text:
nov,
  volume = {61},
  pages = {933--937},
  publisher = {{BMJ Publishing Group Ltd}},
  issn = {0143-005X, 1470-2738},
  doi = {10.1136/jech.2006.054254},
  abstract = {The concepts of complexity and chaos are being invoked with increasing frequency in the health sciences literature. However, the concepts underpinning these concepts are foreign to many health scientists and there is some looseness in how they have been translated from their origins in mathematics and physics, which is leading to confusion and error in their application. Nonetheless, used carefully, ``complexity science'' has the potential to invigorate many areas of health science and may lead to important practical outcomes; but if it is to do so, we need the discipline that comes from a proper and responsible usage of its concepts. Hopefully, this glossary will go some way towards achieving that objective.},
  chapter = {Glossary},
  copyright = {2007 the BMJ Publishing Group},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Rickles et al/Rickles et al_2007_A simple guide to chaos and complexity.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/GQKUZLH7/933.html;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/VV9GDB88/933.html},
  journal = {Journal of Epidemiology \& Community Health},
  keywords = {nonlinear dynamics; chaos theory; complexity},
  language = {en},
  number = {11},
  pmid = {17933949}
}

@article{riedlAuthoritarianLedDemocratization2020,
  title = {Authoritarian-{{Led Democratization}}},
  author = {Riedl, Rachel Beatty and Slater, Dan and Wong, Joseph and Ziblatt, Daniel},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {null},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-052318-025732},
  abstract = {Authoritarian regimes become more likely to democratize when they face little choice or little risk. In some cases, the risk of democratization to authoritarian incumbents is so low that ending authoritarianism might not mean exiting power at all. This article develops a unified theory of authoritarian-led democratization under conditions of relatively low incumbent risk. We argue that the party strength of the authoritarian incumbent is the most pivotal factor in authoritarian-led democratization. When incumbent party strength has been substantial enough to give incumbent authoritarian politicians significant electoral victory confidence, nondemocratic regimes have pursued reversible democratic experiments that eventually culminated in stable, thriving democracies. Evidence from Europe's first wave of democratization and more recent democratic transitions in Taiwan and Ghana illustrate how party strength has underpinned authoritarian-led democratization across the world and across modern history. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 23 is May 11, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052318-025732},
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  number = {1}
}

@article{riedlAuthoritarianLedDemocratization2020a,
  title = {Authoritarian-{{Led Democratization}}},
  author = {Riedl, Rachel Beatty and Slater, Dan and Wong, Joseph and Ziblatt, Daniel},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  volume = {23},
  pages = {315--332},
  issn = {1094-2939, 1545-1577},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-052318-025732},
  abstract = {Authoritarian regimes become more likely to democratize when they face little choice or little risk. In some cases, the risk of democratization to authoritarian incumbents is so low that ending authoritarianism might not mean exiting power at all. This article develops a unified theory of authoritarianled democratization under conditions of relatively low incumbent risk. We argue that the party strength of the authoritarian incumbent is the most pivotal factor in authoritarian-led democratization. When incumbent party strength has been substantial enough to give incumbent authoritarian politicians significant electoral victory confidence, nondemocratic regimes have pursued reversible democratic experiments that eventually culminated in stable, thriving democracies. Evidence from Europe's first wave of democratization and more recent democratic transitions in Taiwan and Ghana illustrate how party strength has underpinned authoritarian-led democratization across the world and across modern history.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/E8Q5KWGB/Riedl et al. - 2020 - Authoritarian-Led Democratization.pdf},
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{rigdonQuantifyUncertaintyBehavioral2020,
  title = {Quantify Uncertainty in Behavioral Research},
  author = {Rigdon, Edward E. and Sarstedt, Marko and Becker, Jan-Michael},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  pages = {1--3},
  issn = {2397-3374},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-019-0806-0},
  abstract = {The behavioral sciences underestimate the uncertainty of research findings and thus overestimate replicability. Metrologists in the physical sciences quantify all material components of uncertainty, even if some components must be quantified using non-statistical means. Behavioral science should follow suit.},
  copyright = {2020 Springer Nature Limited},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Rigdon et al/Rigdon et al_2020_Quantify uncertainty in behavioral research.pdf},
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  language = {en}
}

@article{ringerTwitchChatDatasetExploring,
  title = {{{TwitchChat}}: {{A Dataset}} for {{Exploring Livestream Chat}}},
  author = {Ringer, Charles and Nicolaou, Mihalis A and Walker, James Alfred},
  pages = {7},
  abstract = {Most natural language processing research focuses on modelling and understanding text formed of complete sentences with correct spelling and grammar. However, livestream chat is drastically different. Viewers are typically writing short messages while responding to in-stream events, often with incorrect grammar and many repeated tokens. Additionally, tokens that are commonly used in livestream chat are unknown to traditional language understanding efforts that focus on prosaic text. To advance and encourage further research in terms of livestream chat understanding, in this work, we present a large-scale dataset of video game livestream chat, consisting of over 60 million tokens. As livestreaming becomes more popular it is also increasingly pertinent to study, though chat analysis, the way in which the audience is engaging with the stream. However, this is not a straightforward task, livestream chat is a rich and complex domain, far removed from often studied prosaic text. Additionally. we provide a case study analysis of word vector methods applied to the dataset, showing that the vector space is strangely shaped but clusterable and that the resulting clusters correlate with features such as streamer popularity. Furthermore, human relatedness tests highlight the difference that this domain poses with respect to prosaic text. It is hoped the livestream chat dataset, the discussion of its unique features, and the challenges highlighted for future work will invigorate the research community into further study of livestream chat.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/6SM8JZKX/Ringer et al. - TwitchChat A Dataset for Exploring Livestream Cha.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{rivaTemplateBasedGraphClustering,
  title = {Template-{{Based Graph Clustering}}},
  author = {Riva, Mateus and Yger, Florian and Gori, Pietro and Jr, Roberto M Cesar and Bloch, Isabelle},
  pages = {16},
  abstract = {We propose a novel graph clustering method guided by additional information on the underlying structure of the clusters (or communities). The problem is formulated as the matching of a graph to a template with smaller dimension, hence matching n vertices of the observed graph (to be clustered) to the k vertices of a template graph, using its edges as support information, and relaxed on the set of orthonormal matrices in order to find a k dimensional embedding. With relevant priors that encode the density of the clusters and their relationships, our method outperforms classical methods, especially for challenging cases.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/4DEI7LGK/Riva et al. - Template-Based Graph Clustering.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{riveroValuePartisanshipBasis2019,
  title = {The {{Value}} and {{Partisanship Basis}} of {{Left}}-{{Right Placement}} after the {{Financial Crisis}}: {{A Comparative Mass}}-{{Elite Analysis}} of {{Five Selected Democracies}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Value}} and {{Partisanship Basis}} of {{Left}}-{{Right Placement}} after the {{Financial Crisis}}},
  author = {Rivero, Carlos Garc{\'i}a and Kotz{\`e}, Hennie},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  volume = {18},
  pages = {567--594},
  issn = {1569-1322, 1569-1330},
  doi = {10.1163/15691330-12341511},
  abstract = {{$<$}section class="abstract"{$><$}h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h2{$><$}p{$>$}The concept of ideology has been related to economic inequality, state intervention in the economy, party identification, moral values and, more recently, to post-materialist values. It is also argued that the general public has a perception of this concept similar to that of the elites. This article analyses the left-right continuum at the elite and mass levels in five countries, before and after the recent severe financial crisis. It investigates: i) the relative weight of values vs partisanship as the basis of left-right self-placement; ii) whether political elites and citizens share the same factors underpinning ideology; and iii) whether there have been any changes in these factors as a consequence of the 2007-2008 financial crisis. The study is a quantitative analysis making use of survey data. Findings indicate that both elites and masses concentrated in moderate positions both before and after the crisis; citizens do not follow elites when explaining left-right self-placement; and the financial crisis has led elites to move toward the right and the public toward the left. Before the crisis citizens used to base their position on the scale on partisanship more than on values. After the crisis, values surpassed partisanship. Elite placements were mainly based on values.{$<$}/p{$><$}/section{$>$}},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/QVLXWD3S/article-p567_1.html},
  journal = {Comparative Sociology},
  language = {en},
  number = {5-6}
}

@article{robbinsEmpiricalComparisonFour,
  title = {An {{Empirical Comparison}} of {{Four Generalized Trust Scales}}: {{Test}}-{{Retest Reliability}}, {{Measurement Invariance}}, {{Predictive Validity}}, and {{Replicability}}},
  author = {Robbins, Blaine G},
  pages = {42},
  abstract = {The Stranger Face Trust scale (SFT) and Imaginary Stranger Trust scale (IST) are two new selfreport measures of generalized trust that assess trust in strangers\textemdash both real and imaginary\textemdash across four trust domains. Prior research has established the reliability and validity of SFT and IST, but a number of measurement validation tests remain. Across three separate studies, I assess the test-retest reliability, measurement invariance, predictive validity, and replicability of SFT and IST, with the misanthropy scale (MST) and generalized social trust scale (GST) serving as benchmarks. First, tests of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and longitudinal measurement invariance established that all four generalized trust scales were acceptably reliable, with SFT and IST yielding greater overall reliability than MST and GST. Second, tests of multiple group measurement invariance revealed that SFT and IST were invariant across gender, race, education, and age-groups, while MST and GST were nonequivalent across the same sociodemographic groups. Third, an investment game established the predictive validity of SFT and\textemdash to a lesser extent\textemdash MST, with IST and GST yielding poor predictive validity. Fourth, tests of factor structure and measurement invariance indicated that all four generalized trust scales replicated across samples. The present findings bolster the validity, reliability, and measurement invariance of SFT and IST, while illustrating the compromised validity and measurement invariance of MST and GST. Implications for the measurement of generalized trust are discussed.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Robbins/Robbins_An Empirical Comparison of Four Generalized Trust Scales2.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{robbinsMeasuringGeneralizedTrust2019,
  title = {Measuring {{Generalized Trust}}: {{Two New Approaches}}},
  shorttitle = {Measuring {{Generalized Trust}}},
  author = {Robbins, Blaine G.},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  pages = {0049124119852371},
  issn = {0049-1241},
  doi = {10.1177/0049124119852371},
  abstract = {The Stranger Face Trust (SFT) questionnaire and the Imaginary Stranger Trust (IST) questionnaire are two new self-report measures of generalized trust that assess trust in real (SFT) and imaginary (IST) strangers across four trust domains. Both were designed to be objective, empirically valid, and easy to administer and score. To assess measurement validity and reliability, SFT and IST along with other common measures of social trust, sociodemographic characteristics, biographical characteristics, and a survey experiment were administered to a large representative sample of Qualtrics web-panel members (N = 2,041). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models established the internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion validity of SFT and IST. Further tests revealed that SFT and IST correlate with well-established predictors of generalized trust, while other correlates like the age\textendash trust relation were called into question. Taken together, this article shows that SFT and IST are valid and reliable instruments for the measurement of generalized trust and that common measures of generalized trust appear to be less valid and less reliable. This article ends with a discussion of the implications and directions for future research.},
  journal = {Sociological Methods \& Research},
  language = {en}
}

@article{robinaughIdentifyingHighlyInfluential2016,
  title = {Identifying Highly Influential Nodes in the Complicated Grief Network.},
  author = {Robinaugh, Donald J. and Millner, Alexander J. and McNally, Richard J.},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {125},
  pages = {747--757},
  issn = {1939-1846, 0021-843X},
  doi = {10.1037/abn0000181},
  journal = {Journal of Abnormal Psychology},
  language = {en},
  number = {6}
}

@article{robinaughNetworkApproachPsychopathologyundefined/ed,
  title = {The Network Approach to Psychopathology: A Review of the Literature 2008\textendash 2018 and an Agenda for Future Research},
  shorttitle = {The Network Approach to Psychopathology},
  author = {Robinaugh, Donald J. and Hoekstra, Ria H. A. and Toner, Emma R. and Borsboom, Denny},
  year = {undefined/ed},
  pages = {1--14},
  issn = {0033-2917, 1469-8978},
  doi = {10.1017/S0033291719003404},
  abstract = {The network approach to psychopathology posits that mental disorders can be conceptualized and studied as causal systems of mutually reinforcing symptoms. This approach, first posited in 2008, has grown substantially over the past decade and is now a full-fledged area of psychiatric research. In this article, we provide an overview and critical analysis of 363 articles produced in the first decade of this research program, with a focus on key theoretical, methodological, and empirical contributions. In addition, we turn our attention to the next decade of the network approach and propose critical avenues for future research in each of these domains. We argue that this program of research will be best served by working toward two overarching aims: (a) the identification of robust empirical phenomena and (b) the development of formal theories that can explain those phenomena. We recommend specific steps forward within this broad framework and argue that these steps are necessary if the network approach is to develop into a progressive program of research capable of producing a cumulative body of knowledge about how specific mental disorders operate as causal systems.},
  journal = {Psychological Medicine},
  language = {en}
}

@article{rodriguez-sanchezClimbingEscherStairs2020,
  title = {Climbing {{Escher}}'s Stairs: {{A}} Way to Approximate Stability Landscapes in Multidimensional Systems},
  shorttitle = {Climbing {{Escher}}'s Stairs},
  author = {{Rodr{\'i}guez-S{\'a}nchez}, Pablo and van Nes, Egbert H. and Scheffer, Marten},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  volume = {16},
  pages = {e1007788},
  issn = {1553-7358},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007788},
  abstract = {Stability landscapes are useful for understanding the properties of dynamical systems. These landscapes can be calculated from the system's dynamical equations using the physical concept of scalar potential. Unfortunately, it is well known that for most systems with two or more state variables such potentials do not exist. Here we use an analogy with art to provide an accessible explanation of why this happens and briefly review some of the possible alternatives. Additionally, we introduce a novel and simple computational tool that implements one of those solutions: the decomposition of the differential equations into a gradient term, that has an associated potential, and a non-gradient term, that lacks it. In regions of the state space where the magnitude of the non-gradient term is small compared to the gradient part, we use the gradient term to approximate the potential as quasi-potential. The non-gradient to gradient ratio can be used to estimate the local error introduced by our approximation. Both the algorithm and a ready-to-use implementation in the form of an R package are provided.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/WVIC3NMZ/Rodríguez-Sánchez et al. - 2020 - Climbing Escher’s stairs A way to approximate sta.html},
  journal = {PLOS Computational Biology},
  keywords = {Algorithms,Approximation methods,Community ecology,Differential equations,Dynamical systems,Linear algebra,Phase determination,System stability},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@techreport{rodriguezFormalizingTheoreticalExpectations2020,
  title = {On {{Formalizing Theoretical Expectations}}: {{Bayesian Testing}} of {{Central Structures}} in {{Psychological Networks}}},
  shorttitle = {On {{Formalizing Theoretical Expectations}}},
  author = {Rodriguez, Josue E. and Williams, Donald Ray and Rast, Philippe and Mulder, Joris},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/zw7pf},
  abstract = {Network theory has emerged as a popular framework for conceptualizing psychological constructs and mental disorders. Initially, network analysis was motivated in part by the thought that it can be used for hypothesis generation. Although the customary approach for network modeling is inherently exploratory, we argue that there is untapped potential for confirmatory hypothesis testing. In this work, we bring to fruition the potential of Gaussian graphical models for generating testable hypotheses. This is accomplished by merging exploratory and confirmatory analyses into a cohesive framework built around Bayesian hypothesis testing of partial correlations. We first present a motivating example based on a customary, exploratory analysis, where it is made clear how information encoded by the conditional (in)dependence structure can be used to formulate hypotheses. Building upon this foundation, we then provide several empirical examples that unify exploratory and confirmatory testing in psychopathology symptom networks. In particular, we (1) estimate exploratory graphs; (2) derive hypotheses based on the most central structures; and (3) test those hypotheses in a confirmatory setting. Our confirmatory results uncovered an intricate web of relations, including an order to edge weights within comorbidity networks. This illuminates the rich and informative inferences that can be drawn with the proposed approach. We conclude with recommendations for applied researchers, in addition to discussing how our methodology answers recent calls to begin developing formal models related to the conditional (in)dependence structure of psychological networks.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{rodriguezNetworkAnalysisDomestic2019,
  title = {A {{Network Analysis}} of {{Domestic Violence Beliefs Among Young Adults}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Rodriguez, Ana L. and Stephens, Dionne P. and Brewe, Eric and Ramarao, Indira and Madhivanan, Purnima},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  pages = {0886260519889923},
  issn = {0886-2605},
  doi = {10.1177/0886260519889923},
  abstract = {This study sought to describe the system of beliefs on gender, attitudes toward women, and wife beating, in young adults who live in Mysore, India. Furthermore, it identified structural sex differences in the interplay of values among these matters that can affect individual and community views toward domestic violence. Drawing from survey data gathered from 265 young adult Indian men and women, this study used network analysis to graph a correlation network of beliefs and attitudes toward domestic violence. Node, scale, and network structure descriptions allowed for comparisons among male and female participant responses. The findings support the assertion that there are sex differences among the system of beliefs toward wife beating among Indian young adults. Gender ideology, masculine role in relationships, and legal and social consequences of wife beating emerged as the most important values to focus on when addressing young men's beliefs of domestic violence and attitudes toward women. In contrast, values influencing women's perceptions of domestic violence are more complex and related to multiple beliefs about women's power, family structure, and social and legal implications of domestic violence. The results highlight the importance of recognizing gender differences in the connectivity between gender and wife beating beliefs when designing interventions. There is a need for efforts to accurately target these values and attitudes to more effectively address gendered attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence in this population.},
  journal = {Journal of Interpersonal Violence},
  language = {en}
}

@article{roelingImputationAttributesNetworked2020,
  title = {Imputation of Attributes in Networked Data Using {{Bayesian}} Autocorrelation Regression Models},
  author = {Roeling, Mark Patrick and Nicholls, Geoff K},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  volume = {62},
  pages = {24--32},
  issn = {0378-8733},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socnet.2020.02.005},
  abstract = {Misspecification in network autocorrelation models poses a challenge for parameter estimation, which is amplified by missing data. Model misspecification has been a focus of recent work in the statistics literature and new robust procedures have been developed, in particular cutting feedback. This paper shows how this helps in a misspecified network autocorrelation model. Where model misspecification is mild and the traits are fully observed, Bayesian imputation is routine. In settings with high missingness, Bayesian inference can fail, but a closely related cut model is robust. We illustrate this on a data set of graduate students using a Facebook-like messaging app.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/X3ALXJ4R/S0378873320300149.html},
  journal = {Social Networks},
  language = {en}
}

@article{rogersProblemOrderUnderstanding,
  title = {The Problem of Order: {{Understanding}} How Culture Predicts Social Action},
  shorttitle = {The Problem of Order},
  author = {Rogers, Kimberly B.},
  volume = {n/a},
  pages = {e12800},
  issn = {1751-9020},
  doi = {10.1111/soc4.12800},
  abstract = {How is social order possible? Scholars in a variety of sociological subfields have sought to address this question, known as the problem of order, building theories and evidence that have tended to center either structural forces or human agency. I explain how this dichotomy has shaped the direction and extent of our scholarly progress, focusing on debates and developments in sociological social psychology and cultural sociology, and consider how theoretical and empirical developments in these fields enable us to revisit the problem of order in pursuit of new questions and answers. The great promise of this work is in its ability to identify the micro\textendash macro linkages that enable personal agency and social change, while also explaining why the social order is so durable and how we arrive at and enact a shared definition of the situation as often as we do given individual differences and self-complexity.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/soc4.12800},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2020 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/HVZPQX9M/soc4.html},
  journal = {Sociology Compass},
  language = {en},
  number = {n/a}
}

@article{roggemansReligionNegativeAttitudes2015,
  title = {Religion and {{Negative Attitudes}} towards {{Homosexuals}}: {{An Analysis}} of {{Urban Young People}} and {{Their Attitudes}} towards {{Homosexuality}}},
  shorttitle = {Religion and {{Negative Attitudes}} towards {{Homosexuals}}},
  author = {Roggemans, Lilith and Spruyt, Bram and Droogenbroeck, Filip Van and Keppens, Gil},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  volume = {23},
  pages = {254--276},
  issn = {1103-3088, 1741-3222},
  doi = {10.1177/1103308815586903},
  journal = {YOUNG},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{rogozaDarkTriadTraits2018,
  title = {Dark {{Triad}} Traits and Their Structure: {{An}} Empirical Approach},
  shorttitle = {Dark {{Triad}} Traits and Their Structure},
  author = {Rogoza, Rados{\l}aw and Cieciuch, Jan},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  issn = {1936-4733},
  doi = {10.1007/s12144-018-9834-6},
  abstract = {In the present research we investigated the structure of the Dark Triad of personality. On the basis of analyses performed on a broad spectrum of different items from different measures of traits usually included into the Dark Triad we provided support for the ideas that: (1) narcissism and the Dark Dyad are independent constructs; (2) it is possible to differentiate twelve meaningful dark facets in the pool of dark items from various measure of psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism; (3) these facets could be organized within a hierarchical structure, which suggests that Machiavellianism as it is currently measured is an aspect of psychopathy in a similar manner as exhibitionism is an aspect of narcissism; (4) distinguished facets are organized in a theoretically predictable pattern of relations with basic personality traits and values, just as narcissism and the Dark Dyad are related to personality metatraits and higher order values.},
  journal = {Current Psychology},
  language = {en}
}

@article{rohlaSpatialScaleGeographical,
  title = {Spatial Scale and the Geographical Polarization of the {{American}} Electorate},
  author = {Rohla, Ryne and Johnston, Ron and Jones, Kelvyn and Manley, David},
  doi = {S096262981730238X},
  abstract = {In the large literature on the growing polarization of the American electorate and its representatives relatively little attention is paid to the spatial polarization of voters for the two parties at presidential elections. Bishop argued this has increased as the result of residential location decisions: Democratic Party supporters have increasingly moved to neighborhoods where others of that persuasion are already congregated, for example. His analyses at the county scale are geographically incommensurate with that argument, however; the lacuna is filled using precinct-level data for the entire United States for the 2008, 2012 and 2016 presidential elections. Multi-level modelling shows polarization at those elections was significantly greater at the precinct than the county, state and division scales. Change over the three elections at the precinct scale was probably associated with redistricting and reduced support from the Democratic Party by some groups.},
  journal = {Political Geography}
}

@article{rohlaSpatialScaleGeographicala,
  title = {Spatial Scale and the Geographical Polarization of the {{American}} Electorate},
  author = {Rohla, Ryne and Johnston, Ron and Jones, Kelvyn and Manley, David},
  doi = {S096262981730238X},
  abstract = {In the large literature on the growing polarization of the American electorate and its representatives relatively little attention is paid to the spatial polarization of voters for the two parties at presidential elections. Bishop argued this has increased as the result of residential location decisions: Democratic Party supporters have increasingly moved to neighborhoods where others of that persuasion are already congregated, for example. His analyses at the county scale are geographically incommensurate with that argument, however; the lacuna is filled using precinct-level data for the entire United States for the 2008, 2012 and 2016 presidential elections. Multi-level modelling shows polarization at those elections was significantly greater at the precinct than the county, state and division scales. Change over the three elections at the precinct scale was probably associated with redistricting and reduced support from the Democratic Party by some groups.},
  journal = {Political Geography}
}

@article{rokkanPoliticsEconomyCulture1974,
  title = {Politics between Economy and Culture},
  shorttitle = {Politics between Economy and Culture},
  author = {Rokkan, S.},
  year = {1974},
  month = feb,
  volume = {13},
  pages = {27--38},
  issn = {0539-0184},
  doi = {10.1177/053901847401300102},
  journal = {Social Science Information},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@book{rokkanStateFormationNationbuilding1999,
  title = {State Formation, Nation-Building, and Mass Politics in {{Europe}}},
  shorttitle = {State Formation, Nation-Building, and Mass Politics in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Rokkan, Stein and Flora, Peter and Kuhnle, Stein and Urwin, Derek W.},
  year = {1999},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  address = {{Oxford}},
  isbn = {978-0-19-828032-3},
  lccn = {JN94.A58 R64 1996},
  series = {Comparative {{European}} Politics}
}

@misc{RoleBotSquads,
  title = {The Role of Bot Squads in the Political Propaganda on {{Twitter}} | {{Communications Physics}}},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/9RC3LRKH/s42005-020-0340-4.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-020-0340-4}
}

@article{romaniniPrivacyUniquenessNeighborhoods2020,
  title = {Privacy and {{Uniqueness}} of {{Neighborhoods}} in {{Social Networks}}},
  author = {Romanini, Daniele and Lehmann, Sune and Kivel{\"a}, Mikko},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  abstract = {The ability to share social network data at the level of individual connections is beneficial to science: not only for reproducing results, but also for researchers who may wish to use it for purposes not foreseen by the data releaser. Sharing such data, however, can lead to serious privacy issues, because individuals could be re-identified, not only based on possible nodes' attributes, but also from the structure of the network around them. The risk associated with re-identification can be measured and it is more serious in some networks than in others. Various optimization algorithms have been proposed to anonymize the network while keeping the number of changes minimal. However, existing algorithms do not provide guarantees on where the changes will be made, making it difficult to quantify their effect on various measures. Using network models and real data, we show that the average degree of networks is a crucial parameter for the severity of re-identification risk from nodes' neighborhoods. Dense networks are more at risk, and, apart from a small band of average degree values, either almost all nodes are re-identifiable or they are all safe. Our results allow researchers to assess the privacy risk based on a small number of network statistics which are available even before the data is collected. As a rule-of-thumb, the privacy risks are high if the average degree is above 10. Guided by these results we propose a simple method based on edge sampling to mitigate the re-identification risk of nodes. Our method can be implemented already at the data collection phase. Its effect on various network measures can be estimated and corrected using sampling theory. These properties are in contrast with previous methods arbitrarily biasing the data. In this sense, our work could help in sharing network data in a statistically tractable way.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2009.09973},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Romanini et al/Romanini et al_2020_Privacy and Uniqueness of Neighborhoods in Social Networks.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/VH5ZK7IV/2009.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2009.09973 [physics]},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@article{romeijnAllAgreedAumann,
  title = {All Agreed: {{Aumann}} Meets {{DeGroot}}},
  author = {Romeijn, Jan-Willem and Roy, Olivier},
  doi = {10.1007/s11238-017-9633-9},
  abstract = {{$<$}h3 class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$>$}                     {$<$}p class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}We represent consensus formation processes based on iterated opinion pooling (DeGroot in J Am Stat Assoc 69:118\textendash 121, 1974; Lehrer and Wagner in Rational consensus in science and society: a philosophical and mathematical study. Springer, Berlin, 1981) as a dynamic approach to common knowledge of posteriors (Aumann in Ann Stat 4(6):1236\textendash 1239, 1976; Geanakoplos and Polemarchakis in J Econ Theory 28:192\textendash 200, 1982). We thus provide a concrete and plausible Bayesian rationalization of consensus through iterated pooling. The link clarifies the conditions under which iterated pooling can be rationalized from a Bayesian perspective, and offers an understanding of iterated pooling in terms of higher-order beliefs.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {Theory and Decision}
}

@article{romeijnAllAgreedAumanna,
  title = {All Agreed: {{Aumann}} Meets {{DeGroot}}},
  author = {Romeijn, Jan-Willem and Roy, Olivier},
  doi = {10.1007/s11238-017-9633-9},
  abstract = {{$<$}h3 class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$>$}                     {$<$}p class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}We represent consensus formation processes based on iterated opinion pooling (DeGroot in J Am Stat Assoc 69:118\textendash 121, 1974; Lehrer and Wagner in Rational consensus in science and society: a philosophical and mathematical study. Springer, Berlin, 1981) as a dynamic approach to common knowledge of posteriors (Aumann in Ann Stat 4(6):1236\textendash 1239, 1976; Geanakoplos and Polemarchakis in J Econ Theory 28:192\textendash 200, 1982). We thus provide a concrete and plausible Bayesian rationalization of consensus through iterated pooling. The link clarifies the conditions under which iterated pooling can be rationalized from a Bayesian perspective, and offers an understanding of iterated pooling in terms of higher-order beliefs.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {Theory and Decision}
}

@article{rooduijnPopulistZeitgeistProgrammatic2014,
  title = {A Populist {{Zeitgeist}}? {{Programmatic}} Contagion by Populist Parties in {{Western Europe}}},
  shorttitle = {A Populist {{{\emph{Zeitgeist}}}} ?},
  author = {Rooduijn, Matthijs and {de Lange}, Sarah L and {van der Brug}, Wouter},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  volume = {20},
  pages = {563--575},
  issn = {1354-0688, 1460-3683},
  doi = {10.1177/1354068811436065},
  journal = {Party Politics},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{rosenbergPoliticalEconomyInfant2018,
  title = {Political {{Economy}} of {{Infant Mortality Rate}}: {{Role}} of {{Democracy Versus Good Governance}}},
  shorttitle = {Political {{Economy}} of {{Infant Mortality Rate}}},
  author = {Rosenberg, Dina Y.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  volume = {48},
  pages = {435--460},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {0020-7314},
  doi = {10.1177/0020731418774226},
  abstract = {Despite numerous studies on whether democracy reduces the infant mortality rate (IMR), the empirical results remain mixed at best. In this article, I perform several theoretical and empirical exercises that help explain why and under what conditions we should expect politics to matter most for a decrease in IMR. First, I capitalize on the epidemiological view that IMR \textendash{} the most commonly used indicator of health in social sciences \textendash{} is better suited to reflect public health micromanagement than overall social development. Second, I theorize that autocrats have incentives to invest in health up to a certain point, which could lead to a reduction in IMR. Third, I introduce an omitted variable \textendash{} good governance \textendash{} that trumps the importance of a political regime for IMR: (1) it directly affects public health micromanagement, and (2) many autocrats made inroads in achieving good governance. Finally, for the first time in such research, I use a disaggregated IMR approach to corroborate my hypotheses.},
  journal = {International Journal of Health Services},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@book{roseRegionalDifferentiationPolitical1975,
  title = {Regional Differentiation and Political Utility in {{Western Nations}}},
  author = {Rose, R. and Urwin, D. W.},
  year = {1975},
  publisher = {{Sage Publishing}},
  address = {{London}}
}

@book{roseUnderstandingPostcommunistTransformation2008,
  title = {{Understanding post-communist transformation: A bottom up approach}},
  author = {Rose, R.},
  year = {2008},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  address = {{London}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 7385585523},
  isbn = {978-0-203-88493-5 978-1-134-01670-9 978-0-415-48218-9},
  language = {No Linguistic Content}
}

@article{rosmanCombiningIntraInterindividual2020,
  title = {Combining {{Intra}}- and {{Interindividual Approaches}} in {{Epistemic Beliefs Research}}},
  author = {Rosman, Tom and Seifried, Eva and Merk, Samuel},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  volume = {11},
  pages = {570},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00570},
  abstract = {We combined inter- and intraindividual approaches to investigate university students' biology- and psychology-specific specific epistemic beliefs (beliefs about the nature and structure of knowledge). We expected that university students would perceive the discipline of biology as more absolute and less multiplistic than the discipline of psychology (intraindividual perspective). Furthermore, we expected students from socalled ``hard'' disciplines to perceive biology as more absolute and less multiplistic than students from soft disciplines (interindividual perspective). Finally, we expected that students from hard disciplines, compared to their peers from soft disciplines, would perceive stronger differences between biology and psychology (combined perspective). Hypotheses were tested, using Bayes factors, in N = 938 university students from a multitude of disciplines. Results revealed that university students perceive biology as considerably more absolute and less multiplistic compared to psychology. However, the findings also suggest that there are no strong interindividual differences between students from hard and soft disciplines regarding the perception of biology. Finally, results revealed that students enrolled in harder disciplines perceive a slightly stronger difference between biology and psychology. In sum, intraindividual effects were considerably stronger, which elicits doubt that students from hard disciplines espouse a fundamentally different set of epistemic beliefs than their peers from soft disciplines.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Rosman et al/Rosman et al_2020_Combining Intra- and Interindividual Approaches in Epistemic Beliefs Research.pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  language = {en}
}

@techreport{rossbergHowWillThis2020,
  title = {How Will This Continue? {{Modelling}} Interactions between the {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic and Policy Responses},
  shorttitle = {How Will This Continue?},
  author = {Rossberg, Axel G and Knell, Robert J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  institution = {{Epidemiology}},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.03.30.20047597},
  abstract = {Much of the uncertainty about the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic stems from questions about when and how non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) by governments, in particular social distancing measures, are implemented, to what extent the population complies with these measures, and how compliance changes through time. Further uncertainty comes from a lack of knowledge of the potential effects of removing interventions once the epidemic is declining. By combining an epidemiological model of COVID-19 for the United Kingdom with simple sub-models for these societal processes, this study aims to shed light on the conceivable trajectories that the pandemic might follow over the next 1.5 years. We show strong improvements in outcomes if governments review NPI more frequently whereas, in comparison, the stability of compliance has surprisingly small effects on cumulative mortality. Assuming that mortality does considerably increase once a country's hospital capacity is breached, we show that the inherent randomness of societal processes can lead to a wide range of possible outcomes, both in terms of disease dynamics and mortality, even when the principles according to which policy and population operate are identical.. Our model is easily modified to take other aspects of the socio-pandemic interaction into account.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{rossiProximityStructuralRolebased,
  title = {On {{Proximity}} and {{Structural Role}}-Based {{Embeddings}} in {{Networks}}: {{Misconceptions}}, {{Techniques}}, and {{Applications}}},
  author = {Rossi, Ryan A and Jin, Di and Kim, Sungchul and Ahmed, Nesreen K and Koutra, Danai and Lee, John Boaz},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {36},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Rossi et al/Rossi et al_On Proximity and Structural Role-based Embeddings in Networks.pdf},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@inproceedings{rothLowerBoundModularity2019,
  title = {On the {{Lower Bound}} of {{Modularity}} for {{Graph Fission}}},
  booktitle = {2019 53rd {{Asilomar Conference}} on {{Signals}}, {{Systems}}, and {{Computers}}},
  author = {Roth, John D.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  pages = {353--357},
  issn = {2576-2303},
  doi = {10.1109/IEEECONF44664.2019.9048934},
  abstract = {Among the tools available for analysis of manifold data in modern signal processing is the popular modularity method. Hugely successful, modularity is not without its degeneracies, specifically with regard to its ability to observe smaller community structure in larger contexts. A body of work has been built around this so-called resolution limit of modularity. However, the current analytical bounds do not describe the resolution limit in the context of single-cut graph fission. In this paper, we present a new resolution limit to this end and show its effect on both synthetic and real-world networks.}
}

@article{rothsteinEpistemicDemocracyQuality2019,
  title = {Epistemic Democracy and the Quality of Government},
  author = {Rothstein, Bo},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  volume = {20},
  pages = {16--31},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {2374-5118},
  doi = {10.1080/23745118.2018.1515873},
  abstract = {Epistemic democracy implies that in order for democratic decisions to be legitimate, it is no enough that they are taken according to established democratic procedures. In addition, epistemic democracy demands that two additional demands should be fulfilled, namely that the decisions produced by a democratic process also are `fair' and `true'. The fairness demand is in this article connected to the principle of human rights while the `true' demand related to the propensity of representative democracy to produce outcomes that increases human well-being. Empirical research shows that representative democracy without a high quality of the institutions responsible for implementing public policies do not deliver increased human well-being. A special problem is that representative democracy has not turned out to be a safe cure against endemic corruption. The `quality of government' factor thus implies control of corruption and also the rule of law and competence in the public administration. It is argued that meritocracy in the recruitment and promotion to positions in the public administration can serve to increase both the level of `fairness' and the level of `truth' in democracies.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2018.1515873},
  journal = {European Politics and Society},
  number = {1}
}

@article{rotoloReligionImaginedConceptual,
  title = {Religion {{Imagined}}: {{The Conceptual Substructures}} of {{American Religious Understandings}}},
  shorttitle = {Religion {{Imagined}}},
  author = {Rotolo, Michael},
  volume = {n/a},
  issn = {1573-7861},
  doi = {10.1111/socf.12572},
  abstract = {Sociologists have increasingly drawn on the cognitive sciences to better theorize how culture works. While this shift has improved understandings of the distinct qualities of practical and discursive modes of cognition, limited consideration has been given to the cognitive structures that scaffold cultural understandings. This article theorizes the influence of ``image schemas'' in structuring cultural understandings beneath the level of conscious awareness. After outlining how image schemas can be identified in interviews, I reconstruct how 50 religious Americans unconsciously ``imagine'' religion's role in their lives. Focusing on the implicit rather than respondents' explicit discourse, I identify five image schemas that structure Americans' religious understandings. Although respondents' understandings often appear incoherent and inconsistent at the level of explicit discourse, I show that they are coherent and consistent at the level of implicit image schemas. I then use factor analysis to identify patterns in these implicit understandings across social divisions. I conclude by discussing the promise of image schema analysis for improving studies of religion and other areas, as well as for theorizing how culture works.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2019 Eastern Sociological Society},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/K7Q88H4U/socf.html},
  journal = {Sociological Forum},
  language = {en},
  number = {n/a}
}

@article{rotsteinNetworkAnalysisStructure2020,
  title = {Network Analysis of the Structure and Change in the Mini-Mental State Examination: A Nationally Representative Sample},
  shorttitle = {Network Analysis of the Structure and Change in the Mini-Mental State Examination},
  author = {Rotstein, Anat},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  issn = {1433-9285},
  doi = {10.1007/s00127-020-01863-3},
  abstract = {The structure of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) is inconsistent across factor analytic studies, and yet to be examined based on network analysis. The current study aims to identify the (I) cross-sectional network structure and (II) longitudinal network changes of the MMSE.},
  journal = {Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology},
  language = {en}
}

@techreport{rougierUseApproachAvoidance2019,
  title = {Toward the {{Use}} of {{Approach}}/{{Avoidance Tendencies}} as {{Attitude Measures}}: {{Individual}}- and {{Group}}-{{Level Variability}} of the {{Ingroup Bias}}},
  shorttitle = {Toward the {{Use}} of {{Approach}}/{{Avoidance Tendencies}} as {{Attitude Measures}}},
  author = {Rougier, Marine and Muller, Dominique and Courset, R{\'e}mi and Devos, Thierry and Batailler, C{\'e}dric},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/9h5ap},
  abstract = {Approach/avoidance paradigms could constitute an interesting alternative in measuring intergroup attitudes, notably if they overcome one criticism often addressed toward classic indirect tasks: measuring attitudes beyond the influence of cultural knowledge. Using intergroup stimuli and a population likely to be exposed to a similar cultural knowledge, we observed two informative results regarding this issue: approach/avoidance effects measured by the Visual Approach/Avoidance by the Self Task (VAAST) varied across participants (i.e., consistent with the variability of intergroup attitudes; Experiment 1) and both participants of dominant and non-dominant groups produced an ingroup bias (Experiment 2). A last experiment (Experiment 3) showed that compatibility scores in the VAAST predict trustworthiness ratings of the ingroup/outgroup. This experiment also investigated potential differences between the VAAST and the IAT. These results suggest that approach/avoidance tasks (notably the VAAST) could be relevant to assess personal attitudes when it comes to normatively sensitive topics.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@book{rstudioteamRStudioIntegratedDevelopment2016,
  title = {{{RStudio}}: Integrated Development Environment for {{R}}},
  author = {{RStudio Team}},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {{RStudio, Inc.}},
  address = {{Boston, MA}}
}

@article{ruanHiddenSymmetriesCoupled,
  title = {Hidden Symmetries, Coupled Networks and Equivariant Degrees},
  author = {Ruan, Haibo},
  pages = {24},
  abstract = {Hidden symmetries have been previously explored in the context of coupled cell networks and coupled cell systems. These include interior symmetry, quotient symmetry and quotient interior symmetry. We introduce here an equivariant degree theory that incorporates these different forms of hidden symmetry based on lattice structures of synchrony subspaces. The result is a unified theory capable of treating synchrony-breaking Hopf-bifurcation problems in coupled cell systems with various forms of hidden symmetries, which leads to full topological classifications of bifurcating branches arising from single bifurcation points under mutual influence of these hidden symmetries.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/VYYEVRU2/Ruan - Hidden symmetries, coupled networks and equivarian.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{rubinWhatTypeType2019,
  title = {What Type of {{Type I}} Error? {{Contrasting}} the {{Neyman}}\textendash{{Pearson}} and {{Fisherian}} Approaches in the Context of Exact and Direct Replications},
  shorttitle = {What Type of {{Type I}} Error?},
  author = {Rubin, Mark},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  issn = {1573-0964},
  doi = {10.1007/s11229-019-02433-0},
  abstract = {The replication crisis has caused researchers to distinguish between exact replications, which duplicate all aspects of a study that could potentially affect the results, and direct replications, which duplicate only those aspects of the study that are thought to be theoretically essential to reproduce the original effect. The replication crisis has also prompted researchers to think more carefully about the possibility of making Type I errors when rejecting null hypotheses. In this context, the present article considers the utility of two types of Type I error probability: the Neyman\textendash Pearson long run Type I error rate and the Fisherian sample-specific Type I error probability. It is argued that the Neyman\textendash Pearson Type I error rate is inapplicable in social science because it refers to a long run of exact replications, and social science deals with irreversible units (people, social groups, and social systems) that make exact replications impossible. Instead, the Fisherian sample-specific Type I error probability is recommended as a more meaningful way to conceptualize false positive results in social science because it can be applied to each sample-specific decision about rejecting the same substantive null hypothesis in a series of direct replications. It is concluded that the replication crisis may be partly (not wholly) due to researchers' unrealistic expectations about replicability based on their consideration of the Neyman\textendash Pearson Type I error rate across a long run of exact replications.},
  journal = {Synthese},
  language = {en}
}

@article{ruijgrokCritiqueMeanField2020,
  title = {A Critique of the {{Mean Field Approximation}} in Preferential Attachment Networks},
  author = {Ruijgrok, Matthijs},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  abstract = {The Mean Field Approximation (MFA), or continuum method, is often used in courses on Networks to derive the degree distribution of preferential attachment networks. This method is simple and the outcome is close to the correct answer. However, this paper shows that the method is flawed in several aspects, leading to unresolvable contradictions. More importantly, the MFA is not explicitly derived from a mathematical model. An analysis of the implied model shows that it makes an approximation which is far from the truth and another one which can not be motivated in general. The success of the MFA for preferential attachment networks is therefore accidental and the method is not suitable for teaching undergraduates.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2006.13295},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/DUWTUMGK/Ruijgrok_2020_A critique of the Mean Field Approximation in preferential attachment networks.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/8BMPF5V5/2006.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2006.13295 [physics]},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@book{rutjensBeliefSystemsPerception2018,
  title = {Belief Systems and the Perception of Reality},
  editor = {Rutjens, Bastiaan T. and Brandt, Mark J.},
  year = {2018},
  publisher = {{Taylor and Francis}},
  address = {{New York}},
  isbn = {978-1-138-07080-6 978-1-138-07081-3},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {BF773 .B435 2018},
  series = {Current Issues in Social Psychology}
}

@techreport{ryanChallengeGeneratingCausal2019,
  title = {The {{Challenge}} of {{Generating Causal Hypotheses Using Network Models}}},
  author = {Ryan, Ois{\'i}n and Bringmann, Laura Francina and Schuurman, No{\'e}mi Katalin},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/ryg69},
  abstract = {The network approach to psychopathology is a theoretical framework in which mental disorders are viewed as arising from direct causal interactions between symptoms. To investigate such networks, researchers typically estimate undirected network models from empirical data, called Pairwise Markov Random Fields (PMRFs), or for normally distributed variables, Gaussian Graphical Models (GGMs). In this paper, we critically evaluate the use of PMRF-based methods to generate causal hypotheses about an underlying directed causal structure. We argue that hypothesis generation is critically dependent on the specification of a target causal structure: This is generally absent from applications of PMRFs, researchers instead taking a causally-agnostic approach. We show that the agnostic approach is fundamentally problematic, since the heuristics typically used for hypothesis generation do not hold for all types of causal structure. The specification of a target structure, however, allows a principled approach to hypothesis generation and yields novel insights.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@incollection{ryderCohortConceptStudy1985,
  title = {The {{Cohort}} as a {{Concept}} in the {{Study}} of {{Social Change}}},
  booktitle = {Cohort {{Analysis}} in {{Social Research}}},
  author = {Ryder, Norman B.},
  editor = {Mason, William M. and Fienberg, Stephen E.},
  year = {1985},
  pages = {9--44},
  publisher = {{Springer New York}},
  address = {{New York, NY}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4613-8536-3_2},
  isbn = {978-1-4613-8538-7 978-1-4613-8536-3},
  language = {en}
}

@article{sabin-millerWhenPullTurns2020,
  title = {When {{Pull Turns}} to {{Shove}}: {{A Mathematical Model For Opinion Dynamics}}},
  shorttitle = {When {{Pull Turns}} to {{Shove}}},
  author = {{Sabin-Miller}, David and Abrams, Daniel M.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  abstract = {Accurate modeling of opinion dynamics has the potential to help us understand polarization and what makes effective political discourse possible or impossible. Here, we use differential equations to model the evolution of political opinions within a continuously distributed population. We utilize a network-free system of determining political influence and a local-attraction, distal-repulsion dynamic for reaction to perceived content. Our approach allows for the incorporation of intergroup bias such that messages from trusted in-group sources enjoy greater leeway than out-group ones. The framework we put forward can reproduce real-world political distributions and experimentally observed dynamics, and is amenable to further refinement as more data becomes available.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2005.05478},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Sabin-Miller_Abrams/Sabin-Miller_Abrams_2020_When Pull Turns to Shove.pdf},
  journal = {arXiv:2005.05478 [physics, q-bio]},
  primaryClass = {physics, q-bio}
}

@techreport{safronIntegratedWorldModeling2019,
  title = {Integrated {{World Modeling Theory Revisited}}},
  author = {Safron, Adam},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/kjngh},
  abstract = {Here, I will provide clarifications and discuss further issues relating to Safron (in review), ``An Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) of consciousness: Combining Integrated Information and Global Workspace Theories with the Free Energy Principle and Active Inference Framework; towards solving the Hard problem and characterizing agentic causation''. As a synthesis of major theories of complex systems and consciousness, with IWMT we may be able to address some of the most difficult problems in the sciences. This is a claim deserving of close scrutiny and much skepticism. What would it take to solve the Hard problem? One could answer the question of how it is possible that something like subjectivity could emerge from objective brain functioning (i.e., moving from a third person to a first person ontology), but a truly satisfying account might still require solving all the ``easy'' and ``real'' problems of consciousness. In this way, IWMT does not claim to definitively solve the Hard problem, as explaining all the particular ways that things feel across all relevant aspects of experience is likely an impossible task. Nonetheless, IWMT does claim to have made major inroads into our understanding of consciousness, and here I will attempt to justify this position by discussing challenging problems and outstanding questions with respect to philosophy, (neuro)phenomenology, computational principles, practical applications, and implications for existing theories of mind and life.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{sahasrabuddheModellingNonLinearConsensus2020,
  title = {Modelling {{Non}}-{{Linear Consensus Dynamics}} on {{Hypergraphs}}},
  author = {Sahasrabuddhe, Rohit and Neuh{\"a}user, Leonie and Lambiotte, Renaud},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  abstract = {The basic interaction unit of many dynamical systems involves more than two nodes. In such situations where networks are not an appropriate modelling framework, it has recently become increasingly popular to turn to higher-order models, including hypergraphs. In this paper, we explore the non-linear dynamics of consensus on hypergraphs, allowing for interactions within hyperedges of any cardinality. After discussing the different ways in which non-linearities can be incorporated in the dynamical model, building on different sociological theories, we explore its mathematical properties and perform simulations to investigate them numerically. After focussing on synthetic hypergraphs, namely on block hypergraphs, we investigate the dynamics on real-world structures, and explore in detail the role of involvement and stubbornness on polarisation.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2007.09391},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/847BJQFV/Sahasrabuddhe et al. - 2020 - Modelling Non-Linear Consensus Dynamics on Hypergr.pdf},
  journal = {arXiv:2007.09391 [physics]},
  language = {en},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@article{salavatyIntegratedValueInfluence2020,
  title = {Integrated {{Value}} of {{Influence}}: {{An Integrative Method}} for the {{Identification}} of the {{Most Influential Nodes}} within {{Networks}}},
  shorttitle = {Integrated {{Value}} of {{Influence}}},
  author = {Salavaty, Abbas and Ramialison, Mirana and Currie, Peter D.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  pages = {100052},
  issn = {2666-3899},
  doi = {10.1016/j.patter.2020.100052},
  abstract = {Biological systems are composed of highly complex networks, and decoding the functional significance of individual network components is critical for understanding healthy and diseased states. Several algorithms have been designed to identify the most influential regulatory points within a network. However, current methods do not address all the topological dimensions of a network or correct for inherent positional biases, which limits their applicability. To overcome this computational deficit, we undertook a statistical assessment of 200 real-world and simulated networks to decipher associations between centrality measures and developed an algorithm termed Integrated Value of Influence (IVI), which integrates the most important and commonly used network centrality measures in an unbiased way. When compared against 12 other contemporary influential node identification methods on ten different networks, the IVI algorithm outperformed all other assessed methods. Using this versatile method, network researchers can now identify the most influential network nodes.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/D2NKX258/Salavaty et al_2020_Integrated Value of Influence.pdf},
  journal = {Patterns},
  keywords = {TODO},
  language = {en}
}

@article{samuelsPresidentializedPartiesSeparation2002,
  title = {Presidentialized Parties: {{The}} Separation of Powers and Party Organization and Behavior},
  shorttitle = {Presidentialized {{Parties}}},
  author = {Samuels, David J.},
  year = {2002},
  month = may,
  volume = {35},
  pages = {461--483},
  issn = {0010-4140, 1552-3829},
  doi = {10.1177/0010414002035004004},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{sandovalElectoralVolatilityUnstable,
  title = {Electoral {{Volatility}} and {{Unstable Voting Behavior}}},
  author = {Sandoval, Pablo and Ojeda, Silvia},
  pages = {17},
  abstract = {This article develops a mathematical formalization of Electoral volatility as a result of the composition of the electorate after two consecutive electoral events of the same type. Using algebra of sets, eight subsets of voters were distinguished. Subsequently, a matrix was constructed that allowed us to compute the proportion in the electorate of each category of voters as a linear combination of its entries. At the same time, it is shown this matrix operates in the linear transformation of the electoral results vector at time t, in its equivalent for t + 1, which leads us to a matrix representation of the electoral volatility index. To conclude, some methodological alternatives to infer the unknown quantities inside the matrix are mentioned; as well as some problems related to the discontinuity of political agents are addressed by this strategy.},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{sangaUsingStatisticalBelief2020,
  title = {Using {{Statistical Belief Model}} to {{Analyze Outcome Using Bayesian Networks}}},
  booktitle = {Data {{Science}} and {{Analytics}}},
  author = {Sanga, Niharika and Singh, Jaspreet and Sanga, Aniruddh},
  editor = {Batra, Usha and Roy, Nihar Ranjan and Panda, Brajendra},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {258--265},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  address = {{Singapore}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-981-15-5830-6_22},
  abstract = {In this paper we present a statistical model based on Bayesian belief Network to analyze a set of predefined outcomes based on presumptions. Using this model we use casual and diagnostic reasoning as the basis for getting new insight onto the factors shaping the positive or negative sentiments around the subject of study. As an example, we analyze the performance of first 100 days of the current Government in power. We aim to account for major factors shaping the positive or negative sentiments of people during the tenure of these 100 days. Many important factors such as the GDP growth, the new traffic policy, article 370, budget, steps towards employability generation and ease of doing business, etc. are taken into account. These factors become contributing factors in our model and based on conditional probabilities, we calculate the overall positive and negative sentiments.},
  isbn = {9789811558306},
  language = {en},
  series = {Communications in {{Computer}} and {{Information Science}}}
}

@article{santraANALYSISCOMPLEXDATA,
  title = {{{ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX DATA SETS USING MULTILAYER NETWORKS}}: {{A DECOUPLING}}-{{BASED FRAMEWORK}}},
  author = {Santra, Abhishek},
  pages = {226},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/J99RWV6G/Santra - ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX DATA SETS USING MULTILAYER NET.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{sarisTestingStructuralEquation2009,
  title = {Testing {{Structural Equation Models}} or {{Detection}} of {{Misspecifications}}?},
  author = {Saris, Willem E. and Satorra, Albert and {van der Veld}, William M.},
  year = {2009},
  month = oct,
  volume = {16},
  pages = {561--582},
  issn = {1070-5511, 1532-8007},
  doi = {10.1080/10705510903203433},
  journal = {Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{sarkarEntanglementRendersFree,
  title = {Entanglement Renders Free Riding Redundant in the Thermodynamic Limit},
  author = {Sarkar, Shubhayan and Benjamin, Colin},
  doi = {S0378437119300950},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$>$}Publication date: Available online 30 January 2019{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}\textbf{Source:} Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}Author(s): Shubhayan Sarkar, Colin Benjamin{$<$}/p{$><$}h5{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h5{$><$}div{$><$}p{$>$}The free rider problem is one of the most well studied problems in economics. The solution proposed mainly is punitive in order to deter people from free riding. In this work we introduce quantum strategies and also study the problem by using the mathematical structure of 1D Ising model in the infinite player limit. We observe that for maximum entanglement the quantum strategy is always the equilibrium solution, i.e., the strategy chosen by majority of the players independent of the payoffs, solving the free rider problem.{$<$}/p{$><$}/div{$>$}},
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}
}

@article{sarkarEntanglementRendersFreea,
  title = {Entanglement Renders Free Riding Redundant in the Thermodynamic Limit},
  author = {Sarkar, Shubhayan and Benjamin, Colin},
  doi = {S0378437119300950},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$>$}Publication date: Available online 30 January 2019{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}\textbf{Source:} Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}Author(s): Shubhayan Sarkar, Colin Benjamin{$<$}/p{$><$}h5{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h5{$><$}div{$><$}p{$>$}The free rider problem is one of the most well studied problems in economics. The solution proposed mainly is punitive in order to deter people from free riding. In this work we introduce quantum strategies and also study the problem by using the mathematical structure of 1D Ising model in the infinite player limit. We observe that for maximum entanglement the quantum strategy is always the equilibrium solution, i.e., the strategy chosen by majority of the players independent of the payoffs, solving the free rider problem.{$<$}/p{$><$}/div{$>$}},
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}
}

@techreport{sarmaPriorSettingPractice2020,
  title = {Prior {{Setting In Practice}}: {{Strategies}} and Rationales Used in Choosing Prior Distributions for {{Bayesian}} Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Prior {{Setting In Practice}}},
  author = {Sarma, Abhraneel and Kay, Matthew},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  institution = {{Open Science Framework}},
  doi = {10.31219/osf.io/fcmun},
  abstract = {Bayesian statistical analysis is steadily growing in popularity and use. Choosing priors is an integral part of Bayesian inference. While there exist extensive normative recommendations for prior setting, little is known about how priors are chosen in practice. We conducted a survey (N = 50) and interviews (N = 9) where we used interactive visualizations to elicit prior distributions from researchers experienced with Bayesian statistics and asked them for rationales for those priors. We found that participants' experience and philosophy influence how much and what information they are willing to incorporate into their priors, manifesting as different levels of informativeness and skepticism. We also identified three broad strategies participants use to set their priors: centrality matching, interval matching, and visual probability mass allocation. We discovered that participants' understanding of the notion of ``weakly informative priors''\textemdash a commonly-recommended normative approach to prior setting\textemdash manifests very differently across participants. Our results have implications both for how to develop prior setting recommendations and how to design tools to elicit priors in Bayesian analysis.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@book{sartoriPartiesPartySystems2005,
  title = {Parties and Party Systems: {{A}} Framework for Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Parties and Party Systems},
  author = {Sartori, Giovanni},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {{ECPR Press}},
  address = {{Colchester}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 253929905},
  isbn = {978-0-9547966-1-7},
  language = {eng},
  series = {{{ECPR}} Classics}
}

@article{sasaharaSocialInfluenceUnfollowing2020,
  title = {Social Influence and Unfollowing Accelerate the Emergence of Echo Chambers},
  author = {Sasahara, Kazutoshi and Chen, Wen and Peng, Hao and Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  issn = {2432-2725},
  doi = {10.1007/s42001-020-00084-7},
  abstract = {While social media make it easy to connect with and access information from anyone, they also facilitate basic influence and unfriending mechanisms that may lead to segregated and polarized clusters known as ``echo chambers.'' Here we study the conditions in which such echo chambers emerge by introducing a simple model of information sharing in online social networks with the two ingredients of influence and unfriending. Users can change both their opinions and social connections based on the information to which they are exposed through sharing. The model dynamics show that even with minimal amounts of influence and unfriending, the social network rapidly devolves into segregated, homogeneous communities. These predictions are consistent with empirical data from Twitter. Although our findings suggest that echo chambers are somewhat inevitable given the mechanisms at play in online social media, they also provide insights into possible mitigation strategies.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Sasahara et al/Sasahara et al_2020_Social influence and unfollowing accelerate the emergence of echo chambers.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Computational Social Science},
  language = {en}
}

@article{satherleyIdentityIdeologyPersonality2020,
  title = {Identity, Ideology, and Personality: {{Examining}} Moderators of Affective Polarization in {{New Zealand}}},
  shorttitle = {Identity, Ideology, and Personality},
  author = {Satherley, Nicole and Sibley, Chris G. and Osborne, Danny},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  volume = {87},
  pages = {103961},
  issn = {0092-6566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103961},
  abstract = {Affective polarization (i.e., differences in evaluations of the in-party and out-party) has important implications for political outcomes including civic engagement and partisan-motivated attitudes and behaviours. In this study, we add to the burgeoning literature on affective polarization by examining moderators of the effect of in-party support on out-party opposition across the three main political parties in New Zealand. Using a large national probability sample of adults (N~=~19,078), we assessed the effects of social demographics, Big-Five personality traits, liberal-conservative ideology, political identity centrality, and weekly news exposure on the relationship between in-party and out-party support. Results show political identity centrality is the strongest and most consistent moderator. The effects of some other moderators (e.g., personality, news exposure) are party-specific.},
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  language = {en}
}

@article{saucierHighdimensionalityPersonalityStructure2020,
  title = {High-Dimensionality Personality Structure in the Natural Language: {{Further}} Analyses of Classic Sets of {{English}}-Language Trait-Adjectives.},
  shorttitle = {High-Dimensionality Personality Structure in the Natural Language},
  author = {Saucier, Gerard and Iurino, Kathryn},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  volume = {119},
  pages = {1188--1219},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/pspp0000273},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@article{saviWiringIntelligence2019,
  title = {The {{Wiring}} of {{Intelligence}}},
  author = {Savi, Alexander O. and Marsman, Maarten and {van der Maas}, Han L. J. and Maris, Gunter K. J.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1034--1061},
  issn = {1745-6916, 1745-6924},
  doi = {10.1177/1745691619866447},
  abstract = {The positive manifold of intelligence has fascinated generations of scholars in human ability. In the past century, various formal explanations have been proposed, including the dominant g factor, the revived sampling theory, and the recent multiplier effect model and mutualism model. In this article, we propose a novel idiographic explanation. We formally conceptualize intelligence as evolving networks in which new facts and procedures are wired together during development. The static model, an extension of the Fortuin\textendash Kasteleyn model, provides a parsimonious explanation of the positive manifold and intelligence's hierarchical factor structure. We show how it can explain the Matthew effect across developmental stages. Finally, we introduce a method for studying growth dynamics. Our truly idiographic approach offers a new view on a century-old construct and ultimately allows the fields of human ability and human learning to coalesce.},
  journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {6}
}

@inproceedings{sayamaExtremeIdeasEmerging2020,
  title = {Extreme {{Ideas Emerging}} from {{Social Conformity}} and {{Homophily}}: {{An Adaptive Social Network Model}}},
  shorttitle = {Extreme {{Ideas Emerging}} from {{Social Conformity}} and {{Homophily}}},
  booktitle = {The 2020 {{Conference}} on {{Artificial Life}}},
  author = {Sayama, Hiroki},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {113--120},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  address = {{Online}},
  doi = {10.1162/isal_a_00349},
  abstract = {Extreme ideas and opinions are commonly seen growing in many aspects of today's society, ranging from political ideology to healthcare choices and from dietary preferences to technological innovation. Such a trend may be understood as an outcome of a spontaneous dynamical process driven by the recent advancement of information communication technology that allows people to preferentially select their information sources. Here we study, using an agent-based model of adaptive social network dynamics, how extreme ideas may arise in society in which individuals simply try to conform to social norm within their social neighborhood. Our model assumes that each node gradually assimilates its state to local social norm, i.e., the average of its in-neighbors' states, while also changing edge weights based on their states. Numerical simulations revealed that, when individuals tend to practice homophily by strengthening their ties selectively to neighbors with similar states, there tends to be many extreme ideas emerging in society while the network topology tends to become fragmented. Such outcomes are mitigated, however, when individuals also practice novelty-seeking behavior by increasing attention to neighbors whose ideas do not conform to the local social norm. These results paint a paradoxical picture of complex social processes \textemdash{} society produces difference when individuals seek sameness, or society reaches sameness when individuals seek difference.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/5Y2P8VMK/Sayama - 2020 - Extreme Ideas Emerging from Social Conformity and .pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/UHQASQ99/Sayama - 2020 - Extreme Ideas Emerging from Social Conformity and .pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@book{schakelRegionalNationalElections2017,
  ids = {schakelRegionalNationalElections2017a},
  title = {Regional and National Elections in {{Eastern Europe}}: Territoriality of the Vote in Ten Countries},
  shorttitle = {Regional and National Elections in {{Eastern Europe}}},
  editor = {Schakel, Arjan H.},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan}},
  address = {{London, United Kingdom}},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocn958460521},
  isbn = {978-1-137-51786-9},
  lccn = {JN96.A95 R44 2017},
  series = {Comparative Territorial Politics}
}

@article{schaubHierarchicalCommunityStructure2020,
  title = {Hierarchical Community Structure in Networks},
  author = {Schaub, Michael T. and Peel, Leto},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  abstract = {Modular and hierarchical structures are pervasive in real-world complex systems. A great deal of effort has gone into trying to detect and study these structures. Important theoretical advances in the detection of modular, or "community", structures have included identifying fundamental limits of detectability by formally defining community structure using probabilistic generative models. Detecting hierarchical community structure introduces additional challenges alongside those inherited from community detection. Here we present a theoretical study on hierarchical community structure in networks, which has thus far not received the same rigorous attention. We address the following questions: 1)\textasciitilde How should we define a valid hierarchy of communities? 2)\textasciitilde How should we determine if a hierarchical structure exists in a network? and 3)\textasciitilde how can we detect hierarchical structure efficiently? We approach these questions by introducing a definition of hierarchy based on the concept of stochastic externally equitable partitions and their relation to probabilistic models, such as the popular stochastic block model. We enumerate the challenges involved in detecting hierarchies and, by studying the spectral properties of hierarchical structure, present an efficient and principled method for detecting them.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2009.07196},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/HL7K3G53/Schaub_Peel_2020_Hierarchical community structure in networks.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/IQTRI5BH/2009.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2009.07196 [cs]},
  primaryClass = {cs}
}

@article{schaweCollectiveEffectsCost2020,
  title = {Collective Effects of the Cost of Opinion Change},
  author = {Schawe, Hendrik and Hern{\'a}ndez, Laura},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  abstract = {We study the dynamics of opinion formation in the situation where changing opinion involves a cost for the agents. To do so we couple the dynamics of a heterogeneous bounded confidence Hegselmann-Krause model with that of the resources that the agents invest on each opinion change. The outcomes of the dynamics are non-trivial and strongly depend on the different regions of the confidence parameter space. In particular, a second order phase transition, for which we determine the corresponding critical exponents, is found in the region where a re-entrant consensus phase is observed in the heterogeneous Hegselmann-Krause model. For regions where consensus always exist in the heterogeneous Hegselmann-Krause model, the introduction of cost does not lead to a phase transition but just to a continuous decrease of the size of the largest opinion cluster. Finally in the region where fragmentation is expected in the heterogeneous HK model, the introduction of a very small cost paradoxically increases the size of the largest opinion cluster.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2007.00432},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/43DUWGXE/Schawe and Hernández - 2020 - Collective effects of the cost of opinion change.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/WC5NCPS6/2007.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2007.00432 [physics]},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@article{schaweCollectiveEffectsCost2020a,
  title = {Collective Effects of the Cost of Opinion Change},
  author = {Schawe, Hendrik and Hern{\'a}ndez, Laura},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {13825},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-70809-1},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/69ZGYWA2/Schawe and Hernández - 2020 - Collective effects of the cost of opinion change.pdf},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{schilloUsingTrustDetecting2000,
  title = {Using Trust for Detecting Deceitful Agents in Artificial Societies},
  author = {Schillo, Michael and Funk, Petra and Rovatsos, Michael},
  year = {2000},
  month = sep,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {825--848},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn = {0883-9514},
  doi = {10.1080/08839510050127579},
  abstract = {Trust is one of the most important concepts guiding decision-making and contracting in human societies. In artificial societies, this concept has been neglected until recently. The inherent benevolence assumption implemented in many multiagent systems can have hazardous consequences when dealing with deceit in open systems. The aim of this paper is to establish a mechanism that helps agents to cope with environments inhabited by both selfish and cooperative entities. This is achieved by enabling agents to evaluate trust in others. A formalization and an algorithm for trust are presented so that agents can autonomously deal with deception and identify trustworthy parties in open systems. The approach is twofold: agents can observe the behavior of others and thus collect information for establishing an initial trust model. In order to adapt quickly to a new or rapidly changing environment, one enables agents to also make use of observations from other agents. The practical relevance of these ideas is demonstrated by means of a direct mapping from a scenario to electronic commerce.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08839510050127579},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Schillo et al/Schillo et al_2000_Using trust for detecting deceitful agents in artificial societies.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/H7P8WLJA/08839510050127579.html},
  journal = {Applied Artificial Intelligence},
  number = {8}
}

@article{schimmelfennigGovernanceConditionalityEU2004,
  title = {Governance by Conditionality: {{EU}} Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of {{Central}} and {{Eastern Europe}}},
  shorttitle = {Governance by Conditionality},
  author = {Schimmelfennig, Frank and Sedelmeier, Ulrich},
  year = {2004},
  month = jan,
  volume = {11},
  pages = {661--679},
  issn = {1350-1763, 1466-4429},
  doi = {10.1080/1350176042000248089},
  journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{schimmelfennigNormativeOriginsDemocracy2010,
  title = {The Normative Origins of Democracy in the {{European Union}}: {{Toward}} a Transformationalist Theory of Democratization},
  shorttitle = {The Normative Origins of Democracy in the {{European Union}}},
  author = {Schimmelfennig, Frank},
  year = {2010},
  month = jul,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {211--233},
  issn = {1755-7739, 1755-7747},
  doi = {10.1017/S1755773910000068},
  journal = {European Political Science Review},
  language = {en},
  number = {02}
}

@article{schlicht-schmalzleAttitudeNetworkAnalysis2018,
  title = {An Attitude Network Analysis of Post-National Citizenship Identities},
  author = {{Schlicht-Schm{\"a}lzle}, Raphaela and Chykina, Volha and Schm{\"a}lzle, Ralf},
  editor = {Lozano, Sergi},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  volume = {13},
  pages = {e0208241},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0208241},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  language = {en},
  number = {12}
}

@article{schlozmanBookReviewFirst,
  title = {Book Review: {{First}} to the {{Party}}: {{The Group Origins}} of {{Political Transformation}}},
  author = {Schlozman, Daniel},
  doi = {10.1177/1354068819841448},
  abstract = {{$<$}ul{$>$} {$<$}li{$>$} {$<$}a href="/doi/abs/10.1177/1354068819841448"{$>$} Citation {$<$}/a{$>$} {$<$}/li{$>$} {$<$}li{$>$} {$<$}a href="/doi/full/10.1177/1354068819841448"{$>$} Full Text {$<$}/a{$>$} {$<$}/li{$>$} {$<$}/ul{$>$}},
  journal = {Party Politics}
}

@article{schlozmanBookReviewFirsta,
  title = {Book Review: {{First}} to the {{Party}}: {{The Group Origins}} of {{Political Transformation}}},
  author = {Schlozman, Daniel},
  doi = {10.1177/1354068819841448},
  abstract = {{$<$}ul{$>$} {$<$}li{$>$} {$<$}a href="/doi/abs/10.1177/1354068819841448"{$>$} Citation {$<$}/a{$>$} {$<$}/li{$>$} {$<$}li{$>$} {$<$}a href="/doi/full/10.1177/1354068819841448"{$>$} Full Text {$<$}/a{$>$} {$<$}/li{$>$} {$<$}/ul{$>$}},
  journal = {Party Politics}
}

@article{schmankPsychometricNetworkAnalysis2019,
  title = {Psychometric {{Network Analysis}} of the {{Hungarian WAIS}}.},
  author = {Schmank, C. J. and Goring, S. A. and Kovacs, K. and Conway, A. R. A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  volume = {7},
  issn = {2079-3200},
  doi = {10.3390/jintelligence7030021},
  abstract = {The positive manifold\textemdash the finding that cognitive ability measures demonstrate positive correlations with one another\textemdash has led to models of intelligence that include a general cognitive ability or general intelligence (g). This view has ...},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/VC4JST5Z/pmc6789747.html},
  journal = {Journal of Intelligence},
  language = {eng},
  number = {3},
  pmid = {31505834}
}

@incollection{schmitterPartiesAreNot2001,
  title = {Parties Are Not What They Once Were},
  booktitle = {Political Parties and Democracy},
  author = {Schmitter, PC},
  editor = {Diamond, Larry and Gunther, Richard},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {67--89},
  publisher = {{John Hopkins University Press}},
  address = {{Baltimore}}
}

@article{schmoldtDigitoxinMetabolismRat1975,
  title = {Digitoxin Metabolism by Rat Liver Microsomes},
  author = {Schmoldt, A. and Benthe, H. F. and Haberland, G.},
  year = {1975},
  month = sep,
  volume = {24},
  pages = {1639--1641},
  issn = {1873-2968},
  journal = {Biochemical Pharmacology},
  language = {eng},
  number = {17},
  pmid = {10}
}

@article{schneiderWhatFacebookToola,
  ids = {schneiderWhatFacebookTool},
  title = {What's to {{Like}}? {{Facebook}} as a {{Tool}} for {{Survey Data Collection}}},
  author = {Schneider, Daniel and Harknett, Kristen},
  doi = {10.1177/0049124119882477},
  abstract = {In this article, we explore the use of Facebook targeted advertisements for the collection of survey data. We illustrate the potential of survey sampling and recruitment on Facebook through the example of building a large employee\textendash employer linked data set as part of The Shift Project. We describe the workflow process of targeting, creating, and purchasing survey recruitment advertisements on Facebook. We address concerns about sample selectivity and apply poststratification weighting techniques to adjust for differences between our sample and that of "gold standard" data sources. We then compare univariate and multivariate relationships in the Shift data against the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Finally, we provide an example of the utility of the firm-level nature of the data by showing how firm-level gender composition is related to wages. We conclude by discussing some important remaining limitations of the Facebook approach, as well as highlighting some unique strengths of the Facebook targeted advertisement approach, including the ability for rapid data collection in response to research opportunities, rich and flexible sample targeting capabilities, and low cost, and we suggest broader applications of this technique.},
  journal = {Sociological Methods and Research}
}

@book{schoenAnalyticalFamilyDemography2019,
  title = {Analytical {{Family Demography}}},
  editor = {Schoen, Robert},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {47},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-93227-9},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Schoen/Schoen_2019_Analytical Family Demography.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-319-93226-2 978-3-319-93227-9},
  language = {en},
  series = {The {{Springer Series}} on {{Demographic Methods}} and {{Population Analysis}}}
}

@article{schoutenBayesianAnalysisDesign2018,
  title = {A {{Bayesian Analysis}} of {{Design Parameters}} in {{Survey Data Collection}}},
  author = {Schouten, Barry and Mushkudiani, Nino and Shlomo, Natalie and Durrant, Gabi and Lundquist, Peter and Wagner, James},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {431--464},
  issn = {2325-0984},
  doi = {10.1093/jssam/smy012},
  abstract = {Abstract.  In the design of surveys, a number of input parameters such as contact propensities, participation propensities, and costs per sample unit play a dec},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/W4W7HQWZ/5052183.html},
  journal = {Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{schoutenEstimatingSurveyQuestionnaire2018,
  title = {Estimating {{Survey Questionnaire Profiles}} for {{Measurement Error Risk}}},
  author = {Schouten, Barry and Bais, Frank and Toepoel, Vera},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {306--334},
  issn = {2325-0984},
  doi = {10.1093/jssam/smx027},
  abstract = {Abstract.  Surveys differ in their topics, language, style, and design, and consequently, in their sensitivity to measurement error. Survey literature presents},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/XPCDXMAR/4565751.html},
  journal = {Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@book{schumpeter1976capitalism,
  title = {Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy},
  author = {Schumpeter, J.A.},
  year = {1976},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  isbn = {978-0-415-10762-4}
}

@article{schwanderFightingFireFire2020,
  title = {Fighting {{Fire}} with {{Fire}}? {{Inequality}}, {{Populism}} and {{Voter Turnout}}},
  shorttitle = {Fighting {{Fire}} with {{Fire}}?},
  author = {Schwander, Hanna and Gohla, Dominic and Sch{\"a}fer, Armin},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  issn = {0032-3470, 1862-2860},
  doi = {10.1007/s11615-020-00247-1},
  abstract = {In this article, we ask whether the presence of populist parties influences the negative effect of income inequality on voter turnout. A number of studies have shown that voter turnout is lower in unequal countries. In particular, citizens with fewer resources abstain at higher rates. Since populist parties seek to mobilize these groups, their success could lead to higher and less unequal turnout rates. To assess empirically whether this holds true, we analyzed a dataset encompassing data on 296 national parliamentary elections in 31 European countries between 1970 and 2016. The results show that there is neither a direct nor an indirect effect of populism on voter turnout. In elections with more successful populist parties, voter turnout was not significantly higher than in other elections. Higher vote shares of populist parties also do not mitigate the negative impact of income inequality on voter turnout. Finally, there does not seem to be a difference between elections with high left-wing or right-wing populist parties' success. Neither variant of populism alters the relationship between inequality and turnout.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Schwander et al/Schwander et al_2020_Fighting Fire with Fire.pdf},
  journal = {Politische Vierteljahresschrift},
  language = {en}
}

@article{schwartzEvaluatingStructureHuman2004,
  title = {Evaluating the Structure of Human Values with Confirmatory Factor Analysis},
  author = {Schwartz, Shalom H and Boehnke, Klaus},
  year = {2004},
  month = jun,
  volume = {38},
  pages = {230--255},
  issn = {0092-6566},
  doi = {10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00069-2},
  abstract = {This is the first statistical test of a theory of the structure of human values (Schwartz, 1992). The theory postulates that 10 basic values are discriminated in all societies and that these values form a quasi-circumplex structure based on the inherent conflict or compatibility between their motivational goals. Past support for the theory came from subjective judgments of visual plots of the relations among value items in samples from over 60 countries. We formally test the postulated structure and several potential refinements. We employ a specially designed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach with new data from two sets of 23 samples from 27 countries (N=10,857). In both data sets, CFAs confirm the 10 basic values, a modified quasi-circumplex rather than a simple circumplex structure, and the claim that values form a motivational continuum.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/LWE9MQLC/S0092656603000692.html},
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{schwartzExtendingCrossCulturalValidity2001,
  title = {Extending the {{Cross}}-{{Cultural Validity}} of the {{Theory}} of {{Basic Human Values}} with a {{Different Method}} of {{Measurement}}},
  author = {Schwartz, Shalom H. and Melech, Gila and Lehmann, Arielle and Burgess, Steven and Harris, Mari and Owens, Vicki},
  year = {2001},
  month = sep,
  volume = {32},
  pages = {519--542},
  issn = {0022-0221, 1552-5422},
  doi = {10.1177/0022022101032005001},
  abstract = {PVQ yields evidence of an emerging value structure, at least partly similar to the theoretical prototype, among young adolescents.2 Finding an emerging value structure, especially in Uganda, would extend the range of application of the values theory.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Schwartz et al/Schwartz et al_2001_Extending the Cross-Cultural Validity of the Theory of Basic Human Values with.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@incollection{schwartzProposalMeasuringValue2003,
  title = {A {{Proposal}} for {{Measuring Value Orientations}} across {{Nations}}},
  booktitle = {Questionnaire Package of the European Social Survey},
  author = {Schwartz, S. H.},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {260--319},
  publisher = {{European Social Survey}},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Schwartz/Schwartz_2003_A Proposal for Measuring Value Orientations across Nations.pdf}
}

@article{schwartzUniversalPsychologicalStructure1987,
  title = {Toward {{A Universal Psychological Structure}} of {{Human Values}}},
  author = {Schwartz, Shalom and Bilsky, Wolfgang},
  year = {1987},
  month = sep,
  volume = {53},
  pages = {550--562},
  issn = {0022-3514},
  abstract = {We constructed a theory of the universal types of values as criteria by viewing values as cognitive representations of three universal requirements: (a) biological needs, (b) interactional requirements for interpersonal coordination, and (c) societal demands for group welfare and survival. From thes},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/9GFHG8IB/00005205.html},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  language = {ENGLISH},
  number = {3}
}

@techreport{schweighoferWeightedBalanceModel2019,
  title = {A {{Weighted Balance Model}} of {{Opinion Hyperpolarization}}},
  author = {Schweighofer, Simon and Schweitzer, Frank and Garcia, David},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  institution = {{SocArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31235/osf.io/weg67},
  abstract = {Polarization is threatening the stability of democratic societies. Until now, polarization research has focused on opinion extremeness, overlooking the correlation between different policy issues. We explain the emergence of hyperpolarization, i.e. the combination of extremeness and correlation between issues, by developing Weighted Balance Theory (WBT), a new theory of opinion formation. WBT extends Heider's cognitive balance theory to encompass multiple weighted attitudes. We validate WBT on empirical data from the 2016 National Election Survey. Furthermore, we develop an opinion dynamics model based on WBT, which, for the first time, is able to generate hyperpolarization and to explain the link between affective and opinion polarization. In addition, our theory encompasses other phenomena of opinion dynamics, including mono-polarization and backfire effects.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{schweitzerSocialPercolationRevisited2020,
  title = {Social Percolation Revisited: {{From}} 2d Lattices to Adaptive Networks},
  shorttitle = {Social Percolation Revisited},
  author = {Schweitzer, Frank},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  abstract = {The social percolation model \textbackslash citep\{solomon-et-00\} considers a 2-dimensional regular lattice. Each site is occupied by an agent with a preference \$x\_\{i\}\$ sampled from a uniform distribution \$U[0,1]\$. Agents transfer the information about the quality \$q\$ of a movie to their neighbors only if \$x\_\{i\}\textbackslash leq q\$. Information percolates through the lattice if \$q=q\_\{c\}=0.593\$. -- From a network perspective the percolating cluster can be seen as a random-regular network with \$n\_\{c\}\$ nodes and a mean degree that depends on \$q\_\{c\}\$. Preserving these quantities of the random-regular network, a true random network can be generated from the \$G(n,p)\$ model after determining the link probability \$p\$. I then demonstrate how this random network can be transformed into a threshold network, where agents create links dependent on their \$x\_\{i\}\$ values. Assuming a dynamics of the \$x\_\{i\}\$ and a mechanism of group formation, I further extend the model toward an adaptive social network model.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2010.06393},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Schweitzer/Schweitzer_2020_Social percolation revisited.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/SQGXHJ9P/2010.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2010.06393 [cond-mat, physics:physics]},
  primaryClass = {cond-mat, physics:physics}
}

@article{scrippsDetectionWeakTies2017,
  title = {Detection of {{Weak Ties}}},
  author = {Scripps, Jerry},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {10},
  abstract = {In a small world social network, strong and weak ties exist that define tightly clustered areas and isolated links between them. Granovetter provided an heuristic that strong links have a higher common neighbor count than weak ones. The problem of identifying weak links is the central focus of this paper. The proposed metric vett will be shown that within certain constraints of a (modified) small world network the accuracy of the proposed method is 100\%.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/2RDL7N68/Scripps - 2017 - Detection of Weak Ties.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{seddigUsingCulturalStructural2019,
  title = {Using Cultural and Structural Indicators to Explain Measurement Noninvariance in Gender Role Attitudes with Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling},
  author = {Seddig, Daniel and Lomazzi, Vera},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  volume = {84},
  pages = {102328},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102328},
  abstract = {The current study explores the reasons for noninvariance of the measurements of gender role attitudes across countries. While previous studies have shown that noninvariance is a problem for comparative research and pointed out methods to alleviate the risks of drawing invalid conclusions, none has so far tried to explain why measurements of gender role attitudes are nonequivalent. Therefore, we use multilevel structural equation modeling to exploring measurement invariance and explain its absence. We use data assessing peoples' views on the specialization of roles by gender and the consequences of female employment on family's well-being from the International Social Survey Programme. We can replicate the findings from prior research indicating that scalar measurement invariance across countries is absent. Furthermore, we use two country-level variables to explain the noninvariance of particular items. The cultural value embeddedness explains noninvariance to a considerable degree while the Gender Inequality Index from the United Nations Development Programme does not. Therefore, we conclude that issues of comparability of gender role attitudes are related mainly to cultural rather than structural differences between countries.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/2752TBJQ/S0049089X18309724.html},
  journal = {Social Science Research},
  language = {en}
}

@article{sepulvadoPredictingHomophilySocial2020,
  title = {Predicting {{Homophily}} and {{Social Network Connectivity From Dyadic Behavioral Similarity Trajectory Clusters}}},
  author = {Sepulvado, Brandon and Wood, Michael Lee and Fridmanski, Ethan and Wang, Cheng and Chandler, Matthew J. and Lizardo, Omar and Hachen, David},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  pages = {0894439320923123},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {0894-4393},
  doi = {10.1177/0894439320923123},
  abstract = {The similarity between pairs of people is often measured on relatively static traits and at a given point in time. Moving beyond this approach, a burgeoning line of research is investigating temporal dyadic similarity on traits and behaviors, such as health activities. Our study contributes to this line of inquiry by using fine-grained longitudinal data obtained from sensors, mobile devices, and surveys to examine whether we can observe distinct types of dyadic similarity trajectories based on physical activity, and if so, what dyad-level properties predict membership in each trajectory class. Treating daily differences in the steps for dyads as time series, we use k-shape clustering to identify classes of similarity trajectories and logistic regression to examine the link between trajectory class and key dyad-level factors. We identify 21 dyadic trajectory clusters and find that trajectory membership predicts dyadic connectivity in the communication network, as well as racial and religious\textemdash but not gender-based\textemdash similarity. We conclude by noting how research on dyadic similarity trajectories can be further integrated with ongoing work in social network analysis.},
  journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
  language = {en}
}

@article{sertSegregationDynamicsReinforcement2020,
  title = {Segregation Dynamics with Reinforcement Learning and Agent Based Modeling},
  author = {Sert, Egemen and {Bar-Yam}, Yaneer and Morales, Alfredo J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {11771},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-68447-8},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Sert et al/Sert et al_2020_Segregation dynamics with reinforcement learning and agent based modeling.pdf},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{settlePoliticalPsychophysiologyPrimer2020,
  title = {Political Psychophysiology: {{A}} Primer for Interested Researchers and Consumers},
  shorttitle = {Political Psychophysiology},
  author = {Settle, Jaime E. and Hibbing, Matthew V. and Anspach, Nicolas M. and Carlson, Taylor N. and Coe, Chelsea M. and Hernandez, Edward and Peterson, John and Stuart, John and Arceneaux, Kevin},
  year = {2020/ed},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {101--117},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  issn = {0730-9384, 1471-5457},
  doi = {10.1017/pls.2020.5},
  abstract = {The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the number of studies employing psychophysiological methods to explain variation in political attitudes and behavior. However, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of physiological data present novel challenges for political scientists unfamiliar with the underlying biological concepts and technical skills necessary for utilizing this approach. Our objective in this article is to maximize the effectiveness of future work utilizing psychophysiological measurement by providing guidance on how the techniques can be employed most fruitfully as a complement to, not a replacement for, existing methods. We develop clear, step-by-step instructions for how physiological research should be conducted and provide a discussion of the issues commonly faced by scholars working with these measures. Our hope is that this article will be a useful resource for both neophytes and experienced scholars in lowering the start-up costs to doing this work and assessing it as part of the peer review process. More broadly, in the spirit of the open science framework, we aim to foster increased communication, collaboration, and replication of findings across political science labs utilizing psychophysiological methods.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/CTVLEQ3G/AFBA64CD24AF3EE210148357A2014AD2.html},
  journal = {Politics and the Life Sciences},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{sewellModelbasedEdgeClustering2020,
  title = {Model-Based Edge Clustering},
  author = {Sewell, Daniel K.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  volume = {0},
  pages = {1--32},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn = {1061-8600},
  doi = {10.1080/10618600.2020.1811104},
  abstract = {Relational data can be studied using network analytic techniques which define the network as a set of actors and a set of edges connecting these actors. One important facet of network analysis that receives significant attention is community detection. However, while most community detection algorithms focus on clustering the actors of the network, it is very intuitive to cluster the edges. Connections exist because they were formed within some latent environment such as, in the case of a social network, a workplace or religious group, and hence by clustering the edges of a network we may gain some insight into these latent environments. We propose a model-based approach to clustering the edges of a network using a latent space model describing the features of both actors and latent environments. We derive a generalized EM algorithm for estimation and gradient-based Monte Carlo algorithms, and we demonstrate that the computational cost grows linearly in the number of actors for sparse networks rather than quadratically. We demonstrate the potential impact of our proposed approach on a patient transfer network, verifying these results by running simple epidemic simulations, and on a real friendship network amongst faculty members at a university in the United Kingdom.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2020.1811104},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/Q3KRI8ZI/10618600.2020.html},
  journal = {Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics},
  number = {ja}
}

@article{seyfriedPOLARIZATIONSOCIALNETWORKS,
  title = {{{POLARIZATION IN SOCIAL NETWORKS UNDER A PROPOSED MODEL}}},
  author = {Seyfried, Ashley L},
  pages = {24},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/9JUGXPWR/Seyfried - POLARIZATION IN SOCIAL NETWORKS UNDER A PROPOSED M.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{shahEvaluatingPredictingAnswer2010,
  title = {Evaluating and Predicting Answer Quality in Community {{QA}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd International {{ACM SIGIR}} Conference on {{Research}} and Development in Information Retrieval},
  author = {Shah, Chirag and Pomerantz, Jefferey},
  year = {2010},
  month = jul,
  pages = {411--418},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  address = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  doi = {10.1145/1835449.1835518},
  abstract = {Question answering (QA) helps one go beyond traditional keywords-based querying and retrieve information in more precise form than given by a document or a list of documents. Several community-based QA (CQA) services have emerged allowing information seekers pose their information need as questions and receive answers from their fellow users. A question may receive multiple answers from multiple users and the asker or the community can choose the best answer. While the asker can thus indicate if he was satisfied with the information he received, there is no clear way of evaluating the quality of that information. We present a study to evaluate and predict the quality of an answer in a CQA setting. We chose Yahoo! Answers as such CQA service and selected a small set of questions, each with at least five answers. We asked Amazon Mechanical Turk workers to rate the quality of each answer for a given question based on 13 different criteria. Each answer was rated by five different workers. We then matched their assessments with the actual asker's rating of a given answer. We show that the quality criteria we used faithfully match with asker's perception of a quality answer. We furthered our investigation by extracting various features from questions, answers, and the users who posted them, and training a number of classifiers to select the best answer using those features. We demonstrate a high predictability of our trained models along with the relative merits of each of the features for such prediction. These models support our argument that in case of CQA, contextual information such as a user's profile, can be critical in evaluating and predicting content quality.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/QR6RC5K8/Shah_Pomerantz_2010_Evaluating and predicting answer quality in community QA.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-0153-4},
  keywords = {answer quality evaluation and prediction,community question answering},
  series = {{{SIGIR}} '10}
}

@article{shanJointEstimationTwoLevel,
  ids = {shanJointEstimationTwoLevelb},
  title = {Joint {{Estimation}} of the {{Two}}-{{Level Gaussian Graphical Models Across Multiple Classes}}},
  author = {Shan, Liang and Qiao, Zhilei and Cheng, Lulu and Kim, Inyoung},
  doi = {10.1080/10618600.2019.1694522},
  abstract = {The Gaussian graphical model has been a popular tool for investigating the conditional dependency structure between random variables by estimating sparse precision matrices. The estimated precision matrices can be mapped into networks for visualization. However, the ability to investigate the conditional dependency structure when a two-level structure exists among the variables is still limited. Some variables are considered as higher-level variables while others are nested in these higher-level variables\textemdash the latter are called lower-level variables. For instance, genes are grouped into pathways for particular functions, so that pathways are the higher-level variables and genes within the pathways are the lower-level variables. Higher-level variables are not isolated; instead, they work together to accomplish certain tasks. Therefore, our main interest is to simultaneously explore conditional dependency structures among higher-level variables and among lower-level variables. Given two-level data from heterogeneous classes, we propose a method to jointly estimate the two-level Gaussian graphical models across multiple classes, so that common structures in terms of the two-level conditional dependency are shared during the estimation procedure, yet unique structures for each class are retained as well. Our proposed approach is achieved by first introducing higher-level variable factors within classes and then introducing common factors across classes. The performance of our approach is evaluated on several simulated networks. We also demonstrate the advantages of our approach using breast cancer patient data. {$<$}a class="ext-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2019.1694522"{$>$}Supplementary materials{$<$}/a{$>$} for this article are available online.},
  journal = {Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics}
}

@article{shawSomethingOutNothing2019,
  ids = {shawSomethingOutNothing,shawSomethingOutNothinga,shawSomethingOutNothingb},
  title = {Something out of Nothing: A {{Bayesian}} Learning Computational Model for the Social Construction of Value},
  shorttitle = {Something out of Nothing},
  author = {Shaw, Lynette A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  volume = {0},
  pages = {1--25},
  issn = {0022-250X},
  doi = {10.1080/0022250X.2019.1652173},
  abstract = {This article develops a formalism for the social construction of value. Using a model based on Bayesian agents, it demonstrates how ``something'' arises out of ``nothing'' via the emergence of durable value conventions and shows how the developed framework can be used to investigate socially constructed valuations under a variety of circumstances. The resulting analysis clarifies why assumptions that collectives will converge upon the ``intrinsic'' (i.e., non-socially originating) value of an object (e.g., market efficiency) may not hold for mixed social and non-social valuation regimes, explains the dependency of socially constructed valuations on early accidents, demonstrates the effects of confident actors on constructed values, and identifies the production of time-dependent ratcheting effects from the interaction of bubbles with value conventions.},
  journal = {The Journal of Mathematical Sociology},
  number = {0}
}

@article{shepherdOpinionDiffusionSoftware2020,
  title = {Opinion {{Diffusion Software}} with {{Strategic Opinion Revelation}} and {{Unfriending}}},
  author = {Shepherd, Patrick and Weaver, Mia and Goldsmith, Judy},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  abstract = {We present a novel software suite for social network modeling and opinion diffusion processes. Much research on social network science has assumed networks with static topologies. More recently, attention has been turned to networks that evolve. Although software for modeling both the topological evolution of networks and diffusion processes are constantly improving, very little attention has been paid to agent modeling. Our software is designed to be robust, modular, and extensible, providing the ability to model dynamic social network topologies and multidimensional diffusion processes, different styles of agent including non-homophilic paradigms, as well as a testing environment for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) experiments with diverse sets of agent types. We also illustrate the value of diverse agent modeling, and environments that allow for strategic unfriending. Our work shows that polarization and consensus dynamics, as well as topological clustering effects, may rely more than previously known on individuals' goals for the composition of their neighborhood's opinions.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2006.12572},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Shepherd et al/Shepherd et al_2020_Opinion Diffusion Software with Strategic Opinion Revelation and Unfriending.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/L399LVRC/2006.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2006.12572 [physics]},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@article{sherchanSurveyTrustSocial2013,
  title = {A Survey of Trust in Social Networks},
  author = {Sherchan, W. and Nepal, S. and Paris, C{\'e}cile},
  year = {2013},
  doi = {10.1145/2501654.2501661},
  abstract = {Web-based social networks have become popular as a medium for disseminating information and connecting like-minded people. The public accessibility of such networks with the ability to share opinions, thoughts, information, and experience offers great promise to enterprises and governments. In addition to individuals using such networks to connect to their friends and families, governments and enterprises have started exploiting these platforms for delivering their services to citizens and customers. However, the success of such attempts relies on the level of trust that members have with each other as well as with the service provider. Therefore, trust becomes an essential and important element of a successful social network. In this article, we present the first comprehensive review of social and computer science literature on trust in social networks. We first review the existing definitions of trust and define social trust in the context of social networks. We then discuss recent works addressing three aspects of social trust: trust information collection, trust evaluation, and trust dissemination. Finally, we compare and contrast the literature and identify areas for further research in social trust.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Sherchan et al/Sherchan et al_2013_A survey of trust in social networks.pdf},
  journal = {CSUR}
}

@incollection{shinDemographyDemocracyExploring2016,
  title = {Demography and {{Democracy}}: {{Exploring}} the {{Linkage Between Age}} and {{Voter Turnout}} in {{Italy}} with {{Geospatial Analysis}}},
  booktitle = {Recapturing {{Space}}: {{New Middle}}-{{Range Theory}} in {{Spatial Demography}}},
  author = {Shin, Michael and Agnew, John},
  editor = {Howell, Frank M. and Porter, Jeremy R. and Matthews, Stephen A.},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {159--174},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-22810-5_9},
  abstract = {Electoral outcomes in both established and new democracies alike generate a flurry of interest and analysis. However, the reasons to vote or not are varied. Herein lays a large part of the problem in trying to provide a single explanation for declining turnout for an entire country. In different places within a country different mixes of reasons may be at work. This geographic analysis of voter turnout focuses upon contemporary Italian democracy. Italy is a compelling case in which to examine the relationship between demography and democracy for several reasons. First, Italy is renowned for its historically high voter turnout rates. In the eighteen national elections since 1948, well over 80~\% of voters turned out in each and every political contest. Second, as alluded to previously, Italy has one of the highest proportions of citizens aged 65 and over in the world. Coupled with one of the world's lowest birthrates, it is projected that Italy will experience a significant population decline in the decades to come. Third, Italy is often considered to be divided into two distinct geographic regions: a prosperous, civic-minded and European-oriented north versus an underdeveloped, peripheral, stagnant and corrupt south. Sub-divisions of this twofold division are also very common, as we discuss later. Fourth, the economic crisis of 2008 ushered in a remarkable period of social, political and economic turmoil across the Eurozone, and resulted in several austerity measures, some of which have been particularly acute for Italy and many Italians. Finally, the 2013 general election marked low-points in terms of voter turnout, and more generally, public attitudes towards Italian politics and politicians. Recognizing how such factors influence political participation differently in different places across Italy will shed light on the age-turnout nexus, and highlight the value of incorporating spatial concepts and theories into demographic-based accounts of politics.},
  isbn = {978-3-319-22810-5}
}

@article{shiradoCollectiveCommunicationBehaviour2020,
  title = {Collective Communication and Behaviour in Response to Uncertain `{{Danger}}' in Network Experiments},
  author = {Shirado, Hirokazu and Crawford, Forrest W. and Christakis, Nicholas A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  volume = {476},
  pages = {20190685},
  issn = {1364-5021, 1471-2946},
  doi = {10.1098/rspa.2019.0685},
  abstract = {In emergencies, social coordination is especially challenging. People connected with each other may respond better or worse to an uncertain danger than isolated individuals. We performed experiments involving a novel scenario simulating an unpredictable situation faced by a group in which 2480 subjects in 108 groups had to both communicate information and decide whether to `evacuate'. We manipulated the permissible sorts of interpersonal communication and varied group topology and size. Compared to groups of isolated individuals, we find that communication networks suppress necessary evacuations because of the spontaneous and diffuse emergence of false reassurance; yet, communication networks also restrain unnecessary evacuations in situations without disasters. At the individual level, subjects have thresholds for responding to social information that are sensitive to the negativity, but not the actual accuracy, of the signals being transmitted. Social networks can function poorly as pathways for inconvenient truths that people would rather ignore.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Shirado et al/Shirado et al_2020_Collective communication and behaviour in response to uncertain ‘Danger’ in.pdf},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  language = {en},
  number = {2237}
}

@article{shojaieDifferentialNetworkAnalysis2020,
  title = {Differential {{Network Analysis}}: {{A Statistical Perspective}}},
  shorttitle = {Differential {{Network Analysis}}},
  author = {Shojaie, Ali},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  abstract = {Networks effectively capture interactions among components of complex systems, and have thus become a mainstay in many scientific disciplines. Growing evidence, especially from biology, suggest that networks undergo changes over time, and in response to external stimuli. In biology and medicine, these changes have been found to be predictive of complex diseases. They have also been used to gain insight into mechanisms of disease initiation and progression. Primarily motivated by biological applications, this article provides a review of recent statistical machine learning methods for inferring networks and identifying changes in their structures.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2003.04235},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Shojaie/Shojaie_2020_Differential Network Analysis.pdf},
  journal = {arXiv:2003.04235 [cs, q-bio, stat]},
  language = {en},
  primaryClass = {cs, q-bio, stat}
}

@article{shoreNetworkCentralizationCollective,
  title = {Network {{Centralization}} and {{Collective Intelligence}}: A {{Randomized Experiment}}},
  author = {Shore, Jesse and Bernstein, Ethan and Jang, Alice},
  pages = {4},
  file = {/

license: MIT

repository: atomashevic/website-at

license_type: permissive

repo_name: atomashevic/website-at

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib