text:
IP})},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10918330},
	abstract = {A new parallel imaging technique was implemented which can result in reduced image acquisition times in MRI. MR data is acquired in parallel using an array of receiver coils and then reconstructed simultaneously with multiple processors. The method requires the initial estimation of the 2D sensitivity profile of each coil used in the receiver array. These sensitivity profiles are then used to partially encode the images of interest. A fraction of the total number of k-space lines is consequently acquired and used in a parallel reconstruction scheme, allowing for a substantial reduction in scanning and display times. This technique is in the family of parallel acquisition schemes such as simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics (SMASH) and sensitivity encoding (SENSE). It extends the use of the SMASH method to allow the placement of the receiver coil array around the object of interest, enabling imaging of any plane within the volume of interest. In addition, this technique permits the arbitrary choice of the set of k-space lines used in the reconstruction and lends itself to parallel reconstruction, hence allowing for real-time rendering. Simulated results with a 16-fold increase in temporal resolution are shown, as are experimental results with a 4-fold increase in temporal resolution. Magn Reson Med 44:301-308, 2000.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-03-02},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Kyriakos, W E and Panych, L P and Kacher, D F and Westin, C F and Bao, S M and Mulkern, R V and Jolesz, F A},
	month = aug,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {10918330},
	keywords = {Brain, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mathematics, Phantoms, Imaging, Sensitivity and Specificity, Thorax},
	pages = {301--308}
}

@article{thompson_flowgated_2004,
	title = {Flow‐gated phase‐contrast {MRI} using radial acquisitions},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.20187/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20187},
	abstract = {Phase-contrast (PC) MRI is a noninvasive method for imaging blood and tissue velocity. PC experiments are typically segmented into many cardiac cycles in order to obtain sufficient spatial and temporal resolution, and thus require a gating signal to properly combine the data from multiple cardiac cycles. Although the surface electrode ECG is the gating waveform of choice for cardiovascular MRI, alternative gating methods are required for fetal cardiac imaging (due to the unavailability of fetal ECG signals) and for cases of ECG contamination via the strong magnetic fields within the MR scanner. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using imaging data from flow-encoded MRI experiments to derive times for cardiac gating. An undersampled radial k-space acquisition method is used to measure an image-derived flow-gating waveform in real-time, from which the gating times are derived. These gating times are used to reconstruct a conventional gated-segmented image series by combining the real-time data from multiple heartbeats. Flow-gated PC experiments were performed on five normal volunteers with slice prescriptions in four anatomic regions. The standard deviation (SD) of the difference between the flow-gating and ECG gating times ranged from 5 ms to 12 ms. Magn Reson Med 52:598–604, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-11-21},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Thompson, Richard B and McVeigh, Elliot R},
	month = sep,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {MRI, complex difference, flow, gating, phase contrast},
	pages = {598--604}
}

@article{heijman_comparison_2007,
	title = {Comparison between prospective and retrospective triggering for mouse cardiac {MRI}},
	volume = {20},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2006 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-1492},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nbm.1110/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/nbm.1110},
	abstract = {High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved into one of the major non-invasive tools to study the healthy and diseased mouse heart. This study presents a Cartesian CINE MRI protocol based on a fast low-angle shot sequence with a navigator echo to generate cardiac triggering and respiratory gating signals retrospectively, making the use of ECG leads and respiratory motion sensors obsolete. MRI of the in vivo mouse heart using this sequence resulted in CINE images with no detectable cardiac and respiratory motion artefacts. The retrospective method allows for steady-state imaging of the mouse heart, which is essential for quantitative contrast-enhanced MRI studies. A comparison was made between prospective and retrospective methods in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast-to-noise ratio between blood and myocardial wall, as well as global cardiac functional indices: end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume and ejection fraction. The retrospective method resulted in almost constant left-ventricle wall signal intensity throughout the cardiac cycle, at the expense of a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast-to-noise ratio between blood and myocardial wall as compared with the prospective method. Prospective and retrospective sequences yielded comparable global cardiac functional indices. The largest mean relative difference found was 8\% for the end-systolic volume. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-04-30},
	journal = {NMR in Biomedicine},
	author = {Heijman, Edwin and de Graaf, Wolter and Niessen, Petra and Nauerth, Arno and van Eys, Guillaume and de Graaf, Larry and Nicolay, Klaas and Strijkers, Gustav J.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Heart, MRI, mouse, navigator, retrospective, self-gated, triggering},
	pages = {439--447}
}

@article{sakuma_effect_2001,
	title = {Effect of breath holding on blood flow measurement using fast velocity encoded cine {MRI}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	abstract = {Breath-hold MR measurement of cardiac output was compared with results from respiratory triggered MR acquisitions, since flow measurement during breath-holding may be different from physiological blood flow. Cardiac output during large lung volume breath-holding (4.47 +/- 0.63 l/min in the aorta and 4.53 +/- 0.59 l/min in the pulmonary artery) was significantly lower than that measured during normal breathing (6.09 +/- 0.49 l/min and 6.48 +/- 0.67 l/min, P {\textless} 0.01). In contrast, no significant difference was found between measurements conducted with small lung volume breath-holding (5.87 +/- 0.53 l/min and 6.41 +/- 0.75 l/min) and normal breathing. In conclusion, breath-hold MR flow measurement using small lung volume by shallow inspiration can provide a blood flow quantification that is close to physiological blood flow. Magn Reson Med 45:346-348, 2001.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Sakuma, H and Kawada, N and Kubo, H and Nishide, Y and Takano, K and Kato, N and Takeda, K},
	month = feb,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11180443},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Circulation, Cardiac Output, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena},
	pages = {346--348}
}

@article{dogui_consistency_2011-1,
	title = {Consistency of aortic distensibility and pulse wave velocity estimates with respect to the {Bramwell}-{Hill} theoretical model: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	shorttitle = {Consistency of aortic distensibility and pulse wave velocity estimates with respect to the {Bramwell}-{Hill} theoretical model},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-11},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

Arterial stiffness is considered as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality, and is increasingly used in clinical practice. This study aimed at evaluating the consistency of the automated estimation of regional and local aortic stiffness indices from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) data.

RESULTS

Forty-six healthy subjects underwent carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measurements (CF\_PWV) by applanation tonometry and CMR with steady-state free-precession and phase contrast acquisitions at the level of the aortic arch. These data were used for the automated evaluation of the aortic arch pulse wave velocity (Arch\_PWV), and the ascending aorta distensibility (AA\_Distc, AA\_Distb), which were estimated from ascending aorta strain (AA\_Strain) combined with either carotid or brachial pulse pressure. The local ascending aorta pulse wave velocity AA\_PWVc and AA\_PWVb were estimated respectively from these carotid and brachial derived distensibility indices according to the Bramwell-Hill theoretical model, and were compared with the Arch\_PWV. In addition, a reproducibility analysis of AA\_PWV measurement and its comparison with the standard CF\_PWV was performed. Characterization according to the Bramwell-Hill equation resulted in good correlations between Arch\_PWV and both local distensibility indices AA\_Distc (r = 0.71, p {\textless} 0.001) and AA\_Distb (r = 0.60, p {\textless} 0.001); and between Arch\_PWV and both theoretical local indices AA\_PWVc (r = 0.78, p {\textless} 0.001) and AA\_PWVb (r = 0.78, p {\textless} 0.001). Furthermore, the Arch\_PWV was well related to CF\_PWV (r = 0.69, p {\textless} 0.001) and its estimation was highly reproducible (inter-operator variability: 7.1\%).

CONCLUSIONS

The present work confirmed the consistency and robustness of the regional index Arch\_PWV and the local indices AA\_Distc and AA\_Distb according to the theoretical model, as well as to the well established measurement of CF\_PWV, demonstrating the relevance of the regional and local CMR indices.},
	journal = {Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance: official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Dogui, Anas and Kachenoura, Nadjia and Frouin, Frédérique and Lefort, Muriel and De Cesare, Alain and Mousseaux, Elie and Herment, Alain},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21272312},
	keywords = {Adult, Aorta, Automation, Laboratory, Blood Flow Velocity, Carotid Arteries, Elasticity, Femoral Artery, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Manometry, Middle Aged, Models, Cardiovascular, Observer Variation, Predictive Value of Tests, Pulsatile Flow, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult},
	pages = {11}
}

@article{bangerter_analysis_2004,
	title = {Analysis of multiple-acquisition {SSFP}},
	volume = {51},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.20052/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20052},
	abstract = {Refocused steady-state free precession (SSFP) is limited by its high sensitivity to local field variation, particularly at high field strengths or the long repetition times (TRs) necessary for high resolution. Several methods have been proposed to reduce SSFP banding artifact by combining multiple phase-cycled SSFP acquisitions, each differing in how individual signal magnitudes and phases are combined. These include maximum-intensity SSFP (MI-SSFP) and complex-sum SSFP (CS-SSFP). The reduction in SSFP banding is accompanied by a loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) efficiency. In this work a general framework for analyzing banding artifact reduction, contrast, and SNR of any multiple-acquisition SSFP combination method is presented. A new sum-of-squares method is proposed, and a comparison is performed between each of the combination schemes. The sum-of-squares SSFP technique (SOS-SSFP) delivers both robust banding artifact reduction and higher SNR efficiency than other multiple-acquisition techniques, while preserving SSFP contrast. Magn Reson Med 51:1038–1047, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-11-27},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Bangerter, Neal K. and Hargreaves, Brian A. and Vasanawala, Shreyas S. and Pauly, John M. and Gold, Garry E. and Nishimura, Dwight G.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {SNR analysis, SSFP, banding artifact, phase cycling, steady-state},
	pages = {1038--1047},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/97QVCA4I/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@inproceedings{meyer_mesure_2012,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Mesure de débit en respiration libe en {IRM} {CINE} à contraste de phase corrigée en mouvement},
	url = {http://jfr.sfrnet.cyim.com/rc/org/sfrnet/htm/Article/2012/20120607-095624-546/src/htm_fullText/fr/programme%20GRIC%2023102012.pdf},
	booktitle = {Journée du {GRIC} "segmentation en imagerie cardiaque" / {Journées} {Françaises} de {Radiologie}},
	author = {Meyer, Christophe and Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Mandry, Damien and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012}
}

@article{zhong_comprehensive_2011,
	title = {Comprehensive {Cardiovascular} magnetic resonance of myocardial mechanics in mice using three-dimensional cine {DENSE}},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {2011 Zhong et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/13/1/83/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-83},
	abstract = {Quantitative noninvasive imaging of myocardial mechanics in mice enables studies of the roles of individual genes in cardiac function. We sought to develop comprehensive three-dimensional methods for imaging myocardial mechanics in mice.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Zhong, Xiaodong and Gibberman, Lauren and Spottiswoode, Bruce and Gilliam, Andrew and Meyer, Craig and French, Brent and Epstein, Frederick},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {83}
}

@misc{noauthor_sign_nodate,
	title = {Sign {In}},
	url = {http://jap.physiology.org/content/5/9/495.long},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	pmid = {13034677},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/WZXGKSEU/495.html:text/html}
}

@article{willems_left_1970,
	title = {The {Left} {Ventricular} {Ejection} {Time} in {Elderly} {Subjects}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/42/1/37},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.42.1.37},
	abstract = {The left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was studied by means of the carotid artery tracing in 512 elderly subjects (205 male and 307 female) who were between 60 and 90 years old (mean age, 70.5 years). A highly significant correlation was found between heart rate (HR) and LVET. The data on these aged subjects were compared and analyzed with the results previously reported concerning young and middle-aged adults. A small but significant increase of LVET with aging, independent of changes in HR and blood pressure, could be demonstrated by multiple regression analysis. A statistically significant difference existed between the sexes. The influence on LVET of parameters other than HR was small.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Willems, Jos L. and Roelandt, Jos and Geest, Hilaire De and Kesteloot, Hugo and Joossens, Jozef V.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1970},
	pmid = {5425593},
	keywords = {Afterload, Aging, Carotid artery pulse, Ischemic heart disease, Phonocardiography},
	pages = {37--42},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/8W9TJJNJ/Willems et al. - 1970 - The Left Ventricular Ejection Time in Elderly Subj.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/2ACF5SPI/37.html:text/html}
}

@article{epstein_mr_2007,
	title = {{MR} in mouse models of cardiac disease},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0952-3480},
	doi = {10.1002/nbm.1152},
	abstract = {Transgenic and knockout mice can be used to study the genes and basic mechanisms involved in heart disease, and have therefore assumed a central role in modern cardiac research. MRI and MRS techniques have recently been developed for mice that enable the quantitative or semi-quantitative in vivo assessment of cardiac anatomy, function, perfusion, infarction, Ca(2+) influx, and metabolism. With these techniques, the normal mouse heart has been shown to be well suited as a model of human cardiac disease. The roles of individual genes in normal cardiac physiology have recently been studied by MR, including the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in beta-adrenergic stimulation, the roles of the inducible nitric oxide synthase and myoglobin in function, dilation, and energetics, and the role of cardiac troponin I in contractility. Furthermore, with a mouse model of myocardial infarction, the roles of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor, xanthine oxidase inhibitors, blood coagulation factor XIII, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in post-infarct function and remodeling have been further elucidated. Non-invasive in vivo MRI and MRS in mice provide a unique and powerful means for phenotyping genetically engineered mice and can improve our understanding of the roles of specific genes and proteins in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {NMR in biomedicine},
	author = {Epstein, Frederick H},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17451182},
	keywords = {Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Heart Diseases, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mice, Myocardial Infarction},
	pages = {238--255}
}

@article{chen_myocardial_2012,
	title = {Myocardial perfusion {MRI} with an undersampled 3D stack-of-stars sequence},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {00942405},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/MPHYA6/v39/i8/p5204/s1&Agg=doi},
	doi = {10.1118/1.4738965},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2012-08-16},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Chen, Liyong and Adluru, Ganesh and Schabel, Matthias C. and McGann, Chris J. and DiBella, Edward V. R.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {5204}
}

@article{andrews-shigaki_prospective_2011,
	title = {Prospective motion correction for magnetic resonance spectroscopy using single camera retro-grate reflector optical tracking},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21274994},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22467},
	abstract = {{\textless}AbstractText Label="PURPOSE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE"{\textgreater}To introduce and evaluate a method of prospective motion correction for localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) using a single-camera optical tracking system.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="MATERIALS AND METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS"{\textgreater}Five healthy participants were scanned at 3T using a point-resolved spectroscopic sequence (PRESS) with a motion-tracking module and phase navigator. Head motion in six degrees was tracked with a Retro-Grate Reflector (RGR) tracking system and target via a mirror mounted inside the bore. Participants performed a series of three predetermined motion patterns during scanning.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS"{\textgreater}Left-right rotation (Rz) (average 12°) resulted in an increase in the total choline to total creatine ratio (Cho/Cr) of +14.6 ± 1.5\% (P = 0.0009) for scans without correction, but no change for scans with correction (+1.1 ± 1.5\%; P = 0.76). Spectra with uncorrected Z-translations showed large lipid peaks (skull) with changes in Cho/Cr of -13.2 ± 1.6\% (P = 0.02, no motion correction) and -2.2 ± 2.4\% (P = 0.51) with correction enabled. There were no significant changes in the ratios of N-acetylaspartate, glutamate+glutamine, or myo-inositol to creatine compared to baseline scans for all experiments.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS"{\textgreater}Prospective motion correction for 1H-MRS, using single-camera RGR tracking, can reduce spectral artifacts and quantitation errors in Cho/Cr ratios due to head motion and promises improved spectral quality and reproducibility. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-02-07},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Andrews-Shigaki, Brian C and Armstrong, Brian S R and Zaitsev, Maxim and Ernst, Thomas},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21274994},
	pages = {498--504}
}

@article{yip_iterative_2005,
	title = {Iterative {RF} pulse design for multidimensional, small‐tip‐angle selective excitation},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.20631/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20631},
	abstract = {The excitation k-space perspective on small-tip-angle selective excitation has facilitated RF pulse designs in a range of MR applications. In this paper, k-space-based design of multidimensional RF pulses is formulated as a quadratic optimization problem, and solved efficiently by the iterative conjugate-gradient (CG) algorithm. Compared to conventional design approaches, such as the conjugate-phase (CP) method, the new design approach is beneficial in several regards. It generally produces more accurate excitation patterns. The improvement is particularly significant when k-space is undersampled, and it can potentially shorten pulse lengths. A prominent improvement in accuracy is also observed when large off-resonance gradients are present. A further boost in excitation accuracy can be accomplished in regions of interest (ROIs) if they are specified together with “don't-care” regions. The density compensation function (DCF) is no longer required. In addition, regularization techniques allow control over integrated and peak pulse power. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-12-21},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Yip, Chun‐yu and Fessler, Jeffrey A and Noll, Douglas C},
	month = oct,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {constrained minimization, excitation k‐space, iterative pulse design, selective excitation, small tip angle},
	pages = {908--917}
}

@misc{noauthor_http://www.scmr.org/_nodate,
	title = {http://www.scmr.org/}
}

@article{suever_relationship_2014,
	title = {Relationship between mechanical dyssynchrony and intra-operative electrical delay times in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {2014 Suever et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/16/1/4/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-16-4},
	abstract = {It is important to understand the relationship between electrical and mechanical ventricular activation in CRT patients. By measuring local electrical activation at multiple locations within the coronary veins and myocardial contraction at the same locations in the left ventricle, we determined the relationship between electrical and mechanical activation at potential left ventricular pacing locations.
PMID: 24393383},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-01-09},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Suever, Jonathan D. and Hartlage, Gregory R. and Iii, R. P. Magrath and Iravanian, Shahriar and Lloyd, Michael S. and Oshinski, John N.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24393383},
	keywords = {Cardiac resynchronization therapy, Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, Electromechanical delay, Electrophysiology},
	pages = {4},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/SFRP66DZ/Suever et al. - 2014 - Relationship between mechanical dyssynchrony and i.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/K9AG7FZ4/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{szolar_cardiovascular_1996,
	title = {Cardiovascular applications of magnetic resonance flow and velocity measurements},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.1880060117/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.1880060117},
	abstract = {With recent developments of MR techniques for blood flow measurements, qualitative and quantitative information on both flow volume and flow velocity in the major vessels can be obtained. MR flow quantitation uses the phase, rather than the amplitude of the MR signal, to reconstruct the images. Previous validation studies have demonstrated the accuracy of the phase shift techniques for measuring flow velocities. This technique is now being applied successfully in the cardiovascular system to quantify global and regional ventricular function, valvular heart disease, pulmonary artery disease, thoracic aortic disease, congenital heart disease, and ischemic heart disease.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-09-13},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Szolar, Dieter H and Sakuma, Hajime and Higgins, Charles B},
	month = jan,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Blood flow velocity Cardiovascular diseases, congenital, Cardiovascular diseases, acquired, Magnetic resonance imaging, techniques},
	pages = {78--89}
}

@article{sigovan_comparison_2011,
	title = {Comparison of four‐dimensional flow parameters for quantification of flow eccentricity in the ascending aorta},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/jmri.22800/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22800},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-10-28},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Sigovan, Monica and Hope, Michael D and Dyverfeldt, Petter and Saloner, David},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {4D flow, Aorta, eccentric flow, flow angle, flow displacement},
	pages = {1226--1230}
}

@article{lutz_combination_2012,
	title = {Combination of tagging and tissue phase mapping to accelerate myocardial motion measurements in three directions},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0968-5243, 1352-8661},
	url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10334-012-0333-8?LI=true#page-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-012-0333-8},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-04-18},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Lutz, Anja and Paul, Jan and Bornstedt, Axel and Nienhaus, Gerd Ulrich and Etyngier, Patrick and Bernhardt, Peter and Rottbauer, Wolfgang and Rasche, Volker},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {239--247}
}

@article{kim_accelerated_2012-1,
	title = {Accelerated phase-contrast cine {MRI} using k-t {SPARSE}-{SENSE}},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.23088},
	abstract = {Phase-contrast (PC) cine MRI is a promising method for assessment of pathologic hemodynamics, including cardiovascular and hepatoportal vascular dynamics, but its low data acquisition efficiency limits the achievable spatial and temporal resolutions within clinically acceptable breath-hold durations. We propose to accelerate PC cine MRI using an approach which combines compressed sensing and parallel imaging (k-t SPARSE-SENSE). We validated the proposed 6-fold accelerated PC cine MRI against 3-fold accelerated PC cine MRI with parallel imaging (generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions). With the programmable flow pump, we simulated a time varying waveform emulating hepatic blood flow. Normalized root mean square error between two sets of velocity measurements was 2.59\%. In multiple blood vessels of 12 control subjects, two sets of mean velocity measurements were in good agreement (mean difference = -0.29 cm/s; lower and upper 95\% limits of agreement = -5.26 and 4.67 cm/s, respectively). The mean phase noise, defined as the standard deviation of the phase in a homogeneous stationary region, was significantly lower for k-t SPARSE-SENSE than for generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (0.05 ± 0.01 vs. 0.19 ± 0.06 radians, respectively; P {\textless} 0.01). The proposed 6-fold accelerated PC cine MRI pulse sequence with k-t SPARSE-SENSE is a promising investigational method for rapid velocity measurement with relatively high spatial (1.7 mm × 1.7 mm) and temporal (∼35 ms) resolutions.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Kim, Daniel and Dyvorne, Hadrien A. and Otazo, Ricardo and Feng, Li and Sodickson, Daniel K. and Lee, Vivian S.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22083998},
	pmcid = {PMC3306497},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Blood Flow Velocity, Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques, Computer Simulation, Female, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Liver, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Phantoms, Imaging},
	pages = {1054--1064}
}

@article{navarro_fast_2012,
	title = {Fast two-dimensional simultaneous phase unwrapping and low-pass filtering},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-20-3-2556},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.20.002556},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-05-20},
	journal = {Optics Express},
	author = {Navarro, Miguel A. and Estrada, Julio C. and Servin, M. and Quiroga, Juan A. and Vargas, Javier},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2556}
}

@article{odille_noise_2007-1,
	title = {Noise cancellation signal processing method and computer system for improved real-time electrocardiogram artifact correction during {MRI} data acquisition},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0018-9294},
	doi = {10.1109/TBME.2006.889174},
	abstract = {A system was developed for real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis and artifact correction during magnetic resonance (MR) scanning, to improve patient monitoring and triggering of MR data acquisitions. Based on the assumption that artifact production by magnetic field gradient switching represents a linear time invariant process, a noise cancellation (NC) method is applied to ECG artifact linear prediction. This linear prediction is performed using a digital finite impulse response (FIR) matrix, that is computed employing ECG and gradient waveforms recorded during a training scan. The FIR filters are used during further scanning to predict artifacts by convolution of the gradient waveforms. Subtracting the artifacts from the raw ECG signal produces the correction with minimal delay. Validation of the system was performed both off-line, using prerecorded signals, and under actual examination conditions. The method is implemented using a specially designed Signal Analyzer and Event Controller (SAEC) computer and electronics. Real-time operation was demonstrated at 1 kHz with a delay of only 1 ms introduced by the processing. The system opens the possibility of automatic monitoring algorithms for electrophysiological signals in the MR environment.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering},
	author = {Odille, Freddy and Pasquier, Cédric and Abächerli, Roger and Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Zientara, Gary P. and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17405370},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Electrocardiography, Humans, Image Enhancement, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {630--640}
}

@article{strauss_interobserver_2007,
	title = {Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the sonographic assessment of fatty liver},
	volume = {189},
	issn = {1546-3141},
	doi = {10.2214/AJR.07.2123},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate interobserver and intraobserver variability in the sonographic assessment of the presence and severity of fatty liver.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the static images of 168 adult patients who had undergone abdominal sonography. Three experienced radiologists independently graded the hepatic images as normal, mild steatosis, moderate steatosis, or severe steatosis. Assessment of liver steatosis was repeated on the same set of images 1 month later under the same conditions and blinded to the initial reading. Weighted kappa statistics were used to analyze interobserver and intraobserver agreement, and the agreement percentages were calculated.
RESULTS: The mean interobserver and intraobserver agreement rates for the presence of fatty liver were 72\% (kappa = 0.43) and 76\% (kappa = 0.54). For severity of fatty liver, the initial reading for pairs of observers had 47-59\% (kappa = 0.40-0.51) interobserver agreement. The interobserver agreement for the second reading was 59-64\% (kappa = 0.43-0.54). The mean agreement rates for pairs of observers were 53\% (kappa = 0.47) and 62\% (kappa = 0.50) on the first and second readings. Intraobserver agreement for severity of fatty liver ranged from 55\% to 68\% (kappa = 0.51-0.63).
CONCLUSION: Subjective visual assessment of fatty liver on sonography has substantial observer variability. There is a need for a more objective quantitative method of grading fatty liver on sonography that would be easily available and applicable in routine clinical practice.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {AJR. American journal of roentgenology},
	author = {Strauss, Simon and Gavish, Ella and Gottlieb, Paul and Katsnelson, Ludmila},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {18029843},
	keywords = {Aged, Fatty Liver, Female, Humans, Male, Observer Variation, Reproducibility of Results, Retrospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Ultrasonography},
	pages = {W320--323}
}

@article{wilm_reduced_2007,
	title = {Reduced field‐of‐view {MRI} using outer volume suppression for spinal cord diffusion imaging},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21167/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21167},
	abstract = {A spin-echo single-shot echo-planar imaging (SS-EPI) technique with a reduced field of view (FOV) in the phase-encoding direction is presented that simultaneously reduces susceptibility effects and motion artifacts in diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging (DWI) of the spinal cord at a high field strength (3T). To minimize aliasing, an outer volume suppression (OVS) sequence was implemented. Effective fat suppression was achieved with the use of a slice-selection gradient-reversal technique. The OVS was optimized by numerical simulations with respect to T1 relaxation times and B1 variations. The optimized sequence was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In simulations the optimized OVS showed suppression to {\textless}0.25\% and ∼3\% in an optimal and worst-case scenario, respectively. In vitro measurements showed a mean residual signal of {\textless}0.95\% ± 0.42 for all suppressed areas. In vivo acquisition with 0.9 × 1.05 mm2 in-plane resolution resulted in artifact-free images. The short imaging time of this technique makes it promising for clinical studies. Magn Reson Med 57:625–630, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-09-05},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Wilm, B. J and Svensson, J. and Henning, A. and Pruessmann, K. P and Boesiger, P. and Kollias, S. S},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {DTI, diffusion imaging, outer volume suppression, reduced FOV, spinal cord},
	pages = {625--630}
}

@article{odille_automatic_2011-1,
	title = {Automatic segmentation propagation of the aorta in real-time phase contrast {MRI} using nonrigid registration},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21182145},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22402},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

To assess the use of a nonrigid registration technique for semi-automatic segmentation of the aorta from real-time velocity mapping MRI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Real-time phase contrast images were acquired to measure flow and stroke volumes in 10 subjects, during free breathing, at rest, and during exercise. A nonrigid registration algorithm was developed to propagate a manually drawn region of interest in the aorta from one frame to all other frames of the real-time sequence (148 images). Thus the technique provided a semi-automatic segmentation over the whole sequence of images. The accuracy was assessed by comparison with manual segmentations in terms of Dice overlap measures and stroke volumes (SV).

RESULTS

Semi-automatic segmentations were comparable to manual ones (Dice score of 0.89 ± 0.04). Inter-observer reproducibility was similar for manual and semi-automatic segmentations (Dice score of 0.90 ± 0.04 in both cases, the difference was not significant). SV measurements also showed good agreement between manual and semi-automatic segmentations (correlation coefficient r {\textgreater} 0.94), and the differences were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Although real-time phase contrast images have compromised image quality, a fast and robust segmentation of the aorta was possible using the registration-based technique.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-06-11},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Odille, Freddy and Steeden, Jennifer A and Muthurangu, Vivek and Atkinson, David},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21182145},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Aorta, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Systems, Female, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {232--238}
}

@article{li_advances_2008,
	title = {Advances in 4D medical imaging and 4D radiation therapy},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1533-0346},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/18198927},
	abstract = {This paper reviews recent advances in 4D medical imaging (4DMI) and 4D radiation therapy (4DRT), which study, characterize, and minimize patient motion during the processes of imaging and radiotherapy. Patient motion is inevitably present in these processes, producing artifacts and uncertainties in target (lesion) identification, delineation, and localization. 4DMI includes time-resolved volumetric CT, MRI, PET, PET/CT, SPECT, and US imaging. To enhance the performance of these volumetric imaging techniques, parallel multi-detector array has been employed for acquiring image projections and the volumetric image reconstruction has been advanced from the 2D to the 3D tomography paradigm. The time information required for motion characterization in 4D imaging can be obtained either prospectively or retrospectively using respiratory gating or motion tracking techniques. The former acquires snapshot projections for reconstructing a motion-free image. The latter acquires image projections continuously with an associated timestamp indicating respiratory phases using external surrogates and sorts these projections into bins that represent different respiratory phases prior to reconstructing the cyclical series of 3D images. These methodologies generally work for all imaging modalities with variations in detailed implementation. In 4D CT imaging, both multi-slice CT (MSCT) and cone-beam CT (CBCT) are applicable in 4D imaging. In 4D MR imaging, parallel imaging with multi-coil-detectors has made 4D volumetric MRI possible. In 4D PET and SPECT, rigid and non-rigid motions can be corrected with aid of rigid and deformable registration, respectively, without suffering from low statistics due to signal binning. In 4D PET/CT and SPECT/CT, a single set of 4D images can be utilized for motion-free image creation, intrinsic registration, and attenuation correction. In 4D US, volumetric ultrasonography can be employed to monitor fetal heart beating with relatively high temporal resolution. 4DRT aims to track and compensate for target motion during radiation treatment, minimizing normal tissue injury, especially critical structures adjacent to the target, and/or maximizing radiation dose to the target. 4DRT requires 4DMI, 4D radiation treatment planning (4D RTP), and 4D radiation treatment delivery (4D RTD). Many concepts in 4DRT are borrowed, adapted and extended from existing image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) and adaptive radiation therapy (ART). The advantage of 4DRT is its promise of sparing additional normal tissue by synchronizing the radiation beam with the moving target in real-time. 4DRT can be implemented differently depending upon how the time information is incorporated and utilized. In an ideal situation, the motion adaptive approach guided by 4D imaging should be applied to both RTP and RTD. However, until new automatic planning and motion feedback tools are developed for 4DRT, clinical implementation of ideal 4DRT will meet with limited success. However, simplified forms of 4DRT have been implemented with minor modifications of existing planning and delivery systems. The most common approach is the use of gating techniques in both imaging and treatment, so that the planned and treated target localizations are identical. In 4D planning, the use of a single planning CT image, which is representative of the statistical respiratory mean, seems preferable. In 4D delivery, on-site CBCT imaging or 3D US localization imaging for patient setup and internal fiducial markers for target motion tracking can significantly reduce the uncertainty in treatment delivery, providing improved normal tissue sparing. Most of the work on 4DRT can be regarded as a proof-of-principle and 4DRT is still in its early stage of development.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Technology in Cancer Research \& Treatment},
	author = {Li, G and Citrin, D and Camphausen, K and Mueller, B and Burman, C and Mychalczak, B and Miller, R W and Song, Y},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18198927},
	keywords = {Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron-Emission Tomography, Radiotherapy, Radiotherapy Dosage, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Tomography, X-Ray Computed},
	pages = {67--81}
}

@article{tyszka_threedimensional_2000,
	title = {Three‐dimensional, time‐resolved (4D) relative pressure mapping using magnetic resonance imaging},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1522-2586(200008)12:2<321::AID-JMRI15>3.0.CO;2-2/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/1522-2586(200008)12:2<321::AID-JMRI15>3.0.CO;2-2},
	abstract = {We describe here a method for generating relative pressure maps from magnetic resonance velocity data in three spatial and one temporal dimension (4D). The relative pressure map calculated for pulsatile flow in a compliant phantom was shown to be consistent with independent pressure transducer measurements. The feasibility of performing 4D pressure mapping in vivo is also demonstrated. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;12:321–329. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-11-23},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Tyszka, J. Michael and Laidlaw, David H and Asa, Joseph W and Silverman, Jeffrey M},
	month = aug,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging, blood pressure measurement, four‐dimensional imaging, phase‐constrast velocity measurement},
	pages = {321--329}
}

@article{hor_magnetic_2011,
	title = {Magnetic {Resonance} {Derived} {Myocardial} {Strain} {Assessment} {Using} {Feature} {Tracking}},
	issn = {1940-087X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074463/},
	doi = {10.3791/2356},
	abstract = {Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF. Current technologies for CMR are time consuming and difficult to implement in clinical practice. Feature tracking is a technology that can lead to more automization and robustness of quantitative analysis of medical images with less time consumption than comparable methods., Methods: An automatic or manual input in a single phase serves as an initialization from which the system starts to track the displacement of individual patterns representing anatomical structures over time. The specialty of this method is that the images do not need to be manipulated in any way beforehand like e.g. tagging of CMR images., Results: The method is very well suited for tracking muscular tissue and with this allowing quantitative elaboration of myocardium and also blood flow., Conclusions: This new method offers a robust and time saving procedure to quantify myocardial tissue and blood with displacement, velocity and deformation parameters on regular sequences of CMR imaging. It therefore can be implemented in clinical practice.},
	number = {48},
	urldate = {2013-06-04},
	journal = {Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE},
	author = {Hor, Kan N. and Baumann, Rolf and Pedrizzetti, Gianni and Tonti, Gianni and Gottliebson, William M. and Taylor, Michael and Benson, Woodrow and Mazur, Wojciech},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21372778},
	pmcid = {PMC3074463}
}

@article{kozerke_accelerated_2008,
	title = {Accelerated {CMR} using zonal, parallel and prior knowledge driven imaging methods},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-10-29},
	abstract = {Accelerated imaging is highly relevant for many CMR applications as competing constraints with respect to spatiotemporal resolution and tolerable scan times are frequently posed. Three approaches, all involving data undersampling to increase scan efficiencies, are discussed in this review. Zonal imaging can be considered a niche but nevertheless has found application in coronary imaging and CMR flow measurements. Current work on parallel-transmit systems is expected to revive the interest in zonal imaging techniques. The second and main approach to speeding up CMR sequences has been parallel imaging. A wide range of CMR applications has benefited from parallel imaging with reduction factors of two to three routinely applied for functional assessment, perfusion, viability and coronary imaging. Large coil arrays, as are becoming increasingly available, are expected to support reduction factors greater than three to four in particular in combination with 3D imaging protocols. Despite these prospects, theoretical work has indicated fundamental limits of coil encoding at clinically available magnetic field strengths. In that respect, alternative approaches exploiting prior knowledge about the object being imaged as such or jointly with parallel imaging have attracted considerable attention. Five to eight-fold scan accelerations in cine and dynamic CMR applications have been reported and image quality has been found to be favorable relative to using parallel imaging alone.With all acceleration techniques, careful consideration of the limits and the trade-off between acceleration and occurrence of artifacts that may arise if these limits are breached is required. In parallel imaging the spatially varying noise has to be considered when measuring contrast- and signal-to-noise ratios. Also, temporal fidelity in images reconstructed with prior knowledge driven methods has to be studied carefully.},
	journal = {Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance: official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Kozerke, Sebastian and Plein, Sven},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18534005},
	keywords = {Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine},
	pages = {29}
}

@article{graif_magnetic_1986,
	title = {Magnetic resonance imaging of the retroperitoneum},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0009-9260},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/3757417},
	abstract = {The results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations in 50 patients with histological or clinical diagnoses of retroperitoneal disorders and 20 normal volunteers are presented. An increase in relaxation time (T1) was recognised in most pathological conditions except for four liposarcomas and one adrenal cortical neoplasm and one metastatic lesion of the same gland. Inversion recovery (IR) provided the best tissue contrast, enabling the detection of small lesions. Flow-dependent sequences and sagittal imaging planes were particularly helpful in the evaluation of aortic aneurysms. Ferric ammonium citrate used as an oral paramagnetic contrast agent and a short T1 inversion recovery sequence gave encouraging initial results in recognising bowel loops. Gadolinium-DTPA injected intravenously provided tumour enhancement, indicating vascular perfusion and demarcating tumour margins. An attempt to eliminate motion artefacts was carried out in 15 volunteers and six patients either by a new software system (respiratory ordered phase encoding) or by using short T1 inversion-recovery to suppress the high signal from fat. The same pulse sequence results were useful in demonstrating subcutaneous fistulous tracts by eliminating the adjacent fat. The actual role of MRI in the investigation of the retroperitoneum in view of current technical developments is discussed.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-01-19},
	journal = {Clinical Radiology},
	author = {Graif, M and Leung, A W and Steiner, R E and Young, I R},
	month = sep,
	year = {1986},
	pmid = {3757417},
	keywords = {Abscess, Adenoma, Adrenal Gland Neoplasms, Aneurysm, Dissecting, Aortic Aneurysm, Humans, Liposarcoma, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Pancreatic Diseases, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Pheochromocytoma, Retroperitoneal Neoplasms, Retroperitoneal Space, Tomography, X-Ray Computed},
	pages = {441--449}
}

@article{wood_mr_1985,
	title = {{MR} image artifacts from periodic motion},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {00942405},
	url = {http://online.medphys.org/resource/1/mphya6/v12/i2/p143_s1?isAuthorized=no},
	doi = {10.1118/1.595782},
	urldate = {2011-10-29},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Wood, Michael L.},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {143}
}

@article{hundley_visualization_1999,
	title = {Visualization and {Functional} {Assessment} of {Proximal} and {Middle} {Left} {Anterior} {Descending} {Coronary} {Stenoses} in {Humans} {With} {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Imaging}},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/99/25/3248},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.99.25.3248},
	abstract = {Background—Coronary artery bypass grafting improves survival in patients with {\textgreater}70\% luminal diameter narrowing of the 3 major epicardial coronary arteries, particularly if there is involvement of the proximal portion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Measurement of coronary flow reserve can be used to identify functionally important luminal narrowing of the LAD artery. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to visualize coronary arteries and to measure flow reserve noninvasively, the utility of MRI for detecting significant LAD stenoses is unknown.
Methods and Results—Thirty subjects (23 men, 7 women, age 36 to 77 years) underwent MRI visualization of the left main and LAD coronary arteries as well as measurement of flow in the proximal, middle, or distal LAD both at rest and after intravenous adenosine (140 μg/kg per minute). Immediately thereafter, contrast coronary angiography and when feasible, intracoronary Doppler assessments of coronary flow reserve, were performed. There was a statistically significant correlation between MRI assessments of coronary flow reserve and (a) assessments of coronary arterial stenosis severity by quantitative coronary angiography and (b) invasive measurements of coronary flow reserve (P{\textless}0.0001 for both). In comparison to computer-assisted quantitative coronary angiography, the sensitivity and specificity of MRI for identifying a stenosis {\textgreater}70\% in the distal left main or proximal/middle LAD arteries was 100\% and 83\%, respectively.
Conclusions—Noninvasive MRI measures of coronary flow reserve correlated well with similar measures obtained with the use of intracoronary Doppler flow wires and predicted significant coronary stenoses ({\textgreater}70\%) with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. MRI-based measurement of coronary flow reserve may prove useful for identification of patients likely to obtain a survival benefit from coronary artery bypass grafting.},
	language = {en},
	number = {25},
	urldate = {2012-08-03},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Hundley, W. Gregory and Hamilton, Craig A. and Clarke, Geoffrey D. and Hillis, L. David and Herrington, David M. and Lange, Richard A. and Applegate, Robert J. and Thomas, Mark S. and Payne, Jerri and Link, Kerry M. and Peshock, Ronald M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Coronary Disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, blood flow, stenosis},
	pages = {3248--3254}
}

@article{tsao_k-t_2003,
	title = {k-t {BLAST} and k-t {SENSE}: {Dynamic} {MRI} with high frame rate exploiting spatiotemporal correlations},
	volume = {50},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {k-t {BLAST} and k-t {SENSE}},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.10611/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10611},
	abstract = {Dynamic images of natural objects exhibit significant correlations in k-space and time. Thus, it is feasible to acquire only a reduced amount of data and recover the missing portion afterwards. This leads to an improved temporal resolution, or an improved spatial resolution for a given amount of acquisition. Based on this approach, two methods were developed to significantly improve the performance of dynamic imaging, named k-t BLAST (Broad-use Linear Acquisition Speed-up Technique) and k-t SENSE (SENSitivity Encoding) for use with a single or multiple receiver coils, respectively. Signal correlations were learned from a small set of training data and the missing data were recovered using all available information in a consistent and integral manner. The general theory of k-t BLAST and k-t SENSE is applicable to arbitrary k-space trajectories, time-varying coil sensitivities, and under- and overdetermined reconstruction problems. Examples from ungated cardiac imaging demonstrate a 4-fold acceleration (voxel size 2.42 × 2.52 mm2, 38.4 fps) with either one or six receiver coils. k-t BLAST and k-t SENSE are applicable to many areas, especially those exhibiting quasiperiodic motion, such as imaging of the heart, the lungs, the abdomen, and the brain under periodic stimulation. Magn Reson Med 50:1031–1042, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-07-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Tsao, Jeffrey and Boesiger, Peter and Pruessmann, Klaas P.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {MRI, fast dynamic imaging, k-t BLAST, k-t SENSE, prior-information-driven parallel imaging},
	pages = {1031--1042}
}

@article{noeske_human_2000,
	title = {Human cardiac imaging at 3 {T} using phased array coils},
	volume = {44},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1522-2594(200012)44:6<978::AID-MRM22>3.0.CO;2-9/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/1522-2594(200012)44:6<978::AID-MRM22>3.0.CO;2-9},
	abstract = {Using a two-element phased array receiver coil, single breath-hold, ECG gated cardiac images of signal-to-noise ratios up to 130 and contrast-to-noise ratios exceeding 35 between myocardium and blood were recorded at 3 T. At several locations within the myocardium, T*2 and B0 inhomogeneity were determined. Because of shorter T*2 times and larger B0 inhomogeneities attributable to enhanced susceptibility effects, real-time cardiac imaging, the use of spiral scans, and echo planar imaging are expected to be considerably more difficult at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 44:978–982, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-09-25},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Noeske, Ralph and Seifert, Frank and Rhein, Karl-Heinz and Rinneberg, Herbert},
	month = dec,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {B0 inhomogeneity, cardiac imaging, high-field, phased array surface coils, signal-to-noise ratio},
	pages = {978--982}
}

@article{lutz_acceleration_2011-3,
	title = {Acceleration of tissue phase mapping by k-t {BLAST}: a detailed analysis of the influence of k-t-{BLAST} for the quantification of myocardial motion at 3T},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	shorttitle = {Acceleration of tissue phase mapping by k-t {BLAST}},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-5},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The assessment of myocardial motion with tissue phase mapping (TPM) provides high spatiotemporal resolution and quantitative motion information in three directions. Today, whole volume coverage of the heart by TPM encoding at high spatial and temporal resolution is limited by long data acquisition times. Therefore, a significant increase in imaging speed without deterioration of the quantitative motion information is required. For this purpose, the k-t BLAST acceleration technique was combined with TPM black-blood functional imaging of the heart. Different k-t factors were evaluated with respect to their impact on the quantitative assessment of cardiac motion.
RESULTS: It is demonstrated that a k-t BLAST factor of two can be used with a marginal, but statistically significant deterioration of the quantitative motion data. Further increasing the k-t acceleration causes substantial alteration of the peak velocities and the motion pattern, but the temporal behavior of the contraction is well maintained up to an acceleration factor of six.
CONCLUSIONS: The application of k-t BLAST for the acceleration of TPM appears feasible. A reduction of the acquisition time of almost 45\% could be achieved without substantial loss of quantitative motion information.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Lutz, Anja and Bornstedt, Axel and Manzke, Robert and Etyngier, Patrick and Nienhaus, G. Ulrich and Rasche, Volker},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21223566},
	pmcid = {PMC3024407},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Female, Germany, Heart, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Myocardial Contraction, Time Factors, Young Adult},
	pages = {5}
}

@article{ma_joint_2011,
	title = {Joint design of spoke trajectories and {RF} pulses for parallel excitation},
	volume = {65},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.22676/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22676},
	abstract = {The spoke trajectory is often used in designing multidimensional RF pulses for applications requiring thin slice selection and in-slice modulation. Ideally, a full set of spokes covering the whole k-space are desired to generate a given excitation pattern. In practice, however, only a small number of spokes can be used due to the RF pulse length limitation. The spoke locations are, therefore, critical to the performance of the resulting RF pulse and should be in principle optimized jointly with the RF pulse for a given excitation pattern and transmit sensitivities. In this work, we formulate the joint design problem as an optimal spoke selection problem based on the small-tip-angle RF pulse design. A sequential selection based algorithm with recursive cost function evaluation is proposed to seek optimized spoke locations to minimize the excitation error. Bloch equation simulations and experimental results on a 3 Tesla scanner equipped with a two-channel parallel excitation system demonstrate that the proposed method can produce significantly smaller excitation error than conventional methods with high computational efficiency. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-10-19},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Ma, Chao and Xu, Dan and King, Kevin F. and Liang, Zhi-Pei},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {joint design, parallel excitation, pulse design, sequential selection, spoke trajectory design},
	pages = {973--985}
}

@article{lalande_compliance_2008,
	title = {Compliance and pulse wave velocity assessed by {MRI} detect early aortic impairment in young patients with mutation of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18972364},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.21565},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

To evaluate aortic elasticity with MRI on young asymptomatic individuals with mutation of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain in whom aortic enlargement is not present.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Aortic compliance, aortic distensibility, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were semiautomatically measured from MRI in 8 asymptomatic subjects having a mutation of the MYH11 gene (M+) and 21 nonmutated relatives (M-) of similar age, sex, and blood pressure characteristics.

RESULTS

Despite a similar aortic diameter in both groups, the aortic compliance and distensibility were significantly lower in M+ subjects compared with M- (0.84+/-0.33 versus 2.03+/-0.54 mm2/mmHg, 1.18+/-0.62 10(-3) versus 5.11+/-1.58 10(-3) mmHg(-1), respectively), and PWV was significantly higher (5.35+/-1.53 versus 3.60+/-0.64 m.s(-1)). A threshold aortic compliance value of 1.3 mm2/mmHg separated the two groups. The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis indicated an optimal threshold of 2.9 10(-3) mmHg(-1) for aortic distensibility (sensitivity: 87.5\%, specificity: 90\%), and of 4.4 m.s(-1) for PWV (sensitivity: 75\%, specificity: 100\%).

CONCLUSION

Young asymptomatic adults with MYH11 mutation have an aortic compliance impairment which is not detectable by the sole measurement of the aortic size. Aortic compliance measurement might be part of routine examination in patients suspected of inherited aortic disease even with a normal aortic diameter.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-06-19},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Lalande, A and Khau Van Kien, P and Walker, P M and Zhu, L and Legrand, L and Claustres, M and Jeunemaître, X and Brunotte, F and Wolf, J E},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18972364},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Aortic Valve Insufficiency, Aortic Valve Stenosis, Blood Flow Velocity, Elastic Modulus, Elasticity Imaging Techniques, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Male, Mutation, Myosin Heavy Chains, Prognosis, Pulsatile Flow, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Young Adult},
	pages = {1180--1187}
}

@article{van_der_kouwe_real-time_2006,
	title = {Real-time rigid body motion correction and shimming using cloverleaf navigators},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029223},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21038},
	abstract = {Subject motion during scanning can greatly reduce MRI image quality and is a major reason for discarding data in both clinical and research scanning. The quality of the high-resolution structural data used for morphometric analysis is especially compromised by subject movement because high-resolution scans are of longer duration. A method is presented that measures and corrects rigid body motion and associated first-order shim changes in real time, using a pulse sequence with embedded cloverleaf navigators and a feedback control mechanism. The procedure requires a 12-s preliminary mapping scan. A single-path, 4.2-ms cloverleaf navigator is inserted every repetition time (TR) after the readout of a 3D fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence, requiring no additional RF pulses and minimally impacting scan duration. Every TR, a rigid body motion estimate is made and a correction is fed back to adjust the gradients and shim offsets. Images are corrected and reconstructed on the scanner computer for immediate access. Correction for between-scan motion can be accomplished by using the same reference map for each scan repetition. Human and phantom tests demonstrated a consistent improvement in image quality if motion occurred during the acquisition.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-03-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {van der Kouwe, André J W and Benner, Thomas and Dale, Anders M},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {17029223},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Brain, Computer Systems, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Movement, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {1019--1032}
}

@article{schwitter_2d-spatially-selective_2006,
	title = {2D-spatially-selective real-time magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of microvascular function and its relation to the cardiovascular risk profile},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1097-6647},
	doi = {10.1080/10976640600737573},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

While local endothelial dysfunction of conduit arteries is well recognized as an early step in atherogenesis, contradictory observations are reported with regard to alterations in the microcirculation and their association with cardiovascular risk factors (RFs). A real-time MR approach was developed to investigate the relationship between the RFs profile and microcirculatory alterations assessed as impairment of reactive hyperemic flow in the leg circulation.

METHODS

The MR technique was applied to patients (n = 17, Pats1) with 1.8 +/- 0.8 RFs but without peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD), to age-matched healthy controls (n = 13, Con1), to young controls (n = 12, 23 +/- 4 y), and to patients with RFs and PAD (n = 8, Pats2).

RESULTS

Superficial femoral artery (SFA) peak hyperemic flow in Pats1 was reduced vs Con1 (24.6 +/- 4.2 vs 30.4 +/- 7.3 mL min-1 100 mL-1 calf tissue, p {\textless} 0.02), and minimal vascular resistance increased incrementally with the number of RFs and with Framingham and Procam risk scores. Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the SFA was blunted in both Pats1 and Con1 (-0.5 +/- 3.4\% and +0.6 +/- 3.2\%, respectively, both ns vs 0). In young controls, peak hyperemic flow (30.1 +/- 3.3 mL min-1. 100 mL-1) and endothelium-independent vasodilation (9.2 +/- 10.0\%) were preserved, while FMD was minimal (2.0 +/- 5.9\%,p {\textless} 0.02 vs endothelium-independent vasodilation). In Pats2, peak hyperemic flow was severely reduced (12.2 +/- 3.6 mL min-1 100 mL-1, p {\textless} 0.0003 vs Con1 and Pats1), and both FMD and endothelium-independent vasodilation were absent.

CONCLUSIONS

Reactive hyperemic flow in the SFA, reflecting microcirculatory function of the lower limb, gradually decreases with increasing cardiovascular risk suggesting a role for microvascular dysfunction in atherogenesis. The presented MR approach might become a valuable tool to study (micro)-vascular pathophysiology.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance: official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Schwitter, Juerg and Oelhafen, Markus and Wyss, Barbara M and Kozerke, Sebastian and Amann-Vesti, Beatrice and Lüscher, Thomas F and Boesiger, Peter},
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16891237},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Biological Markers, Blood Flow Velocity, Cardiovascular Diseases, Case-Control Studies, Computer Systems, Endothelium, Vascular, Female, Femoral Artery, Humans, Hyperemia, Leg, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Microcirculation, Middle Aged, Observer Variation, Pulsatile Flow, Regional Blood Flow, Reproducibility of Results, Research Design, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Stroke Volume, Vascular Resistance, Vasodilation},
	pages = {759--769}
}

@article{ivancevic_diffusion-weighted_2009,
	title = {Diffusion-weighted {MR} imaging of the liver at 3.0 {Tesla} using {TRacking} {Only} {Navigator} echo ({TRON}): a feasibility study},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {Diffusion-weighted {MR} imaging of the liver at 3.0 {Tesla} using {TRacking} {Only} {Navigator} echo ({TRON})},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/19856431},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.21939},
	abstract = {{\textless}AbstractText Label="PURPOSE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE"{\textgreater}To assess the feasibility of TRacking Only Navigator echo (TRON) for diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) of the liver at 3.0T.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="MATERIALS AND METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS"{\textgreater}Ten volunteers underwent TRON, respiratory triggered, and free breathing DWI of the liver at 3.0 Tesla (T). Scan times were measured. Image sharpness, degree of stair-step and stripe artifacts for the three methods were assessed by two observers.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS"{\textgreater}Mean scan times of TRON and respiratory triggered DWI relative to free breathing DWI were 34\% and 145\% longer respectively. In four of eight comparisons (two observers, two b-values, two slice orientations), TRON DWI image sharpness was significantly better than free breathing DWI, but inferior to respiratory triggered DWI. In two of four comparisons (two observers, two b-values), degree of stair-step artifacts in TRON DWI was significantly lower than in respiratory triggered DWI. Degree of stripe artifacts between the three methods was not significantly different.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS"{\textgreater}DWI of the liver at 3.0T using TRON is feasible. Image sharpness in TRON DWI is superior to that in free breathing DWI. Although image sharpness of respiratory triggered DWI is still better, TRON DWI requires less scan time and reduces stair-step artifacts.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Ivancevic, Marko K and Kwee, Thomas C and Takahara, Taro and Ogino, Tetsuo and Hussain, Hero K and Liu, Peter S and Chenevert, Thomas L},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19856431},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Artifacts, Diagnostic Imaging, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Liver, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Observer Variation, Respiration, Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques},
	pages = {1027--1033}
}

@article{hamilton_effects_1994,
	title = {Effects of intravoxel velocity distributions on the accuracy of the phase-mapping method in phase-contrast {MR} angiography},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7981522},
	abstract = {The phase-mapping method of phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography is shown to be based on an implicit assumption that the intravoxel velocity distribution is symmetric about its mean velocity. The effect of asymmetric distributions on the accuracy of quantitative average velocity measurements is determined analytically and verified experimentally. An explicit formulation is developed for the estimated average velocity in a voxel as a function of the true average velocity and the asymmetry of the distribution about the true average velocity. Worst-case distributions are determined for unidirectional and bidirectional flow, and the special case of laminar flow is also investigated. Computer simulations and phantom imaging experiments demonstrate the accuracy of the analysis. For voxels with unidirectional flow, the phase-mapping method produces accurate estimates of average velocity, while results for bidirectional flow indicate possible large errors unless the aliasing velocity is increased, which decreases the signal-to-noise ratio in the resultant velocity map image.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Hamilton, C A and Moran, P R and Santago, 2nd, P and Rajala, S A},
	month = oct,
	year = {1994},
	pmid = {7981522},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Blood Flow Velocity, Blood Vessels, Computer Simulation, Hemorheology, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Models, Cardiovascular, Models, Structural, Regional Blood Flow, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {752--755}
}

@article{mohiaddin_age-related_1993,
	title = {Age-related changes of human aortic flow wave velocity measured noninvasively by magnetic resonance imaging},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {8750-7587},
	abstract = {We have used magnetic resonance imaging with cine velocity mapping to measure flow wave velocity in the thoracic aorta of 20 healthy volunteers of different ages. We have also studied the relationship between propagation of flow wave velocity and regional aortic compliance. Aortic flow velocity increased linearly with age (r = 0.87), and there was a significant difference between the youngest decade [age 10-19, mean velocity 4.3 +/- 0.7 (SD) m/s] and the oldest decade studied (age 50-59, mean velocity 7.2 +/- 0.2 m/s). Flow wave velocity (m/s) was negatively correlated with ascending aortic compliance (microliter/mmHg) (r = -0.75). Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive method for measurement of aortic flow wave velocity that is an important parameter in assessing arterial wall mechanics and blood flow dynamic.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)},
	author = {Mohiaddin, R H and Firmin, D N and Longmore, D B},
	month = jan,
	year = {1993},
	pmid = {8444734},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Aorta, Aorta, Thoracic, Compliance, Echocardiography, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Pulmonary Artery},
	pages = {492--497}
}

@article{yang_new_1998,
	title = {New real-time interactive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging system complements echocardiography},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0735-1097},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109798004628},
	doi = {10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00462-8},
	abstract = {Abstract
Objectives. We conducted an initial clinical trial of a newly developed cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) system. We evaluated left ventricular (LV) function in 85 patients to compare the clinical utility of the CMRI system with echocardiography, the current noninvasive gold standard.

Background. Conventional CMRI systems require cardiac-gating and respiratory compensation to synthesize a single image from data acquired over multiple cardiac cycles. In contrast, the new CMRI system allows continuous real-time dynamic acquisition and display of any scan plane at 16 images/s without the need for cardiac gating or breath-holding.

Methods. A conventional 1.5T Signa MRI Scanner (GE, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) was modified by the addition of an interactive workstation and a bus adapter. The new CMRI system underwent clinical trial by testing its ability to evaluate global and regional LV function. The first group (A) consisted of 31 patients with acceptable echocardiography image quality. The second group (B) consisted of 31 patients with suboptimal echocardiography image quality. The third group (C) consisted of 29 patients with severe lung disease or congenital cardiac malformation who frequently have suboptimal echo study. Two independent observers scored wall motion and image quality using the standard 16-segment model and rank-order analysis.

Results. CMRI evaluation was complete in less than 15 min. In group A, no significant difference was found between ECHO and CMRI studies (p = NS). In group B, adequate visualization of wall segments was obtained 38\% of the time using ECHO and 97\% of the time using CMRI (p \< 0.0001). When grouped into coronary segments, adequate visualization of at least one segment occurred in 18 of 30 patients (60\%) with ECHO and in all 30 patients (100\%) with CMRI (p \< 0.0001). In group C, adequate visualization of the wall segments was obtained in 58\% (CI 0.53–0.62) of the time using echocardiography and 99.7\% (CI 0.99–1.0) of the time using CMRI (p \< 0.0001).

Conclusions. The new CMRI system provides clinically reliable evaluation of LV function and complements suboptimal echocardiography. In comparison with the conventional CMRI, the new CMRI system significantly reduces scan time, patient discomfort and associated cost.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2012-07-25},
	journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
	author = {Yang, Phillip C and Kerr, Adam B and Liu, Alex C and Liang, David H and Hardy, Chris and Meyer, Craig H and Macovski, Albert and Pauly, John M and Hu, Bob S},
	month = dec,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {2049--2056}
}

@article{sengupta_left_2007-1,
	title = {Left {Ventricular} {Isovolumic} {Flow} {Sequence} {During} {Sinus} and {Paced} {RhythmsNew} {Insights} {From} {Use} of {High}-{Resolution} {Doppler} and {Ultrasonic} {Digital} {Particle} {Imaging} {Velocimetry}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0735-1097},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.075},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.075},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2013-05-31},
	journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
	author = {Sengupta, Partho P. and Khandheria, Bijoy K. and Korinek, Josef and Jahangir, Arshad and Yoshifuku, Shiro and Milosevic, Ilija and Belohlavek, Marek},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Diagnostic Imaging, Echocardiography, contrast echocardiography procedure, doppler color flow, heart ventricle, mitral valve, nasal sinus, particle image velocimetry, ultrasonic shockwave},
	pages = {899--908}
}

@article{sacolick_b1_2010,
	title = {B1 mapping by {Bloch}-{Siegert} shift},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/20432302},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22357},
	abstract = {A novel method for amplitude of radiofrequency field (B1+) mapping based on the Bloch-Siegert shift is presented. Unlike conventionally applied double-angle or other signal magnitude-based methods, it encodes the B(1) information into signal phase, resulting in important advantages in terms of acquisition speed, accuracy, and robustness. The Bloch-Siegert frequency shift is caused by irradiating with an off-resonance radiofrequency pulse following conventional spin excitation. When applying the off-resonance radiofrequency in the kilohertz range, spin nutation can be neglected and the primarily observed effect is a spin precession frequency shift. This shift is proportional to the square of the magnitude of B1(2). Adding gradient image encoding following the off-resonance pulse allows one to acquire spatially resolved B(1) maps. The frequency shift from the Bloch-Siegert effect gives a phase shift in the image that is proportional to B(1)(2). The phase difference of two acquisitions, with the radiofrequency pulse applied at two frequencies symmetrically around the water resonance, is used to eliminate undesired off-resonance effects due to amplitude of static field inhomogeneity and chemical shift. In vivo Bloch-Siegert B(1) mapping with 25 sec/slice is demonstrated to be quantitatively comparable to a 21-min double-angle map. As such, this method enables robust, high-resolution B(1)(+) mapping in a clinically acceptable time frame.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Sacolick, Laura I and Wiesinger, Florian and Hancu, Ileana and Vogel, Mika W},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20432302},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {1315--1322}
}

@article{noll_homodyne_1991,
	title = {Homodyne detection in magnetic resonance imaging},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {0278-0062},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18222812},
	doi = {10.1109/42.79473},
	abstract = {Magnetic detection of complex images in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is immune to the effects of incidental phase variations, although in some applications information is lost or images are degraded. It is suggested that synchronous detection or demodulation can be used in MRI systems in place of magnitude detection to provide complete suppression of undesired quadrature components, to preserve polarity and phase information, and to eliminate the biases and reduction in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast in low SNR images. The incidental phase variations in an image are removed through the use of a homodyne demodulation reference, which is derived from the image or the object itself. Synchronous homodyne detection has been applied to the detection of low SNR images, the reconstruction of partial k-space images, the simultaneous detection of water and lipid signals in quadrature, and the preservation of polarity in inversion-recovery images.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-08-20},
	journal = {IEEE transactions on medical imaging},
	author = {Noll, D C and Nishimura, D G and Macovski, A},
	year = {1991},
	pmid = {18222812},
	pages = {154--163}
}

@article{grissom_spatial_2006,
	title = {Spatial domain method for the design of {RF} pulses in multicoil parallel excitation},
	volume = {56},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.20978/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20978},
	abstract = {Parallel excitation has been introduced as a means of accelerating multidimensional, spatially-selective excitation using multiple transmit coils, each driven by a unique RF pulse. Previous approaches to RF pulse design in parallel excitation were either formulated in the frequency domain or restricted to echo-planar trajectories, or both. This paper presents an approach that is formulated as a quadratic optimization problem in the spatial domain and allows the use of arbitrary k-space trajectories. Compared to frequency domain approaches, the new design method has some important advantages. It allows for the specification of a region of interest (ROI), which improves excitation accuracy at high speedup factors. It allows for magnetic field inhomogeneity compensation during excitation. Regularization may be used to control integrated and peak pulse power. The effects of Bloch equation nonlinearity on the large-tip-angle excitation error of RF pulses designed with the method are investigated, and the utility of Tikhonov regularization in mitigating this error is demonstrated. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-08-06},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Grissom, William and Yip, Chun-yu and Zhang, Zhenghui and Stenger, V. Andrew and Fessler, Jeffrey A. and Noll, Douglas C.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {large-tip-angle excitation, parallel excitation, pulse design, selective excitation, transmit SENSE},
	pages = {620--629}
}

@article{lutzkendorf_enabling_2009,
	title = {Enabling of grid based diffusion tensor imaging using a workflow implementation of {FSL}},
	volume = {147},
	issn = {0926-9630},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/19593046},
	abstract = {Tensor analysis of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance images is increasingly used for non-invasive tracking of nerve fibers in the human brain. Diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) enables in-vivo research on the internal structure of the central nervous system, encompassing interconnection of functional areas, correlation between fiber deformations and certain disease patterns, as well as brain tumor localization. But the modeling of the local diffusion parameters is a computationally expensive part of the processing pipeline, resulting to run times up to days on standard desktop computers. A grid implementation of the algorithm with slice based parallelization reduces the processing down to 10\% compared to a local cluster and 20\% compared to sequential processing on the grid. A workflow implementation enables fault-tolerant handling of temporary failures within the grid. Furthermore, pure web-based access to the grid application allows for collaborative utilization even from protected infrastructures, as they are typically found in clinical environments.},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Studies in Health Technology and Informatics},
	author = {Lützkendorf, Ralf and Bernarding, Johannes and Hertel, Frank and Viezens, Fred and Thiel, Andreas and Krefting, Dagmar},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19593046},
	keywords = {Brain Diseases, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Internet, Libraries, Medical, Medical Informatics, Nerve Fibers},
	pages = {72--81}
}

@article{dold_advantages_2006,
	title = {Advantages and limitations of prospective head motion compensation for {MRI} using an optical motion tracking device},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1076-6332},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16935721},
	doi = {10.1016/j.acra.2006.05.010},
	abstract = {{\textless}AbstractText Label="RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE"{\textgreater}Subject motion appears to be a limiting factor in numerous magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) applications. In particular, head tremor, which often accompanies stroke, may render certain high-resolution two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) techniques inapplicable. The reason for that is head movement during acquisition. The study objective is to achieve a method able to compensate for complete motion during data acquisition. The method should be usable for every sequence and easily implemented on different MR scanners.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="MATERIALS AND METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS"{\textgreater}The possibility of interfacing the MR scanner with an external optical motion-tracking system capable of determining the object's position with submillimeter accuracy and an update rate of 60 Hz is shown. Movement information on the object position (head) is used to compensate for motion in real time by updating the field of view (FOV) by recalculating the gradients and radiofrequency parameter of the MR scanner during acquisition of k-space data, based on tracking data.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS"{\textgreater}Results of rotation phantom, in vivo experiments, and implementation of three different MRI sequences, 2D spin echo, 3D gradient echo, and echo planar imaging, are presented. Finally, the proposed method is compared with the prospective motion correction software available on the scanner software.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS"{\textgreater}A prospective motion correction method that works in real time only by updating the FOV of the MR scanner is presented. Results show the feasibility of using an external optical motion-tracking system to compensate for strong and fast subject motion during acquisition.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2011-02-07},
	journal = {Academic Radiology},
	author = {Dold, Christian and Zaitsev, Maxim and Speck, Oliver and Firle, Evelyn A and Hennig, Jürgen and Sakas, Georgios},
	month = sep,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16935721},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Brain, Echo-Planar Imaging, Head Movements, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Optics and Photonics, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {1093--1103}
}

@article{schneider_ultra-fast_2008,
	title = {Ultra-fast and accurate assessment of cardiac function in rats using accelerated {MRI} at 9.4 {Tesla}},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21491},
	abstract = {MRI can accurately and reproducibly assess cardiac function in rodents but requires relatively long imaging times. Therefore, parallel imaging techniques using a 4-element RF-coil array and MR sequences for cardiac MRI in rats were implemented at ultra-high magnetic fields (9.4 Tesla [T]). The hypothesis that these developments would result in a major reduction in imaging time without loss of accuracy was tested on female Wistar rats under isoflurane anesthesia. High-resolution, contiguous short-axis slices (thickness 1.5 mm) were acquired covering the entire heart. Two interleaved data sets (i) with the volume coil (eight averages) and (ii) with the four-element coil array (one average) were obtained. In addition, two-, three-, and fourfold accelerated data sets were generated through postprocessing of the coil array data, followed by a TGRAPPA reconstruction, resulting in five data sets per rat (in-plane voxel size 100 x 100 microm). Using a single blinded operator, excellent agreement was obtained between volume coil (acquisition time: 88 min) and the fourfold accelerated ({\textless}3 min) data sets (e.g., LV mass 436 +/- 21 mg vs 433 +/- 19 mg; ejection fraction 74 +/- 5\% vs 75 +/- 4\%). This finding demonstrates that it is possible to complete a rat cine-MRI study under 3 min with low variability and without losing temporal or spatial resolution, making high throughput screening programs feasible.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Schneider, Jürgen E and Lanz, Titus and Barnes, Hannah and Medway, Debra and Stork, Lee-Anne and Lygate, Craig A and Smart, Sean and Griswold, Mark A and Neubauer, Stefan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18306411},
	keywords = {Animals, Equipment Design, Female, Heart, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Rats, Rats, Wistar},
	pages = {636--641}
}

@article{qin_2d_2007,
	title = {2D arbitrary shape-selective excitation summed spectroscopy ({ASSESS})},
	volume = {58},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21274/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21274},
	abstract = {Conventional single-voxel localization for MR spectroscopy (MRS) is restricted to selecting only rectangular-shaped regions of interest (ROIs). The complexity of tissue shapes of interest and the desire to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) while minimizing partial-volume effects require more sophisticated localization techniques. A group of spatially selective RF pulses are proposed in this work for the measurement of spectra from regions of arbitrary shape based on using a radial trajectory in k-space. Utilizing a single k-line per excitation results in a broad spectroscopic bandwidth. However, spatial localization accuracy is compromised for nutation angles {\textgreater} 10° because of the small-tip-angle approximation of the Bloch equations. By interleaving multiple radial k-lines per excitation with nonselective refocusing pulses, one can achieve accurate localization for nutation angles up to 90° while simultaneously maintaining the spectral bandwidth. The technique is described and compared with existing localization methods, and in vivo results are demonstrated. Magn Reson Med 58:19–26, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-07-25},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Qin, Qin and Gore, John C. and Does, Mark D. and Avison, Malcolm J. and de Graaf, Robin A.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {arbitrary shape localization, bandwidth broadening, concatenation, in vivo MRS, radial trajectory in k-space},
	pages = {19--26}
}

@article{markl_phase_2001-1,
	title = {Phase contrast {MRI} with improved temporal resolution by view sharing: k-space related velocity mapping properties},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0730-725X},
	shorttitle = {Phase contrast {MRI} with improved temporal resolution by view sharing},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0730725X01003861},
	doi = {10.1016/S0730-725X(01)00386-1},
	abstract = {Phase contrast techniques in combination with k-space segmented CINE imaging are widely used for the quantitative assessment of blood flow or tissue motion. The temporal resolution of the corresponding pulse sequences plays an important role concerning the potential of the method to fully detect time resolved flow or motion patterns. A further improvement of temporal or spatial resolution in phase contrast CINE MRI can be achieved by the application of view sharing. Based on simulations with point-spread-functions resulting from different cyclic flow or motion patterns an analysis of view sharing techniques in combination with phase contrast MRI is presented. Velocity mapping properties and the role of different k-space regions concerning the resulting values in the phase images and thus encoded velocities were investigated. It could be shown that the velocity induced phase shifts in phase contrast techniques are mainly encoded in the central sections of k-space which makes view sharing also suitable for velocity mapping. As a result the use of appropriate sampling and data acquisition schemes permits the assessment of flow or motion patterns with significantly improved temporal resolution without loss of functional information. In addition phantom measurements with an oscillation phantom were performed in order to validate the simulation results and to demonstrate the potential of view sharing techniques to accelerate phase contrast imaging and improve the detection of the underlying flow or motion dynamics.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-06-11},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Markl, Michael and Hennig, Jürgen},
	month = jun,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {CINE imaging, Motion quantification, flow quantification, phase contrast, velocity mapping},
	pages = {669--676}
}

@article{kozerke_automatic_1999,
	title = {Automatic vessel segmentation using active contours in cine phase contrast flow measurements},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	abstract = {The segmentation of images obtained by cine magnetic resonance (MR) phase contrast velocity mapping using manual or semi-automated methods is a time consuming and observer-dependent process that still hampers the use of flow quantification in a clinical setting. A fully automatic segmentation method based on active contour model algorithms for defining vessel boundaries has been developed. For segmentation, the phase image, in addition to the magnitude image, is used to address image distortions frequently seen in the magnitude image of disturbed flow fields. A modified definition for the active contour model is introduced to reduce the influence of missing or spurious edge information of the vessel wall. The method was evaluated on flow phantom data and on in vivo images acquired in the ascending aorta of humans. Phantom experiments resulted in an error of 0.8\% in assessing the luminal area of a flow phantom equipped with an artificial heart valve. Blinded evaluation of the volume flow rates from automatic vs. manual segmentation of gradient echo (FFE) phase contrast images obtained in vivo resulted in a mean difference of -0.9 +/- 3\%. The mean difference from automatic vs. manual segmentation of images acquired with a hybrid phase contrast sequence (TFEPI) within a single breath-hold was -0.9 +/- 6\%.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Kozerke, S. and Botnar, R. and Oyre, S. and Scheidegger, M. B. and Pedersen, E. M. and Boesiger, P.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10398976},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Aorta, Artifacts, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, Observer Variation, Phantoms, Imaging, Regional Blood Flow, Rheology},
	pages = {41--51}
}

@article{kuperman_locally_1998,
	title = {Locally focused {MRI} of interventions},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.1880080616/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.1880080616},
	abstract = {Certain interventional MR procedures would benefit from T2-weighted imaging because of the sensitivity of T2-weighted images to tissue damage and target lesion contrast. To acquire such images with reasonable temporal resolution, a single-shot acquisition should be used because of the inherently long TR needed for T2 weighting. Unfortunately, most scanners require long readout times (eg, greater than 150 msec) and high bandwidths (eg, greater than 120 kHz) to perform conventional single-shot imaging with high spatial resolution. The resulting images are thus degraded by unacceptable artifacts and noise levels. This study illustrates how to create locally focused MR images that have high spatial resolution in a region of interest and lower spatial resolution elsewhere in the image. Because these images can be created from sparse k-space data, a scanner with modest gradients (eg, 10 mT/m maximal amplitude, 500 μsec minimal rise time) can acquire them after a single excitation with relatively short readout time and low bandwidth. This technique may make it practical to monitor interventions with T2-weighted imaging. The method was illustrated by reconstructing dynamic changes, which were simulated experimentally by moving objects in the vicinity of a normal human head.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-10-29},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Kuperman, Vadim Y. and Nagle, Scott K. and Levin, David N.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Interventions, MRI, image reconstruction},
	pages = {1288--1295}
}

@article{abd-elmoniem_phase-sensitive_2010,
	title = {Phase-sensitive black-blood coronary vessel wall imaging},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22286},
	abstract = {Black-blood MR coronary vessel wall imaging may become a powerful tool for the quantitative and noninvasive assessment of atherosclerosis and positive arterial remodeling. Although dual-inversion recovery is currently the gold standard, optimal lumen-to-vessel wall contrast is sometimes difficult to obtain, and the time window available for imaging is limited due to competing requirements between blood signal nulling time and period of minimal myocardial motion. Further, atherosclerosis is a spatially heterogeneous disease, and imaging at multiple anatomic levels of the coronary circulation is mandatory. However, this requirement of enhanced volumetric coverage comes at the expense of scanning time. Phase-sensitive inversion recovery has shown to be very valuable for enhancing tissue-tissue contrast and for making inversion recovery imaging less sensitive to tissue signal nulling time. This work enables multislice black-blood coronary vessel wall imaging in a single breath hold by extending phase-sensitive inversion recovery to phase-sensitive dual-inversion recovery, by combining it with spiral imaging and yet relaxing constraints related to blood signal nulling time and period of minimal myocardial motion.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Abd-Elmoniem, Khaled Z and Weiss, Robert G and Stuber, Matthias},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20373403},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Blood Flow Velocity, Coronary Artery Disease, Coronary Circulation, Coronary Vessels, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Phantoms, Imaging},
	pages = {1021--1030}
}

@article{delfino_three-directional_2008-1,
	title = {Three-directional myocardial phase-contrast tissue velocity {MR} imaging with navigator-echo gating: in vivo and in vitro study},
	volume = {246},
	issn = {1527-1315},
	shorttitle = {Three-directional myocardial phase-contrast tissue velocity {MR} imaging with navigator-echo gating},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18223122},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.2463062155},
	abstract = {The study protocol was HIPAA compliant and institutional review board approved. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The purpose of the study was to prospectively validate the capability of navigator-echo-gated phase-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for measurement of myocardial velocities in a phantom and to prospectively use the phase-contrast MR sequence to measure three-directional velocity in the myocardium in vivo in volunteers and in patients scheduled for cardiac resynchronization therapy. An excellent correlation between the measured velocity and the true phantom motion (R = 0.90 for longitudinal velocity, R = 0.93 for circumferential velocity) was observed. Myocardial velocities were successfully measured in 17 healthy volunteers (11 male, six female; mean age, 27.5 years +/- 6.5 [standard deviation]) and 28 patients with heart failure (18 male, 10 female; mean age, 63.9 years +/- 15.0). Velocity values were significantly lower in the patients than in the volunteers. The time to peak velocity in the lateral wall of the patients, as compared with that in the volunteers, was delayed. Phase-contrast MR imaging can be combined with navigator-echo gating to measure three-directional myocardial tissue velocities in vivo.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-06-11},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Delfino, Jana G and Johnson, Kevin R and Eisner, Robert L and Eder, Susan and Leon, Angel R and Oshinski, John N},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18223122},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Heart Diseases, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, Motion, Myocardial Contraction, Phantoms, Imaging, Prospective Studies},
	pages = {917--925}
}

@article{prieto_reconstruction_2007,
	title = {Reconstruction of undersampled dynamic images by modeling the motion of object elements},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.21222/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21222},
	abstract = {Dynamic MRI is restricted due to the time required to obtain enough data to reconstruct the image sequence. Several undersampled reconstruction techniques have been proposed to reduce the acquisition time. In most of these techniques the nonacquired data are recovered by modeling the temporal information as varying pixel intensities represented in time or in temporal frequencies. Here we propose a new approach that recovers the missing data through a motion estimation of the object elements (“obels,” or pieces of tissue) of the image. This method assumes that an obel displacement through the sequence has lower bandwidth than fluctuations in pixel intensities caused by the motion, and thus it can be modeled with fewer parameters. Preliminary results show that this technique can effectively reconstruct (with root mean square (RMS) errors below 4\%) cardiac images and joints with undersampling factors of 8 and 4, respectively. Moreover, in the reconstruction process an approximation of the motion vectors is obtained for each obel, which can be used to quantify dynamic information. In this method the motion need not be confined to a part of the field of view (FOV) or to a portion of the temporal frequency. It is appropriate for dynamic studies in which the obels' motion model has fewer parameters than the number of acquired samples. Magn Reson Med 57:939–949, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-10-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Prieto, Claudia and Batchelor, Philip G and Hill, D. L.G and Hajnal, Joseph V and Guarini, Marcelo and Irarrazaval, Pablo},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Motion, dynamic imaging, obel, object element, reconstruction, undersampling},
	pages = {939--949}
}

@article{sakuma_magnetic_2004,
	title = {Magnetic resonance measurement of coronary blood flow},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0803-5326},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15702675},
	abstract = {Magnetic resonance (MR) flow measurement in the coronary artery can be achieved with either a breath-hold acquisition or a respiration-triggered acquisition. MR measurements of cardiac output are significantly depressed during breath-holding at deep inspiration, but the advantage is that the breath-hold method requires less scan time. Blood flow in the coronary sinus reflects the global myocardial blood flow because it represents approximately 96\% of the total myocardial blood flow of the left ventricle (LV). If blood flow in the coronary sinus is measured with phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and LV myocardial mass is measured with cine MRI, both the total myocardial blood flow and the average coronary blood flow per gram of myocardial mass can be quantified. Coronary flow reserve with volumetric MR flow measurement is measured to be within 4.2-5.0-fold. The noninvasive MR measurement of coronary flow reserve has been shown to be useful in identifying the functional significance of stenoses in the left anterior descending artery. The sensitivity and specificity of MR coronary flow velocity reserve for identifying stenosis of 70\% or greater in the left main or left anterior descending artery were 100\% and 83\%, respectively. The MR quantification of total coronary blood flow and coronary blood flow per gram of myocardial mass seems to be an ideal method for evaluating coronary hemodynamics and may be useful in evaluating endothelial dysfunction of the coronary circulation.},
	number = {446},
	urldate = {2012-06-19},
	journal = {Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992). Supplement},
	author = {Sakuma, H and Higgins, C B},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15702675},
	keywords = {Cardiac Output, Cardiac Volume, Coronary Artery Disease, Coronary Circulation, Coronary Stenosis, Coronary Vessels, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	pages = {80--85}
}

@article{stuckey_cine-mri_2008,
	title = {Cine-{MRI} versus two-dimensional echocardiography to measure in vivo left ventricular function in rat heart},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2008 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-1492},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nbm.1268/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/nbm.1268},
	abstract = {Two-dimensional echocardiography is the most commonly used non-invasive method for measuring in vivo cardiac function in experimental animals. In humans, measurements of cardiac function made using cine-MRI compare favourably with those made using echocardiography. However, no rigorous comparison has been made in small animals. Here, standard short-axis two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography (2D-echo) and cine-MRI measurements were made in the same rats, both control and after chronic myocardial infarction. Correlations between the two techniques were found for end diastolic area, stroke area and ejection fraction, but cine-MRI measurements of ejection fraction were 12 ± 6\% higher than those made using 2D-echo, because of the 1.8-fold higher temporal resolution of the MRI technique (4.6 ms vs 8.3 ms). Repeated measurements on the same group of rats over several days showed that the cine-MRI technique was more reproducible than 2D-echo, in that 2D-echo would require five times more animals to find a statistically significant difference. In summary, caution should be exercised when comparing functional results acquired using short-axis 2D-echo vs cine-MRI. The accuracy of cine-MRI allows identification of alterations in heart function that may be missed when using 2D-echo. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2013-04-30},
	journal = {NMR in Biomedicine},
	author = {Stuckey, Daniel J. and Carr, Carolyn A. and Tyler, Damian J. and Clarke, Kieran},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Echocardiography, Heart, cine-MRI, in vivo, infarct, rat},
	pages = {765--772}
}

@article{baltes_micro_2009,
	title = {Micro {MRI} of the mouse brain using a novel 400 {MHz} cryogenic quadrature {RF} probe},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1099-1492},
	doi = {10.1002/nbm.1396},
	abstract = {The increasing number of mouse models of human disease used in biomedical research applications has led to an enhanced interest in non-invasive imaging of mice, e.g. using MRI for phenotyping. However, MRI of small rodents puts high demands on the sensitivity of data acquisition. This requirement can be addressed by using cryogenic radio-frequency (RF) detection devices. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vivo performance of a 400 MHz cryogenic transmit/receive RF probe (CryoProbe) designed for MRI of the mouse brain. To characterize this novel probe, MR data sets were acquired with both the CryoProbe and a matched conventional receive-only surface coil operating at room temperature (RT) using conventional acquisition protocols (gradient and spin echo) with identical parameter settings. Quantitative comparisons in phantom and in vivo experiments revealed gains in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 2.4 and 2.5, respectively. The increased sensitivity of the CryoProbe was invested to enhance the image quality of high resolution structural images acquired in scan times compatible with routine operation ({\textless} 45 min). In high resolution (30 x 30 x 300 microm(3)) structural images of the mouse cerebellum, anatomical details such as Purkinje cell and molecular layers could be identified. Similarly, isotropic (60 x 60 x 60 microm(3)) imaging of mouse cortical and subcortical areas revealed anatomical structures smaller than 100 microm. Finally, 3D MR angiography (52 x 80 x 80 microm(3)) of the brain vasculature enabled the detailed reconstruction of intracranial vessels (anterior and middle cerebral artery). In conclusion, this low temperature detection device represents an attractive option to increase the performance of small animal MR systems operating at 9.4 Tesla.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {NMR in biomedicine},
	author = {Baltes, Christof and Radzwill, Nicole and Bosshard, Simone and Marek, Daniel and Rudin, Markus},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19536757},
	keywords = {Animals, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Cold Temperature, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mice, Radio Waves},
	pages = {834--842}
}

@article{katscher_determination_2009,
	title = {Determination of electric conductivity and local {SAR} via {B}1 mapping},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1558-0062},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/19369153},
	doi = {10.1109/TMI.2009.2015757},
	abstract = {The electric conductivity can potentially be used as an additional diagnostic parameter, e.g., in tumor diagnosis. Moreover, the electric conductivity, in connection with the electric field, can be used to estimate the local SAR distribution during MR measurements. In this study, a new approach, called electric properties tomography (EPT) is presented. It derives the patient's electric conductivity, along with the corresponding electric fields, from the spatial sensitivity distributions of the applied RF coils, which are measured via MRI. Corresponding numerical simulations and initial experiments on a standard clinical MRI system underline the principal feasibility of EPT to determine the electric conductivity and the local SAR. In contrast to previous methods to measure the patient's electric properties, EPT does not apply externally mounted electrodes, currents, or RF probes, thus enhancing the practicality of the approach. Furthermore, in contrast to previous methods, EPT circumvents the solution of an inverse problem, which might lead to significantly higher spatial image resolution.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging},
	author = {Katscher, Ulrich and Voigt, Tobias and Findeklee, Christian and Vernickel, Peter and Nehrke, Kay and Dössel, Olaf},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19369153},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Computer Simulation, Electric Conductivity, Electromagnetic Fields, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Tomography},
	pages = {1365--1374}
}

@article{stadlbauer_accelerated_2009,
	title = {Accelerated phase-contrast {MR} imaging: comparison of k-t {BLAST} with {SENSE} and {Doppler} ultrasound for velocity and flow measurements in the aorta},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	shorttitle = {Accelerated phase-contrast {MR} imaging},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.21706},
	abstract = {PURPOSE

To evaluate differences in velocity and flow measurements in the aorta between accelerated phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using SENSE and k-t BLAST and in peak velocity to Doppler ultrasound.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two-dimensional PC-MRI perpendicular to the ascending and descending aorta was performed in 11 volunteers using SENSE (R = 2) and k-t BLAST (2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-fold). Peak velocity, mean velocity, and stroke volume of the accelerated PC-MRI experiments were correlated. Peak velocities were compared to Doppler ultrasound.

RESULTS

All acceleration techniques showed significant correlations for peak velocity with Doppler ultrasound. However, k-t BLAST 6 and 8 showed a significant underestimation. Strong correlations between SENSE and k-t BLAST were found for all three parameters. Significant differences in peak velocity were found between SENSE and all k-t BLAST experiments, but not for 2-fold k-t BLAST in the ascending aorta, and 2- and 4-fold k-t BLAST in the descending aorta. For mean velocity no significant differences were found. Stroke volume showed significant differences for all k-t BLAST experiments in the ascending and for 6- and 8-fold k-t BLAST in the descending aorta.

CONCLUSION

Peak velocity of accelerated PC-MRI correlated with CW Doppler measurements, but high k-t BLAST acceleration factors lead to a significant underestimation. SENSE with R = 2 and 2-fold k-t BLAST are most highly correlated in phase-contrast flow measurements.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Stadlbauer, Andreas and van der Riet, Wilma and Globits, Sebastian and Crelier, Gerard and Salomonowitz, Erich},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19306404},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aorta, Blood Flow Velocity, Echocardiography, Doppler, Female, Humans, Image Enhancement, Linear Models, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, SENSE, Sensitivity and Specificity, Statistics, Nonparametric, k-t BLAST, phase contrast, velocity mapping},
	pages = {817--824}
}

@article{panych_selection_1999,
	title = {Selection of high‐definition 2D virtual profiles with multiple {RF} pulse excitations along interleaved echo‐planar k‐space trajectories},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199902)41:2<224::AID-MRM2>3.0.CO;2-G/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199902)41:2<224::AID-MRM2>3.0.CO;2-G},
	abstract = {A method for spatially selective excitation of 2D RF profiles is reported. The method makes use of multiple shots to traverse interleaved echo-planar trajectories in 2D k space during each RF pulse excitation. Results from each of the interleaved excitations are summed, with the net effect being the excitation of a virtual profile. The method allows for the excitation of high-definition 2D profiles with standard gradient hardware. Signal to noise is enhanced by a factor equal to the square root of the number of interleaved excitations, compared with a single-shot excitation. Potential applications for volume-localized spectroscopy, functional MRI, and high-resolution reduced-field-of-view imaging are discussed. Magn Reson Med 41:224–229, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-10-30},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Panych, Lawrence P and Oshio, Koichi},
	month = feb,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {interleaved RF excitation, multiple‐shot RF excitation, spatially selective RF excitation},
	pages = {224--229}
}

@article{scheffler_reduced_1998,
	title = {Reduced circular field-of-view imaging},
	volume = {40},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910400319/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910400319},
	abstract = {A rapid dynamic imaging technique based on polar k-space sampling is presented. A gain in temporal resolution is achieved by angular undersampling. A detailed analysis of the point spread function of angular undersampled polar imaging reveals a reduced diameter of the corresponding circular field of view. Under the assumption that dynamic changes are restricted to a local circular field of view, angular under-sampled dynamic imaging allows the recording of rapid changes at high temporal and spatial resolution. The theoretical and experimental details of the technique are presented.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-10-29},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Scheffler, Klaus and Hennig, Jürgen},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {angular under-sampling, dynamic imaging, interventional MRI, polar imaging},
	pages = {474--480}
}

@article{burk_evaluation_2012,
	title = {Evaluation of 3D blood flow patterns and wall shear stress in the normal and dilated thoracic aorta using flow-sensitive 4D {CMR}},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/14/1/84/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-14-84},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate 3D flow patterns and vessel wall parameters in patients with dilated ascending aorta, age-matched subjects, and healthy volunteers.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-12-14},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Bürk, Jonas and Blanke, Philipp and

repository: cmey/resume

repo_name: cmey/resume