text:
previously reported. Contrasts between the S/S and L/L groups were significant for TCI/TPQ harm avoidance studies (P=0.0024) but not NEO neuroticism (P=0.9757). When studies not in HW equilibrium were excluded the TCI/TPQ result for the S/S genotype still exceeded our 5% threshold, although with reduced significance (P=0.0082), and the NEO result remained nonsignificant (P=0.9109). While we cannot rule out an association between the 5HTT gene and anxiety-related traits, particularly for TCI/TPQ harm avoidance, our findings do indicate that the effect, if present, is small. Our results emphasise the importance of complete ascertainment of studies and the identification of relevant sources of heterogeneity.},
affiliation = {Cancer Research UK GPRG, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford PX2 6HE, UK. marcus.munafo@clinpharm.ox.ac.uk},
number = {4},
pages = {415--9},
volume = {10},
year = {2005},
month = {Apr},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Reproducibility of Results, Middle Aged, Humans, Personality, Male, Aged, Anxiety, Linkage (Genetics), Adolescent, Genetic Heterogeneity, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Research Design, Questionnaires, Membrane Transport Proteins, Female, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Adult, Personality Inventory, Membrane Glycoproteins},
date-added = {2010-04-07 11:27:12 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-07 11:27:18 +0200},
doi = {10.1038/sj.mp.4001627},
pii = {4001627},
pmid = {15599377},
URL = {http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v10/n4/abs/4001627a.html},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Munaf%C3%B2-2005-Mol%20Psychiatry_Does%20measurement%20ins.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10528},
rating = {5}
}

@article{Schmidberger:2009p922,
author = {Markus Schmidberger and Martin Morgan and Dirk Eddelbuettel and Hao Yu and Luke Tierney and Ulrich Mansmann},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
title = {State of the Art in Parallel Computing with R},
abstract = {R is a mature open-source programming language for statistical computing and graphics. Many areas of statistical research are experiencing rapid growth in the size of data sets. Methodological advances drive increased use of simulations. A common approach is to use parallel computing.
This paper presents an overview of techniques for parallel computing with R on com- puter clusters, on multi-core systems, and in grid computing. It reviews sixteen different packages, comparing them on their state of development, the parallel technology used, as well as on usability, acceptance, and performance.
Two packages (snow, Rmpi) stand out as particularly suited to general use on computer clusters. Packages for grid computing are still in development, with only one package currently available to the end user. For multi-core systems five different packages exist, but a number of issues pose challenges to early adopters. The paper concludes with ideas for further developments in high performance computing with R. Example code is available in the appendix.},
affiliation = {Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita ̈t Mu ̈nchen},
number = {1},
pages = {1--27},
volume = {31},
year = {2009},
keywords = {grid computing, multi-core systems, computer cluster, parallel computing, high performance computing, R, benchmark},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:12:28 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:15:05 +0100},
URL = {http://www.jstatsoft.org/},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Schmidberger-2009-Journal%20of%20Statistical%20Software_State%20of%20the%20Art%20in.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p922},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Maris:2003ab,
author = {Gunter Maris and Timo M Bechger},
title = {Equivalent mirid models},
year = {2003},
month = {Mar},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:39:02 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:43:29 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Maris-2003-_Equivalent%20mirid%20mod.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1221},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Collins:2003,
author = {D Collins},
journal = {Qual Life Res},
title = {Pretesting survey instruments: An overview of cognitive methods},
abstract = {This article puts forward the case that survey questionnaires, which are a type of measuring instrument, can and should be tested to ensure they meet their purpose. Traditionally survey researchers have been pre-occupied with 'standardising' data collection instruments and procedures such as question wording and have assumed that experience in questionnaire design, coupled with pilot testing of questionnaires, will then ensure valid and reliable results. However, implicit in the notion of standardisation are the assumptions that respondents are able to understand the questions being asked, that questions are understood in the same way by all respondents, and that respondents are willing and able to answer such questions. The development of cognitive question testing methods has provided social researchers with a number of theories and tools to test these assumptions, and to develop better survey instruments and questionnaires. This paper describes some of these theories and tools, and argues that cognitive testing should be a standard part of the development process of any survey instrument.},
number = {3},
pages = {229--238},
volume = {12},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:48:29 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p978},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Andridge:2010p13494,
author = {R R Andridge and R J A Little},
journal = {International Statistical Review},
title = {A Review of Hot Deck Imputation for Survey Non-response},
abstract = {Hot deck imputation is a method for handling missing data in which each missing value is replaced with an observed response from a ``similar'' unit. Despite being used extensively in practice, the theory is not as well developed as that of other imputation methods. We have found that no consensus exists as to the best way to apply the hot deck and obtain inferences from the completed data set. Here we review different forms of the hot deck and existing research on its statistical properties. We describe applications of the hot deck currently in use, including the U.S. Census Bureau's hot deck for the Current Population Survey (CPS). We also provide an extended example of variations of the hot deck applied to the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Some potential areas for future research are highlighted.},
number = {1},
pages = {40--64},
volume = {78},
year = {2010},
date-added = {2010-07-07 20:32:19 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-07 20:33:19 +0200},
doi = {10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00103.x},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Andridge-2010-International%20Statistical%20Review_A%20Review%20of%20Hot%20Deck.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13494},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Balidis:2002,
author = {M O Balidis and C Bunce and K Boboridis and J Salzman and R P L Wormald and M H Miller},
journal = {Eye},
title = {Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the R/D score for evaluation of iris configuration by ultrasound biomicroscopy, in patients with pigment dispersion syndrome},
pages = {722--726},
volume = {16},
year = {2002},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:20 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Balidis-2002-Eye_Intraobserver%20and%20in.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1879},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Volk:2009p4603,
author = {Michael L Volk and Rachel Tocco and Sameer Saini and Anna S F Lok},
journal = {Hepatology},
title = {Public health impact of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C in the United States},
abstract = {Despite dramatic improvements in antiviral therapy for hepatitis C, there is reason to believe that the uptake of antiviral therapy remains limited. The aims of this study were to determine the number of patients being treated with antiviral therapy in the U.S., to estimate the public health impact of these treatment patterns, and to identify barriers to treatment for patients with hepatitis C. Data on the number of new patient pegylated interferon prescriptions each year, from 2002-2007, was obtained from Wolters Kluwer Inc., which maintains an electronic audit of pharmacies nationwide. A Markov model was created of the population with chronic hepatitis C in the U.S. from 2002 to 2030, and was used to estimate the number of liver-related deaths caused by hepatitis C that will be prevented by current treatment patterns. The National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES) Hepatitis C Follow-Up Questionnaire was used to investigate reasons for lack of treatment and to identify strategies for improving access. Approximately 663,000 patients received antiviral therapy between 2002 and 2007, and treatment rates appear to be declining. If this trend continues, only 14.5% of liver-related deaths caused by hepatitis C from 2002-2030 will be prevented by antiviral therapy. Results from the NHANES questionnaire suggest that the primary barrier to treatment is lack of diagnosis, with 69/133 (adjusted proportion 49%) of respondents previously unaware that they had hepatitis C. CONCLUSION: Efforts to improve rates of diagnosis and treatment will be required if the future public health burden of hepatitis C is to be ameliorated.},
affiliation = {Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. mvolk@med.umich.edu},
number = {6},
pages = {1750--5},
volume = {50},
year = {2009},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Cost of Illness, United States, Antiviral Agents, Markov Chains, Female, Public Health, Male, Hepatitis C},
date-added = {2010-01-29 22:36:23 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:00:05 +0200},
doi = {10.1002/hep.23220},
pmid = {19824079},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Volk-2009-Hepatology_Public%20health%20impact.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4603},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Raichle:2010p11281,
author = {Marcus E Raichle},
journal = {Trends Cogn Sci (Regul Ed)},
title = {Two views of brain function},
abstract = {Traditionally studies of brain function have focused on task-evoked responses. By their very nature, such experiments tacitly encourage a reflexive view of brain function. Although such an approach has been remarkably productive, it ignores the alternative possibility that brain functions are mainly intrinsic, involving information processing for interpreting, responding to and predicting environmental demands. Here I argue that the latter view best captures the essence of brain function, a position that accords well with the allocation of the brain's energy resources. Recognizing the importance of intrinsic activity will require integrating knowledge from cognitive and systems neuroscience with cellular and molecular neuroscience where ion channels, receptors, components of signal transduction and metabolic pathways are all in a constant state of flux.},
affiliation = {Departments of Radiology, Neurology, Neurobiology and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, Room 2116, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. marc@npg.wustl.edu <marc@npg.wustl.edu>},
number = {4},
pages = {180--90},
volume = {14},
year = {2010},
month = {Apr},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-04-25 21:33:07 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:54:31 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.008},
pii = {S1364-6613(10)00029-X},
pmid = {20206576},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11281},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Hochreiter:2010p12296,
author = {Sepp Hochreiter and Ulrich Bodenhofer and Martin Heusel and Andreas Mayr and Andreas Mitterecker and Adetayo Kasim and Tatsiana Khamiakova and Suzy Van Sanden and Dan Lin and Willem Talloen and Luc Bijnens and Hinrich W H G{\"o}hlmann and Ziv Shkedy and Djork-Arn{\'e} Clevert},
journal = {Bioinformatics},
title = {FABIA: Factor Analysis for Bicluster Acquisition},
abstract = {MOTIVATION: Biclustering of transcriptomic data groups genes and samples simultaneously. It is emerging as a standard tool for extracting knowledge from gene expression measurements. We propose a novel generative approach for biclustering called "FABIA: Factor Analysis for Bicluster Acquisition". FABIA is based on a multiplicative model, which accounts for linear dependencies between gene expression and conditions, and also captures heavy-tailed distributions as observed in real-world transcriptomic data. The generative framework allows to utilize well-founded model selection methods and to apply Bayesian techniques. RESULTS: On 100 simulated data sets with known true, artificially implanted biclusters, FABIA clearly outperformed all 11 competitors. On these data sets, FABIA was able to separate spurious biclusters from true biclusters by ranking biclusters according to their information content. FABIA was tested on three microarray data sets with known sub-clusters, where it was two times the best and once the second best method among the compared biclustering approaches. AVAILABILITY: FABIA is available as an R package on Bioconductor (http://www.bioconductor.org). All data sets, results, and software are available at http://www.bioinf.jku.at/software/fabia/fabia.html. CONTACT: hochreit@bioinf.jku.at.},
affiliation = {Institute of Bioinformatics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.},
pages = {},
year = {2010},
month = {Apr},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-06-09 20:16:55 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-09 20:17:20 +0200},
doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btq227},
pii = {btq227},
pmid = {20418340},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Hochreiter-2010-Bioinformatics_FABIA%20Factor%20Analys.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12296},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Fodor:1988p10817,
author = {J A Fodor and Z W Pylyshyn},
journal = {Cognition},
title = {Connectionism and cognitive architecture: a critical analysis},
number = {1-2},
pages = {3--71},
volume = {28},
year = {1988},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Symbolism, Linguistics, Semantics, Models: Psychological, Brain, Cognition},
date-added = {2010-04-10 03:28:09 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:23:44 +0200},
pii = {0010-0277(88)90031-5},
pmid = {2450716},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Fodor-1988-Cognition_Connectionism%20and%20co.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10817},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Madsen:2006p4104,
author = {L Madsen},
journal = {The PracTEX Journal},
title = {Avoid eqnarray!},
abstract = {Whenever the eqnarray environment appears in a question or an example of a problem on comp.text.tex or the TEXhax mailing list there is a large chance that someone will tell the poster not to use eqnarray. This article will provide some examples of why many of us consider eqnarray to be harmful and why it should not be used.},
volume = {4},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-01-19 23:40:16 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:52:56 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Madsen-2006-The%20PracTEX%20Journal_Avoid%20eqnarray!.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4104},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Smith:2008p532,
author = {Adam B Smith and Robert Rush and Lesley J Fallowfield and Galina Velikova and Michael Sharpe},
journal = {BMC Med Res Methodol},
title = {Rasch fit statistics and sample size considerations for polytomous data},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous research on educational data has demonstrated that Rasch fit statistics (mean squares and t-statistics) are highly susceptible to sample size variation for dichotomously scored rating data, although little is known about this relationship for polytomous data. These statistics help inform researchers about how well items fit to a unidimensional latent trait, and are an important adjunct to modern psychometrics. Given the increasing use of Rasch models in health research the purpose of this study was therefore to explore the relationship between fit statistics and sample size for polytomous data. METHODS: Data were collated from a heterogeneous sample of cancer patients (n = 4072) who had completed both the Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Ten samples were drawn with replacement for each of eight sample sizes (n = 25 to n = 3200). The Rating and Partial Credit Models were applied and the mean square and t-fit statistics (infit/outfit) derived for each model. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that t-statistics were highly sensitive to sample size, whereas mean square statistics remained relatively stable for polytomous data. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that mean square statistics were relatively independent of sample size for polytomous data and that misfit to the model could be identified using published recommended ranges.},
affiliation = {Cancer Research UK - Clinical Centre, St, James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK. a.b.smith@leeds.ac.uk},
pages = {33},
volume = {8},
year = {2008},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Male, Severity of Illness Index, Humans, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Female, Anxiety, Psychometrics, Depressive Disorder, Bias (Epidemiology), Sample Size, Great Britain, Reproducibility of Results, Middle Aged, Hospitalization, Questionnaires, Models: Statistical, Neoplasms},
date-added = {2010-01-03 13:45:14 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 13:45:14 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-8-33},
pii = {1471-2288-8-33},
pmid = {18510722},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Smith-2008-BMC%20Med%20Res%20Methodol_Rasch%20fit%20statistics.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p532},
rating = {3}
}

@article{Kuramae:2007p3411,
author = {Eiko E Kuramae and Vincent Robert and Carlos Echavarri-Erasun and Teun Boekhout},
journal = {BMC Evol Biol},
title = {Cophenetic correlation analysis as a strategy to select phylogenetically informative proteins: an example from the fungal kingdom},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The construction of robust and well resolved phylogenetic trees is important for our understanding of many, if not all biological processes, including speciation and origin of higher taxa, genome evolution, metabolic diversification, multicellularity, origin of life styles, pathogenicity and so on. Many older phylogenies were not well supported due to insufficient phylogenetic signal present in the single or few genes used in phylogenetic reconstructions. Importantly, single gene phylogenies were not always found to be congruent. The phylogenetic signal may, therefore, be increased by enlarging the number of genes included in phylogenetic studies. Unfortunately, concatenation of many genes does not take into consideration the evolutionary history of each individual gene. Here, we describe an approach to select informative phylogenetic proteins to be used in the Tree of Life (TOL) and barcoding projects by comparing the cophenetic correlation coefficients (CCC) among individual protein distance matrices of proteins, using the fungi as an example. The method demonstrated that the quality and number of concatenated proteins is important for a reliable estimation of TOL. Approximately 40-45 concatenated proteins seem needed to resolve fungal TOL. RESULTS: In total 4852 orthologous proteins (KOGs) were assigned among 33 fungal genomes from the Asco- and Basidiomycota and 70 of these represented single copy proteins. The individual protein distance matrices based on 531 concatenated proteins that has been used for phylogeny reconstruction before 14 were compared one with another in order to select those with the highest CCC, which then was used as a reference. This reference distance matrix was compared with those of the 70 single copy proteins selected and their CCC values were calculated. Sixty four KOGs showed a CCC above 0.50 and these were further considered for their phylogenetic potential. Proteins belonging to the cellular processes and signaling KOG category seem more informative than those belonging to the other three categories: information storage and processing; metabolism; and the poorly characterized category. After concatenation of 40 proteins the topology of the phylogenetic tree remained stable, but after concatenation of 60 or more proteins the bootstrap support values of some branches decreased, most likely due to the inclusion of proteins with lowers CCC values. The selection of protein sequences to be used in various TOL projects remains a critical and important process. The method described in this paper will contribute to a more objective selection of phylogenetically informative protein sequences. CONCLUSION: This study provides candidate protein sequences to be considered as phylogenetic markers in different branches of fungal TOL. The selection procedure described here will be useful to select informative protein sequences to resolve branches of TOL that contain few or no species with completely sequenced genomes. The robust phylogenetic trees resulting from this method may contribute to our understanding of organismal diversification processes. The method proposed can be extended easily to other branches of TOL.},
affiliation = {Yeast Research, CBS-Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. e.kuramae@nioo.knaw.nl},
pages = {134},
volume = {7},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Phylogeny, Databases: Protein, Fungi, Fungal Proteins, Evolution: Molecular, Genome: Fungal},
date-added = {2010-01-15 14:48:18 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-15 14:48:18 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-7-134},
pii = {1471-2148-7-134},
pmid = {17688684},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kuramae-2007-BMC%20Evol%20Biol_Cophenetic%20correlati.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3411},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Attia:2003p7399,
author = {John Attia and Ammarin Thakkinstian and Catherine D'Este},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
title = {Meta-analyses of molecular association studies: methodologic lessons for genetic epidemiology},
abstract = {Meta-analyses of population-based molecular association studies have become increasingly common over the last 10 years, but little attention has been paid to methodology. In addition to the traditional considerations pertinent to any meta-analysis, there are genetic issues particular to molecular association studies: checking Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, handling data from more than two groups while avoiding multiple comparisons, and pooling data in a way that is sensitive to genetic models. We systematically reviewed all meta-analyses of molecular association studies identified via MEDLINE. Of a total of 37 studies, eight (22%) described the search terms. Nineteen (51%) did not state inclusion or exclusion criteria. Heterogeneity was assessed in 28 (76%), but only 7 of 37 (19%) studies checked for publication bias. Nine (24%) studies assessed the goodness-of-fit of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and eight (22%) gave any biological rationale to justify the choice of genetic model used for pooling. There is a need for greater communication between epidemiologists and geneticists to develop methods appropriate to this area.},
affiliation = {Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Royal Newcastle Hospital, David Maddison Building, Newcastle NSW 2300, Australia. jattia@cceb.newcastle.edu.au},
number = {4},
pages = {297--303},
volume = {56},
year = {2003},
month = {Apr},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Specialization, Terminology as Topic, Publication Bias, MEDLINE, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Models: Genetic, Professional Competence, Data Interpretation: Statistical},
date-added = {2010-03-10 20:35:46 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-10 20:35:50 +0100},
pii = {S0895435603000118},
pmid = {12767405},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Attia-2003-Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Epidemiology_Meta-analyses%20of%20mol.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7399},
rating = {3}
}

@article{Xia:2010p14013,
author = {Xiao-Qin Xia and M McClelland and Y Wang},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
title = {PypeR, A Python Package for Using R in Python},
abstract = {This article describes PypeR, a Python package which allows the R language to be called in Python using the pipe communication method. By running R through pipe, the Python program gains flexibility in sub-process controls, memory control, and portability across popular operating system platforms, including Windows, GNU Linux and Mac OS X. PypeR can be downloaded at http://rinpy.sourceforge.net/.},
volume = {35},
year = {2010},
date-added = {2010-08-04 09:38:25 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-08-04 09:39:24 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Xia-2010-Journal%20of%20Statistical%20Software_PypeR%20A%20Python%20Pack.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p14013},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Carlezon:2009p8874,
author = {William A Carlezon and Mark J Thomas},
journal = {Neuropharmacology},
title = {Biological substrates of reward and aversion: a nucleus accumbens activity hypothesis},
abstract = {The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a critical element of the mesocorticolimbic system, a brain circuit implicated in reward and motivation. This basal forebrain structure receives dopamine (DA) input from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and glutamate (GLU) input from regions including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala (AMG), and hippocampus (HIP). As such, it integrates inputs from limbic and cortical regions, linking motivation with action. The NAc has a well-established role in mediating the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse and natural rewards such as food and sexual behavior. However, accumulating pharmacological, molecular, and electrophysiological evidence has raised the possibility that it also plays an important (and sometimes underappreciated) role in mediating aversive states. Here we review evidence that rewarding and aversive states are encoded in the activity of NAc medium spiny GABAergic neurons, which account for the vast majority of the neurons in this region. While admittedly simple, this working hypothesis is testable using combinations of available and emerging technologies, including electrophysiology, genetic engineering, and functional brain imaging. A deeper understanding of the basic neurobiology of mood states will facilitate the development of well-tolerated medications that treat and prevent addiction and other conditions (e.g., mood disorders) associated with dysregulation of brain motivation systems.},
affiliation = {Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, MRC 217, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA. bcarlezon@mclean.harvard.edu},
pages = {122--32},
volume = {56 Suppl 1},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Animals, Avoidance Learning, Nucleus Accumbens, Reward, Street Drugs},
date-added = {2010-03-22 12:41:11 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 12:41:11 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.075},
pii = {S0028-3908(08)00268-2},
pmid = {18675281},
URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T0C-4T0FFDF-1&_user=2432700&_coverDate=12%252F31%252F2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000057263&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2432700&md5=1a670c58a0c6b8d67e397a514a50202e},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Carlezon-2009-Neuropharmacology_Biological%20substrate.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8874},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Jansen:2005,
author = {M Jansen and C A W Glas},
journal = {Psychometrika},
title = {Checking the Assumptions of Rasch's Model for Speed Tests},
pages = {671--684},
volume = {70},
year = {2005},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:18 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Jansen-2005-Psychometrika_Checking%20the%20Assumpt.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1923},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Scott:2010p3636,
author = {P D Scott and M Fasli},
title = {Benford's Law: An Empirical Investigation and a Novel Explanation},
abstract = {This report describes an investigation into Benford's Law for the distribution of leading digits in real data sets. A large number of such data sets have been examined and it was found that only a small fraction of them conform to the law. Three classes of mathematical model of processes that might account for such a leading digit distribution have also been investigated. We found that based on the notion of taking the product of many random factors the most credible. This led to the identification of a class of lognormal distributions, those whose shape parameter exceeds 1, which satisfy Benford's Law. This in turn led us to a novel explanation for the law: that it is fundamentally a consequence of the fact that many physical quantities cannot meaningfully take negative values. This enabled us to develop a simple set of rules for determining whether a given data set is likely to conform to Benford's Law. Our explanation has an important advantage over previous attempts to account for the law: it also explains which data sets will not have logarithmically distributed leading digits. Some techniques for generating data that satisfy Benford's law are described and the report concludes with a summary and a discussion of the practical implications.},
date-added = {2010-01-16 19:32:04 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-16 19:32:39 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Scott--_Benford%E2%80%99s%20Law%20An%20Em.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3636},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Hobart:2004,
author = {J C Hobart and A Riazi and D L Lamping and R Fitzpatrick and A J Thompson},
journal = {Health Technol Assess},
title = {Improving the evaluation of therapeutic interventions in multiple sclerosis: development of a patient-based measure of outcome.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To develop a patient-based, disease-specific measure of the health impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) for use in clinical trials and clinical practice. DATA SOURCES: People with MS. Members of the MS Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. METHODS: Standard psychometric methods were used to develop the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) in three stages. Stage 1 (item generation): questionnaire items were generated from 30 patient interviews on the impact of MS on their lives, expert opinion and literature review. Stage 2 (item reduction and scale generation): the questionnaire developed in stage 1 was administered by postal survey to 1530 randomly selected members of the MS Society. Standard item reduction techniques were used to develop a rating scale from the pool of questionnaire items. Stage 3 (psychometric evaluation): the questionnaire was evaluated for data quality, scaling assumptions, acceptability, reliability and validity in a separate postal survey of 1250 MS Society members. Responsiveness was evaluated in 55 people admitted to hospital for rehabilitation and intravenous steroid treatment of MS relapses. RESULTS: Stage 1 resulted in a 129-item questionnaire. Stage 2 resulted in a 29-item rating scale measuring the physical and psychological impact of MS. The MSIS-29 satisfied all recommended psychometric criteria for rigorous measurement. Data quality was excellent: missing data were low, item test-retest reliability was high and scale scores could be generated for over 98% of respondents. Item descriptive statistics, item convergent and discriminant validity, and factor analysis supported summing items to produce two summary scores. MSIS-29 physical and psychological scale scores showed good variability, low floor and ceiling effects, good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Correlations with other measures and confirmation of hypotheses about group differences provided evidence for the validity of the MSIS-29 as a measure of the physical and psychological impact of multiple sclerosis. Effect sizes provided preliminary evidence for responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The 29-item MSIS-29 is a rigorous new measure of the physical and psychological impact of MS. All psychometric criteria were satisfied and there is preliminary evidence of responsiveness. The MSIS-29 is particularly appropriate for use in clinical trials to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness from the patient's perspective. Further critical evaluations of the MSIS-29 completed by people with neurologist-confirmed MS in different settings are suggested. Head-to-head comparisons of the psychometric properties of the MSIS-29 and other outcome measures for MS will help to determine the relative advantages of different instruments so that the choice of measures for studies can be evidence based.},
affiliation = {Neurological Outcome Measures Unit, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.},
number = {9},
pages = {iii, 1--48},
volume = {8},
year = {2004},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:21 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:28:35 +0200},
pii = {95-01-03},
pmid = {14982653},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1124},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Borsboom:2008p5471,
author = {D Borsboom},
journal = {Measurement},
title = {Latent Variable Theory},
abstract = {This paper formulates a metatheoretical framework for latent variable modeling. It does so by spelling out the difference between observed and latent variables. This difference is argued to be purely epistemic in nature: We treat a variable as observed when the inference from data structure to variable structure can be made with certainty and as latent when this inference is prone to error. This difference in epistemic accessibility is argued to be directly related to the data- generating process, i.e., the process that produces the concrete data patterns on which statistical analyses are executed. For a variable to count as observed through a set of data patterns, the relation between variable structure and data structure should be (a) deterministic, (b) causally isolated, and (c) of equivalent cardinality. When any of these requirements is violated, (part of) the variable structure should be considered latent. It is argued that, on these criteria, observed variables are rare to nonexistent in psychology; hence, psychological variables should be considered latent until proven observed.},
affiliation = {University of Amsterdam},
pages = {25--53},
volume = {6},
year = {2008},
date-added = {2010-02-12 14:10:43 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-12 14:12:32 +0100},
doi = {10.1080/15366360802035497},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Borsboom-2008-Measurement_Latent%20Variable%20Theo.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5471},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Wiberg:2004p11590,
author = {M Wiberg},
title = {Classical test theory vs. item response theory. An evaluation of the theory test in the swedish driving-license test},
year = {2004},
date-added = {2010-05-09 21:12:23 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-09 21:12:57 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Wiberg-2004-_Classical%20test%20theor-1.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11590},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Zinkstok:2007p2480,
author = {Janneke R Zinkstok and Odette de Wilde and Therese A M J van Amelsvoort and Michael W Tanck and Frank Baas and Don H Linszen},
journal = {Behav Brain Funct},
title = {Association between the DTNBP1 gene and intelligence: a case-control study in young patients with schizophrenia and related disorders and unaffected siblings},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. There is growing evidence that DTNPB1 contributes to intelligence and cognition. In this study, we investigated association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DTNBP1 gene and intellectual functioning in patients with a first episode of schizophrenia or related psychotic disorder (first-episode psychosis, FEP), their healthy siblings, and unrelated controls. METHODS: From all subjects IQ measurements were obtained (verbal IQ [VIQ], performance IQ [PIQ], and full scale IQ [FSIQ]). Seven SNPs in the DTNBP1 gene were genotyped using single base primer extension and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser deionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). RESULTS: Mean VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ scores differed significantly (p < 0.001) between patients, siblings, and controls. Using a family-based and a case-control design, several single SNPs were significantly associated with IQ scores in patients, siblings, and controls. CONCLUSION: Although preliminary, our results provide evidence for association between the DTNBP1 gene and intelligence in patients with FEP and their unaffected siblings. Genetic variation in the DTNBP1 gene may increase schizophrenia susceptibility by affecting intellectual functioning.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.r.zinkstok@amc.uva.nl},
pages = {19},
volume = {3},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-12 13:30:54 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-12 13:30:54 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1744-9081-3-19},
pii = {1744-9081-3-19},
pmid = {17445278},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Zinkstok-2007-Behavioral%20and%20brain%20functions%20BBF_Association%20between.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2480},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kong:2004p4946,
author = {X Kong and K Murphy and T Raj and C He and P S White and T C Matise},
journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
title = {A combined linkage-physical map of the human genome},
abstract = {We have constructed de novo a high-resolution genetic map that includes the largest set, to our knowledge, of polymorphic markers (N=14,759) for which genotype data are publicly available; that combines genotype data from both the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) and deCODE pedigrees; that incorporates single-nucleotide polymorphisms; and that also incorporates sequence-based positional information. The position of all markers on our map is corroborated by both genomic sequence and recombination-based data. This specific combination of features maximizes marker inclusion, coverage, and resolution, making this map uniquely suitable as a comprehensive resource for determining genetic map information (order and distances) for any large set of polymorphic markers.},
affiliation = {Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08840, USA.},
number = {6},
pages = {1143--8},
volume = {75},
year = {2004},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Chromosome Mapping, Polymorphism: Genetic, Physical Chromosome Mapping, Databases: Genetic, Genetic Markers, Genome: Human},
date-added = {2010-02-03 21:00:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-03 21:00:10 +0100},
doi = {10.1086/426405},
pii = {S0002-9297(07)60083-4},
pmid = {15486828},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kong-2004-Am%20J%20Hum%20Genet_A%20combined%20linkage-p.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4946},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Fineberg:2010p9674,
author = {Naomi A Fineberg and Marc N Potenza and Samuel R Chamberlain and Heather A Berlin and Lara Menzies and Antoine Bechara and Barbara J Sahakian and Trevor W Robbins and Edward T Bullmore and Eric Hollander},
journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
title = {Probing compulsive and impulsive behaviors, from animal models to endophenotypes: a narrative review},
abstract = {Failures in cortical control of fronto-striatal neural circuits may underpin impulsive and compulsive acts. In this narrative review, we explore these behaviors from the perspective of neural processes and consider how these behaviors and neural processes contribute to mental disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and impulse-control disorders such as trichotillomania and pathological gambling. We present findings from a broad range of data, comprising translational and human endophenotypes research and clinical treatment trials, focussing on the parallel, functionally segregated, cortico-striatal neural projections, from orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to medial striatum (caudate nucleus), proposed to drive compulsive activity, and from the anterior cingulate/ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens shell), proposed to drive impulsive activity, and the interaction between them. We suggest that impulsivity and compulsivity each seem to be multidimensional. Impulsive or compulsive behaviors are mediated by overlapping as well as distinct neural substrates. Trichotillomania may stand apart as a disorder of motor-impulse control, whereas pathological gambling involves abnormal ventral reward circuitry that identifies it more closely with substance addiction. OCD shows motor impulsivity and compulsivity, probably mediated through disruption of OFC-caudate circuitry, as well as other frontal, cingulate, and parietal connections. Serotonin and dopamine interact across these circuits to modulate aspects of both impulsive and compulsive responding and as yet unidentified brain-based systems may also have important functions. Targeted application of neurocognitive tasks, receptor-specific neurochemical probes, and brain systems neuroimaging techniques have potential for future research in this field.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry, National OCDs Specialist Centre, Hertfordshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK. naomi.fineberg@btinternet.com},
number = {3},
pages = {591--604},
volume = {35},
year = {2010},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-03-25 15:07:25 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-25 15:07:25 +0100},
doi = {10.1038/npp.2009.185},
pii = {npp2009185},
pmid = {19940844},
URL = {http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v35/n3/abs/npp2009185a.html},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9674},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Pentz:1994p13802,
author = {M A Pentz and C P Chou},
journal = {Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology},
title = {Measurement invariance in longitudinal clinical research assuming change from development and intervention},
abstract = {Valid and reliable measures of psychological and behavioral constructs are critical to clinical research, particularly longitudinal treatment research, in which multiple groups are compared over time for possible changes within and between constructs as a result of intervention or development. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis is a class of statistical procedures that can be used to test multiple hypotheses about these relationships simultaneously while controlling for measurement error. The procedures have been applied primarily to testing between-construct relationships in nonexperimental studies, with relatively little emphasis on establishing whether measures are sufficiently invariant across groups and across time to permit these tests. This article uses an empirical example of a longitudinal experimental prevention study with two groups to illustrate the use of SEM, first, to systematically test measurement invariance across groups at each wave of measurement, and second, after establishing measurement invariance, to test structural invariance longitudinally.},
affiliation = {Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Alhambra 91803.},
number = {3},
pages = {450--62},
volume = {62},
year = {1994},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care), Female, Adolescent, Child, Substance-Related Disorders, Male, Health Education, Humans, Follow-Up Studies, Models: Statistical, Longitudinal Studies, Factor Analysis: Statistical},
date-added = {2010-07-29 12:18:02 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 12:18:02 +0200},
pmid = {8063972},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13802},
rating = {0}
}

@article{MacLeod:1986p8272,
author = {C MacLeod and A Mathews and P Tata},
journal = {J Abnorm Psychol},
title = {Attentional bias in emotional disorders},
note = {psytools},
number = {1},
pages = {15--20},
volume = {95},
year = {1986},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Affective Symptoms, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Arousal, Attention, Set (Psychology), Humans, Depressive Disorder},
date-added = {2010-03-20 20:03:00 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-20 20:03:15 +0100},
pmid = {3700842},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/MacLeod-1986-J%20Abnorm%20Psychol_Attentional%20bias%20in.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8272},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Saemundsen:2008p10979,
author = {Evald Saemundsen and Petur Ludvigsson and Vilhjalmur Rafnsson},
journal = {Epilepsia},
title = {Risk of autism spectrum disorders after infantile spasms: a population-based study nested in a cohort with seizures in the first year of life},
abstract = {PURPOSE: No population-based study has investigated the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in children after unprovoked seizures with onset in the first year of life. Our objective was to determine whether infantile spasms were related to risk of ASD as compared to unprovoked seizures with onset in the first year of life after adjusting for symptomatic origin of seizures. METHODS: This is a population-based case-control study nested in a cohort of children with unprovoked seizures in the first year of life. The cohort comprised 95 children, 34 boys and 61 girls. Cases were defined as children with ASD, controls were without ASD, and exposure was a history of infantile spasms. The Mantel-Haenszel test and logistic regression were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The crude OR for ASD associated with infantile spasms was 5.53 (95% CI 1.25-23.06). Stratification on age and gender did not change the OR. The OR for ASD associated with infantile spasms adjusted for symptomatic seizures was 1.55 (95% CI 0.33-7.37), while the OR for ASD associated with symptomatic seizures adjusted for infantile spasms was 8.73 (95% CI 1.88-40.54). Restriction to mental age 24 months or higher yielded higher ORs. DISCUSSION: Infantile spasms predicted high risk for ASD, but this was to a large extent explained by the association of ASD with symptomatic origin of seizures.},
affiliation = {State Diagnostic and Counseling Center, Division of Autism and Communication Disorders, Kopavogur, Iceland. evald@greining.is},
number = {11},
pages = {1865--70},
volume = {49},
year = {2008},
month = {Nov},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Spasms: Infantile, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Child, Male, Female, Autistic Disorder, Adolescent, Electroencephalography, Infant, Severity of Illness Index, Population Surveillance, Child: Preschool, Humans, Cohort Studies, Seizures, Risk Factors},
date-added = {2010-04-13 16:27:11 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-13 16:27:11 +0200},
doi = {10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01688.x},
pii = {EPI1688},
pmid = {18557779},
URL = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120120354/abstract},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Saemundsen-2008-Epilepsia_Risk%20of%20autism%20spect.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10979},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dixon:2007p2729,
author = {Anna L Dixon and Liming Liang and Miriam F Moffatt and Wei Chen and Simon Heath and Kenny C C Wong and Jenny Taylor and Edward Burnett and Ivo Gut and Martin Farrall and G Mark Lathrop and Gon{\c c}alo R Abecasis and William O C Cookson},
journal = {Nat Genet},
title = {A genome-wide association study of global gene expression},
abstract = {We have created a global map of the effects of polymorphism on gene expression in 400 children from families recruited through a proband with asthma. We genotyped 408,273 SNPs and identified expression quantitative trait loci from measurements of 54,675 transcripts representing 20,599 genes in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. We found that 15,084 transcripts (28%) representing 6,660 genes had narrow-sense heritabilities (H2) > 0.3. We executed genome-wide association scans for these traits and found peak lod scores between 3.68 and 59.1. The most highly heritable traits were markedly enriched in Gene Ontology descriptors for response to unfolded protein (chaperonins and heat shock proteins), regulation of progression through the cell cycle, RNA processing, DNA repair, immune responses and apoptosis. SNPs that regulate expression of these genes are candidates in the study of degenerative diseases, malignancy, infection and inflammation. We have created a downloadable database to facilitate use of our findings in the mapping of complex disease loci.},
affiliation = {National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.},
number = {10},
pages = {1202--7},
volume = {39},
year = {2007},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Family, Child, Quantitative Trait: Heritable, Genotype, Humans, Heat-Shock Proteins, Genome: Human, Gene Expression, Chaperonins},
date-added = {2010-01-13 14:20:01 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-13 14:20:01 +0100},
doi = {10.1038/ng2109},
pii = {ng2109},
pmid = {17873877},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2729},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Rockwood:1997,
author = {TH Rockwood and RL Sangster and DA Dillman},
journal = {Sociological Methods {\&} Research},
title = {The Effect of Response Categories on Questionnaire Answers},
abstract = {This article reports the effect that the ranges presented in answer categories for survey questions can have on respondent answers. Response categories were manipulated in a split-ballot survey conducted in both telephone and mail modes. These categories, presented in the separate ballots, overlapped in one category; the other categories were unique to each ballot. The experiment was conducted on four questions: two frequent and mundane and two rare and salient. It was found that the response categories significantly affected the response for frequent and mundane questions. One question demonstrated a significant difference in response between the mail and telephone modes. For this question, a response scale with a limited number of socially desirable alternatives resulted in a social desirability effect in the telephone mode. Alternatively, the telephone mode demonstrated an extremeness effect when the response scale comprised a greater number of socially desirable alternatives.},
number = {1},
pages = {118--140},
volume = {26},
year = {1997},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:50:37 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p990},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Jylha:2009p7292,
author = {Marja Jylh{\"a}},
journal = {Soc Sci Med},
title = {What is self-rated health and why does it predict mortality? Towards a unified conceptual model},
abstract = {The association of self-rated health with mortality is well established but poorly understood. This paper provides new insights into self-rated health that help integrate information from different disciplines, both social and biological, into one unified conceptual framework. It proposes, first, a model describing the health assessment process to show how self-rated health can reflect the states of the human body and mind. Here, an analytic distinction is made between the different types of information on which people base their health assessments and the contextual frameworks in which this information is evaluated and summarized. The model helps us understand why self-ratings of health may be modified by age or culture, but still be a valid measure of health status. Second, based on the proposed model, the paper examines the association of self-rated health with mortality. The key question is, what do people know and how do they know what they know that makes self-rated health such an inclusive and universal predictor of the most absolute biological event, death. The focus is on the social and biological pathways that mediate information from the human organism to individual consciousness, thus incorporating that information into self-ratings of health. A unique source of information is provided by the bodily sensations that are directly available only to the individual him- or herself. According to recent findings in human biology, these sensations may reflect important physiological dysregulations, such as inflammatory processes. Third, the paper discusses the advantages and limitations of self-rated health as a measure of health in research and clinical practice. Future research should investigate both the logics that govern people's reasoning about their health and the physiological processes that underlie bodily feelings and sensations. Self-rated health lies at the cross-roads of culture and biology, therefore a collaborative effort between different disciplines can only improve our understanding of this key measure of health status.},
affiliation = {School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Finland. marja.jylha@uta.fi},
number = {3},
pages = {307--16},
volume = {69},
year = {2009},
month = {Aug},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-03-10 20:19:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-10 20:19:17 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.013},
pii = {S0277-9536(09)00292-5},
pmid = {19520474},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Jylh%C3%A4-2009-Soc%20Sci%20Med_What%20is%20self-rated%20h.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7292},
rating = {0}
}

@article{New:2006p4636,
author = {Boris New and Ludovic Ferrand and Christophe Pallier and Marc Brysbaert},
journal = {Psychon Bull Rev},
title = {Reexamining the word length effect in visual word recognition: new evidence from the English Lexicon Project},
abstract = {In the present study, we reexamined the effect of word length (number of letters in a word) on lexical decision. Using the English Lexicon Project, which is based on a large data set of over 40,481 words (Balota et al., 2002), we performed simultaneous multiple regression analyses on a selection of 33,006 English words (ranging from 3 to 13 letters in length). Our analyses revealed an unexpected pattern of results taking the form of a U-shaped curve. The effect of number of letters was facilitatory for words of 3-5 letters, null for words of 5-8 letters, and inhibitory for words of 8-13 letters. We also showed that printed frequency, number of syllables, and number of orthographic neighbors all made independent contributions. The length effects were replicated in a new analysis of a subset of 3,833 monomorphemic nouns (ranging from 3 to 10 letters), and also in another analysis based on 12,987 bisyllabic items (ranging from 3 to 9 letters). These effects were independent of printed frequency, number of syllables, and number of orthographic neighbors. Furthermore, we also observed robust linear inhibitory effects of number of syllables. Implications for models of visual word recognition are discussed.},
affiliation = {Laboratoire de Psychologie Exp{\'e}rimentale, CNRS et Universit{\'e} Ren{\'e} Descartes-Paris 5, 71 Avenue Edouard Vaillant, 92774 Boulogne-Billancourt, France. boris.new@univ-paris5.fr},
number = {1},
pages = {45--52},
volume = {13},
year = {2006},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Reaction Time, Phonetics, Semantics, Psycholinguistics, Mental Recall, Verbal Learning, Reading, Phonation, Decision Making, Humans, Attention, Regression Analysis},
date-added = {2010-01-30 15:37:42 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:47:36 +0200},
pmid = {16724767},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/New-2006-Psychon%20Bull%20Rev_Reexamining%20the%20word.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4636},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Brown:2007p12003,
author = {G T L Brown},
journal = {Practical Assessment Research {\&} Evaluation},
title = {An Introduction To Multi-Battery Factor Analysis: Overcoming Method Artefacts},
abstract = {Examination of participants' responses to factor or scale scores provides useful insights, but analysis of such scores from multiple measures or batteries is sometimes confounded by methodological artefacts. This paper provides a short primer into the use of multi-trait, multi-method (MTMM) correlational analysis and multi-battery factor analysis (MBFA). The principles of both procedures are outlined and a case study is provided from the author's research into 233 teachers' responses to 22 scale scores drawn from five batteries. The batteries were independently developed measures of teachers' thinking about the nature and purpose of assessment, teaching, learning, curriculum, and teacher efficacy. Detailed procedures for using Cudeck's (1982) MBFACT software are provided. Both MTMM and MBFA analyses identified an appropriate common trait across the five batteries, whereas joint factor analysis of the 22 scale scores confounded the common trait with a battery or method artefact. When researchers make use of multiple measures, they ought to take into account the impact of method artefacts when analyzing scale scores from multiple batteries. The multi-battery factor analysis procedure and MBFACT software provide a robust procedure for exploring how scales inter-relate.},
number = {7},
volume = {12},
year = {2007},
date-added = {2010-05-23 17:28:31 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:44:42 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Brown-2007-Practical%20Assessment%20Research%20%20&%20Evaluation_An%20Introduction%20To%20M.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12003},
rating = {0}
}

@misc{Junker:2000b,
author = {B Junker and K Sijtsma},
journal = {Miscellaneous},
title = {Cognitive Assessment Models with Few Assumptions, and Connections with Nonparametric IRT},
year = {2000},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Junker-2000-Miscellaneous_Cognitive%20Assessment.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2037},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Hesse:2008p2627,
author = {Morten Hesse and Birgitte Thylstrup},
journal = {BMC Psychiatry},
title = {Inter-rater agreement of comorbid DSM-IV personality disorders in substance abusers},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Little is known about the inter-rater agreement of personality disorders in clinical settings. METHODS: Clinicians rated 75 patients with substance use disorders on the DSM-IV criteria of personality disorders in random order, and on rating scales representing the severity of each. RESULTS: Convergent validity agreement was moderate (range for r = 0.55, 0.67) for cluster B disorders rated with DSM-IV criteria, and discriminant validity was moderate for eight of the ten personality disorders. Convergent validity of the rating scales was only moderate for antisocial and narcissistic personality disorder. DISCUSSION: Dimensional ratings may be used in research studies and clinical practice with some caution, and may be collected as one of several sources of information to describe the personality of a patient.},
affiliation = {Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, University of Aarhus, K{\o}bmagergade 26E, 1150 Copenhagen C, Denmark. mh@crf.au.dk},
pages = {37},
volume = {8},
year = {2008},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Personality Disorders, Observer Variation, Discriminant Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Humans},
date-added = {2010-01-12 22:44:06 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-12 22:44:07 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1471-244X-8-37},
pii = {1471-244X-8-37},
pmid = {18485229},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Hesse-2008-BMC%20Psychiatry_Inter-rater%20agreemen.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2627},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Baare:2001p5053,
author = {W F Baar{\'e} and H E Hulshoff Pol and Dorret I Boomsma and D Posthuma and E J de Geus and H G Schnack and N E van Haren and C J van Oel and R S Kahn},
journal = {Cereb Cortex},
title = {Quantitative genetic modeling of variation in human brain morphology},
abstract = {The degree to which individual variation in brain structure in humans is genetically or environmentally determined is as yet not well understood. We studied the brains of 54 monozygotic (33 male, 21 female) and 58 dizygotic (17 male, 20 female, 21 opposite sex) pairs of twins and 34 of their full siblings (19 male, 15 female) by means of high resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans. Structural equation modeling was used to quantify the genetic and environmental contributions to phenotypic (co)variance in whole brain, gray and white matter volume of the cerebrum, lateral ventricle volume and associated variables such as intracranial volume and height. Because the cerebral cortex makes up more that two-thirds of the brain mass and almost three-quarters of its synapses, our data predominantly concerns the telencephalon. Genetic factors accounted for most of the individual differences in whole brain (90%), gray (82%) and white (88%) matter volume. Individual differences in lateral ventricle volume were best explained by a model containing common (58%) and unique (42%) environmental factors, indicating genes to be of no or minor influence. In our sample, genetic or environmental influences were not different for males and females. The same genes influenced brain volumes and intracranial volume and almost completely explained their high phenotypic correlation. Genes influencing gray and white matter overlapped to a large extent and completely determined their phenotypic correlation. The high heritability estimates that were found indicate that brain volumes may be useful as intermediate phenotypes in behavioral genetic research.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.},
number = {9},
pages = {816--24},
volume = {11},
year = {2001},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Male, Nuclear Family, Middle Aged, Female, Twins: Monozygotic, Humans, Twins: Dizygotic, Genetic Variation, Brain, Multivariate Analysis, Environment, Linear Models, Models: Genetic, Chi-Square Distribution, Lateral Ventricles, Adult, Confidence Intervals, Phenotype},
date-added = {2010-02-05 20:02:43 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:25:51 +0200},
pmid = {11532887},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Baar%C3%A9-2001-Cereb%20Cortex_Quantitative%20genetic.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5053},
read = {Yes},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Efird:2008p9962,
author = {Jimmy Thomas Efird and Susan Searles Nielsen},
journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},
title = {A method to model season of birth as a surrogate environmental risk factor for disease},
abstract = {Environmental exposures, including some that vary seasonally, may play a role in the development of many types of childhood diseases such as cancer. Those observed in children are unique in that the relevant period of exposure is inherently limited or perhaps even specific to a very short window during prenatal development or early infancy. As such, researchers have investigated whether specific childhood cancers are associated with season of birth. Typically a basic method for analysis has been used, for example categorization of births into one of four seasons, followed by simple comparisons between categories such as via logistic regression, to obtain odds ratios (ORs), confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values. In this paper we present an alternative method, based upon an iterative trigonometric logistic regression model used to analyze the cyclic nature of birth dates related to disease occurrence. Disease birth-date results are presented using a sinusoidal graph with a peak date of relative risk and a single p-value that tests whether an overall seasonal association is present. An OR and CI comparing children born in the 3-month period around the peak to the symmetrically opposite 3-month period also can be obtained. Advantages of this derivative-free method include ease of use, increased statistical power to detect associations, and the ability to avoid potentially arbitrary, subjective demarcation of seasons.},
affiliation = {Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, 651 Ilalo Street, Biosciences Bldg. 320-B, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. jimmy.efird@stanfordalumni.org},
number = {1},
pages = {49--53},
volume = {5},
year = {2008},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Parturition, Logistic Models, Neoplasms, Environmental Exposure, Models: Biological, Environmental Pollutants, Child, Seasons, Humans, Odds Ratio, Risk Factors},
date-added = {2010-03-31 19:43:10 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-03-31 19:43:15 +0200},
pmid = {18441405},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Efird-2008-Int%20J%20Environ%20Res%20Public%20Health_A%20method%20to%20model%20se.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9962},
rating = {5}
}

@article{Janes:2009p5178,
author = {Holly Janes and Gary Longton and Margaret Pepe},
journal = {The Stata Joumal},
title = {Accommodating Covariates in ROC Analysis},
abstract = {Classification accuracy is the ability of a marker or diagnostic test to discriminate between two groups of individuals, cases and controls, and is commonly summarized using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In studies of classification accuracy, there are often covariates that should be incorporated into the ROC analysis. We describe three different ways of using covariate information. For factors that affect marker observations among controls, we present a method for covariate adjustment. For factors that affect discrimination (i.e. the ROC curve), we describe methods for modelling the ROC curve as a function of covariates. Finally, for factors that contribute to discrimination, we propose combining the marker and covariate information, and ask how much discriminatory accuracy improves with the addition of the marker to the covariates (incremental value). These methods follow naturally when representing the ROC curve as a summary of the distribution of case marker observations, standardized with respect to the control distribution.},
affiliation = {Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.},
number = {1},
pages = {17--39},
volume = {9},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-02-08 19:25:43 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:53:39 +0200},
pmid = {20046933},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Janes-2009-The%20Stata%20Joumal_Accommodating%20Covari.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5178},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Handcock:2008p14039,
author = {Mark S Handcock and David R Hunter and Carter T Butts and Steven M Goodreau and Martina Morris},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
title = {statnet: Software Tools for the Representation, Visualization, Analysis and Simulation of Network Data},
abstract = {statnet is a suite of software packages for statistical network analysis. The packages implement recent advances in network modeling based on exponential-family random graph models (ERGM). The components of the package provide a comprehensive framework for ERGM-based network modeling, including tools for model estimation, model evaluation, model-based network simulation, and network visualization. This broad functionality is powered by a central Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. The coding is optimized for speed and robustness.},
affiliation = {University of Washington.},
number = {1},
pages = {1548--7660},
volume = {24},
year = {2008},
month = {Jan},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-08-10 12:35:13 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-08-10 12:35:14 +0200},
pmid = {18618019},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Handcock-2008-Journal%20of%20Statistical%20Software_statnet%20Software%20To.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p14039},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Ling:2010p2442,
author = {J Ling},
title = {VizML -- A Markup Language for Scientific Visualisation},
abstract = {As technology advances significantly, scientific data is getting more complex and larger for human brain to process. Visualisation transfers the scientific data into images and increases the efficiency of presenting large and complex data. Currently many different visualisation tools are used in different areas; most of them define their own input data types. As a result it brings the difficulty for exchanging the visualisation results when users are working on different visualisation tools. So the aim of this project is to provide a common data type which supported by most of visualisation tools, and also define An XML-Based Markup language, VizML, to store the common data type and exchange the visualisation results regardless to tools. As most visualisations commonly use a three-layer structure, domain, field and icon, so the same structure is applied to VizML design. Four types of icons (iso-surface, colour map, unsigned vector and streamline) are implemented by using the three-layer. An existing parser is used to retrieve the information and construct a tree structure. By using the tree structure, a C++ file is generated and it uses VTK as library to create visualisation.
VizML can successfully encode the scientific data and transfer the visualisation result between different visualisation tools. It is easy to construct as an application is developed for assistance. And it also has high efficiency of parsing and constructing visualisation.},
date-added = {2010-01-11 23:52:08 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-11 23:52:42 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Ling--_VizML%20%E2%80%93%20A%20Markup%20Lan.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2442},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Guttman:1988p7067,
author = {L Guttman},
journal = {Psychometrika},
title = {ETA, DISCO, ODISCO, AND F},
number = {3},
pages = {393--405},
volume = {53},
year = {1988},
date-added = {2010-03-06 20:10:51 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-06 20:11:23 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Guttman-1988-Psychometrika_ETA%20DISCO%20ODISCO.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7067},
rating = {0}
}

@misc{Junker:2000,
author = {Brian W Junker},
journal = {Miscellaneous},
title = {Monotonicity and conditional independence in models for student assessment and attitude measurement},
year = {2000},
month = {Dec},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:24 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Junker-2000-Miscellaneous_Monotonicity%20and%20con.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1997},
rating = {0}
}

@article{KimCohen:2005p9061,
author = {Julia Kim-Cohen and Terrie E Moffitt and Alan Taylor and Susan J Pawlby and Avshalom Caspi},
journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
title = {Maternal depression and children's antisocial behavior: nature and nurture effects},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Children of depressed mothers have elevated conduct problems, presumably because maternal depression disrupts the caregiving environment. Alternatively, the association between maternal depression and children's antisocial behavior (ASB) may come about because (1) depressed women are likely to have comorbid antisocial personality traits, (2) depressed women are likely to mate and bear children with antisocial men, or (3) children of depressed mothers inherit a genetic liability for psychopathology. METHOD: We used data from the E-Risk Study, a representative British cohort of 1116 twin pairs assessed at 5 and 7 years of age. We tested for environmental mediation of the association between maternal depression during the children's first 5 years of life and children's ASB at age 7 years, free from familial liability for ASB. RESULTS: Maternal depression occurring after, but not before, the twins' birth was associated with child ASB and showed a significant dose-response relationship with child ASB at 7 years of age. Parental history of ASPD symptoms accounted for approximately one third of the observed association between maternal depression and children's ASB, but maternal depression continued to significantly predict children's ASB. Intraindividual change analyses indicated that children exposed to their mother's depression between ages 5 and 7 years showed a subsequent increase in ASB by age 7 years. The combination of depression and ASPD symptoms in mothers posed the greatest risk for children's ASB. CONCLUSIONS: Studies ignoring genetic transmission overestimate social transmission effects because both genetic and environmental processes are involved in creating risk for ASB in children of depressed mothers. Interventions for depressed mothers aiming to reduce conduct problems in their children should address parents' antisocial personality, as well as mothers' depression.},
affiliation = {Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, England. julia.kim@iop.kcl.ac.uk},
number = {2},
pages = {173--81},
volume = {62},
year = {2005},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Child of Impaired Parents, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Social Environment, Adult, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Family Health, Humans},
date-added = {2010-03-22 13:19:12 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 13:19:12 +0100},
doi = {10.1001/archpsyc.62.2.173},
pii = {62/2/173},
pmid = {15699294},
URL = {http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/62/2/173},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kim-Cohen-2005-Arch%20Gen%20Psychiatry_Maternal%20depression.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9061},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Ojala:2010p14022,
author = {M Ojala and G C Garriga},
journal = {Journal of Machine Learning},
title = {Permutation Tests for Studying Classifier Performance},
abstract = {We explore the framework of permutation-based p-values for assessing the performance of classi- fiers. In this paper we study two simple permutation tests. The first test assess whether the classifier has found a real class structure in the data; the corresponding null distribution is estimated by per- muting the labels in the data. This test has been used extensively in classification problems in computational biology. The second test studies whether the classifier is exploiting the dependency between the features in classification; the corresponding null distribution is estimated by permut- ing the features within classes, inspired by restricted randomization techniques traditionally used in statistics. This new test can serve to identify descriptive features which can be valuable infor- mation in improving the classifier performance. We study the properties of these tests and present an extensive empirical evaluation on real and synthetic data. Our analysis shows that studying the classifier performance via permutation tests is effective. In particular, the restricted permutation test clearly reveals whether the classifier exploits the interdependency between the features in the data.},
pages = {1833--1863},
volume = {11},
year = {2010},
date-added = {2010-08-09 09:59:27 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-08-09 10:00:20 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Ojala-2010-Journal%20of%20Machine%20Learning_Permutation%20Tests%20fo.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p14022},
rating = {0}
}

@book{Schuman:1981,
author = {H Schuman and S Presser},
journal = {Book},
title = {Questions and answers in attitude surveys: Experiments on question form, wording, and context},
year = {1981},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:21:41 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p933},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Rouder:2009p7084,
author = {Jeffrey N Rouder and Paul L Speckman and Dongchu Sun and Richard D Morey and Geoffrey Iverson},
journal = {Psychon Bull Rev},
title = {Bayesian t tests for accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis},
abstract = {Progress in science often comes from discovering invariances in relationships among variables; these invariances often correspond to null hypotheses. As is commonly known, it is not possible to state evidence for the null hypothesis in conventional significance testing. Here we highlight a Bayes factor alternative to the conventional t test that will allow researchers to express preference for either the null hypothesis or the alternative. The Bayes factor has a natural and straightforward interpretation, is based on reasonable assumptions, and has better properties than other methods of inference that have been advocated in the psychological literature. To facilitate use of the Bayes factor, we provide an easy-to-use, Web-based program that performs the necessary calculations.},
affiliation = {University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. rouderj@missouri.edu},
number = {2},
pages = {225--37},
volume = {16},
year = {2009},
month = {Apr},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Likelihood Functions, Humans, Psychology: Experimental, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Software, Analysis of Variance, Bayes Theorem, Mathematical Computing, Probability},
date-added = {2010-03-06 20:30:00 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-08-22 20:51:47 +0200},
doi = {10.3758/PBR.16.2.225},
pii = {16/2/225},
pmid = {19293088},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Rouder-2009-Psychon%20Bull%20Rev_Bayesian%20t%20tests%20for.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7084},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Freund:1999p13475,
author = {Y Freund and R E Schapire},
journal = {Journal of Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence},
title = {A Short Introduction to Boosting},
abstract = {Boosting is a general method for improving the accuracy of any given learning algorithm. This short overview paper introduces the boosting algorithm AdaBoost, and explains the un- derlying theory of boosting, including an explanation of why boosting often does not suffer from overfitting as well as boosting's relationship to support-vector machines. Some examples of recent applications of boosting are also described.},
number = {5},
pages = {771--780},
volume = {14},
year = {1999},
date-added = {2010-07-01 20:37:19 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-01 20:38:11 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Freund-1999-Journal%20of%20Japanese%20Society%20for%20Artificial%20Intelligence_A%20Short%20Introduction.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13475},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Mair:2010p4019,
author = {P Mair and Jan de Leeuw},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
title = {A General Framework for Multivariate Analysis with Optimal Scaling: The R Package aspect},
abstract = {In a series of papers de Leeuw developed a general framework for multivariate analy- sis with optimal scaling. The basic idea of optimal scaling is to transform the observed variables (categories) in terms of quantifications. In the approach presented here the multivariate data are collected into a multivariable. An aspect of a multivariable is a function that is used to measure how well the multivariable satisfies some criterion. Ba- sically we can think of two different families of aspects which unify many well-known multivariate methods: Correlational aspects based on sums of correlations, eigenvalues and determinants which unify multiple regression, path analysis, correspondence analysis, nonlinear PCA, etc. Non-correlational aspects which linearize bivariate regressions and can be used for SEM preprocessing with categorical data. Additionally, other aspects can be established that do not correspond to classical techniques at all. By means of the R package aspect we provide a unified majorization-based implementation of this methodol- ogy. Using various data examples we will show the flexibility of this approach and how the optimally scaled results can be represented using graphical tools provided by the package.},
number = {9},
volume = {32},
year = {2010},
keywords = {R, bilinearizability, aspect, lineals, optimal scaling},
date-added = {2010-01-18 15:39:47 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:45:39 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Mair-2010-Journal%20of%20Statistical%20Software_A%20General%20Framework.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4019},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Weinger:2005,
author = {Katie Weinger and Heather A Butler and Garry W Welch and Annette M La Greca},
journal = {Diabetes Care},
title = {Measuring diabetes self-care: a psychometric analysis of the Self-Care Inventory-Revised with adults.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine psychometric properties of the Self-Care Inventory-revised (SCI-R), a self-report measure of perceived adherence to diabetes self-care recommendations, among adults with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used three data sets of adult type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients to examine psychometric properties of the SCI-R. Principal component and factor analyses examined whether a general factor or common factors were present. Associations with measures of theoretically related concepts were examined to assess SCI-R concurrent and convergent validity. Internal reliability coefficients were calculated. Responsiveness was assessed using paired t tests, effect size, and Guyatt's statistic for type 1 patients who completed psychoeducation. RESULTS: Principal component and factor analyses identified a general factor but no consistent common factors. Internal consistency of the SCI-R was alpha = 0.87. Correlation with a measure of frequency of diabetes self-care behaviors was r = 0.63, providing evidence for SCI-R concurrent validity. The SCI-R correlated with diabetes-related distress (r = -0.36), self-esteem (r = 0.25), self-efficacy (r = 0.47), depression (r = -0.22), anxiety (r = -0.24), and HbA(1c) (r = -0.37), supporting construct validity. Responsiveness analyses showed SCI-R scores improved with diabetes psychoeducation with a medium effect size of 0.62 and a Guyatt's statistic of 0.85. CONCLUSIONS: The SCI-R is a brief, psychometrically sound measure of perceptions of adherence to recommended diabetes self-care behaviors of adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.},
affiliation = {EdD, Section on Behavior and Mental Health Research, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02115. katie.weinger@joslin.harvard.edu},
number = {6},
pages = {1346--1352},
volume = {28},
year = {2005},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:21 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:38:22 +0100},
pii = {28/6/1346},
pmid = {15920050},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1164},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Ising:2009p817,
author = {Marcus Ising and Susanne Lucae and Elisabeth B Binder and Thomas Bettecken and Manfred Uhr and Stephan Ripke and Martin A Kohli and Johannes M Hennings and Sonja Horstmann and Stefan Kloiber and Andreas Menke and Brigitta Bondy and Rainer Rupprecht and Katharina Domschke and Bernhard T Baune and Volker Arolt and A John Rush and Florian Holsboer and Bertram M{\"u}ller-Myhsok},
journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
title = {A genomewide association study points to multiple loci that predict antidepressant drug treatment outcome in depression},
abstract = {CONTEXT: The efficacy of antidepressant drug treatment in depression is unsatisfactory; 1 in 3 patients does not fully recover even after several treatment trials. Genetic factors and clinical characteristics contribute to the failure of a favorable treatment outcome. OBJECTIVE: To identify genetic and clinical determinants of antidepressant drug treatment outcome in depression. DESIGN: Genomewide pharmacogenetic association study with 2 independent replication samples. SETTING: We performed a genomewide association study in patients from the Munich Antidepressant Response Signature (MARS) project and in pooled DNA from an independent German replication sample. A set of 328 single-nucleotide polymorphisms highly related to outcome in both genomewide association studies was genotyped in a sample of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 339 inpatients with a depressive episode (MARS sample), a further 361 inpatients with depression (German replication sample), and 832 outpatients with major depression (STAR*D sample). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We generated a multilocus genetic variable that described the individual number of alleles of the selected single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with beneficial treatment outcome in the MARS sample ("response" alleles) to evaluate additive genetic effects on antidepressant drug treatment outcome. RESULTS: Multilocus analysis revealed a significant contribution of a binary variable that categorized patients as carriers of a high vs low number of response alleles in the prediction of antidepressant drug treatment outcome in both samples (MARS and STAR*D). In addition, we observed that patients with a comorbid anxiety disorder combined with a low number of response alleles showed the least favorable outcome. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate the importance of multiple genetic factors combined with clinical features in the prediction of antidepressant drug treatment outcome, which underscores the multifactorial nature of this trait.},
affiliation = {Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany.},
number = {9},
pages = {966--75},
volume = {66},
year = {2009},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Genotype, Treatment Outcome, Genome-Wide Association Study, Pharmacogenetics, Depressive Disorder: Major, Hospitalization, Genetic Markers, Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Female, Germany, Humans, Middle Aged, Depressive Disorder, Chromosome Mapping, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Male},
date-added = {2010-01-03 17:26:01 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 17:26:01 +0100},
doi = {10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.95},
pii = {66/9/966},
pmid = {19736353},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p817},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kang:2007p13618,
author = {T Kang and T T Chen},
journal = {ACT},
title = {An investigation of the performance of the genralized S-X2 item-fit index for polytomous IRT models},
abstract = {Orlando and Thissen (2000, 2003) proposed an item-fit index, S-X2, for dichotomous item response theory (IRT) models, which has performed better than traditional item-fit statistics such as Yen's (1981) Q1 and McKinley and Mill's (1985) G2.	This study extends the utility of S-X2 to polytomous IRT models, including the generalized partial credit model (GPCM: Muraki, 1992), partial credit model (PCM: Masters, 1982), and rating scale model (RSM: Andrich, 1978).	The performance of the generalized S-X2 in assessing item-model fit was studied in terms of empirical Type I error rates and power as compared to results obtained for G2 provided by the computer program PARSCALE (Muraki {\&} Bock, 1997). The results show that the generalized S-X2 is a promising item-fit index for polytomous items in educational and psychological testing programs.},
year = {2007},
date-added = {2010-07-07 21:18:53 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-07 21:19:54 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kang-2007-ACT_An%20investigation%20of.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13618},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Pouchot:2008p7367,
author = {Jacques Pouchot and Raheem B Kherani and Rollin Brant and Diane Lacaille and Allen J Lehman and Stephanie Ensworth and Jacek Kopec and John M Esdaile and Matthew H Liang},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
title = {Determination of the minimal clinically important difference for seven fatigue measures in rheumatoid arthritis},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To estimate the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of seven measures of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study design based on interindividual comparisons was used. Six to eight subjects participated in a single meeting and completed seven fatigue questionnaires (nine sessions were organized and 61 subjects participated). After completion of the questionnaires, the subjects had five one-on-one 10-minute conversations with different people in the group to discuss their fatigue. After each conversation, each patient compared their fatigue to their conversational partners on a global rating. Ratings were compared to the scores of the fatigue measures to estimate the MCID. Both nonparametric and linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Nonparametric estimates for the MCID relative to "little more fatigue" tended to be smaller than those for "little less fatigue." The global MCIDs estimated by linear regression were: Fatigue Severity Scale, 20.2; Vitality scale of the MOS-SF36, 14.8; Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue, 18.7; Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, 16.6; Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue, 15.9; Chalder Fatigue Scale, 9.9; 10-point numerical Rating Scale, 19.7, for normalized scores (0-100). The standardized MCIDs for the seven measures were roughly similar (0.67-0.76). CONCLUSION: These estimates of MCID will help to interpret changes observed in a fatigue score and will be critical in estimating sample size requirements.},
affiliation = {Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Division of Rheumatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. jacques.pouchot@egp.aphp.fr},
number = {7},
pages = {705--13},
volume = {61},
year = {2008},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Arthritis: Rheumatoid, Male, Psychometrics, Fatigue, Sickness Impact Profile, Linear Models, Middle Aged, Female, Aged, Disability Evaluation},
date-added = {2010-03-10 20:31:49 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-10 20:31:50 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.08.016},
pii = {S0895-4356(07)00357-5},
pmid = {18359189},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Pouchot-2008-Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Epidemiology_Determination%20of%20the.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7367},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Medland:2009p2297,
author = {Sarah E Medland and David L Duffy and Margaret J Wright and Gina M Geffen and David A Hay and Florence Levy and Catherina E M van-Beijsterveldt and Gonneke Willemsen and Grant C Townsend and Vicki White and Alex W Hewitt and David A Mackey and J Michael Bailey and Wendy S Slutske and Dale R Nyholt and Susan A Treloar and Nicholas G Martin and Dorret I Boomsma},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
title = {Genetic influences on handedness: data from 25,732 Australian and Dutch twin families},
abstract = {Handedness refers to a consistent asymmetry in skill or preferential use between the hands and is related to lateralization within the brain of other functions such as language. Previous twin studies of handedness have yielded inconsistent results resulting from a general lack of statistical power to find significant effects. Here we present analyses from a large international collaborative study of handedness (assessed by writing/drawing or self report) in Australian and Dutch twins and their siblings (54,270 individuals from 25,732 families). Maximum likelihood analyses incorporating the effects of known covariates (sex, year of birth and birth weight) revealed no evidence of hormonal transfer, mirror imaging or twin specific effects. There were also no differences in prevalence between zygosity groups or between twins and their singleton siblings. Consistent with previous meta-analyses, additive genetic effects accounted for about a quarter (23.64%) of the variance (95%CI 20.17, 27.09%) with the remainder accounted for by non-shared environmental influences. The implications of these findings for handedness both as a primary phenotype and as a covariate in linkage and association analyses are discussed.},
affiliation = {Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australia. sarahMe@qimr.edu.au},
number = {2},
pages = {330--7},
volume = {47},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Twins: Monozygotic, Adolescent, Birth Weight, Aged, Algorithms, Models: Statistical, Child, Functional Laterality, Male, Adult, Twins, Reproducibility of Results, Humans, Aged: 80 and over, Female, Australia, Cohort Studies, Twins: Dizygotic, Netherlands, Middle Aged},
date-added = {2010-01-10 12:11:43 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 12:11:44 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.09.005},
pii = {S0028-3932(08)00372-2},
pmid = {18824185},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Medland-2009-Neuropsychologia_Genetic%20influences%20o.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2297},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Goldenberg:1996p7945,
author = {R L Goldenberg and M B DuBard and S P Cliver and K G Nelson and K Blankson and S L Ramey and A Herman},
journal = {Am J Obstet Gynecol},
title = {Pregnancy outcome and intelligence at age five years},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the influence of being small for gestational age at term and being preterm < 34 weeks on cognitive functioning at age 5 years. STUDY DESIGN: Five hundred forty-six children of black low-income mothers, nearly all at risk for being small for gestational age, followed up prenatally with early ultrasonographic gestational age dating, were classified as either term appropriate for gestational age, term small for gestational age, or preterm at < 34 weeks. At a mean of 5.5 +/- 0.5 years, a Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised intelligence quotient test was administered. An intelligence quotient < 70 was used to define mental retardation. Univariate and multivariate analyses adjusted for maternal age, smoking, education and language skills, home environment, and child gender and preschool attendance were performed. RESULTS: Term small-for-gestational-age and preterm infants at < 34 weeks had 4 and 6 point intelligence quotient reductions compared with term appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. In the regression analyses these differences in intelligence quotient remained significant after confounders were adjusted. High maternal receptive language level (8 points), a positive home environment (5 points), and attendance at preschool (5 points) were each significantly associated with an increase in intelligence quotient. CONCLUSION: Both term small-for-gestational-age infants and those born at < 34 weeks had a significantly lower mean intelligence quotient, and small-for-gestational-age infants had an increased risk of mental retardation at age 5 years. Higher maternal language skills, a positive home environment, and attendance at preschool each were associated with an increase in the mean intelligence quotient of 5 to 7 points.},
affiliation = {Center for Obstetric Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.},
number = {6},
pages = {1511--5},
volume = {175},
year = {1996},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Child Development, Infant: Small for Gestational Age, Intelligence, Mental Retardation, Adult, Infant: Newborn, Incidence, Reference Values, Humans, Male, Child: Preschool, Infant: Premature, Female},
date-added = {2010-03-20 19:27:55 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-20 19:27:56 +0100},
pii = {S0002-9378(96)70099-6},
pmid = {8987934},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7945},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Marshall:2005p12531,
author = {Roger J Marshall},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
title = {Scaled rectangle diagrams can be used to visualize clinical and epidemiological data},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To illustrate scaled rectangle diagrams as a method for displaying clinical and epidemiological attributes (such as symptoms, signs, results of marker tests, disease, or risk factors). These are quantitative Venn diagrams, but using rectangles instead of circles. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The method is illustrated through examples from various data sets with different types of clinical information. RESULTS: Examples drawing on studies of lung disease, rheumatic fever, blood pressure, lipid levels, sudden infant death syndrome, and low birth weight illustrate the different types of relationships between variables that the scaled rectangle approach can reveal (e.g., high- and low-risk groups; dependent, independent, or co-occurring attributes; effects from choice of cutoff; cumulative distributions; and case-control attributes). CONCLUSION: Scaled rectangle diagrams are a novel way to display clinical data. They show clearly the relative frequency of clinical attributes and the extent to which they are shared characteristics. Features are revealed that might otherwise not have been appreciated.},
affiliation = {Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand. rj.marshall@auckland.ac.nz},
number = {10},
pages = {974--81},
volume = {58},
year = {2005},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Rheumatic Fever, Sudden Infant Death, Infant, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Humans, Medical Illustration, Epidemiologic Methods, Lung Diseases, Hypertension, Lipids, Case-Control Studies},
date-added = {2010-06-15 17:42:36 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-15 17:42:36 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.01.018},
pii = {S0895-4356(05)00145-9},
pmid = {16168342},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12531},
rating = {0}
}

@article{McVean:2009p909,
author = {Gil McVean},
journal = {PLoS Genet},
title = {A genealogical interpretation of principal components analysis},
abstract = {Principal components analysis, PCA, is a statistical method commonly used in population genetics to identify structure in the distribution of genetic variation across geographical location and ethnic background. However, while the method is often used to inform about historical demographic processes, little is known about the relationship between fundamental demographic parameters and the projection of samples onto the primary axes. Here I show that for SNP data the projection of samples onto the principal components can be obtained directly from considering the average coalescent times between pairs of haploid genomes. The result provides a framework for interpreting PCA projections in terms of underlying processes, including migration, geographical isolation, and admixture. I also demonstrate a link between PCA and Wright's f(st) and show that SNP ascertainment has a largely simple and predictable effect on the projection of samples. Using examples from human genetics, I discuss the application of these results to empirical data and the implications for inference.},
affiliation = {Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. mcvean@stats.ox.ac.uk},
number = {10},
pages = {e1000686},
volume = {5},
year = {2009},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Genealogy and Heraldry, Principal Component Analysis, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Genetics: Population},
date-added = {2010-01-03 18:50:25 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 18:50:25 +0100},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1000686},
pmid = {19834557},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/McVean-2009-PLoS%20Genet_A%20genealogical%20inter.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p909},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Grabe:1999p11411,
author = {H J Grabe and C Spitzer and H Juergen Freyberger},
journal = {Am J Psychiatry},
title = {Relationship of dissociation to temperament and character in men and women},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study approaches the question of nature and nurture of dissociative phenomena. Within Cloninger's concept of personality, character traits are thought to develop in response to environmental stimuli and conditions during childhood and adolescence, whereas temperament traits are considered to be genetically predisposed. The hypothesis is tested that dissociative symptoms are associated with distinct character traits but not with temperament dimensions. METHOD: Psychiatric patients (N = 191) and healthy subjects (N = 41) were evaluated for dissociative symptoms (Dissociative Experience Scale), temperament and character (Temperament and Character Inventory), and current psychopathology (SCL-90-R). Regression analyses for women and men were calculated separately. RESULTS: For both genders, the character traits of self-transcendence and self-directedness were significant and independent predictors for dissociation. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that dissociative symptoms are caused by environmental factors and point against a genetic predisposition in the development of dissociative symptoms.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Klinikum der Hansestadt Stralsund, Germany.},
number = {11},
pages = {1811--3},
volume = {156},
year = {1999},
month = {Nov},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Child, Adolescent, Male, Dissociative Disorders, Sex Factors, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Mental Disorders, Regression Analysis, Life Change Events, Female, Character, Stress Disorders: Post-Traumatic, Temperament, Adult, Child Development, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Models: Psychological, Personality Inventory},
date-added = {2010-05-01 16:35:42 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:51:28 +0200},
pmid = {10553748},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11411},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Forbes:2009p9098,
author = {E E Forbes and S M Brown and M Kimak and R E Ferrell and S B Manuck and A R Hariri},
journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
title = {Genetic variation in components of dopamine neurotransmission impacts ventral striatal reactivity associated with impulsivity},
abstract = {Individual differences in traits such as impulsivity involve high reward sensitivity and are associated with risk for substance use disorders. The ventral striatum (VS) has been widely implicated in reward processing, and individual differences in its function are linked to these disorders. Dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in reward processing and is a potent neuromodulator of VS reactivity. Moreover, altered DA signaling has been associated with normal and pathological reward-related behaviors. Functional polymorphisms in DA-related genes represent an important source of variability in DA function that may subsequently impact VS reactivity and associated reward-related behaviors. Using an imaging genetics approach, we examined the modulatory effects of common, putatively functional DA-related polymorphisms on reward-related VS reactivity associated with self-reported impulsivity. Genetic variants associated with relatively increased striatal DA release (DRD2 -141C deletion) and availability (DAT1 9-repeat), as well as diminished inhibitory postsynaptic DA effects (DRD2 -141C deletion and DRD4 7-repeat), predicted 9-12% of the interindividual variability in reward-related VS reactivity. In contrast, genetic variation directly affecting DA signaling only in the prefrontal cortex (COMT Val158Met) was not associated with variability in VS reactivity. Our results highlight an important role for genetic polymorphisms affecting striatal DA neurotransmission in mediating interindividual differences in reward-related VS reactivity. They further suggest that altered VS reactivity may represent a key neurobiological pathway through which these polymorphisms contribute to variability in behavioral impulsivity and related risk for substance use disorders.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.},
number = {1},
pages = {60--70},
volume = {14},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Case-Control Studies, Catechol O-Methyltransferase, Young Adult, Receptors: Dopamine D4, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Adult, Image Processing: Computer-Assisted, Reward, Middle Aged, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Oxygen, Dopamine, Receptors: Dopamine D3, Genetic Variation, Humans, Analysis of Variance, Female, Gene Frequency, Basal Ganglia, Genotype, Synaptic Transmission, Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
date-added = {2010-03-22 13:25:14 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 13:25:14 +0100},
doi = {10.1038/sj.mp.4002086},
pii = {4002086},
pmid = {17893706},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Forbes-2009-Mol%20Psychiatry_Genetic%20variation%20in.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9098},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Anagnostopoulos:2009p9444,
author = {Fotios Anagnostopoulos and Dimitris Niakas and Yannis Tountas},
journal = {Qual Life Res},
title = {Comparison between exploratory factor-analytic and SEM-based approaches to constructing SF-36 summary scores},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare the two higher order factor structures of the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey, using exploratory factor analytic methods and structural equation modeling (SEM). METHODS: Two population data sets were used. A stratified representative sample (n = 1,005) of the Greek general population was approached for interview. This survey containing the SF-36 was used to obtain component score coefficients from principal components analysis and orthogonal rotation. These coefficients were then used in the second data set (n = 1,007) of the Greek adult general population to compute scores for the physical component summary and the mental component summary of the SF-36. The second data set was also used to obtain factor scores for physical and mental health measures, applying SEM. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis supported the existence of two principal components that are the basis for summary physical and mental health measures. SEM showed that models assuming that physical and mental health are correlated provided a better fit to the data than models assuming independence between physical and mental health. However, all eight dimensions of SF-36 should be included in the construction of summary scores. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the multidimensional structure of the SF-36, the correlational equivalence between standard summary measures and SEM-based second-order factor scores, and underscore the feasibility of multinational comparisons of health status using this instrument.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, Panteion University, 136 Syngrou Av, 176 71, Athens, Greece. fganagn@hol.gr},
number = {1},
pages = {53--63},
volume = {18},
year = {2009},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Female, Quality of Life, Middle Aged, Adult, Health Surveys, Humans, Factor Analysis: Statistical, Questionnaires, Health Status, Male, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Models: Statistical},
date-added = {2010-03-23 19:36:55 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:48:29 +0200},
doi = {10.1007/s11136-008-9423-5},
pmid = {19034689},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Anagnostopoulos-2009-Qual%20Life%20Res_Comparison%20between%20e.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9444},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Kruijshaar:2009p13550,
author = {Michelle E Kruijshaar and Marie-Louise Essink-Bot and Bas Donkers and Caspar W N Looman and Peter D Siersema and Ewout W Steyerberg},
journal = {BMC Med Res Methodol},
title = {A labelled discrete choice experiment adds realism to the choices presented: preferences for surveillance tests for Barrett esophagus},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) allow systematic assessment of preferences by asking respondents to choose between scenarios. We conducted a labelled discrete choice experiment with realistic choices to investigate patients' trade-offs between the expected health gains and the burden of testing in surveillance of Barrett esophagus (BE). METHODS: Fifteen choice scenarios were selected based on 2 attributes: 1) type of test (endoscopy and two less burdensome fictitious tests), 2) frequency of surveillance. Each test-frequency combination was associated with its own realistic decrease in risk of dying from esophageal adenocarcinoma. A conditional logit model was fitted. RESULTS: Of 297 eligible patients (155 BE and 142 with non-specific upper GI symptoms), 247 completed the questionnaire (84%). Patients preferred surveillance to no surveillance. Current surveillance schemes of once every 1-2 years were amongst the most preferred alternatives. Higher health gains were preferred over those with lower health gains, except when test frequencies exceeded once a year. For similar health gains, patients preferred video-capsule over saliva swab and least preferred endoscopy. CONCLUSION: This first example of a labelled DCE using realistic scenarios in a healthcare context shows that such experiments are feasible. A comparison of labelled and unlabelled designs taking into account setting and research question is recommended.},
affiliation = {Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. michelle.kruijshaar@hpa.org.uk},
pages = {31},
volume = {9},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Male, Female, Animals, Mass Screening, Questionnaires, Middle Aged, Barrett Esophagus, Endoscopy, Patient Satisfaction, Humans, Choice Behavior},
date-added = {2010-07-07 21:12:55 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-07 21:12:55 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-9-31},
pii = {1471-2288-9-31},
pmid = {19454022},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kruijshaar-2009-BMC%20Med%20Res%20Methodol_A%20labelled%20discrete.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13550},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Verhelst:2002aa,
author = {Norman Verhelst},
title = {Testing the unidimensionality assumption of the Rasch model},
abstract = {Statistical tests especially designed to test the unidimensionality axiom of the Rasch model are scarce. For two of them, the Martin-L{\"o}f test (ML-test) and the splitter-item-technique, an extensive power analysis has been carried out , showing clearly the superiority of the ML-test. The disadvantage of the ML-test, however, is that its null distribution deviates strongly from the asymptotic chi-square distribution unless one has huge samples. A new test with one degree of freedom is proposed. Its power is

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib