text:
Eduard R and Blom, Nico A and Bax, Jeroen J and de Roos, Albert and Westenberg, Jos J M},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21460029},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Elasticity Imaging Techniques, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Tetralogy of Fallot, Treatment Outcome, Ventricular Dysfunction, Right},
	pages = {88--97}
}

@misc{noauthor_ecoulement_2013,
	title = {Écoulement de {Poiseuille}},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
	url = {http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coulement_de_Poiseuille&oldid=92448640},
	abstract = {La loi de Poiseuille (également appelée loi de Hagen-Poiseuille) décrit l'écoulement laminaire (c'est-à-dire à filets d’eau parallèles) d'un liquide visqueux dans une conduite cylindrique. Découverte indépendamment en 1844 par le médecin et physicien français Jean-Louis-Marie Poiseuille[1] et par l’ingénieur prussien Gotthilf Hagen[2], elle constitue la première tentative de dépasser la notion de vitesse moyenne d'un écoulement, jusque-là en usage (cf. formules de Chézy et de Prony).},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2013-07-05},
	journal = {Wikipédia},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Page Version ID: 92448640}
}

@article{biglino_non-invasive_2012,
	title = {A non-invasive clinical application of wave intensity analysis based on ultrahigh temporal resolution phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/14/1/57/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-14-57},
	abstract = {Wave intensity analysis, traditionally derived from pressure and velocity data, can be formulated using velocity and area. Flow-velocity and area can both be derived from high-resolution phase-contrast magnetic resonance (PCMR) imaging. In this study, very high temporal resolution PCMR data is processed using an integrated and semi-automatic technique to derive wave intensity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-08-10},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Biglino, Giovanni and Steeden, Jennifer A. and Baker, Catriona and Schievano, Silvia and Taylor, Andrew M. and Parker, Kim H. and Muthurangu, Vivek},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {57}
}

@article{kahn_mr_1992,
	title = {{MR} measurement of spinal {CSF} flow with the {RACE} technique},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0363-8715},
	abstract = {The purpose of our study was the application and validation of a phase-sensitive pulse sequence that allowed real time CSF flow measurement without need for electrocardiographic (ECG) synchronization. After excitation of a slice perpendicular to the axis of the spine, projective data were obtained with a gradient echo sequence [contrast enhanced Fourier acquired steady-state technique (CE-FAST)] without spin warp gradient [real time acquisition and evaluation of motion technique (RACE)], allowing one-dimensional spatial resolution across the region of interest with a total sampling time of 20-30 ms. The sequence was calibrated with a spinal CSF phantom with oscillatory fluid motion. The calculated mean pulsation amplitudes of 20 healthy volunteers in the cervical region were 16 mm (range 9-36 mm), in the thoracic region 11 mm (5-21 mm), and in the lumbar region 3 mm (1-6 mm). The technique was capable of demonstrating physiologic alterations of CSF flow during respiratory maneuvers and may provide a tool to evaluate the altered CSF dynamics resulting from spinal block, inflammatory processes, or hemorrhage.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of computer assisted tomography},
	author = {Kahn, T and Müller, E and Lewin, J S and Mödder, U},
	month = feb,
	year = {1992},
	pmid = {1729307},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Structural},
	pages = {54--61}
}

@article{poole_volume_2008,
	title = {Volume parcellation for improved dynamic shimming},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0968-5243},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/18180969},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-007-0102-2},
	abstract = {{\textless}AbstractText Label="INTRODUCTION" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND"{\textgreater}The need for a homogeneous magnetic field in magnetic resonance imaging is well established, especially at high static magnetic field strengths where susceptibility-induced image distortions and signal losses become excessively large. Dynamic shim updating, where the optimal set of shim currents is applied for each slice during a multi-slice acquisition, has been shown to improve magnetic field homogeneity to a greater extent than conventional global shimming.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS"{\textgreater}Here, in an initial feasibility study, we show via simulation that improved efficacy of shimming can be achieved by using the novel parcellated dynamic shimming method.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS"{\textgreater}The results of these simulations indicate that parcellated dynamic shimming based on just linear shim terms can perform approximately as well as slice-based dynamic shimming with up to third-order shim terms.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS"{\textgreater}This work shows that the effective magnetic field inhomogeneity can be further reduced if shimming and image data acquisition are sequentially performed over a series of compact, cuboidal sub-volumes rather than planes. Further work is needed to develop an imaging approach that can be used for the optimal implementation of parcellated dynamic shimming.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Magma (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Poole, Michael and Bowtell, Richard},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18180969},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Brain, Brain Mapping, Computer Simulation, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Echo-Planar Imaging, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Magnetics, Models, Anatomic, Reproducibility of Results},
	pages = {31--40}
}

@article{bonnemains_0057_2014,
	title = {0057 {Influence} of the model used to combine data acquired during multiple heart beats on temporal resolution of cardiac {Cine} {MRI}: is high temporal resolution achievable with children and young adults?},
	volume = {6, Supplement 1},
	issn = {1878-6480},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187864801471434X},
	doi = {10.1016/S1878-6480(14)71434-X},
	abstract = {Purpose
Cardiac Cine-MRI combines data acquired in different cycles of variable lengths to reconstruct images. This study aims at assessing the temporal misalignment induced by different methods for combining k-space lines.
Methods
The durations of the six cardiac stages of 306 cardiac cycles were assessed with Tissue-Doppler Imaging in a population of 7 children and young adults. Different models from the literature (Chung and Feinstein), and adaptive two-stage and six-stage models were used to combine these cardiac cycles. Temporal shift between the modelized and the real positions within the cycles were recorded.
Results
The averages of the 95\% confidence limits of temporal misalignments caused by two-stage models were between 20 and 30ms but during early diastole they reached 40-50 ms. Chung's model behaved slightly better than Feinstein's (26 ms vs 31 ms, p\<0.001). The adaptive models significantly reduced time misalignments (22 ms vs 26 ms, p\<0.001 for the 2-stage model and 18ms vs 22ms, p\<0.001 for the six-stage model).
Conclusion
There is a theoretical limitation to high temporal resolution cardiac acquisitions due to time misalignments during cine reconstruction, at least within a pediatric population. Simple personalized adaptive cardiac models may reduce this limitation.
Abstract 0057 - Figure: Time missallignments when combining cardiac cycles},
	number = {0},
	journal = {Printemps de la Cardiologie – 24-25avril, Palais des Congrès, Strasbourg},
	author = {Bonnemains, Laurent and Vuisoz, Pierre-André and Hossu, Gabriella and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {63}
}

@article{ibrahim_myocardial_2011,
	title = {Myocardial tagging by {Cardiovascular} {Magnetic} {Resonance}: evolution of techniques--pulse sequences, analysis algorithms, and applications},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1097-6647},
	shorttitle = {Myocardial tagging by {Cardiovascular} {Magnetic} {Resonance}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166900/},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-36},
	abstract = {Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) tagging has been established as an essential technique for measuring regional myocardial function. It allows quantification of local intramyocardial motion measures, e.g. strain and strain rate. The invention of CMR tagging came in the late eighties, where the technique allowed for the first time for visualizing transmural myocardial movement without having to implant physical markers. This new idea opened the door for a series of developments and improvements that continue up to the present time. Different tagging techniques are currently available that are more extensive, improved, and sophisticated than they were twenty years ago. Each of these techniques has different versions for improved resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), scan time, anatomical coverage, three-dimensional capability, and image quality. The tagging techniques covered in this article can be broadly divided into two main categories: 1) Basic techniques, which include magnetization saturation, spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM), delay alternating with nutations for tailored excitation (DANTE), and complementary SPAMM (CSPAMM); and 2) Advanced techniques, which include harmonic phase (HARP), displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE), and strain encoding (SENC). Although most of these techniques were developed by separate groups and evolved from different backgrounds, they are in fact closely related to each other, and they can be interpreted from more than one perspective. Some of these techniques even followed parallel paths of developments, as illustrated in the article. As each technique has its own advantages, some efforts have been made to combine different techniques together for improved image quality or composite information acquisition. In this review, different developments in pulse sequences and related image processing techniques are described along with the necessities that led to their invention, which makes this article easy to read and the covered techniques easy to follow. Major studies that applied CMR tagging for studying myocardial mechanics are also summarized. Finally, the current article includes a plethora of ideas and techniques with over 300 references that motivate the reader to think about the future of CMR tagging.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-11-26},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Ibrahim, El-Sayed H},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21798021},
	pmcid = {PMC3166900},
	pages = {36}
}

@article{moro_gender_2011,
	title = {Gender differences in response to cold pressor test assessed with velocity-encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance of the coronary sinus},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-54},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

Gender-specific differences in cardiovascular risk are well known, and current evidence supports an existing role of endothelium in these differences. The purpose of this study was to assess non invasively coronary endothelial function in male and female young volunteers by myocardial blood flow (MBF) measurement using coronary sinus (CS) flow quantification by velocity encoded cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) at rest and during cold pressor test (CPT).

METHODS

Twenty-four healthy volunteers (12 men, 12 women) underwent CMR in a 3 Tesla MR imager. Coronary sinus flow was measured at rest and during CPT using non breath-hold velocity encoded phase contrast cine-CMR. Myocardial function and morphology were acquired using a cine steady-state free precession sequence.

RESULTS

At baseline, mean MBF was 0.63 ± 0.23 mL·g⁻¹·min⁻¹ in men and 0.79 ± 0.21 mL·g⁻¹·min⁻¹ in women. During CPT, the rate pressure product in men significantly increased by 49 ± 36\% (p {\textless} 0.0001) and in women by 52 ± 22\% (p {\textless} 0.0001). MBF increased significantly in both men and women by 0.22 ± 0.19 mL·g⁻¹·min⁻¹ (p = 0.0022) and by 0.73 ± 0.43 mL·g⁻¹·min⁻¹ (p = 0.0001), respectively. The increase in MBF was significantly higher in women than in men (p = 0.0012).

CONCLUSION

CMR coronary sinus flow quantification for measuring myocardial blood flow revealed a higher response of MBF to CPT in women than in men. This finding may reflect gender differences in endothelial-dependent vasodilatation in these young subjects. This non invasive rest/stress protocol may become helpful to study endothelial function in normal physiology and in physiopathology.},
	journal = {Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance: official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Moro, Pierre-Julien and Flavian, Antonin and Jacquier, Alexis and Kober, Frank and Quilici, Jacques and Gaborit, Bénédicte and Bonnet, Jean-Louis and Moulin, Guy and Cozzone, Patrick J and Bernard, Monique},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21943255},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Blood Flow Velocity, Blood Pressure, Cold Temperature, Coronary Circulation, Coronary Sinus, Endothelium, Vascular, Female, France, Hand, Heart rate, Humans, Immersion, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Myocardial Perfusion Imaging, Observer Variation, Predictive Value of Tests, Reproducibility of Results, Sex Factors, Ventricular Function, Left, Young Adult},
	pages = {54}
}

@inproceedings{ingle_central_nodate,
	title = {The "{Central} {Signal} {Singularity}" {Phenomenon} in {Balanced} {SSFP}},
	url = {http://cds.ismrm.org/protected/11MProceedings/files/378.pdf},
	author = {Ingle, R. R. and Nishimura, D. G.}
}

@article{botnar_noninvasive_2000,
	title = {Noninvasive {Coronary} {Vessel} {Wall} and {Plaque} {Imaging} {With} {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Imaging}},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/102/21/2582},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.102.21.2582},
	abstract = {Background—Conventional x-ray angiography frequently underestimates the true burden of atherosclerosis. Although intravascular ultrasound allows for imaging of coronary plaque, this invasive technique is inappropriate for screening or serial examinations. We therefore sought to develop a noninvasive free-breathing MR technique for coronary vessel wall imaging. We hypothesized that such an approach would allow for in vivo imaging of coronary atherosclerosis.
Methods and Results—Ten subjects, including 5 healthy adult volunteers (aged 35±17 years, range 19 to 56 years) and 5 patients (aged 60±4 years, range 56 to 66 years) with x-ray–confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD), were studied with a T2-weighted, dual-inversion, fast spin-echo MR sequence. Multiple adjacent 5-mm cross-sectional images of the proximal right coronary artery were obtained with an in-plane resolution of 0.5x1.0 mm. A right hemidiaphragmatic navigator was used to facilitate free-breathing MR acquisition. Coronary vessel wall images were readily acquired in all subjects. Both coronary vessel wall thickness (1.5±0.2 versus 1.0±0.2 mm) and wall area (21.2±3.1 versus 13.7±4.2 mm2) were greater in patients with CAD (both P{\textless}0.02 versus healthy adults).
Conclusions—In vivo free-breathing coronary vessel wall and plaque imaging with MR has been successfully implemented in humans. Coronary wall thickness and wall area were significantly greater in patients with angiographic CAD. The presented technique may have potential applications in patients with known or suspected atherosclerotic CAD or for serial evaluation after pharmacological intervention.},
	language = {en},
	number = {21},
	urldate = {2012-06-19},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Botnar, René M and Stuber, Matthias and Kissinger, Kraig V and Kim, Won Y and Spuentrup, Elmar and Manning, Warren J},
	month = nov,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {2582--2587}
}

@article{sakuma_breath-hold_1996,
	title = {Breath-hold {MR} measurements of blood flow velocity in internal mammary arteries and coronary artery bypass grafts},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	abstract = {Breath-hold velocity-encoded cine MR (VENC-MR) imaging is a feasible method for measuring phasic blood flow velocity in small vessels that move during respiration. The purposes of the current study are to compare breathhold VENC-MR measurements of flow velocities in the internal mammary arteries (IMA) with nonbreath-hold measurements and to characterize the systolic and diastolic flow velocity curves in a cardiac cycle in native IMA and IMA grafts. Flow velocity in 30 native IMA and 8 IMA grafts were evaluated with a breath-hold VENC-MR sequence with K-space segmentation and view-sharing reconstruction (TR/TE = 16/9 msec, VENC = 100 cm/s). In 10 native IMA, nonbreath-hold VENC-MR images were acquired as well for comparison. Breath-hold VENC-MR imaging showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic peak velocities in native IMA (43.1 cm/second +/- 15.0 and 10.0 cm/second +/- 4.8), in comparison to those of nonbreath-hold VENC-MR imaging (27.6 cm/second +/- 10.2 and 7.3 cm/second +/- 3.9, P {\textless} .05). The diastolic/systolic peak velocity ratio in the IMA grafts (.88 +/- .41) was significantly higher than that in native IMA (.24 +/- .08, P {\textless} .01). Interobserver variability in the flow velocity measurement was less than 4\%. Breath-hold VENC-MR imaging demonstrated higher peak flow velocity in the IMA than nonbreath-hold VENC-MR imaging. This technique is a rapid and effective method for the noninvasive assessment of blood flow velocity in IMA grafts.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Sakuma, H and Globits, S and O'Sullivan, M and Shimakawa, A and Bernstein, M A and Foo, T K and Amidon, T M and Takeda, K and Nakagawa, T and Higgins, C B},
	month = feb,
	year = {1996},
	pmid = {8851431},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Blood Flow Velocity, Coronary Artery Bypass, Coronary Circulation, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mammary Arteries, Middle Aged, Observer Variation, Reproducibility of Results, Respiration},
	pages = {219--222}
}

@article{naganawa_magnitude_1999,
	title = {Magnitude subtraction vs. complex subtraction in dynamic contrast-enhanced 3D-{MR} angiography: basic experiments and clinical evaluation},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	shorttitle = {Magnitude subtraction vs. complex subtraction in dynamic contrast-enhanced 3D-{MR} angiography},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/10548793},
	abstract = {Magnitude subtraction and complex subtraction in dynamic contrast-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance (3D-MR) angiography were compared using a phantom and 23 human subjects. In phantom studies, complex subtraction showed far better performance than magnitude subtraction, especially for longer echo times, with thicker slices, and without fat suppression. With complex subtraction, non-fat-suppressed studies showed contrast-to-noise ratios comparable to those in fat-suppressed studies. In human subjects, complex subtraction was superior to magnitude subtraction in 9 subjects, but comparable to magnitude subtraction in 14 subjects. There were no cases in which magnitude subtraction was superior to complex subtraction. Although the differences observed in human studies when complex subtraction was applied with thinner slices, shorter echo times, and the fat-suppression technique were not as pronounced as those seen in phantom studies, complex subtraction should be performed in dynamic contrast-enhanced 3D-MR angiography because there are no drawbacks in complex subtraction. Further research is necessary to assess the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced 3D-MR angiography without fat suppression in human subjects using complex subtraction, as suggested by the results of phantom studies. If it is found to be feasible, dynamic contrast-enhanced 3D-MR angiography without fat suppression using complex subtraction may prove to be a robust technique that eliminates the need for shimming and can reduce the acquisition time. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:813-820.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Naganawa, S and Ito, T and Iwayama, E and Fukatsu, H and Ishiguchi, T and Ishigaki, T and Ichinose, N},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10548793},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Contrast Media, Female, Gadolinium DTPA, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Injections, Intravenous, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Male, Middle Aged, Phantoms, Imaging, Subtraction Technique, Vascular Diseases},
	pages = {813--820}
}

@article{chuang_adaptive_1997,
	title = {Adaptive correction of imaging plane position in segmented k-space cine cardiac {MRI}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9307905},
	abstract = {Variability among breath-holds frequently produces registration errors, a situation that may contribute to reproducibility error in anatomic indices. A navigator-echo-based method for real-time prospective correction of imaging slice level was applied to breath-hold cine cardiac imaging of 13 subjects. Repeat acquisitions with correction in the cardiac short-axis orientation showed significantly improved reproducibility in fractional area change and endocardial centroid location as compared with conventional noncorrected methods.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-03-03},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Chuang, M L and Chen, M H and Khasgiwala, V C and McConnell, M V and Edelman, R R and Manning, W J},
	month = oct,
	year = {1997},
	pmid = {9307905},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Respiration, Sensitivity and Specificity, Ventricular Function, Left},
	pages = {811--814}
}

@article{meyer_longitudinal_2014,
	title = {Longitudinal myocardial peak velocities using high temporal resolution phase-contrast and simple averaging are comparable to tissue {Doppler} echocardiography},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1352-8661},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-013-0405-4},
	abstract = {OBJECT: Phase contrast imaging is widely used to measure blood velocity. However tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography is the reference for myocardial velocity assessment. This study aims at validating the ability of phase contrast (PC) sequences to correctly assess myocardial velocities and to compare these velocities to TDI. The phase contrast sequence was performed with breath-hold parameters and with parameters tuned to increase temporal resolution in free breathing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Left and Right auriculo-ventricular annuluses longitudinal velocities were recorded on six healthy volunteers with different temporal resolutions (TDI: 5 ms, breath-hold PC: 94 ms and free-breathing PC: 19 ms). Free-breathing PC was obtained by averaging of three excitations. Amplitudes of four standard echocardiographic and clinically relevant myocardial longitudinal velocity waves were compared: Early filling and auricular, systolic and isovolumic contractions.
RESULTS: Isovolumic contraction waves were only visible with free-breathing PC and TDI. The differences with the reference TDI wave velocities were lower (p = 0.02) for free-breathing PC (19.2 ± 2.6 \%) than for breath-hold PC (28.1 ± 2.9 \%). These differences for free-breathing PC were close to (p = 0.21) the coefficient of variation of the measurements provided by TDI (14.8 ± 1.2 \%).
CONCLUSION: Myocardial longitudinal peak velocities can be assessed with a PC sequence tuned to optimize temporal resolution.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Meyer, Christophe and Bonnemains, Laurent and Marçon, François and Marie, Pierre-Yves and Felblinger, Jacques and Vuissoz, Pierre-André},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24013857},
	pages = {211--218}
}

@article{baumgartner_echocardiographic_2009,
	title = {Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: {EAE}/{ASE} recommendations for clinical practice},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1532-2114},
	shorttitle = {Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis},
	doi = {10.1093/ejechocard/jen303},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {European Journal of Echocardiography: The Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology},
	author = {Baumgartner, Helmut and Hung, Judy and Bermejo, Javier and Chambers, John B. and Evangelista, Arturo and Griffin, Brian P. and Iung, Bernard and Otto, Catherine M. and Pellikka, Patricia A. and Quiñones, Miguel and {EAE/ASE}},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19065003},
	keywords = {Aortic Valve Stenosis, Echocardiography, Echocardiography, Doppler, Color, Echocardiography, Transesophageal, Heart Valve Diseases, Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation, Humans, Mitral Valve Stenosis, Pulmonary Valve Stenosis, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tricuspid Valve Stenosis},
	pages = {1--25}
}

@article{wallace_duration_1963,
	title = {Duration of the {Phases} of {Left} {Ventricular} {Systole}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0009-7330, 1524-4571},
	url = {http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/12/6/611},
	doi = {10.1161/01.RES.12.6.611},
	abstract = {The effects of altering stroke volume, aortic pressure and heart rate on the duration of each phase of left ventricular systole were investigated in a denervated dog heart.
Augmenting stroke volume was found to prolong ejection, shorten the isovolumic period and had little or no effect on the duration of total systole. Elevating mean aortic blood pressure shortened ejection time, prolonged the isovolumic phase and either had no effect or decreased slightly the duration of total systole. Increasing heart rate at constant aortic pressure and stroke volume reduced the duration of all phases of systole. Digitalis and norepinephrine shortened all phases of systole.
These findings demonstrate that the duration of each phase of left ventricular systole is dependent upon existing hemodynamic conditions as well as on the contractile state of the myocardium. By means of intrinsic mechanisms the ventricle exhibits the remarkable capability of being able to adjust the duration of each phase of systole in a manner appropriate to changing hemodynamic conditions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	journal = {Circulation Research},
	author = {Wallace, Andrew G. and Mitchell, Jere H. and Skinner, N. Sheldon and Sarnoff, Stanley J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1963},
	pmid = {13998538},
	pages = {611--619},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/SRJN93SD/Wallace et al. - 1963 - Duration of the Phases of Left Ventricular Systole.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/62V6VSGQ/611.html:text/html}
}

@article{hu_reduction_1994,
	title = {Reduction of field of view for dynamic imaging},
	volume = {31},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910310618/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910310618},
	abstract = {This paper describes a simple technique that improves the temporal resolution for certain dynamic imaging applications. The technique is based on the assumption that the image to image intensity changes sought in dynamic imaging studies ire sometimes localized, and a smaller field of view can be used to reduce imaging time. Technical details and experimental results are presented. Experimental results show that this technique works reasonably well for in vivo applications.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-11-08},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Hu, Xiaoping and Parrish, Todd},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {dynamic imaging, fast imaging, interventional MRI},
	pages = {691--694}
}

@article{yang_computation_1996,
	title = {Computation of flow pressure fields from magnetic resonance velocity mapping},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910360404/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910360404},
	abstract = {Magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping has unrivalled capacities for acquiring in vivo multi-directional blood flow information. In this study, the authors set out to derive both spatial and temporal components of acceleration, and hence differences of pressure in a flow field using cine magnetic resonance velocity data. An efficient numerical algorithm based on the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible Newtonian fluid was used. The computational approach was validated with in vitro flow phantoms. This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of cardiovascular dynamics and to serve as a basis for investigating pulsatile pressure/ flow relationships associated with normal and impaired cardiovascular function.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-11-23},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Yang, Guang‐Zhong and Kilner, Philip J and Wood, Nigel B and Underwood, S. Richard and Firmin, David N},
	month = oct,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {MR velocity imaging, hemodynamics, pressure distributions},
	pages = {520--526}
}

@article{meyer_first_2012,
	title = {First attempt to motion corrected flow encoding using free-breathing phase-contrast {CINE} {MRI}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186%2F1532-429X-14-S1-W53?LI=true},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-14-S1-W53},
	number = {Suppl 1},
	urldate = {2012-12-21},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Meyer, Christophe and Vuissoz, Pierre-Andre and Mandry, Damien and Felblinger, Jacques},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {W53}
}

@article{pearlman_continual_1990,
	title = {Continual {NMR} cardiography without gating: {M}-mode {MR} imaging.},
	volume = {175},
	issn = {0033-8419},
	shorttitle = {Continual {NMR} cardiography without gating},
	url = {http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/abs/10.1148/radiology.175.2.2326462},
	doi = {10.1148/radiology.175.2.2326462},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-01-24},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Pearlman, J D and Hardy, C J and Cline, H E},
	month = may,
	year = {1990},
	pages = {369--373}
}

@article{janke_use_2004,
	title = {Use of spherical harmonic deconvolution methods to compensate for nonlinear gradient effects on {MRI} images},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.20122/full},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20122},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-03-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Janke, Andrew and Zhao, Huawei and Cowin, Gary J. and Galloway, Graham J. and Doddrell, David M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {115--122}
}

@article{etienne_soapbubble_2002,
	title = {“{Soap}‐{Bubble}” visualization and quantitative analysis of 3D coronary magnetic resonance angiograms},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.10253/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10253},
	abstract = {In order to compare coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) data obtained with different scanning methodologies, adequate visualization and presentation of the coronary MRA data need to be ensured. Furthermore, an objective quantitative comparison between images acquired with different scanning methods is desirable. To address this need, a software tool (“Soap-Bubble”) that facilitates visualization and quantitative comparison of 3D volume targeted coronary MRA data was developed. In the present implementation, the user interactively specifies a curved subvolume (enclosed in the 3D coronary MRA data set) that closely encompasses the coronary arterial segments. With a 3D Delaunay triangulation and a parallel projection, this enables the simultaneous display of multiple coronary segments in one 2D representation. For objective quantitative analysis, frequently explored quantitative parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR); and vessel length, sharpness, and diameter can be assessed. The present tool supports visualization and objective, quantitative comparisons of coronary MRA data obtained with different scanning methods. The first results obtained in healthy adults and in patients with coronary artery disease are presented. Magn Reson Med 48:658–666, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-10-28},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Etienne, Alex and Botnar, René M and van Muiswinkel, Arianne M. C and Boesiger, Peter and Manning, Warren J and Stuber, Matthias},
	month = oct,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Coronary Angiography, analysis package, coronary MRA, postprocessing, quantitative angiography, quantitative coronary analysis, reformatting},
	pages = {658--666}
}

@article{ries_real-time_2010,
	title = {Real-time 3D target tracking in {MRI} guided focused ultrasound ablations in moving tissues},
	volume = {64},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.22548/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22548},
	abstract = {Magnetic resonance imaging-guided high intensity focused ultrasound is a promising method for the noninvasive ablation of pathological tissue in abdominal organs such as liver and kidney. Due to the high perfusion rates of these organs, sustained sonications are required to achieve a sufficiently high temperature elevation to induce necrosis. However, the constant displacement of the target due to the respiratory cycle render continuous ablations challenging, since dynamic repositioning of the focal point is required. This study demonstrates subsecond 3D high intensity focused ultrasound-beam steering under magnetic resonance-guidance for the real-time compensation of respiratory motion. The target is observed in 3D space by coupling rapid 2D magnetic resonance-imaging with prospective slice tracking based on pencil-beam navigator echoes. The magnetic resonance-data is processed in real-time by a computationally efficient reconstruction pipeline, which provides the position, the temperature and the thermal dose on-the-fly, and which feeds corrections into the high intensity focused ultrasound-ablator. The effect of the residual update latency is reduced by using a 3D Kalman-predictor for trajectory anticipation. The suggested method is characterized with phantom experiments and verified in vivo on porcine kidney. The results show that for update frequencies of more than 10 Hz and latencies of less then 114 msec, temperature elevations can be achieved, which are comparable to static experiments. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-06-17},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Ries, Mario and de Senneville, Baudouin Denis and Roujol, Sébastien and Berber, Yasmina and Quesson, Bruno and Moonen, Chrit},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {HIFU-beam steering, abdominal organ tracking, real time MRI},
	pages = {1704--1712}
}

@article{steeden_splitacquisition_2010,
	title = {Split‐acquisition real‐time {CINE} phase‐contrast {MR} flow measurements},
	volume = {64, 64},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594, 1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.bases-doc.univ-lorraine.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.22615/abstract;jsessionid=161BF71208D487C4D9A83660E890865D.d02t01},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22615, 10.1002/mrm.22615},
	abstract = {The temporal and spatial resolution of real-time phase-contrast magnetic resonance (PCMR) is restricted by the need to acquire two interleaved phase images. In this article, we propose a split-acquisition real-time CINE PCMR technique, where the acquisition of flow-encoded and flow-compensated data is divided into separate blocks. By comparing magnitude images, automatic matching of data in cardio-respiratory space allows subtraction of background phase offsets. Thus, the data is acquired in real-time but with phase correction originating from a different heart beat. This effectively doubles the frame rate, allowing either higher temporal or spatial resolution. Two split-acquisition sequences were tested: one with high-temporal resolution and one with high-spatial resolution. Both sequences showed excellent agreement in stroke volumes in 20 adults when validated against cardiac-gated PCMR and interleaved real-time PCMR (cardiac gated: 95.2 ± 20.0 mL, interleaved real-time: 96.2 ± 20.7 mL, high-temporal resolution: 95.6 ± 20.1 mL, high-spatial resolution: 95.5 ± 20.4 mL). In six children, the high-spatial resolution sequence provided more accurate flow measurements than interleaved real-time PCMR, when compared with cardiac-gated PCMR (cardiac gated: 20.6 ± 7.6 mL, interleaved real-time: 24.3 ± 9.2 mL, high-spatial resolution: 20.8 ± 7.8 mL), due to the increased spatial resolution. The matching technique is shown to be accurate (truth: 94.6 ± 21.8, split-acquisition: 95.0 ± 21.9 mL) and quantitative image quality (signal-to-noise ratio, velocity-to-noise ratio and edge sharpness) is acceptable. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en, en},
	number = {6, 6},
	urldate = {2012-04-16},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Steeden, Jennifer A and Atkinson, David and Taylor, Andrew M and Muthurangu, Vivek and Steeden, Jennifer A and Atkinson, David and Taylor, Andrew M and Muthurangu, Vivek},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {flow quantification, phase‐contrast, real‐time imaging},
	pages = {1664, 1664--1670, 1670}
}

@article{lutz_combination_2013,
	title = {Combination of tagging and tissue phase mapping to accelerate myocardial motion measurements in three directions},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1352-8661},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-012-0333-8},
	abstract = {OBJECT: Until now, a three-directional velocity field has mostly been obtained by velocity encoding in three directions, which is very time-consuming and hence not usually used in clinical routine. We show the feasibility of combining in-plane tagging with through-plane tissue phase mapping (TPM) to encode a three-directional velocity field at 3 T with reduced overall acquisition time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Assessment of a three-directional velocity field was performed for 10 healthy volunteers. The motion patterns obtained by use of five different sequences including three-directional TPM, TPM in the through-plane direction, TPM in the through-plane direction with horizontal or vertical tagging lines, and TPM in the through-plane direction combined with a tagging grid were evaluated and compared.
RESULTS: A three-dimensional velocity field can be obtained in approximately half the acquisition time by combining through-plane TPM with in-plane tagging. Although the velocity information is derived by different means, differences between the information obtained by three-directional TPM encoding and the suggested technique are only minor.
CONCLUSION: The combination of tagging and TPM enables assessment of the three-directional velocity field in nearly half the time taken when the conventional three-directional TPM sequence is used.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Magma (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Lutz, Anja and Paul, Jan and Bornstedt, Axel and Nienhaus, Gerd Ulrich and Etyngier, Patrick and Bernhardt, Peter and Rottbauer, Wolfgang and Rasche, Volker},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {22864666},
	keywords = {Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Female, Heart, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motion, Myocardial Contraction, Young Adult},
	pages = {239--247}
}

@article{su_reliability-guided_2004,
	title = {Reliability-guided phase unwrapping algorithm: a review},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0143-8166},
	shorttitle = {Reliability-guided phase unwrapping algorithm},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143816603001404},
	doi = {10.1016/j.optlaseng.2003.11.002},
	abstract = {Phase unwrapping algorithm plays very important role in noncontract optical profilometry, beacuse the phase map acquired derectly is limited from π to −π, which is called wrapped phase. It must be unwrapped to retrieve the nature phase employing suitable phase unwrapping algorithm. In this paper, we review a phase unwrapping algorithm based on the reliability-guided parameter map. In this algorithm we select a parameter or group of parameters to identify the reliability of the phase data or the direction of phase unwrapping. The path of phase unwrapping is guided according to the parameter map. It means that the pixel with higher parameter value in the parameter map will be phase unwrapped earlier. The intensity modulation and the spatial frequency of the fringe pattern are usually used as important parameters characterizing the reliability. Other parameters, such as the phase difference between neighboring pixels, the signal-to-noise ratio, or some band elimination filter center around defect region assigned by user, could be selected as the optimized parameter for phase unwrapping. Sometimes we can combine two or three parameters to produce a more optimized parameter map for phase unwrapping. The advantage of this approach is that the path of phase unwrapping is always along the direction from the pixel with higher reliability value to the pixel with low reliability value. Therefore, in the worse case the error is limited, if there is any, to local minimum areas.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-05-20},
	journal = {Optics and Lasers in Engineering},
	author = {Su, Xianyu and Chen, Wenjing},
	month = sep,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Fringe analysis, Profilometry, Three-dimension measurement, phase unwrapping},
	pages = {245--261}
}

@article{uribe_volumetric_2008,
	title = {Volumetric {Cardiac} {Quantification} by {Using} 3D {Dual}-{Phase} {Whole}-{Heart} {MR} {Imaging}1},
	volume = {248},
	url = {http://radiology.rsna.org/content/248/2/606.abstract},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.2482071568},
	abstract = {This study was approved by the local institutional ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from all volunteers and patients. The purpose of the study was to assess ventricular volumes by using three-dimensional (3D) whole-heart data sets acquired during end-systolic and end-diastolic phases during one free-breathing magnetic resonance imaging examination. In five healthy volunteers and 10 patients, 3D dual cardiac phase data sets, short-axis multisection breath-hold images, and through-plane flow images of the great vessels were acquired. Within these data sets, statistic analyses were performed to compare stroke, end-systolic, and end-diastolic volumes for the left ventricle (LV) and the right ventricle (RV). Results showed that the breath-hold multisection approach, the flow measurement approach, and the new dual-phase 3D approach delivered comparable results for quantification of cardiac volumes and function. High correlation values greater than 0.95 were found when these methods were compared, and no significant differences were recognized for stroke, end-systolic, or end-diastolic volumes in either the LV or the RV.© RSNA, 2008},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-10-13},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Uribe, Sergio and Tangchaoren, Tarinee and Parish, Victoria and Wolf, Ivo and Razavi, Reza and Greil, Gerald and Schaeffter, Tobias},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {606 --614}
}

@phdthesis{laurent_right_2012,
	type = {Theses},
	title = {Right ventricle function analysis},
	url = {https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800410},
	school = {Université de Lorraine},
	author = {Laurent, Bonnemains},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012}
}

@article{bernstein_handbook_2005,
	title = {Handbook of {MRI} {Pulse} {Sequences}},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {00942405},
	url = {http://online.medphys.org/resource/1/mphya6/v32/i5/p1452_s1?isAuthorized=no},
	doi = {10.1118/1.1904597},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-03-08},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Bernstein, Matt A. and King, Kevin E. and Zhou, Xiaohong Joe and Fong, Wilson},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1452}
}

@article{kellman_motion-corrected_2005,
	title = {Motion-corrected free-breathing delayed enhancement imaging of myocardial infarction},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20333},
	abstract = {Following administration of Gd-DTPA, infarcted myocardium exhibits delayed enhancement and can be imaged using an inversion-recovery sequence. A conventional segmented acquisition requires a number of breath-holds to image the heart. Single-shot phase-sensitive inversion-recovery (PSIR) true-FISP may be combined with parallel imaging using SENSE to achieve high spatial resolution. SNR may be improved by averaging multiple motion-corrected images acquired during free breathing. PSIR techniques have demonstrated a number of benefits including consistent contrast and appearance over a relatively wide range of inversion recovery times (TI), improved contrast-to-noise ratio, and consistent size of the enhanced region. Comparison between images acquired using segmented breath-held turbo-FLASH and averaged, motion-corrected, free-breathing true-FISP show excellent agreement of measured CNR and infarct size. In this study, motion correction was implemented using image registration postprocessing rather than navigator correction of individual frames. Navigator techniques may be incorporated as well.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Kellman, Peter and Larson, Andrew C and Hsu, Li-Yueh and Chung, Yiu-Cho and Simonetti, Orlando P and McVeigh, Elliot R and Arai, Andrew E},
	month = jan,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15690519},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Contrast Media, Gadolinium DTPA, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motion, Myocardial Infarction, Myocardium, Respiration},
	pages = {194--200}
}

@article{archibald_method_2002,
	title = {A method to reduce the {Gibbs} ringing artifact in {MRI} scans while keeping tissue boundary integrity},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0278-0062},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12022619},
	doi = {10.1109/TMI.2002.1000255},
	abstract = {Gibbs ringing is a well known artifact that effects reconstruction of images having discontinuities. This is a problem in the reconstruction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data due to the many different tissues normally present in each scan. The Gibbs ringing artifact manifests itself at the boundaries of the tissues, making it difficult to determine the structure of the brain tissue. The Gegenbauer reconstruction method has been shown to effectively eliminate the effects of Gibbs ringing in other applications. This paper presents the application of the Gegenbauer reconstruction method to neuro-imaging.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-06-06},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging},
	author = {Archibald, Rick and Gelb, Anne},
	month = apr,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12022619},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Brain, Fourier Analysis, Image Enhancement, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {305--319}
}

@article{jakob_auto-smash:_1998,
	title = {{AUTO}-{SMASH}: {A} self-calibrating technique for {SMASH} imaging},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1352-8661, 1352-8661},
	shorttitle = {{AUTO}-{SMASH}},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/9l13lw7jpm7jj76n/},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02592256},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-11-05},
	journal = {Magma: Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology, and Medicine},
	author = {Jakob, Peter M. and Grisowld, Mark A. and Edelman, Robert R. and Sodickson, Daniel K.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {42--54}
}

@article{pelc_flow_1995,
	title = {Flow quantification and analysis methods},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1064-9689},
	abstract = {The sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance to motion can be harnessed to produce quantitative measurements of low flow velocity and volume flow rate. MR flow quantification is noninvasive, can be performed in arbitrary locations and in any image orientation, and is fairly rapid. This article discusses the basic techniques with particular attention to phase contrast quantitation of volume flow rate, especially the determinants of accuracy and reproducibility in these measurements.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America},
	author = {Pelc, N J},
	month = aug,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7584247},
	keywords = {Blood Flow Velocity, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Reproducibility of Results},
	pages = {413--424}
}

@article{vinereanu_reproducibility_1999,
	title = {Reproducibility of pulsed wave tissue {Doppler} echocardiography},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0894-7317},
	abstract = {Four hundred and eighty paired recordings obtained from 16 patients (55 +/- 10 yrs; 10 men, 6 women) were analyzed to determine the reproducibility of both acquiring and measuring myocardial velocities recorded by tissue Doppler echocardiography. To assess intraobserver variability, 1 observer recorded and measured the data twice, from the same patients, and to assess interobserver variability, patients were examined by 2 independent observers. For the left ventricle, intraobserver reproducibility was higher when assessing long-axis velocities (+/- 10\% to 16\%) than short-axis velocities (+/- 14\% to 24\%). For the right ventricle, intraobserver reproducibility was high for the tricuspid annulus (+/- 9\% to 15\%), but unsatisfactory for the right ventricular anterior wall (+/- 21\% to 25\%). The highest interobserver reproducibilities were obtained for systolic and diastolic velocities of the lateral mitral annulus (+/- 9\% to 17\%) and systolic velocity of the tricuspid annulus (+/-13\%). Interobserver reproducibility of the ratio of early-to-late peak diastolic velocities was very low for all investigated sites (+/- 20\% to 52\%). With the use of current techniques and software, reproducibility of acquiring and measuring tissue Doppler echocardiography is suboptimal for both systolic and diastolic myocardial velocities.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
	author = {Vinereanu, D. and Khokhar, A. and Fraser, A. G.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10359921},
	keywords = {Echocardiography, Doppler, Female, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Contraction, Observer Variation, Prospective Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Ventricular Function},
	pages = {492--499}
}

@article{kondo_right_1991,
	title = {Right and left ventricular stroke volume measurements with velocity-encoded cine {MR} imaging: in vitro and in vivo validation.},
	volume = {157},
	issn = {0361-803X, 1546-3141},
	shorttitle = {Right and left ventricular stroke volume measurements with velocity-encoded cine {MR} imaging},
	url = {http://www.ajronline.org/content/157/1/9},
	abstract = {The accuracy of measurements of flow velocity determined by using cine MR phase velocity mapping--velocity-encoded cine (VEC) MR--was assessed by comparing VEC MR data with independent measurements in a flow phantom and in human subjects. Constant flow velocities generated in a phantom (range, 20-408 cm/sec) were determined correctly by VEC MR (r = .997, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 7.9 cm/sec). Peak systolic velocities in the main pulmonary artery determined by VEC MR correlated well with the measurements obtained by using continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography (r = .91). Stroke volumes measured at the aorta by VEC MR and continuous-wave Doppler imaging also correlated well with each other (r = .80). VEC MR measurements of aortic and pulmonary flow provided left and right ventricular stroke volumes that correlated well with left ventricular stroke volumes determined by short-axis cine MR images (r = .98, SEE = 3.7 ml, and r = .95, SEE = 4.8 ml, respectively). Intra- and interobserver variabilities were small for both left and right ventricular stroke volumes as measured with VEC MR. These results indicate that VEC MR accurately and reproducibly measures aortic and pulmonary flow velocities and volumes in the physiologic range of humans, and can be used to measure right and left ventricular stroke volumes under normal flow conditions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-11-06},
	journal = {American Journal of Roentgenology},
	author = {Kondo, C. and Caputo, G. R. and Semelka, R. and Foster, E. and Shimakawa, A. and Higgins, C. B.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1991},
	pages = {9--16}
}

@inproceedings{ingle_respiratory_nodate,
	title = {Respiratory motion correction using {TR}-perturbed {bSSFP} for fat navigator acquisition and imaging},
	url = {http://www.stanford.edu/~ringle/docs/fat_navigated_motion_correction.pdf},
	author = {Ingle, R. Reeve and Shin, Taehoon and Nishimura, Dwight G}
}

@article{bornert_spatially_1998,
	title = {On spatially selective {RF} excitation and its analogy with spiral {MR} image acquisition},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1352-8661, 1352-8661},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/j034481557254636/},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02591334},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-08-07},
	journal = {Magma: Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology, and Medicine},
	author = {Börnert, Peter and Aldefeld, Bernd},
	month = dec,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {166--178}
}

@patent{meyer_method_2014,
	address = {The International Bureau of WIPO},
	title = {Method for determining a personalized cardiac model using a magnetic resonance imaging sequence},
	nationality = {France},
	assignee = {Université de Lorraine et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy},
	number = {PCT/IB2014/000076},
	author = {Meyer, Christophe and Bonnemains, Laurent and Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014}
}

@article{stadlbauer_accelerated_2010,
	title = {Accelerated time-resolved three-dimensional {MR} velocity mapping of blood flow patterns in the aorta using {SENSE} and k-t {BLAST}},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0720-048X},
	shorttitle = {Intervention {Radiology}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0720048X09003672},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.06.009},
	abstract = {Purpose
To assess the feasibility and potential limitations of the acceleration techniques SENSE and k-t BLAST for time-resolved three-dimensional (3D) velocity mapping of aortic blood flow. Furthermore, to quantify differences in peak velocity versus heart phase curves.
Materials and methods
Time-resolved 3D blood flow patterns were investigated in eleven volunteers and two patients suffering from aortic diseases with accelerated PC-MR sequences either in combination with SENSE (R = 2) or k-t BLAST (6-fold). Both sequences showed similar data acquisition times and hence acceleration efficiency. Flow-field streamlines were calculated and visualized using the GTFlow software tool in order to reconstruct 3D aortic blood flow patterns. Differences between the peak velocities from single-slice PC-MRI experiments using SENSE 2 and k-t BLAST 6 were calculated for the whole cardiac cycle and averaged for all volunteers.
Results
Reconstruction of 3D flow patterns in volunteers revealed attenuations in blood flow dynamics for k-t BLAST 6 compared to SENSE 2 in terms of 3D streamlines showing fewer and less distinct vortices and reduction in peak velocity, which is caused by temporal blurring. Solely by time-resolved 3D MR velocity mapping in combination with SENSE detected pathologic blood flow patterns in patients with aortic diseases. For volunteers, we found a broadening and flattering of the peak velocity versus heart phase diagram between the two acceleration techniques, which is an evidence for the temporal blurring of the k-t BLAST approach.
Conclusion
We demonstrated the feasibility of SENSE and detected potential limitations of k-t BLAST when used for time-resolved 3D velocity mapping. The effects of higher k-t BLAST acceleration factors have to be considered for application in 3D velocity mapping.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-09-25},
	journal = {European Journal of Radiology},
	author = {Stadlbauer, Andreas and van der Riet, Wilma and Crelier, Gerard and Salomonowitz, Erich},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aorta, Aortic Valve Stenosis, Blood Flow Velocity, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Rheology, SENSE, Sensitivity and Specificity, Temporal blurring, Young Adult, k-t BLAST, phase contrast, velocity mapping},
	pages = {e15--e21}
}

@article{wood_suppression_1986,
	title = {Suppression of respiratory motion artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0094-2405},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3796475},
	abstract = {Anatomical structures that are displaced periodically during respiration are repeated as ghosts in magnetic resonance (MR) images. These ghosts can be suppressed in many ways: the averaging of multiple sets of data, respiratory gating, deliberate positioning of ghosts, and respiratory ordering of phase encoding. Each method has a unique mechanism, which is described in detail. A theoretical investigation has been conducted into the effects that the methods have on the point spread function of a moving point. Data acquired in Fourier imaging are actually in the spatial frequency domain, so that respiratory motion can be regarded as a function of spatial frequency. The four methods above modify this functional dependence in different ways, allowing a unified comparison. Motion artifact suppression imposes additional constraints on image acquisition, which can prolong the imaging time. A technique has been developed that keeps the imaging time short by using the configuration of the subject to regulate the timing of image acquisition.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2011-03-02},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Wood, M L and Henkelman, R M},
	month = dec,
	year = {1986},
	pmid = {3796475},
	keywords = {Humans, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Respiration},
	pages = {794--805}
}

@article{gunther_ultrasoundguided_2004,
	title = {Ultrasound‐guided {MRI}: {Preliminary} results using a motion phantom},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {Ultrasound‐guided {MRI}},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.20140/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20140},
	abstract = {In principal, both ultrasound (US) imaging and MRI can be performed simultaneously within the magnetic field of the scanner due to their different physical natures (i.e., sound waves vs. electromagnetic radiation). One potential application is to use US information for dynamic spatial organ localization to improve MR imaging, similar to MR navigator echoes. In this work, preliminary results are presented for US-guided MRI using position and orientation information extracted from US data to update the image slice position of an SSFP sequence in real time. Effective prospective motion compensation is shown for a phantom whose sinusoidal displacement can be fully corrected. Possible applications of simultaneous US-MRI acquisitions include real-time US-guided cardiac MRI or interventional procedures. Magn Reson Med 52:27–32, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-10-13},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Günther, Matthias and Feinberg, David A},
	month = jul,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {MRI, hybrid imaging, magnetic resonance, navigation, ultrasound},
	pages = {27--32}
}

@article{fischer_true_1994,
	title = {True myocardial motion tracking},
	volume = {31},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910310409/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910310409},
	abstract = {Myocardial tagging is a powerful tool for the assessment of in-plane cardiac motion. However, for previous myocardial tagging techniques, the imaged slice is fixed with respect to the magnet coordinate system. Thus, images acquired at different heart phases do not always represent the same slice of the myocardium. A new myocardial tagging technique is presented, which takes the through-plane motion into consideration. It involves tagging of the desired myocardial slice and applying a subtraction imaging technique to image just that part of the myocardium. The examination time can be reduced considerably by the acquisition of two one-dimensionally tagged images. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio especially at later heart phases, variable imaging RF excitation flip angles are applied. To reduce motion artifacts a repetitive breathhold scheme was applied. in vivo results demonstrate that the tags can be accurately tracked within the entire heart period with a temporal resolution of 35 ms, even at a top basal level of the heart and right ventricle.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-07-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Fischer, Stefan E. and McKinnon, Graeme C. and Scheidegger, Markus B. and Prins, Wim and Meier, Dieter and Boesiger, P.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {Cardiac motion, cardiac MRI, myocardial tagging, spatial modulation of the magnetization (SPAMM)},
	pages = {401--413}
}

@article{sakuma_quantification_1997,
	title = {Quantification of coronary artery volume flow rate using fast velocity-encoded cine {MR} imaging.},
	volume = {168},
	issn = {0361-803X, 1546-3141},
	url = {http://www.ajronline.org/content/168/5/1363},
	abstract = {Breath-hold velocity-encoded cine (VENC) MR imaging has been proposed as a method for measuring coronary blood flow. However, most studies have measured velocity rather than volume flow rate in the coronary arteries. The purpose of this study was to measure volume flow rate in the coronary artery of dogs using high-speed gradients and to compare MR flow measurements with those obtained with a sonographic flowmeter.
Fast VENC MR images were obtained with a high-speed-gradient 1.5-T MR system in seven anesthetized dogs before and after administration of dipyridamole. Images were acquired on double oblique planes perpendicular to the left anterior descending arteries with a slice thickness of 5 mm, a field of view of 20 x 10 cm, a velocity window of +/- 1 m/sec, an average imaging time of 21 sec, a TR/TE of 11/5, and a temporal resolution of 44 msec.
Coronary flow measured with VENC MR imaging correlated well with flow measured by the flowmeter (r = .95, slope = 0.97, n = 88). Interobserver variability in measuring coronary flow volume was 8\%.
Fast VENC MR imaging with high-speed gradients can provide accurate quantification of volume flow rate in coronary arteries.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-11-22},
	journal = {American Journal of Roentgenology},
	author = {Sakuma, H. and Saeed, M. and Takeda, K. and Wendland, M. F. and Schwitter, J. and Szolar, D. H. and Derugin, N. and Shimakawa, A. and Foo, T. K. and Higgins, C. B.},
	month = may,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1363--1367}
}

@article{nayak_real-time_2004,
	title = {Real-time cardiac {MRI} at 3 tesla},
	volume = {51},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.20053/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20053},
	abstract = {Real-time cardiac and coronary MRI at 1.5T is relatively “signal starved” and the 3T platform is attractive for its immediate factor of two increase in magnetization. Cardiac imaging at 3T, however, is both subtly and significantly different from imaging at 1.5T because of increased susceptibility artifacts, differences in tissue relaxation, and RF homogeneity issues. New RF excitation and pulse sequence designs are presented which deal with the fat-suppression requirements and off-resonance issues at 3T. Real-time cardiac imaging at 3T is demonstrated with high blood SNR, blood-myocardium CNR, resolution, and image quality, using new spectral-spatial RF pulses and fast spiral gradient echo pulse sequences. The proposed sequence achieves 1.5 mm in-plane resolution over a 20 cm FOV, with a 5.52 mm measured slice thickness and 32 dB of lipid suppression. Complete images are acquired every 120 ms and are reconstructed and displayed at 24 frames/sec using a sliding window. Results from healthy volunteers show improved image quality, a 53\% improvement in blood SNR efficiency, and a 232\% improvement in blood-myocardium CNR efficiency compared to 1.5T. Magn Reson Med 51:655–660, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-08-09},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Nayak, Krishna S. and Cunningham, Charles H. and Santos, Juan M. and Pauly, John M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {High field, Real-time MRI, cardiac imaging, spectral-spatial excitation, spirals},
	pages = {655--660}
}

@article{lutz_acceleration_2011-2,
	title = {Acceleration of tissue phase mapping with sensitivity encoding at 3T},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-59},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of sensitivity encoding on the quantitative assessment of cardiac motion in black blood cine tissue phase mapping (TPM) sequences. Up to now whole volume coverage of the heart is still limited by the long acquisition times. Therefore, a significant increase in imaging speed without deterioration of quantitative motion information is indispensable.
METHODS: 20 volunteers were enrolled in this study. Each volunteer underwent myocardial short-axis TPM scans with different SENSE acceleration factors. The influence of SENSE acceleration on the measured motion curves was investigated.
RESULTS: It is demonstrated that all TPM sequences with SENSE acceleration have only minimum influence on the motion curves. Even with a SENSE factor of four, the decrease in the amplitude of the motion curve was less than 3\%. No significant difference was observed for the global correlation coefficient and deviation between the motion curves obtained by the reproducibility and the SENSE accelerated measurements.
CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to accelerate myocardial TPM measurements with SENSE factors up to 4 without losing substantial information of the motion pattern.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Lutz, Anja and Bornstedt, Axel and Manzke, Robert and Etyngier, Patrick and Nienhaus, G. Ulrich and Rottbauer, Wolfgang and Rasche, Volker},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21992267},
	pmcid = {PMC3217863},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Feasibility Studies, Female, Germany, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Myocardial Contraction, Predictive Value of Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, Ventricular Function, Left, Young Adult},
	pages = {59}
}

@article{casanova_echo-planar_2003,
	title = {Echo-planar rotating-frame imaging},
	volume = {162},
	issn = {1090-7807},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12810025},
	abstract = {A new rotating-frame imaging method that produces a complete cross section of an object in a single experiment is reported. The echo planar rotating frame imaging (EPROFI) technique uses two perpendicular RF gradients for two-dimensional spatial encoding and fully exploits the formation of rotary echoes for fast sampling of spatial frequencies. The acquisition scheme yields the Fourier transform of the spin distribution on Cartesian coordinates for straightforward image reconstruction. Implementation of the technique on a low-field portable NMR probe is described and results are presented for test objects with different geometries.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-12-21},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif.: 1997)},
	author = {Casanova, F and Robert, H and Perlo, J and Pusiol, D},
	month = jun,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12810025},
	keywords = {Echo-Planar Imaging, Fourier Analysis, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Onions},
	pages = {396--401}
}

@article{gardner_cardiac_2009,
	title = {Cardiac magnetic resonance versus transthoracic echocardiography for the assessment of cardiac volumes and regional function after myocardial infarction: an intrasubject comparison using simultaneous intrasubject recordings},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {2009 Gardner et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1476-7120},
	shorttitle = {Cardiac magnetic resonance versus transthoracic echocardiography for the assessment of cardiac volumes and regional function after myocardial infarction},
	url = {http://www.cardiovascularultrasound.com/content/7/1/38/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1476-7120-7-38},
	abstract = {Although echocardiography is commonly used to evaluate cardiac function after MI, CMR may provide more accurate functional assessment but has not been adequately compared with echo. The primary study objective was to compare metrics of left ventricular volumes and global and regional function determined by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and echocardiography (echo) in patients (pts) with recent myocardial infarction (MI).},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-05-31},
	journal = {Cardiovascular Ultrasound},
	author = {Gardner, Blake I. and Bingham, Scott E. and Allen, Marvin R. and Blatter, Duane D. and Anderson, Jeffrey L.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19689809},
	pages = {38}
}

@article{herraez_fast_2002,
	title = {Fast two-dimensional phase-unwrapping algorithm based on sorting by reliability following a noncontinuous path},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0003-6935, 1539-4522},
	url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-41-35-7437},
	doi = {10.1364/AO.41.007437},
	language = {en},
	number = {35},
	urldate = {2014-05-20},
	journal = {Applied Optics},
	author = {Herráez, Miguel Arevallilo and Burton, David R. and Lalor, Michael J. and Gdeisat, Munther A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {7437}
}

@article{thompson_fast_2003,
	title = {Fast measurement of intracardiac pressure differences with 2D breath‐hold phase‐contrast {MRI}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.10486/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10486},
	abstract = {Intracardiovascular blood pressure differences can be derived from velocity images acquired with phase-contrast (PC) MRI by evaluating the Navier-Stokes equations. Pressure differences within a slice of interest can be calculated using only the in-plane velocity components from that slice. This rapid exam is proposed as an alternative to the lengthy 3D velocity imaging exams. Despite their good spatial coverage, the 3D exams are prone to artifacts and errors from respiratory motion and insufficient temporal resolution, and are unattractive in the clinical setting due to their excessive scan times ({\textgreater}10 min of free breathing). The proposed single-slice approach requires only one or two breath-holds of acquisition time, and the velocity data can be processed for the calculation of pressure differences online with immediate feedback. The impact of reducing the pressure difference calculation to two dimensions is quantified by comparison with 3D data sets for the case of blood flow within the cardiac chambers. The calculated pressure differences are validated using high-fidelity pressure transducers both in a pulsatile flow phantom and in vivo in a dog model. There was excellent agreement between the transducer and PC-MRI results in all of the studies. Magn Reson Med 49:1056–1066, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2011-11-21},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Thompson, Richard B and McVeigh, Elliot R},
	month = jun,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {MRI, blood pressure measurement, diastolic function, hemodynamics, phase contrast imaging, systolic function},
	pages = {1056--1066}
}

@article{hulet_highly_2013,
	title = {Highly accelerated cardiac cine phase-contrast mri using an undersampled radial acquisition and temporally constrained reconstruction},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.24160/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.24160},
	abstract = {Purpose To evaluate a method to enable single-slice or multiple-slice cine phase contrast (cine-PC) acquisition during a single breath-hold using a highly sparsified radial acquisition ordering and temporally constrained image reconstruction with a spatially varying temporal constraint. Materials and Methods Simulated and in vivo cine-PC datasets of the proximal ascending aorta were obtained at different acceleration factors using a view projection acquisition order optimized for temporally constrained reconstruction (TCR). Reconstruction of the sparse cine-PC data performed with TCR was compared to reconstructions using zero-filled regridding and temporal interpolation. Results TCR resulted in more accurate velocity measurements than regridding or temporal interpolation. In one dataset, TCR of undersampled in vivo data (16 views per cardiac phase) resulted in a peak systolic velocity within 3.3\% of the value measured by Doppler ultrasound while shortening the scan time to 13 seconds. High temporal-resolution undersampled TCR was also compared lower temporal-resolution, more highly sampled, regridding in three normal volunteers. Conclusion TCR proved to be an effective method for reconstructing undersampled radial PC data. Although TCR utilizes a temporal constraint, temporal blurring was minimized by using appropriate constraint weights in addition to a spatially varying temporal constraint. TCR allowed for the acquisition time to be reduced to the duration of a breath-hold, while still resulting in accurate velocity measurements.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;00:000–000. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2013-07-18},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Hulet, Jordan P. and Greiser, Andreas and Mendes, Jason K. and McGann, Chris and Treiman, Gerald and Parker, Dennis L.},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {constrained reconstruction, iterative reconstruction, phase-contrast},
	pages = {n/a--n/a}
}

@article{parrish_continuous_1995,
	title = {Continuous {Update} with {Random} {Encoding} ({CURE}): {A} {New} {Strategy} for {Dynamic} {Imaging}},
	volume = {33},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {Continuous {Update} with {Random} {Encoding} ({CURE})},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910330307/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910330307},
	abstract = {Although dynamic imaging is presently used for various applications, it is still limited by the temporal resolution. In this paper, we present a new technique that uses a random phase-encoding strategy to facilitate faster and smoother update of images and to improve the temporal resolution in dynamic studies. The technique was implemented on a conventional clinical scanner and demonstrated with various in vivo studies. Technical details, simulations, and experimental results are described. Images from experimental studies indicate that the new technique is robust in generating dynamic images and can be potentially utilized for clinical applications.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-08-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Parrish, Todd and Hu, Xiaoping},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {MR fluoroscopy, dynamic imaging, interventional MRI, real-time imaging},
	pages = {326--336}
}

@article{siest_objectives_1998,
	title = {Objectives, {Design} and {Recruitment} of a {Familial} and {Longitudinal} {Cohort} for {Studying} {Gene}-{Environment} {Interactions} in the {Field} of {Cardiovascular} {Risk}: {The} {Stanislas} {Cohort}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1434-6621},
	shorttitle = {Objectives, {Design} and {Recruitment} of a {Familial} and {Longitudinal} {Cohort} for {Studying} {Gene}-{Environment} {Interactions} in the {Field} of {Cardiovascular} {Risk}},
	url = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cclm.1998.36.issue-1/cclm.1998.007/cclm.1998.007.xml},
	doi = {10.1515/CCLM.1998.007},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-10-29},
	journal = {Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine},
	author = {Siest, Gérard and Visvikis, Sophie and Herbeth, Bernard and Gueguen, René and Vincent-Viry, Monique and Sass, Catherine and Beaud, Brigitte and Lecomte, Edith and Steinmetz, Josiane and Locuty, Jean and Chevrier, Philippe},
	month = jan,
	year = {1998},
	file = {Objectives, Design and Recruitment of a Familial and Longitudinal Cohort for Studying Gene-Environment Interactions in the Field of Cardiovascular Risk\: The Stanislas Cohort \: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/AVXQ575N/cclm.1998.007.html:text/html}
}

@article{kellman_automatic_2003,
	title = {Automatic in-plane rotation for doubly-oblique cardiac imaging},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.10398/full},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.10398},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-01-28},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Kellman, Peter and Derbyshire, J. Andrew and McVeigh, Elliot R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {612--615}
}

@article{liu_cardiac_2014,
	title = {Cardiac gating calibration by the {Septal} {Scout} for magnetic resonance coronary angiography},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/16/1/12/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-16-12},
	abstract = {Electrocardiogram (ECG) gating is commonly used to synchronize imaging windows to diastasis periods over multiple heartbeats in magnetic resonance (MR) coronary angiography. Calibration of the ECG gating parameters is typically based on a cine cardiovascular MR (CMR) video of the beating heart. Insufficient temporal resolution in the cine-CMR method, however, may produce gating errors and motion artifacts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-01-26},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Liu, Garry and Wright, Graham A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {12},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/MW24PSCA/Liu et Wright - 2014 - Cardiac gating calibration by the Septal Scout for.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/XHSARRKM/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{helbing_right_1996,
	title = {Right {Ventricular} {Diastolic} {Function} in {Children} {With} {Pulmonary} {Regurgitation} {After} {Repair} of {Tetralogy} of {Fallot}: {Volumetric} {Evaluation} by {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Velocity} {Mapping}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0735-1097},
	shorttitle = {Right {Ventricular} {Diastolic} {Function} in {Children} {With} {Pulmonary} {Regurgitation} {After} {Repair} of {Tetralogy} of {Fallot}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109796003877},
	doi = {10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00387-7},
	abstract = {Objectives
We sought to assess right ventricular diastolic function in young patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary regurgitation.
Background
Pulmonary regurgitation is an important problem in repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Its effects on right ventricular diastolic function in children are unknown.
Methods
Nineteen children with repair of tetralogy of Fallot (mean age [Â±SD] 12 Â± 3 years, mean age at operation 1.5 Â± 1) and 12 healthy children were studied. Summation of magnetic resonance velocity mapping pulmonary and tricuspid volume flow curves provided right ventricular time-volume curves. Ventricular size was assessed with tomographic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Graded exercise testing was performed.
Results
Systematic and random differences (mean Â± SD) of velocity mapping and Doppler tricuspid time to peak velocities (peak E: 1 Â± 26 ms, r = 0.43; peak A: 2 Â± 11 ms, r = 0.76), E/A ratios (0.04 Â± 0.5, r = 0.63) and duration of pulmonary regurgitation (20 Â± 35 ms, r = 0.74) were satisfactory. In 6 patients (group I), late diastolic forward pulmonary artery flow was absent; in 13 patients (group II), this flow contributed 1\% to 14\% to right ventricular stroke volume. Significant differences were increased deceleration time (315 Â± 91 vs. 168 Â± 28 ms, p \< 0.001), decreased filling fraction (44 Â± 11 vs. 55 Â± 16\%, p = 0.02) and increased peak early filling rate (378 Â± 124 vs. 286 Â± 112 ml/s, p = 0.018) between control subjects and group I, and increased deceleration time (230 Â± 40, p = 0.03) between control subjects and group II. Pulmonary regurgitation, ventricular size and ejection fraction did not differ significantly between patient groups. Exercise function was diminished with restrictive right ventricular physiology (p \< 0.001, group II vs. control subjects).
Conclusions
Impaired relaxation and restriction to filling affect diastolic right ventricular function in children with repair of tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary regurgitation. Restrictive right ventricular physiology is associated with decreased exercise function.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2011-09-13},
	journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
	author = {Helbing, Willem A. and Niezen, R. Andre and Le Cessie, Saskia and Van Der Geest, Rob J. and Ottenkamp, Jaap and De Roos, Albert},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {1827--1835}
}

@article{sadek_respiratory_1996,
	title = {Respiratory and postprandial changes in portal flow rate: assessment by phase contrast {MR} imaging},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	shorttitle = {Respiratory and postprandial changes in portal flow rate},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate the variability of several different phase contrast (PC) magnetic resonance techniques and duplex Doppler imaging (DDI) for measuring portal flow rate (PFR) with different patterns of respiration before and after a standard meal. PFR was measured in nine normal volunteers in both fasting and postprandial states, using both 2D and cine PC MR techniques. Two-dimensional PC technique was performed with and without breath-hold (BH). Four different patterns of BH (relaxed maximal inspiration, expiration, Valsalva maneuver, and Müller or reversed Valsalva) were used. Cine PC technique was performed without BH. DDI measurement of PFR was done in the fasting state with relaxed inspiration. PFR measurements made by means of PC MR techniques varied, depending on BH method, and were systematically less than those obtained by DDI. PFR measured during inspiration was significantly less than that measured during expiration and other respiratory maneuvers (P {\textless} .03). PFR increased significantly after a meal for PC and Doppler measurements, with a range of mean increases of 24 to 74\%. Two-dimensional PC MR imaging techniques yielded differing measurements of PFR, depending on whether they were done with or without BH, as well as on the pattern of BH. PC mean measures of PFR were consistently less than those of DDI. The physiologic inspiratory decreases and postprandial increases of the PFR were evident from 2D and cine PC MRI techniques, as well as with DDI.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Sadek, A G and Mohamed, F B and Outwater, E K and El-Essawy, S S and Mitchell, D G},
	month = feb,
	year = {1996},
	pmid = {8851411},
	keywords = {Adult, Eating, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Portal Vein, Regional Blood Flow, Respiration},
	pages = {90--93}
}

@article{pipe_motion_1999-1,
	title = {Motion correction with {PROPELLER} {MRI}: {Application} to head motion and free-breathing cardiac imaging},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	shorttitle = {Motion correction with {PROPELLER} {MRI}},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199911)42:5%3C963::AID-MRM17%3E3.0.CO;2-L/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199911)42:5<963::AID-MRM17>3.0.CO;2-L},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-03-02},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Pipe, James G.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {963--969}
}

@article{bauer_k-t_2013,
	title = {K-t {GRAPPA} accelerated phase contrast {MRI}: {Improved} assessment of blood flow and 3-directional myocardial motion during breath-hold},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {K-t {GRAPPA} accelerated phase contrast {MRI}},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.24077/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.24077},
	abstract = {Purpose: To evaluate spatiotemporal parallel imaging with R = 5 in comparison to conventional parallel imaging with R = 2 applied to phase contrast (PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This was motivated by the fact that scan times for PC imaging often exceed breath-hold capabilities of patients even with standard parallel imaging using typical reduction factors of R = 2. Materials and Methods: K-t generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) acquisition was validated in phantom measurements and then applied in 10 volunteer and three patient examinations. Due to the higher reduction factor compared to conventional GRAPPA, k-t GRAPPA measurements could be performed during breath-hold with high spatial and temporal resolution. K-t GRAPPA scans were compared to GRAPPA acquired during free-breathing with navigator respiration control. In addition, spatiotemporally accelerated PC imaging was acquired during free-breathing for comparison of k-t-accelerated breath-held scans. Results: Substantial improvements in image quality for the breath-hold measurements were observed. Significantly reduced peak velocities were found for the GRAPPA protocol compared to the k-t-accelerated breath-hold scans for both flow (8\%) and myocardial motion (up to 30\%) measurements. Conclusion: Spatiotemporal acceleration allows the performance of high temporal or spatial resolution PC imaging during breath-hold while providing high image quality and robust acquisition of functional information that cannot be achieved during breath-hold with standard techniques. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2013-07-16},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Bauer, Simon and Markl, Michael and Föll, Daniela and Russe, Maximilian and Stankovic, Zoran and Jung, Bernd},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {GRAPPA, blood flow, k-t GRAPPA, myocardial motion, phase contrast},
	pages = {n/a--n/a}
}

@article{meyer_images_2012,
	series = {{ESMRMB} 2012, 29th {Annual} {Scientific} {Meeting}, {Lisbon}, {Portugal}, 4-6 {October}: {EPOSTM} {Poster} / {Paper} {Poster} / {Clinical} {Review} {Poster} / {Software} {Exhibits}},
	title = {Images {Preview} with a {Dynamic} {Acquisition} {Real}-time {System} ({DARTS})},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0968-5243, 1352-8661},
	url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10334-012-0324-9?null},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-012-0324-9},
	number = {S1},
	urldate = {2012-12-21},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Meyer, Christophe and Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {339--628}
}

@article{jung_radial_2009,
	title = {Radial k-t {FOCUSS} for high-resolution cardiac cine {MRI}},
	issn = {07403194},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.22172/full},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22172},
	urldate = {2011-02-09},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Jung, Hong and Park, Jaeseok and Yoo, Jaeheung and Ye, Jong Chul},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Heart, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {NA--NA}
}

@article{hundley_assessment_1996,
	title = {Assessment of {Coronary} {Arterial} {Flow} and {Flow} {Reserve} in {Humans} {With} {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Imaging}},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/93/8/1502},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.93.8.1502},
	abstract = {Background The noninvasive measurement of absolute epicardial coronary arterial flow and flow reserve would be useful in the evaluation of patients with coronary circulatory disorders. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) has been used to measure coronary arterial flow in animals, but its accuracy in humans is unknown.
Methods and Results Twelve subjects (7 men, 5 women; age, 44 to 67 years) underwent PC-MRI measurements of flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery or one of its diagonal branches at rest and after administration of adenosine (140 μg·kg−1·min−1 IV). Immediately thereafter, intracoronary Doppler velocity (IDV) and flow measurements were made during cardiac catheterization at rest and after intravenous administration of adenosine. For the 12 patients, the correlation between MRI and invasive measurements of coronary arterial flow and coronary arterial flow reserve was excellent: coronary flowMRI (mL/min)= 0.85×coronary flowIDV (mL/min)+17 (mL/min), r=.89, and coronary flow reserveMRI=0.79×coronary velocity reserveIDV+0.34, r=.89. For the range of coronary arterial flows (18 to 161 mL/min) measured by MRI, the limit of agreement between MRI and catheterization measurements of flow was −13±30 mL/min; for the range of coronary reserves (0.7 to 3.7) measured by MRI, the limit of agreement between the two techniques was 0.1±0.4.
Conclusions Cine velocity-encoded PC-MRI can noninvasively measure absolute coronary arterial flow in the left anterior descending artery in humans. PC-MRI can detect pharmacologically induced changes in coronary arterial flow and can reliably distinguish between those subjects with normal and abnormal coronary artery flow reserve.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2012-12-10},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Hundley, W. Gregory and Lange, Richard A. and Clarke, Geoffrey D. and Meshack, Benjamin M. and Payne, Jerry and Landau, Charles and McColl, Roderick and Sayad, Dany E. and Willett, DuWayne L. and Willard, John E. and Hillis, L. David and Peshock, Ronald M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Coronary Disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Regional Blood Flow},
	pages = {1502--1508}
}

@article{hardy_pencil_1996-1,
	title = {Pencil excitation with interleaved fourier velocity encoding: {NMR} measurement of aortic distensibility},
	volume = {35},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {Pencil excitation with interleaved fourier velocity encoding},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910350605/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910350605},
	abstract = {A technique is presented for rapidly and noninvasively determining aortic distensibiltty, by NMR measurement of pulse-wave velocrty in the aorta. A cylinder of magnetization is excited along the aorta, wtth Fourier-veloctty encoding and readout gradients applied along the cylinder axis. Cardiac gating and data interleaving improve the effective time resolution to as high as 3 ms. Wave velocities are determined from the position of the f oot of the flow wave in the velocity profiles. Evidence of helical flow distal to the aortic arch can be seen in normal subjects, while disturbed flow patterns are visible in patients with aneurysms and dissections.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-02-05},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Hardy, Christopher J. and Bolster, Bradley D. and McVeigh, Elliot R. and Iben, Icko E. T. and Zerhouni, Elias A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging, aortic distensibilrty, blood velocity, wave speed},
	pages = {814--819}
}

@article{rolf_sequence_2011,
	title = {Sequence optimization to reduce velocity offsets in cardiovascular magnetic resonance volume flow quantification--a multi-vendor study},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21388521},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-18},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

Eddy current induced velocity offsets are of concern for accuracy in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) volume flow quantification. However, currently known theoretical aspects of eddy current behavior have not led to effective guidelines for the optimization of flow quantification sequences. This study is aimed at identifying correlations between protocol parameters and the resulting velocity error in clinical CMR flow measurements in a multi-vendor study.

METHODS

Nine 1.5T scanners of three different types/vendors were studied. Measurements were performed on a large stationary phantom. Starting from a clinical breath-hold flow protocol, several protocol parameters were varied. Acquisitions were made in three clinically relevant orientations. Additionally, a time delay between the bipolar gradient and read-out, asymmetric versus symmetric velocity encoding, and gradient amplitude and slew rate were studied in adapted sequences as exploratory measurements beyond the protocol. Image analysis determined the worst-case offset for a typical great-vessel flow measurement.

RESULTS

The results showed a great variation in offset behavior among scanners (standard deviation among samples of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.9 cm/s for the three different scanner types), even for small changes in the protocol. Considering the absolute values, none of the tested protocol settings consistently reduced the velocity offsets below the critical level of 0.6 cm/s neither for all three orientations nor for all three scanner types. Using multilevel linear model analysis, oblique aortic and pulmonary slices showed systematic higher offsets than the transverse aortic slices (oblique aortic 0.6 cm/s, and pulmonary 1.8 cm/s higher than transverse aortic). The exploratory measurements beyond the protocol yielded some new leads for further sequence development towards reduction of velocity offsets; however those protocols were not always compatible with the time-constraints of breath-hold imaging and flow-related artefacts.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that with current systems there was no generic protocol which resulted into acceptable flow offset values. Protocol optimization would have to be performed on a per scanner and per protocol basis. Proper optimization might make accurate (transverse) aortic flow quantification possible for most scanners. Pulmonary flow quantification would still need further (offline) correction.},
	urldate = {2011-10-28},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Rolf, Marijn P and Hofman, Mark B M and Gatehouse, Peter D and Markenroth-Bloch, Karin and Heymans, Martijn W and Ebbers, Tino and Graves, Martin J and Totman, John J and Werner, Beat and van Rossum, Albert C and Kilner, Philip J and Heethaar, Rob M},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21388521},
	keywords = {Aorta, Blood Flow Velocity, Equipment Design, Europe, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Materials Testing, Models, Cardiovascular, Phantoms, Imaging, Pulmonary Circulation, Regional Blood Flow, Reproducibility of Results},
	pages = {18}
}

@article{dimaio_dynamic_2007,
	title = {Dynamic {MRI} scan plane control for passive tracking of instruments and devices},
	volume = {10},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044552},
	abstract = {This paper describes a novel image-based method for tracking robotic mechanisms and interventional devices during Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)-guided procedures. It takes advantage of the multi-planar imaging capabilities of MRI to optimally image a set of localizing fiducials for passive motion tracking in the image coordinate frame. The imaging system is servoed to adaptively position the scan plane based on automatic detection and localization of fiducial artifacts directly from the acquired image stream. This closed-loop control system has been implemented using an open-source software framework and currently operates with GE MRI scanners. Accuracy and performance were evaluated in experiments, the results of which are presented here.},
	number = {Pt 2},
	urldate = {2011-02-01},
	journal = {Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention: MICCAI ... International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention},
	author = {DiMaio, S P and Samset, E and Fischer, G and Iordachita, I and Fichtinger, G and Jolesz, F and Tempany, C M},
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {18044552},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Anatomy, Cross-Sectional, Artificial Intelligence, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Robotics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Surgery, Computer-Assisted, User-Computer Interface},
	pages = {50--58}
}

@article{sigfridsson_vivo_2010,
	title = {In vivo {SNR} in {DENSE} {MRI}; temporal and regional effects of field strength, receiver coil sensitivity and flip angle strategies},
	issn = {1873-5894},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/21129876},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mri.2010.08.016},
	abstract = {AIM: The influences on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of Displacement ENcoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE) MRI of field strength, receiver coil sensitivity and choice of flip angle strategy have been previously investigated individually. In this study, all of these parameters have been investigated in the same setting, and a mutual comparison of their impact on SNR is presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten healthy volunteers were imaged in a 1.5 T and a 3 T MRI system, using standard five- or six-channel cardiac coils as well as 32-channel coils, with four different excitation patterns. Variation of spatial coil sensitivity was assessed by regional SNR analysis. RESULTS: SNR ranging from 2.8 to 30.5 was found depending on the combination of excitation patterns, coil sensitivity and field strength. The SNR at 3 T was 53±26\% higher than at 1.5 T (P{\textless}.001), whereas spatial differences of 59±26\% were found in the ventricle (P{\textless}.001). Thirty-two-channel coils provided 52±29\% higher SNR compared to standard five- or six-channel coils (P{\textless}.001). A fixed flip angle strategy provided an excess of 50\% higher SNR in half of the imaged cardiac cycle compared to a sweeping flip angle strategy, and a single-phase acquisition provided a sixfold increase of SNR compared to a cine acquisition. CONCLUSION: The effect of field strength and receiver coil sensitivity influences the SNR with the same order of magnitude, whereas flip angle strategy can have a larger effect on SNR. Thus, careful choice of imaging hardware in combination with adaptation of the acquisition protocol is crucial in order to realize sufficient SNR in DENSE MRI.},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Sigfridsson, Andreas and Haraldsson, Henrik and Ebbers, Tino and Knutsson, Hans and Sakuma, Hajime},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {21129876}
}

@article{leung_determinants_1991,
	title = {Determinants of normal coronary artery dimensions in humans.},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/84/6/2294},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.84.6.2294},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND Studies of normal human coronary dimensions have been performed primarily in postmortem hearts. We evaluated the influence of age, body habitus, and regional myocardial mass on coronary dimensions in living patients with normal coronary vessels.
METHODS AND RESULTS Arteriographically normal coronary angiograms were analyzed from the following groups of subjects: group 1 (age, 15-34 years) consisted of 30 post-cardiac transplant patients with donor hearts from male subjects aged 15-34 years, group 2 (age, 35-54 years) consisted of 12 post-cardiac transplant patients with donor hearts from male subjects aged 35-54 years and 26 male subjects investigated for atypical chest pain, and group 3 (age, 55-74 years) consisted of 26 male subjects investigated for atypical chest pain. All angiograms were performed after sublingual nitroglycerin. Measurements of the dimensions of the left main, proximal left anterior descending, proximal left circumflex, and proximal right coronary arteries were made using a computer-assisted edge-detection algorithm. The regional myocardial mass supplied by each vessel was derived from echocardiographically derived total left ventricular mass and a semiquantitative angiographic territory scoring system based primarily on the number and length of its terminal nutrient branches.
CONCLUSIONS Linear regression analysis showed that coronary vessel cross-sectional area and total coronary cross-sectional area increase with regional myocardial mass and decrease linearly with age. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that regional myocardial mass and age were independent predictors of cross-sectional area for each vessel and for the total coronary cross-sectional area. We speculate that age-related decline in physical activity, in part, may be responsible.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-11-06},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Leung, W. H. and Stadius, M. L. and Alderman, E. L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1991},
	pages = {2294--2306}
}

@article{wood_planarmotion_1995,
	title = {Planar‐motion correction with use of k‐space data acquired in fourier {MR} imaging},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/jmri.1880050113/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.1880050113},
	abstract = {The authors have developed a method for reducing magnetic resonance (MR) image artifacts caused by planar motion. Segments of k-space acquired with the subject stationary are detected automatically. Each k-space segment is Fourier transformed into an image in which rotational and translational displacements are measured manually. Before correction, k-space is made as Hermitian as allowed by the largest symmetric range of low spatial frequencies acquired with the subject stationary. Segments of k-space acquired with the subject in different positions are corrected separately. Although translation corrections can be applied effectively to both k-space and the spatial domain, rotation corrections are applied in the spatial domain to avoid image artifacts. To complement the correction, data corrupted by rotation are replaced by the complex conjugate of data of the opposite kx, and ky, provided that these data have not been corrupted by rotation. The method reduced ghosts and blurring substantially on sagittal head images acquired with a standard spin-echo pulse sequence while a volunteer subject nodded his head.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-10-30},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Wood, Michael L and Shivji, Mansur J and Stanchev, Peter L},
	month = jan,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Artifact, Image processing, K‐space, motion correction},
	pages = {57--64}
}

@article{herraez_robust_2002,
	title = {Robust, {Fast}, and {Effective} {Two}-{Dimensional} {Automatic} {Phase} {Unwrapping} {Algorithm} {Based} on {Image} {Decomposition}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0003-6935, 1539-4522},
	url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-41-35-7445},
	doi = {10.1364/AO.41.007445},
	language = {en},
	number = {35},
	urldate = {2014-05-20},
	journal = {Applied Optics},
	author = {Herráez, Miguel Arevallilo and Gdeisat, Munther A. and Burton, David R. and Lalor, Michael J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {7445}
}

@article{walker_magnetic_1998,
	title = {Magnetic resonance imaging of ultrasonic fields},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0301-5629},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301562997002081},
	doi = {10.1016/S0301-5629(97)00208-1},
	abstract = {A nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method is described that allows noninvasive, quantitative mapping of medical ultrasound (US) fields in tissue. Application of a resonant magnetic field gradient operating at the US frequency permits detection of nanometer motions associated with ultrasound, and allows direct measurement of absolute pressure, intensity, and speed of sound. By altering gradient timing, the propagation of US fields in time and space can be observed; this enables tracking of US scattering phenomena in a tissue-equivalent medium. An experimental apparatus was constructed that combined a 515-kHz focused US transducer configured with its focus in the center of a small-bore oscillating gradient. This provided an oscillating gradient with a peak gradient strength of 0.40 T/m over a useable imaging volume of 61 cm3. When used in conjunction with 1.5-T clinical MRI system, this apparatus allowed the clear visualization of the focused US field within this volume and its propagation with time. Current limits of sensitivity indicate a noise equivalent sensitivity of 3.8 nm in displacement amplitude, 19 kPa in pressure amplitude and 12 mW/cm2 in acoustic intensity. These studies indicate that MRI can provide a new, noninvasive method for US exposimetry and the basic study of ultrasound biophysics in tissue.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-07-26},
	journal = {Ultrasound in Medicine \& Biology},
	author = {Walker, C.L. and Foster, F.S. and Plewes, D.B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Oscillating magnetic field gradients, Phase-contrast MRI, Ultrasound exposimetry, motion detection},
	pages = {137--142}
}

@article{odille_automatic_2011,
	title = {Automatic segmentation propagation of the aorta in real-time phase contrast {MRI} using nonrigid registration},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22402},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: To assess the use of a nonrigid registration technique for semi-automatic segmentation of the aorta from real-time velocity mapping MRI.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Real-time phase contrast images were acquired to measure flow and stroke volumes in 10 subjects, during free breathing, at rest, and during exercise. A nonrigid registration algorithm was developed to propagate a manually drawn region of interest in the aorta from one frame to all other frames of the real-time sequence (148 images). Thus the technique provided a semi-automatic segmentation over the whole sequence of images. The accuracy was assessed by comparison with manual segmentations in terms of Dice overlap measures and stroke volumes (SV).
RESULTS: Semi-automatic segmentations were comparable to manual ones (Dice score of 0.89 ± 0.04). Inter-observer reproducibility was similar for manual and semi-automatic segmentations (Dice score of 0.90 ± 0.04 in both cases, the difference was not significant). SV measurements also showed good agreement between manual and semi-automatic segmentations (correlation coefficient r {\textgreater} 0.94), and the differences were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSION: Although real-time phase contrast images have compromised image quality, a fast and robust segmentation of the aorta was possible using the registration-based technique.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Odille, Freddy and Steeden, Jennifer A. and Muthurangu, Vivek and Atkinson, David},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21182145},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Aorta, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Systems, Female, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {232--238}
}

@article{kerr_real-time_1997,
	title = {Real-time interactive {MRI} on a conventional scanner},
	volume = {38},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910380303/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910380303},
	abstract = {A real-time interactive MRI system capable of localizing coronary arteries and imaging arrhythmic hearts in real-time is described. Non-2DFT acquisition strategies such as spiral-interleaf, spiral-ring, and circular echo-planar imaging provide short scan times on a conventional scanner. Real-time grid-ding reconstruction at 8–20 image is achieved by distributing the reconstruction on general-purpose UNIX workstations. An X-windows application provides interactive control. A six-interleaf spiral sequence is used for cardiac imaging and can acquire six images/s. A sliding window reconstruction achieves display rates of 16–20 images/s. This allows cardiac images to be acquired in real-time, with minimal motion and flow artifacts, and without breath holding or cardiac gating. Abdominal images are acquired at over 2.5 images/s with spiral-ring or circular echo-planar sequences. Reconstruction rates are 8–10 images/s. Rapid localization in the abdomen is demonstrated with the spiral-ring acquisition, whereas peristaltic motion in the small bowel is well visualized using the circular echo-planar sequence.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-06-19},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Kerr, Adam B. and Pauly, John M. and Hu, Bob S. and Li, King C. and Hardy, Christopher J. and Meyer, Ciraig H. and Macovski, Albert and Nishimura, Dwight G.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {MRI, Real-time, fluoroscopy, interactive},
	pages = {355--367}
}

@article{ho_clinicians_2006,
	title = {A {Clinician}’s {Guide} to {Tissue} {Doppler} {Imaging}},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/113/10/e396},
	doi = {10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.579268},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2013-06-13},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Ho, Carolyn Y. and Solomon, Scott D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16534017},
	pages = {e396--e398}
}

@article{golde_systolic_1970,
	title = {Systolic {Phases} of the {Cardiac} {Cycle} in {Children}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/42/6/1029},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.42.6.1029},
	abstract = {The duration of the systolic phases of the cardiac cycle in 390 normal children was determined from high-speed simultaneous recordings of the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, apexcardiogram, and carotid pulse. Data were obtained on children 1 mo to 13 years of age and analyzed to define the independent effects of aging and heart rate on the systolic intervals. Electromechanical systole (Q-II) was found to prolong with increasing age in children with the same heart rate. Pre-ejection period was also prolonged in older children and occupied an increased percentage of total systole. The interval from onset of contraction to first sound varied inversely with heart rate and was independent of age. Electromechanical delay and isometric contraction time were directly related to age and independent of rate. Ejection time varied directly with age and inversely with heart rate but occupied a smaller percentage of systole in older children. Alterations in systolic phase duration occurring with maturation reflect the normal functional adaptation of the developing heart. Measurement of these phases can provide useful information relative to cardiac function in children.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Golde, David and Burstin, Luis},
	month = dec,
	year = {1970},
	pmid = {5492536},
	keywords = {Apexcardiogram, Ejection time, Electromechanical delay, Isometric contraction time, Phonocardogram, Polycardiography, Pre-ejection period, Systolic time intervals},
	pages = {1029--1036},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/MW39G37P/Golde et Burstin - 1970 - Systolic Phases of the Cardiac Cycle in Children.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/BMIK7DZN/1029.html:text/html}
}

@article{foo_vessel_2000,
	title = {Vessel tracking: prospective adjustment of section-selective {MR} angiographic locations for improved coronary artery visualization over the cardiac cycle},
	volume = {214},
	issn = {0033-8419},
	shorttitle = {Vessel tracking},
	abstract = {To follow the motion of the coronary artery in magnetic resonance angiography, the authors evaluated vessel tracking, a method for prospective adjustment of the section location as a function of the delay from the cardiac trigger. In 10 volunteers and four patients, this method allowed the vessel to be maintained in the plane of acquisition throughout the cardiac cycle. With a single-phase multisection sequence, vessel-tracking acquisitions had an efficiency of 0.68 +/- 0.04 for both the right and left coronary arteries compared with 0.19 +/- 0.03 for a non-vessel-tracking acquisition (P {\textless} .001).},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Foo, T K and Ho, V B and Hood, M N},
	month = jan,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {10644138},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Artifacts, Coronary Angiography, Coronary Vessels, Electrocardiography, Female, Humans, Magnetic Res

repository: cmey/resume

repo_name: cmey/resume