text:
and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24663034},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000236},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Garcia Morin, M. and Gonzalez Ruiz De Leon, E. and Tolin Hernani, M. and Sanchez Sanchez, C.},
   title = {[Infliximab-induced psoriasis in an adolescent with ulcerative colitis]},
   journal = {An Pediatr (Barc)},
   volume = {80},
   number = {1},
   pages = {e18-9},
   note = {1695-9531
Garcia Morin, M
Gonzalez Ruiz De Leon, E
Tolin Hernani, M
Sanchez Sanchez, C
Case Reports
Letter
Spain
An Pediatr (Barc). 2014 Jan;80(1):e18-9. doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.02.008. Epub 2012 Apr 3.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*adverse effects
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*adverse effects
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
Drug Eruptions/*etiology
Female
Humans
Infliximab
Psoriasis/*chemically induced},
   ISSN = {1695-4033},
   Accession Number = {22475462},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.02.008},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gensollen, T. and Bourges, C. and Rihet, P. and Rostan, A. and Millet, V. and Noguchi, T. and Bourdon, V. and Sobol, H. and Dubuquoy, L. and Bertin, B. and Fumery, M. and Desreumaux, P. and Colombel, J. F. and Chamaillard, M. and Hebuterne, X. and Hofman, P. and Naquet, P. and Galland, F.},
   title = {Functional polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the VNN1 gene are associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2315-25},
   note = {1536-4844
Gensollen, Thomas
Bourges, Christophe
Rihet, Pascal
Rostan, Agathe
Millet, Virginie
Noguchi, Tetsuro
Bourdon, Violene
Sobol, Hagay
Dubuquoy, Laurent
Bertin, Benjamin
Fumery, Maturin
Desreumaux, Pierre
Colombel, Jean-Frederic
Chamaillard, Mathias
Hebuterne, Xavier
Hofman, Paul
Naquet, Philippe
Galland, Franck
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Oct;19(11):2315-25. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a32b03.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vanin-1 is an epithelial pantetheinase, which regulates intestinal inflammation in mouse. We investigated whether human VNN1 levels could be associated to the susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and explored the participation of PPARg to these processes. METHODS: We studied VNN1 expression in colon biopsies from IBD patients. We investigated polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the VNN1 gene and examined their genetic association with the disease. Functional relevance of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was assayed, and we tested PPARg in nuclear complexes associated with specific VNN1 polymorphic sequences. In mouse, we examined Vanin-1 expression in gut and feces during dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and assayed the effect of PPARg on Vanin-1 regulation. RESULTS: VNN1 is expressed by enterocytes and is upregulated in IBD. Three SNPs are statistically associated to IBD. The regions containing these SNPs specifically bind nuclear complexes and are correlated with the VNN1 transcript abundance in colon in an allele-dependent manner. One rare SNP is associated to severe ulcerative colitis with strong VNN1 and dropped PPARg levels. PPARg is involved in nuclear complexes that bound to VNN1 regulatory sites. Similarly, Vanin-1 is tightly regulated in the mouse gut in normal and colitis conditions and PPARg regulates its expression. CONCLUSIONS: VNN1 is a marker for IBD. Polymorphic positions in the VNN1 locus are direct targets for nuclear factors that might regulate the level of VNN1 in colon, and this could be linked to IBD susceptibility. It is hoped that modulating locally VNN1 expression or activity can be exploited to develop future therapeutic strategies against IBD.},
   keywords = {Amidohydrolases/*genetics/metabolism
Animals
Blotting, Western
Case-Control Studies
*Disease Susceptibility
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism/pathology
Humans
Immunoenzyme Techniques
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*genetics/pathology
Mice
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics
RNA, Messenger/genetics
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/*genetics
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Tissue Array Analysis},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {23949622},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a32b03},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gerasimidis, K. and Barclay, A. and Papangelou, A. and Missiou, D. and Buchanan, E. and Tracey, C. and Tayler, R. and Russell, R. K. and Edwards, C. A. and McGrogan, P.},
   title = {The epidemiology of anemia in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and associated factors at diagnosis and follow-up and the impact of exclusive enteral nutrition},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2411-22},
   note = {1536-4844
Gerasimidis, Konstantinos
Barclay, Andrew
Papangelou, Alexandros
Missiou, Despoina
Buchanan, Elaine
Tracey, Cardigan
Tayler, Rachel
Russell, Richard K
Edwards, Christine A
McGrogan, Paraic
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Oct;19(11):2411-22. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829ed855.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anemia is poorly studied in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. This study explored the epidemiology and associated factors of anemia at diagnosis, after 1 year, and during treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN). METHODS: Three cohorts were included: (1) a representative population of newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease children (n = 184); (2) patients currently receiving care with data available at diagnosis (n = 179) and after 1 year (n = 139); and (3) 84 children treated with EEN. RESULTS: At diagnosis, 72% were anemic. Abnormal inflammatory markers were more common in Crohn's disease with severe anemia (severe versus no anemia [%]: raised C-reactive protein; 89% versus 48%; suboptimal albumin; 97% versus 29%; P < 0.002). Anemic children with Crohn's disease had shorter diagnosis delay and lower BMI than nonanemic patients (severe versus mild versus no anemia, median [interquartile range]; diagnosis delay [months]: 3 [3.9] versus 6 [10] versus 8 [18], P < 0.001; BMI z score [SD]: -1.4 [1.4] versus -1.3 [1.5] versus -0.2 [1.4], P = 0.003). Extensive colitis was associated with severe anemia in ulcerative colitis. The proportion of severely anemic patients decreased from 34% to 9% and mild anemia doubled at 1 year. After EEN, severe anemia decreased (32% to 9%; P < 0.001) and the hemoglobin concentration increased by 0.75 g/dL. This was observed only after 8 weeks of treatment. Disease improvement and low hemoglobin at EEN initiation but not weight gain were associated with hemoglobin improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is high at diagnosis and follow-up and should receive more attention from the clinical team; however, the focus should remain suppression of inflammatory process in active disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Anemia/diagnosis/*epidemiology/therapy
Biomarkers/*analysis
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*epidemiology/therapy
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/*epidemiology/therapy
*Enteral Nutrition
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Infant
Male
Prevalence
Prognosis},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {23899546},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829ed855},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ghishan, F. K. and Kiela, P. R.},
   title = {Epithelial transport in inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1099-109},
   note = {1536-4844
Ghishan, Fayez K
Kiela, Pawel R
5R37DK033209/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R37 DK033209/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK041274/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK073638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
5R01DK041274/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Jun;20(6):1099-109. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000029.},
   abstract = {The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the most versatile tissues in the organism, responsible for providing a tight barrier between dietary and bacterial antigens and the mucosal and systemic immune system while maintaining efficient digestive and absorptive processes to ensure adequate nutrient and energy supply. Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) are associated with a breakdown of both functions, which in some cases are clearly interrelated. In this updated literature review, we focus on the effects of intestinal inflammation and the associated immune mediators on selected aspects of the transepithelial transport of macronutrients and micronutrients. The mechanisms responsible for nutritional deficiencies are not always clear and could be related to decreased intake, malabsorption, and excess losses. We summarize the known causes of nutrient deficiencies and the mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea. We also overview the consequences of impaired epithelial transport, which infrequently transcend its primary purpose to affect the gut microbial ecology and epithelial integrity. Although some of those regulatory mechanisms are relatively well established, more work needs to be done to determine how inflammatory cytokines can alter the transport process of nutrients across the gastrointestinal and renal epithelia.},
   keywords = {Biological Transport/physiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/*metabolism
Crohn Disease/complications/*metabolism
Epithelial Cells/*metabolism
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism
Malnutrition/etiology/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24691115},
   DOI = {10.1097/mib.0000000000000029},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Giraldo Escobar, L. M. and Crespo Madrid, N. and Vila Miravet, V. and Pujol Muncunill, G. and Varea Calderon, V. and Martin de Carpi, J.},
   title = {[Ulcerative colitis associated with autoimmune hepatitis: a differential form of inflammatory bowel disease?]},
   journal = {An Pediatr (Barc)},
   volume = {82},
   number = {1},
   pages = {e78-81},
   note = {1695-9531
Giraldo Escobar, L M
Crespo Madrid, N
Vila Miravet, V
Pujol Muncunill, G
Varea Calderon, V
Martin de Carpi, J
Case Reports
Journal Article
Spain
An Pediatr (Barc). 2015 Jan;82(1):e78-81. doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.11.013. Epub 2013 Dec 19.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases that can be associated with different autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Some specific and differential characteristics in children with IBD associated to AIH have been described. Our aim is to describe the clinical pattern of this association observed in our patients, confirming its differential characteristics as compared to classical IBD in children.},
   keywords = {Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/*diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
Female
Hepatitis, Autoimmune/*complications/*diagnosis
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis
Autoimmune colitis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Autoimmunity
Autoinmunidad
Colitis autoinmune
Colitis ulcerosa
Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal pediatrica
Hepatitis autoinmune
Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1695-4033},
   Accession Number = {24360855},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.11.013},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gjymishka, A. and Coman, R. M. and Brusko, T. M. and Glover, S. C.},
   title = {Influence of host immunoregulatory genes, ER stress and gut microbiota on the shared pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and Type 1 diabetes},
   journal = {Immunotherapy},
   volume = {5},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1357-66},
   note = {1750-7448
Gjymishka, Altin
Coman, Roxana M
Brusko, Todd M
Glover, Sarah C
R01 CA113975/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
R01 CA113975-A2/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Immunotherapy. 2013 Dec;5(12):1357-66. doi: 10.2217/imt.13.130.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with its two distinct entities, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) are autoimmune diseases. The prevalence of these diseases continues to rapidly rise in the industrialized world. Despite the identification of several genetic loci that are associated with both IBD and T1D, thus far, there is a paucity of epidemiological data to support a clinical overlap. In an effort to better understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of both IBD and T1D, this review summarizes the literature about these related autoimmune diseases, describes the most recent advances in their etiopathogenesis and emphasizes the genetic and nongenetic factors that exercise a differential influence. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic loci with a role in immune response regulation that are linked to both IBD (particularly Crohn's disease) and T1D. Some of these genetic loci (e.g., IL-18RAP) have a divergent role, conferring risk for one disease and protection for the other. Recent evidence highlights an important role of gut microbiota and cellular responses (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum stress) in the pathogenesis of both IBD and T1D.},
   keywords = {Animals
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics/*immunology
Digestive System/*immunology/microbiology
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/*immunology
Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
Humans
Immunity/genetics/immunology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics/*immunology
Microbiota/*immunology
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics/immunology
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {1750-743x},
   Accession Number = {24283846},
   DOI = {10.2217/imt.13.130},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Goyal, A. and Hyams, J. S. and Lerer, T. and Leleiko, N. S. and Otley, A. R. and Griffiths, A. M. and Rosh, J. R. and Cabrera, J. M. and Oliva-Hemker, M. M. and Mack, D. R. and Rick, J. N. and Pfefferkorn, M. D. and Carvalho, R. and Grossman, A. B. and Hitch, M. C. and Sudel, B. and Kappelman, M. D. and Saeed, S. A. and Faubion, W. A. and Schaefer, M. E. and Markowitz, J. F. and Keljo, D. J.},
   title = {Liver enzyme elevations within 3 months of diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease and likelihood of liver disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {3},
   pages = {321-3},
   note = {1536-4801
Goyal, Alka
Hyams, Jeffery S
Lerer, Trudy
Leleiko, Neal S
Otley, Anthony R
Griffiths, Anne M
Rosh, Joel R
Cabrera, Jose M
Oliva-Hemker, Maria M
Mack, David R
Rick, James N
Pfefferkorn, Marian D
Carvalho, Ryan
Grossman, Andrew B
Hitch, Meredith C
Sudel, Boris
Kappelman, Michael D
Saeed, Shehzad A
Faubion, William A
Schaefer, Marc E
Markowitz, James F
Keljo, David J
Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Observational Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Sep;59(3):321-3. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000409.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease-associated liver diseases (IBD-LDs) include autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and an overlap syndrome. Prospective unbiased multicenter data regarding the frequency of IBD-LD in patients with pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are lacking. We examined early alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) elevations in children diagnosed as having IBD and assessed the likelihood of IBD-LD. METHODS: Data collected from the prospective observational Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group Registry enrolling children of age <16 years within 30 days of diagnosis. AIH, PSC, and overlap syndrome were diagnosed using local institutional criteria. RESULTS: A total of 1569 subjects had liver enzymes available. Of the total, 757 had both ALT and GGT, 800 had ALT only (no GGT), and 12 had GGT only (no ALT). Overall, 29 of 1569 patients (1.8%) had IBD-LD. IBD-LD was diagnosed in 1 of 661 (0.15%) of patients with both ALT and GGT </= 50 IU/L compared with 21 of 42 (50%) of patients with both ALT and GGT > 50 (odds ratio 660, P < 0.0001). Of the 29 patients with IBD-LD, 21 had PSC, 2 had AIH, and 6 had overlap syndrome. IBD-LD was more common in patients with ulcerative colitis and IBD-unclassified (indeterminate colitis) than in those with Crohn disease (4% vs 0.8%, respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Elevation of both ALT and GGT within 90 days after the diagnosis of IBD is associated with a markedly increased likelihood of IBD-LD. Both ALT and GGT levels should be measured in all of the pediatric patients newly diagnosed as having IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Alanine Transaminase/*blood
Child
Cholangitis, Sclerosing/blood/*enzymology/epidemiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/*enzymology
Crohn Disease/blood/*enzymology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Hepatitis, Autoimmune/blood/*enzymology/epidemiology
Humans
Male
Prospective Studies
Time Factors
gamma-Glutamyltransferase/*blood},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24796799},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000409},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Grimstad, T. and Bjorndal, B. and Cacabelos, D. and Aasprong, O. G. and Omdal, R. and Svardal, A. and Bohov, P. and Pamplona, R. and Portero-Otin, M. and Berge, R. K. and Hausken, T.},
   title = {A salmon peptide diet alleviates experimental colitis as compared with fish oil},
   journal = {J Nutr Sci},
   volume = {2},
   pages = {e2},
   note = {Grimstad, Tore
Bjorndal, Bodil
Cacabelos, Daniel
Aasprong, Ole G
Omdal, Roald
Svardal, Asbjorn
Bohov, Pavol
Pamplona, Reinald
Portero-Otin, Manuel
Berge, Rolf K
Hausken, Trygve
Journal Article
England
J Nutr Sci. 2013 Jan 10;2:e2. doi: 10.1017/jns.2012.23. eCollection 2013.},
   abstract = {Fish oil (FO) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease, but how fish peptides (FP) influence intestinal inflammation has been less studied. Male Wistar rats, divided into five groups, were included in a 4-week dietary intervention study. Of the groups, four were exposed in the fourth week to 5 % dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis, while one group was unexposed. The diets were: (1) control, (2) control + DSS, (3) FO (5 %) + DSS, (4) FP (3.5 %) + DSS, (5) FO + FP + DSS. Following DSS intake, weight and disease activity index (DAI) were assessed, and histological combined score (HCS), selected colonic PG, cytokines, oxidative damage markers and mRNA levels were measured. FP reduced HCS, tended to lower DAI (P = 0.07) and reduced keratinocyte chemoattractant/growth-regulated oncogene levels, as compared with the FO diet. FP also reduced mRNA levels of Il-6 and Cxcl1, although not significantly. FO intake increased the DAI as compared with DSS alone. PGE3 levels increased after the FO diet, and even more following FO + FP intake. The FP diet seems to have a protective effect in DSS-induced colitis as compared with FO. A number of beneficial, but non-significant, changes also occurred after FP v. DSS. A combined FO + FP diet may influence PG synthesis, as PGE3 levels were higher after the combined diet than after FO alone.},
   keywords = {Colitis
DAI, disease activity index
DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
Diet therapy
FO, fish oil
FP, fish peptide
GRO, growth-regulated oncogene
HCS, histological combined score
IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel diseases
KC, keratinocyte chemoattractant
UC, ulcerative colitis
n-3 Fatty acids},
   ISSN = {2048-6790 (Print)
2048-6790},
   Accession Number = {25191568},
   DOI = {10.1017/jns.2012.23},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Grunbaum, A. and Holcroft, C. and Heilpern, D. and Gladman, S. and Burstein, B. and Menard, M. and Al-Abbad, J. and Cassoff, J. and MacNamara, E. and Gordon, P. H. and Szilagyi, A.},
   title = {Dynamics of vitamin D in patients with mild or inactive inflammatory bowel disease and their families},
   journal = {Nutr J},
   volume = {12},
   number = {1},
   pages = {145},
   note = {1475-2891
Grunbaum, Avigyle
Holcroft, Christina
Heilpern, Debra
Gladman, Stephanie
Burstein, Barry
Menard, Maryse
Al-Abbad, Jasim
Cassoff, Jamie
MacNamara, Elizabeth
Gordon, Philip H
Szilagyi, Andrew
Journal Article
England
Nutr J. 2013 Nov 9;12(1):145. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-145.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: 25(OH) vitamin D levels may be low in patients with moderately or severely active inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD: Crohn's disease and Idiopathic Ulcerative Colitis) but this is less clear in patients with mild or inactive IBD. Furthermore there is limited information of any family influence on 25(OH) vitamin D levels in IBD. As a possible risk factor we hypothesize that vitamin D levels may also be low in families of IBD patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate 25[OH] vitamin D levels in patients with IBD in remission or with mild activity. A second objective is to evaluate whether there are relationships within IBD family units of 25[OH] vitamin D and what are the influences associated with these levels. METHODS: Participants underwent medical history, physical examination and a 114 item diet questionnaire. Serum 25[OH] vitamin D was measured, using a radioimmunoassay kit, (replete >/= 75, insufficient 50-74, deficient < 25-50, or severely deficient < 25 nmol/L). Associations between 25[OH] vitamin D and twenty variables were evaluated using univariate regression. Multivariable analysis was also applied and intrafamilial dynamics were assessed. RESULTS: 55 patients and 48 controls with their respective families participated (N206). 25[OH] vitamin D levels between patients and controls were similar (71.2 +/- 32.8 vs. 68.3 +/-26.2 nmol/L). Vitamin D supplements significantly increased intake but correlation with serum 25[OH] vitamin D was significant only during non sunny months among patients. Within family units, patients' families had mean replete levels (82.3 +/- 34.2 nmol/L) and a modest correlation emerged during sunny months between patients and family (r2 =0.209 p = 0.032). These relationships were less robust and non significant in controls and their families. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mild or inactive IBD 25[OH] vitamin D levels are less than ideal but are similar to controls. Taken together collectively, the results of this study suggest that patient family dynamics may be different in IBD units from that in control family units. However contrary to the hypothesis, intra familial vitamin D dynamics do not pose additional risks for development of IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Body Mass Index
C-Reactive Protein/metabolism
Case-Control Studies
Child
*Dietary Supplements
Female
Ferritins/blood
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*blood
Linear Models
Male
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
Nutrition Assessment
Risk Factors
Seasons
Vitamin D/*administration & dosage/*blood
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1475-2891},
   Accession Number = {24206944},
   DOI = {10.1186/1475-2891-12-145},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gu, J. and Stocchi, L. and Remzi, F. and Kiran, R. P.},
   title = {Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous: does location of the (colo)rectal stump influence outcomes after laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis?},
   journal = {Dis Colon Rectum},
   volume = {56},
   number = {5},
   pages = {615-21},
   note = {1530-0358
Gu, Jinyu
Stocchi, Luca
Remzi, Feza
Kiran, Ravi P
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Dis Colon Rectum. 2013 May;56(5):615-21. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0b013e3182707682.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The optimal management of the closed defunctionalized large-bowel stump after laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy with end ileostomy for ulcerative colitis remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare postoperative outcomes after different techniques of management of the defunctionalized (colo)rectal stump. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Patients undergoing laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis during 1998 to 2010 were assigned to an intraperitoneal group (creation of Hartmann rectal stump) or a subcutaneous group (subcutaneous placement of rectosigmoid stump). OUTCOME MEASURE: Postoperative morbidity was defined as complications occurred within 30 days after the operation or during the same hospital stay. RESULTS: Of 204 patients, 99 were in the intraperitoneal group and 105 were in the subcutaneous group. There were no significant differences in demographics or preoperative data, with the exception of a significantly increased age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index and preoperative total parental nutrition use in the intraperitoneal group. There was 1 postoperative death for myocardial infarction in the subcutaneous group. Overall postoperative morbidity, pelvic sepsis rates, and length of hospital stay were similar. Stump leaks occurred in 5 patients in the intraperitoneal group vs 10 patients in the subcutaneous group (p = 0.23). All stump leaks in the subcutaneous group only required local wound treatments without causing pelvic sepsis or need for reoperation. Pelvic sepsis in the intraperitoneal group required reoperation in 1 case, CT-guided drainage in 3, and antibiotics alone in 2 cases. Pelvic sepsis in the subcutaneous group required CT-guided drainage in 3 cases and antibiotics alone in 1 case. CONCLUSION: With the limitations of a retrospective study, postoperative outcomes were comparable after either technique of stump management, none of which could offset the risk of pelvic sepsis. Subcutaneous placement of colorectal stump was associated with more frequent but less morbid complications.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Colectomy/*methods
Colitis, Ulcerative/*surgery
Drainage
Female
Humans
Ileostomy/*methods
Laparoscopy
Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data
Male
Middle Aged
Pelvic Infection/epidemiology
Postoperative Complications/*epidemiology
Postoperative Hemorrhage/epidemiology
Reoperation
Retrospective Studies
Surgical Wound Infection/epidemiology
Treatment Outcome
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0012-3706},
   Accession Number = {23575401},
   DOI = {10.1097/DCR.0b013e3182707682},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Guandalini, S.},
   title = {Are probiotics or prebiotics useful in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease?},
   journal = {Front Med (Lausanne)},
   volume = {1},
   pages = {23},
   note = {Guandalini, Stefano
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Front Med (Lausanne). 2014 Aug 28;1:23. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2014.00023. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {Treatment options for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are notoriously either inadequate (IBS) or loaded with potentially serious side effects and risks (IBD). In recent years, a growing interest in effective and safer alternatives has focused on the potential role of probiotics and their metabolic substrates, prebiotics. It is in fact conceivable that the microbiome might be targeted by providing the metabolic fuel needed for the growth and expansion of beneficial microorganisms (prebiotics) or by administering to the host such microorganisms (probiotics). This review presents a concise update on currently available data, with a special emphasis on children. Data for prebiotics in IBS are scarce. Low doses have shown a beneficial effect, while high doses are counterproductive. On the contrary, several controlled trials of probiotics have yielded encouraging results. A meta-analysis including nine randomized clinical trials in children showed an improvement in abdominal pain for Lactobacillus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, and the probiotic mixture VSL#3. The patients most benefiting from probiotics were those with predominant diarrhea or with a post-infectious IBS. In IBD, the use of prebiotics has been tested only rarely and in small scale clinical trials, with mixed results. As for probiotics, data in humans from about three dozens clinical trials offer mixed outcomes. So far, none of the tested probiotics has proven successful in Crohn's disease, while in ulcerative colitis a recent meta-analysis on 12 clinical trials (1 of them in children) showed efficacy for the probiotic mixture VSL#3 in contributing to induce and to maintain remission. It is evident that this is a rapidly evolving and promising field; more data are very likely to yield a better understanding on what strains should be used in different specific clinical settings and in what doses.},
   keywords = {Crohn's disease
Lactobacillus
Vsl#3
functional gastrointestinal disorders
inflammatory bowel disease
irritable bowel syndrome
probiotics
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {2296-858X (Print)
2296-858x},
   Accession Number = {25593899},
   DOI = {10.3389/fmed.2014.00023},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gunther, C. and Neumann, H. and Neurath, M. F. and Becker, C.},
   title = {Apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis: cell death regulation in the intestinal epithelium},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {62},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1062-71},
   note = {1468-3288
Gunther, Claudia
Neumann, Helmut
Neurath, Markus F
Becker, Christoph
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Gut. 2013 Jul;62(7):1062-71. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301364. Epub 2012 Jun 11.},
   abstract = {Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are organised as a single cell layer which covers the intestine. Their primary task is to absorb nutrients present in the intestinal lumen. However, IEC also play an important role in the immune defence of our body by building a barrier that separates the bowel wall from potentially hazardous bacteria present in the gut lumen. The life cycle of IEC is determined by the time span in which cells migrate from their place of origin at the crypt base to the villus tip, from where they are shed into the lumen. Cell death in the intestinal epithelium has to be tightly regulated and irregularities might cause pathologies. Excessive cell death has been associated with chronic inflammation as seen in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. While until recently apoptosis was discussed as being essential for epithelial turnover and tissue homeostasis in the intestinal epithelium, recent data using gene deficient mice have challenged this concept. Moreover, an apoptosis-independent mode of programmed cell death, termed necroptosis, has been identified and described in the intestinal epithelium. The following article reviews previous studies on cell death regulation in IEC and a potential role of necroptosis for gut homeostasis.},
   keywords = {Apoptosis/*physiology
Cell Cycle/physiology
Cell Death/physiology
Epithelial Cells/pathology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Necrosis
Cell death
Paneth cells
Rip
bacterial translocation
caspase-8
cytokines
endoscopy
epithelial cells
gene expression
inflammatory bowel disease
necroptosis
signal transduction},
   ISSN = {0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {22689519},
   DOI = {10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301364},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Guo, M. and Ding, S. and Zhao, C. and Gu, X. and He, X. and Huang, K. and Luo, Y. and Liang, Z. and Tian, H. and Xu, W.},
   title = {Red Ginseng and Semen Coicis can improve the structure of gut microbiota and relieve the symptoms of ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Ethnopharmacol},
   volume = {162},
   pages = {7-13},
   note = {1872-7573
Guo, Mingzhang
Ding, Shuo
Zhao, Changhui
Gu, Xinxi
He, Xiaoyun
Huang, Kunlun
Luo, Yunbo
Liang, Zhihong
Tian, Hongtao
Xu, Wentao
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Ireland
J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Mar 13;162:7-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.029. Epub 2014 Dec 30.},
   abstract = {ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Many Chinese herbs are traditionally used as medicine to improve the functions of gastrointestinal tract. Some of these herbs are also promising agents for the improvement of the gut microbiota and the treatment of ulcerative colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By screening seven traditional Chinese herbs, we found that Red Ginseng and Semen Coicis were the most effective in promoting the growth of probiotics including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in vitro. We then evaluated the effects of Red Ginseng and Semen Coicis on the growth of the bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp.) in vitro. In in vivo experiment, we gavage administrated trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid induced ulcerative colitis (UC) rats with Red Ginseng and Semen Coicis extracts. After two weeks treatment, we analyzed the structure of the gut microbiota and examined the UC symptoms by employing qPCR and animal pathology detection techniques. RESULTS: Both Red Ginseng and Semen Coicis promoted the growth of probiotics - Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in vitro. Red Ginseng also inhibited the growth of some pathogen strains. In vivo, Red Ginseng and Semen Coicis improved the structure of gut microbiota and relieved the symptoms of ulcerative colitis in vivo. Compared with Semen Coicis, Red Ginseng was more effective in relieving the symptoms of ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS: Red Ginseng could promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in vitro. Red Ginseng and, to a lesser extent Semen Coicis, gave positive results in an experimental in vivo model for ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bacteria/drug effects/growth & development
*Coix
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects
Humans
Male
*Panax
Plant Extracts/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Probiotics
Rats, Wistar
Chinese herbs
Gut microbiota
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0378-8741},
   Accession Number = {25554637},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.029},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gupta, S. C. and Patchva, S. and Aggarwal, B. B.},
   title = {Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials},
   journal = {Aaps j},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {195-218},
   note = {1550-7416
Gupta, Subash C
Patchva, Sridevi
Aggarwal, Bharat B
Journal Article
Review
United States
AAPS J. 2013 Jan;15(1):195-218. doi: 10.1208/s12248-012-9432-8. Epub 2012 Nov 10.},
   abstract = {Extensive research over the past half century has shown that curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a component of the golden spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), can modulate multiple cell signaling pathways. Extensive clinical trials over the past quarter century have addressed the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of this nutraceutical against numerous diseases in humans. Some promising effects have been observed in patients with various pro-inflammatory diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, uveitis, ulcerative proctitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel disease, tropical pancreatitis, peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, oral lichen planus, gastric inflammation, vitiligo, psoriasis, acute coronary syndrome, atherosclerosis, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic microangiopathy, lupus nephritis, renal conditions, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, beta-thalassemia, biliary dyskinesia, Dejerine-Sottas disease, cholecystitis, and chronic bacterial prostatitis. Curcumin has also shown protection against hepatic conditions, chronic arsenic exposure, and alcohol intoxication. Dose-escalating studies have indicated the safety of curcumin at doses as high as 12 g/day over 3 months. Curcumin's pleiotropic activities emanate from its ability to modulate numerous signaling molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic proteins, NF-kappaB, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-LOX, STAT3, C-reactive protein, prostaglandin E(2), prostate-specific antigen, adhesion molecules, phosphorylase kinase, transforming growth factor-beta, triglyceride, ET-1, creatinine, HO-1, AST, and ALT in human participants. In clinical trials, curcumin has been used either alone or in combination with other agents. Various formulations of curcumin, including nanoparticles, liposomal encapsulation, emulsions, capsules, tablets, and powder, have been examined. In this review, we discuss in detail the various human diseases in which the effect of curcumin has been investigated.},
   keywords = {Arthritis/drug therapy
*Clinical Trials as Topic
Curcumin/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/drug therapy
Neoplasms/drug therapy
Peptic Ulcer/drug therapy
Vitiligo/drug therapy},
   ISSN = {1550-7416},
   Accession Number = {23143785},
   DOI = {10.1208/s12248-012-9432-8},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gutierrez-Orozco, F. and Thomas-Ahner, J. M. and Berman-Booty, L. D. and Galley, J. D. and Chitchumroonchokchai, C. and Mace, T. and Suksamrarn, S. and Bailey, M. T. and Clinton, S. K. and Lesinski, G. B. and Failla, M. L.},
   title = {Dietary alpha-mangostin, a xanthone from mangosteen fruit, exacerbates experimental colitis and promotes dysbiosis in mice},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {58},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1226-38},
   note = {1613-4133
Gutierrez-Orozco, Fabiola
Thomas-Ahner, Jennifer M
Berman-Booty, Lisa D
Galley, Jeffrey D
Chitchumroonchokchai, Chureeporn
Mace, Thomas
Suksamrarn, Sunit
Bailey, Michael T
Clinton, Steven K
Lesinski, Gregory B
Failla, Mark L
P30 CA016058/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
T32 DE014320/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014 Jun;58(6):1226-38. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201300771. Epub 2014 Feb 17.},
   abstract = {SCOPE: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon. alpha-Mangostin (alpha-MG), the most abundant xanthone in mangosteen fruit, exerts anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities in vitro. We evaluated the impact of dietary alpha-MG on murine experimental colitis and on the gut microbiota of healthy mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Colitis was induced in C57BL/6J mice by administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Mice were fed control diet or diet with alpha-MG (0.1%). alpha-MG exacerbated the pathology of DSS-induced colitis. Mice fed diet with alpha-MG had greater colonic inflammation and injury, as well as greater infiltration of CD3(+) and F4/80(+) cells, and colonic myeloperoxidase, than controls. Serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-6, and serum amyloid A were also greater in alpha-MG-fed animals than in controls. The colonic and cecal microbiota of healthy mice fed alpha-MG but no DSS shifted to an increased abundance of Proteobacteria and decreased abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, a profile similar to that found in human UC. CONCLUSION: alpha-MG exacerbated colonic pathology during DSS-induced colitis. These effects may be associated with an induction of intestinal dysbiosis by alpha-MG. Our results suggest that the use of alpha-MG-containing supplements by patients with UC may have unintentional risk.},
   keywords = {Amyloid/blood
Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/*pathology
Colon/drug effects/enzymology/microbiology
Dextran Sulfate
Diet
Dietary Supplements
Disease Models, Animal
Dysbiosis/chemically induced/*pathology
Female
Fruit/chemistry
Garcinia mangostana/*chemistry
Interleukin-6/blood
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Peroxidase/metabolism
Proteobacteria/isolation & purification
Xanthones/*adverse effects
Gut microbiota
Inflammation
Mouse model},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {24668769},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.201300771},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Haaland, D. and Day, A. S. and Otley, A.},
   title = {Development and validation of a pediatric IBD knowledge inventory device: the IBD-KID},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {58},
   number = {3},
   pages = {313-9},
   note = {1536-4801
Haaland, Derek
Day, Andrew S
Otley, Anthony
Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Validation Studies
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Mar;58(3):313-9. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000210.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Questionnaires exist to assess inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related knowledge of adults. Owing to wording and content concerns, these were believed to be inappropriate for use in pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire to assess disease-related knowledge of pediatric patients with IBD and their parents. METHODS: Following a formal process of item generation and reduction, the IBD-Knowledge Inventory Device was developed and pilot tested. It was administered to 10- to 17-year-old patients with IBD, and to 1 of each of their parents. To evaluate its discriminatory validity, pediatric residents, nurses, and ward clerks completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 99 patients (mean 42, Crohn disease 46, age 14(+/-2) years) and 99 parents completed the IBD-Knowledge Inventory Device. Parent knowledge scores, 15(+/-4), were higher than those of patients, 11(+/-4), P < 0.001. Patient and parent knowledge scores were strongly correlated (r = 0.62, P < 0.001). Patient knowledge score was significantly related to disease type (Crohn disease scored higher than ulcerative colitis, P = 0.004) and to perceived knowledge level (P < 0.001) by regression analysis. Similarly, parent knowledge score was significantly related to sex (girls scored higher, P = 0.014), postsecondary education (P < 0.001), and perceived knowledge level (P = 0.002). The questionnaire scores of 23 were 19, 16, and 10, respectively, for residents, nurses, and ward clerks. Both residents and nurses scored significantly higher than ward clerks (P = 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: A valid IBD-related knowledge assessment questionnaire was developed for use in older children and adolescents with IBD and their parents.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Child
*Colitis, Ulcerative
*Crohn Disease
Educational Status
Female
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Male
*Parents
Quality of Life
Regression Analysis
Sex Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires/*standards},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24135980},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000210},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hakansson, A. and Tormo-Badia, N. and Baridi, A. and Xu, J. and Molin, G. and Hagslatt, M. L. and Karlsson, C. and Jeppsson, B. and Cilio, C. M. and Ahrne, S.},
   title = {Immunological alteration and changes of gut microbiota after dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration in mice},
   journal = {Clin Exp Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {107-20},
   note = {1591-9528
Hakansson, A
Tormo-Badia, N
Baridi, A
Xu, J
Molin, G
Hagslatt, M-L
Karlsson, C
Jeppsson, B
Cilio, C M
Ahrne, S
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Italy
Clin Exp Med. 2015 Feb;15(1):107-20. doi: 10.1007/s10238-013-0270-5. Epub 2014 Jan 11.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the colonic mucosa. Administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to animals is a frequently used model to mimic human colitis. Deregulation of the immune response to the enteric microflora or pathogens as well as increased intestinal permeability have been proposed as disease-driving mechanisms. To enlarge the understanding of the pathogenesis, we have studied the effect of DSS on the immune system and gut microbiota in mice. Intestinal inflammation was verified through histological evaluation and myeloperoxidase activity. Immunological changes were assessed by flow cytometry in spleen, Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes and through multiplex cytokine profiling. In addition, quantification of the total amount of bacteria on colonic mucosa as well as the total amount of lactobacilli, Akkermansia, Desulfovibrio and Enterobacteriaceae was performed by the use of quantitative PCR. Diversity and community structure were analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) patterns, and principal component analysis was utilized on immunological and T-RFLP patterns. DSS-induced colitis show clinical and histological similarities to UC. The composition of the colonic microflora was profoundly changed and correlated with several alterations of the immune system. The results demonstrate a relationship between multiple immunological changes and alterations of the gut microbiota after DSS administration. These data highlight and improve the definition of the immunological basis of the disease and suggest a role for dysregulation of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colitis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/*immunology/microbiology/pathology
Colon/*immunology/microbiology/pathology
Cytokines/biosynthesis/immunology
Desulfovibrio/growth & development/immunology
Dextran Sulfate
Enterobacteriaceae/growth & development/immunology
Female
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Lactobacillus/growth & development/immunology
Lymph Nodes/*immunology/microbiology/pathology
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Microbiota/*immunology
Monocytes/immunology/microbiology/pathology
Peroxidase/immunology
Peyer's Patches/*immunology/microbiology/pathology
Spleen/*immunology/microbiology/pathology
T-Lymphocytes/immunology/microbiology/pathology},
   ISSN = {1591-8890},
   Accession Number = {24414342},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10238-013-0270-5},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hanauer, S. B.},
   title = {Still in pursuit},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {146},
   number = {1},
   pages = {13-5},
   note = {1528-0012
Hanauer, Stephen B
Editorial
Comment
United States
Gastroenterology. 2014 Jan;146(1):13-5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.025. Epub 2013 Nov 25.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Female
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Male
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*antagonists & inhibitors},
   ISSN = {0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {24287301},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.025},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hanauer, S. B. and Kirsner, J. B.},
   title = {Comparing guidelines for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Dig Dis},
   volume = {31},
   number = {3-4},
   pages = {360-2},
   note = {1421-9875
Hanauer, Stephen B
Kirsner, Joseph B
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Dig Dis. 2013;31(3-4):360-2. doi: 10.1159/000354695. Epub 2013 Nov 14.},
   abstract = {As we enter into the era of 'personalized medicine', many of the recommendations of 'evidence-based medicine' require scrutiny and adaptation to optimize individual outcomes. Several examples of these discrepancies are exemplified by the topics of aminosalicylate use in Crohn's disease, early use of biologic agents that target TNF and the role of calcineurin inhibitors versus anti-TNF agents in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Aminosalicylic Acid/therapeutic use
Calcineurin/metabolism
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
*Practice Guidelines as Topic
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0257-2753},
   Accession Number = {24246988},
   DOI = {10.1159/000354695},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Harris, R. A. and Nagy-Szakal, D. and Mir, S. A. and Frank, E. and Szigeti, R. and Kaplan, J. L. and Bronsky, J. and Opekun, A. and Ferry, G. D. and Winter, H. and Kellermayer, R.},
   title = {DNA methylation-associated colonic mucosal immune and defense responses in treatment-naive pediatric ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Epigenetics},
   volume = {9},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1131-7},
   note = {1559-2308
Harris, R Alan
Nagy-Szakal, Dorottya
Mir, Sabina A V
Frank, Eibe
Szigeti, Reka
Kaplan, Jess L
Bronsky, Jiri
Opekun, Antone
Ferry, George D
Winter, Harland
Kellermayer, Richard
K12 HD041648/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK056338/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
5K12 HD041648/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
DK56338/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Epigenetics. 2014 Aug;9(8):1131-7. doi: 10.4161/epi.29446. Epub 2014 Jun 17.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are emerging globally, indicating that environmental factors may be important in their pathogenesis. Colonic mucosal epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, can occur in response to the environment and have been implicated in IBD pathology. However, mucosal DNA methylation has not been examined in treatment-naive patients. We studied DNA methylation in untreated, left sided colonic biopsy specimens using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. We analyzed 22 control (C) patients, 15 untreated Crohn's disease (CD) patients, and 9 untreated ulcerative colitis (UC) patients from two cohorts. Samples obtained at the time of clinical remission from two of the treatment-naive UC patients were also included into the analysis. UC-specific gene expression was interrogated in a subset of adjacent samples (5 C and 5 UC) using the Affymetrix GeneChip PrimeView Human Gene Expression Arrays. Only treatment-naive UC separated from control. One-hundred-and-twenty genes with significant expression change in UC (> 2-fold, P<0.05) were associated with differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Epigenetically associated gene expression changes (including gene expression changes in the IFITM1, ITGB2, S100A9, SLPI, SAA1, and STAT3 genes) were linked to colonic mucosal immune and defense responses. These findings underscore the relationship between epigenetic changes and inflammation in pediatric treatment-naive UC and may have potential etiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic relevance for IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*genetics/immunology
Colon/*immunology
Crohn Disease/*genetics/immunology
DNA Methylation/*immunology
Epigenesis, Genetic
Female
Gene Expression
Humans
Immunity, Mucosal
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology
Male
Young Adult
DNA methylation
DNA methylome
Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
epigenetics
expression
treatment naive
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1559-2294},
   Accession Number = {24937444},
   DOI = {10.4161/epi.29446},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hartman, D. J. and Yadav, D. and Binion, D. G.},
   title = {Reply: tissue IgG4-positive plasma cells in inflammatory bowel disease: a study of 88 treatment-naive biopsies of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Mod Pathol},
   volume = {27},
   number = {6},
   pages = {916},
   note = {1530-0285
Hartman, Douglas J
Yadav, Dhiraj
Binion, David G
Comment
Letter
United States
Mod Pathol. 2014 Jun;27(6):916. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.234.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/*immunology
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/*immunology
Female
Humans
Male
Plasma Cells/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0893-3952},
   Accession Number = {24881558},
   DOI = {10.1038/modpathol.2013.234},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hartog, A. and Belle, F. N. and Bastiaans, J. and de Graaff, P. and Garssen, J. and Harthoorn, L. F. and Vos, A. P.},
   title = {A potential role for regulatory T-cells in the amelioration of DSS induced colitis by dietary non-digestible polysaccharides},
   journal = {J Nutr Biochem},
   volume = {26},
   number = {3},
   pages = {227-33},
   note = {1873-4847
Hartog, Anita
Belle, Fabien N
Bastiaans, Jacqueline
de Graaff, Priscilla
Garssen, Johan
Harthoorn, Lucien F
Vos, Arjan P
Journal Article
United States
J Nutr Biochem. 2015 Mar;26(3):227-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.011. Epub 2014 Nov 22.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are chronic relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The interaction between a disturbed microbial composition, the intestinal mucosal barrier and the mucosal immune system plays an important role in IBD and its chronicity. It has been indicated that due to the altered microbial composition the balance between T regulatory cells (Treg) and T helper cells (Th) 17 is disturbed, leading to an inflammatory state. The present study shows that oral intake of a specific multi fibre mix (MF), designed to match the fibre content of a healthy diet, counteracts IBD-like intestinal inflammation and weight loss in dextran sodium sulphate treated mice. This reduction in inflammation might be brought about, at least in part, by the MF-induced decrease in inflammatory cytokines, increase in IL-10 and the relative increase in Treg cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Moreover, the Treg percentage in the MLN correlates with the percentage of tolerogenic lamina propria derived CD103+RALDH+dendritic cells in the MLN, suggesting that these play a role in the observed effects. In children with CD exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is a widely used safe and effective therapy. Optimizing enteral nutritional concepts with the tested fibre mix, know to modulate the gut microbiota composition, SCFA production and inflammatory status (as indicated by the present study) could possibly further improve efficacy in inducing remission.},
   keywords = {Animals
Biomarkers/blood/metabolism
Colon/*immunology/metabolism
Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors/blood/metabolism
Dendritic Cells/immunology/metabolism
Dextran Sulfate
*Disease Models, Animal
Immunity, Mucosal
*Immunomodulation
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/immunology/metabolism/physiopathology
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology/metabolism
Male
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis/etiology/prevention & control
Mice, Inbred C57BL
*Prebiotics/analysis
Random Allocation
Serum Amyloid A Protein/analysis/antagonists & inhibitors
Solubility
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology/metabolism
Th17 Cells/immunology/metabolism
Cd103
Ibd
Multifibre
Prebiotic
Raldh
Treg},
   ISSN = {0955-2863},
   Accession Number = {25498760},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.011},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Heaton, P. and Tundia, N. L. and Schmidt, N. and Wigle, P. R. and Kelton, C. M.},
   title = {Authors' response},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {2},
   pages = {e12},
   note = {1536-4801
Heaton, Pamela
Tundia, Namita L
Schmidt, Nicole
Wigle, Patricia R
Kelton, Christina M L
Comment
Letter
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Feb;56(2):e12. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827e20c7.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*economics
Crohn Disease/*economics
Female
*Health Care Costs
Hospitalization/*economics
Humans
*Inpatients
Male},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23201700},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827e20c7},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hensel, K. O. and Boland, V. and Postberg, J. and Zilbauer, M. and Heuschkel, R. and Vogel, S. and Godde, D. and Wirth, S. and Jenke, A. C.},
   title = {Differential expression of mucosal trefoil factors and mucins in pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Sci Rep},
   volume = {4},
   pages = {7343},
   note = {2045-2322
Hensel, Kai O
Boland, Veronika
Postberg, Jan
Zilbauer, Matthias
Heuschkel, Robert
Vogel, Silvia
Godde, Daniel
Wirth, Stefan
Jenke, Andreas C
Journal Article
England
Sci Rep. 2014 Dec 5;4:7343. doi: 10.1038/srep07343.},
   abstract = {In the intestinal mucosa trefoil factors (TFF) and mucins (Muc) - primarily produced by goblet cells - are thought to play a major role in providing barrier function during infection and inflammation. To investigate their role in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) we obtained mucosal biopsies of children with CD, UC and healthy controls and analyzed genetic expression. Levels of TFF2 mRNA were lower in inflamed mucosal samples (terminal ileum (TI) and duodenum) of children with CD, but higher in non-inflamed mucosal samples when compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Similarly, TFF2 levels in the TI were significantly lower in inflamed UC tissue. Adjustment for goblet cell density revealed slightly less marked, yet significantly different gene expression in IBD and controls. Furthermore, TI expression of TFF2 and Muc2 was inversely correlated with interleukin-8 expression in CD (p = 0.027). In Summary, our data demonstrate significant changes in Muc and TFF mRNA expression in pediatric patients with IBD suggesting a role in mucosal healing. Further studies are needed to elucidate a potential use as biomarkers for disease progression.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Biomarkers/metabolism
Child
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism
Male
Mucins/*metabolism
Peptides/*metabolism
Reproducibility of Results
Sensitivity and Specificity
Tissue Distribution
Trefoil Factor-2},
   ISSN = {2045-2322},
   Accession Number = {25475414},
   DOI = {10.1038/srep07343},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Herzog, D. and Buehr, P. and Koller, R. and Rueger, V. and Heyland, K. and Nydegger, A. and Spalinger, J. and Schibli, S. and Braegger, C. P.},
   title = {Gender differences in paediatric patients of the swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort study},
   journal = {Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr},
   volume = {17},
   number = {3},
   pages = {147-54},
   note = {Herzog, Denise
Buehr, Patrick
Koller, Rebekka
Rueger, Vanessa
Heyland, Klaas
Nydegger, Andreas
Spalinger, Johannes
Schibli, Susanne
Braegger, Christian P
Swiss IBD Cohort Study Group
Journal Article
Korea (South)
Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2014 Sep;17(3):147-54. doi: 10.5223/pghn.2014.17.3.147. Epub 2014 Sep 30.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Gender differences in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are frequently reported as a secondary outcome and the results are divergent. To assess gender differences by analysing data collected within the Swiss IBD cohort study database since 2008, related to children with IBD, using the Montreal classification for a systematic approach. METHODS: Data on gender, age, anthropometrics, disease location at diagnosis, disease behaviour, and therapy of 196 patients, 105 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 91 with ulcerative or indeterminate colitis (UC/IC) were retrieved and analysed. RESULTS: THE CRUDE GENDER RATIO (MALE : female) of patients with CD diagnosed at <10 years of age was 2.57, the adjusted ratio was 2.42, and in patients with UC/IC it was 0.68 and 0.64 respectively. The non-adjusted gender ratio of patients diagnosed at >/=10 years was 1.58 for CD and 0.88 for UC/IC. Boys with UC/IC diagnosed <10 years of age had a longer diagnostic delay, and in girls diagnosed with UC/IC >10 years a more important use of azathioprine was observed. No other gender difference was found after analysis of age, disease location and behaviour at diagnosis, duration of disease, familial occurrence of IBD, prevalence of extra-intestinal manifestations, complications, and requirement for surgery. CONCLUSION: CD in children <10 years affects predominantly boys with a sex ratio of 2.57; the impact of sex-hormones on the development of CD in pre-pubertal male patients should be investigated.},
   keywords = {Gender difference
Male preponderance
Paediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   ISSN = {2234-8646 (Print)
2234-8840},
   Accession Number = {25349830},
   DOI = {10.5223/pghn.2014.17.3.147},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hevia, A. and Lopez, P. and Suarez, A. and Jacquot, C. and Urdaci, M. C. and Margolles, A. and Sanchez, B.},
   title = {Association of levels of antibodies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease with extracellular proteins of food and probiotic bacteria},
   journal = {Biomed Res Int},
   volume = {2014},
   pages = {351204},
   note = {2314-6141
Hevia, Arancha
Lopez, Patricia
Suarez, Ana
Jacquot, Claudine
Urdaci, Maria C
Margolles, Abelardo
Sanchez, Borja
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:351204. doi: 10.1155/2014/351204. Epub 2014 Jun 4.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa and is related to an abnormal immune response to commensal bacteria. Our aim of the present work has been to explore the levels of antibodies (IgG and IgA) raised against extracellular proteins produced by LAB and its association with IBD. We analyzed, by Western-blot and ELISA, the presence of serum antibodies (IgA and IgG) developed against extracellular protein fractions produced by different food bacteria from the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. We used a sera collection consisting of healthy individuals (HC, n = 50), Crohn's disease patients (CD, n = 37), and ulcerative colitis patients (UC, n = 15). Levels of IgA antibodies developed against a cell-wall hydrolase from Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus GG (CWH) were significantly higher in the IBD group (P < 0.002; n = 52). The specificity of our measurements was confirmed by measuring IgA antibodies developed against the CWH peptide 365-VNTSNQTAAVSAS-377. IBD patients appeared to have different immune response to food bacteria. This paper sets the basis for developing systems for early detection of IBD, based on the association of high levels of antibodies developed against extracellular proteins from food and probiotic bacteria.},
   keywords = {Adult
Antibodies/blood/immunology
Bacterial Proteins/immunology/isolation & purification
Bifidobacterium/immunology/pathogenicity
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/*immunology/microbiology
Crohn Disease/blood/*immunology/microbiology
Female
Food Microbiology
Humans
Immunity, Cellular
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Immunoglobulin G/blood
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/*immunology/pathology
Lactobacillus/immunology/pathogenicity
Lactobacillus casei/*immunology/pathogenicity
Male
Middle Aged
*Probiotics},
   Accession Number = {24991549},
   DOI = {10.1155/2014/351204},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hill, R. J.},
   title = {Update on nutritional status, body composition and growth in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {20},
   number = {12},
   pages = {3191-7},
   note = {2219-2840
Hill, Rebecca J
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Mar 28;20(12):3191-7. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3191.},
   abstract = {Growth and nutritional status are important issues in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While linear growth is easy to assess, nutritional status is more complicated, with reports often compromised by the use of simple measures, such as weight and the body mass index, to assess nutritional status rather than more appropriate and sophisticated techniques to measure body composition. This review is an update on what is currently known about nutritional status as determined by body composition in paediatric IBD. Further, this review will focus on the impact of biologics on growth in paediatric IBD. Significant lean mass deficits have been reported in children with IBD compared with controls, and there is evidence these deficits persist over time. Furthermore, data imply that gender differences exist in body composition, both at diagnosis and in response to treatment. With respect to growth improvements following treatment with biologics, there are conflicting data. While some studies report enhancement of growth, others do not. The relationship between disease severity, impaired growth and the requirement for biologics needs to be considered when interpreting these data. However, key features associated with improvements in growth appear to be successful clinical response to treatment, patients in early stages of puberty, and the presence of growth failure at the onset of treatment.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Biological Products/therapeutic use
*Body Composition
Body Mass Index
Body Weight
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/physiopathology/therapy
Crohn Disease/complications/physiopathology/therapy
Female
Growth Disorders/complications/etiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*physiopathology/*therapy
Infliximab
Male
Nutrition Therapy
*Nutritional Status
Puberty
Sex Factors
Crohn's disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Lean mass
Pubertal status
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {24696604},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3191},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hill, R. J. and Davies, P. S.},
   title = {You look all right to me: compromised nutritional status in paediatric patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {4},
   pages = {385-9},
   note = {1536-4801
Hill, Rebecca J
Davies, Peter S W
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Apr;56(4):385-9. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827e1f25.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: It is reported that malnutrition is not a feature of ulcerative colitis (UC). Body mass index (BMI) is frequently used clinically to indicate nutritional status; however, it is a proxy measure at best, and body cell mass (BCM) is a much more accurate representation. The present study aims to investigate BMI in patients with UC in relation to their BCM. METHODS: A total of 18 patients (7M; 11F) had their nutritional status (BCM) measured using total body potassium(4)(0) counting every 6 months to yield a total of 77 measurements. BCM measurements were adjusted for height and sex, and BMI was calculated as weight/height(2), with z scores determined for both parameters. Disease activity was determined using the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SD) height, weight, BMI, and BCM z scores were 0.39 (0.96), 0.20 (1.08), -0.05 (1.18), and -0.74 (1.41), respectively. No correlation was found between BMI and BCM z scores, and these z scores were significantly different (P=0.02), particularly in the moderate/severe disease activity group (P=0.01). Mean BCM z scores were -0.69 (1.65) of a z score below BMI z scores. Furthermore, where BMI z scores showed no relation to disease activity and no differences between disease activity categories, BCM z scores were significantly negatively correlated (r=-0.32, P=0.01), with significantly lower scores found in the moderate/severe group (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Simply calculating BMI in patients with UC does not give adequate information regarding nutritional status, and more accurate, yet easily accessible "bedside" techniques need to be determined to improve patient care.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
*Adolescent Development
Body Composition
Body Mass Index
Child
*Child Development
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/immunology/*physiopathology
Female
Humans
Inflammation Mediators/blood
Male
Malnutrition/diagnosis/*etiology
Nutrition Assessment
*Nutritional Status
Potassium/metabolism
Potassium Radioisotopes
Queensland
Severity of Illness Index
Whole-Body Counting},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23201705},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827e1f25},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hojsak, I. and Pavic, A. M. and Kolacek, S.},
   title = {Mesalamine treatment mimicking relapse in a child with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {World J Pediatr},
   volume = {10},
   number = {4},
   pages = {371-3},
   note = {1867-0687
Hojsak, Iva
Pavic, Ana M
Kolacek, Sanja
Case Reports
Journal Article
Switzerland
World J Pediatr. 2014 Nov;10(4):371-3. doi: 10.1007/s12519-014-0485-x. Epub 2014 Jun 28.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: There are reports on mesalamine-induced bloody diarrhea mimicking ulcerative colitis (UC) relapse, mostly in adults. METHODS: Herein we present a case of a child with UC who developed relapse of hemorrhagic colitis related to mesalamine. RESULTS: A 10-year-old girl developed severe symptoms mimicking UC relapse 3 weeks after introduction of mesalamine therapy. After mesalamine was withdrawn, her symptoms improved, but deteriorated again during the challenge of mesalamine despite concomitant use of corticosteroids. CONCLUSION: This is the first case report on such a young child during the concomitant use of corticosteroids.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/*adverse effects
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*adverse effects
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*chemically induced/*drug therapy
Drug Therapy, Combination
Female
Humans
Mesalamine/*adverse effects
Recurrence},
   Accession Number = {24974209},
   DOI = {10.1007/s12519-014-0485-x},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Holtta, V. and Klemetti, P. and Salo, H. M. and Koivusalo, A. and Pakarinen, M. and Westerholm-Ormio, M. and Kolho, K. L. and Vaarala, O.},
   title = {Interleukin-17 immunity in pediatric Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {57},
   number = {3},
   pages = {287-92},
   note = {1536-4801
Holtta, Veera
Klemetti, Paula
Salo, Harri M
Koivusalo, Antti
Pakarinen, Mikko
Westerholm-Ormio, Mia
Kolho, Kaija-Leena
Vaarala, Outi
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Sep;57(3):287-92. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182979252.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The present understanding of inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis mainly relies on studies of adult patients. Therefore, we studied the balance between T-effector and regulatory cells in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry served to quantify the expression of immunological markers in mucosal biopsies and flow cytometry analysis was used in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS: Colonic interleukin (IL)-17+, IL-22, and IL-6 mRNA upregulation and increase in the number of colonic IL-17 cells were demonstrated in both Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Likewise, colonic forkhead box P3 (FOXP3+) mRNA expression and the number of colonic FOXP3 cells were increased both in CD and in UC and were accompanied in CD also with increased numbers of FOXP3+CD25 High CD4 cells in peripheral blood. Ileal relation of IL-17/CD4 cells was increased only in CD. CONCLUSIONS: We showed activation of colonic IL-17/IL-22 axis and upregulation of FOXP3 to occur both in pediatric CD and in UC, indicating shared immunological characteristics. Upregulation of IL-17 was restricted to colon in UC, but existed in the ileum and in the colon in active CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*immunology/metabolism
Colon/*immunology/metabolism
Crohn Disease/*immunology/metabolism
Female
Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
Humans
Ileum/*immunology/metabolism
Interleukin-17/genetics/*metabolism
Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
Interleukin-6/genetics/metabolism
Interleukins/genetics/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology
Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*metabolism
Male
Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Up-Regulation},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23974060},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182979252},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Horst, S. and Chao, A. and Rosen, M. and Nohl, A. and Duley, C. and Wagnon, J. H. and Beaulieu, D. B. and Taylor, W. and Gaines, L. and Schwartz, D. A.},
   title = {Treatment with immunosuppressive therapy may improve depressive symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {60},
   number = {2},
   pages = {465-70},
   note = {1573-2568
Horst, Sara
Chao, Andrew
Rosen, Michael
Nohl, Anne
Duley, Caroline
Wagnon, Julianne H
Beaulieu, Dawn B
Taylor, Warren
Gaines, Lawrence
Schwartz, David A
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2015 Feb;60(2):465-70. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3375-0. Epub 2014 Oct 2.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Recent research suggests a relationship of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and depression. Our objective was to evaluate for improvement of depressive symptoms with treatment of IBD using immunosuppressive medications. METHODS: A retrospective study of consecutive patients with IBD started on immunosuppressive agents [anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) or immunomodulator therapy] was conducted. Patients were evaluated if disease activity indices using Harvey Bradshaw Index for Crohn's disease (CD) and Simple Clinical Colitis Disease Activity Index for ulcerative colitis (UC) and depressive indices using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores were obtained before and at least 30 days after initiation of therapy. RESULTS: Sixteen patients with UC and 53 patients with CD (all with active disease symptoms) were evaluated over a 60 day median follow-up evaluation (range 30, 140 days). Twenty-two patients started on immunomodulator therapy, and 47 patients started on anti-TNF therapy. Crohn's disease patients had significantly decreased PHQ-9 scores at follow-up [median 9 (range 3, 14) to 4 (1, 8)], with significant decreases only in those started on anti-TNF therapy. Changes in PHQ-9 and CRP were correlated (rho = 0.38, p < 0.05). In patients with UC, PHQ-9 scores [5 (3, 9) to 2 (0, 5)] were significantly decreased. Percentage at risk of moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9 scores >/=10) was lower after treatment [Crohn's disease 51-18 % (p < 0.05), ulcerative colitis 18-0 %]. CONCLUSION: Depressive scores decreased significantly in patients with IBD treated with immunosuppressive therapy and the number at risk for moderate to severe depression improved significantly.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/diagnosis/*drug therapy/immunology/psychology
Crohn Disease/complications/diagnosis/*drug therapy/immunology/psychology
Depression/diagnosis/*etiology/immunology/psychology
Female
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Male
Middle Aged
Predictive Value of Tests
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
Surveys and Questionnaires
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {25274158},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-014-3375-0},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hou, Y. C. and Chu, C. C. and Ko, T. L. and Yeh, C. L. and Yeh, S. L.},
   title = {Effects of alanyl-glutamine dipeptide on the expression of colon-inflammatory mediators during the recovery phase of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium},
   journal = {Eur J Nutr},
   volume = {52},
   number = {3},
   pages = {1089-98},
   note = {1436-6215
Hou, Yu-Chen
Chu, Chia-Chou
Ko, Tsui-Ling
Yeh, Chiu-Li
Yeh, Sung-Ling
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Eur J Nutr. 2013 Apr;52(3):1089-98. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0416-3. Epub 2012 Jul 31.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Glutamine (Gln) is a nutrient with immunomodulatory effects in metabolic stressed conditions. This study investigated the effects of Gln on colonic-inflammatory-mediator expression and mucosal repair in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice received distilled water containing 3 % DSS for 5 d to induce colitis. One of the DSS-treated groups was intraperitoneally injected with an alanyl (Ala)-Gln solution 3 days before (G-DSS) while the other group was administered Ala-Gln 3 days after colitis (DSS-G) was induced. The Ala-Gln solution provided 0.5 g Gln/kg/d. The saline-DSS group (S-DSS) received an identical amount of saline before and after colitis was induced to serve as a positive control. RESULTS: The S-DSS group had a shorter colon length, higher plasma haptoglobin level, and more-severe colon inflammation. Also, the toll-like receptor (TLR)4 level, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation, and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the colon were higher than those of the normal control group. Gln administration either before or after colitis suppressed TLR4 protein levels, decreased plasma haptoglobin, and reduced colon inflammation. Histological inflammatory scores were also lowered. Compared to the post-colitis Gln group, preventive use of Gln had higher colon length, expressions of mucin 2, trefoil factor 3, and heat shock protein 72 genes were also upregulated in the colon. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that Gln administered either before or after the colitis mitigated inflammation of colitis that was not observed in group without Gln injection. Prophylactic treatment with Gln had more-beneficial effects on reducing inflammatory markers and enhancing the recovery of mucosa in DSS-induced colitis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism/*prevention & control
Colon/*drug effects/immunology/metabolism/pathology
Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism
Dextran Sulfate
Dipeptides/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Disease Models, Animal
Down-Regulation/*drug effects
Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Haptoglobins/analysis/antagonists & inhibitors
Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
Injections, Intraperitoneal
Intestinal Mucosa/*drug effects/immunology/metabolism/pathology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism
Random Allocation
Toll-Like Receptor 4/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1436-6207},
   Accession Number = {22847641},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00394-012-0416-3},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hourigan, S. K. and Oliva-Hemker, M. and Hutfless, S.},
   title = {The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric and adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {59},
   number = {9},
   pages = {2222-7},
   note = {1573-2568
Hourigan, S K
Oliva-Hemker, M
Hutfless, S
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2014 Sep;59(9):2222-7. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3169-4. Epub 2014 May 1.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a high prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). CDI in children with IBD may differ from adults. We aim to compare the prevalence of CDI in hospitalized pediatric and adult IBD patients and patients without IBD. METHODS: The rates of CDI per 1,000 IBD and non-IBD hospitalizations between 1993 and 2012 were examined using the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission database. Age, sex and calendar year adjusted incidence rate ratios comparing CDI in pediatrics and adults by type of IBD and with patients without IBD were calculated. p values for trend identifying changes in rates over time were calculated. RESULTS: Among children, the rate of CDI was over 12 times greater in IBD than non-IBD hospitalizations (p < 0.0001) and among adults, the rate of CDI was four times greater in IBD than non-IBD hospitalizations (p < 0.0001). In adults, CDI was significantly higher in ulcerative colitis (UC) than Crohn's disease (60.4 per 1,000 vs. 19.8 per 1,000, p < 0.0001) but in children there was no difference in CDI in UC compared with Crohn's disease (32 per 1,000 vs. 27 per 1,000, p = 0.45). The prevalence of CDI increased in pediatric and adult IBD patients, and patients without IBD, between 1993 and 2012 (p for trend <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: CDI was more common in adult patients with UC, and no difference was found between CDI and IBD type in pediatrics. There may be different risk factors for CDI during hospitalization between adults and children with IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Child
Child, Preschool
Clostridium Infections/*epidemiology
*Clostridium difficile
Colitis, Ulcerative/*epidemiology
Crohn Disease/*epidemiology
Female
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
Humans
Incidence
Infant
Male
Maryland/epidemiology
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {24788321},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-014-3169-4},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hradsky, O. and Ohem, J. and Zarubova, K. and Mitrova, K. and Durilova, M. and Kotalova, R. and Nevoral, J. and Zemanova, I. and Dryak, P. and Bronsky, J.},
   title = {Disease activity is an important factor for indeterminate interferon-gamma release assay results in children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {58},
   number = {3},
   pages = {320-4},
   note = {1536-4801
Hradsky, Ondrej
Ohem, Jan
Zarubova, Kristyna
Mitrova, Katarina
Durilova, Marianna
Kotalova, Radana
Nevoral, Jiri
Zemanova, Ilona
Dryak, Pavel
Bronsky, Jiri
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Mar;58(3):320-4. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000205.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) is widely used for screening of latent tuberculosis (TB) before and during biological therapy (BT). An indeterminate result of IGRA represents a limitation in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Data on factors influencing IGRA results are scarce in children. The aim of the study was to identify factors influencing IGRA results in children with IBD. METHODS: Seventy-two children with IBD (59 Crohn disease, 11 ulcerative colitis, 2 IBD-unclassified) indicated for BT were tested for TB infection (history, TB skin test, chest radiograph, IGRA; QuantiFERON-TB Gold in tube [QFT]) and consecutively retested using QFT in 1-year intervals. RESULTS: We recorded 165 results of QFT (3% positive, 87% negative, and 10% indeterminate results). During follow-up we identified 4 conversions of negative QFT to positivity (3%) and 4 reversions (4%). Patients with indeterminate results of QFT had significantly lower actual weight-for-height z score (P = 0.022), higher platelet count (P = 0.00017), and lower levels of serum albumin (P = 0.015) compared with patients with positive or negative QFT. Indeterminate QFT was associated with corticosteroid treatment, BT, and disease activity, but not with treatment by immunomodulators. In a subanalysis of patients with Crohn disease alone, Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index was identified as single independent risk factor for indeterminate results (P = 0.00037). CONCLUSIONS: Although corticosteroid treatment is traditionally considered to be the main risk factor for indeterminate results of IGRA, the disease activity of IBD has even more profound effects on the results.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Body Weight
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/pathology
Crohn Disease/complications/pathology
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications/pathology
Interferon-gamma/*metabolism
*Interferon-gamma Release Tests
Latent Tuberculosis/complications/*diagnosis/metabolism
Male
Platelet Count
Risk Factors
Serum Albumin/metabolism
*Tuberculin Test},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24126833},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000205},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hummel, T. Z. and Kindermann, A. and Stokkers, P. C. and Benninga, M. A. and ten Kate, F. J.},
   title = {Exogenous pigment in Peyer patches of children suspected of having IBD},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {58},
   number = {4},
   pages = {477-80},
   note = {1536-4801
Hummel, Thalia Z
Kindermann, Angelika
Stokkers, Pieter C F
Benninga, Marc A
ten Kate, Fiebo J W
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Apr;58(4):477-80. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000221.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The base of human Peyer patches of the terminal ileum has been noted to contain black granular pigment deposits, composed of titanium dioxide and aluminosilicate, which are food additives typically present in a Western diet, and pharmaceuticals. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of exogenous pigment throughout the gastrointestinal tract of children suspected of having inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the correlation between their age and the presence and amount of pigment in Peyer patches, and its relation to pediatric IBD. METHODS: Biopsies (upper and lower gastrointestinal tract) from children suspected of having IBD who underwent endoscopy, were reassessed by a blinded, expert pathologist. The amount of pigment in biopsies was scored using a semiquantitative scale (range 0 to +++). RESULTS: A total of 151 children were included: 62 with Crohn disease (CD), 26 with ulcerative colitis, and 63 with non-IBD. In 63 children (42%), deposits of black pigment were found only in biopsies from the terminal ileum, located in Peyer patches. A significant correlation was found between increasing age and the amount of pigment (P = 0.004). Pigment deposits were found significantly less in the patients with CD compared with those in patients with ulcerative colitis and those with non-IBD (26% vs 62% and 49%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for the hypothesis that the amount of pigment, only present in Peyer patches in the terminal ileum, becomes denser with increasing age. Absence of pigment in Peyer patches in a higher number of patients with CD suggests that microparticles may have become involved in the inflammatory process, possibly because of disrupted autophagy.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Biopsy
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*pathology
Coloring Agents/*analysis
Crohn Disease/*pathology
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Female
Humans
Ileum/*chemistry/pathology
Infant
Male
Peyer's Patches/*chemistry/pathology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24164906},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000221},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hwang, C. and Ross, V. and Mahadevan, U.},
   title = {Popular exclusionary diets for inflammatory bowel disease: the search for a dietary culprit},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {4},
   pages = {732-41},
   note = {1536-4844
Hwang, Caroline
Ross, Viveca
Mahadevan, Uma
Journal Article
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Apr;20(4):732-41. doi: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000438427.48726.b0.},
   abstract = {The evolving understanding of the role of the microbiome and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease makes diet an interesting and potentially powerful tool in the treatment of disease. However, at this time, evidence is limited but anecdotal reports of success abound. There is a bewildering array of new diets being tried by patients in an attempt to control diseases. This review attempts to summarize the most common diets for the treating physician.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*diet therapy
Crohn Disease/*diet therapy
Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
Diet, Fat-Restricted
Diet, Gluten-Free
Diet, Paleolithic
Diet, Vegetarian
Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage
Enteral Nutrition
Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
Humans
Lactose Intolerance/diet therapy},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24562173},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.MIB.0000438427.48726.b0},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hyams, J. S.},
   title = {Standardized recording of parameters related to the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease: from Montreal to Paris},
   journal = {Dig Dis},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {337-44},
   note = {1421-9875
Hyams, Jeffrey S
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Dig Dis. 2014;32(4):337-44. doi: 10.1159/000358133. Epub 2014 Jun 23.},
   abstract = {Similar to adults, there is heterogeneous phenotypic expression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children. Thus, a classification system for disease characteristics is obligatory if one seeks to understand and eventually change the natural history of IBD. Extrapolation of adult clinical trial results to children also depends upon comparable classifications of disease. Features that can differentiate IBD in children from adults include more extensive and severe disease at presentation, frequent corticosteroid dependency, change in location and behavior over time, and the implications of disease for growth and sexual maturation. In contrast to the Montreal classification where all patients <17 years were grouped together, the Paris classification recognizes the different expression of pediatric IBD between those patients aged <10 years and those 10-17 years of age. The recent identification of monogenic disorders in very young children (<2 years) with severe IBD-like disease has further clouded the issue of where appropriate pediatric age guidelines should be drawn, though it is clear these infantile-onset cases should not be grouped with older children. The Paris classification recognizes the importance of upper tract disease on natural history by dividing it into L4a and L4b (proximal and distal to the ligament of Treitz, respectively), while the Montreal system groups all upper-tract patients together. Complicated disease behavior in the Montreal system mandated a single category preventing the concomitant designation as stricturing and penetrating, whereas the Paris classification recognizes that both stricturing and penetrating behavior may occur at the same or different times. Growth delay is recognized only in the Paris classification as a serious manifestation of IBD in children affecting therapeutic decisions. As our understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis in IBD changes over time, it is likely that the IBD classification will change as well. A single classification system that reflects both pediatric and adult disease is needed.},
   keywords = {Age Factors
Colitis, Ulcerative/*classification/*pathology
Crohn Disease/*classification/*pathology
*Disease Progression
Endoscopy
Growth and Development
Humans
Reference Standards},
   ISSN = {0257-2753},
   Accession Number = {24969277},
   DOI = {10.1159/000358133},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ianco, O. and Tulchinsky, H. and Lusthaus, M. and Ofer, A. and Santo, E. and Vaisman, N. and Dotan, I.},
   title = {Diet of patients after pouch surgery may affect pouch inflammation},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {19},
   number = {38},
   pages = {6458-64},
   note = {2219-2840
Ianco, Orit
Tulchinsky, Hagit
Lusthaus, Michal
Ofer, Amos
Santo, Erwin
Vaisman, Nachum
Dotan, Iris
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Oct 14;19(38):6458-64. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i38.6458.},
   abstract = {AIM: To investigate the diet of pouch patients compared to healthy controls, and to correlate pouch patients' diet with disease behavior. METHODS: Pouch patients were recruited and prospectively followed-up at the Comprehensive Pouch Clinic at the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center. Pouch behavior was determined based on clinical, endoscopic and histological criteria. Healthy age- and sex-matched volunteers were selected from the "MABAT" Israeli Nutrition and Public Health Governmental Study and served as the control group. All the participants completed a 106-item food frequency questionnaire categorized into food groups and nutritional values based on those used in the United States Department of Agriculture food pyramid and the Israeli food pyramid. Data on Dietary behavior, food avoidance, the use of nutritional supplements, physical activity, smoking habits, and body-mass index (BMI) were also obtained. Pouch patients who had familial adenomatous polyposis (n = 3), irritable pouch syndrome (n = 4), or patients whose pouch surgery took place less than one year previously (n = 5) were excluded from analysis. RESULTS: The pouch patients (n = 80) consumed significantly more from the bakery products food group (1.2 +/- 1.4 servings/d vs 0.6 +/- 1.1 servings/d, P < 0.05) and as twice as many servings from the oils and fats (4.8 +/- 3.4 servings/d vs 2.4 +/- 2 servings/d, P < 0.05), and the nuts and seeds food group (0.3 +/- 0.6 servings/d vs 0.1 +/- 0.4 servings/d, P < 0.05) compared to the controls (n = 80). The pouch patients consumed significantly more total fat (97.6 +/- 40.5 g/d vs 84.4 +/- 39 g/d, P < 0.05) and fat components [monounsaturated fatty acids (38.4 +/- 16.4 g/d vs 30 +/- 14 g/d, P < 0.001), and saturated fatty acids (30 +/- 15.5 g/d vs 28 +/- 14.1 g/d, P < 0.00)] than the controls. In contrast, the pouch patients consumed significantly fewer carbohydrates (305.5 +/- 141.4 g/d vs 369 +/- 215.2 g/d, P = 0.03), sugars (124 +/- 76.2 g/d vs 157.5 +/- 90.4 g/d, P = 0.01), theobromine (77.8 +/- 100 mg/d vs 236.6 +/- 244.5 mg/d, P < 0.00), retinol (474.4 +/- 337.1 mug/d vs 832.4 +/- 609.6 mug/d, P < 0.001) and dietary fibers (26.2 +/- 15.4 g/d vs 30.7 +/- 14 g/d, P = 0.05) than the controls. Comparisons of the food consumption of the patients without (n = 23) and with pouchitis (n = 45) showed that the former consumed twice as many fruit servings as the latter (3.6 +/- 4.1 servings/d vs 1.8 +/- 1.7 servings/d, respectively, P < 0.05). In addition, the pouchitis patients consumed significantly fewer liposoluble antioxidants, such as cryptoxanthin (399 +/- 485 mug/d vs 890.1 +/- 1296.8 mug/d, P < 0.05) and lycopene (6533.1 +/- 6065.7 mug/d vs 10725.7 +/- 10065.9 mug/d, P < 0.05), and less vitamin A (893.3 +/- 516 mug/d vs 1237.5 +/- 728 mug/d, P < 0.05) and vitamin C (153.3 +/- 130 mg/d vs 285.3 +/- 326.3 mg/d, P < 0.05) than the patients without pouchitis. The mean BMI of the pouchitis patients was significantly lower than the BMI of the patients with a normal pouch: 22.6 +/- 3.2 vs 27 +/- 4.9 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Decreased consumption of antioxidants by patients with pouchitis may expose them to the effects of inflammatory and oxidative stress and contribute to the development of pouchitis.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Antioxidants/*administration & dosage
Body Mass Index
Case-Control Studies
Chronic Disease
Diet/*adverse effects
Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Feeding Behavior
Female
Fruit
Humans
Israel
*Life Style
Male
Middle Aged
Nutritional Status
Pouchitis/diagnosis/*etiology/prevention & control
Prospective Studies
Recurrence
Risk Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
Vegetables
Dietary reference intake
Food frequency questionnaire
Ileal-pouch anal anastomosis
Pouch surgery
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {24151365},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v19.i38.6458},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ihekweazu, F. D. and Kellermayer, R.},
   title = {Allopurinol: a useful adjunct to thiopurine therapy for pediatric ulcerative colitis in the biologic era},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {1},
   pages = {22-4},
   note = {1536-4801
Ihekweazu, Faith D
Kellermayer, Richard
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Jul;59(1):22-4. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000344.},
   abstract = {Thiopurines are used as a maintenance therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). For some patients the metabolism of thiopurines is unfavorable, leading to increased adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity. There are many reports in the adult literature concerning the manipulation of thiopurine metabolism with allopurinol; however, there is only 1 publication in this respect for pediatric UC. We present 3 pediatric cases of UC wherein the combination of allopurinol and low-dose 6-mercaptopurine allowed for shunting of thiopurine metabolites to a more favorable pattern. This intervention supported clinical remission in all, including one case poorly responsive to infliximab.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/analogs & derivatives/blood/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Adolescent
Allopurinol/*therapeutic use
Antimetabolites/*therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Drug Therapy, Combination
Female
Guanine Nucleotides/blood
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*metabolism/*therapeutic use
Male
Thionucleotides/blood},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24590210},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000344},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Irving, P. M.},
   title = {Are we using and monitoring thiopurines and biologics optimally?},
   journal = {Dig Dis},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {410-8},
   note = {1421-9875
Irving, Peter M
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Dig Dis. 2014;32(4):410-8. doi: 10.1159/000358147. Epub 2014 Jun 23.},
   abstract = {The use of biologics and thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease has increased rapidly over the last 2 decades with both classes of drugs being used more frequently and earlier in the disease course. This vogue has come about through a realisation that for some patients Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are progressive diseases and that use of these therapies can sometimes prevent that progression. However, knowledge about the optimal way in which to use these drugs continues to evolve. In this paper, the evidence regarding optimal timing and dosing of thiopurines and biologics will be reviewed as will the role of thiopurine methyltransferase testing along with therapeutic drug monitoring of both thiopurines and biologics. In addition, possible future applications of biologic drug level and anti-drug antibody testing will be considered.},
   keywords = {Antibodies/metabolism
Biological Products/*therapeutic use
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
*Drug Monitoring
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy
Purines/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0257-2753},
   Accession Number = {24969289},
   DOI = {10.1159/000358147},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Iskandar, H. and Greer, J. B. and Schraut, W. H. and Regueiro, M. D. and Davis, P. L. and Hartman, D. J. and Siegel, C. A. and Herfarth, H. H. and Williams, E. D. and Schwartz, M. B.},
   title = {IBD LIVE case series-case 1: smoking, a controversial but effective treatment for ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1696-701},
   note = {1536-4844
Iskandar, Heba
Greer, Julia B
Schraut, Wolfgang H
Regueiro, Miguel D
Davis, Peter L
Hartman, Douglas J
Siegel, Corey A
Herfarth, Hans H
Williams, Emmanuelle D
Schwartz, Marc B
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Oct;20(10):1696-701. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000188.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*prevention & control
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Prognosis
*Smoking},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {25167214},
   DOI = {10.1097/mib.0000000000000188},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Iwamoto, J. and Honda, A. and Miyamoto, Y. and Miyazaki, T. and Murakami, M. and Saito, Y. and Ikegami, T. and Miyamoto, J. and Matsuzaki, Y.},
   title = {Serum carnitine as an independent biomarker of malnutrition in patients with impaired oral intake},
   journal = {J Clin Biochem Nutr},
   volume = {55},
   number = {3},
   pages = {221-7},
   note = {Iwamoto, Junichi
Honda, Akira
Miyamoto, Yasunori
Miyazaki, Teruo
Murakami, Masashi
Saito, Yoshifumi
Ikegami, Tadashi
Miyamoto, Jiro
Matsuzaki, Yasushi
Journal Article
Japan
J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2014 Nov;55(3):221-7. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.14-77. Epub 2014 Oct 4.},
   abstract = {Carnitine is a vitamin-like compound that plays important roles in fatty acid beta-oxidation and the control of the mitochondrial coenzyme A/acetyl-CoA ratio. However, carnitine is not added to ordinary enteral nutrition or total parenteral nutrition. In this study, we determined the serum carnitine concentrations in subjects receiving ordinary enteral nutrition (EN) or total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases to compare its levels with those of other nutritional markers. Serum samples obtained from 11 EN and 11 TPN patients and 82 healthy controls were examined. In addition, 10 Crohn's disease and 10 ulcerative colitis patients with malnutrition who were barely able to ingest an ordinary diet were also evaluated. Carnitine and its derivatives were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The carnitine concentrations in EN and TPN subjects were significantly lower compared with those of the control subjects. Neither the serum albumin nor the total cholesterol level was correlated with the carnitine concentration, although a significant positive correlation was found between the serum albumin and total cholesterol levels. Indeed, patients with CD and UC showed significantly reduced serum albumin and/or total cholesterol levels, but their carnitine concentrations remained normal. In conclusion, only a complete blockade of an ordinary diet, such as EN or TPN, caused a reduction in the serum carnitine concentration. Serum carnitine may be an independent biomarker of malnutrition, and its supplementation is needed in EN and TPN subjects even if their serum albumin and total cholesterol levels are normal.},
   keywords = {carnitine
enteral nutrition (EN)
inflammatory bowel diseases
total parenteral nutrition (TPN)},
   ISSN = {0912-0009 (Print)
0912-0009},
   Accession Number = {25411530},
   DOI = {10.3164/jcbn.14-77},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Izaguirre, M. R. and Keefer, L.},
   title = {Development of a self-efficacy scale for adolescents and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {1},
   pages = {29-32},
   note = {1536-4801
Izaguirre, Marisa R
Keefer, Laurie
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Jul;59(1):29-32. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000357.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) self-management fits well within a social-cognitive framework. At the heart of social-cognitive theory is self-efficacy, a set of beliefs about one's ability to perform certain tasks. Self-efficacy is a strong predictor of health outcomes in chronic diseases and could serve as an intermediary outcome measure of self-management for pediatric IBD. The aim of this preliminary study was to develop items for the design of a self-efficacy scale specifically for adolescents and young adults with IBD. METHODS: Survey development is an iterative process. As defined by the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines for developing a patient-reported outcome measurement, the first step of this process is to obtain patient input. Using qualitative research methods, adolescents and young adults were recruited from an outpatient pediatric gastroenterology clinic to participate in a semistructured interview. Transcriptions of the recorded interviews were reviewed for themes related to self-efficacy around disease management. A consensus panel of gastroenterologists and health psychologists reviewed the initially constructed items. Those specific items were then reviewed and adjusted by a panel of participants for content and understandability using cognitive interview methods. The resulting 13-item scale is presented here. RESULTS: Nineteen patients and 5 parents participated in the study. The study sample was 42% girls, 79% whites, 74% had Crohn disease, and 79% had not required surgery. Median age was 15 years (range 10-22 years). Theme analysis and expert review yielded 13 items across 4 theoretical domains: managing medical care, managing daily life with IBD, managing emotions, and managing the future with IBD. CONCLUSIONS: A 13-item disease-specific scale has been developed based on patient input to assess self-efficacy around self-management in adolescents with IBD. Efforts to validate this newly designed scale are presently under way.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/*psychology
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/*psychology
Female
Guidelines as Topic
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Interviews as Topic
Male
Medication Adherence
Qualitative Research
*Self Care
*Self Efficacy
*Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24590216},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000357},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jadhav, S. R. and Shandilya, U. K. and Kansal, V. K.},
   title = {Exploring the ameliorative potential of probiotic Dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on dextran sodium sulphate induced colitis in mice},
   journal = {J Dairy Res},
   volume = {80},
   number = {1},
   pages = {21-7},
   note = {1469-7629
Jadhav, Sagar R
Shandilya, Umesh Kr
Kansal, Vinod K
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Dairy Res. 2013 Feb;80(1):21-7. doi: 10.1017/S0022029912000684.},
   abstract = {Conventional medical therapies for ulcerative colitis (UC) are still limited due to the adverse side effects like dose-dependent diarrhoea and insufficient potency to keep in remission for long-term periods. So, new alternatives that provide more effective and safe therapies for ulcerative colitis are constantly being sought. In the present study, probiotic LaBb Dahi was selected for investigation of its therapeutic effect on DSS-induced colitis model in mice. LaBb Dahi was prepared by co-culturing Dahi culture of Lactococci along with selected strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus LaVK2 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BbVK3 in buffalo milk. Four groups of mice (12 each) were fed for 17 d with buffalo milk (normal control), buffalo milk plus DSS (Colitis control), Dahi plus DSS, and LaBb Dahi plus DSS, respectively, with basal diet. The disease activity scores, weight loss, organ weight, colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and beta-glucoronidase activity was assessed, and the histopathological picture of the colon of mice was studied. All colitis control mice evidenced significant increase in MPO, beta-glucoronidase activity and showed high disease activity scores along with histological damage to colonic tissue. Feeding with LaBb Dahi offered significant reduction in MPO activity, beta-glucoronidase activity and improved disease activity scores. We found significant decline in length of colon, organ weight and body weight in colitis induced controls which were improved significantly by feeding LaBb Dahi. The present study suggests that LaBb Dahi can be used as a potential nutraceutical intervention to combat UC related changes and may offer effective adjunctive treatment for management of UC.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Bifidobacterium
Body Weight
Buffaloes
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/pathology/*therapy
Colon/pathology
*Dextran Sulfate
Dietary Supplements
Disease Models, Animal
Glucuronidase/metabolism
*Lactobacillus acidophilus
Male
Mice
Milk/microbiology
Peroxidase/metabolism
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0022-0299},
   Accession Number = {23317563},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0022029912000684},
   year = {2013

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag