take place during infancy young patients often have a more severe and extensive disease. The differences in composition and concentration of intestinal microbiota and aberrant immune responses towards the luminal bacteria prompted the concept of an 'ecological' approach to control the disease course. Probiotics, living, non pathogenic micro organisms with a beneficial effect on the host, and prebiotics, oligosaccharides promoting the growth of the beneficial microflora, have been studied to this effect. Results have so far been disappointing for Crohn's disease but encouraging for ulcerative colitis. An overview of studies using probiotics in adults or children and a perspective on specific pediatric issues is provided in this review.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology/*therapy
Crohn Disease/microbiology/*therapy
Humans
Intestines/*microbiology
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1784-3227 (Print)
1784-3227},
   Accession Number = {23650777},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de Oliveira, G. T. and Martins, S. S. and Deboni, M. and Picciarelli, P. and Campos, L. M. and Jesus, A. A. and Koda, Y. K. and Silva, C. A.},
   title = {Cutaneous vasculitis in ulcerative colitis mimicking Henoch-Schonlein purpura},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {7},
   number = {2},
   pages = {e69-73},
   note = {1876-4479
de Oliveira, Guilherme Trudes
Martins, Sofia Simao
Deboni, Mariana
Picciarelli, Patricia
Campos, Lucia Maria Arruda
Jesus, Adriana Almeida
Koda, Yu Kar Ling
Silva, Clovis Artur
Case Reports
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Mar;7(2):e69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.05.001. Epub 2012 May 22.},
   abstract = {To the best of our knowledge, no cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) mimicking Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) have been reported so far. During a 28-year period 5635 patients were followed up at our Pediatric Rheumatology Unit and 357 had HSP according to the European League Against Rheumatism, the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation and the Paediatric Rheumatology European Society validated classification criteria. At the same period, 148 patients with IBD according to the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition criteria were followed up at the Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit in our University Hospital. Only two of them had vasculitis, as an extra intestinal manifestation of UC mimicking HSP, and fulfilled both disease criteria. A 2-year old girl had bloody diarrhoea, severe abdominal pain, arthritis in ankles, petechiae and palpable purpura not related to thrombocytopenia in lower limbs. A 5-year old boy had bloody diarrhoea, palpable purpura in buttocks, lower limbs, penis and scrotum associated with arthritis in knees, orchitis in right testicle and periarticular swelling in hands and feet. Their ileocolonoscopy showed diffuse mucosal erythema, oedema, friability and multiple irregular ulcers, and histopathological examination of colonic specimen revealed diffuse chronic mucosal inflammation, crypt distortion and crypt abscesses suggesting ulcerative colitis. There were no signs of intestinal vasculitis in both cases. In conclusion, this is the first study in a paediatric population that evidenced palpable purpura associated with UC mimicking HSP.},
   keywords = {Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/*diagnosis/drug therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Female
Humans
Male
Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch/*diagnosis
Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/complications/*diagnosis/drug therapy},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {22626504},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2012.05.001},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {De Preter, V. and Machiels, K. and Joossens, M. and Arijs, I. and Matthys, C. and Vermeire, S. and Rutgeerts, P. and Verbeke, K.},
   title = {Faecal metabolite profiling identifies medium-chain fatty acids as discriminating compounds in IBD},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {64},
   number = {3},
   pages = {447-58},
   note = {1468-3288
De Preter, Vicky
Machiels, Kathleen
Joossens, Marie
Arijs, Ingrid
Matthys, Christophe
Vermeire, Severine
Rutgeerts, Paul
Verbeke, Kristin
Journal Article
England
Gut. 2015 Mar;64(3):447-58. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306423. Epub 2014 May 8.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bacteria play a role in the onset and perpetuation of intestinal inflammation in IBD. Compositional alterations may also change the metabolic capacities of the gut bacteria. OBJECTIVE: To examine the metabolic activity of the microbiota of patients with Crohn's disease (CD), UC or pouchitis compared with healthy controls (HC) and determine whether eventual differences might be related to the pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS: Faecal samples were obtained from 40 HC, 83 patients with CD, 68 with UC and 13 with pouchitis. Disease activity was assessed in CD using the Harvey-Bradshaw Index, in UC using the UC Disease Activity Index and in pouchitis using the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index. Metabolite profiles were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The number of metabolites identified in HC (54) was significantly higher than in patients with CD (44, p<0.001), UC (47, p=0.042) and pouchitis (43, p=0.036). Multivariate discriminant analysis predicted HC, CD, UC and pouchitis group membership with high sensitivity and specificity. The levels of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs: pentanoate, hexanoate, heptanoate, octanoate and nonanoate), and of some protein fermentation metabolites, were significantly decreased in patients with CD, UC and pouchitis. Hexanoate levels were inversely correlated to disease activity in CD (correlation coefficient=-0.157, p=0.046), whereas a significant positive correlation was found between styrene levels and disease activity in UC (correlation coefficient=0.338, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Faecal metabolic profiling in patients with IBD relative to healthy controls identified MCFAs as important metabolic biomarkers of disease-related changes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NO: NCT 01666717.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Caproates/analysis
Caprylates/analysis
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
Crohn Disease/metabolism
Fatty Acids/*analysis
Feces/*chemistry
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*metabolism
Male
Microbiota
Middle Aged
Pouchitis/metabolism
Sensitivity and Specificity
Valerates/analysis
Young Adult
Colonic fermentation
Colonic microflora
Crohn's disease
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {24811995},
   DOI = {10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306423},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de Ridder, L. and Turner, D. and Wilson, D. C. and Koletzko, S. and Martin-de-Carpi, J. and Fagerberg, U. L. and Spray, C. and Sladek, M. and Shaoul, R. and Roma-Giannikou, E. and Bronsky, J. and Serban, D. E. and Cucchiara, S. and Veres, G. and Ruemmele, F. M. and Hojsak, I. and Kolho, K. L. and Davies, I. H. and Aloi, M. and Lionetti, P. and Veereman-Wauters, G. and Braegger, C. P. and Trindade, E. and Wewer, A. V. and Hauer, A. and Levine, A.},
   title = {Malignancy and mortality in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multinational study from the porto pediatric IBD group},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {2},
   pages = {291-300},
   note = {1536-4844
de Ridder, Lissy
Turner, Dan
Wilson, David C
Koletzko, Sibylle
Martin-de-Carpi, Javier
Fagerberg, Ulrika L
Spray, Christine
Sladek, Malgorzata
Shaoul, Ron
Roma-Giannikou, Eleftheria
Bronsky, Jiri
Serban, Daniela E
Cucchiara, Salvatore
Veres, Gabor
Ruemmele, Frank M
Hojsak, Iva
Kolho, Kaija L
Davies, Ieuan H
Aloi, Marina
Lionetti, Paolo
Veereman-Wauters, Gigi
Braegger, Christian P
Trindade, Eunice
Wewer, Anne V
Hauer, Almuthe
Levine, Arie
Porto IBD Working Group of ESPGHAN
G1002033/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Feb;20(2):291-300. doi: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000439066.69340.3c.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The combination of the severity of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) phenotypes and the need for intense medical treatment may increase the risk of malignancy and mortality, but evidence regarding the extent of the problem is scarce. Therefore, the Porto Pediatric IBD working group of ESPGHAN conducted a multinational-based survey of cancer and mortality in pediatric IBD. METHODS: A survey among pediatric gastroenterologists of 20 European countries and Israel on cancer and/or mortality in the pediatric patient population with IBD was undertaken. One representative from each country repeatedly contacted all pediatric gastroenterologists from each country for reporting retrospectively cancer and/or mortality of pediatric patients with IBD after IBD onset, during 2006-2011. RESULTS: We identified 18 cases of cancers and/or 31 deaths in 44 children (26 males) who were diagnosed with IBD (ulcerative colitis, n = 21) at a median age of 10.0 years (inter quartile range, 3.0-14.0). Causes of mortality were infectious (n = 14), cancer (n = 5), uncontrolled disease activity of IBD (n = 4), procedure-related (n = 3), other non-IBD related diseases (n = 3), and unknown (n = 2). The most common malignancies were hematopoietic tumors (n = 11), of which 3 were hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma and 3 Ebstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer and mortality in pediatric IBD are rare, but cumulative rates are not insignificant. Mortality is primarily related to infections, particularly in patients with 2 or more immunosuppressive agents, followed by cancer and uncontrolled disease. At least 6 lymphomas were likely treatment-associated by virtue of their phenotype.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Europe/epidemiology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Incidence
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications/epidemiology
Male
Neoplasms/*etiology/*mortality
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Survival Rate/trends},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24374875},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.MIB.0000439066.69340.3c},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de Silva, P. S. and Luben, R. and Shrestha, S. S. and Khaw, K. T. and Hart, A. R.},
   title = {Dietary arachidonic and oleic acid intake in ulcerative colitis etiology: a prospective cohort study using 7-day food diaries},
   journal = {Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {26},
   number = {1},
   pages = {11-8},
   note = {1473-5687
de Silva, Punyanganie S A
Luben, Robert
Shrestha, Subodha S
Khaw, Kay T
Hart, Andrew R
14136/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom
C864/A8257/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom
G0401527/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jan;26(1):11-8. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328365c372.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Dietary fatty acids may be involved in the etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC). Arachidonic acid (AA), an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is a precursor of the proinflammatory cytokines prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4, and its metabolism is competitively inhibited by oleic acid (OA). This study aimed to prospectively investigate whether AA is positively and OA is negatively associated with incident UC development, using data from 7-day food diaries. METHODS: A total of 25 639 men and women, aged between 40 and 79 years, from Norfolk, UK, were recruited into the prospective European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort between 1993 and 1997. At baseline, participants completed 7-day food diaries, checked by nutritionists using a database containing 11 000 foods and 55 000 portion sizes. The cohort was monitored until June 2004 to identify participants who developed UC. Each patient was matched for age and sex with four controls, and conditional logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios for AA and OA intakes, and UC association. RESULTS: Of the participants, 26 (58% men) developed incident UC (53% left sided) after a median follow-up time of 3.8 years (0.5-8.3 years). The highest AA tertile was positively associated with an odds ratio of 6.09 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-35.23], with a trend across tertiles [odds ratio (OR) 2.43, 95% CI 1.06-5.61, P=0.04]. The highest tertile of OA intake was inversely associated with a 0.03 OR for UC (95% CI 0.002-0.56) and an inverse trend (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.10-0.90, P=0.03). CONCLUSION: Dietary AA was positively and OA was inversely associated with UC development, with large effect sizes in a dose-dependent manner. This supports roles for measuring these nutrients in future etiological studies and modifying intake in future interventional studies in patients with established disease.},
   keywords = {Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Arachidonic Acid/*administration & dosage/*adverse effects
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Diet Records
Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage
England/epidemiology
Female
Humans
Incidence
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Nutrition Assessment
Odds Ratio
Oleic Acid/*administration & dosage
Prospective Studies
Risk Factors
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {0954-691x},
   Accession Number = {24216567},
   DOI = {10.1097/MEG.0b013e328365c372},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de Zoeten, E. F. and Pasternak, B. A. and Mattei, P. and Kramer, R. E. and Kader, H. A.},
   title = {Diagnosis and treatment of perianal Crohn disease: NASPGHAN clinical report and consensus statement},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {57},
   number = {3},
   pages = {401-12},
   note = {1536-4801
de Zoeten, Edwin F
Pasternak, Brad A
Mattei, Peter
Kramer, Robert E
Kader, Howard A
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Sep;57(3):401-12. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a025ee.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that includes both Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis. Abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and weight loss characterize both CD and ulcerative colitis. The incidence of IBD in the United States is 70 to 150 cases per 100,000 individuals and, as with other autoimmune diseases, is on the rise. CD can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus and frequently will include perianal disease. The first description connecting regional enteritis with perianal disease was by Bissell et al in 1934, and since that time perianal disease has become a recognized entity and an important consideration in the diagnosis and treatment of CD. Perianal Crohn disease (PCD) is defined as inflammation at or near the anus, including tags, fissures, fistulae, abscesses, or stenosis. The symptoms of PCD include pain, itching, bleeding, purulent discharge, and incontinence of stool. In this report, we review and discuss the etiology, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of PCD.},
   keywords = {Abscess/diagnosis/etiology/*therapy
Anal Canal/*pathology
Anus Diseases/complications/diagnosis/*therapy
Consensus
Crohn Disease/complications/diagnosis/*therapy
Fecal Incontinence/etiology
Fissure in Ano/diagnosis/etiology/therapy
Fistula/diagnosis/etiology/*therapy
Hemorrhage/etiology
Inflammation/complications/diagnosis/*therapy
Pain/etiology
Pruritus Ani/etiology
Suppuration/etiology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23974063},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a025ee},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Deberry, J. J. and Bielefeldt, K. and Davis, B. M. and Szigethy, E. M. and Hartman, D. J. and Coates, M. D.},
   title = {Abdominal pain and the neurotrophic system in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {12},
   pages = {2330-9},
   note = {1536-4844
Deberry, Jennifer J
Bielefeldt, Klaus
Davis, Brian M
Szigethy, Eva M
Hartman, Douglas J
Coates, Matthew D
R01 NS035790/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
R01 NS050758/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
DK063922/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Dec;20(12):2330-9. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000207.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: We undertook a study to test the hypothesis that inflammation alters peripheral sensory mechanisms, thereby contributing to chronic abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: Patients with UC and healthy individuals rated abdominal pain using a visual analog scale and completed surveys describing anxiety or depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score) and gastrointestinal symptoms (Rome III questionnaire). Patient age, sex, and severity of inflammation were determined. Rectal biopsies were processed using immunohistochemical techniques to assess nerve fiber density and real-time PCR to determine transcript expression of neurotrophins (nerve growth factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, artemin, neurturin), ion channels (transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1) and inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17). RESULTS: A total of 77 patients with UC (27 female, 50 male) and 21 controls (10 female, 11 male) were enrolled. Patients with UC with pain had significantly higher depression scores than controls and patients with UC without pain (P < 0.05). There was no correlation between any of the inflammatory markers and pain scores. Visual analog scale pain scores significantly correlated with younger age, higher depression scores, increased expression of neurturin and decreased expression of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 in the mucosa. Mucosal nerve fiber density did not correlate with any measures of inflammation or pain. Only higher depression scores independently predicted pain in UC (r > 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: We did not observe changes in mucosal innervation and did not see a significant relationship between nerve fiber density, inflammatory mediators, neurotrophic factors, or mucosal ion channel expression and pain. In contrast, the importance of depression as the only independent predictor of pain ratings mirrors functional disorders, where central processes significantly contribute to symptom development and/or perpetuation.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/diagnosis/*etiology/*metabolism
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Anxiety/diagnosis/etiology/metabolism
Biomarkers/metabolism
Case-Control Studies
Chronic Disease
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Depression/diagnosis/etiology/metabolism
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis/etiology/metabolism
Humans
Immunoenzyme Techniques
Inflammation/*physiopathology
Inflammation Mediators/*metabolism
Ion Channels/genetics/*metabolism
Male
Middle Aged
Nerve Growth Factors/genetics/*metabolism
Prognosis
RNA, Messenger/genetics
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {25358061},
   DOI = {10.1097/mib.0000000000000207},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Deneau, M. and Jensen, M. K. and Holmen, J. and Williams, M. S. and Book, L. S. and Guthery, S. L.},
   title = {Primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and overlap in Utah children: epidemiology and natural history},
   journal = {Hepatology},
   volume = {58},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1392-400},
   note = {1527-3350
Deneau, Mark
Jensen, M Kyle
Holmen, John
Williams, Marc S
Book, Linda S
Guthery, Stephen L
UL1 TR000077/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
8UL1TR000105/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
UL1RR025764/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Hepatology. 2013 Oct;58(4):1392-400. doi: 10.1002/hep.26454. Epub 2013 Aug 13.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: The epidemiology and natural history of pediatric primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC), and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are not well characterized. Using multiple, overlapping search strategies followed by a detailed records review, we identified all cases of pediatric PSC, ASC, AIH, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a geographically isolated region of the United States. We identified 607 cases of IBD, 29 cases of PSC, 12 cases of ASC, and 44 cases of AIH. The mean age at diagnosis was 13.0 years for PSC, 11.3 years for ASC, and 9.8 years for AIH. The incidence and prevalence of PSC, ASC, and AIH were 0.2 and 1.5 cases, 0.1 and 0.6 cases, and 0.4 and 3.0 cases per 100,000 children, respectively. The mean duration of follow-up was 5.9 years. The probability of developing complicated liver disease within 5 years of the diagnosis of liver disease was 37% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 21%-58%] for PSC, 25% (95% CI = 7%-70%) for ASC, and 15% (95% CI = 7%-33%) for AIH. The 5-year survival rates with the native liver were 78% (95% CI = 54%-91%) for PSC, 90% (95% CI = 47%-99%) for ASC, and 87% (95% CI = 71%-95%) for AIH. Cholangiocarcinoma developed in 2 of the 29 PSC patients (6.9%). PSC occurred in 9.9% of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and in 0.6% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). ASC occurred in 2.3% of UC patients and 0.9% of CD patients. AIH occurred in 0.4% of UC patients and in 0.3% of CD patients. Liver disease occurred in 39 of 607 IBD patients (6.4%) overall. CONCLUSION: Immune-mediated liver diseases are important sources of morbidity in children. Using a population-based design, this study quantifies the burden and natural history of immune-mediated liver disease in children.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Autoimmune Diseases/*epidemiology/mortality
Child
Child, Preschool
Cholangitis, Sclerosing/*epidemiology/mortality
Female
Hepatitis, Autoimmune/*epidemiology/mortality
Humans
Infant
Male
Prevalence
Retrospective Studies
Survival Rate
Utah/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0270-9139},
   Accession Number = {23686586},
   DOI = {10.1002/hep.26454},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Deutschmann, A. and Schlagenhauf, A. and Leschnik, B. and Hoffmann, K. M. and Hauer, A. and Muntean, W.},
   title = {Increased procoagulant function of microparticles in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: role in increased thrombin generation},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {4},
   pages = {401-7},
   note = {1536-4801
Deutschmann, Andrea
Schlagenhauf, Axel
Leschnik, Bettina
Hoffmann, Karl Martin
Hauer, Almuthe
Muntean, Wolfgang
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Apr;56(4):401-7. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827daf72.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a higher risk for venous thromboembolism compared with non-IBD subjects. The pathogenic mechanisms of the thrombotic events are not fully understood. We investigated levels of circulating microparticles and their influence on thrombin generation in pediatric patients with IBD during active and quiescent disease compared with healthy controls. METHODS: Plasma samples were collected from 33 pediatric patients with Crohn disease (CD), 20 pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 60 healthy controls. Microparticles' procoagulant activity was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the dependency of thrombin generation on microparticles-derived tissue factor was determined by means of calibrated automated thrombography. RESULTS: The procoagulant function of microparticles was significantly increased in patients with active and inactive CD, and active UC compared with controls. Endogenous thrombin potential was significantly higher in patients with CD and UC compared with controls. A minor influence of microparticles on thrombin generation was only observed for patients with active UC. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows increased procoagulant function of microparticles in pediatric patients with active and quiescent CD and active UC compared with controls, but demonstrates that they are not a major cause for the higher thrombin generation in pediatric patients with IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Austria/epidemiology
*Blood Coagulation
Blood Coagulation Tests
Cell-Derived Microparticles/*metabolism
Child
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/metabolism/*physiopathology
Crohn Disease/blood/metabolism/*physiopathology
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Humans
Kinetics
Male
Prothrombin/metabolism
Risk
Severity of Illness Index
Thrombin/*metabolism
Thromboplastin/*metabolism
Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology/*etiology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23164759},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827daf72},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {DeWitt, T. and Hegazi, R.},
   title = {Nutrition in pelvic radiation disease and inflammatory bowel disease: similarities and differences},
   journal = {Biomed Res Int},
   volume = {2014},
   pages = {716579},
   note = {2314-6141
DeWitt, Tiffany
Orcid: 0000-0003-3806-1450
Hegazi, Refaat
Orcid: 0000-0001-5564-0222
Journal Article
Review
United States
Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:716579. doi: 10.1155/2014/716579. Epub 2014 May 28.},
   abstract = {Due to the intestinal inflammation, tissue damage, and painful abdominal symptoms restricting dietary intake associated with both diseases, patients with intestinal pelvic radiation disease (PRD) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk to develop protein calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. In the current paper, we review the nutritional management of both diseases, listing the similar approaches of nutritional management and the nutritional implications of intestinal dysfunction of both diseases. Malnutrition is prevalent in patients with either disease and nutritional risk screening and assessment of nutritional status are required for designing the proper nutritional intervention plan. This plan may include dietary management, oral nutritional supplementation, and enteral and/or parenteral nutrition. In addition to managing malnutrition, nutrients exert immune modulating effects during periods of intestinal inflammation and can play a role in mitigating the risks associated with the disease activity. Consistently, exclusive enteral feeding is recommended for inducing remission in pediatric patients with active Crohn's disease, with less clear guidelines on use in patients with ulcerative colitis. The field of immune modulating nutrition is an evolving science that takes into consideration the specific mechanism of action of nutrients, nutrient-nutrient interaction, and preexisting nutritional status of the patients.},
   keywords = {Diet
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy
Intestines/pathology
Malnutrition/diet therapy
*Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Pelvis/*pathology},
   Accession Number = {24982906},
   DOI = {10.1155/2014/716579},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dhillon, S. S. and Mastropaolo, L. A. and Murchie, R. and Griffiths, C. and Thoni, C. and Elkadri, A. and Xu, W. and Mack, A. and Walters, T. and Guo, C. and Mack, D. and Huynh, H. and Baksh, S. and Silverberg, M. S. and Brumell, J. H. and Snapper, S. B. and Muise, A. M.},
   title = {Higher activity of the inducible nitric oxide synthase contributes to very early onset inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Clin Transl Gastroenterol},
   volume = {5},
   pages = {e46},
   note = {Dhillon, Sandeep S
Mastropaolo, Lucas A
Murchie, Ryan
Griffiths, Christopher
Thoni, Cornelia
Elkadri, Abdul
Xu, Wei
Mack, Amanda
Walters, Thomas
Guo, Conghui
Mack, David
Huynh, Hien
Baksh, Shairaz
Silverberg, Mark S
Brumell, John H
Snapper, Scott B
Muise, Aleixo M
Journal Article
United States
Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan 16;5:e46. doi: 10.1038/ctg.2013.17.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The NOS2 gene encodes for the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), responsible for nitric oxide (NO) production, which contributes to antimicrobial and antipathogenic activities. Higher levels of both iNOS and NO-induced damage have been observed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. NOS2 may have a role in a specific subset of IBD patients with severe and/or extensive colitis. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the role of NOS2 in such a subset, very early onset IBD (VEO-IBD). METHODS: Seventeen tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NOS2 gene were successfully genotyped in VEO-IBD patients. Genetic associations were replicated in an independent VEO-IBD cohort. Functional analysis for iNOS activity was performed on the most significantly associated functional variant. RESULTS: The NOS2 rs2297518 SNP was found to be associated in VEO-IBD in two independent cohorts. Upon combined analysis, a coding variant (S608L) showed the strongest association with VEO-IBD (Pcombined=1.13 x 10(-6), OR (odds ratio)=3.398 (95% CI (confidence interval) 2.02-5.717)) as well as associations with VEO-Crohn's disease and VEO-ulcerative colitis (UC). This variant also showed an association with UC diagnosed between 11 and 17 years of age but not with adult-onset IBD (>17 years). B-cell lymphoblastoid cell lines genotyped for the risk variant as well as Henle-407 cells transfected with a plasmid construct with the risk variant showed higher NO production. Colonic biopsies of VEO-IBD patients showed higher immunohistochemical staining of nitrotyrosine, indicating more nitrosative stress and tissue damage. CONCLUSIONS: These studies suggest the importance of iNOS in genetic susceptibility to younger IBD presentation due to higher NO production.},
   ISSN = {2155-384X (Print)},
   Accession Number = {24430113},
   DOI = {10.1038/ctg.2013.17},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Diamanti, A. and Knafelz, D. and Panetta, F. and De Angelis, P. and Candusso, M. and Bracci, F. and Papadatou, B. and Francalanci, P. and Monti, L. and Torre, G.},
   title = {Thalidomide as rescue therapy for acute severe ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci},
   volume = {18},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1690-3},
   note = {2284-0729
Diamanti, A
Knafelz, D
Panetta, F
De Angelis, P
Candusso, M
Bracci, F
Papadatou, B
Francalanci, P
Monti, L
Torre, G
Case Reports
Journal Article
Italy
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(12):1690-3.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Acute severe exacerbations of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) represent a medical emergency in children and adults. Intravenous steroids remain the first line therapy for this condition, although the steroid refractoriness is common. Second-line therapy, based on the infliximab or thiopurines should be started if no response to corticosteroids is noted. The use of infliximab in children with acute severe UC, nevertheless, does not avoid the colectomy in all cases. METHODS: We present a case of severe acute UC in a paediatric patient successfully treated with thalidomide following the failed treatment with infliximab and a review of the literature. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first case of a patient presenting with acute severe UC who was treated with thalidomide, with favorable evolution. In our case the use of this drug was able to avoid the colectomy that represent the conventional but very invasive recommended therapeutic option of this condition. Therefore, thalidomide may be considered as rescue therapy in selected and carefully monitored cases of acute severe CU.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnostic imaging/*drug therapy/pathology
Colon/pathology
Female
Gastrointestinal Agents/*therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Infliximab
Radiography, Abdominal
Thalidomide/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1128-3602},
   Accession Number = {24992607},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dou, W. and Zhang, J. and Li, H. and Kortagere, S. and Sun, K. and Ding, L. and Ren, G. and Wang, Z. and Mani, S.},
   title = {Plant flavonol isorhamnetin attenuates chemically induced inflammatory bowel disease via a PXR-dependent pathway},
   journal = {J Nutr Biochem},
   volume = {25},
   number = {9},
   pages = {923-33},
   note = {1873-4847
Dou, Wei
Zhang, Jingjing
Li, Hao
Kortagere, Sandhya
Sun, Katherine
Ding, Lili
Ren, Gaiyan
Wang, Zhengtao
Mani, Sridhar
P30 CA013330/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
R01 CA127231/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
R01CA127231/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Nutr Biochem. 2014 Sep;25(9):923-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.04.006. Epub 2014 May 9.},
   abstract = {Isorhamnetin is an O-methylated flavonol present in fruit and vegetables. We recently reported the identification of isorhamnetin as an activator of the human pregnane X receptor (PXR), a known target for abrogating inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The current study investigated the role of isorhamnetin as a putative mouse PXR activator in ameliorating chemically induced IBD. Using two different models (ulcerative colitis like and Crohn's disease like) of experimental IBD in mice, we demonstrated that isorhamnetin abrogated inflammation through inhibiting the activity of myeloperoxidase, the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, the mRNA expression of proinflammatory mediators (iNOS, ICAM-1, COX2, TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IL-6) and the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and NF-kappaB p65. PXR gene overexpression inhibited NF-kappaB luciferase activity, and the inhibition was potentiated by isorhamnetin treatment. PXR knockdown by siRNA demonstrated the necessity for PXR in isorhamnetin-mediated up-regulation of xenobiotic metabolism genes. Ligand pocket-filling mutants (S247W/C284W and S247W/C284W/S208W) of human PXR weakened the effect of isorhamnetin on PXR activation. Molecular docking studies and time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer competitive binding assays confirmed the ligand (isorhamnetin)-binding affinity. These results clearly demonstrated the ameliorating effect of isorhamnetin on experimental IBD via PXR-mediated up-regulation of xenobiotic metabolism and down-regulation of NF-kappaB signaling. The novel findings may contribute to the effective utilization of isorhamnetin or its derivatives as a PXR ligand in the treatment of human IBD.},
   keywords = {Animals
Base Sequence
Cell Line, Tumor
DNA Primers
Dextran Sulfate/*toxicity
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/chemically induced/*prevention & control
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Phosphorylation
Plants/*chemistry
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Quercetin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
Receptors, Steroid/*metabolism
Inflammatory bowel disease
Isorhamnetin
NF-kappaB
Pregnane X receptor
Xenobiotic metabolism},
   ISSN = {0955-2863},
   Accession Number = {24913217},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.04.006},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dryden, G. W. and Lam, A. and Beatty, K. and Qazzaz, H. H. and McClain, C. J.},
   title = {A pilot study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an oral dose of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-rich polyphenon E in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1904-12},
   note = {1536-4844
Dryden, Gerald W
Lam, Allan
Beatty, Karen
Qazzaz, Hassan H
McClain, Craig J
K23 DK073750/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
5K23DK073750/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Clinical Trial, Phase II
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Aug;19(9):1904-12. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31828f5198.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Green tea and its main polyphenolic component, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), exert powerful anti-inflammatory effects that are protective against both inflammatory diseases and cancer. Research with animal and human cell lines provide plausible support for these claims. Poor absorption results in low systemic bioavailability of EGCG after oral administration but high colonic mucosal exposure. METHODS: Patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis (UC) were randomized to daily doses of oral Polyphenon E (400 mg or 800 mg of total EGCG daily, administered in split doses) or placebo in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study. Response was measured by the UC disease activity index and the inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire on day 56. RESULTS: Twenty patients were randomized to active therapy or placebo in a 4:1 ratio. Nineteen subjects received >1 dose of study medication (15 Polyphenon E, 4 placebo). The mean UC disease activity index score at study entry was 6.5 +/- 1.9 in the treatment group and 7.3 +/- 1.7 in the placebo group. After 56 days of therapy, the response rate was 66.7% (10 of 15) in the Polyphenon E group and 0% (0 of 4) in the placebo group (P = 0.03). The active treatment remission rate was 53.3% (8 of 15) compared with 0% (0 of 4) for placebo (P = 0.10). Polyphenon E treatment resulted in only minor side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of Polyphenon E resulted in a therapeutic benefit for patients who were refractory to 5-aminosalicylic and/or azathioprine. This agent holds promise as a novel option for the treatment of patients with UC with mild to moderately active disease.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Adolescent
Adult
Biological Availability
Catechin/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/pharmacology
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Double-Blind Method
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Pilot Projects
Prognosis
Quality of Life
Remission Induction
Tea/*chemistry
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {23846486},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e31828f5198},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Duan, R. D. and Hindorf, U. and Cheng, Y. and Bergenzaun, P. and Hall, M. and Hertervig, E. and Nilsson, A.},
   title = {Changes of activity and isoforms of alkaline sphingomyelinase (nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 7) in bile from patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   pages = {138},
   note = {1471-230x
Duan, Rui-Dong
Hindorf, Ulf
Cheng, Yajun
Bergenzaun, Per
Hall, Mats
Hertervig, Erik
Nilsson, Ake
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug 7;14:138. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-14-138.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alkaline sphingomyelinase (NPP7) is an ecto-enzyme expressed in intestinal mucosa, which hydrolyses sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide and inactivates platelet activating factor. It is also expressed in human liver and released in the bile. The enzyme may have anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory effects in colon and its levels are decreased in patients with colon cancer and ulcerative colitis. Active NPP7 is translated from a transcript of 1.4 kb, whereas an inactive form from a 1.2 kb mRNA was found in colon and liver cancer cell lines. While the roles of NPP7 in colon cancer have been intensively studied, less is known about the function and implications of NPP7 in the bile. The present study examines the changes of NPP7 in bile of patients with various hepatobiliary diseases. METHODS: Bile samples were obtained at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in 59 patients with gallstone, other benign disease, tumour, and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The NPP7 activity was determined. The appearance of the 1.4 and 1.2 kb products in the bile was examined by Western blot. The results were correlated to the diseases and also plasma bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. RESULTS: NPP7 activity in the tumour group was significantly lower than in the gallstone group (p < 0.05). The activity in the tumour plus PSC group was also lower than in gallstone plus other benign disease group (p < 0.05). Within the tumour group NPP7 activity was lowest in cholangiocarcinoma patients, being only 19% of that in gallstone patients. Bilirubin correlated inversely to NPP7 and was higher in the tumour than in the gallstone group. Western blot identified both the 1.4 kb and the 1.2 kb products in most bile samples. The density ratio for the 1.4/1.2 kb products correlated to NPP7 activity significantly. Two patients (one PSC and one cholangiocarcinoma) lacking NPP7 activity had only the 1.2 kb form in bile. CONCLUSION: NPP7 activity and the ratio of 1.4/1.2 kb products in bile are significantly decreased in malignancy, particularly in cholangiocarcinoma. The implications of the finding in diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma and 1.2 kb product in hepatobiliary diseases require further investigation.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Bile/*enzymology
Bile Duct Neoplasms/enzymology
Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic
Biliary Tract Neoplasms/enzymology
Blotting, Western
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
Cholangiocarcinoma/enzymology
*Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde
Cholangitis, Sclerosing/enzymology
Choledocholithiasis/enzymology
Cholelithiasis/enzymology
Enzyme Assays
Female
Gallbladder Neoplasms/enzymology
Humans
Isoenzymes
Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
Male
Middle Aged
Pancreatic Neoplasms/enzymology
Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/*metabolism
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {25100243},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-230x-14-138},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ebach, D. R.},
   title = {PROs and CONcepts},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {1},
   pages = {4-5},
   note = {1536-4801
Ebach, Dawn R
Comment
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Jul;59(1):4-5. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000382.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*psychology
Crohn Disease/*psychology
Female
Humans
Male
*Self Care
*Self Efficacy
*Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {25222803},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000382},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ebel, B. and Lemetais, G. and Beney, L. and Cachon, R. and Sokol, H. and Langella, P. and Gervais, P.},
   title = {Impact of probiotics on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. A review},
   journal = {Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr},
   volume = {54},
   number = {2},
   pages = {175-89},
   note = {1549-7852
Ebel, Bruno
Lemetais, Guillaume
Beney, Laurent
Cachon, Remy
Sokol, Harry
Langella, Philippe
Gervais, Patrick
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54(2):175-89. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.579361.},
   abstract = {Probiotic microorganisms have historically been used to rebalance disturbed intestinal microbiota and to diminish gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea or inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). Recent studies explore the potential for expanded uses of probiotics on medical disorders that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, and metabolic disturbances such as hyperhomocysteinemia and oxidative stress. This review aims at summarizing the proposed molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in probiotic-host interactions and to identify the nature of the resulting beneficial effects. Specific probiotic strains can act by modulating immune response, by producing particular molecules or releasing biopeptides, and by modulating nervous system activity. To date, the majority of studies have been conducted in animal models. New investigations on the related mechanisms in humans need to be carried out to better enable targeted and effective use of the broad variety of probiotic strains.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cardiovascular Diseases/*prevention & control
Diabetes Mellitus
Enzymes
Humans
Hypercholesterolemia
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Hypertension
Immunity
Intestines/microbiology
Lipid Metabolism
Microbiota
Obesity
Oxidative Stress
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {1040-8398},
   Accession Number = {24188267},
   DOI = {10.1080/10408398.2011.579361},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ek, W. E. and D'Amato, M. and Halfvarson, J.},
   title = {The history of genetics in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Ann Gastroenterol},
   volume = {27},
   number = {4},
   pages = {294-303},
   note = {Ek, Weronica E
D'Amato, Mauro
Halfvarson, Jonas
Review
Greece
Ann Gastroenterol. 2014;27(4):294-303.},
   abstract = {The influence of genetics in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was initially demonstrated by epidemiological data, including differences in prevalence among different ethnic groups, familial aggregation of IBD, concordance in twins, and association with genetic syndromes. These early observations paved the way to molecular genetics in IBD, and culminated in the identification of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) gene as an IBD risk gene in 2001. As in other complex diseases, the advent of Genome Wide Association studies has dramatically improved the resolution of the IBD genome and our understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD. However, the complexity of the genetic puzzle in IBD seems more pronounced today than ever previously. In total, 163 risk genes/loci have been identified, and the corresponding number of possible causal variants is challenging. The great majority of these loci are associated with both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, suggesting that nearly all of the biological mechanisms involved in one disease play some role in the other. Interestingly, a large proportion of the IBD risk loci are also shared with other immune-mediated diseases, primary immunodeficiencies and mycobacterial diseases.},
   keywords = {Inflammatory bowel disease
genetic epidemiology
genetics},
   ISSN = {1108-7471 (Print)
1108-7471},
   Accession Number = {25331623},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {El Mouzan, M. and Al-Mofarreh, M. and Assiri, A. and Hamid, Y. and Saeed, A.},
   title = {Consanguinity and inflammatory bowel diseases: is there a relation?},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {2},
   pages = {182-5},
   note = {1536-4801
El Mouzan, Mohammad
Al-Mofarreh, Mohammad
Assiri, Asaad
Hamid, Yassin
Saeed, Anjum
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Feb;56(2):182-5. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31826d9987.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between consanguinity and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). METHODS: Review of the medical records of children with a final diagnosis of IBD to determine age, sex, and type of IBD, supplemented by information on consanguinity and family history (FH) of IBD in relatives. There were 138 children, ages 1.4 to 19.3 years, and 50% were girls. RESULTS: The prevalence of consanguinity was 50%, 53%, 39% and 60% in IBD, Crohn disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and controls, respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of consanguinity in controls than in patients with IBD and UC (P = 0.02 and 0.026, respectively), whereas the difference between CD patients and controls was not significant (P = 0.20). The prevalence of first cousin consanguinity was 71%, 73.2%, 61.5% and 70.5% in patients with IBD, CD, UC, and controls, respectively, indicating no significant difference between these conditions and controls (P = 0.95, P = 0.78, P = 0.33, respectively). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of consanguinity in the parents of children with or without a FH of either CD (P = 0.89) or UC (P = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant relation between parental consanguinity and IBD in this population, especially when there is no FH of disease, suggesting reduced genetic susceptibility; however, further studies including larger sample size and details of FH of consanguinity and IBD in multiple generations are needed for further definitions of the role of consanguinity.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology/*genetics
*Consanguinity
Crohn Disease/epidemiology/*genetics
*Family
Female
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Infant
Male
Prevalence
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {22903011},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31826d9987},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Elliott, T. R. and Hudspith, B. N. and Wu, G. and Cooley, M. and Parkes, G. and Quinones, B. and Randall, L. and Mandrell, R. E. and Fagerquist, C. K. and Brostoff, J. and Rayment, N. B. and Boussioutas, A. and Petrovska, L. and Sanderson, J. D.},
   title = {Quantification and characterization of mucosa-associated and intracellular Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2326-38},
   note = {1536-4844
Elliott, Timothy R
Hudspith, Barry N
Wu, Guanghui
Cooley, Michael
Parkes, Gareth
Quinones, Beatriz
Randall, Luke
Mandrell, Robert E
Fagerquist, Clifton K
Brostoff, Jonathan
Rayment, Neil B
Boussioutas, Alex
Petrovska, Liljana
Sanderson, Jeremy D
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Oct;19(11):2326-38. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a38a92.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mucosa-associated Escherichia coli are abundant in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but whether these bacteria gain intracellular access within the mucosa is uncertain. If E. coli does gain intracellular access, the contribution of bacterial pathogenicity to this requires further elucidation. This study aimed to quantify and characterize mucosa-associated and intracellular E. coli in patients with IBD and in healthy control subjects (HC). METHODS: Mucosal biopsies from 30 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 15 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 14 HC were cultured with or without gentamicin protection to recover intracellular or mucosa-associated E. coli, respectively. Overall, 40 strains (CD: n = 24, UC: n = 9, and HC: n = 7) were characterized by phylogenetic typing, adhesion and invasion assays, detection of virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes, and proteomic analysis. RESULTS: Mucosa-associated E. coli were more abundant in CD and UC than in HC (2750 versus 1350 versus 230 median colony-forming units per biopsy; P = 0.01). Intracellular E. coli were more prevalent in CD (90%) than in UC (47%) or HC mucosal biopsies (0%) (P < 0.001). Of 24 CD strains, 2 were adherent and invasive, but there were no unifying pathogenicity determinants that could distinguish most CD strains from UC or HC strains, or intracellular isolates from mucosa-associated isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Intracellular E. coli are more common in CD than in UC and not identified in HC. Most intracellular E. coli did not have characterizing pathogenic features, suggesting a significant role for defects in mucosal immunity or barrier dysfunction in their ability to gain intracellular access.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Bacterial Adhesion
Biomarkers/*metabolism
Caco-2 Cells
Case-Control Studies
Cells, Cultured
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics/immunology/*microbiology
Crohn Disease/genetics/immunology/*microbiology
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
Escherichia coli/genetics/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity
Escherichia coli Infections/genetics/immunology/*microbiology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/*microbiology
Male
Middle Aged
Prognosis
Proteome/analysis
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Virulence Factors/analysis
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {23989750},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a38a92},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {El-Matary, W. and Moroz, S. P. and Bernstein, C. N.},
   title = {Inflammatory bowel disease in children of Manitoba: 30 years' experience of a tertiary center},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {6},
   pages = {763-6},
   note = {1536-4801
El-Matary, Wael
Moroz, Stan P
Bernstein, Charles N
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Dec;59(6):763-6. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000525.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children <17 years of age in 30 years from 1978 to 2007. METHODS: From January 1, 1978, to December 31, 2007, the sex- and age-adjusted annual incidence and prevalence of pediatric IBD per 100,000 population were calculated based on the pediatric IBD database of the only pediatric tertiary center in the province. The annual health statistics records for the Province of Manitoba were used to calculate population estimates for the participants. To ensure validity of data, the University of Manitoba IBD Epidemiology Database was analyzed for patients <17 years of age from 1989 to 2000. RESULTS: The sex- and age-adjusted incidence of pediatric Crohn disease has increased from 1.2/100,000 in 1978 to 4.68/100,000 in 2007 (P < 0.001). For ulcerative colitis, the incidence has increased from 0.47/100,000 in 1978 to 1.64/100,000 in 2007 (P < 0.001). During the same time period, the prevalence of Crohn disease has increased from 3.1 to 18.9/100,000 (P < 0.001) and from 0.7 to 12.7/100,000 for ulcerative colitis (P < 0.001). During the last 5 years of the study the average annual incidence of IBD in urban patients was 8.69/100,000 as compared with 4.75/100,000 for rural patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and prevalence of pediatric IBD are increasing. The majority of patients were residents of urban Manitoba, confirming the important role of environmental factors in the etiopathogenesis of IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology
Crohn Disease/epidemiology
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology
Male
Manitoba/epidemiology
Reproducibility of Results
Rural Population
Urban Population},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {25111222},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000525},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Faghfoori, Z. and Shakerhosseini, R. and Navai, L. and Somi, M. H. and Nikniaz, Z. and Abadi, A.},
   title = {Effects of an Oral Supplementation of Germinated Barley Foodstuff on Serum CRP Level and Clinical Signs in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis},
   journal = {Health Promot Perspect},
   volume = {4},
   number = {1},
   pages = {116-21},
   note = {Faghfoori, Zeinab
Shakerhosseini, Rahebeh
Navai, Lida
Somi, Mohammad Hossein
Nikniaz, Zeinab
Abadi, Alireza
Journal Article
Iran
Health Promot Perspect. 2014 Jul 12;4(1):116-21. doi: 10.5681/hpp.2014.015. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The present study was aimed to determine the effect of Germinated Barley Foodstuff (GBF) administration on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and clinical signs in patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC). METHODS: Forty-six patients were randomly allocated into GBF group and control group. Subjects in control group received only conventional drug therapy, while the GBF group received 30g GBF per day (3 times a day) by oral administration during 2 month along with routine medications. RESULTS: The mean serum CRP in the GBF group decreased significantly (P=0.017) compared with the baseline. Although the frequency of clinical signs including the number of episodes diarrhea, degree of visible blood in stool, degree of abdominal pain or cramping, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia decreased in the GBF group but it was statistically significant only in the case of abdominal pain and cramping. However, this reduction was only significant in the case of abdominal pain and cramping (P=0.016) CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of GBF along with the current medication may be efficient in attenuating the inflammation and clinical signs of UC patients.},
   keywords = {C - reactive protein
Clinical signs
Germinated barely foodstuff
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {2228-6497 (Print)
2228-6497},
   Accession Number = {25097845},
   DOI = {10.5681/hpp.2014.015},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Falaiye, T. O. and Mitchell, K. R. and Lu, Z. and Saville, B. R. and Horst, S. N. and Moulton, D. E. and Schwartz, D. A. and Wilson, K. T. and Rosen, M. J.},
   title = {Outcomes following infliximab therapy for pediatric patients hospitalized with refractory colitis-predominant IBD},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {58},
   number = {2},
   pages = {213-9},
   note = {1536-4801
Falaiye, Tolulope O
Mitchell, Keisha R
Lu, Zengqi
Saville, Benjamin R
Horst, Sara N
Moulton, Dedrick E
Schwartz, David A
Wilson, Keith T
Rosen, Michael J
UL1 TR000445/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK053620/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
UL1TR000445/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
T32 DK007673/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK058404/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 AT004821/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
T32DK00767320-S1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
I01 BX001453/BX/BLRD VA/United States
K23DK094832/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
K23 DK094832/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Feb;58(2):213-9. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a98df2.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Although randomized trials demonstrated the efficacy of infliximab for both pediatric Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), few patients in these studies exhibited colitis requiring hospitalization. The aims of this study were to determine the rate of subsequent infliximab failure and dose escalation in pediatric patients who started taking infliximab during hospitalization for colitis-predominant IBD, and to identify potential predictors of these endpoints. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective cohort study of patients admitted from 2005 to 2010 with Crohn colitis, UC, or IBD-unspecified (IBD-U) and initiated on infliximab. RESULTS: We identified 29 patients (12 Crohn colitis, 15 UC, and 2 IBD-U; median age 14 years) with a median follow-up of 923 days. Eighteen patients (62%) required infliximab dose escalation (increased dose or decreased infusion interval). Infliximab failure occurred in 18 patients (62%) because of ineffectiveness in 12 (67%) and adverse reactions in 6 (33%). Twelve patients (41%) underwent colectomy. Subsequent need for infliximab dose escalation was associated with lower body mass index z score (P = 0.01), lower serum albumin (P = 0.03), and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (P = 0.002) at baseline. ESR predicted subsequent infliximab dose escalation with an area under the curve of 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-1.00) and a sensitivity and specificity at a cutoff of 38 mm/hour of 0.79 (95% CI 0.49-0.95) and 0.88 (95% CI 0.47-0.99), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Most hospitalized pediatric patients with colitis treated with infliximab require early-dose escalation and fail the drug long term. Low body mass index and albumin and high ESR, may identify patients who would benefit from a higher infliximab starting dose.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Blood Sedimentation
Body Mass Index
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Crohn Disease/*drug therapy
Female
Gastrointestinal Agents/*therapeutic use
*Hospitalization
Humans
Infliximab
Male
Retrospective Studies
Serum Albumin/metabolism
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Failure
Treatment Outcome
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24048170},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a98df2},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ferguson, L. R.},
   title = {Nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Expert Rev Clin Immunol},
   volume = {9},
   number = {8},
   pages = {717-26},
   note = {1744-8409
Ferguson, Lynnette R
Journal Article
Review
England
Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2013 Aug;9(8):717-26. doi: 10.1586/1744666X.2013.824245.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, which are both inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Both types of inflammatory bowel disease have a complex etiology, resulting from a genetically determined susceptibility interacting with environmental factors, including the diet and gut microbiota. Genome Wide Association Studies have implicated more than 160 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in disease susceptibility. Consideration of the different pathways suggested to be involved implies that specific dietary interventions are likely to be appropriate, dependent upon the nature of the genes involved. Epigenetics and the gut microbiota are also responsive to dietary interventions. Nutrigenetics may lead to personalized nutrition for disease prevention and treatment, while nutrigenomics may help to understand the nature of the disease and individual response to nutrients.},
   keywords = {Animals
Diet Therapy
Epigenomics
Gastrointestinal Tract/*immunology/microbiology
Gene-Environment Interaction
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genome-Wide Association Study
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/*genetics/*immunology
Microbiota
Nutrigenomics
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Precision Medicine},
   ISSN = {1744-666x},
   Accession Number = {23971750},
   DOI = {10.1586/1744666x.2013.824245},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Fuchssteiner, H. and Nigl, K. and Mayer, A. and Kristensen, B. and Platzer, R. and Brunner, B. and Weiss, I. and Haas, T. and Benedikt, M. and Grochenig, H. P. and Eisenberger, A. and Hillebrand, P. and Reinisch, W. and Vogelsang, H.},
   title = {[Nutrition and IBD-Consensus of the Austrian Working Group of IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) of the OGGH]},
   journal = {Z Gastroenterol},
   volume = {52},
   number = {4},
   pages = {376-86},
   note = {1439-7803
Fuchssteiner, H
Nigl, K
Mayer, A
Kristensen, B
Platzer, R
Brunner, B
Weiss, I
Haas, T
Benedikt, M
Grochenig, H P
Eisenberger, A
Hillebrand, P
Reinisch, W
Vogelsang, H
English Abstract
Journal Article
Germany
Z Gastroenterol. 2014 Apr;52(4):376-86. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1366252. Epub 2014 Apr 9.},
   abstract = {This is a consensus of the Austrian working group of IBD (inflammatory bowel diseases) of the OGGH on nutrition in IBD. Malnutrition should be assessed in case of IBD (in 20 - 70 % of Crohn's patients) and weight loss(> 5 % within 3 months) or nutritional deficiencies or after extensive bowel resection and afterwards also treated. Malnutrition should be treated with medical therapy of IBD and also adequate - as far as possible - with oral nutritional therapy particularly because of reduced life quality, risk of opportunistic infections, osteopenia/osteoporosis, longer hospitalisations and higher mortality. Iron homeostasis, serum levels of Vitamin B12- and folic acid, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and zinc should be checked. Therapy with enteral liquid diets is only indicated as therapy of first choice in children and adolescents, but only in rare situations in adults with IBD. There is - up to now - no proven oral diet for maintenance of remission in IBD. Probiotics as E. coli Nissle could be used as alternative to mesalazine for maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. A specific dietary counselling is mandatory in patients with ileostoma or short bowel syndrome. Malnutrition of short bowel patients is particularly dependent on the function and length of the remaining bowel, therefore the most effective medical therapy should be administered.},
   keywords = {Austria
Diet Therapy/*standards
Gastroenterology/*standards
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/diagnosis/*diet therapy
Malnutrition/diagnosis/*diet therapy/etiology
*Nutrition Policy
*Practice Guidelines as Topic},
   ISSN = {0044-2771},
   Accession Number = {24718944},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0034-1366252},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Furuzawa-Carballeda, J. and Fonseca-Camarillo, G. and Lima, G. and Yamamoto-Furusho, J. K.},
   title = {Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: expressing cells in inflammatory bowel disease-a cross-sectional study},
   journal = {Clin Dev Immunol},
   volume = {2013},
   pages = {278035},
   note = {1740-2530
Furuzawa-Carballeda, Janette
Fonseca-Camarillo, Gabriela
Lima, Guadalupe
Yamamoto-Furusho, Jesus K
Journal Article
Egypt
Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:278035. doi: 10.1155/2013/278035. Epub 2013 Oct 27.},
   abstract = {AIM: To characterise and enumerate IDO(+) cells, Tregs, and T cell subsets in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) with regard to their clinical activity. METHODS: Ten active UC (aUC), 10 inactive UC (iUC), 6 aCD, and 8 iCD patients and 10 healthy individuals were included in the study. Circulating Foxp3-, IDO-, IL-17A-, IL-4-, IFN- gamma -, and IL-10-expressing CD4(+) T cells were quantitated by flow cytometry. Interleukin-17-expressing cells, CD25(+)/Foxp3(+) Tregs, and CD123(+)/IDO(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells were evaluated in intestinal biopsies from 10 aUC, 6 aCD, and 10 noninflamed tissues. RESULTS: All CD4(+) T subsets were increased in aIBD patients compared with healthy donors. Meanwhile, frequency of CD8 alpha (+)/CD16(+)/IDO(+), CD8 alpha (+)/CD56(+)/IDO(+), CD8 alpha (+)/CD80(+)/IDO(+), CD8 alpha (+)/CD123(+)/IDO(+) large granular nonlymphoid cells, and CCR6(+)/CD123(+)/IDO(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells was higher in aIBD patients versus healthy donors or iIBD patients. Tissue IL-17A(+) cells were present in higher amounts in aIBD versus noninflamed controls. IDO- and Foxp3-expressing cells were increased in aUC versus aCD patients and noninflamed tissues. CONCLUSIONS: The findings represent an original work in Mexican Mestizo patients with IBD. It shows that Tregs and IDO-expressing cells are increased with regard to disease activity. These cells could significantly shape inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology, severity, and tolerance loss.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Antigens, CD/metabolism
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics/immunology/metabolism
Crohn Disease/genetics/immunology/metabolism
Cross-Sectional Studies
Cytokines/biosynthesis
Dendritic Cells/immunology/metabolism
Female
Gene Expression
Humans
Immune Tolerance
Immunophenotyping
Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics/*metabolism
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics/immunology/*metabolism
Interleukin-17/metabolism
Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
Male
Middle Aged
Phenotype
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology/metabolism
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1740-2522},
   Accession Number = {24282429},
   DOI = {10.1155/2013/278035},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gallo, J. and Grant, A. and Otley, A. R. and Orsi, M. and MacIntyre, B. and Gauvry, S. and Lifschitz, C.},
   title = {Do parents and children agree? Quality-of-life assessment of children with inflammatory bowel disease and their parents},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {58},
   number = {4},
   pages = {481-5},
   note = {1536-4801
Gallo, Julieta
Grant, Amy
Otley, Anthony R
Orsi, Marina
MacIntyre, Brad
Gauvry, Silvia
Lifschitz, Carlos
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Apr;58(4):481-5. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000236.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Multi-item measures of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity based on clinical, laboratory, and/or endoscopic variables do not take into consideration the impact on the patients' emotional aspects and adaptation to the disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate concordance between parent and child ratings of health-related quality of life on the IMPACT-III questionnaire in children with IBD. METHODS: The IMPACT-III questionnaire was used to measure quality of life in 27 patients (mean age 14.2 +/- 3 years, 40% girls) and one of their parents (82% mothers). Most of the patients had inactive disease at the time of the study. Differences between parent-proxy ratings and child ratings on the IMPACT-III were compared via paired-samples t tests, intraclass correlation coefficients, and standardized difference scores. RESULTS: Parent-proxy and patient ratings were similar on total IMPACT-III and its related domains (bowel symptoms, systemic symptoms, social functioning, body image, treatment/interventions), except that significant differences on emotional functioning ratings were found (P = 0.003). Intraclass correlation coefficients showed medium-to-large effect sizes (range 0.52-0.88) and standardized difference scores showed varying degrees of bias depending on the domain measured (range -0.64 to 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: Parents served as a good proxy for quality-of-life ratings in this population of pediatric patients with IBD. The degree of concordance between parent and child scores, however, varied, as observed in the present study in which parents underreported their child's health-related quality of life on the IMPACT-III emotional functioning domain.},
   keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological
Adolescent
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*psychology
Crohn Disease/*psychology
*Emotions
Female
*Health Status
Humans
Male
Parents/*psychology
Perception
Proxy/psychology
Quality of Life/*psychology
Severity of Illness Index
Surveys

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib