text:
_1995,
	title = {The diminishing variance algorithm for real‐time reduction of motion artifacts in {MRI}},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910340319/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910340319},
	abstract = {A technique has been developed whereby motion can be detected in real time during the acquisition of data. This enables the implementation of several algorithms to reduce or eliminate motion effects from an image as it is being acquired. One such algorithm previously described is the acceptance/rejection method. This paper deals with another real-time algorithm called the diminishing variance algorithm (DVA). With this method, a complete set of preliminary data is acquired along with information about the relative motion position of each frame of data. After all the preliminary data are acquired, the position information is used to determine which data frames are most corrupted by motion. Frames of data are then reacquired, starting with the most corrupted one. The position information is continually updated in an iterative process; therefore, each subsequent reacquisition is always done on the worst frame of data. The algorithm has been implemented on several different types of sequences. Preliminary in vivo studies indicate that motion artifacts are dramatically reduced.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-10-13},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Sachs, Todd S and Meyer, Craig H and Irarrazabal, Pablo and Hu, Bob S and Nishimura, Dwight G and Macovski, Albert},
	month = sep,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {MRI, abdominal imaging, cardiac imaging, motion artifacts, navigators},
	pages = {412--422}
}

@article{teng_3d_2010,
	title = {3D critical plaque wall stress is a better predictor of carotid plaque rupture sites than flow shear stress: {An} in vivo {MRI}-based 3D {FSI} study},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {1528-8951},
	shorttitle = {3D critical plaque wall stress is a better predictor of carotid plaque rupture sites than flow shear stress},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/20459195},
	doi = {10.1115/1.4001028},
	abstract = {Atherosclerotic plaque rupture leading to stroke is the major cause of long-term disability as well as the third most common cause of mortality. Image-based computational models have been introduced seeking critical mechanical indicators, which may be used for plaque vulnerability assessment. This study extends the previous 2D critical stress concept to 3D by using in vivo magnetic resonance image (MRI) data of human atherosclerotic carotid plaques and 3D fluid-structure interaction (FSI) models to: identify 3D critical plaque wall stress (CPWS) and critical flow shear stress (CFSS) and to investigate their associations with plaque rupture. In vivo MRI data of carotid plaques from 18 patients scheduled for endarterectomy were acquired using histologically validated multicontrast protocols. Of the 18 plaques, histology-confirmed that six had prior rupture (group 1) as evidenced by presence of ulceration. The remaining 12 plaques (group 2) contained no rupture. The 3D multicomponent FSI models were constructed for each plaque to obtain 3D plaque wall stress (PWS) and flow shear stress (FSS) distributions. Three-dimensional CPWS and CFSS, defined as maxima of PWS and FSS from all vulnerable sites, were determined for each plaque to investigate their association with plaque rupture. Slice-based critical PWS and FSS were also calculated for all slices for more detailed analysis and comparison. The mean 3D CPWS of group 1 was 263.44 kPa, which was 100\% higher than that from group 2 (132.77, p=0.03984). Five of the six ruptured plaques had 3D CPWS sites, matching the histology-confirmed rupture sites with an 83\% agreement. Although the mean 3D CFSS (92.94 dyn/cm(2)) for group 1 was 76\% higher than that for group 2 (52.70 dyn/cm(2)), slice-based CFSS showed no significant difference between the two groups. Only two of the six ruptured plaques had 3D CFSS sites matching the histology-confirmed rupture sites with a 33\% agreement. CFSS had a good correlation with plaque stenosis severity (R(2)=0.40 with an exponential function fitting 3D CFSS data). This in vivo MRI pilot study using plaques with and without rupture demonstrates that 3D critical plaque wall stress values are more closely associated with atherosclerotic plaque rupture then critical flow shear stresses. Critical wall stress values may become indicators of high risk sites of rupture. Future work with a larger population will establish a possible CPWS-based plaque vulnerability classification.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Journal of Biomechanical Engineering},
	author = {Teng, Zhongzhao and Canton, Gador and Yuan, Chun and Ferguson, Marina and Yang, Chun and Huang, Xueying and Zheng, Jie and Woodard, Pamela K and Tang, Dalin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20459195},
	keywords = {Aged, Carotid Arteries, Carotid Stenosis, Computer Simulation, Elastic Modulus, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Cardiovascular, Pilot Projects, Rheology, Shear Strength, Stress, Mechanical},
	pages = {031007}
}

@article{nezafat_real-time_2005,
	title = {Real-time blood flow imaging using autocalibrated spiral sensitivity encoding},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20690},
	abstract = {A novel spiral phase contrast (PC) technique was developed for high temporal resolution imaging of blood flow without cardiac gating. An autocalibrated spiral sensitivity encoding (SENSE) method is introduced and used to reconstruct PC images. Numerical simulations and a flow phantom study were performed to validate the technique. To study the accuracy of the flow measurement in vivo, a high-resolution cardiac experiment was performed and a subset of undersampled SENSE reconstructed data were reconstructed. Good agreement between the velocity measurement from the fully-sampled and undersampled data was achieved. Real-time experiments were performed to measure blood velocity in the ascending aorta and aortic valve, and during a Valsalva maneuver. The results demonstrate the potential of this technique for real-time flow imaging.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Nezafat, Reza and Kellman, Peter and Derbyshire, J Andrew and McVeigh, Elliot R},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16254954},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Aorta, Artificial Intelligence, Blood Flow Velocity, Calibration, Computer Systems, Coronary Circulation, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Information Storage and Retrieval, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {1557--1561}
}

@article{huber_sensitivityencoded_2004,
	title = {Sensitivity‐encoded coronary {MRA} at 3T},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.20062/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20062},
	abstract = {Long scan times are still a main limitation in free-breathing navigator-gated 3D coronary MR angiography (MRA). Unlike other MRI applications, high-resolution coronary MRA has not been amenable to acceleration by parallel imaging techniques due to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) concerns. In the present work, mitigating SNR limitations by the transition to higher static magnetic field strength is proposed, thus enabling scan time reduction by the parallel sensitivity encoding (SENSE) technique. The study reports the implementation and evaluation of free-breathing navigator-gated 3D coronary MRA with SENSE at 3T. Results from 11 healthy subjects indicate that the approach permits significant scan time reduction in MRA of the left and right coronary systems. Quantitative image analysis and visual grading suggest that two-fold scan acceleration can be accomplished at nearly preserved image quality. The additional experiments appear to demonstrate that parallel MRA equally permits enhancing volume coverage and spatial resolution while maintaining scan time. Magn Reson Med 52:221–227, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-10-28},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Huber, Michael E and Kozerke, Sebastian and Pruessmann, Klaas P and Smink, Jouke and Boesiger, Peter},
	month = aug,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {3T, High field, coronary MRA, parallel imaging, sensitivity encoding},
	pages = {221--227}
}

@article{keil_20-channel_2011,
	title = {A 20-channel receive-only mouse array coil for a 3 {T} clinical {MRI} system},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22791},
	abstract = {A 20-channel phased-array coil for MRI of mice has been designed, constructed, and validated with bench measurements and high-resolution accelerated imaging. The technical challenges of designing a small, high density array have been overcome using individual small-diameter coil elements arranged on a cylinder in a hexagonal overlapping design with adjacent low impedance preamplifiers to further decouple the array elements. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and noise amplification in accelerated imaging were simulated and quantitatively evaluated in phantoms and in vivo mouse images. Comparison between the 20-channel mouse array and a length-matched quadrature driven small animal birdcage coil showed an SNR increase at the periphery and in the center of the phantom of 3- and 1.3-fold, respectively. Comparison with a shorter but SNR-optimized birdcage coil (aspect ratio 1:1 and only half mouse coverage) showed an SNR gain of twofold at the edge of the phantom and similar SNR in the center. G-factor measurements indicate that the coil is well suited to acquire highly accelerated images.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Keil, Boris and Wiggins, Graham C and Triantafyllou, Christina and Wald, Lawrence L and Meise, Florian M and Schreiber, Laura M and Klose, Klaus J and Heverhagen, Johannes T},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21433066},
	keywords = {Animals, Equipment Design, Equipment Failure Analysis, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetics, Mice, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Transducers, Whole Body Imaging},
	pages = {584--595}
}

@article{yao_2d_1996,
	title = {2D locally focused {MRI}: {Applications} to dynamic and spectroscopic imaging},
	volume = {36},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {2D locally focused {MRI}},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910360606/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910360606},
	abstract = {Conventional magnetic resonance images have uniform spatial resolution across the entire field of view. A method of creating MR images with user-specified spatial resolution along one dimension of the field of view was described recently by the authors. This paper presents the 2D generalization of this technique, which allows the user to specify arbitrary spatial resolution in arbitrary 2D regions. These images are reconstructed from signals that sparsely sample the k-space representation of the image. Therefore, locally focused images can be acquired in less time than that required by Fourier imaging with uniformly high resolution. In this paper the authors show how to increase the temporal resolution of dynamic imaging (e.g., interventional imaging) by using high resolution in areas of expected change and lower resolution elsewhere. Alternatively, by matching the local spatial resolution to the expected edge content of the image, it is possible to avoid the localized truncation artifacts that mark Fourier images reconstructed from the same number of signals. For example, the authors show how proton spectroscopic images of the head may be improved by using high resolution in the neighborhood of scalp lipids that might otherwise cause truncation artifacts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-10-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Yao, Lian and Cao, Yue and Levin, David N.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {MR spectroscopy, MRI, image artifacts, image reconstruction},
	pages = {834--846}
}

@phdthesis{hsu-lei_wideband_2008,
	title = {Wideband {Steady}-state {Free} {Precession} for {Cardiac} {MRI}},
	url = {http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll127/id/131278},
	urldate = {2014-10-24},
	school = {University of Southern California. Electrical Engineering},
	author = {Hsu-Lei, Lee},
	year = {2008}
}

@article{foo_improved_1995,
	title = {Improved ejection fraction and flow velocity estimates with use of view sharing and uniform repetition time excitation with fast cardiac techniques},
	volume = {195},
	issn = {0033-8419},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7724769},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

To improve the accuracy of ventricular volume estimates and effective temporal resolution in fast cardiac acquisitions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data sets at intermediate temporal phases were generated by means of sharing of views from two temporally adjacent data sets. A simulated model was used, and studies with patients and volunteers were conducted. View sharing was implemented in both fast gradient-echo and fast phase-contrast cine acquisitions; breath holding was used when possible.

RESULTS

Uniform repetition time (TR) radio-frequency (RF) excitation allowed a better assessment of the end-diastolic ventricular volume. In addition, view sharing provided a better estimate of end-systolic ventricular volume in cases in which rapid changes in volume occurred at or about the temporal boundary of the source images. View sharing also provided a much smoother representation of dynamic cardiac motion when viewed in a cine loop.

CONCLUSION

View sharing and uniform TR RF excitation improve the accuracy of end-systolic and end-diastolic ventricular volume measurements by improving the effective temporal resolution.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-08-03},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Foo, T K and Bernstein, M A and Aisen, A M and Hernandez, R J and Collick, B D and Bernstein, T},
	month = may,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7724769},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Flow Velocity, Child, Coronary Circulation, Fourier Analysis, Heart, Heart Defects, Congenital, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Cardiovascular, Models, Structural, Myocardial Contraction, Myocardium, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Stroke Volume, Time Factors, Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency},
	pages = {471--478}
}

@article{ommen_clinical_2000,
	title = {Clinical {Utility} of {Doppler} {Echocardiography} and {Tissue} {Doppler} {Imaging} in the {Estimation} of {Left} {Ventricular} {Filling} {Pressures} {A} {Comparative} {Simultaneous} {Doppler}-{Catheterization} {Study}},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/102/15/1788},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.102.15.1788},
	abstract = {Background—Noninvasive assessment of diastolic filling by Doppler echocardiography provides important information about left ventricular (LV) status in selected subsets of patients. This study was designed to assess whether mitral annular velocities as assessed by tissue Doppler imaging are associated with invasive measures of diastolic LV performance and whether additional information is gained over traditional Doppler variables.
Methods and Results—One hundred consecutive patients referred for cardiac catheterization underwent simultaneous Doppler interrogation. Invasive measurements of LV pressures were obtained with micromanometer-tipped catheters, and the mean LV diastolic pressure (M-LVDP) was used as a surrogate for mean left atrial pressure. Doppler signals from the mitral inflow, pulmonary venous inflow, and TDI of the mitral annulus were obtained. Isolated parameters of transmitral flow correlated with M-LVDP only when ejection fraction {\textless}50\%. The ratio of mitral velocity to early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (E/E′) showed a better correlation with M-LVDP than did other Doppler variables for all levels of systolic function. E/E′ {\textless}8 accurately predicted normal M-LVDP, and E/E′ {\textgreater}15 identified increased M-LVDP. Wide variability was present in those with E/E′ of 8 to 15. A subset of those patients with E/E′ 8 to 15 could be further defined by use of other Doppler data.
Conclusions—The combination of tissue Doppler imaging of the mitral annulus and mitral inflow velocity curves provides better estimates of LV filling pressures than other methods (pulmonary vein, preload reduction). However, accurate prediction of filling pressures for an individual patient requires a stepwise approach incorporating all available data.},
	language = {en},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2013-06-25},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Ommen, S. R. and Nishimura, R. A. and Appleton, C. P. and Miller, F. A. and Oh, J. K. and Redfield, M. M. and Tajik, A. J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {11023933},
	keywords = {Diastole, Echocardiography, Pressure},
	pages = {1788--1794}
}

@article{wang_respiratory_1995,
	title = {Respiratory motion of the heart: kinematics and the implications for the spatial resolution in coronary imaging},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	shorttitle = {Respiratory motion of the heart},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/7596276},
	abstract = {Respiratory motion is a major limiting factor in improving image resolution and signal-to-noise ratio in MR coronary imaging. In this work the effects of respiration on the cardiac position were studied quantitively by imaging the heart during diastole at various positions of tidal respiration with a breath-hold segmented fast gradient echo technique. It was found that during tidal breathing the movement of the heart due to respiration is dominated by superior-inferior (SI) motion, which is linearly related to the SI motion of the diaphragm. The motion of the heart due to respiration is approximately a global translation. These results provide motivation for employing adaptive motion correction techniques to reduce image blurring in nonbreath-hold coronary MR imaging.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Wang, Y and Riederer, S J and Ehman, R L},
	month = may,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7596276},
	keywords = {Adult, Artifacts, Biomechanics, Coronary Angiography, Diaphragm, Female, Heart, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Male, Motion, Movement, Respiration},
	pages = {713--719}
}

@article{bernstein_reconstructions_1994,
	title = {Reconstructions of phase contrast, phased array multicoil data},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910320308/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910320308},
	abstract = {We present a reconstruction method for phased array multicoil data that is compatible with phase contrast MR angiography. The proposed algorithm can produce either complex difference or phase difference angiograms. Directional flow and quantitative information are preserved with the phase difference reconstruction. The proposed method is computationally efficient and avoids intercoil cancellation errors near the velocity aliasing boundary. Feasibility of the method is demonstrated on human scans.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-10-05},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Bernstein, Matt A and Grgic, Mladen and Brosnan, Thomas J and Pelc, Norbert J},
	month = sep,
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {Multicoil, phase contrast, phased array, reconstruction},
	pages = {330--334}
}

@article{meyer_subject-specific_2014,
	title = {Subject-specific calibration of end-systolic time in {MRI}},
	abstract = {Purpose	A cardiac model is required either to predict a cardiac time period in which triggered data can be acquired with minimal motion, or to associate acquired k-space lines with cardiac phases in retrospective reconstruction of cine acquisitions. The usual timing model is based on the prediction of systole durations from the heart rate. It was calibrated on a population yielding fixed parameters and cannot account for individual variability. To improve high resolution MRI, we propose a personalized model that better predicts systole.
Methods	A phase contrast sequence was modified to acquire only central k-space line with 6.6 ms temporal resolution. Blood velocity was measured in aorta during 128 heartbeats in 35 subjects. Segmentation of aorta and detection of end of forward systolic ejection was automatic. Duration of electromechanical systole as function of heart rate was determined for each subject separately.
Results		The adapted cardiac model predicted significantly better both MRI end-systolic times and echocardiographic reference measurements (6.7 ms average absolute error, close to temporal resolution of acquisition) compared to global model (16.4 ms average absolute error). Favourable impact on cine reconstruction was shown.
Conclusion	Personalization of cardiac model to the subject is feasible in MRI and reduces the error of prediction of systole.},
	journal = {submitted},
	author = {Meyer, Christophe and Bonnemains, Laurent and Huttin, Olivier and Felblinger, Jacques and Vuissoz, Pierre-André},
	year = {2014}
}

@article{pipe_motion_1999,
	title = {Motion correction with {PROPELLER} {MRI}: application to head motion and free-breathing cardiac imaging},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	shorttitle = {Motion correction with {PROPELLER} {MRI}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10542356},
	abstract = {A method for motion correction, involving both data collection and reconstruction, is presented. The PROPELLER MRI method collects data in concentric rectangular strips rotated about the k-space origin. The central region of k-space is sampled for every strip, which (a) allows one to correct spatial inconsistencies in position, rotation, and phase between strips, (b) allows one to reject data based on a correlation measure indicating through-plane motion, and (c) further decreases motion artifacts through an averaging effect for low spatial frequencies. Results are shown in which PROPELLER MRI is used to correct for bulk motion in head images and respiratory motion in nongated cardiac images. Magn Reson Med 42:963-969, 1999.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-03-02},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Pipe, J G},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10542356},
	keywords = {Artifacts, Fourier Analysis, Head, Heart, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Theoretical, Movement, Respiration},
	pages = {963--969}
}

@article{hendel_accf/acr/scct/scmr/asnc/nasci/scai/sir_2006,
	title = {{ACCF}/{ACR}/{SCCT}/{SCMR}/{ASNC}/{NASCI}/{SCAI}/{SIR} 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a report of the {American} {College} of {Cardiology} {Foundation} {Quality} {Strategic} {Directions} {Committee} {Appropriateness} {Criteria} {Working} {Group}, {American} {College} of {Radiology}, {Society} of {Cardiovascular} {Computed} {Tomography}, {Society} for {Cardiovascular} {Magnetic} {Resonance}, {American} {Society} of {Nuclear} {Cardiology}, {North} {American} {Society} for {Cardiac} {Imaging}, {Society} for {Cardiovascular} {Angiography} and {Interventions}, and {Society} of {Interventional} {Radiology}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1558-3597},
	shorttitle = {{ACCF}/{ACR}/{SCCT}/{SCMR}/{ASNC}/{NASCI}/{SCAI}/{SIR} 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.003},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
	author = {Hendel, Robert C and Patel, Manesh R and Kramer, Christopher M and Poon, Michael and Hendel, Robert C and Carr, James C and Gerstad, Nancy A and Gillam, Linda D and Hodgson, John McB and Kim, Raymond J and Kramer, Christopher M and Lesser, John R and Martin, Edward T and Messer, Joseph V and Redberg, Rita F and Rubin, Geoffrey D and Rumsfeld, John S and Taylor, Allen J and Weigold, Wm Guy and Woodard, Pamela K and Brindis, Ralph G and Hendel, Robert C and Douglas, Pamela S and Peterson, Eric D and Wolk, Michael J and Allen, Joseph M and Patel, Manesh R and {American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group} and {American College of Radiology} and {Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography} and {Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance} and {American Society of Nuclear Cardiology} and {North American Society for Cardiac Imaging} and {Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions} and {Society of Interventional Radiology}},
	month = oct,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {17010819},
	keywords = {Cardiovascular Diseases, Decision Making, Delphi Technique, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Risk Assessment, Tomography, X-Ray},
	pages = {1475--1497}
}

@article{hardy_pencil_1996,
	title = {Pencil excitation with interleaved fourier velocity encoding: {NMR} measurement of aortic distensibility},
	volume = {35},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {Pencil excitation with interleaved fourier velocity encoding},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910350605/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910350605},
	abstract = {A technique is presented for rapidly and noninvasively determining aortic distensibiltty, by NMR measurement of pulse-wave velocrty in the aorta. A cylinder of magnetization is excited along the aorta, wtth Fourier-veloctty encoding and readout gradients applied along the cylinder axis. Cardiac gating and data interleaving improve the effective time resolution to as high as 3 ms. Wave velocities are determined from the position of the f oot of the flow wave in the velocity profiles. Evidence of helical flow distal to the aortic arch can be seen in normal subjects, while disturbed flow patterns are visible in patients with aneurysms and dissections.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-02-05},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Hardy, Christopher J. and Bolster, Bradley D. and McVeigh, Elliot R. and Iben, Icko E. T. and Zerhouni, Elias A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging, aortic distensibilrty, blood velocity, wave speed},
	pages = {814--819}
}

@misc{noauthor_http://www.esmrmb.org/_nodate,
	title = {http://www.esmrmb.org/}
}

@article{rebergen_magnetic_1993,
	title = {Magnetic resonance measurement of velocity and flow: {Technique}, validation, and cardiovascular applications},
	volume = {126},
	issn = {0002-8703},
	shorttitle = {Magnetic resonance measurement of velocity and flow},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000287039390544J},
	doi = {10.1016/0002-8703(93)90544-J},
	abstract = {With a newly developed magnetic resonance (MR) technique for blood flow measurements, qualitative and quantitative information on both flow volume and flow velocity in the great vessels can be obtained. MR flow quantitation is performed with a gradientecho MR sequence with high temporal resolution enabling measurements at frequent intervals throughout the cardiac cycle. MR flow quantitation uses the phase rather than the amplitude of the MR signal to reconstruct the images. These images, often referred to as MR velocity maps or velocity-encoded cine MR images, are two-dimensional displays of flow velocity. From these velocity maps, velocity and volume flow data can be obtained. Previous validation experiments have demonstrated the accuracy of MR velocity mapping, and this technique is now being applied successfully in several clinical fields. MR velocity mapping may be of considerable value when Doppler echocardiography results are unsatisfactory or equivocal, particularly because MR is suited for the analysis of volumetric flow and complex flow patterns. Among the vastly growing number of clinical cardiovascular applications that have been reported are the great arteries and veins, coronary vessels, valvular disease, and the abdominal and peripheral vessels. These items are reviewed, and some aspects of the technique that need improvement are discussed.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-11-02},
	journal = {American Heart Journal},
	author = {Rebergen, Sidney A and van der Wall, Ernst E and Doornbos, Joost and de Roos, Albert},
	month = dec,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1439--1456}
}

@article{karam_mechanism_1984,
	title = {Mechanism of decreased left ventricular stroke volume during inspiration in man},
	volume = {69},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/69/5/866.abstract},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.69.5.866},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-11-23},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Karam, M and Wise, RA and Natarajan, TK and Permutt, S and Wagner, HN},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {866 --873}
}

@article{hennig_analysis_1998,
	title = {Analysis of myocardial motion based on velocity measurements with a black blood prepared segmented gradient-echo sequence: methodology and applications to normal volunteers and patients},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	shorttitle = {Analysis of myocardial motion based on velocity measurements with a black blood prepared segmented gradient-echo sequence},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9702889},
	abstract = {The paper describes a strategy for measuring and characterizing myocardial motion in terms of velocity parameters derived from measurements with a segmented black blood prepared phase contrast gradient echo sequence. The characteristic parameters are calculated by transforming the velocities measured on a pixel-by-pixel basis across the left ventricle from the laboratory frame of reference into a cylindrical coordinate system, in which the motion velocities within the short axis plane are represented in polar coordinates and which is located at the center of the myocardium and moving with it over the ECG cycle. First results in a study with 12 healthy volunteers gave highly consistent values for the radial (expansion/compression) as well as the rotational velocities. Except for one volunteer, motion at the R wave of the ECG starts with clockwise rotation, followed by contraction and expansion accompanied by counterclockwise rotation. First examinations of patients with global and focal disease demonstrate the potential to detect disturbances in the local as well as the overall motion patterns.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-07-27},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Hennig, J and Schneider, B and Peschl, S and Markl, M and Krause, T and Laubenberger, J},
	month = aug,
	year = {1998},
	pmid = {9702889},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Blood Flow Velocity, Electrocardiography, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Myocardial Contraction, Myocardial Ischemia, Myocardium},
	pages = {868--877}
}

@article{steeden_split-acquisition_2010,
	title = {Split-acquisition real-time {CINE} phase-contrast {MR} flow measurements},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22615},
	abstract = {The temporal and spatial resolution of real-time phase-contrast magnetic resonance (PCMR) is restricted by the need to acquire two interleaved phase images. In this article, we propose a split-acquisition real-time CINE PCMR technique, where the acquisition of flow-encoded and flow-compensated data is divided into separate blocks. By comparing magnitude images, automatic matching of data in cardio-respiratory space allows subtraction of background phase offsets. Thus, the data is acquired in real-time but with phase correction originating from a different heart beat. This effectively doubles the frame rate, allowing either higher temporal or spatial resolution. Two split-acquisition sequences were tested: one with high-temporal resolution and one with high-spatial resolution. Both sequences showed excellent agreement in stroke volumes in 20 adults when validated against cardiac-gated PCMR and interleaved real-time PCMR (cardiac gated: 95.2 ± 20.0 mL, interleaved real-time: 96.2 ± 20.7 mL, high-temporal resolution: 95.6 ± 20.1 mL, high-spatial resolution: 95.5 ± 20.4 mL). In six children, the high-spatial resolution sequence provided more accurate flow measurements than interleaved real-time PCMR, when compared with cardiac-gated PCMR (cardiac gated: 20.6 ± 7.6 mL, interleaved real-time: 24.3 ± 9.2 mL, high-spatial resolution: 20.8 ± 7.8 mL), due to the increased spatial resolution. The matching technique is shown to be accurate (truth: 94.6 ± 21.8, split-acquisition: 95.0 ± 21.9 mL) and quantitative image quality (signal-to-noise ratio, velocity-to-noise ratio and edge sharpness) is acceptable.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Steeden, Jennifer A. and Atkinson, David and Taylor, Andrew M. and Muthurangu, Vivek},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20939086},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Feasibility Studies, Female, Heart Defects, Congenital, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male},
	pages = {1664--1670}
}

@inproceedings{vuissoz_motion-compensated_2012,
	address = {Lisbon, Portugal},
	title = {Motion-compensated reconstruction: impact of the sliding window width in cardiac cine {GRICS}},
	booktitle = {{ESMRMB}},
	author = {Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Odille, Freddy and Meyer, Christophe and Benhadid, Adnane and Beaumont, Marine and Felblinger, Jacques and Mandry, Damien},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012}
}

@article{maclaren_navigator_2009,
	title = {Navigator accuracy requirements for prospective motion correction},
	issn = {07403194},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.22191/full},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22191},
	urldate = {2011-02-09},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Maclaren, Julian and Speck, Oliver and Stucht, Daniel and Schulze, Peter and Hennig, J��rgen and Zaitsev, Maxim},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {NA--NA}
}

@article{ra_fast_1993,
	title = {Fast imaging using subencoding data sets from multiple detectors},
	volume = {30},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910300123/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910300123},
	abstract = {A new fast imaging method using a subencoding data acquisition scheme and a multiple coil receiver system is proposed and demonstrated. In this method, a set of aliased images are produced from receiver coils by using the subencoded data without sacrificing the desired resolution, and resolved to an aliasing-free image by using the distance-dependent sensitivity information of each coil. The reduction rate of data acquisition time is proportional to the number of receiver coils. This method can be easily adapted to conventional imaging methods including fast imaging to further reduce the scan time.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-11-05},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Ra, J. B. and Rim, C. Y.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {array coil, fast imaging, multiple detectors, subencoding},
	pages = {142--145}
}

@article{man_nonsubtractive_1999,
	title = {Nonsubtractive spiral phase contrast velocity imaging},
	volume = {42},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199910)42:4<704::AID-MRM12>3.0.CO;2-M/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199910)42:4<704::AID-MRM12>3.0.CO;2-M},
	abstract = {Phase contrast velocity imaging is a standard method for accurate in vivo flow measurement. One drawback, however, is that it lengthens the scan time (or reduces the achievable temporal resolution) because one has to acquire two or more images with different flow sensitivities and subtract their phases to produce the final velocity image. Without this step, non-flow-related phase variations will give rise to an erroneous, spatially varying background velocity. In this paper, we introduce a novel phase contrast velocity imaging technique that requires the acquisition of only a single image. The idea is to estimate the background phase variation from the flow-encoded image itself and then have it removed, leaving only the flow-related phase to generate a corrected flow image. This technique is sensitive to flow in one direction and requires 50\% less scan time than conventional phase contrast velocity imaging. Phantom and in vivo results were obtained and compared with those of the conventional method, demonstrating the new method's effectiveness in measuring flow in various vessels of the body. Magn Reson Med 42:704–713, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-08-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Man, Lai-Chee and Pauly, John M. and Nishimura, Dwight G. and Macovski, Albert},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {MRI, flow, phase contrast, phase estimation},
	pages = {704--713}
}

@article{markl_fast_2002,
	title = {Fast phase contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: {Improved} assessment and analysis of left ventricular wall motion},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {Fast phase contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.10114/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.10114},
	abstract = {PurposeTo evaluate the use of CINE phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess and characterize left ventricular wall motion by two- or three-directional velocity vector fields that reflect the temporal evolution of myocardial velocities over the whole cardiac cycle.Material and MethodsA fast imaging protocol is presented that permits the assessment of the pixel-wise full in-plane velocity information of the beating heart within a single breath-hold measurement. Temporal resolution of the acquired images is improved by the use of high-speed gradients and application of view sharing to black blood k-space segmented gradient echo imaging. A novel tool for data analysis is presented based on correlating locally different myocardial motion patterns to averaged left ventricular velocities reflecting nonpathological myocardial function.ResultsMeasurement protocol and postprocessing options were evaluated in a study with 16 normal volunteers. Simulations showed that correlation analysis can be used to differentiate regions with altered velocity waveforms from global radial velocities. Results of patient examinations are presented on an exemplary basis and demonstrate that correlation analysis provides an effective method for identification and classification of myocardial dynamics.ConclusionWithin the framework of our volunteer and patient examinations, fast phase contrast cardiac MRI has proven to be a reliable method to assess and analyze myocardial performance on the basis of two-directional velocity vector fields. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:642–653. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-07-23},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Markl, Michael and Schneider, Britta and Hennig, Jürgen},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {cardiac MRI, heart wall motion, left ventricular wall motion, phase contrast MRI, velocity mapping},
	pages = {642--653}
}

@article{powell_phase-velocity_2000,
	title = {Phase-{Velocity} {Cine} {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Imaging} {Measurement} of {Pulsatile} {Blood} {Flow} in {Children} and {Young} {Adults}: {In} {Vitro} and {In} {Vivo} {Validation}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0172-0643, 1432-1971},
	shorttitle = {Phase-{Velocity} {Cine} {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Imaging} {Measurement} of {Pulsatile} {Blood} {Flow} in {Children} and {Young} {Adults}},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/qle1wnunc35mn7xr/},
	doi = {10.1007/s002469910014},
	urldate = {2011-09-13},
	journal = {Pediatric Cardiology},
	author = {Powell, A.J. and Maier, S.E. and Chung, T. and Geva, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {104--110}
}

@article{bryant_measurement_1984,
	title = {Measurement of flow with {NMR} imaging using a gradient pulse and phase difference technique},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {0363-8715},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6736356},
	abstract = {A method for determining flow by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is described. A conventional spin-echo imaging sequence is employed with the addition of balanced gradient pulses on either side of the pi radiofrequency pulse. Flow velocities in the direction orthogonal to the image plane are determined by the phase shifts in the NMR image. Experimental validation of the technique in vitro was achieved with a phantom designed to give a continuous flow of water. The flow rate measured by NMR agreed well with the volume flow rate through the phantom. In vivo, NMR flow measurements on the carotid and femoral arteries of two volunteers were compared with Doppler ultrasound results. Velocity measurements were in general agreement. Rapid changes in flow are difficult to follow with the NMR method unless particular care is taken in gradient profile design. The technique can readily be used in existing NMR imaging machines and may have a useful clinical role.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-06-04},
	journal = {Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography},
	author = {Bryant, D J and Payne, J A and Firmin, D N and Longmore, D B},
	month = aug,
	year = {1984},
	pmid = {6736356},
	keywords = {Blood Flow Velocity, Carotid Arteries, Femoral Artery, Humans, Jugular Veins, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Models, Structural, Ultrasonography},
	pages = {588--593}
}

@article{paul_high-resolution_2015,
	title = {High-resolution respiratory self-gated golden angle cardiac {MRI}: {Comparison} of self-gating methods in combination with k-t {SPARSE} {SENSE}},
	volume = {73},
	copyright = {© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {High-resolution respiratory self-gated golden angle cardiac {MRI}},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.25102/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.25102},
	abstract = {Purpose

To compare the applicability of different self-gating (SG) strategies for respiratory SG in cardiac MRI in combination with iteratively reconstructed (k-t SPARSE SENSE) cine data with low and high temporal resolution.

Methods

Eleven SG variants were compared in five volunteers by assessment of the resulting image sharpness compared with nongated reconstructions. Promising SG techniques were applied for high temporal resolution reconstructions of the heart function.

Results

SG was successful in all volunteers with image-based SG and the
∑{\textbar}{\textbar}p{\textbar}{\textbar} technique. These approaches were also superior to gating from the respiratory bellows signal on average. Combination with k-t SPARSE SENSE enabled high temporally resolved visualization of the heart motion with free breathing.

Conclusion

Respiratory SG can be applied for improving image sharpness. Combining SG with iterative reconstruction allows generation of high temporal resolution cine data, which reveal more details of cardiac motion. Magn Reson Med 73:292–298, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-01-24},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Paul, Jan and Divkovic, Evica and Wundrak, Stefan and Bernhardt, Peter and Rottbauer, Wolfgang and Neumann, Heiko and Rasche, Volker},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {cardiac MRI, golden angle radial acquisition, respiratory motion, self-gating},
	pages = {292--298}
}

@article{pelc_encoding_1991,
	title = {Encoding strategies for three-direction phase-contrast {MR} imaging of flow},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	abstract = {Three encoding strategies for the measurement of flow velocities in arbitrary directions with phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging are presented; their noise and dynamic range performance are compared by means of theoretical analysis and computer simulation. A six-point measurement strategy is shown to be quite inefficient in terms of velocity variance per unit time. A simple four-point method exhibits equal dynamic range; its noise depends on flow direction but on average is equal to that of the six-point method. An alternate, balanced four-point method has noise that is direction independent and has, depending on implementation, possibly lower noise levels. Either four-point method is more efficient and is preferred over the six-point approach.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Pelc, N J and Bernstein, M A and Shimakawa, A and Glover, G H},
	month = aug,
	year = {1991},
	pmid = {1790362},
	keywords = {Blood Flow Velocity, Blood Vessels, Computer Simulation, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	pages = {405--413}
}

@article{cassidy_assessment_2004,
	title = {Assessment of motion gating strategies for mouse magnetic resonance at high magnetic fields},
	volume = {19},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.10454/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.10454},
	abstract = {PurposeTo assess the performance of motion gating strategies for mouse cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) at high magnetic fields by quantifying the levels of motion artifact observed in images and spectra in vivo.Materials and MethodsMR imaging (MRI) of the heart, diaphragm, and liver; MR angiography of the aortic arch; and slice-selective 1H-spectroscopy of the heart were performed on anesthetized C57Bl/6 mice at 11.75 T. Gating signals were derived using a custom-built physiological motion gating device, and the gating strategies considered were no gating, cardiac gating, conventional gating (i.e., blanking during respiration), automatic gating, and user-defined gating. Both automatic and user-defined modes used cardiac and respiratory gating with steady-state maintenance during respiration. Gating performance was assessed by quantifying the levels of motion artifact observed in images and the degree of amplitude and phase stability in spectra.ResultsUser-defined gating with steady-state maintenance during respiration gave the best performance for mouse cardiac imaging, angiography, and spectroscopy, with a threefold increase in signal intensity and a sixfold reduction in noise intensity compared to cardiac gating only.ConclusionPhysiological gating with steady-state maintenance during respiration is essential for mouse cardiac MR at high magnetic fields. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:229–237. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-05-27},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Cassidy, Paul J. and Schneider, Jürgen E. and Grieve, Stuart M. and Lygate, Craig and Neubauer, Stefan and Clarke, Kieran},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {cardiac MR, high field MR, image artifacts, motion gating, mouse MR},
	pages = {229--237}
}

@article{wiggers_henry_1952,
	title = {The {Henry} {Jackson} {Memorial} {Lecture} {Dynamics} of {Ventricular} {Contraction} under {Abnormal} {Conditions}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/5/3/321},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.5.3.321},
	abstract = {This lecture reviewed selected types of experiments carried out in our laboratory which are relevant to the interpretation of clinical disorders. From an analysis of ventricular pressure pulses, inferences were drawn as to basic determinants of cardiac performance in experimental conditions simulating those which arise clinically. The analysis included alterations in ventricular contraction patterns produced by pericardial effusion, hypervolemia, oligemia, arterial hypertension of peripheral origin and that due to coarctation of the aorta, aortic and pulmonary stenosis, idioventricular rhythms, ventricular alternation, coronary occlusion and myocardial ischemia, aortic regurgitation, and mitral insufficiency.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-07-04},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Wiggers, Carl J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1952},
	pmid = {14905571},
	pages = {321--348}
}

@article{hardy_31p_1991,
	title = {31P {Spectroscopic} localization using pinwheel {NMR} excitation pulses},
	volume = {17},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1991 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910170204/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910170204},
	abstract = {Spectroscopic imaging with a one-dimensional phase-encoding gradient and surface-coil reception relies on the restricted range of sensitivity of the surface coil to provide localization in the dimensions transverse to the coil axis and consequently suffers from relatively poor localization in these dimensions. A two-dimensional (2D) cylindrically selective excitation pulse with a large spectral bandwidth is presented here to remedy this problem. The gradient waveforms are derived from multiple spirals in k space which form an overall pinwheel pattern, resulting in a pulse which is much shorter than the equivalent single-spiral trajectory. Nonuniform traversal of the spirals further reduces the pulse width under conditions of gradient slew-rate limitations, yielding overall gains in bandwidth of up to about 30 compared with the equivalent single-spiral trajectory traversed at constant angular rate. The accompanying rf waveform is obtained by weighted 2D Fourier transformation of the desired sensitivity profile. A new weighting factor is introduced into the rf waveform to compensate for nonuniform sampling of k space by the pinwheel near the origin. This factor is independent of the weighting used to account for the rate of traversal of the trajectory and is applicable to 2D pulse design in general. Pulse sequences employing pinwheel excitation in conjunction with either phase-encoding or slice-selective inversion are used to produce multiple-voxel and single-voxel localization in a human heart and a phantom. Pinwheel pulses may be used to advantage on moieties with long spin-lattice relaxation times and short transverse relaxation times and are therefore ideal for applications in phosphorus (13P) NMR. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-02-06},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Hardy, Christopher J. and Bottomley, Paul A.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {315--327}
}

@article{karatzis_myocardial_2009,
	title = {Myocardial performance index ({Tei} index): evaluating its application to myocardial infarction},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {1109-9666},
	shorttitle = {Myocardial performance index ({Tei} index)},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Hellenic journal of cardiology: HJC = Hellēnikē kardiologikē epitheōrēsē},
	author = {Karatzis, Emmanouil N and Giannakopoulou, Anna T and Papadakis, John E and Karazachos, Athanassios V and Nearchou, Nearchos S},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19196622},
	keywords = {Cardiac Output, Humans, Myocardial Contraction, Myocardial Infarction, Predictive Value of Tests, Ventricular Function, Left},
	pages = {60--65}
}

@inproceedings{kosch_monitoring_2011,
	title = {Monitoring of human cardio-pulmonary activity by multi-channel {UWB}-radar},
	isbn = {978-1-4577-0046-0},
	doi = {10.1109/APWC.2011.6046766},
	abstract = {A medical application of ultra-wideband radar is proposed where it is used for monitoring motion of internal organs, especially due to respiration and heart beat. This provides complementary information, e.g. for improved cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. To this end, a blind source separation is applied to decompose the multitude of physiological signatures after selecting a region of interest in the received UWB-data. By extending our radar system to multiple channels we have established more favorable conditions for the solution of this ill-conditioned problem. The diagnostic potential of the cardiac motion component by UWB-radar is shown by a time-domain comparison with corresponding electrocardiograms and in a setup where the heart's left and the right functional parts were illuminated simultaneously.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {2011 {IEEE}-{APS} {Topical} {Conference} on {Antennas} and {Propagation} in {Wireless} {Communications} ({APWC})},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Kosch, O. and Thiel, F. and di Clemente, F. S and Hein, M. A and Seifert, F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Antenna measurements, Electrocardiography, Heart, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Radar antennas, Ultra wideband radar, blind source separation, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, human cardio-pulmonary activity, monitoring motion, multichannel UWB-radar, physiological signatures, time-domain analysis},
	pages = {382--385}
}

@article{spincemaille_z_2011,
	title = {Z intensity-weighted position self-respiratory gating method for free-breathing 3D cardiac {CINE} imaging},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1873-5894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mri.2011.02.011},
	abstract = {A free-breathing 3D cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) technique was developed using the z intensity-weighted position (ZIP) which is the center of mass of a projection along the slice direction as a respiratory gating signal. The ZIP signal was continuously acquired using a slice encoded k-space center sampling in every TR. The performance of this gating method was compared with a method using the k-space center signal (KC) and with conventional 2D breath-hold cine SSFP in healthy subjects by measuring image quality and left ventricular function. The preliminary data obtained here demonstrated that the ZIP gating method provided superior respiratory motion artifact suppression when compared to the KC gating and provided left ventricular ejection fractions, and end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes similar to those obtained with the breath-hold 2D cine SSFP acquisition.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance imaging},
	author = {Spincemaille, Pascal and Liu, Jing and Nguyen, Thanh and Prince, Martin R and Wang, Yi},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21524873},
	keywords = {Adult, Artifacts, Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques, Heart rate, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Phantoms, Imaging, Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques},
	pages = {861--868}
}

@article{jung_parallel_2008,
	title = {Parallel {MRI} with extended and averaged {GRAPPA} kernels ({PEAK}-{GRAPPA}): {Optimized} spatiotemporal dynamic imaging},
	volume = {28},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {Parallel {MRI} with extended and averaged {GRAPPA} kernels ({PEAK}-{GRAPPA})},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.21561/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.21561},
	abstract = {PurposeTo evaluate an optimized k-t-space related reconstruction method for dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a method called PEAK-GRAPPA (Parallel MRI with Extended and Averaged GRAPPA Kernels) is presented which is based on an extended spatiotemporal GRAPPA kernel in combination with temporal averaging of coil weights.Materials and MethodsThe PEAK-GRAPPA kernel consists of a uniform geometry with several spatial and temporal source points from acquired k-space lines and several target points from missing k-space lines. In order to improve the quality of coil weight estimation sets of coil weights are averaged over the temporal dimension.ResultsThe kernel geometry leads to strongly decreased reconstruction times compared to the recently introduced k-t-GRAPPA using different kernel geometries with only one target point per kernel to fit. Improved results were obtained in terms of the root mean square error and the signal-to-noise ratio as demonstrated by in vivo cardiac imaging.ConclusionUsing a uniform kernel geometry for weight estimation with the properties of uncorrelated noise of different acquired timeframes, optimized results were achieved in terms of error level, signal-to-noise ratio, and reconstruction time. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1226–1232. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-07-17},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Jung, Bernd and Ullmann, Peter and Honal, Matthias and Bauer, Simon and Hennig, Jürgen and Markl, Michael},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {GRAPPA, dynamic imaging, parallel MRI},
	pages = {1226--1232}
}

@article{cindea_reconstruction_2010,
	title = {Reconstruction from free-breathing cardiac {MRI} data using reproducing kernel {Hilbert} spaces},
	volume = {63},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.22170/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22170},
	abstract = {This paper describes a rigorous framework for reconstructing MR images of the heart, acquired continuously over the cardiac and respiratory cycle. The framework generalizes existing techniques, commonly referred to as retrospective gating, and is based on the properties of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. The reconstruction problem is formulated as a moment problem in a multidimensional reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (a two-dimensional space for cardiac and respiratory resolved imaging). Several reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces were tested and compared, including those corresponding to commonly used interpolation techniques (sinc-based and splines kernels) and a more specific kernel allowed by the framework (based on a first-order Sobolev RKHS). The Sobolev reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces was shown to allow improved reconstructions in both simulated and real data from healthy volunteers, acquired in free breathing. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-12-06},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Cîndea, Nicolae and Odille, Freddy and Bosser, Gilles and Felblinger, Jacques and Vuissoz, Pierre-André},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {MR, RKHS, cardiac-respiratory interaction, free breathing, retrospective gating},
	pages = {59--67}
}

@article{barker_quantification_2009,
	title = {Quantification of {Hemodynamic} {Wall} {Shear} {Stress} in {Patients} with {Bicuspid} {Aortic} {Valve} {Using} {Phase}-{Contrast} {MRI}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0090-6964, 1573-9686},
	url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10439-009-9854-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s10439-009-9854-3},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-01-08},
	journal = {Annals of Biomedical Engineering},
	author = {Barker, Alex J. and Lanning, Craig and Shandas, Robin},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {788--800},
	file = {Quantification of Hemodynamic Wall Shear Stress in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve Using Phase-Contrast MRI - Springer:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/BE388VIR/10.html:text/html}
}

@article{feinberg_hybrid_2010,
	title = {Hybrid ultrasound {MRI} for improved cardiac imaging and real-time respiration control},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025068},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22250},
	abstract = {A hybridized dual-imaging system combining real-time ultrasound imaging and MRI was utilized for cardiac imaging at 1.5 T and 3 T. The ultrasound scanner with a programmable software interface was connected via computer to the MRI scanner. Electronic noise was eliminated with electromagnetic shielding and grounding to the screen room. At 3 T, real-time prospective motion compensation in dynamic cine cardiac imaging was implemented using B-mode ultrasound imaging. The ultrasound technique avoided drawbacks such as signal saturation or steady-state interruption of the MR navigator gating. At 1.5 T, a low-latency real-time feedback to balanced steady state free precision MR imaging was performed in three normal volunteers. Results showed active tracking of the heart during respiratory motion and improvement in time-averaged cardiovascular images. Future studies can fully exploit the potential of the high-frequency position information provided by the ultrasound system for more advanced applications in real-time organ tracking.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-02-07},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Feinberg, David A and Giese, Daniel and Bongers, D Andre and Ramanna, Sudhir and Zaitsev, Maxim and Markl, Michael and Günther, Matthias},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20025068},
	keywords = {Computer Systems, Echocardiography, Equipment Design, Equipment Failure Analysis, Heart, Humans, Image Enhancement, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Respiratory Mechanics, Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques, Sensitivity and Specificity, Systems Integration, Ultrasonography},
	pages = {290--296}
}

@article{muellerleile_velocity_2012,
	title = {Velocity encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance to assess left atrial appendage emptying},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/14/1/39/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-14-39},
	abstract = {The presence of impaired left atrial appendage (LAA) function identifies patients who are prone to thrombus formation in the LAA and therefore being at high risk for subsequent cardioembolic stroke. LAA function is typically assessed by measurements of LAA emptying velocities using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in clinical routine. This study aimed at evaluating the feasibility of assessing LAA emptying by velocity encoded (VENC) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR).},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-06-22},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Muellerleile, Kai and Sultan, Arian and Groth, Michael and Steven, Daniel and Hoffmann, Boris and Adam, Gerhard and Lund, Gunnar and Rostock, Thomas and Willems, Stephan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {39}
}

@article{han_evaluation_2011,
	title = {Evaluation of the keyhole technique applied to the proton resonance frequency method for magnetic resonance temperature imaging},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/jmri.22708/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22708},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-10-28},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Han, YongHee and Mun, ChiWoong},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {MR temperature image, keyhole method, magnetic resonance image (MRI), phase difference imaging, proton resonance frequency (PRF)},
	pages = {1231--1239}
}

@article{hennig_echoeshow_1991,
	title = {Echoes—how to generate, recognize, use or avoid them in {MR}‐imaging sequences. {Part} {I}: {Fundamental} and not so fundamental properties of spin echoes},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1099-0534},
	shorttitle = {Echoes—how to generate, recognize, use or avoid them in {MR}‐imaging sequences. {Part} {I}},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cmr.1820030302/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/cmr.1820030302},
	abstract = {Spin echoes have been known since 1950. Although their formal description by use of the Bloch equations is straightforward, it does not lead to an intuitive understanding of their behavior except for the special cases of 180° or 90° pulses, especially when many pulses are applied before the magnetization has returned into thermal equilibrium. The extended-phasegraph algorithm, which takes into account that the total magnetization in spin-echo sequences is a superposition of many isochromats, allows the recognition of all possible echo signals in arbitrary pulse sequences. Its application to multi-echo sequences leads to a number of surprising results. It can be demonstrated that refocusing pulses with flip angles much lower than 180° generate an unexpectedly high signal intensity after a few echo periods. Apart from leading to a simple algorithm for the exact calculation of echo intensities in arbitrary multi-pulse sequences, the phase-graph algorithm leads to a simple understanding of the contrast behavior of different gradient echo sequences and gives a rational means for the design of MR-imaging sequences that are free from spurious echoes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-11-14},
	journal = {Concepts in Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Hennig, Jürgen},
	month = jul,
	year = {1991},
	pages = {125--143}
}

@article{ruff_magnetic_1998,
	title = {Magnetic resonance microimaging for noninvasive quantification of myocardial function and mass in the mouse},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	abstract = {The purpose of this work was to develop high-resolution cardiac magnetic resonance imaging techniques for the in vivo mouse model for quantification of myocardial function and mass. Eight male mice were investigated on a 7-Tesla MRI scanner. High-quality images in multiple short axis slices (in-plane resolution 117 microm2, slice thickness 1 mm) were acquired with an ECG-gated cine sequence. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and mass were calculated from segmented slice volumes. There was precise agreement of left ventricular mass determined ex vivo and by MRI. Intraobserver (5\%) and interobserver (5\%) variability of in vivo MR measurements were low.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Ruff, J and Wiesmann, F and Hiller, K H and Voll, S and von Kienlin, M and Bauer, W R and Rommel, E and Neubauer, S and Haase, A},
	month = jul,
	year = {1998},
	pmid = {9660551},
	keywords = {Animals, Diastole, Heart Ventricles, Image Enhancement, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Models, Anatomic, Observer Variation, Phantoms, Imaging, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Systole, Ventricular Function, Left, Ventricular Function, Right},
	pages = {43--48}
}

@article{stenger_threedimensional_2000,
	title = {Three‐dimensional tailored {RF} pulses for the reduction of susceptibility artifacts in {T}*2‐weighted functional {MRI}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/1522-2594(200010)44:4<525::AID-MRM5>3.0.CO;2-L/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/1522-2594(200010)44:4<525::AID-MRM5>3.0.CO;2-L},
	abstract = {A three-dimensional tailored RF pulse method for reducing intravoxel dephasing artifacts in T *2-weighted functional MRI is presented. A stack of spirals k-space trajectory is employed to excite a disk of magnetization for small tip angles. Smaller disks with a linear through-plane phase are inserted into the disk to locally refocus regions which are normally dephased due to susceptibility variations. Numerical simulations and imaging experiments which use the tailored RF pulses are presented. Limitations of the method and improvements are also discussed. Magn Reson Med 44:525–531, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-10-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Stenger, V. Andrew and Boada, Fernando E and Noll, Douglas C},
	month = oct,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {functional MRI, small tip angle approximation, susceptibility artifacts, tailored RF pulses},
	pages = {525--531}
}

@article{clarke_measurement_1995,
	title = {Measurement of {Absolute} {Epicardial} {Coronary} {Artery} {Flow} and {Flow} {Reserve} {With} {Breath}-{Hold} {Cine} {Phase}-{Contrast} {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Imaging}},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/91/10/2627},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.91.10.2627},
	abstract = {Background Noninvasive measurement of absolute coronary arterial flow and coronary flow reserve would be of considerable use in the diagnosis and management of patients with coronary artery disease. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to measure flow in a variety of vessels. The goal of the present study was to determine if MRI measurements of coronary artery flow in a single breath-hold can be used to determine flow reserve and the severity of pericardial stenosis.
Methods and Results In eight mongrel dogs, a closed chest model of partial left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion was created. Coronary flows in the left circumflex artery (LCx) and LAD were measured at rest and during adenosine infusion using velocity-encoded, breath-hold MRI and perivascular ultrasound (US) flowmeters. MRI measurements of absolute coronary flow and coronary flow reserve were highly correlated with US (r=.96 and .94, respectively). Flow reserve measured in the constricted LAD was significantly lower than that in the unconstricted LCx by both US (P=.002) and MRI (P=.011).
Conclusions MRI measurements of coronary flow and flow reserve were in good agreement with US measurements. In addition, MRI measurements of coronary flow reserve successfully discriminated stenotic from normal vessels. These results indicate that MRI is a useful method for the noninvasive assessment of coronary flow and stenosis.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2012-12-13},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Clarke, Geoffrey D. and Eckels, Robin and Chaney, Curtis and Smith, Dorothy and Dittrich, Jason and Hundley, W. Gregory and NessAiver, Moriel and Li, Hong Fang and Parkey, Robert W. and Peshock, Ronald M.},
	month = may,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging, adenosine, blood flow},
	pages = {2627--2634}
}

@article{kuecherer_evaluation_2000,
	title = {Evaluation of {Aortic} {Compliance} in {Humans}},
	volume = {278},
	issn = {0363-6135, 1522-1539},
	url = {http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/278/5/H1411},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-06-19},
	journal = {American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology},
	author = {Kuecherer, Helmut F. and Just, Armin and Kirchheim, Hartmut},
	month = may,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {H1411--H1413}
}

@article{lavdas_stripline_2011,
	title = {Stripline resonator and preamplifier for preclinical magnetic resonance imaging at 4.7 {T}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0968-5243},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-011-0273-8},
	abstract = {OBJECT: To design and evaluate a fully shielded, λ/4 stripline resonator as a receive-only surface coil for preclinical MRI at 4.7 T.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 20 mm diameter stripline surface coil was fabricated from double-sided Duroid 5880 PCB material and was directly coupled to the input of a MOSFET preamplifier, without requiring a matching network. The new coil was compared with a conventional 20 mm, wire loop, receive-only surface coil in imaging experiments with a separate transmit-only saddle coil.
RESULTS: The stripline surface coil exhibits a loaded Q-factor of 132 at 200 MHz, compared to 138 for a conventional wire loop coil and its resonant frequency drops by 0.2 MHz under loading, rather than 0.5 MHz for the wire loop. The stripline coil displays a more symmetrical B1 map compared to the wire loop, but the SNR falls off more rapidly with depth so it is 30\% poorer 8 mm from the coil plane. It should be possible, however, to reduce this difference by using a thicker dielectric in future versions of the stripline coil.
CONCLUSION: Compared to a conventional surface coil, the stripline coil is easy to manufacture, requires shorter set-up times and shows reduced dielectric interaction with conductive samples.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Magma (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Lavdas, Ioannis and Seton, Hugh C and Harrington, Charles R and Wischik, Claude M},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21814757},
	keywords = {Amplifiers, Electronic, Electric Impedance, Equipment Design, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, signal-to-noise ratio},
	pages = {331--337}
}

@article{damadian_tumor_1971,
	title = {Tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance},
	volume = {171},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5544870},
	abstract = {Spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance measurements may be used as a method for discriminating between malignant tumors and normal tissue. Measurements of spin-lattice (T(1)) and spin-spin (T(2)) magnetic relaxation times were made in six normal tissues in the rat (muscle, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, and liver) and in two malignant solid tumors, Walker sarcoma and Novikoff hepatoma. Relaxation times for the two malignant tumors were distinctly outside the range of values for the normal tissues studied, an indication that the malignant tissues were characterized by an increase in the motional freedom of tissue water molecules. The possibility of using magnetic relaxation methods for rapid discrimination between benign and malignant surgical specimens has also been considered. Spin-lattice relaxation times for two benign fibroadenomas were distinct from those for both malignant tissues and were the same as those of muscle.},
	number = {976},
	urldate = {2011-03-08},
	journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Damadian, R},
	month = mar,
	year = {1971},
	pmid = {5544870},
	keywords = {Adenofibroma, Animals, Brain, Carcinoma 256, Walker},
	pages = {1151--1153}
}

@article{hofman_vivo_1995,
	title = {In vivo validation of magnetic resonance blood volume flow measurements with limited spatial resolution in small vessels},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	abstract = {The accuracy of magnetic resonance phase contrast volume flow measurements in small blood vessels is expected to be smaller than in large vessels, because of partial volume effects at the vessel boundary. Accuracy was validated in the dog femoral artery, diameter 3.5 +/- 0.7 mm, using an ultrasonic transit-time flowmeter (TT). The number of pixels per vessel diameter (ND) ranged from 1.6 to 4.8. The vessel cross-section was determined using a threshold in the magnitude image. Between the two methods the correlation coefficient was 0.95 (range 10-200 ml/min). The proportional difference (PD), (QTT-QMR)/1/2(QTT+QMR), was 0.8\%, showing no systematic difference between the methods. The PDs standard deviation was 27\%, and 19\% for flow rates above 30 ml/min. Only a significant decrease of the PDs variance was found at the highest ND values, suggesting other sources of error than partial volume effects. It is concluded that with an ND value of about 3, accurate blood volume flow rates can be determined.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Hofman, M B and Visser, F C and van Rossum, A C and Vink, Q M and Sprenger, M and Westerhof, N},
	month = jun,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7651113},
	keywords = {Animals, Blood Flow Velocity, Blood Volume, Dogs, Femoral Artery, Hemorheology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Rheology},
	pages = {778--784}
}

@article{taviani_accuracy_2010,
	title = {Accuracy and repeatability of fourier velocity encoded {M}-mode and two-dimensional cine phase contrast for pulse wave velocity measurement in the descending aorta},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22143},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

To assess the accuracy and repeatability of Fourier velocity encoded (FVE) M-mode and two-dimensional (2D) phase contrast with through-plane velocity encoding (2D-PC) for pulse wave velocity (PWV) evaluation in the descending aorta using five different analysis techniques.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Accuracy experiments were conducted on a tubular human-tissue-mimicking phantom integrated into a flow simulator. The theoretical PWV value was derived from the Moens-Korteweg equation after measurement of the tube elastic modulus by uniaxial tensile testing (PWV = 6.6 +/- 0.7 m/s). Repeatability was assessed on 20 healthy volunteers undergoing three consecutive MR examinations.

RESULTS

FVE M-mode PWV was more repeatable than 2D-PC PWV independently of the analysis technique used. The early systolic fit (ESF) method, followed by the maximum of the first derivative (1st der.) method, was the most accurate (PWV = 6.8 +/- 0.4 m/s and PWV = 7.0 +/- 0.6 m/s, respectively) and repeatable (inter-scan within-subject variation delta = 0.096 and delta = 0.107, respectively) for FVE M-mode. For 2D-PC, the 1st der. method performed best in terms of accuracy (PWV = 6.8 +/- 1.1 m/s), whereas the ESF algorithm was the most repeatable (delta = 0.386).

CONCLUSION

FVE M-mode allows rapid, accurate and repeatable central PWV evaluation when the ESF algorithm is used. 2D-PC requires long scan times and can provide accurate although much less repeatable PWV measurements when the 1st der. method is used.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Taviani, Valentina and Patterson, Andrew J and Graves, Martin J and Hardy, Christopher J and Worters, Pauline and Sutcliffe, Michael P F and Gillard, Jonathan H},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20432355},
	keywords = {Adult, Aorta, Thoracic, Blood Flow Velocity, Contrast Media, Female, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, Perfusion Imaging, Pulsatile Flow, Reproducibility of Results, Rheology, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {1185--1194}
}

@inproceedings{meyer_snr-enhanced_2013,
	address = {Toulouse, France},
	title = {{SNR}-enhanced cardiac cine {MRI} in small animals using motion correction},
	url = {http://www.esmrmb.org/html/img/pool/ESMRMB_2013_MeetingGuide_web.pdf},
	urldate = {2014-08-08},
	booktitle = {{ESMRMB}},
	author = {Meyer, Christophe and Nicol, Lionel and Odille, Freddy and Thuillez, Christian and Felblinger, Jacques and Vuissoz, Pierre-André},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {p. 35}
}

@article{weissler_systolic_1968,
	title = {Systolic {Time} {Intervals} in {Heart} {Failure} in {Man}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/37/2/149},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.37.2.149},
	abstract = {The duration of the systolic time intervals in nondigitalized patients with heart failure was determined from simultaneous fast speed recordings of the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, and carotid arterial pulsation. These were compared with the systolic time intervals corrected for heart rate and sex in 211 normal subjects. The failing left ventricle is characterized by a prolongation in the systolic pre-ejection period and a diminution in the left ventricular ejection time while total electromechanical systole remains relatively unaltered. Both components of the pre-ejection period, the Q-1 interval and the isovolumic contraction time, were prolonged. These alterations in the phases of systole occur in the absence of a measurable change in ventricular depolarization time. The prolongation in the pre-ejection period is well correlated with the reduced stroke volume and cardiac output in heart failure and is independently augmented by high levels of arterial pressure. The abbreviation in left ventricular ejection time is also correlated significantly with the stroke volume and cardiac output. It is postulated that a defect in the mechanical performance of the heart is responsible for the abnormal systolic time intervals in human heart failure.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-02-28},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Weissler, Arnold M. and Harris, Willard S. and Schoenfeld, Clyde D.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1968},
	keywords = {Cardiac index, Isovolumic contraction time, Left ventricular failure, Peripheral resistance, Phonocardiogram, Stroke Volume, Systolic ejection period, electrocardiogram},
	pages = {149--159}
}

@article{yang_three-dimensional_1998,
	title = {Three-dimensional coronary {MR} angiography using zonal echo planar imaging},
	volume = {39},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910390521/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910390521},
	abstract = {Using an adapted two-dimensional spatially selective RF excitation scheme, a novel yet practical three-dimensional (3D) zonal echo-planar imaging technique for MR coronary angiography has been developed. The robustness of the technique compared with the two-dimensional (2D) segmented fast low angle shot (FLASH) method was evaluated using the right coronary artery images of 16 asymptomatic volunteers with a 0.5-T mobile scanner. Each 3D acquisition required multiple breath-holds, and real-time navigator echoes were used to ensure consistent breath-holding. Advantages of the technique include an improved signal-to-noise ratio, clearer depiction of tortuous coronary vessels due to decreased partial volume effects, and reduced motion blurring by the use of a short echo-planar readout.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-01-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Yang, Guang Z. and Gatehouse, Peter D. and Keegan, Jennifer and Mohiaddin, Raad H. and Firmin, David N.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {2D spatially selective excitation, 3D coronary angiography, Echo-Planar Imaging, navigator echo},
	pages = {833--842}
}

@article{pellerin_tissue_2003,
	title = {Tissue {Doppler}, strain, and strain rate echocardiography for the assessment of left and right systolic ventricular function},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {1355-6037},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876304/},
	doi = {10.1136/heart.89.suppl_3.iii9},
	abstract = {Tissue Doppler (TDE), strain, and strain rate echocardiography are emerging real time ultrasound techniques that provide a measure of wall motion. They offer an objective means to quantify global and regional left and right ventricular function and to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of conventional echocardiography studies. Radial and longitudinal ventricular function can be assessed by the analysis of myocardial wall velocity and displacement indices, or by the analysis of wall deformation using the rate of deformation of a myocardial segment (strain rate) and its deformation over time (strain). A quick and easy assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction is obtained by mitral annular velocity measurement during a routine study, especially in patients with poor endocardial definition or abnormal septal motion. Strain rate and strain are less affected by passive myocardial motion and tend to be uniform throughout the left ventricle in normal subjects. This paper reviews the underlying principles of TDE, strain, and strain rate echocardiography and discusses currently available quantification tools and clinical applications.},
	number = {Suppl 3},
	urldate = {2013-05-31},
	journal = {Heart},
	author = {Pellerin, D and Sharma, R and Elliott, P and Veyrat, C},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {14594870},
	pmcid = {PMC1876304},
	pages = {iii9--iii17}
}

@article{unterhinninghofen_mrt-basierte_2007,
	title = {{MRT}-basierte tridirektionale {Flussbildgebung}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0033-832X, 1432-2102},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/f1841382563v7657/},
	doi = {10.1007/s00117-007-1577-6},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2012-11-15},
	journal = {Der Radiologe},
	author = {Unterhinninghofen, R. and Ley, S. and Frydrychowicz, A. and Markl, M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1012--1020}
}

@article{simpson_efficient_2013,
	title = {Efficient and reproducible high resolution spiral myocardial phase velocity mapping of the entire cardiac cycle},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/15/1/34/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-15-34},
	abstract = {Three-directional phase velocity mapping (PVM) is capable of measuring longitudinal, radial and circumferential regional myocardial velocities. Current techniques use Cartesian k-space coverage and navigator-gated high spatial and high temporal resolution acquisitions are long. In addition, prospective ECG-gating means that analysis of the full cardiac cycle is not possible. The aim of this study is to develop a high temporal and high spatial resolution PVM technique using efficient spiral k-space coverage and retrospective ECG-gating. Detailed analysis of regional motion over the entire cardiac cycle, including atrial systole for the first time using MR, is presented in 10 healthy volunteers together with a comprehensive assessment of reproducibility.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-04-16},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Simpson, Robin and Keegan, Jennifer and Firmin, David},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {34}
}

@book{derbyshire_dynamic_1999,
	title = {Dynamic scan plane tracking using {MR} position monitoring},
	publisher = {Google Patents},
	author = {Derbyshire, J. A and Hinks, R. S and Wright, G. A and Henkelman, R. M},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
	note = {US Patent 5,947,900}
}

@article{galiuto_md_contraction_1998,
	title = {Contraction and {Relaxation} {Velocities} of the {Normal} {Left} {Ventricle} {Using} {Pulsed}-{Wave} {Tissue} {Doppler} {Echocardiography}},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0002-9149},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002914997009909},
	doi = {10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00990-9},
	abstract = {We designed the present study (1) to investigate the velocities of longitudinal movement of the human left ventricle by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler (PWTD) imaging; (2) to test the hypothesis that a heterogeneous pattern of longitudinal systolic and diastolic velocities exists among individual left ventricular wall segments; (3) to establish the range of this heterogeneity, and (4) to correlate the function of individual segments with the known orientation of myocardial fibers. PWTD is a novel ultrasound method to quantify myocardial contraction and relaxation velocities. In 27 young normal subjects, PWTD peak values of longitudinal systolic and diastolic velocities were measured for 12 left ventricular segments visualized from the apical window. The PWTD sampling of each myocardial segment resulted in a triphasic velocity curve during each cardiac cycle: a systolic velocity wave (S) directed toward the transducer, and an early diastolic (E) and a late diastolic (A) velocity wave away from the transducer. A heterogeneous pattern of systolic and diastolic myocardial velocities was observed between individual wall segments as well as for the basal and midsegments of each myocardial wall. The difference between the highest and lowest values for S was 38.4\% in the basal segments and 56.3\% in the midwall segments. The difference between low and high velocities for E was 61.4\% in the basal and 38.2\% in the midsegments; for A the difference was 29.5\% in the basal and 32.6\% in the midsegments. In general, lower velocity values were found in the septum with higher basal to midwall difference. The lateral and posterior walls had higher, but more uniform, velocities. PWTD enables the quantitative assessment of regional systolic and diastolic myocardial velocities. Substantial heterogeneity of velocities exists within individual myocardial segments, and must be taken into account in any clinical application. The observed heterogeneity in longitudinal function is consistent with the known spatial distribution of myocardial fibers.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-05-03},
	journal = {The American Journal of Cardiology},
	author = {Galiuto MD, Leonarda and Ignone MD, Gianfranco and DeMaria MD, Anthony N},
	month = mar,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {609--614}
}

@article{uecker_image_2008,
	title = {Image reconstruction by regularized nonlinear inversion—{Joint} estimation of coil sensitivities and image content},
	volume = {60},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21691/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21691},
	abstract = {The use of parallel imaging for scan time reduction in MRI faces problems with image degradation when using GRAPPA or SENSE for high acceleration factors. Although an inherent loss of SNR in parallel MRI is inevitable due to the reduced measurement time, the sensitivity to image artifacts that result from severe undersampling can be ameliorated by alternative reconstruction methods. While the introduction of GRAPPA and SENSE extended MRI reconstructions from a simple unitary transformation (Fourier transform) to the inversion of an ill-conditioned linear system, the next logical step is the use of a nonlinear inversion. Here, a respective algorithm based on a Newton-type method with appropriate regularization terms is demonstrated to improve the performance of autocalibrating parallel MRI—mainly due to a better estimation of the coil sensitivity profiles. The approach yields images with considerably reduced artifacts for high acceleration factors and/or a low number of reference lines. Magn Reson Med, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-01-18},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Uecker, Martin and Hohage, Thorsten and Block, Kai Tobias and Frahm, Jens},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {inverse problems, iterative reconstruction, nonlinear inversion, parallel imaging},
	pages = {674--682}
}

@article{hennig_regional_1998-1,
	title = {Regional myocardial function with tissue phase mapping},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1352-8661, 1352-8661},
	url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02660939?LI=true},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02660939},
	number = {2-3},
	urldate = {2013-02-04},
	journal = {Magma: Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology, and Medicine},
	author = {Hennig, Jürgen and Markl, M. and Schneider, B. and Peschl, S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {145--146}
}

@article{zhao_quantification_2009,
	title = {Quantification of aortic compliance in mice using radial phase contrast {MRI}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/jmri.21846/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.21846},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-12-05},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Zhao, Xuandong and Pratt, Ron and Wansapura, Janaka},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Animals, Aorta, Thoracic, Apolipoproteins E, Blood Flow Velocity, Feasibility Studies, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Mice, Phantoms, Imaging, Shear Strength, aortic compliance, pulse wave velocity, radial acquisition, wall shear stress},
	pages = {286--291}
}

@article{codella_improved_2012,
	title = {Improved {Left} {Ventricular} {Mass} {Quantification} {With} {Partial} {Voxel} {Interpolation} {In} {Vivo} and {Necropsy} {Validation} of a {Novel} {Cardiac} {MRI} {Segmentation} {Algorithm}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1941-9651, 1942-0080},
	url = {http://circimaging.ahajournals.org/content/5/1/137},
	doi = {10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.111.966754},
	abstract = {Background—Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) typically quantifies LV mass (LVM) by means of manual planimetry (MP), but this approach is time-consuming and does not account for partial voxel components— myocardium admixed with blood in a single voxel. Automated segmentation (AS) can account for partial voxels, but this has not been used for LVM quantification. This study used automated CMR segmentation to test the influence of partial voxels on quantification of LVM.
Methods and Results—LVM was quantified by AS and MP in 126 consecutive patients and 10 laboratory animals undergoing CMR. AS yielded both partial voxel (ASPV) and full voxel (ASFV) measurements. Methods were independently compared with LVM quantified on echocardiography (echo) and an ex vivo standard of LVM at necropsy. AS quantified LVM in all patients, yielding a 12-fold decrease in processing time versus MP (0:21±0:04 versus 4:18±1:02 minutes; P{\textless}0.001). ASFV mass (136±35 g) was slightly lower than MP (139±35; Δ=3±9 g, P{\textless}0.001). Both methods yielded similar proportions of patients with LV remodeling (P=0.73) and hypertrophy (P=1.00). Regarding partial voxel segmentation, ASPV yielded higher LVM (159±38 g) than MP (Δ=20±10 g) and ASFV (Δ=23±6 g, both P{\textless}0.001), corresponding to relative increases of 14\% and 17\%. In multivariable analysis, magnitude of difference between ASPV and ASFV correlated with larger voxel size (partial r=0.37, P{\textless}0.001) even after controlling for LV chamber volume (r=0.28, P=0.002) and total LVM (r=0.19, P=0.03). Among patients, ASPV yielded better agreement with echo (Δ=20±25 g) than did ASFV (Δ=43±24 g) or MP (Δ=40±22 g, both P{\textless}0.001). Among laboratory animals, ASPV and ex vivo results were similar (Δ=1±3 g, P=0.3), whereas ASFV (6±3 g, P{\textless}0.001) and MP (4±5 g, P=0.02) yielded small but significant differences with LVM at necropsy.
Conclusions—Automated segmentation of myocardial partial voxels yields a 14–17\% increase in LVM versus full voxel segmentation, with increased differences correlated with lower spatial resolution. Partial voxel segmentation yields improved CMR agreement with echo and necropsy-verified LVM.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging},
	author = {Codella, Noel C. F. and Lee, Hae Yeoun and Fieno, David S. and Chen, Debbie W. and Hurtado-Rua, Sandra and Kochar, Minisha and Finn, John Paul and Judd, Robert and Goyal, Parag and Schenendorf, Jesse and Cham, Matthew D. and Devereux, Richard B. and Prince, Martin and Wang, Yi and Weinsaft, Jonathan W.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22104165},
	keywords = {Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, Echocardiography, left ventricular mass},
	pages = {137--146}
}

@article{ferrigno_cardiac_1986,
	title = {Cardiac performance in humans during breath holding},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {8750-7587},
	abstract = {The effects on cardiac performance of high and low intrathoracic pressures induced by breath holding at large and small lung volumes have been investigated. Cardiac index and systolic time intervals were recorded from six resting subjects with impedance cardiography in both the nonimmersed and immersed condition. A thermoneutral environment (air 28 degrees C, water 35 degrees C) was used to eliminate the cold-induced circulatory component of the diving response. Cardiac performance was enhanced during immersion compared with nonimmersion, whereas it was depressed by breath holding at large lung volume. The depressed performance was apparent from the decrease in cardiac index (24.1\% in the immersed and 20.9\% in the nonimmersed condition) and from changes in systolic time intervals, e.g., shortening of left ventricular ejection time coupled with lengthening of preejection period. In the absence of the cold water component of the diving response, breath holding at the large lung volume used by breath-hold divers tends to reduce cardiac performance presumably by impeding venous return.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)},
	author = {Ferrigno, M and Hickey, D D and Linér, M H and Lundgren, C E},
	month = jun,
	year = {1986},
	pmid = {3722057},
	keywords = {Adult, Cardiac Output, Diving, Esophagus, Functional Residual Capacity, Heart, Humans, Immersion, Lung Volume Measurements, Male, Pressure, Respiration, Stroke Volume, Time Factors},
	pages = {1871--1877}
}

@article{filipovic_motion_2011,
	title = {Motion compensated generalized reconstruction for free-breathing dynamic contrast-enhanced {MRI}},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20882640},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22644},
	abstract = {The analysis of abdominal and thoracic dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI is often impaired by artifacts and misregistration caused by physiological motion. Breath-hold is too short to cover long acquisitions. A novel multipurpose reconstruction technique, entitled dynamic contrast-enhanced generalized reconstruction by inversion of coupled systems, is presented. It performs respiratory motion compensation in terms of both motion artefact correction and registration. It comprises motion modeling and contrast-change modeling. The method feeds on physiological signals and x-f space properties of dynamic series to invert a coupled system of linear equations. The unknowns solved for represent the parameters for a linear nonrigid motion model and the parameters for a linear contrast-change model based on B-splines. Performance is demonstrated on myocardial perfusion imaging, on six simulated data sets and six clinical exams. The main purpose consists in removing motion-induced errors from time-intensity curves, thus improving curve analysis and postprocessing in general. This method alleviates postprocessing difficulties in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and opens new possibilities for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI analysis.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-06-07},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Filipovic, M and Vuissoz, P-A and Codreanu, A and Claudon, M and Felblinger, J},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20882640},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Contrast Media, Heart, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Meglumine, Motion, Myocardial Perfusion Imaging, Organometallic Compounds, Reproducibility of Results, Respiratory Mechanics, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {812--822}
}

@article{dold_prospective_2005,
	title = {Prospective head motion compensation for {MRI} by updating the gradients and radio frequency during data acquisition},
	volume = {8},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16685881},
	abstract = {Subject motion appears to be a limiting factor in numerous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. For head imaging the subject's ability to maintain the same head position for a considerable period of time places restrictions on the total acquisition time. For healthy individuals this time typically does not exceed 10 minutes and may be considerably reduced in case of pathology. In particular, head tremor, which often accompanies stroke, may render certain high-resolution 2D and 3D techniques inapplicable. Several navigator techniques have been proposed to circumvent the subject motion problem. The most suitable for head imaging appears to be the orbital or spherical navigator methods. Navigators, however, not only lengthen the measurement because of the time required for acquisition of the position information, but also require additional excitation radio frequency (RF) pulses to be incorporated into the sequence timing, which disturbs the steady state. Here we demonstrate the possibility of interfacing the MR scanner with an external optical motion tracking system, capable of determining the object's position with sub-millimeter accuracy and an update rate of 60Hz. The movement information on the object position (head) is used to compensate the motion in real time. This is done by updating the field of view (FOV) by recalculating the gradients and the RF-parameter of the MRI tomograph during the acquisition of k-space data based on the tracking data. Results of rotation phantom, in vivo experiments and the implementation in two different MRI sequences are presented.},
	number = {Pt 1},
	urldate = {2011-02-07},
	journal = {Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention: MICCAI ... International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention},
	author = {Dold, Christian and Zaitsev, Maxim and Speck, Oliver and Firle, Evelyn A and Hennig, Jürgen and Sakas, Georgios},
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16685881},
	keywords = {Artifacts, Brain, Head Movements, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Radio Waves, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {482--489}
}

@inproceedings{oster_specific_2009,
	title = {A specific {QRS} detector for electrocardiography during {MRI}: {Using} wavelets and local regularity characterization},
	shorttitle = {A specific {QRS} detector for electrocardiography during {MRI}},
	doi = {10.1109/ICASSP.2009.4959590},
	abstract = {Automatic electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis, especially QRS detection, is still a challenging task. This is even more the case when ECG is acquired during magnetic resonance (MR) examination. The MR environment highly distorts ECG, with Hall effect, due to the important static magnetic field, and artifacts, caused by fast switching magnetic field gradients. Detection of QRS complexes is then affected. In this paper, a new specific MR QRS detector is presented. This method is based on the modulus maximum lines and on the Lipschitz exponent estimation they offer. The use of this regularity characterization enables to distinguish between QRS complexes and MR artifacts. This detector outperforms existing algorithms with almost 99\% sensitivity and positive prediction value.},
	booktitle = {{IEEE} {International} {Conference} on {Acoustics}, {Speech} and {Signal} {Processing}, 2009. {ICASSP} 2009},
	author = {Oster, J. and Pietquin, O. and Abacherli, R. and Kraemer, M. and Felblinger, J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Detectors, Electrocardiography, Hall effect, Lipschitz exponent estimation, MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetic analysis, Magnetic fields, Magnetic switching, Signal processing algorithms, Wavelet, automatic electrocardiogram analysis, biomedical MRI, local regularity characterization, magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance examination, medical image processing, wavelet transforms, wavelets regularity characterization},
	pages = {341--344}
}

@article{kawaji_threedimensional_2011,
	title = {Three‐dimensional flow‐independent balanced steady‐state free precession vessel wall {MRI} of the popliteal artery: {Preliminary} experience and comparison with flow‐dependent black‐blood techniques},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {Three‐dimensional flow‐independent balanced steady‐state free precession vessel wall {MRI} of the popliteal artery},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.22663/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22663},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Kawaji, Keigo and Nguyen, Thanh D and Zou, Zhitong and Reig, Beatriu and Winchester, Priscilla A and Shih, Andrew and Spincemaille, Pascal and Prince, Martin R and Wang, Yi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {T2 prepared inversion recovery, black blood, flow independent, motion‐sensitizing magnetization preparation, popliteal artery, vessel wall imaging},
	pages = {696--701}
}

@article{bland_agreed_2012,
	title = {Agreed statistics: measurement method comparison},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {1528-1175},
	shorttitle = {Agreed statistics},
	doi = {10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823d7784},
	abstract = {Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement. By J. Martin Bland, Douglas G. Altman. Lancet 1986; 1(8476):307-10. Abstract reprinted with permission of Elsevier, copyright 1986. In clinical measurement comparison of a new measurement technique with an established one is often needed to see whether they agree sufficiently for the new to replace the old. Such investigations are often analyzed inappropriately, notably by using correlation coefficients. The use of correlation is misleading. An alternative approach, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, is described, together with the relation between this analysis and the assessment of repeatability.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Anesthesiology},
	author = {Bland, J Martin and Altman, Douglas G},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22129533},
	keywords = {Biometry, Data Interpretation, Statistical, History, 20th Century, Observer Variation, Publications, Reproducibility of Results, Research Design},
	pages = {182--185}
}

@article{bauer_effect_2011,
	title = {The effect of reconstruction and acquisition parameters for {GRAPPA}-based parallel imaging on the image quality},
	volume = {66},
	copyright = {Copyright \&\© 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.22803/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22803},
	abstract = {Parallel imaging based on generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions is widely used in the clinical routine. To date, no detailed analysis has been presented describing the dependence of the image quality on the reconstruction and acquisition parameters such as the number of autocalibration signal (ACS) lines NACS, the reconstruction kernel size (bx × by), and the undersampling factor R. To evaluate their influence on the performance of generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions, two phantom data sets acquired with 12-channel and 32-channel receive coils and three in vivo measurements were analyzed. Reconstruction parameters were systematically varied between R = 2–4, NACS = 4–64, bx = 1–9, and by = 2–10 to characterize their influence on image quality and noise. A main aspect of the analysis was to optimize the parameter set with respect to the effectively achieved net image acceleration. Selecting the undersampling factor R as small as possible for a given net acceleration yielded the best result in a clear majority of cases. For all data sets and coil geometries, the optimal kernel sizes and number of ACS lines were similar for a chosen undersampling factor R. In summary, the number of ACS lines should not be chosen below NACS = 10–16. A robust choice for the kernel size was bx = 9 and by = 2–4. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-07-25},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Bauer, S. and Markl, M. and Honal, M. and Jung, B. A.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {GRAPPA, image quality, noise, parallel imaging, parameter optimization},
	pages = {402--409}
}

@article{davis_coronary_1997,
	title = {Coronary flow and coronary flow reserve measurements in humans with breath-held magnetic resonance phase contrast velocity mapping},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9094075},
	abstract = {Objective evidence for coronary lesion significance can be obtained with ischemic stress testing. Since flow-limiting stenoses have already undergone compensatory vasodilatation to maintain flow, the response to vasoactive stimulation is dampened. The degree of response limitation is reflected by the coronary flow reserve (CFR). Absolute volume flow rates can be accurately and noninvasively measured with MRI techniques. The purpose was to assess the ability to measure coronary volume flow rate noninvasively, and characterize the effect of pharmacologic stress on coronary flow quantitatively by using ultrafast, breath-held segmented k-space phase-contrast-MR imaging (PC-MRI). Ten healthy volunteers were examined by using ultrafast breath-held PC-MRI. Coronary volume flow rates were measured in the anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) at rest and following intravenous administration of dipyridamole. CFR was determined based on these data. Mean LAD volume flow rates increased from 38 +/- 11 ml/min before application of dipyridamole to 169 +/- 42 ml/min. The mean CFR amounted to 5.0 +/- 2.6 (median = 4.15). This study demonstrates the feasibility of breath-held PC-MRI to noninvasively quantify coronary volume flow rates over the cardiac cycle. Pharmacologically induced changes in volume flow rate and thus CFR can be quantitated.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-10-06},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Davis, C P and Liu, P F and Hauser, M and Göhde, S C and von Schulthess, G K and Debatin, J F},
	month = apr,
	year = {1997},
	pmid = {9094075},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Flow Velocity, Coronary Vessels, Dipyridamole, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Observer Variation, Reference Values, Respiration, Vasodilation, Vasodilator Agents},
	pages = {537--544}
}

@article{brown_prospective_2010,
	title = {Prospective motion correction of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging data in children},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {1095-9572},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542120},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.017},
	abstract = {Motion artifacts pose significant problems for the acquisition and analysis of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging data. These artifacts can be particularly severe when studying pediatric populations, where greater patient movement reduces the ability to clearly view and reliably measure anatomy. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of a new prospective motion correction technique, called PROMO, as applied to making neuroanatomical measures in typically developing school-age children. This method attempts to address the problem of motion at its source by keeping the measurement coordinate system fixed with respect to the subject throughout image acquisition. The technique also performs automatic rescanning of images that were acquired during intervals of particularly severe motion. Unlike many previous techniques, this approach adjusts for both in-plane and through-plane movement, greatly reducing image artifacts without the need for additional equipment. Results show that the use of PROMO notably enhances subjective image quality, reduces errors in Freesurfer cortical surface reconstructions, and significantly improves the subcortical volumetric segmentation of brain structures. Further applications of PROMO for clinical and cognitive neuroscience are discussed.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-02-07},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	author = {Brown, Timothy T and Kuperman, Joshua M and Erhart, Matthew and White, Nathan S and Roddey, J Cooper and Shankaranarayanan, Ajit and Han, Eric T and Rettmann, Dan and Dale, Anders M},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20542120},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Brain, Child, Female, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Male, Motion, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {139--145}
}

@article{finsterbusch_segmented_2011,
	title = {Segmented 2D-selective {RF} excitations with weighted averaging and flip angle adaptation for {MR} spectroscopy of irregularly shaped voxel},
	volume = {66},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.22806/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22806},
	abstract = {A weighted averaging scheme with flip angle adaptation is presented for segmented 2D-selective RF excitations and applied to single-line segments of a blipped-planar trajectory. Segments covering the central k-space, i.e. those with significant signal contributions, are averaged more often than the (outer) segments with low RF amplitudes and minor signal contributions. For compensation, these outer segments are applied with an increased RF amplitude, i.e. a larger flip angle, such that an unaltered signal contribution is obtained in a reduced number of shots. Numerical simulations and experiments in phantoms and the human brain in vivo demonstrate that the approach considerably increases the signal efficiency, i.e. the signal accumulated per time unit, without introducing profile distortions. Its application to single-voxel MR spectroscopy of a corpus-callosum-shaped region-of-interest yielded, due to an optimum coverage of the target volume, higher signal amplitudes than conventional localization based on cross-sectional RF excitations. Thus, the approach could improve the reliability of single-voxel MR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-07-25},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Finsterbusch, Jürgen and Busch, Martin G.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {2D-selective RF excitations, flip angle adaptation, segmentation, single-voxel MR spectroscopy, weighted averaging},
	pages = {333--340}
}

@article{van_der_hulst_corrected_2011,
	title = {Corrected tetralogy of {Fallot}: comparison of tissue doppler imaging and velocity-encoded {MR} for assessment of performance and temporal activation of right ventricle},
	volume = {260},
	issn = {1527-1315},
	shorttitle = {Corrected tetralogy of {Fallot}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21460029},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.11101993},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

To compare velocity-encoded (VE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with tissue Doppler imaging to assess right ventricular (RV) peak systolic velocities and timing of velocities in patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot and healthy subjects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Local institutional review board approval was obtained; patients or their parents gave informed consent. Thirty-three patients (20 male, 13 female; median age, 12 years; interquartile range [IQR], 11-15 years; age range, 8-18 years) and 19 control subjects (12 male, seven female; median age, 14 years; IQR, 12-16 years; age range, 8-18 years) underwent VE MR imaging and tissue Doppler imaging. Peak systolic velocity and time to peak systolic velocity (percentage of cardiac cycle) were assessed at the RV free wall (RVFW) and RV outflow tract (RVOT). Data were analyzed by using linear regression, paired and unpaired tests, and Bland-Altman plots.

RESULTS

Good correlation and agreement between the two techniques were observed. For peak systolic velocity at RVFW, r = 0.95 (mean difference, -0.4 cm/sec, P {\textless} .01), and at RVOT, r = 0.95 (mean difference, -0.4 cm/sec, P = .02). For timing at RVFW, r = 0.94 (mean difference, -0.2\%, P = .44), and at RVOT, r = 0.89 (mean difference, -0.5\%, P = .01). Peak systolic velocity was reduced in patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot (at RVFW, median was 8.2 cm/sec [IQR, 6.4-9.7 cm/sec] vs 12.4 cm/sec [IQR, 10.8-13.8 cm/sec], P {\textless} .01; at RVOT, 4.7 cm/sec [IQR, 4.1-7.2 cm/sec] vs 10.2 cm/sec [IQR, 8.7-11.2 cm/sec], P {\textless} .01). The time delay between RVFW and RVOT was observed, which was significantly shorter in patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot (median, 5.9\% [IQR, 4.9\%-7.4\%] vs 8.4\% [IQR, 6.6\%-12.4\%], P {\textless} .01).

CONCLUSION

VE MR imaging and tissue Doppler imaging enable assessment of RV systolic performance and timing of velocities at the RVFW and RVOT in patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot. Both techniques can be used interchangeably to clinically assess velocities and timing of velocities of the RV.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-09-13},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {van der Hulst, Annelies E and Roest, Arno A W and Delgado, Victoria and Kroft, Lucia J M and Holman,

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib