text:
1
Oliva-Hemker, M
Escher, J C
Moore, D
Dubinksy, M
Hildebrand, H
Koda, Y K L
Murch, S
Sandhu, B
Seo, J K
Tanzi, M N
Warner, B
Relapsing Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Working Group
Consensus Development Conference
Journal Article
Practice Guideline
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Aug;47(2):266-72. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318181b48c.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/surgery
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/surgery
Drug Therapy, Combination
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/*surgery
Steroids/therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {18664886},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e318181b48c},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Olveira Fuster, G. and Gonzalez-Molero, I.},
   title = {[Probiotics and prebiotics in clinical practice]},
   journal = {Nutr Hosp},
   volume = {22 Suppl 2},
   pages = {26-34},
   note = {Olveira Fuster, G
Gonzalez-Molero, I
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Spain
Nutr Hosp. 2007 May;22 Suppl 2:26-34.},
   abstract = {This article revises the concepts of prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics, and their use in different situations of daily clinical practice. With a high level of evidence, it is concluded that the use of certain strains of probiotics significantly reduces the risk for antibiotic-induced diarrhea. Although further studies are needed, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (particularly ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis) might improve the rates of remission induction/maintenance. The administration of probiotics and symbiotics to patients with liver transplant, severe acute pancreatitis, and intensive and surgical care patients, emerges as a promising therapeutic option that seems to reduce the number of infections; however, it is currently no possible to establish evidence-based recommendations, with a need for a higher number of better designed works. About safety of probiotics and symbiotics, the benefits/risks ratio clearly favors the former since the risk for infection is low, even in immunosuppressed patients. There are, however, selected groups of patients in which caution is advised.},
   keywords = {Humans
Intestinal Diseases/*diet therapy
*Probiotics},
   ISSN = {0212-1611 (Print)
0212-1611},
   Accession Number = {17679291},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Osina, V. A. and Kuz'mina, T. N.},
   title = {[Enteral nutrition in the therapy of gastrointestinal diseases (according to materials of the European Association of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition)]},
   journal = {Eksp Klin Gastroenterol},
   number = {3},
   pages = {92-8, 129},
   note = {Osina, V A
Kuz'mina, T N
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Russia (Federation)
Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2007;(3):92-8, 129.},
   abstract = {The present article gives evidence-based recommendations for the indication, application and type of formula of enteral nutrition (EN) (oral nutrition supplements (ONS) or tube feeding (TF)) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), short bowel syndrome (SBS), acute and chronic pancreatitis, alcoholic steatogepatitis and cirrosis. ONS and/or TF in addition to normal food is indicates in undernourished patients with CD or UC to improve nutritional status. In active CD EN is the first line therapy in children and should be used as sole therapy in adults mainly when treatment with corticosteroids is not feasible. No significant differences have been shown in the effects of free amino acid, peptide-based and hole protein formulae for TF. In remission ONS is recommended only in steroid dependent patients in CD. In patients with SBS TF should be introduced in the adaptation phase and should be changed with progressing adaptation to ONS in addition to normal food. Special nutrition support should not be used routinely in patients with mild or moderate acute pancreatitis. EN is the preffered route in patients with pancreatitis and should be attempted before initiating parenteral nutrition. Nutrition assessment in patients with liver disease should include screening for micronutrient deficiencies. Protein restriction should be implemented for the acute management of hepatic encephalopathy and should not be implemented chronically in patients with liver disease.},
   keywords = {Energy Intake
Energy Metabolism
Enteral Nutrition/*methods
Gastrointestinal Diseases/metabolism/*therapy
Humans
Parenteral Nutrition/*methods},
   ISSN = {1682-8658 (Print)
1682-8658},
   Accession Number = {17937012},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pasternak, B. and Grom, A. and Yazigi, N. and Cohen, M. B.},
   title = {Suppurative peripheral arthritis in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {45},
   number = {1},
   pages = {117-20},
   note = {1536-4801
Pasternak, Brad
Grom, Alexi
Yazigi, Nada
Cohen, Mitchell B
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Jul;45(1):117-20.},
   keywords = {Arthritis, Infectious/diagnosis/*etiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Female
Hip Joint/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Humans
Ultrasonography},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {17592374},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3180308d3c},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Perez Tarrago, C. and Puebla Maestu, A. and Mijan de la Torre, A. A.},
   title = {[Nutritional management of inflammatory bowel disease]},
   journal = {Nutr Hosp},
   volume = {23},
   number = {5},
   pages = {418-28},
   note = {Perez Tarrago, C
Puebla Maestu, A
Mijan de la Torre, A A
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Spain
Nutr Hosp. 2008 Sep-Oct;23(5):418-28.},
   abstract = {Patients with inflammatory bowel disease present higher risk for hyponutrition. For this reason, an adequate nutritional support is frequently needed. In these patients, enteral nutrition should be used unless there exist contraindications. Nutritional support as the primary therapy is no indicated in adults (since steroidal therapy has shown to be more effective) but in the case of intolerance or lack of response to medical treatment. By contrast, enteral nutrition is considered a first line therapy in children. There is no clear benefit with the use of specific formulas (modified fat, glutamine...), so that their routine use is not recommended. In spite of the great technical and scientific advances, there are still many fields in which knowledge should be broaden; some of them are pointed out in this publication.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Child
Clinical Trials as Topic
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/*therapy
Crohn Disease/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/*therapy
Endoscopy
*Enteral Nutrition
Humans
Meta-Analysis as Topic
Middle Aged
Nutritional Support/*methods
Osteoporosis/etiology
*Parenteral Nutrition
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {0212-1611 (Print)
0212-1611},
   Accession Number = {19160891},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Perrin, J. M. and Kuhlthau, K. and Chughtai, A. and Romm, D. and Kirschner, B. S. and Ferry, G. D. and Cohen, S. A. and Gold, B. D. and Heyman, M. B. and Baldassano, R. N. and Winter, H. S.},
   title = {Measuring quality of life in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease: psychometric and clinical characteristics},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {46},
   number = {2},
   pages = {164-71},
   note = {1536-4801
Perrin, James M
Kuhlthau, Karen
Chughtai, Aziz
Romm, Diane
Kirschner, Barbara S
Ferry, George D
Cohen, Stanley A
Gold, Benjamin D
Heyman, Melvin B
Baldassano, Robert N
Winter, Harland S
K24 DK060617/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R03 DK062937-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK 060617/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK 062927/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Feb;46(2):164-71. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31812f7f4e.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To extend development of a pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measure by determining its factor structure and associations of factors with generic HRQoL measures and clinical variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of children and adolescents ages 8 years to 18 years and their parents attending any of 6 US IBD centers, recruited from either existing registry of age-eligible subjects or visits to participating centers. The survey included generic (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory) and IBD-specific (Impact Questionnaire) quality of life measures, disease activity, and other clinical indicators. We carried out factor analysis of Impact responses, comparing resulting factors with results on the generic HRQoL and the clinical measures. RESULTS: We included 220 subjects (161 with Crohn disease and 59 with ulcerative colitis). Initial confirmatory factor analysis did not support the 6 proposed Impact domains. Exploratory factor analysis indicated 4 factors with good to excellent reliability for IBD responses: general well-being and symptoms, emotional functioning, social interactions, and body image. Two items did not load well on any factor. The 4 factors correlated well with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and subscales. Children with higher disease activity scores and other indicators of clinical activity reported lower HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further characteristics of a HRQoL measure specific to pediatric IBD and indicates ways to score the measure based on the resulting factor structure. The measure correlates appropriately with generic HRQoL measures and clinical severity indicators.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Body Image
Child
Chronic Disease
Cross-Sectional Studies
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*pathology/*psychology
Male
*Quality of Life
Severity of Illness Index
Social Adjustment
*Stress, Psychological
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {18223375},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31812f7f4e},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Piton, G. and Dupont-Gossart, A. C. and Weber, A. and Herbein, G. and Viennet, G. and Mantion, G. and Carbonnel, F.},
   title = {Severe systemic cytomegalovirus infections in patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis treated by an oral microemulsion form of cyclosporine: report of two cases},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Clin Biol},
   volume = {32},
   number = {5 Pt 1},
   pages = {460-4},
   note = {Piton, G
Dupont-Gossart, A-C
Weber, A
Herbein, G
Viennet, G
Mantion, G
Carbonnel, F
Case Reports
Journal Article
France
Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2008 May;32(5 Pt 1):460-4. doi: 10.1016/j.gcb.2007.10.010. Epub 2008 Mar 24.},
   abstract = {CMV reactivation is frequently observed in acute flares of ulcerative colitis (UC), particularly those which do not respond to intravenous steroids. Several recent series have suggested that, in most cases, CMV reactivation does not lead to severe complications and resolves spontaneously with the UC flare and discontinuation of immunosuppression. In the present paper, we describe two patients with active UC who developed a severe systemic CMV infection during a treatment with an oral microemulsion form of cyclosporine. This is of concern, particularly in a context of increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs in UC. We propose a prophylactic and curative approach to decrease morbidity related to CMV infection in active UC.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Adult
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Cyclosporine/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Emulsions
Female
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0399-8320 (Print)
0399-8320},
   Accession Number = {18359591},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.gcb.2007.10.010},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ranjbaran, Z. and Keefer, L. and Farhadi, A. and Stepanski, E. and Sedghi, S. and Keshavarzian, A.},
   title = {Impact of sleep disturbances in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {22},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1748-53},
   note = {Ranjbaran, Ziba
Keefer, Laurie
Farhadi, Ashkan
Stepanski, Edward
Sedghi, Shahriar
Keshavarzian, Ali
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Australia
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Nov;22(11):1748-53.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Normal sleep is paramount for a healthy lifestyle and high quality of life. Sleep modulates the immune system and thus affects the course of several chronic inflammatory conditions. There are no reported studies that address the role of sleep disturbance in the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to characterize sleep disturbance in IBD using validated measures of sleep and quality of life. METHODS: A self-administered, mail-in questionnaire package was sent to 205 subjects after a brief instruction. The questionnaire package was composed of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a measure of disease severity and the IBD-Quality of Life Questionnaire. A total of 119 subjects were recruited (58% response rate): 80 with inactive IBD, 24 with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and 15 healthy controls. RESULTS: The IBD subjects reported significantly prolonged sleep latency, frequent sleep fragmentation, higher rate of using sleeping pills, decreased day-time energy, increased tiredness and poor overall sleep quality compared to healthy controls. The abnormal sleep patterns in IBD subjects were similar to IBS subjects. The reported sleep quality was correlated with IBD disease severity score (r(2) = 0.55, P = 0.02). Both IBD and IBS subjects thought that sleep and their disease status were correlated. CONCLUSION: The results show that IBD patients have significant sleep disturbance even when their disease is not active. This problem might affect quality of life, gastrointestinal symptoms and coping ability, and might potentially modify disease severity or increase risk of flare-up. Regardless of the primary or secondary origin of this problem, sleep disturbance should be addressed in the clinical management of patients with IBD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/physiopathology
Crohn Disease/complications/physiopathology
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*physiopathology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*physiopathology
Male
Middle Aged
*Quality of Life
*Sleep
Sleep Wake Disorders/*etiology/physiopathology
Surveys and Questionnaires
United States},
   ISSN = {0815-9319 (Print)
0815-9319},
   Accession Number = {17914945},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04820.x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Raz, I. and Gollop, N. and Polak-Charcon, S. and Schwartz, B.},
   title = {Isolation and characterisation of new putative probiotic bacteria from human colonic flora},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {97},
   number = {4},
   pages = {725-34},
   note = {Raz, Irit
Gollop, Natan
Polak-Charcon, Sylvie
Schwartz, Betty
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2007 Apr;97(4):725-34.},
   abstract = {The present study describes a novel bacterial isolate exhibiting high ability to synthesise and secrete butyrate. The novel isolated bacterium was obtained from human faeces and grown in selective liquid intestinal microflora medium containing rumen fluid under microaerobic conditions. Its probiotic properties were demonstrated by the ability of the isolate to survive high acidity and medium containing bile acids and the ability to adhere to colon cancer cells (Caco-2) in vitro. Phylogenetic identity to Enterococcus durans was established using specific primers for 16S rRNA (99% probability). PCR analyses with primers to the bacterial gene encoding butyrate kinase, present in the butyrogenic bacteria Clostridium, showed that this gene is present in E. durans. The in vivo immunoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of E. durans were assessed in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in Balb/c mice. Administration of E. durans ameliorated histological, clinical and biochemical scores directly related to intestinal inflammation whereas the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus delbrueckii was ineffective in this regard. Colonic cDNA concentrations of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were significantly down regulated in DSS-treated E. durans-fed mice but not in control or DSS-treated L. delbrueckii- fed mice. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation analyses of colonic tissue from mice fed E. durans, using a butyrate kinase probe, demonstrated that E. durans significantly adheres to the colonic tissue. The novel isolated bacterium described in the present paper, upon further characterisation, can be developed into a useful probiotic aimed at the treatment of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Bacterial Adhesion
Butyrates/metabolism
Caco-2 Cells
Colitis/chemically induced/pathology/prevention & control
Colon/metabolism/*microbiology
Colony Count, Microbial
Dextran Sulfate
Enterococcus/growth & development/*isolation & purification/metabolism
Feces/microbiology
Humans
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Probiotics/*isolation & purification},
   ISSN = {0007-1145 (Print)
0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {17349085},
   DOI = {10.1017/s000711450747249x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Razack, R. and Seidner, D. L.},
   title = {Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Opin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {23},
   number = {4},
   pages = {400-5},
   note = {Razack, Razvi
Seidner, Douglas L
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2007 Jul;23(4):400-5.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Nutrition plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and treatment of the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In addition, patients with inflammatory bowel disease are often found to have nutrient deficiencies at the time of diagnosis, whereas others develop features of malnutrition over the course of their illness. Therefore, an understanding of the relationship between nutrients and inflammatory bowel disease is important if these patients are to receive optimal care. RECENT FINDINGS: Epidemiologic and basic research has helped to shed light on the interaction between diet and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Numerous clinical trials utilizing various types of lipids, including fish oil and short chain fatty acids, suggest that fats play an important role in the inflammatory response that characterizes inflammatory bowel disease. Vitamins and other micronutrients involved in nutrient metabolism and modulation of oxidative stress are also considered in this review. SUMMARY: This update discusses nutritional issues that can be used to help prevent and treat nutrient deficiencies and ameliorate disease activity in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antioxidants/therapeutic use
Diet
Dietary Fats/immunology
Dietary Fiber/therapeutic use
Dietary Supplements
Fish Oils/therapeutic use
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/immunology
Malnutrition/immunology
Nutritional Status
Nutritional Support},
   ISSN = {0267-1379 (Print)
0267-1379},
   Accession Number = {17545776},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOG.0b013e3281ddb2a3},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Reddy, K. P. and Markowitz, J. E. and Ruchelli, E. D. and Baldassano, R. N. and Brown, K. A.},
   title = {Lamina propria and circulating interleukin-8 in newly and previously diagnosed pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {52},
   number = {2},
   pages = {365-72},
   note = {Reddy, Krishna P
Markowitz, Jonathan E
Ruchelli, Eduardo D
Baldassano, Robert N
Brown, Kurt A
DK02382/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Feb;52(2):365-72. Epub 2007 Jan 12.},
   abstract = {Dysregulation of interleukin-8 (IL-8) production has been proposed to contribute to intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Previous studies, which evaluate adult patients with long-standing or steroid-modulated disease, have reported conflicting results regarding the role of IL-8 in IBD pathogenesis. The present study evaluates IL-8 in colonic organ cultures and sera of newly and previously diagnosed pediatric IBD patients with various degrees of histopathologic activity. Colon and terminal ileum biopsies were obtained from 26 patients with Crohn's disease, 12 with ulcerative colitis, 4 with indeterminate colitis, and 12 age-matched normal controls. IBD patients were additionally characterized as newly or previously diagnosed. Supernatants from organ-cultured lamina propria biopsies and sera were evaluated by ELISA for IL-8 protein. IL-8 increased with degree of histologic inflammation regardless of diagnosis (no pathologic diagnosis, 62.6 ng/ml, interquartile range [IQR] 30.4-94.6 ng/ml; mild, 92.0 ng/ml, IQR 21.9-170.0 ng/ml; moderate, 676.2 ng/ml, IQR 46.4-2967.7 ng/ml; severe, 585.6 ng/ml, IQR 149.7-1602.2 ng/ml; P < 0.01). Lamina propria IL-8 was significantly elevated in moderately and severely inflamed tissue segments (603.26 ng/ml; IQR, 72.15-2240.4 ng/ml) compared to noninflamed and mildly inflamed segments (67.70 ng/ml; IQR, 30.38-124.1 ng/ml; P = 0.0009). There was no significant trend in IL-8 concentration when compared by clinical diagnosis. No significant difference was found in IL-8 concentrations in organ cultures from newly diagnosed patients versus those from previously diagnosed patients. There was no significant correlation between serum IL-8 concentration and organ culture IL-8 concentration. We conclude that higher concentrations of IL-8 are found in more histologically inflamed tissue segments from pediatric IBD patients. IL-8 does not appear to be associated with clinical IBD subtype. IL-8 appears to be an integral part of both early and established mucosal inflammation in pediatric IBD patients. These findings suggest that IL-8-specific therapies may universally modify inflammatory activity in IBD patients.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
Colon/*metabolism/pathology
Crohn Disease/metabolism
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Humans
Ileum/*metabolism/pathology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/diagnosis/*metabolism/pathology
Interleukin-8/blood/*metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism/pathology
Linear Models
Male
Mucous Membrane/metabolism
Organ Culture Techniques
Philadelphia
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0163-2116 (Print)
0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {17219072},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-006-9322-y},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rezailashkajani, M. and Roshandel, D. and Ansari, S. and Zali, M. R.},
   title = {A web-based patient education system and self-help group in Persian language for inflammatory bowel disease patients},
   journal = {Int J Med Inform},
   volume = {77},
   number = {2},
   pages = {122-8},
   note = {Rezailashkajani, Mohammadreza
Roshandel, Delnaz
Ansari, Shahin
Zali, Mohammad Reza
Journal Article
Ireland
Int J Med Inform. 2008 Feb;77(2):122-8. Epub 2007 Jan 8.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To study the use patterns of a Persian web-based patient education system for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in Iran. METHODS: A web-based patient education system was developed with Persian content in three sections: general, ulcerative colitis (UC), and Crohn's disease (CD). The website included a forum for patients to communicate as a self-help group. A customized web tracking system recorded web use statistics. Polls at the bottom of each page collected the visitors' opinion on the extent of helpfulness and readability of page contents. Web use data were analyzed for an 18-month period from October 2004 to April 2006. RESULTS: Having excluded page visits from search engine robots, the website's homepage was visited 4452 times (mean of monthly visits: 234, range: 102-330). The web pages titled Anatomy of gastrointestinal system, Nutrition in IBD, Diagnostic tests, How to cope with IBD, and IBD in women were the most favorite in general section. The web page titled IBD treatment was the most visited in both CD and UC sections followed by the web pages on cause of disease, diagnostic procedures and complications in CD section; and those titled symptoms, cause of disease and risk factors in the UC section. Overall, the content evaluation polls received 294 hits (from 186 unique visitors) of which, 196 (67%) were from patients, 30 (10%) from patients' relatives/friends, 21 (7%) from doctors, and 47 (16%) from other groups. During the 18-month period, 47 patients registered in the self-help forum, 24 threads were opened, and 97 posts (33 in CD and 64 in UC section) were sent. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the increasing trend of Internet use in developing countries like Iran, and the consequent increase in the proportion of Internet-using patients, and finally the time constraints gastroenterologists face answering patients' questions; similar websites seem to be effective ways of patient education in close future.},
   keywords = {Humans
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/physiopathology
Internet/*utilization
Iran
*Patient Education as Topic
*Self Care},
   ISSN = {1386-5056 (Print)
1386-5056},
   Accession Number = {17208516},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.12.001},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Riobo, P. and Sanchez Vilar, O. and Burgos, R. and Sanz, A.},
   title = {[Colectomy management]},
   journal = {Nutr Hosp},
   volume = {22 Suppl 2},
   pages = {135-44},
   note = {Riobo, P
Sanchez Vilar, O
Burgos, R
Sanz, A
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Spain
Nutr Hosp. 2007 May;22 Suppl 2:135-44.},
   abstract = {Colorectal surgery is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures on the gastrointestinal tract. The large bowel plays an important role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance due to its high capacity of water absorption that may be altered with surgery. Artificial nutritional support should be administered, whenever possible, and is well managed with through the enteral route. PN is indicated only at post-surgery when there are major complications associated with intestinal failure. Early post-surgery EN, or oral supplements, seems to be beneficial. Pouchitis occurs after proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis with the creation of a reservoir in patients with ulcerative colitis, and is well managed with antibiotic therapy, steroids, and probiotics. The implementation of a specific nutritional support protocol allows for decreasing PN and shortens hospital stay.},
   keywords = {*Colectomy
Diet
Humans
Nutritional Support
Postoperative Care
Pouchitis/etiology
Preoperative Care},
   ISSN = {0212-1611 (Print)
0212-1611},
   Accession Number = {17679301},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rodriguez-Bores, L. and Fonseca, G. C. and Villeda, M. A. and Yamamoto-Furusho, J. K.},
   title = {Novel genetic markers in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {13},
   number = {42},
   pages = {5560-70},
   note = {Rodriguez-Bores, Lorena
Fonseca, Gabriela-C
Villeda, Marco-A
Yamamoto-Furusho, Jesus-K
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Nov 14;13(42):5560-70.},
   abstract = {Genetic factors play a significant role in determining inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility. Epidemiologic data support genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of IBD, which include familial aggregation, twin studies, racial and ethnic differences in disease prevalence. Linkage studies have identified several susceptibility genes contained in different genomic regions named IBD1 to IBD9. Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD2) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are the most extensively studied genetic regions (IBD1 and IBD3 respectively) in IBD. Mutations of the NOD2 gene are associated with Crohn's disease (CD) and several HLA genes are associated with ulcerative colitis (UC) and CD. Toll like receptors (TLRs) have an important role in the innate immune response against infections by mediating recognition of pathogen-associated microbial patterns. Studying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in molecules involved in bacterial recognition seems to be essential to define genetic backgrounds at risk of IBD. Recently, numerous new genes have been identified to be involved in the genetic susceptibility to IBD: NOD1/Caspase-activation recruitment domains 4 (CARD4), Chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), IL-11, and IL-18 among others. The characterization of these novel genes potentially will lead to the identification of therapeutic agents and clinical assessment of phenotype and prognosis in patients with IBD.},
   keywords = {Chromosome Mapping
Genetic Markers
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*genetics
Interferon-gamma/genetics
Interleukin-17/genetics
Interleukin-23/genetics
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics
Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {17948929},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Roka, R. and Rosztoczy, A. and Leveque, M. and Izbeki, F. and Nagy, F. and Molnar, T. and Lonovics, J. and Garcia-Villar, R. and Fioramonti, J. and Wittmann, T. and Bueno, L.},
   title = {A pilot study of fecal serine-protease activity: a pathophysiologic factor in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {5},
   pages = {550-5},
   note = {1542-7714
Roka, Richard
Rosztoczy, Andras
Leveque, Mathilde
Izbeki, Ferenc
Nagy, Ferenc
Molnar, Tamas
Lonovics, Janos
Garcia-Villar, Rafael
Fioramonti, Jean
Wittmann, Tibor
Bueno, Lionel
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 May;5(5):550-5. Epub 2007 Mar 2.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: The pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) remains only partially understood, and no specific or universally effective patient management procedure has been developed to date. Our study was designed to evaluate if colonic luminal serine-proteases may be a relevant pathophysiologic marker of IBS. METHODS: Fecal samples of 38 IBS patients, 15 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 15 healthy controls were studied. Fecal serine-protease activity was determined photometrically by using azocasein as a proteolytic substrate; fecal pancreatic elastase-1 and mast cell tryptase content were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fecal secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in control subjects and in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS. RESULTS: Fecal serine-protease activity was 3-fold higher in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS than in both controls and IBS patients with either constipation or alternating bowel habits. Fecal serine-protease activity was not correlated with the frequency of bowel movements in all groups. Increased serine-protease activity also was detected in stools of UC patients. No significant difference was observed in the fecal mast cell tryptase and pancreatic elastase concentrations between all groups, or in the fecal secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor concentration between controls and diarrhea-predominant IBS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Fecal serine-protease activity is increased markedly in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS. This increase, however, is not coupled with changes in either mast cell tryptase or pancreatic elastase concentrations. Thus, serine-protease activity in the colon may be a pathophysiologic factor in the development of diarrhea-predominant IBS.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*enzymology/etiology/physiopathology
Diarrhea/*enzymology/etiology/physiopathology
Feces/*chemistry
Female
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/enzymology
Male
Middle Aged
Pilot Projects
Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor/metabolism
Serine Endopeptidases/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {17336590},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2006.12.004},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rufo, P. A. and Bousvaros, A.},
   title = {Challenges and progress in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Opin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {23},
   number = {4},
   pages = {406-12},
   note = {Rufo, Paul A
Bousvaros, Athos
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2007 Jul;23(4):406-12.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The induction and maintenance of disease remission and prevention of complications are primary goals in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Recent research has added new insights into the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment options for children with inflammatory bowel disease, and the findings will enable clinicians to develop a more rational approach to the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Population-based studies have confirmed the increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in children. Previous medical history and serologies can be predictive of complications in Crohn's disease. Newer radiological and capsule endoscopic modalities have a potential future role in the diagnosis and interval assessment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Biological therapies play an increasingly prominent role in the management of children with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Studies of children with inflammatory bowel disease suggest that behavioral interventions may have a positive impact on morbidity and overall quality of life. SUMMARY: New information concerning the natural history of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and a better understanding of different treatment modalities will enable the development of increasingly effective and individualized pharmacological treatment plans for children with inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Capsule Endoscopy
Child
Gastrointestinal Tract/diagnostic imaging
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*therapy
Nutritional Status
Quality of Life
Radiography},
   ISSN = {0267-1379 (Print)
0267-1379},
   Accession Number = {17545777},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOG.0b013e3281b115c2},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Salviano, F. N. and Burgos, M. G. and Santos, E. C.},
   title = {[Socioeconomic and nutritional profile of patients with inflammatory bowel disease at a university hospital]},
   journal = {Arq Gastroenterol},
   volume = {44},
   number = {2},
   pages = {99-106},
   note = {Salviano, Flavia Nunes
Burgos, Maria Goretti Pessoa de Araujo
Santos, Eduila Couto
English Abstract
Journal Article
Brazil
Arq Gastroenterol. 2007 Apr-Jun;44(2):99-106.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel diseases include chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorders, represented by ulcerative proctocolitis and Crohns disease, commonly associated with malnutrition. AIM: Characterize the nutritional and socioeconomic profile of patients hospitalized at the Pernambuco "Hospital das Clinicas", Recife, PE, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out at the gastroenterology clinic, which was previously approved by the Ethics Commission for studies involving human beings. The methods included clinical history data, socioeconomic conditions and nutritional assessment. Data were subject to statistical analysis (Students t test for equal and unequal variables). RESULTS: The sample consisted of 24 male and female patients, with a mean age of 43.83 +/- 16.13 years, mostly married, coming from Recife, with low income, who lived in their own house with relatives. We found a higher prevalence of ulcerative proctocolitis (62.5%), with diagnosis time of more than 5 years, symptoms of abdominal pain, bloody-mucous diarrhea with 6-9 evacuations/day, with the distal colon being the most affected part. Osteoporosis was present in 26.7% of cases. Nutritional status was assessed through the body mass index. The weight loss percentage corresponded to 41.7% and 70.8%, respectively, classified as malnourished, associated or not with high prevalence levels of anemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypocalcemia. Gender correlation evidenced higher triceps fold and arm circumference values in men. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the study limitations, data suggest relevant information about the occurrence of these diseases in the northeast of Brazil, as well as about its frequent association with important nutritional deficiencies.},
   keywords = {Adult
Brazil
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Crohn Disease/*complications
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Hospitals, University
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Nutrition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology
Severity of Illness Index
Socioeconomic Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0004-2803 (Print)
0004-2803},
   Accession Number = {17962852},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Satsangi, J.},
   title = {Gene discovery in IBD: a decade of progress},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {46 Suppl 1},
   pages = {E1-2},
   note = {1536-4801
Satsangi, Jack
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Apr;46 Suppl 1:E1-2. doi: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000313814.66026.d0.},
   keywords = {*Chromosome Mapping
Colitis, Ulcerative/*genetics
Crohn Disease/*genetics
*Gene Expression Profiling
Genetic Markers
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Human Genome Project
Humans},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {18354311},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000313814.66026.d0},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Segarra Canton, O. and Infante Pina, D. and Tormo Carnice, R.},
   title = {[Infliximab therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: seven years on]},
   journal = {An Pediatr (Barc)},
   volume = {67},
   number = {4},
   pages = {344-51},
   note = {Segarra Canton, O
Infante Pina, D
Tormo Carnice, R
English Abstract
Journal Article
Spain
An Pediatr (Barc). 2007 Oct;67(4):344-51.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical experience of our center of the use of infliximab in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all infliximab infusions administered in the Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit from October of 1999 to October of 2006. Fourteen patients (nine with Crohn's disease, three with ulcerative colitis, and two with indeterminate colitis) with a mean age of 9.6 years at diagnosis were treated with infliximab. Seventy-seven infusions were administered. RESULTS: Efficacy was analyzed according to inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn's disease: in severe cases (PCDAI > 30), clinical remission (PCDAI < 10) was obtained in 80 % of the patients at week 10, decreasing to 60 % at week 54. Corticosteroid therapy could be reduced in 89 % of the patients and was discontinued in 55.5 %. Ulcerative colitis: clinical remission (modified Truelove-Witts index < 10) was initially obtained in 100 % of the patients but only 33 % were still in clinical remission at the end of the study. In the two corticosteroid-dependent patients, corticosteroid therapy could be reduced and even discontinued in one (50 %). Indeterminate colitis: neither of the two patients achieved clinical remission. The most frequent adverse effects observed were acute infusional reactions (42.8 % of the patients and 10.3 % of infusions), one of which was severe, and infections (28.6 % of patients), one of which (ileal abscess) required surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of infliximab seems to differ considerably in the distinct types of inflammatory bowel disease and is practically null in indeterminate colitis. Randomized controlled studies in children are required to assess the exact efficacy of infliximab in our patients.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Humans
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Infliximab
Male},
   ISSN = {1695-4033 (Print)
1695-4033},
   Accession Number = {17949644},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Seksik, P.},
   title = {[Severe attack of ulcerative colitis: an observation]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Clin Biol},
   volume = {32},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1038-40},
   note = {Seksik, P
Case Reports
Journal Article
France
Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2008 Dec;32(12):1038-40. doi: 10.1016/j.gcb.2008.10.004. Epub 2008 Nov 13.},
   keywords = {*Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/therapy
Humans
Male
Severity of Illness Index
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0399-8320 (Print)
0399-8320},
   Accession Number = {19013043},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.gcb.2008.10.004},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Seksik, P. and Dray, X. and Sokol, H. and Marteau, P.},
   title = {Is there any place for alimentary probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics, for patients with inflammatory bowel disease?},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {52},
   number = {8},
   pages = {906-12},
   note = {1613-4133
Seksik, Philippe
Dray, Xavier
Sokol, Harry
Marteau, Philippe
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Aug;52(8):906-12. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700147.},
   abstract = {The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves an interaction between genetically determined host susceptibility, dysregulated immune response, and the enteric microbiota. Ecological treatments including probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are actively studied in Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and pouchitis. We review herein the literature on the rational use of probiotics in IBD considering efficacy (as evaluated in randomized controlled trials), mechanisms of action and safety issues. A probiotic effect is strictly restricted to one defined strain and cannot be generalized from one to another. There is evidence of efficacy of some probiotic drugs in pouchitis (VSL#3), and in the prevention of recurrence of UC (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917). However, the evidence for efficacy of probiotic drugs in CD is still low as well as that of dietary ecological treatments. Despite an ecological (hopefully nutritional) treatment of IBD is promising, many questions remain unanswered and further clinical and fundamental studies are needed.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/*growth & development
Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
Colon/*microbiology
Crohn Disease/therapy
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology/*therapy
Oligosaccharides/*therapeutic use
Pouchitis/therapy
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {18384087},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.200700147},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shah, S. B. and Hanauer, S. B.},
   title = {Treatment of diarrhea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: concepts and cautions},
   journal = {Rev Gastroenterol Disord},
   volume = {7 Suppl 3},
   pages = {S3-10},
   note = {Shah, Shamita B
Hanauer, Stephen B
Journal Article
Review
United States
Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2007;7 Suppl 3:S3-10.},
   abstract = {Diarrhea continues to be a prevalent symptom in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), requiring a wide differential diagnosis to define the pathophysiologic mechanisms in individual patients. It is essential that physicians properly evaluate complaints of diarrhea by assessing both patient symptoms and potential physiologic impacts on fluid and electrolyte status. Underlying mechanisms of diarrhea with IBD are the location, extent, and severity of inflammation; malabsorption; altered motility; and iatrogenic causes such as medications, diet, and antibiotic-associated colitis (eg, Clostridium difficile). When treating diarrhea, physicians need to control inflammatory activity using appropriate treatment algorithms. Therapies include aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immune modifiers, and, most recently, biologic treatment. Other medications, including loperamide, diphenoxylate, codeine sulfate, and tinctures of opium, slow motility and increase the absorption of fluids and nutrients. For iatrogenic issues, medications that cause diarrhea should be withdrawn and individual diets modified. Not all diarrheas in the IBD patient are the same; therefore, it is essential to tailor therapies according to presumed etiologies. Antidiarrheal agents are not recommended in extremely ill patients and those with known hypersensitivity or evidence of obstruction or colonic dilation, fever, or abdominal tenderness. Concomitant use of loperamide with diphenoxylate and atropine should be avoided in early pregnancy.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antidiarrheals/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/physiopathology
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/physiopathology
Diarrhea/*drug therapy/*physiopathology
Gastrointestinal Transit/drug effects
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Intestinal Absorption/drug effects/physiology
Loperamide/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1533-001X (Print)
1533-001x},
   Accession Number = {18192964},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shkoda, A. and Werner, T. and Daniel, H. and Gunckel, M. and Rogler, G. and Haller, D.},
   title = {Differential protein expression profile in the intestinal epithelium from patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Proteome Res},
   volume = {6},
   number = {3},
   pages = {1114-25},
   note = {Shkoda, Anna
Werner, Tanja
Daniel, Hannelore
Gunckel, Manuela
Rogler, Gerhard
Haller, Dirk
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Proteome Res. 2007 Mar;6(3):1114-25.},
   abstract = {The loss of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) function is a critical component in the initiation and perpetuation of chronic intestinal inflammation in the genetically susceptible host. We applied proteome analysis (PA) to characterize changes in the protein expression profile of primary IEC from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Surgical specimens from 18 patients with active CD (N = 6), UC (N = 6), and colonic cancer (N = 6) were used to purify primary IEC from ileal and colonic tissues. Changes in protein expression were identified using 2D-gel electrophoreses (2D SDS-PAGE) and peptide mass fingerprinting via MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) as well as Western blot analysis. PA of primary IEC from inflamed ileal tissue of CD patients and colonic tissue of UC patients identified 21 protein spots with at least 2-fold changes in steady-state expression levels compared to the noninflamed tissue of control patients. Statistical significance was achieved for 9 proteins including the Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha that was up-regulated in CD and UC patients. Additionally, 40 proteins with significantly altered expression levels were identified in IEC from inflamed compared to noninflamed tissue regions of single UC (N = 2) patients. The most significant change was detected for programmed cell death protein 8 (7.4-fold increase) and annexin 2A (7.7-fold increase). PA in primary IEC from IBD patients revealed significant expression changes of proteins that are associated with signal transduction, stress response as well as energy metabolism. The induction of Rho GDI alpha expression may be associated with the destruction of IEC homeostasis under condition of chronic intestinal inflammation.},
   keywords = {Apoptosis
Blotting, Western
Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
Crohn Disease/pathology
Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
Energy Metabolism
*Gene Expression Regulation
Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors/*analysis/genetics
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*pathology
Intestinal Mucosa/*chemistry
Proteins/*analysis
Proteomics/*methods
Signal Transduction
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Stress, Physiological
Up-Regulation
rho-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors},
   ISSN = {1535-3893 (Print)
1535-3893},
   Accession Number = {17330946},
   DOI = {10.1021/pr060433m},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shrier, I. and Szilagyi, A. and Correa, J. A.},
   title = {Impact of lactose containing foods and the genetics of lactase on diseases: an analytical review of population data},
   journal = {Nutr Cancer},
   volume = {60},
   number = {3},
   pages = {292-300},
   note = {Shrier, Ian
Szilagyi, Andrew
Correa, Jose A
Journal Article
Review
United States
Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(3):292-300. doi: 10.1080/01635580701745301.},
   abstract = {Dairy foods (DFs) contain complex ingredients that could affect different diseases. The control of lactose digestion phenotypically divides populations into those who can [lactase persistent (LP)] and those who cannot [lactase nonpersistent (LNP)] assimilate lactose. LNP subjects, however, can adapt to lactose intolerance through intestinal bacteria. The DF/LNP status interactions may function as disease risk modifiers. We evaluated the relationship between DF and LNP with colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian, lung, and stomach cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). Yearly per capita DF consumption, LNP national prevalence, cancer mortality, and incidence of IBD were obtained from several sources. A negative binomial regression model was used to derive incremental risks. There were statistically significant (P <or= 0.05) increases in risk for colorectal and prostate cancer and ulcerative colitis with DFs and a statistically significant decreased risk for stomach cancer. There were trends (P<0.1) for lung and ovarian cancers and Crohn's disease. As LNP prevalence increased, stomach cancer risk increased, whereas risks of all other conditions decreased (P<0.01). In 3 cancers (prostate, ovarian, and breast), meta-analyses of case-based studies support ecological data. In colorectal cancer, on the contrary, meta-analyses of case-based studies suggest protection. The possible importance of distinguishing LNP/LP status in studies is discussed.},
   keywords = {*Dairy Products
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology
Lactase/genetics/*metabolism
Lactose/*metabolism
Lactose Intolerance/genetics/*physiopathology
Life Style
Male
Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiology/mortality
Odds Ratio
Regression Analysis
Risk Factors
Sentinel Surveillance},
   ISSN = {0163-5581 (Print)
0163-5581},
   Accession Number = {18444163},
   DOI = {10.1080/01635580701745301},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Siemanowski, B. and Regueiro, M.},
   title = {Efficacy of infliximab for extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol},
   volume = {10},
   number = {3},
   pages = {178-84},
   note = {Siemanowski, Benjamin
Regueiro, Miguel
Journal Article
United States
Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2007 Jun;10(3):178-84.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), collectively referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are associated with extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) in approximately 40% of patients. Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, is effective for induction and maintenance of remission of CD and UC. The role of infliximab for EIMs related to IBD has been less studied, but it is likely as effective. The EIMs may run a course that parallels IBD activity or may present separately. The EIMs that parallel intestinal inflammation (eg, peripheral arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema nodosum, and episcleritis) generally respond to infliximab. Therefore, treating patients with IBD who have one of these EIMs will more often than not improve the EIM. The EIMs that run a separate course from IBD are more difficult to treat. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), uveitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have variable responses to IBD medications. Infliximab is efficacious for uveitis and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of AS. The efficacy of infliximab for PSC is unknown. The dosing schedule of infliximab for IBD patients with EIMs should be induction doses with 5 mg/kg at 0, 2, and 6 weeks followed by every 8 weeks. Whether long-term infliximab therapy is necessary to maintain remission of EIMs, as in the case of IBD, has not been established.},
   ISSN = {1092-8472 (Print)
1092-8472},
   Accession Number = {17547856},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Slatter, C. and Girgis, S. and Huynh, H. and El-Matary, W.},
   title = {Pre-pouch ileitis after colectomy in paediatric ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Acta Paediatr},
   volume = {97},
   number = {3},
   pages = {381-3},
   note = {Slatter, Carrie
Girgis, Safwat
Huynh, Hien
El-Matary, Wael
Case Reports
Journal Article
Norway
Acta Paediatr. 2008 Mar;97(3):381-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00632.x. Epub 2008 Jan 31.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: Colectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is a potentially curative option for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). A rare, postoperative complication is terminal ileitis which has been poorly documented in paediatric patients. A search of our paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) database revealed two boys with UC who were resistant to medical therapy. They each underwent colectomy with IPAA. One year later, both children represented with bloody diarrhoea and weight loss. Several endoscopies and biopsies showed acute on chronic mucosal inflammation in the pouch and up to 50 cm into the terminal ileum (TI). Biopsies revealed mixed inflammatory infiltrate with no granulomas. CONCLUSION: Development of terminal ileitis after colectomy and IPAA can occur in children with UC. Although every effort should be made to exclude Crohn's disease as a cause of the terminal ileitis, this poorly defined condition should not be considered to be against the diagnosis of UC. More research is needed to develop a better understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of this uncommon condition.},
   keywords = {Anal Canal/surgery
Child
Child, Preschool
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*surgery
*Colonic Pouches
Crohn Disease/*etiology
Humans
Male
Postoperative Complications},
   ISSN = {0803-5253 (Print)
0803-5253},
   Accession Number = {18241291},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00632.x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sokol, H. and Lay, C. and Seksik, P. and Tannock, G. W.},
   title = {Analysis of bacterial bowel communities of IBD patients: what has it revealed?},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {14},
   number = {6},
   pages = {858-67},
   note = {Sokol, Harry
Lay, Christophe
Seksik, Philippe
Tannock, Gerald W
Journal Article
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Jun;14(6):858-67. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20392.},
   abstract = {The bacterial community, in whole or in part, resident in the bowel of humans is considered to fuel the chronic immune inflammatory conditions characteristic of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Chronic or recurrent pouchitis in ulcerative colitis patients is responsive to antibiotic therapy, indicating that bacteria are the etiological agents. Microbiological investigations of the bacterial communities in stool or of biopsy-associated bacteria have so far failed to reveal conclusively the existence of pathogens or bacterial communities of consistently altered composition in IBD patients relative to control subjects. Confounding factors need to be eliminated from future studies by using better-defined patient populations of newly diagnosed and untreated individuals and by improved sampling procedures.},
   keywords = {Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*microbiology
Intestines/*microbiology
Pouchitis/microbiology},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {18275077},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20392},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sparrow, M. P. and Hande, S. A. and Friedman, S. and Cao, D. and Hanauer, S. B.},
   title = {Effect of allopurinol on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease nonresponders to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {209-14},
   note = {1542-7714
Sparrow, Miles P
Hande, Scott A
Friedman, Sonia
Cao, Dingcai
Hanauer, Stephen B
Journal Article
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Feb;5(2):209-14.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Many IBD patients not responding to azathioprine (AZA) or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) preferentially metabolize 6-MP to 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP). We describe the use of allopurinol in AZA/6-MP nonresponders to deliberately shunt metabolism of 6-MP toward 6-thioguanine (6-TGN) and improve clinical responses. METHODS: Twenty outpatients who were AZA/6-MP nonresponders and had high 6-MMP metabolite levels were included. Subjects were commenced on allopurinol 100 mg daily, and the dose of 6-MP/AZA was reduced to 25%-50% of the original dose. RESULTS: After allopurinol was started, mean 6-TGN levels increased from 191.3 (+/- standard error of the mean) +/- 17.1 to 400.3 +/- 36.9 pmol/8 x 10(8) red blood cells (P < .001), whereas mean 6-MMP levels decreased from 10,604.7 +/- 1278.2 to 2000.6 +/- 437.1 pmol/8 x 10(8) red blood cells (P < .001). The addition of allopurinol led to a reduction in the mean partial Harvey Bradshaw Index in Crohn's disease patients from 4.9 +/- 1.0 to 1.5 +/- 0.3 points (P = .001), and in ulcerative colitis patients mean Mayo Scores decreased from 4.1 +/- 0.7 to 2.9 +/- 0.7 points (P = .13). The addition of allopurinol enabled a reduction in mean daily prednisone dosage from 17.6 +/- 3.9 to 1.8 +/- 0.7 mg (P < .001) and led to normalization of transaminase levels, with mean AST levels reducing from 42.5 +/- 8.1 to 23.5 +/- 1.6 IU (P = .12) and mean ALT levels reducing from 101.6 +/- 26.9 to 33.9 +/- 5.2 IU (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of allopurinol to thiopurine nonresponders with high 6-MMP metabolite levels is an effective and safe means of optimizing 6-TGN production, leading to improved disease activity scores, reduced corticosteroid requirements, and normalization of liver enzymes.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Allopurinol/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Azathioprine/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Drug Synergism
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Thioguanine/metabolism
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {17296529},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2006.11.020},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Steed, H. and Macfarlane, G. T. and Macfarlane, S.},
   title = {Prebiotics, synbiotics and inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {52},
   number = {8},
   pages = {898-905},
   note = {1613-4133
Steed, Helen
Macfarlane, George T
Macfarlane, Sandra
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Aug;52(8):898-905. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700139.},
   abstract = {The normal colonic microflora is intimately involved in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). These conditions are often refractile to conventional treatments involving the employment of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs, and this has led to a search for alternative therapies based on the use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. The majority of investigations in this area have been done with probiotics, and while there is increasing interest in the abilities of prebiotics and synbiotics to control the symptoms of IBD, very few randomised controlled trials have been reported. Although the results have been variable, human and animal studies have demonstrated that in many circumstances, these functional foods can alter the composition of the colonic microbiota, reduce inflammatory processes in the gut mucosa, and have the potential to induce disease remission. More work is needed to understand the effects of prebiotics and synbiotics on microbial communities in the gut, and their interactions with the host's immune system.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bacteria/*growth & development
Colon/*microbiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology/*therapy
Oligosaccharides/*therapeutic use
Probiotics/adverse effects/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {18383235},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.200700139},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Suzuki, H. and Fukuda, Y. and Koizuka, H. and Tomita, T. and Hori, K. and Suzuki, M. and O'Morain, C.},
   title = {Dietary antigens in Crohn's disease: antibodies to porcine pancreatic amylase},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {103},
   number = {3},
   pages = {656-64},
   note = {Suzuki, Hideki
Fukuda, Yoshihiro
Koizuka, Hiromasa
Tomita, Toshihiko
Hori, Kazutoshi
Suzuki, Manabu
O'Morain, Colm
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;103(3):656-64. Epub 2007 Nov 19.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: There is no clear evidence that dietary proteins aggravate Crohn's disease (CD). We aimed to clarify the antibody response to dietary proteins in CD. METHODS: Antibody to porcine pancreatic amylase (PPA) a protease-resistant dietary protein (anti-PPA), was examined in CD patients (N = 104), ulcerative colitis (UC) patients (N = 85), and healthy controls (N = 83), and its relationship with the clinical characteristics of CD was investigated. Antibodies to casein and ovalbumin, anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), and antibodies to I2 from Pseudomonas fluorescens (anti-I2) were also examined. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent (39/104) of the CD patients expressed anti-PPA antibodies, and this percentage was significantly higher as compared with the control group (5%, 4/83) and the UC group (9%, 8/85) (P < 0.001). A significantly higher level of anti-PPA antibodies was detected in patients with "small bowel disease-dominant" CD than in those with "colitis-dominant" CD (P < 0.05). Antibodies to casein and ovalbumin were not specifically expressed in CD patients. As ASCA was detected in 33% and anti-I2 in 46% of the CD patients, 72% of the CD patients were found positive for at least one of the three antibodies including anti-PPA antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: CD patients showed a specific antibody response to PPA, as compared with UC patients and controls. There was a significantly higher level of anti-PPA antibody in patients with "small bowel disease-dominant" CD, suggesting that dietary proteins could play a role in the inflammatory response in CD patients with small bowel disease. Anti-PPA antibodies combined with ASCA/anti-I2 may be useful for the diagnosis of CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Amylases/*immunology
Animals
Antibodies/*blood
Autoantibodies/blood
Autoantigens/immunology
Caseins/immunology
Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
Crohn Disease/*immunology/pathology
Dietary Proteins/*immunology
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Ovalbumin/immunology
Pancreas/*enzymology
Phenotype
Pseudomonas fluorescens/immunology
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/immunology
Superantigens/immunology
Sus scrofa},
   ISSN = {0002-9270 (Print)
0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {18028509},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01642.x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sylvester, F. A. and Wyzga, N. and Hyams, J. S. and Davis, P. M. and Lerer, T. and Vance, K. and Hawker, G. and Griffiths, A. M.},
   title = {Natural history of bone metabolism and bone mineral density in children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {13},
   number = {1},
   pages = {42-50},
   note = {Sylvester, Francisco A
Wyzga, Nancy
Hyams, Jeffrey S
Davis, Patricia M
Lerer, Trudy
Vance, Katherine
Hawker, Gillian
Griffiths, Anne M
M01RR06192/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Jan;13(1):42-50.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: In children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) it is not known whether reductions in bone mineral density (BMD) are a consequence of bone turnover alterations and if BMD improves with treatment. METHODS: In a cohort of children with IBD, we prospectively measured indicators of bone remodeling, body mass index (BMI), disease activity, intact parathyroid hormone, serum IL-6, and insulin-like growth factor-I at diagnosis and then every 6 months for 2 years. BMD was determined annually using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BMD Z-scores were calculated using height/age. Baseline measurements and calcium intake were compared with a group of age- and sex-matched healthy children. RESULTS: We observed that at diagnosis total body BMD Z-score (mean +/- SD) was -0.78 +/- 1.02 for Crohn's disease (CD, n = 58), -0.46 +/- 1.14 for ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 18), and -0.17 +/- 0.95 for control (CL, n = 49) (P < 0.01, CD versus CL). In CD, a BMD Z-score <-1.0 was associated with lower BMI and higher serum IL-6. Patients with CD and UC had low bone turnover. Activation of bone formation paralleled clinical improvement, but BMC gain was less than expected over the 2-year study period, especially in CD. Prednisone use did not correlate with low BMD. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased bone turnover occurs in children newly diagnosed with IBD. Although indicators of osteoblast activity increase with clinical improvement, bone mineral accrual does not accelerate. Children with low BMI may be considered for BMD screening, since they are at risk for low bone mass.},
   keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon
Adolescent
Body Mass Index
*Bone Density
Bone and Bones/*metabolism
Calcium, Dietary
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*metabolism
Crohn Disease/*metabolism
Female
Humans
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis
Male
Osteogenesis
Parathyroid Hormone/blood
Vitamin D/blood},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {17206638},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20006},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Thorsteinsson, G. S. and Magnussson, M. and Hallberg, L. M. and Wahlgren, N. G. and Lindgren, F. and Malmborg, P. and Casswall, T. H.},
   title = {Cerebral venous thrombosis and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in an 18-year old male with severe ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   number = {28},
   pages = {4576-9},
   note = {Thorsteinsson, Gudrun Scheving
Magnussson, Maria
Hallberg, Lena M
Wahlgren, Nils Gunnar
Lindgren, Fredrik
Malmborg, Petter
Casswall, Thomas H
R01 CA094143/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
Case Reports
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul 28;14(28):4576-9.},
   abstract = {The risk of thromboembolism is increased in inflammatory bowel disease and its symptoms may be overlooked. Furthermore, its treatment can be complex and is not without complications. We describe a case of an adolescent boy who developed a cerebral sinus venous thrombosis during a relapse of his ulcerative colitis and who, while on treatment with heparin, developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). The treatment was then switched to fondaparinux, a synthetic and selective inhibitor of activated factor X.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Heparin/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Humans
Intracranial Thrombosis/*drug therapy/epidemiology
Male
Polysaccharides/therapeutic use
Risk Factors
Thrombocytopenia/*chemically induced/diagnosis
Venous Thrombosis/*drug therapy/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {18680243},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Turner, D. and Griffiths, A. M.},
   title = {Esophageal, gastric, and duodenal manifestations of IBD and the role of upper endoscopy in IBD diagnosis},
   journal = {Curr Gastroenterol Rep},
   volume = {9},
   number = {6},
   pages = {475-8},
   note = {1534-312x
Turner, Dan
Griffiths, Anne M
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):475-8.},
   abstract = {Upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease has become increasingly recognized, even in the absence of specific localizing symptoms, as patients more frequently undergo upper endoscopy. Although the recent Montreal classification system allowed classification of upper GI involvement in Crohn's disease (CD), independent of other locations, a consensus regarding the definition of what qualifies as significant "involvement" is still lacking. Reported incidence data vary considerably depending on the definitions used and the selected target population. Pediatric data suggest that upper endoscopy is useful in differentiating CD from ulcerative colitis, when inflammation is otherwise predominantly confined to the colon; however, this question has yet to be studied in adults. Infliximab therapy for upper GI-CD seems as effective as that seen for more distal GI inflammation.},
   keywords = {Adult
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
Crohn Disease/classification/diagnosis/therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Duodenum/*pathology
*Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Esophagus/*pathology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis
Stomach/*pathology},
   ISSN = {1522-8037},
   Accession Number = {18377798},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Turner, D. and Otley, A. R. and Mack, D. and Hyams, J. and de Bruijne, J. and Uusoue, K. and Walters, T. D. and Zachos, M. and Mamula, P. and Beaton, D. E. and Steinhart, A. H. and Griffiths, A. M.},
   title = {Development, validation, and evaluation of a pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index: a prospective multicenter study},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {133},
   number = {2},
   pages = {423-32},
   note = {Turner, Dan
Otley, Anthony R
Mack, David
Hyams, Jeffrey
de Bruijne, J
Uusoue, Krista
Walters, Thomas D
Zachos, Mary
Mamula, Petar
Beaton, Dorcas E
Steinhart, A Hillary
Griffiths, Anne M
Comparative Study
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Validation Studies
United States
Gastroenterology. 2007 Aug;133(2):423-32. Epub 2007 May 21.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Colonoscopic appearance, the primary measure of disease activity in adult ulcerative colitis, is less acceptable to children. Our aim was to develop a noninvasive activity index of pediatric ulcerative colitis. METHODS: Item selection was performed judgmentally using a Delphi group of 36 experts in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Item weighting was performed by regression modeling using a prospective cohort of 157 pediatric ulcerative colitis patients. Validation was assessed on a separate prospective cohort of 48 children with ulcerative colitis undergoing complete colonoscopy. Responsiveness was evaluated at a follow-up visit of 75 children using effect size statistics and diagnostic utility approaches. RESULTS: A list of 41 items was generated and reduced to 11 by rank order. Two physicians completed the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI) on each of the patients in the weighting cohort. Six clinical items were significant in the regression analysis; the laboratory items and an endoscopic appearance item did not improve the PUCAI performance. In the validation cohort, the PUCAI was highly correlated with the Physician's Global Assessment (r = 0.91, P < .001), Mayo score (r = 0.95, P < .001), and colonoscopic appearance (r = 0.77, P < .001). Correlations were higher than 2 noninvasive adult indices calculated concurrently. Interobserver and test-retest reliability were excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93-0.97). Cut-off points were established using receiver operator characteristic curves on the full cohort. Excellent responsiveness was found at repeated visits (effect size = 1.9, area under the receiver operator characteristic curve = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: The rigorously developed PUCAI is a noninvasive, valid, highly reliable, and responsive index with which to assess disease activity in pediatric ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Canada
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis
*Colonoscopy
*Delphi Technique
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Observer Variation
Predictive Value of Tests
Prospective Studies
ROC Curve
Reproducibility of Results
Severity of Illness Index
*Surveys and Questionnaires
Time Factors
United States},
   ISSN = {0016-5085 (Print)
0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {17681163},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.029},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Turner, D. and Steinhart, A. H. and Griffiths, A. M.},
   title = {Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Cochrane Database Syst Rev},
   number = {3},
   pages = {Cd006443},
   note = {1469-493x
Turner, D
Steinhart, A H
Griffiths, A M
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Review
England
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD006443.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3, fish oil) have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, n-3 therapy may be beneficial in chronic inflammatory disorders such as ulcerative colitis. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the efficacy and safety of n-3 for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis (UC). SEARCH STRATEGY: The following databases were searched from their inception without language restriction: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Healthstar, PubMed, and ACP journal club. Experts were contacted for unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCT) of fish oil for maintenance of remission in UC were included. Studies must have enrolled patients (of any age group) who were in remission at the time of recruitment, and were followed for at least six months. The intervention must have been fish oil given in pre-defined dosage. Co-interventions were allowed only if they were balanced between the study groups. The primary outcome was relapse rate and the secondary outcome was frequency of adverse events. Other outcomes to assess efficacy were change in disease activity scores and time to first relapse. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent investigators reviewed studies for eligibility, extracted the data and assessed study quality. Meta-analysis weighted by the Mantel-Haenszel method was performed using RevMan 4.2.8 software. Random or fixed effect models were used according to degree of heterogeneity and subgroup analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity. A sensitivity analysis was performed excluding a study of questionable quality . MAIN RESULTS: The three studies that were included used different formulation and dosing of n-3 but none used enteric coated capsules. The pooled analysis showed a similar relapse rate in the n-3 treated patients and controls (RR 1.02; 95% CI 0.51 to 2.03; P = 0.96). Combining the studies resulted in virtually no statistical heterogeneity (P = 0.93, I(2) = 0%). Various subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed similar results. However, the total number of patients enrolled in these studies was small (n = 138). No significant adverse events were recorded in any of the studies and not enough data were available to pool the other secondary outcomes for meta-analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No evidence was found that supports the use of omega 3 fatty acids for maintenance of remission in UC. Further studies using enteric coated capsules may be justified.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/prevention & control/*therapy
Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*therapeutic use
Humans
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Secondary Prevention},
   ISSN = {1361-6137},
   Accession Number = {17636844},
   DOI = {10.1002/14651858.CD006443.pub2},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Turner, D. and Walsh, C. M. and Benchimol, E. I. and Mann, E. H. and Thomas, K. E. and Chow, C. and McLernon, R. A. and Walters, T. D. and Swales, J. and Steinhart, A. H. and Griffiths, A. M.},
   title = {Severe paediatric ulcerative colitis: incidence, outcomes and optimal timing for second-line therapy},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {57},
   number = {3},
   pages = {331-8},
   note = {1468-3288
Turner, D
Walsh, C M
Benchimol, E I
Mann, E H
Thomas, K E
Chow, C
McLernon, R A
Walters, T D
Swales, J
Steinhart, A H
Griffiths, A M
Journal Article
England
Gut. 2008 Mar;57(3):331-8. Epub 2007 Nov 2.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the predominance of extensive disease in children with ulcerative colitis, data concerning severe paediatric ulcerative colitis are sparse. We reviewed rates and predictors of response to intravenous-corticosteroid therapy in a single-centre cohort with long-term follow-up. METHODS: 99 children (49% males; age 2-17 years) were hospitalised (1991-2000) for treatment of severe ulcerative colitis (90% extensive; 49% new onset ulcerative colitis). Clinical, laboratory and radiographic data were reviewed. A population-based subset was used to assess incidence. Predictors of corticosteroid response were analysed using univariate and multivariate analyses at days 3 and 5 of therapy. Colectomy rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. RESULTS: 28% (95% CI, 23 to 34%) of children with ulcerative colitis resident in the Greater Toronto Area required admission for intravenous corticosteroid therapy, of whom 53 (53%; 95% CI, 44 to 63%) responded. Several predictors were associated with corticosteroid failure, but in multivariable modelling only C-reactive protein [OR = 3.5 (1.4 to 8.4)] and number of nocturnal stools [OR = 3.2 (1.6 to 6.6)] remained significant at both days 3 and 5. The Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI), Travis and Lindgren's indices strongly predicted non-response. Radiographically, the upper range of colonic luminal width was 40 mm in children younger than 11 years versus 60 mm in older patients. Cumulative colectomy rates at discharge, 1 year and 6 years were 42%, 58% and 61%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ulcerative colitis commonly experience at least one severe exacerbation. Response to intravenous corticosteroids is poor. The PUCAI, determined at day 3 (>45 points) should be used to screen for patients likely to fail corticosteroids and at day 5 (>70 points) to dictate the introduction of second-line therapies.},
   keywords = {Acute Disease
Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnostic imaging/*drug therapy/surgery
Defecation
Epidemiologic Methods
Female
Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use
Humans
Injections, Intravenous
Male
Prognosis
Radiography
Severity of Illness Index
Time Factors
Treatment Failure
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {17981888},
   DOI = {10.1136/gut.2007.136481},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Turner, D. and Walsh, C. M. and Steinhart, A. H. and Griffiths, A. M.},
   title = {Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {1},
   pages = {103-10},
   note = {1542-7714
Turner, Dan
Walsh, Catharine M
Steinhart, A Hillary
Griffiths, Anne M
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Review
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jan;5(1):103-10. Epub 2006 Dec 4.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Colectomy is a potentially life-saving procedure for patients with severe attacks of UC who fail medical therapy. We aimed to systematically review studies that reported the short-term colectomy rate in severe UC or reported variables that could predict treatment failure. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search for cohort studies and controlled trials published between 1974-2006. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria; 16 reported short-term outcome and predictors of therapy failure, 13 only outcome, and 3 only predictors. In the pooled analysis, 581 of 1991 patients required colectomy (weighted mean 27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 26%-28%), and 22 died (1%; 95% CI, 0.7%-1.5%). In a heterogeneity-controlled meta-regression, colectomy rate did not change during the last 30 years (R(2) = 0.07, P = .8). Cyclosporine was used in only 100 patients, with a 51% (95% CI, 41%-60%) short-term success rate. A second meta-regression failed to demonstrate a dose-colectomy response of methylprednisolone therapy beyond 60 mg daily (R(2) < 0.01, P = .98). More than 20 variables were identified in 19 studies to predict medical therapy failure, but only a few were consistently reproduced: disease extent, stool frequency, temperature, heart rate, C-reactive protein, albumin, and radiologic assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term colectomy rate in severe UC has remained stable during the last 30 years, despite the introduction of cyclosporine, which was not used frequently. We could not find any support for administering methylprednisolone at a higher dose than 60 mg/day. Variables that predict outcome of corticosteroid therapy could aid in the development of guidelines for introduction of rescue therapies in severe UC.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/*therapeutic use
Colectomy/statistics & numerical data
Colitis, Ulcerative/*therapy
Cyclosporine/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {17142106},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2006.09.033},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ueda, Y. and Kawakami, Y. and Kunii, D. and Okada, H. and Azuma, M. and Le, D. S. and Yamamoto, S.},
   title = {Elevated concentrations of linoleic acid in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids in patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Nutr Res},
   volume = {28},
   number = {4},
   pages = {239-44},
   note = {1879-0739
Ueda, Yukiko
Kawakami, Yuko
Kunii, Daisuke
Okada, Hiroyuki
Azuma, Masami
Le, Duc Son N T
Yamamoto, Shigeru
Journal Article
United States
Nutr Res. 2008 Apr;28(4):239-44. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.02.005.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD), is a disorder characterized by diffuse inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The immune response and inflammation are mediated by polyunsaturated fatty acids and influenced by dietary fats and lipid metabolism. This study examined the qualitative and quantitative fat intake of IBD patients and healthy controls on plasma phospholipid and erythrocyte membrane phospholipid (EMP) fatty acid content. Measurement of the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipid and EMP were performed in 29 UC patients, 20 CD patients, and 31 healthy controls. Anthropometric characteristics and data on dietary intake were also collected. We observed significantly lower lipid intake in UC and CD patients vs controls. The UC and CD patients had significantly higher levels of linoleic acid in their EMP than did controls. There were no significant differences in the levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but there were significantly higher levels of the n-6 in the EMP of UC and CD patients compared with controls. The significant differences persisted after the data were adjusted for potential confounders and lipid intake. Higher levels of linoleic acids and n-6 fatty acids, which are involved in production of proinflammatory mediators, were found in IBD patients compared with controls, thereby implicating n-6 fatty acids in the pathophysiology of the disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anthropometry
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/metabolism
Crohn Disease/blood/metabolism
Erythrocyte Membrane/*chemistry
Fatty Acids, Omega-6/analysis
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/*metabolism
Linoleic Acid/*analysis
Male
Phospholipids/*chemistry
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0271-5317},
   Accession Number = {19083414},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nutres.2008.02.005},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Valentini, L. and Schaper, L. and Buning, C. and Hengstermann, S. and Koernicke, T. and Tillinger, W. and Guglielmi, F. W. and Norman, K. and Buhner, S. and Ockenga, J. and Pirlich, M. and Lochs, H.},
   title = {Malnutrition and impaired muscle strength in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in remission},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {24},
   number = {7-8},
   pages = {694-702},
   note = {Valentini, Luzia
Schaper, Lennart
Buning, Carsten
Hengstermann, Susanne
Koernicke, Thomas
Tillinger, Wolfgang
Guglielmi, Francesco William
Norman, Kristina
Buhner, Sabine
Ockenga, Johann
Pirlich, Matthias
Lochs, Herbert
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Nutrition. 2008 Jul-Aug;24(7-8):694-702. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.03.018. Epub 2008 May 21.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This prospective, controlled, and multicentric study evaluated nutritional status, body composition, muscle strength, and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission. In addition, possible effects of gender, malnutrition, inflammation, and previous prednisolone therapy were investigated. METHODS: Nutritional status (subjective global assessment [SGA], body mass index, albumin, trace elements), body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis, anthropometry), handgrip strength, and quality of life were assessed in 94 patients with Crohn's disease (CD; 61 female and 33 male, Crohn's Disease Activity Index 71 +/- 47), 50 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC; 33 female and 17 male, Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index 3.1 +/- 1.5), and 61 healthy control subjects (41 female and 20 male) from centers in Berlin, Vienna, and Bari. For further analysis of body composition, 47 well-nourished patients with inflammatory bowel disease were pair-matched by body mass index, sex, and age to healthy controls. Data are presented as median (25th-75th percentile). RESULTS: Most patients with inflammatory bowel disease (74%) were well nourished according to the SGA, body mass index, and serum albumin. However, body composition analysis demonstrated a decrease in body cell mass (BCM) in patients with CD (23.1 kg, 20.8-28.7, P = 0.021) and UC (22.6 kg, 21.0-28.0, P = 0.041) compared with controls (25.0 kg, 22.0-32.5). Handgrip strength correlated with BCM (r = 0.703, P = 0.001) and was decreased in patients with CD (32.8 kg, 26.0-41.1, P = 0.005) and UC (31.0 kg, 27.3-37.8, P = 0.001) compared with controls (36.0 kg, 31.0-52.0). The alterations were seen even in patients classified as well nourished. BCM was lower in patients with moderately increased serum C-reactive protein levels compared with patients with normal levels. CONCLUSION: In CD and UC, selected micronutrient deficits and loss of BCM and muscle strength are frequent in remission and cannot be detected by standard malnutrition screening.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Body Composition/physiology
Body Mass Index
C-Reactive Protein/analysis
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/*complications
Crohn Disease/blood/*complications
Female
Humans
Male
Micronutrients/deficiency
Middle Aged
Muscle Strength/*physiology
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Disorders/blood/*epidemiology/etiology
*Nutritional Status
Prednisolone/therapeutic use
Prospective Studies
Quality of Life
Remission, Spontaneous
Serum Albumin/analysis},
   ISSN = {0899-9007 (Print)
0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {18499398},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2008.03.018},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Valentini, L. and Wirth, E. K. and Schweizer, U. and Hengstermann, S. and Schaper, L. and Koernicke, T. and Dietz, E. and Norman, K. and Buning, C. and Winklhofer-Roob, B. M. and Lochs, H. and Ockenga, J.},
   title = {Circulating adipokines and the protective effects of hyperinsulinemia in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {25},
   number = {2},
   pages = {172-81},
   note = {Valentini, Luzia
Wirth, Eva Katrin
Schweizer, Ulrich
Hengstermann, Susanne
Schaper, Lennart
Koernicke, Thomas
Dietz, Ekkehart
Norman, Kristina
Buning, Carsten
Winklhofer-Roob, Brigitte M
Lochs, Herbert
Ockenga, Johann
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Nutrition. 2009 Feb;25(2):172-81. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.020. Epub 2008 Oct 11.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Adipokines are fat-derived hormones and cytokines with immune-modulating and metabolic properties. Most of them are associated with insulin resistance. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate circulating levels of adipokines and glucose homeostasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to evaluate possible associations with the course and characteristics of the disease. METHODS: Serum leptin, resistin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein-4, adiponectin, glucose, insulin, and inflammatory parameters were analyzed in 93 patients with inactive IBD (49 with Crohn's disease [CD], 44 with ulcerative colitis [UC]), 35 patients with active IBD (18 with CD, 17 with UC), and 37 age- and body mass index-matched healthy controls. Ninety-two patients were followed for 6 mo. RESULTS: Leptin was similar in patients with IBD and controls, whereas resistin and visfatin were increased in patients with active disease but not in those in remission. In active and inactive disease, adiponectin was decreased (P < 0.001) and retinol-binding protein-4 was increased (P < 0.001) compared with controls. About 60% of patients with IBD showed increased levels of insulin, whereas serum glucose remained normal, resulting in increased homeostasis model assessment values in most patients. Hyperinsulinemia was associated with the decrease in adiponectin (r = -0.572, P < 0.001) and proved to be an independent protective factor for 6-mo maintenance of remission (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: IBD led to largely similar alterations in circulating adipokines and hyperinsulinemia in patients with CD and those with UC. The unexpected protective effect of hyperinsulinemia on relapse rate denotes the role of the metabolic-inflammatory response as a modulator in IBD.},
   keywords = {Adiponectin/*blood
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*blood/complications
Crohn Disease/*blood/complications
Female
Humans
Hyperinsulinism/etiology/*prevention & control
Inflammation Mediators/*blood
Leptin/blood
Male
Middle Aged
Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/blood
Resistin/blood
Retinol-Binding Proteins/metabolism
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0899-9007 (Print)
0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {18849144},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.020},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {van Dieren, J. M. and van der Woude, C. J. and Kuipers, E. J. and Escher, J. C. and Samsom, J. N. and Blumberg, R. S. and Nieuwenhuis, E. E.},
   title = {Roles of CD1d-restricted NKT cells in the intestine},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {13},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1146-52},
   note = {van Dieren, Jolanda M
van der Woude, C Janneke
Kuipers, Ernst J
Escher, Johanna C
Samsom, Janneke N
Blumberg, Richard S
Nieuwenhuis, Edward E S
Journal Article
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Sep;13(9):1146-52.},
   abstract = {Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that express cell surface molecules of both conventional T cells and natural killer cells and share the features of both innate and adaptive immune cells. NKT cells have been proposed to make both protective and pathogenic contributions to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). On the one hand, recent studies have shown that these cells are involved in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. On the other, NKT cells were shown to play a pathogenic role in human ulcerative colitis. Similar contrasting data have been generated in murine models of IBD. Whether the apparent differences in NKT response patterns depend on variations in NKT antigens and/or on the presence of specific subsets of mucosal NKT cells remains to be elucidated. In this article we review the current literature on intestinal NKT cells and their roles in IBD pathogenesis. Specifically, the nomenclature, NKT antigens, and immune mechanisms of NKT cells within the intestinal mucosa are discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antigens/chemistry
Antigens, CD1/*biosynthesis
Antigens, CD1d
Cytokines/metabolism
Disease Models, Animal
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology/*metabolism
Intestinal Diseases/immunology/*metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
Intestines/*metabolism
Killer Cells, Natural/*metabolism
Lipids/chemistry
Lymphocyte Activation
Mice
Models, Biological
Mucous Membrane/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {17476670},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20164},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Vergara-Fernandez, O. and Vega, R. and Morales-Olivera, J. M. and Gamboa-Dominguez, A. and Uscanga, L. and Takahashi-Monrroy, T.},
   title = {[Pyoderma gangrenosum peristomal in ulcerative colitis; first report of a case in Mexico]},
   journal = {Rev Gastroenterol Mex},
   volume = {73},
   number = {2},
   pages = {89-92},
   note = {Vergara-Fernandez, O
Vega, R
Morales-Olivera, J M
Gamboa-Dominguez, A
Uscanga, L
Takahashi-Monrroy, T
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article
Mexico
Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2008;73(2):89-92.},
   abstract = {Pyoderma gangrenosum is one of the most severe extraintestinal manifestations in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn s disease. This lesion is frequently located on the lower extremities and the torso. Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG) is extremely rare. We report the first published patient with PPG and UC in Mexico. PPG occurred six weeks after restorative proctocolectomy. Diagnosis was performed by clinical presentation and biopsy. Ulcer resolution was achieved with oral steroids and local wound care. Patient did not show any recurrence at one year follow-up. We suggest suspecting this illness in all patients with UC who had a restorative proctocolectomy and present difficult management peristomal ulcers.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Female
Humans
*Ileostomy
Mexico
Middle Aged
Postoperative Complications/*etiology
Pyoderma Gangrenosum/*etiology},
   ISSN = {0375-0906 (Print)
0375-0906},
   Accession Number = {19666253},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Walker, T. R. and Land, M. L. and Kartashov, A. and Saslowsky, T. M. and Lyerly, D. M. and Boone, J. H. and Rufo, P. A.},
   title = {Fecal lactoferrin is a sensitive and specific marker of disease activity in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {44},
   number = {4},
   pages = {414-22},
   note = {1536-4801
Walker, Thomas R
Land, Michelle L
Kartashov, Alex
Saslowsky, Tracee M
Lyerly, David M
Boone, James H
Rufo, Paul A
K23 DK02729/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
MO1 RR-02172/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
T32 DK07477/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Apr;44(4):414-22.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fecal lactoferrin (FLA) is a neutrophil-derived surrogate marker of intestinal inflammation that is elevated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, the correlation between FLA levels and serological markers of disease activity has not been previously reported, to our knowledge. In the present study we evaluated the ability of FLA levels to reflect disease activity in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We further assessed the relationship between FLA levels and customary laboratory and clinical measures of inflammation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fecal specimens were collected from 148 consecutive pediatric patients (79 with Crohn disease, 62 with ulcerative colitis, and 7 with irritable bowel syndrome) and 22 healthy control individuals. Lactoferrin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IBD-SCAN, TECHLAB, Inc). Disease activity was assessed at the time of sample provision by laboratory measures (including erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR] and albumin) and previously validated disease activity indices (Pediatric Crohn Disease Activity Index, Kozarek, Harvey Bradshaw Activity Index). RESULTS: Lactoferrin levels were significantly higher in patients with ulcerative colitis (1880 +/- 565 microg/mL) (mean +/- SE) or Crohn disease (1701 +/- 382 microg/mL) than in healthy control individuals under 21 years of age (1.17 +/- 0.47 microg/mL, P < 0.001). Lactoferrin levels correlated significantly with ESR, hematocrit, albumin, and platelet count (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that FLA levels were comparable to ESR in detecting patients with clinically active disease (P < 0.001). Patients who experienced a clinical flare within 2 months of specimen collection displayed higher lactoferrin levels (845 +/- 452 microg/mL) than did those who remained in clinical remission (190 +/- 90 microg/mL, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Data presented here demonstrate that FLA is a sensitive and specific biochemical marker of inflammation for use in the diagnosis and interval assessment of pediatric patients with IBD, and its level correlates well with both clinical disease activity indices and ESR. Elevated levels of FLA may also identify patients at greater risk for the development of subsequent clinical flares.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Biomarkers/analysis
Child
Child, Preschool
Feces/*chemistry
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis
Lactoferrin/*analysis
Male
Sensitivity and Specificity},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {17414136},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3180308d8e},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wang, F. Y. and Arisawa, T. and Tahara, T. and Nagasaka, M. and Fujita, H. and Hirata, I. and Nakano, H.},
   title = {The Role of Mannan-Binding Lectin (MBL) Gene Polymorphism in Ulcerative Colitis},
   journal = {J Clin Biochem Nutr},
   volume = {42},
   pages = {54-8},
   note = {Wang, Fang-Yu
Arisawa, Tomiyasu
Tahara, Tomomitsu
Nagasaka, Mitsuo
Fujita, Hiroshi
Hirata, Ichiro
Nakano, Hiroshi
Journal Article
Japan
J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008 Jan;42:54-8. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.2008009.},
   abstract = {Series studies suggest that enteropathogenic microorganisms play a substantial role in the clinical initiation and relapses of ulcerative colitis (UC). Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is an important constituent of the innate immune system, and deficiency of MBL has been reported to increase the overall susceptibility of an individual to infectious disease. This study was aimed to investigate the associations between polymorphisms of the MBL gene and UC. Recruited in this study were 108 Japanese patients with UC and 144 healthy control subjects. Polymorphism at codon 54 of exon 1 of the MBL gene was investigated by polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism. In general, no significant difference in MBL polymorphism was found between UC patients and health controls. However, the frequency of A carriers was significantly higher in the relapsing cases than controls (Odds ration = 2.19, 95%CI, 1.10-4.34; p = 0.023), and similar tendency was also found in A/A genotype. In conclusion, the polymorphism at codon 54 of exon 1 of the MBL gene associated with the susceptibility to the relapsing phenotype of ulcerative colitis. It suggests that codon 54 A variants of MBL gene may have an increased risk for the flare-ups of UC.},
   keywords = {genetic polymorphism
mannan-binding lectin
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0912-0009 (Print)
0912-0009},
   Accession Number = {18231631},
   DOI = {10.3164/jcbn.2008009},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wang, M. and Molin, G. and Ahrne, S. and Adawi, D. and Jeppsson, B.},
   title = {High proportions of proinflammatory bacteria on the colonic mucosa in a young patient with ulcerative colitis as revealed by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {52},
   number = {3},
   pages = {620-7},
   note = {Wang, Mei
Molin, Goran
Ahrne, Siv
Adawi, Diya
Jeppsson, Bengt
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Mar;52(3):620-7.},
   abstract = {The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unknown. It is thought to be due to an abnormal and uncontrolled immune response to normally occurring constituents of the intestine. Microbial agents appear to be involved in the pathogenesis and intestinal bacteria seem to be an important factor in the development and chronicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the colonic microbiota of a patient with UC. The colonic tissues were taken during surgery from a 12-year-old girl suffering from UC. The microbiota on the colonic samples was studied by cloning and sequencing of amplified 16S rRNA genes. Compared with healthy subjects, alteration of the dominant bacterial group was observed in the UC patient. We found a high incidence of Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides fragilis, and the single phylotype of the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii-like "Butyrate-producing bacterium" L2-6. Furthermore, there was a substantial presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the present case of UC. The high proportion of adverse proinflammatory species is striking in the present case compared with more normal situations. Even if those bacteria are not the cause of the UC, they most probably enhance the symptoms of the disease.},
   keywords = {Bacteroides fragilis/isolation & purification
Child
*Cloning, Molecular
Colitis, Ulcerative/*genetics/*microbiology
Colon/microbiology
Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification
Female
Genes, rRNA/*genetics
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology
Phylogeny
Sequence Analysis, RNA},
   ISSN = {0163-2116 (Print)
0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {17265126},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-006-9461-1},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wong, A. and Bass, D.},
   title = {Laboratory evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Opin Pediatr},
   volume = {20},
   number = {5},
   pages = {566-70},
   note = {1531-698x
Wong, Allison
Bass, Dorsey
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008 Oct;20(5):566-70. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32830d3aaf.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recognizing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is straightforward when alarm symptoms are present, such as bloody diarrhea and weight loss. When the presentation is subtle or atypical, physicians must determine which patients warrant evaluation for IBD. Appropriate use of noninvasive tests can help identify which patients should undergo further investigation. RECENT FINDINGS: Currently IBD serologies lack high enough sensitivity and specificity to make them useful as a screening test for distinguishing IBD from other disorders, but they may have a role in classifying subtypes of IBD. Fecal markers seem promising for helping to differentiate IBD from irritable bowl syndrome and for monitoring disease activity. Pharmacogenetically guided dosing is recommended for safe use of thiopurines but ongoing routine laboratory monitoring remains important. Thiopurine metabolite measurement can be useful but may not be needed in all cases. SUMMARY: Primary care physicians should continue to rely on routine laboratory tests and clinical suspicion to decide which patients with abdominal pain to refer to a gastroenterologist. Serology panels are not useful for IBD screening as the results may lead to unnecessary procedures. Although fecal markers do show promise as a screening test for IBD, patient resistance to providing stool samples may limit its usefulness in disease monitoring. Thiopurine metabolite levels are best used in conjunction with clinical status and routine laboratory tests to monitor clinical response and adverse events.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/immunology/metabolism
Adolescent
Azathioprine/immunology/metabolism
Biomarkers/*analysis
Child
Child, Preschool
*Clinical Laboratory Techniques
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/epidemiology/immunology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/epidemiology/immunology
Diagnosis, Differential
Feces
Female
Humans
Incidence
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology/immunology
Male
Pediatrics/methods
Risk Assessment
Sensitivity and Specificity
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {1040-8703},
   Accession Number = {18781120},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOP.0b013e32830d3aaf},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yamamoto-Furusho, J. K.},
   title = {Genetic factors associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {13},
   number = {42},
   pages = {5594-7},
   note = {Yamamoto-Furusho, Jesus-K
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Nov 14;13(42):5594-7.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are complex polygenic disorders, characterized by several genes together with environmental factors contributing to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent advances in research on genetic susceptibility have allowed the identification of diverse genes at different levels: (1) Innate immunity; (2) Antigen presentation molecules; (3) Epithelial integrity; (4) Drug transporter; (5) Cell adhesion. The application of genetic testing into clinical practice is close and all genetic markers may have several clinical implications: prediction of disease phenotype, molecular classification, prevention of complications, and prognosis.},
   keywords = {Cell Adhesion
Epithelium/metabolism
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/etiology/*genetics/immunology
P-Glycoprotein/physiology
P-Glycoproteins
Toll-Like Receptors/physiology},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {17948933},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yamamoto-Furusho, J. K.},
   title = {Innovative therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {13},
   number = {13},
   pages = {1893-6},
   note = {Yamamoto-Furusho, Jesus-K
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Apr 7;13(13):1893-6.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, which clinically present as one of two disorders, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Mainstays of drug treatments for IBD include aminosalicylates, corticosteroids and immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, methotrexate and cyclosporin. Advances in basic research of the pathophysiological process in IBD have been applied to generate a variety of new therapeutics targeting at different levels of the inflammatory processes. New therapies are classified as: (1) Anti-TNFalpha antibodies; (2) Recombinant cytokines; (3) Selective adhesion blockade; (4) Growth factors; (5) Innate immunostimulation; (6) Nucleic acid based therapies; (7) Gene therapy; (8) Autologous bone-marrow transplantation; (9) Helminths and (10) Extracorporeal immunomodulation. All treatments have the potential to provide more effective and safe treatment for IBD.},
   keywords = {Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology/therapeutic use
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Cytokines/therapeutic use
Genetic Therapy
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*therapy
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/therapeutic use
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {17461487},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yamamoto-Furusho, J. K. and Uzcanga, L. F.},
   title = {Infliximab as a rescue therapy for hospitalized patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to systemic corticosteroids},
   journal = {Dig Surg},
   volume = {25},
   number = {5},
   pages = {383-6},
   note = {1421-9883
Yamamoto-Furusho, Jesus K
Uzcanga, Luis F
Journal Article
Switzerland
Dig Surg. 2008;25(5):383-6. doi: 10.1159/000170882. Epub 2008 Nov 13.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infliximab therapy is effective for the induction and maintenance of clinical remission in patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. However, it has not been studied extensively in hospitalized patients who require colectomy as a rescue therapy for severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous corticosteroids. AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of infliximab in hospitalized patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous corticoids as a rescue therapy before colectomy. METHODS: 10 severe ulcerative colitis patients refractory to intravenous hydrocortisone administered for at least 7 days and candidate for colectomy were selected to receive a single infusion of infliximab (5 mg/kg). RESULTS: 8 patients failed to respond to infliximab and required colectomy during the hospitalization period. The median time to operation after infliximab infusion was 21 days. Of 8 patients, 6 had a partial clinical response manifested by a decreasing number of bowel movements and rectal bleeding during 7-14 days after the infliximab infusion, and the remaining 2 patients showed a lack of response to infliximab infusion. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a single infliximab infusion seems to be ineffective as a rescue therapy of colectomy in hospitalized patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to systemic corticosteroids.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Adult
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/surgery
Drug Resistance
Drug Therapy, Combination
Female
Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Humans
Infliximab
Infusions, Intravenous
Injections, Intravenous
*Inpatients
Male
Pilot Projects
Salvage Therapy/*methods
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0253-4886},
   Accession Number = {19005257},
   DOI = {10.1159/000170882},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ziring, D. A. and Wu, S. S. and Mow, W. S. and Martin, M. G. and Mehra, M. and Ament, M. E.},
   title = {Oral tacrolimus for steroid-dependent and steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis in children},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {45},
   number = {3},
   pages = {306-11},
   note = {1536-4801
Ziring, David A
Wu, Steven S
Mow, William S
Martin, Martin G
Mehra, Mini
Ament, Marvin E
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Sep;45(3):306-11.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate tacrolimus in 3 situations: for the induction of remission in children with severe steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis (UC); for steroid sparing in children with steroid-dependent UC in whom treatment with other immunosuppressants fails; and for the maintenance of remission in children with steroid-dependent and steroid-resistant UC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 18 consecutive patients (13 with pancolitis) who were treated with oral tacrolimus at our institution from May 1999 to October 2005. Nine patients had steroid-resistant UC and 9 patients were steroid-dependent. We started patients initially on tacrolimus 0.2 mg/kg divided twice daily, with a goal plasma trough level of 10 to 15 ng/mL for the first 2 weeks, and then titrated doses to achieve plasma levels between 7 and 12 ng/mL after induction. RESULTS: Of the 18 patients in this study, 17 showed a positive response to tacrolimus therapy (ie, cessation of diarrhea and other symptoms) and 5 showed a prolonged response to tac

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag

extension: bib