text:
langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\B5VF6WFK\\c0em00587h.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\W2BBCJFT\\You et al. - 2011 - Chemical techniques for assessing bioavailability .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ouyang_configurations_2007,
	title = {Configurations and calibration methods for passive sampling techniques},
	volume = {1168},
	issn = {0021-9673},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967307001641},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.133},
	series = {Editors' Choice I},
	abstract = {Passive sampling technology has developed very quickly in the past 15 years, and is widely used for the monitoring of pollutants in different environments. The design and quantification of passive sampling devices require an appropriate calibration method. Current calibration methods that exist for passive sampling, including equilibrium extraction, linear uptake, and kinetic calibration, are presented in this review. A number of state-of-the-art passive sampling devices that can be used for aqueous and air monitoring are introduced according to their calibration methods.},
	pages = {226--235},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Ouyang, Gangfeng and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2007-10-19},
	keywords = {Calibration, Passive sampling, Environmental monitoring, Solid-phase microextraction},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\A2UCDQRM\\S0021967307001641.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\D248N98N\\Ouyang and Pawliszyn - 2007 - Configurations and calibration methods for passive.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{harwood_predicting_2012,
	title = {Predicting the Toxicity of Permethrin to Daphnia magna in Water Using {SPME} Fibers},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0090-4341, 1432-0703},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-011-9721-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s00244-011-9721-8},
	abstract = {Multiple factors can influence bioavailability, which can make predictions of toxicity in natural systems difficult. The current study examined the potential use of solid-phase microextraction fibers as a matrix-independent approach to predict the toxicity of permethrin to Daphnia magna across various water sources, including a laboratory reconstituted water, two natural waters, and a modified natural water. Water source strongly affected the toxicity of permethrin as well as the concentration–response relationships. Although permethrin concentrations in the water were predictive of toxicity to D. magna for individual water sources, there was no relationship between permethrin concentrations among water sources and mortality. This indicated that compositional differences among water sources can greatly influence toxicity, suggesting that benchmarks established using reconstituted water may be overly conservative for some natural waters. In addition, although permethrin tissue residues were predictive of mortality for individual waters, the correlation among waters was not as clear. Finally, both 48-h and equilibrium-based {SPME} fiber concentrations adequately predicted toxicity independent of water properties. This demonstrated that bioavailability-based estimates provided a more accurate prediction of toxicity than water concentrations and that {SPME} fibers could be used in environmental monitoring as a rapid and accurate means of predicting toxicity in natural waters.},
	pages = {438--444},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology},
	shortjournal = {Arch Environ Contam Toxicol},
	author = {Harwood, Amanda D. and Bunch, Aubrey R. and Flickinger, Dallas L. and You, Jing and Lydy, Michael J.},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2012-04-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\9HVV558D\\s00244-011-9721-8.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\T8WCRWQD\\Harwood et al. - 2012 - Predicting the Toxicity of Permethrin to Daphnia m.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bielska_bioavailability_2017,
	title = {Bioavailability and toxicity of pyrene in soils upon biochar and compost addition},
	volume = {595},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717307611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.230},
	abstract = {The study investigates the role of biochar and/or compost in mitigating the toxic effects of pyrene in soils using reproduction of nematodes and porewater concentration as measures of pyrene toxicity and bioavailability, respectively. Two soils were spiked with increasing levels of pyrene to achieve a concentration-response relationship for the reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans. The observed {EC}50 values (pyrene concentration causing 50\% inhibition of reproduction) were 14mg/kg and 31mg/kg (dry mass) for these soils, corresponding to equilibrium porewater concentrations of 37μg/L and 47μg/L, respectively. Differences in organic carbon content were not sufficient to explain the variability in toxicity between the different soils. Soils causing a significant inhibition of reproduction were further amended with 10\%-compost, 5\%-biochar, or both, and the effects on reproduction and porewater concentration determined. Combined addition of compost and biochar was identified as the most effective strategy in reducing pyrene concentration in soil porewater, which was also partly reflected in soil toxicity. However, porewater concentrations predicted only 52\% of pyrene toxicity to nematodes, pointing to particle-bound or dietary exposure pathways. Capsule: Amending pyrene-spiked soil with biochar and compost effectively reduced pyrene porewater concentrations and toxicity to nematodes, which were significantly related.},
	pages = {132--140},
	journaltitle = {Science of The Total Environment},
	shortjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Bielská, Lucie and Kah, Melanie and Sigmund, Gabriel and Hofmann, Thilo and Höss, Sebastian},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2017-10-01},
	keywords = {Solid-phase microextraction, Biochar, Compost, Nematodes, Pyrene toxicity, Sorption},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\H4QKV74P\\S0048969717307611.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\PCU699NR\\Bielská et al. - 2017 - Bioavailability and toxicity of pyrene in soils up.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{juhasz_oral_2016,
	title = {Oral relative bioavailability of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ({DDT}) in contaminated soil and its prediction using in vitro strategies for exposure refinement},
	volume = {150},
	issn = {0013-9351},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935116302730},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.039},
	abstract = {In this study, the bioavailability of {DDTr} (sum of {DDT}, {DDD} and {DDE} isomers) in pesticide-contaminated soil was assessed using an in vivo mouse model. {DDTr} relative bioavailability ({RBA}) ranged from 18.7±0.9 (As35) to 60.8±7.8\% (As36) indicating that a significant portion of soil-bound {DDTr} was not available for absorption following ingestion. When {DDTr} bioaccessibility was assessed using the organic Physiologically Based Extraction Test (org-{PBET}), the inclusion of a sorption sink (silicone cord) enhanced {DDTr} desorption by up to 20-fold (1.6–3.8\% versus 18.9–56.3\%) compared to {DDTr} partitioning into gastrointestinal fluid alone. Enhanced desorption occurred as a result of the silicone cord acting as a reservoir for solubilized {DDTr} to partition into, thereby creating a flux for further desorption until equilibrium was achieved. When the relationship between in vivo and in vitro data was assessed, a strong correlation was observed between the mouse bioassay and the org-{PBET}+silicone cord (slope=0.94, y-intercept=3.5, r2=0.72) suggesting that the in vitro approach may provide a robust surrogate measure for the prediction of {DDTr} {RBA} in contaminated soil.},
	pages = {482--488},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Research},
	shortjournal = {Environmental Research},
	author = {Juhasz, Albert L. and Herde, Paul and Smith, Euan},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2016-10-01},
	keywords = {Bioaccessibility, Correlation, {DDT}, Relative bioavailability, Sorption Sink},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\CRPWTWBD\\S0013935116302730.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\CUC49GA9\\Juhasz et al. - 2016 - Oral relative bioavailability of Dichlorodiphenylt.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{conder_nondestructive_2003,
	title = {Nondestructive, Minimal-Disturbance, Direct-Burial Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber Technique for Measuring {TNT} in Sediment},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es0260770},
	doi = {10.1021/es0260770},
	pages = {1625--1632},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Conder, Jason M. and La Point, Thomas W. and Lotufo, Guilherme R. and Steevens, Jeffery A.},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2003-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {es0260770.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7SUXNXA6\\es0260770.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bielska_kinetics_2015-1,
	title = {The kinetics of solid-phase microextraction measured for freshly added and aged hydrophobic compounds in two different soils},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {0306-7319, 1029-0397},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03067319.2015.1048438},
	doi = {10.1080/03067319.2015.1048438},
	pages = {635--649},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Bielská, Lucie and Hofman, Jakub},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2015-05-28},
	langid = {english},
	file = {The kinetics of solid phase microextraction measured for freshly added and aged hydrophobic compounds in two different soils.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\FEJIB7KF\\The kinetics of solid phase microextraction measured for freshly added and aged hydrophobic compounds in two different soils.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{conder_nondestructive_2003-1,
	title = {Nondestructive, Minimal-Disturbance, Direct-Burial Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber Technique for Measuring {TNT} in Sediment},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0260770},
	doi = {10.1021/es0260770},
	abstract = {We explored a novel technique to deploy solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) fibers to nondestructively measure the explosive compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene ({TNT}) and its nitroaromatic ({NA}) degradation products in laboratory sediment toxicity tests and field sediments in situ. {SPME} fibers within steel mesh envelopes were exposed statically via direct burial within sediment. Six fiber types (polymer coatings) were tested. Polyacrylate ({PA}) {SPME} fiber was sufficiently durable for this application, yielded the lowest detection limits, and exhibited a linear uptake relationship across toxicologically relevant sediment {NA} concentrations (100−2000 nmol/g dw (20−500 μg/g dw)). Temperature greatly influenced {SPME} absorption kinetics. Via evaluation of absorption at different temperatures, recommended sampling times needed to achieve steady-state equilibrium were 48 h for room temperatures (23−25 °C) and up to 7 d for cold (5 °C) temperatures. Although a comparison of {TNT} residues by {SPMEs} and {TNT} bioavailability and toxicity in sediments has not been completed, differences in {SPME} availability of {TNT} and its degradation products were found between two different {TNT}-spiked sediments. Our disposable {SPME} technique was slightly less expensive and as precise as the conventional extraction for total {NAs} and may prove to be a powerful exposure evaluation tool for assessing the ecological risk of these compounds.},
	pages = {1625--1632},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.},
	author = {Conder, Jason M. and La Point, Thomas W. and Lotufo, Guilherme R. and Steevens, Jeffery A.},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2003-04-01},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\AVSXQWB9\\es0260770.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\EKQFISAM\\Conder et al. - 2003 - Nondestructive, Minimal-Disturbance, Direct-Burial.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{verbruggen_polyacrylate-coated_2000-1,
	title = {Polyacrylate-Coated {SPME} Fibers as a Tool To Simulate Body Residues and Target Concentrations of Complex Organic Mixtures for Estimation of Baseline Toxicity},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990616s},
	doi = {10.1021/es990616s},
	abstract = {The acute toxicity of narcotic organic chemical mixtures is related to the total molar concentration within organisms. In this study, the use of polyacrylate {SPME} fibers is investigated for the purpose of biomimetic extractions, a procedure used to simulate bioconcentration and to estimate total concentrations in aquatic organisms. Experimental {SPME}−water partition coefficients correlate well with octanol−water and membrane−water partition coefficients, indicating that these passive sampling devices provide a good surrogate for lipid partitioning. On the basis of these relationships, the total internal concentration resulting from exposure to an aqueous sample can be estimated from the total moles of chemicals that sorb to the fiber. The aquatic toxicity of the sample is then predicted by comparison to critical internal concentrations that elicit adverse effects. This procedure offers a number of practical advantages over previous biomimetic extraction techniques (e.g., Empore disk) due to faster sorption kinetics, smaller sample volumes, and applicability to volatile compounds.},
	pages = {324--331},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.},
	author = {Verbruggen, Eric M. J. and Vaes, Wouter H. J. and Parkerton, Thomas F. and Hermens, Joop L. M.},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2000-01-01},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\N7KNP3WD\\es990616s.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\25KKATAZ\\Verbruggen et al. - 2000 - Polyacrylate-Coated SPME Fibers as a Tool To Simul.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{conder_method_2002,
	title = {Method for determining toxicologically relevant cadmium residues in the earthworm Eisenia fetida},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653502001923},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00192-3},
	abstract = {We investigated a method to isolate toxicologically relevant Cd in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed in a 14-d Cd bioaccumulation study. A procedure involving acid insoluble ash ({AIA}) content was combined with homogenization and centrifugation techniques to divide total earthworm Cd burdens into supernatant (metallothionein-bound), pellet (toxicologically active), and soil-associated Cd fractions. Whereas the supernatant fraction of the earthworm digests increased linearly throughout the exposure period (from approximately 0 to 3.59 mmol/kg), the pellet fraction reached a steady-state concentration (95\% {CI}) of 1.2 (0.9–1.4) mmol/kg, suggesting the ability of the metallothionein detoxification system to sequester incoming Cd. The {AIA} method was useful for correcting earthworm Cd concentrations for ingested soil-associated Cd and observing soil ingestion, which was suppressed in Cd-spiked artificial soil (1.06 (0.57–1.55)\%) compared to controls (17.25 (14.36–20.15)\%). These methods may be useful in investigating soil ingestion and Cd uptake and detoxification in earthworms.},
	pages = {1--7},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Chemosphere},
	shortjournal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Conder, Jason M. and Seals, Lisa D. and Lanno, Roman P.},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2002-10-01},
	keywords = {Bioaccumulation, Cadmium, Detoxification, Earthworms, Soil},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\M5WFERDT\\S0045653502001923.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VU4J2QR9\\Conder et al. - 2002 - Method for determining toxicologically relevant ca.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{conder_nondestructive_2003-2,
	title = {Nondestructive, Minimal-Disturbance, Direct-Burial Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber Technique for Measuring {TNT} in Sediment},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es0260770},
	doi = {10.1021/es0260770},
	pages = {1625--1632},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Conder, Jason M. and La Point, Thomas W. and Lotufo, Guilherme R. and Steevens, Jeffery A.},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2003-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {es0260770.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XX2JHKP8\\es0260770.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{piri-moghadam_development_2018,
	title = {Development and validation of eco-friendly strategies based on thin film microextraction for water analysis},
	volume = {1579},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	issn = {00219673},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967318312895},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.026},
	abstract = {The aim of the current study is the establishment of Green Analytical Chemistry strategies for water analysis by elimination/reduction of hazardous chemicals, energy consumption, and waste generation throughout the entire analytical workﬂow. The ﬁrst approach introduced in this manuscript consists of addition of water to a sampling vessel that contains a thin ﬁlm microextraction ({TFME}) device, followed by removal of the device after equilibration, and subsequent quantiﬁcation of the extracted components by thermal desorption {GC}/{MS}. In this approach, namely the in-bottle {TFME} approach, analyte-loss associated errors that stem from analyte adherence to glass surfaces and/or degradation are avoided as extraction occurs in situ, while analytes are isolated from a complex matrix that contains degradation agents (bacteria, oxidizing or reducing species, etc.). This procedure also circumvents the splitting of original samples into sub-samples. The second approach involves the use of portable {TFME} devices that facilitate on-site extraction of compounds, therefore eliminating the use of collection vessels, a factor known to potentially introduce errors into analysis. The herein described procedure involves attachment of the {TFME} device to drill accessories, analyte extraction via direct immersion into sampled site, and subsequent on-site instrumental analysis, which is carried out with the use of a portable {GC}/{MS} containing an appropriate thermal desorption interface, or alternatively, by transferring the membrane to the laboratory for bench-top {GC}/{MS} analysis. To facilitate a better understanding of the processes governing the developed approaches, modeling by {COMSOL} Multiphysics® software was performed. The ﬁndings of this study were applied for further method optimization, and the optimized developed methods were then applied for on-site surface water analyses. Finally, the greenness of the developed methods was evaluated with use of the eco-scale assessment, with obtained scores compared to that of the {US} {EPA} 8270 method.},
	pages = {20--30},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Piri-Moghadam, Hamed and Gionfriddo, Emanuela and Grandy, Jonathan J. and Alam, Md. Nazmul and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	date = {2018-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Piri-Moghadam et al. - 2018 - Development and validation of eco-friendly strateg.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XKFS3X7P\\Piri-Moghadam et al. - 2018 - Development and validation of eco-friendly strateg.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{alam_effect_2018,
	title = {Effect of Binding Components in Complex Sample Matrices on Recovery in Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction: Friends or Foe?},
	volume = {90},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	issn = {0003-2700, 1520-6882},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05436},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05436},
	shorttitle = {Effect of Binding Components in Complex Sample Matrices on Recovery in Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction},
	abstract = {The development of matrix compatible coatings for solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) has enabled direct extraction of analytes from complex sample matrices. The direct immersion ({DI}) mode of {SPME} when utilized in conjunction with such extraction phases facilitates extraction of a wide range of analytes from complex matrices without the incurrence of fouling or coating saturation. In this work, mathematical models and computational simulations were employed to investigate the eﬀect of binding components present in complex samples on the recovery of small molecules varying in {logP} for extractions carried out using the direct immersion approach. The presented ﬁndings corroborate that the studied approach indeed enables the extraction of both polar and nonpolar analytes from complex matrices, provided a suitable sorbent is employed. Further results indicated that, in certain cases, the kinetics of extraction of a given analyte in its free form might be dependent on the desorption kinetics of their bound form from matrix components, which might lower total recoveries of analytes with high aﬃnity for the matrix. However, the binding of analytes to matrix components also enables {SPME} to extract a balanced quantity of diﬀerent {logP} analytes, facilitated by multiphase equilibria, with a single extraction device.},
	pages = {2430--2433},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Alam, Md. Nazmul and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	date = {2018-02-20},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Alam and Pawliszyn - 2018 - Effect of Binding Components in Complex Sample Mat.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\D2NUER77\\Alam and Pawliszyn - 2018 - Effect of Binding Components in Complex Sample Mat.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{souza-silva_insights_2017,
	title = {Insights into the Effect of the {PDMS}-Layer on the Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Analyte Sorption onto the Matrix-Compatible Solid Phase Microextraction Coating},
	volume = {89},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	issn = {0003-2700, 1520-6882},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04442},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04442},
	abstract = {The currently presented research investigated the performance of matrix compatible {PDMS}-overcoated ﬁbers ({PDMS}-{DVB}/{PDMS}) as compared to unmodiﬁed {PDMS}/ {DVB} coatings using aqueous samples and employing a wide range of analyte polarities, molecular weights, and functionalities. In the ﬁrst part of the work, a kinetic approach was taken to investigate the eﬀect of the {PDMS} outer layer on the uptake rate of analytes during the mass transfer process. In short, the results can be simpliﬁed into two models: (1) the rate-limiting step is the diﬀusion through the coating and (2) the rate-limiting step is the diﬀusion through the aqueous diﬀusional boundary layer. For polar compounds, according to the theoretical discussion, the rate-limiting step is the diﬀusion through the coating; therefore, the outer {PDMS} layer inﬂuences the uptake rate into the matrix compatible coatings. On the other hand, for nonpolar compounds, the rate-limiting step of the uptake process is diﬀusion through the aqueous diﬀusional boundary layer; as such, the overcoated {PDMS} does not aﬀect uptake rate into the matrix-compatible coatings as compared to {DVB}/{PDMS} ﬁbers. From a thermodynamic point of view, the calculated ﬁber constants further corroborate the hypothesis that the additional {PDMS} layer does not impair the extraction phase capacity.},
	pages = {2978--2985},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Souza-Silva, Érica A. and Gionfriddo, Emanuela and Alam, Md. Nazmul and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	date = {2017-03-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Souza-Silva et al. - 2017 - Insights into the Effect of the PDMS-Layer on the .pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6PDJ542K\\Souza-Silva et al. - 2017 - Insights into the Effect of the PDMS-Layer on the .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{alam_numerical_2016,
	title = {Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Calibrant-Loaded Extraction Phase Standardization Approach},
	volume = {88},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	issn = {0003-2700, 1520-6882},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01802},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01802},
	abstract = {We present the kinetics of calibrant release and analyte uptake between the sample and calibrant-loaded extraction phase, {CL}-{EP}, with a ﬁnite-element analysis ({FEA}) using {COMSOL} Multiphysics software package. Eﬀect of ﬁnite and inﬁnite sample volume conditions, as well as various sample environment parameters such as ﬂuid ﬂow velocity, temperature, and presence of a binding matrix component were investigated in detail with the model in relation to the performance of the calibration. The simulation results supported by experimental data demonstrate the suitability of the {CL}-{EP} method for analysis of samples with variation of the sample environment parameters. The calibrant-loaded approach can provide both total and free concentrations from a single experiment based on whether the partition coeﬃcient (Kes) value being used is measured in a matrix-matched sample or in a matrix-free sample, respectively. Total concentrations can also be obtained by utilizing {CL}-{EP} in combination with external matrix-matched calibrations, which can be employed to automate the sampling process and provide corrections for variations in sample preparation, matrix eﬀects, and detection processes. This approach is also suitable for very small volumes of sample, where addition of an internal standard in the sample is either troublesome or can change the sample characteristics.},
	pages = {8632--8639},
	number = {17},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Alam, Md. Nazmul and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	date = {2016-09-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Alam and Pawliszyn - 2016 - Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation o.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\DNQANPQA\\Alam and Pawliszyn - 2016 - Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation o.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{reyes-garces_effect_2018,
	title = {The effect of hematocrit on solid-phase microextraction},
	volume = {1001},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	issn = {00032670},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003267017312667},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.014},
	abstract = {Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) is an approach to sample preparation that has demonstrated its appropriateness for isolating/enriching analytes present in complex bioﬂuids with minimum sample pretreatment. Several prior in vitro and in vivo studies have used {SPME} to monitor the concentrations of various drugs and metabolites in blood samples. In this work, we present the results of an investigation into how various levels of hematocrit (Hct) affect {SPME} recoveries. The matrices for this study consisted of whole blood samples that had been adjusted at three different Hct levels (20\%, 45\%, and 70\%), and the selected model compounds were drugs with different physicochemical characteristics (log P range from 0.33 to 6.36). In addition, two experimental setups were employed to conduct the extractions: hydrophilic lipophilic balanced ({HLB}) coated {SPME} devices ({HLB}-D) at 1500 rpm (vortex agitation), and mixed mode {SPME} ﬁbres ({MM}-F) at 400 rpm (orbital shaking agitation). Our results demonstrated that the Hct effect in {SPME} is dependent on the analytes of interest, and that different outcomes can be attained by altering experimental conditions, such as coating type, convection, and extraction time. Interestingly, a target compound's relative afﬁnity for the matrix components and for the coating material proved to be one of the main factors that determine the ﬁnal effect that different erythrocyte levels have on {SPME} recoveries. Finally, although the Hct content affects each analyte differently and the ﬁnal Hct effect depends on the experimental parameters, matrix variability can be corrected by using appropriate internal standards, thereby resulting in correct quantiﬁcation.},
	pages = {40--50},
	journaltitle = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	shortjournal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	author = {Reyes-Garcés, Nathaly and Alam, Md Nazmul and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	date = {2018-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Reyes-Garcés et al. - 2018 - The effect of hematocrit on solid-phase microextra.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\R2Z4J6HQ\\Reyes-Garcés et al. - 2018 - The effect of hematocrit on solid-phase microextra.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{noauthor_notitle_nodate-150
}

@thesis{alam_insight_2016,
	title = {Insight into Quantitation of Solid-phase Microextraction},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	url = {https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/10591},
	abstract = {Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) is a well-known sampling and sample preparation technique used for a wide variety of analytical applications. As there are various complex processes taking place at the time of extraction that influence the parameters of optimum extraction, a mathematical model and computational simulation describing the {SPME} process is required for experimentalists to understand and implement the technique without performing multiple costly and time-consuming experiments in the laboratory. In this thesis, a mechanistic mathematical model for the processes occurring in {SPME} extraction of analyte(s) from an aqueous sample medium is presented. The proposed mechanistic model was validated with experimental data. Several key factors that affect the extraction kinetics, such as sample agitation, fiber coating thickness, and presence of a binding matrix component, are discussed. More interestingly, for the first time, shorter or longer equilibrium times in the presence of a binding matrix component were explained with the help of an asymptotic analysis. Parameters that contribute to the variation of the equilibrium times are discussed, with the assumption that one binding matrix component is present in a static sample. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed model captures the phenomena occurring in {SPME}, leading to a clearer understanding of this process. Therefore, the currently presented model can be used to identify optimum experimental parameters without the need to perform a large number of experiments in the laboratory.
A calibration approach based on standard chemicals loaded onto an extraction phase (calibrant-loaded extraction phase, {CL}-{EP}) has gained popularity in various areas of sample analysis, such as environmental, toxicological, and tissue sampling research areas. In this thesis, the kinetics of calibrant release and analyte uptake between the sample and extraction phase with a finite-element analysis ({FEA}) using {COMSOL} Multiphysics® software package. Effect of finite and infinite sample volume conditions, as well as various sample environment parameters such as fluid flow velocity, temperature, and presence of a binding matrix component were investigated in detail with the model in relation to the performance of the calibration. The simulation results demonstrate the suitability of the {CL}-{EP} method for analysis of samples at various sample environments. The calibrant-loaded approach can provide both total and free concentrations from a single experiment based on whether the Kes value being used is measured in a matrix-matched sample or in a matrix-free sample, respectively. Total concentrations can also be obtained by utilizing {CL}-{EP} in combination with external matrix-matched calibration, which can be employed to automate the sampling process and provide corrections for variations in sample preparation, matrix effects, and detection processes. This approach is also suitable for very small volumes of sample, where addition of an internal standard in the sample is either troublesome or can change the sample characteristics. Although the outcome of this study is applicable to any sampler based on calibrant-loaded liquid or solid extraction phase method, experimental data using a solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) sampler was used to fit our simulation results. The numerical results are in very good agreement with the experimental data reported previously. Moreover, the computational model and numerical simulation presented will aid in the optimization of sampler design and sampling parameters prior to laboratory experiments, which will translate into savings in terms of time and expensive chemicals.
 Despite the prevalence of porous-particle based coatings used for microextraction techniques, there is inadequate understanding of how extraction parameters influence the extracted amount and quantification of analytes. This is particularly important when extraction is performed with these solid coatings under pre-equilibrium conditions, for instance, with diffusion based rapid calibration approach which is a popular technique for on-site chemical analysis for not requiring any calibration method or internal standards. This study presents a computational model for porous particle-based coatings used in solid phase microextraction. Although the model describes extraction behavior of analytes for both kinetic and equilibrium regime of extraction profile, the critical parameters for the diffusion based rapid sampling were studied using the developed model. Simulations are conducted under variations in both mass transfer and adsorptive surface binding constants, coating capacity, constrained by real-world experimental conditions of finite and infinite sample volume. The model simulation results demonstrated excellent correlation with previously reported experimental data and superior to previous semi-empirical models.
 In the last chapter of the thesis, a novel {SPME} coating functionalized with a {DNA} aptamer for selective enrichment of a low abundance protein from diluted human plasma is described. This approach is based on the covalent immobilization of an aptamer ligand on electrospun microfibers made with the hydrophilic polymer poly(acrylonitrile-co-maleic acid) ({PANCMA}) on stainless steel rods. A plasma protein, human alpha-thrombin, was employed as a model protein for selective extraction by the developed Apt-{SPME} probe, and the detection was carried out with liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}–{MS}/{MS}). The {SPME} probe exhibited highly selective capture, good binding capacity, high stability and good repeatability for the extraction of thrombin. The protein selective probe was employed for direct extraction of thrombin from 20-fold diluted human plasma samples without any other purification. The Apt-{SPME} method coupled with {LC}–{MS}/{MS} provided a good linear dynamic range of 0.5–50 {nM} in diluted human plasma with a good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9923), and the detection limit of the proposed method was found to be 0.30 {nM}. Finally, the Apt-{SPME} coupled with {LC}–{MS}/{MS} method was successfully utilized for the determination of thrombin in clinical human plasma samples. One shortcoming of the method is its reduced efficiency in undiluted human plasma compared to the standard solution. Nevertheless, this new aptamer affinity-based {SPME} probe opens up the possibility of selective enrichment of a given targeted protein from complex sample either in vivo or ex vivo.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Alam, Md Nazmul},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	date = {2016-07-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\JHVB3W3G\\10591.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\9ATFBNW4\\Alam - 2016 - Insight into Quantitation of Solid-phase Microextr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{alam_scanning_nodate,
	title = {Scanning positional variations in single-nucleotide polymorphism of {DNA}: an electrochemical study. - {PubMed} - {NCBI}},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22842513},
	abstract = {While there are a number of electrochemical methods reported that enable the detection of single nucleotide mismatches, the determination of mismatch position in a double stranded {DNA} remains an unsolved challenge. Using a model system, we systematically explored the electrochemical response of all possible positions of single nucleotide mismatches in a set of 25-mer {DNA} films. These ds-{DNA} sequences each with a single mismatch at one of the twenty-five positions were bound to gold surfaces through a Au-S linkage and analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ({EIS}) and scanning electrochemical microscopy ({SECM}) in the absence and presence of Zn(2+). We expected a unique response from each mismatched sequence in order to discriminate the mismatch positions. A pattern emerges between the electrochemical signals and mismatch positions. The positions can be grouped broadly into positions that exhibit large differences between matched and mismatched {DNA} (around positions 5 and 9) and those that exhibit smaller differences (around positions 1, 13 and 23) in the charge transfer resistance ΔR(ct), evaluated by {EIS}, and the apparent rate constant k(0), evaluated by {SECM}. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the electrochemical response of a single nucleotide mismatch as a function of mismatch positions along an oligonucleotide sequence.},
	author = {Alam, Md Nazmul and Kraatz, Bernhard},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	file = {Scanning positional variations in single-nucleotide polymorphism of DNA\: an electrochemical study. - PubMed - NCBI:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\X4HMQHGC\\22842513.html:text/html}
}

@article{alam_mesoporous_nodate,
	title = {Mesoporous {MCM}-41 supported N -heterocyclic carbene–Pd({II}) complex for Suzuki coupling reaction {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11144-011-0314-3},
	abstract = {A nanostructured mesoporous {MCM}-41 supported N-heterocyclic carbene–Pd ({NHC}–Pd) complex was prepared through the reaction of an ionic liquid immobilized onto {MCM}-41 with palladium acetate. The {MCM}-41-supported {NHC}–Pd complex could serve as a highly effective catalyst for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction under aqueous conditions. Furthermore, the Pd({II}) catalyst was recovered by a simple filtration from the reaction mixture and reused without a significant loss of its catalytic activity. The heterogeneous catalyst was also air-stable and thermally stable to allow its easy use.},
	author = {Alam, Md Nazmul and Sarkar, M.},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	file = {Mesoporous MCM-41 supported N -heterocyclic carbene–Pd(II) complex for Suzuki coupling reaction | SpringerLink:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\KIAYX926\\s11144-011-0314-3.html:text/html}
}

@article{alam_heterogeneous_nodate,
	title = {Heterogeneous Heck reaction catalysed by silica gel-supported 1,2-diaminocyclohexane–Pd complex {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11144-009-0085-2},
	abstract = {A 1,2-diaminocyclohexane–Pd complex was immobilized onto the surface of silica gel and investigated as a catalyst for Heck coupling reactions. The immobilized catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity in the coupling of activated and nonactivated aryl substrates with various acrylates. Moreover, the catalyst was air-stable that could be recycled and reused without significant loss of catalytic activity.},
	author = {Alam, Md Nazmul and Sarkar, M.},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	file = {Heterogeneous Heck reaction catalysed by silica gel-supported 1,2-diaminocyclohexane–Pd complex | SpringerLink:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7ZG3WS93\\s11144-009-0085-2.html:text/html}
}

@article{alam_improvement_nodate,
	title = {Improvement of Pd({II}) Adsorption Performance of Condensed-tannin Gel by Amine Modification {\textbar} Chemistry Letters},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	url = {https://www.journal.csj.jp/doi/abs/10.1246/cl.2009.956},
	abstract = {Condensed-tannin gel adsorbent has been modified through the ammonia treatment to introduce amino groups, which have higher affinity for soft metal ions than hydroxy groups, within the gel structure. This modification resulted in the drastic enhancement of Pd({II}) adsorbability in chloride media.},
	author = {Alam, Md Nazmul and Nakano, Yoshiro},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	file = {Improvement of Pd(II) Adsorption Performance of Condensed-tannin Gel by Amine Modification | Chemistry Letters:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7DTP8XJ7\\cl.2009.html:text/html}
}

@article{alam_highly_nodate,
	title = {Highly efficient silica gel-supported 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-Pd catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira coupling reactions {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11144-009-5456-1},
	abstract = {A palladium (Pd) catalyst was prepared by immobilization of a 1,2-diaminocyclohexane based Pd-complex onto amorphous silica gel and its applications as a heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira coupling reactions are described. The catalyst was highly efficient, reusable and air-stable.},
	author = {Alam, Md Nazmul and Sarkar, M.},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	file = {Highly efficient silica gel-supported 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-Pd catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira coupling reactions | SpringerLink:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\UYDMCJE8\\s11144-009-5456-1.html:text/html}
}

@article{alam_quasi-reversible_nodate,
	title = {Quasi-reversible two-electron reduction of oxygen at the reagent-less in situ modified gold electrodes {\textbar} Request {PDF}},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319184133_Quasi-reversible_two-electron_reduction_of_oxygen_at_the_reagent-less_in_situ_modified_gold_electrodes},
	author = {Alam, Md Nazmul and Miah, Rezwan},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	file = {Quasi-reversible two-electron reduction of oxygen at the reagent-less in situ modified gold electrodes | Request PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\QDA9PLPA\\319184133_Quasi-reversible_two-electron_reduction_of_oxygen_at_the_reagent-less_in_situ_modifie.html:text/html}
}

@article{reyes-garces_advances_2018,
	title = {Advances in Solid Phase Microextraction and Perspective on Future Directions},
	volume = {90},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04502},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04502},
	pages = {302--360},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Reyes-Garcés, Nathaly and Gionfriddo, Emanuela and Gómez-Ríos, German Augusto and Alam, Md. Nazmul and Boyacı, Ezel and Bojko, Barbara and Singh, Varoon and Grandy, Jonathan and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	date = {2018-01-02},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\GC4KV6M9\\acs.analchem.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\E9D6SDR6\\Reyes-Garcés et al. - 2018 - Advances in Solid Phase Microextraction and Perspe.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{alam_effect_2018-1,
	title = {Effect of Binding Components in Complex Sample Matrices on Recovery in Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction: Friends or Foe?},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {1520-6882},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05436},
	shorttitle = {Effect of Binding Components in Complex Sample Matrices on Recovery in Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction},
	abstract = {The development of matrix compatible coatings for solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) has enabled direct extraction of analytes from complex sample matrices. The direct immersion ({DI}) mode of {SPME} when utilized in conjunction with such extraction phases facilitates extraction of a wide range of analytes from complex matrices without the incurrence of fouling or coating saturation. In this work, mathematical models and computational simulations were employed to investigate the effect of binding components present in complex samples on the recovery of small molecules varying in {logP} for extractions carried out using the direct immersion approach. The presented findings corroborate that the studied approach indeed enables the extraction of both polar and nonpolar analytes from complex matrices, provided a suitable sorbent is employed. Further results indicated that, in certain cases, the kinetics of extraction of a given analyte in its free form might be dependent on the desorption kinetics of their bound form from matrix components, which might lower total recoveries of analytes with high affinity for the matrix. However, the binding of analytes to matrix components also enables {SPME} to extract a balanced quantity of different {logP} analytes, facilitated by multiphase equilibria, with a single extraction device.},
	pages = {2430--2433},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Alam, Md Nazmul and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	date = {2018},
	pmid = {29385793},
	file = {Full Text:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7CYMRKAX\\Alam and Pawliszyn - 2018 - Effect of Binding Components in Complex Sample Mat.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tascon_development_2018,
	title = {Development of a Microfluidic Open Interface with Flow Isolated Desorption Volume for the Direct Coupling of {SPME} Devices to Mass Spectrometry},
	volume = {90},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04295},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04295},
	abstract = {Technologies that efficiently integrate the sampling and sample preparation steps with direct introduction to mass spectrometry ({MS}), providing simple and sensitive analytical workflows as well as capabilities for automation, can generate a great impact in a vast variety of fields, such as in clinical, environmental, and food-science applications. In this study, a novel approach that facilitates direct coupling of Bio-{SPME} devices to {MS} using a microfluidic design is presented. This technology, named microfluidic open interface ({MOI}), which operates under the concept of flow-isolated desorption volume, consists of an open-to-ambient desorption chamber (V ≤ 7 μL) connected to an ionization source. Subsequently, compounds of interest are transported to the ionization source by means of the self-aspiration process intrinsic of these interfaces. Thus, any ionization technology that provides a reliable and constant suction, such as electrospray ionization ({ESI}), atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization ({APCI}), or inductively coupled plasma ionization ({ICP}), can be hyphenated to {MOI}. Using this setup, the desorption chamber is used to release target compounds from the coating, while the isolation of the flow enables the ionization source to be continuously fed with solvent, all without the necessity of employment of additional valves. As a proof of concept, the design was applied to an {ESI}-{MS}/{MS} system for experimental validation. Furthermore, numerical simulations were undertaken to provide a detailed understanding of the fluid flow pattern inside the interface, then used to optimize the system for better efficiency. The analytical workflow of the developed Bio-{SPME}-{MOI}-{MS} setup consists of the direct immersion of {SPME} fibers into the matrix to extract/enrich analytes of interest within a short period of time, followed by a rinsing step with water to remove potentially adhering proteins, salts, and/or other interfering compounds. Next, the fiber is inserted into the {MOI} for desorption of compounds of interest. Finally, the volume contained in the chamber is drained and moved toward the electrospray needle for ionization and direct introduction to {MS}. Aiming to validate the technology, the fast determination of selected immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., tacrolimus, cyclosporine, sirolimus, and everolimus) from 100 μL of whole blood was assessed. Limits of quantitation in the subppb range were obtained for all studied compounds. Good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.99) and excellent precision, with (8\%) and without (14\%) internal standard correction, were attained.},
	pages = {2631--2638},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Tascon, Marcos and Alam, Md. Nazmul and Gómez-Ríos, Germán Augusto and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	date = {2018-02-20}
}

@article{alam_effect_2018-2,
	title = {Effect of Transport Parameters and Device Geometry on Extraction Kinetics and Efficiency in Direct Immersion Solid-phase Microextraction},
	volume = {90},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02855},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02855},
	abstract = {An alternative strategy to increase mass transfer entails geometry optimization of the extraction systems including design of solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) probes. In this work, a computational model was employed to elucidate practical aspects such as efficiency and kinetics of extraction by employing several new geometries. Extraction of a model analyte at static conditions with the configurations, such as thin-film, fiber, coated tip, and nanoparticles, was numerically simulated to obtain an in-depth understanding of the advantages and limitations of each geometry in microextraction and exhaustive modes. The attained results associated with the equilibration time dependency on shape were in good agreement with previously reported experimental observations. They demonstrate that the mass-transfer is highly dependent on the size and shape of the coatings and increases with a decrease in size of the devices particularly rapidly below 10 μm caused by radial diffusion effect. Nevertheless, extractions performed using octadecyl-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated that higher enrichment factors are achievable with the use of a fewer number of particles in comparison to factors achieved via exhaustive extraction, where a larger number of particles must be employed, confirming theoretical predictions. The conclusions reached are valid for any extraction method. The results obtained herein are very useful toward the design and optimization of future extraction technologies and approaches.},
	pages = {11548--11555},
	number = {19},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Alam, Md. Nazmul and Nazdrajić, Emir and Singh, Varoon and Tascon, Marcos and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	date = {2018-10-02}
}

@article{noauthor_notitle_nodate-151
}

@online{noauthor_development_nodate,
	title = {Development and Validation of Eco-Friendly Strategies based on Thin Film Microextraction for Water Analysis {\textbar} Request {PDF}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328296458_Development_and_Validation_of_Eco-Friendly_Strategies_based_on_Thin_Film_Microextraction_for_Water_Analysis},
	abstract = {{ResearchGate} is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free.},
	titleaddon = {{ResearchGate}},
	urldate = {2020-01-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6D86PFSX\\Development and Validation of Eco-Friendly Strateg.html:text/html}
}

@online{noauthor_gmail_nodate,
	title = {Gmail},
	url = {https://accounts.google.com/ServiceLogin/signinchooser?service=mail&passive=true&rm=false&continue=https%3A%2F%2Fmail.google.com%2Fmail%2F&ss=1&scc=1&ltmpl=default&ltmplcache=2&emr=1&osid=1&flowName=GlifWebSignIn&flowEntry=ServiceLogin},
	urldate = {2019-03-08}
}

@article{xue_bioanalysis_2012,
	title = {Bioanalysis of drug in tissue: current status and challenges},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1757-6180, 1757-6199},
	url = {http://www.future-science.com/doi/10.4155/bio.12.252},
	doi = {10.4155/bio.12.252},
	shorttitle = {Bioanalysis of drug in tissue},
	abstract = {Analysis using intact tissue samples such as {MALDI} imaging is also briefly discussed. Quantitation of drugs and their metabolites in human and animal tissues is an important aspect of drug discovery and development. In the drug-discovery setting, tissue analyses are needed as part of target organ penetration studies for in vivo pharmacological assessments. For example, drug concentrations at the site of action are used for {PK}/{PD} modeling of xenograft models in tumor tissues as well as macular degeneration and glaucoma models in ocular tissues. In drug development, drug concentrations in tissues of preclinical species are used for human dosimetry prediction and can also be the primary or secondary end points for pharmacological effect and safety monitoring [1,2].},
	pages = {2637--2653},
	number = {21},
	journaltitle = {Bioanalysis},
	author = {Xue, Y-J and Gao, Hong and Ji, Qin C and Lam, Zamas and Fang, {XinPing} and Lin, Zhongping and Hoffman, Matthew and Schulz-Jander, Daniel and Weng, Naidong},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2012-11},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {tissue-general},
	file = {Xue et al. - 2012 - Bioanalysis of drug in tissue current status and .pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\NTAJC2ZX\\Xue et al. - 2012 - Bioanalysis of drug in tissue current status and .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{geis-asteggiante_development_2011,
	title = {Development and validation of a rapid method for microcystins in fish and comparing {LC}-{MS}/{MS} results with {ELISA}},
	volume = {401},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-011-5345-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-011-5345-0},
	pages = {2617--2630},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	author = {Geis-Asteggiante, Lucía and Lehotay, Steven J. and Fortis, Laurie L. and Paoli, George and Wijey, Chandi and Heinzen, Horacio},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2011-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Geis-Asteggiante et al. - 2011 - Development and validation of a rapid method for m.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\84WZF3JU\\Geis-Asteggiante et al. - 2011 - Development and validation of a rapid method for m.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{smith_standardization_2009,
	title = {Standardization of microcystin extraction from fish tissues: A novel internal standard as a surrogate for polar and non-polar variants},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {00410101},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041010108005989},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.11.007},
	shorttitle = {Standardization of microcystin extraction from fish tissues},
	abstract = {Microcystins ({MCs}), a class of potent liver/hepatopancreatic toxins produced by numerous species of freshwater cyanobacteria, are well known for their toxic effects on aquatic organisms and humans. The extraction efﬁciencies of {MCs} can vary greatly as a result of matrix differences and/or differences in the extraction solvents, techniques, and clean-up steps utilized. Here we report the preparation of a unique internal standard, (S-hydroxypropyl-cys7)microcystin-{LR} (thiol-{LR}), with a mass different than any known {MCs}, which can be spiked into ﬁeld samples and quantiﬁed via {HPLC}-{MS} along with endogenous {MCs}. Thiol-{LR} is modiﬁed at the Mdha residue, and therefore, provides an accurate measure of only free {MCs} that are not covalently bound to endogenous thiols in the matrix. The internal standard proved to be a good surrogate for {MC}-{RR}, -{LR}, and -{LA} in ﬁsh liver tissue. In ﬁsh muscle tissue, thiol-{LR} was a good surrogate for polar variants, {MC}-{RR} and -{LR}, but was less representative of the non-polar variant, {MC}-{LA}. Coupling of the internal standard (8 mg/g ww tissue) with {HPLC}-{MS} detection will standardize the quantiﬁcation of free microcystins across species, tissue types, and extraction methods, making the estimation of exposure risk more reliable.},
	pages = {238--245},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Toxicon},
	author = {Smith, Juliette L. and Boyer, Gregory L.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2009-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Smith and Boyer - 2009 - Standardization of microcystin extraction from fis.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\JYVD8UIW\\Smith and Boyer - 2009 - Standardization of microcystin extraction from fis.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{manubolu_optimization_2018,
	title = {Optimization of extraction methods for quantification of microcystin-{LR} and microcystin-{RR} in fish, vegetable, and soil matrices using {UPLC}–{MS}/{MS}},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {15689883},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1568988318300593},
	doi = {10.1016/j.hal.2018.04.009},
	abstract = {Human-driven environmental change has increased the occurrence of harmful cyanobacteria blooms in aquatic ecosystems. Concomitantly, exposure to microcystin ({MC}), a cyanobacterial toxin that can accumulate in animals, edible plants, and agricultural soils, has become a growing public health concern. For accurate estimation of health risks and timely monitoring, availability of reliable detection methods is imperative. Nonetheless, quantitative analysis of {MCs} in many types of biological and environmental samples has proven challenging because matrix interferences can hinder sample preparation and extraction procedures, leading to poor {MC} recovery. Herein, controlled experiments were conducted to enhance the use of ultra-performance liquid-chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry ({UPLC}–{MS}/ {MS}) to recover {MC}-{LR} and {MC}-{RR} at a range of concentrations in seafood (ﬁsh), vegetables (lettuce), and environmental (soil) matrices. Although these experiments offer insight into detailed technical aspects of the {MC} homogenization and extraction process (i.e., sonication duration and centrifugation speed during homogenization; elution solvent to use during the ﬁnal extraction), they centered on identifying the best (1) solvent system to use during homogenization (2–3 tested per matrix) and (2) single-phase extraction ({SPE}) column type (3 tested) to use for the ﬁnal extraction. The best procedure consisted of the following, regardless of sample type: centrifugation speed = 4200 Â g; elution volume = 8 {mL}; elution solvent = 80\% methanol; and {SPE} column type = hydrophilic–lipophilic balance ({HLB}), with carbon also being satisfactory for ﬁsh. For sonication, 2 min, 5 min, and 10 min were optimal for ﬁsh, lettuce, and soil matrices, respectively. Using the recommended {HLB} column, the solvent systems that led to the highest recovery of {MCs} were methanol:water:butanol for ﬁsh, methanol:water for lettuce, and {EDTA}-Na4P2O7 for soils. Given that the recommended procedures resulted in average {MC}-{LR} and {MC}-{RR} recoveries that ranged 93 to 98\%, their adoption for the preparation of samples with complex matrices before {UPLC}–{MS}/ {MS} analysis is encouraged.},
	pages = {47--57},
	journaltitle = {Harmful Algae},
	author = {Manubolu, Manjunath and Lee, Jiyoung and Riedl, Kenneth M. and Kua, Zi Xun and Collart, Lindsay P. and Ludsin, Stuart A.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2018-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {VVI-11.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\LWFSIEQC\\VVI-11.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bajrai_validated_2016,
	title = {A Validated {UPLC}–{MS}-{MS} Assay for the Rapid Determination of Lorcaserin in Plasma and Brain Tissue Samples},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0146-4760, 1945-2403},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jat/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jat/bkv126},
	doi = {10.1093/jat/bkv126},
	abstract = {Lorcaserin is a novel, potent and highly efﬁcacious 5-{HT}2C receptor agonist, recently approved by {US} Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obesity. It has some abuse potential also and is listed as a Schedule {IV} drug in the Controlled Substances Act. Herein, a sensitive, selective and reliable {UPLC}–{MS}-{MS} assay was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of lorcaserin in rat plasma and brain tissue using carbamazepine as an internal standard ({IS}). After the extraction of samples by protein precipitation, both lorcaserin and {IS} were separated on an Acquity {BEH}™ C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile–10 {mM} ammonium acetate–formic acid (85:15:0.1, v/v/v) at a ﬂow rate of 0.25 {mL}/min. Detection and quantiﬁcation were performed on a positive electrospray ionization interface in the multiple-reaction monitoring ({MRM}) mode. The {MS}–{MS} ion transitions were monitored at m/z 195.99 {\textgreater} 143.91 for lorcaserin and m/z 237.00 {\textgreater} 178.97 for {IS}, respectively. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 1.08–500 ng/{mL} in plasma and 3.07–500 ng/{mL} in brain tissue homogenates, respectively. All the validation parameters results were within the acceptable range described in guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. The assay was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of lorcaserin after oral administration in rats.},
	pages = {133--139},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Analytical Toxicology},
	author = {Bajrai, Amal A. and Ezzeldin, Essam and Al-Rashood, Khalid A. and Raish, Mohammad and Iqbal, Muzaffar},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2016-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Bajrai et al. - 2016 - A Validated UPLC–MS-MS Assay for the Rapid Determi.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\BIQWIIP9\\Bajrai et al. - 2016 - A Validated UPLC–MS-MS Assay for the Rapid Determi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{noauthor_bioanalytical_2018,
	title = {Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance for Industry},
	pages = {44},
	date = {2018},
	langid = {english},
	file = {2018 - Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance for Indus.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XS35U5FI\\2018 - Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance for Indus.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{schmidt_variations_2013,
	title = {Variations in the Microcystin Content of Different Fish Species Collected from a Eutrophic Lake},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2072-6651},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/5/5/992},
	doi = {10.3390/toxins5050992},
	abstract = {Microcystins produced from cyanobacteria can accumulate in fish tissues. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry ({LC}-{MS}/{MS}) is an attractive alternative to immunoassays for the determination of low concentrations of microcystins in tissues. Fish taken from Grand Lake St. Marys, a eutrophic lake in Ohio, {USA}, were analyzed for microcystin-{LR} in their fillets using {LC}-{MS}/{MS}. Of 129 fish tested for microcystins, only black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) tested positive for microcystin-{LR}. Less than 10\% of Pomoxis and 7\% of Cyprinus samples contained measurable levels of microcystin-{LR}. Statistical analysis yielded a p-value of 0.07 between Pomoxis and the pooled results of the other four fish species. However, this comparison was complicated by the large difference in sample size between species. Further sampling in Grand Lake St. Marys for microcystin-{LR} would help determine if microcystin-{LR} exposure occurs through foodweb transfer.},
	pages = {992--1009},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Toxins},
	author = {Schmidt, Justine and Shaskus, Mylynda and Estenik, John and Oesch, Carl and Khidekel, Roman and Boyer, Gregory},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2013-05-15},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Schmidt et al. - 2013 - Variations in the Microcystin Content of Different.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\KSQZHF2J\\Schmidt et al. - 2013 - Variations in the Microcystin Content of Different.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{smith_tissue_2012,
	title = {Tissue sample preparation in bioanalytical assays},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1757-6180, 1757-6199},
	url = {http://www.future-science.com/doi/10.4155/bio.12.19},
	doi = {10.4155/bio.12.19},
	pages = {741--749},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Bioanalysis},
	author = {Smith, Kerri M and Xu, Yan},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2012-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Smith and Xu - 2012 - Tissue sample preparation in bioanalytical assays.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\UYXF7YQH\\Smith and Xu - 2012 - Tissue sample preparation in bioanalytical assays.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{jimenez-diaz_determination_2010,
	title = {Determination of Bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives in placental tissue samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry},
	volume = {878},
	issn = {15700232},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570023210006665},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.10.021},
	abstract = {The group of compounds commonly called endocrine disruptors covers a wide range of synthetic and natural substances able to alter the normal hormone function of wildlife and humans, consequently causing adverse health effects. Bisphenol A ({BPA}) and its chlorinated derivatives are some of these compounds. In this work, we propose a new liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}–{MS}/{MS}) method to determine these compounds in human placental tissue samples. The method involves an extraction phase of the extracts from the samples using ethyl acetate, followed by a clean-up phase by centrifugation prior to their quantiﬁcation by {LC}–{MS}/{MS} using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ({APCI}) interface in the negative mode. Deuterated Bisphenol A ({BPA}-d16) was used as internal standard. Found detection limits ({DL}) ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 ng g−1 and quantiﬁcation limits ({QL}) from 0.5 to 2.0 ng g−1 for Bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives, while inter- and intra-day variability was under 8.1\%. The method was validated using standard addition calibration and a spike recovery assay. Recovery rates for spiked samples ranged from 97\% to 105\%. This method was satisfactorily applied to the determination of {BPA} and its chlorinated derivatives in 49 placental tissue samples collected from women who live in the province of Granada (Spain).},
	pages = {3363--3369},
	number = {32},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography B},
	author = {Jiménez-Díaz, I. and Zafra-Gómez, A. and Ballesteros, O. and Navea, N. and Navalón, A. and Fernández, M.F. and Olea, N. and Vílchez, J.L.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2010-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Jiménez-Díaz et al. - 2010 - Determination of Bisphenol A and its chlorinated d.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VIUQF2GA\\Jiménez-Díaz et al. - 2010 - Determination of Bisphenol A and its chlorinated d.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{scheidweiler_validated_2008,
	title = {A validated gas chromatographic–electron impact ionization mass spectrometric method for methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine ({MDMA}), and metabolites in mouse plasma and brain},
	volume = {876},
	issn = {15700232},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570023208008192},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.11.001},
	abstract = {A method was developed and fully validated for simultaneous quantiﬁcation of methamphetamine ({MAMP}), amphetamine, hydroxy-methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine ({MDMA}, ecstasy), methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-methamphetamine, and 3hydroxy-4-methoxy-amphetamine in 100 ␮L mouse plasma and 7.5 mg brain. Solid phase extraction and gas chromatography–electron impact ionization mass spectrometry in selected-ion monitoring mode achieved plasma linear ranges of 10–20 to 20,000 ng/{mL} and 0.1–0.2 to 200 ng/mg in brain. Recoveries were greater than 91\%, bias 92.3–110.4\%, and imprecision less than 5.3\% coefﬁcient of variation. This method was used for measuring {MAMP} and {MDMA} and metabolites in plasma and brain during mouse neurotoxicity studies.},
	pages = {266--276},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography B},
	author = {Scheidweiler, Karl B. and Barnes, Allan J. and Huestis, Marilyn A.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2008-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Scheidweiler et al. - 2008 - A validated gas chromatographic–electron impact io.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\F8EHINUH\\Scheidweiler et al. - 2008 - A validated gas chromatographic–electron impact io.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{testai_review_2016,
	title = {Review and analysis of occurrence, exposure and toxicity of cyanobacteria toxins in food},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {23978325, 23978325},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-998},
	doi = {10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-998},
	abstract = {This report presents the extensive literature search conducted on 1) the occurrence of different cyanotoxins in food matrices; 2) the analytical methods for their detection; 3) their toxicological profile; 3) the environmental factors affecting toxicity of cyanobacterial population and 4) the combined effects of mixtures of cyanotoxins and other chemicals. It also includes a review of guidelines values or health-alert levels for cyanotoxins in food (or drinking water) adopted world-wide. The methodological aspects and the queries used in the extensive literature search, the collection and screening of retrieved papers and the inventory are briefly described in the report; all details are available in 3 supplementary appendices to this report. The analysis of collected papers indicated that most of them are focused on a single microcystin ({MC}) variant ({MC}-{LR}) out of the almost 100 {MC} known. Many studies on occurrence are affected by limited quality, due to analytical drawbacks in the detection methods and were not considered in the exposure assessment. Toxicity studies useful for the derivation of health based reference values are few, being many of them carried out using i.p. injection, which is poorly representative of actual human exposure. In addition, those toxicological studies carried out with poorly characterised cyanobacterial extracts or focused on single parameters, using a single dose, devoted to elucidation of mechanism of action, reporting qualitative description of effects were not used for data extraction. The relevant exposure scenarios are also described, although being the available data on exposure very limited, no definite conclusion on the health risks for the exposed population could be drawn. However, the possibility of risky exposure is evidenced for fish and shell-fish consumers and for blue-green algae supplements ({BGAS}) as well in relation to {MC} contamination. Finally, many data gaps were identified.},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{EFSA} Supporting Publications},
	author = {Testai, Emanuela and Buratti, Franca M. and Funari, Enzo and Manganelli, Maura and Vichi, Susanna and Arnich, Nathalie and Biré, Ronel and Fessard, Valérie and Sialehaamoa, Ateliana},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2016-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Testai et al. - 2016 - Review and analysis of occurrence, exposure and to.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\W5S4RY2K\\Testai et al. - 2016 - Review and analysis of occurrence, exposure and to.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mazzucchelli_lc-ms/ms_2017,
	title = {{LC}-{MS}/{MS} method development for quantification of doxorubicin and its metabolite 13-hydroxy doxorubicin in mice biological matrices: Application to a pharmaco-delivery study: Doxorubicin, doxorubicinol {HPLC}-{MS} quantification in pharmacodelivery},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {02693879},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/bmc.3863},
	doi = {10.1002/bmc.3863},
	shorttitle = {{LC}-{MS}/{MS} method development for quantification of doxorubicin and its metabolite 13-hydroxy doxorubicin in mice biological matrices},
	abstract = {This study describes the development of simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of doxorubicin and its major metabolite, doxorubicinol, in mouse plasma, urine and tissues. The calibration curves were linear over the range 5–250 ng/{mL} for doxorubicin and 1.25–25 ng/{mL} for doxorubicinol in plasma and tumor, over the range 25–500 ng/{mL} for doxorubicin and 1.25–25 ng/{mL} for doxorubicinol in liver and kidney, and over the range 25–1000 ng/{mL} for doxorubicin and doxorubicinol in urine. The study was validated, using quality control samples prepared in all different matrices, for accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, lower limit of quantification and recovery in accordance with the {US} Food \& Drug Administration guidelines. The method was successfully applied in determining the pharmaco‐distribution of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol after intravenously administration in tumor‐bearing mice of drug, free or nano‐formulated in ferritin nanoparticles or in liposomes. Obtained results demonstrate an effective different distribution and doxorubicin protection against metabolism linked to nano‐formulation. This method, thanks to its validation in plasma and urine, could be a powerful tool for pharmaceutical research and therapeutic drug monitoring, which is a clinical approach currently used in the optimization of oncologic treatments.},
	pages = {e3863},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Biomedical Chromatography},
	author = {Mazzucchelli, Serena and Ravelli, Alessandro and Gigli, Fausto and Minoli, Mauro and Corsi, Fabio and Ciuffreda, Pierangela and Ottria, Roberta},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2017-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Mazzucchelli et al. - 2017 - LC-MSMS method development for quantification of .pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\3PIJEDMZ\\Mazzucchelli et al. - 2017 - LC-MSMS method development for quantification of .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wilson_evaluation_2008,
	title = {Evaluation of the human health threat associated with the hepatotoxin microcystin in the muscle and liver tissues of yellow perch (Perca flavescens)},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0706-652X, 1205-7533},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/F08-067},
	doi = {10.1139/F08-067},
	abstract = {During the summer of 2006, the western basin of Lake Erie experienced a bloom of the toxigenic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Across 11 sites, intracellular, particulate-bound microcystin levels in the seston increased to levels that exceeded World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water exposure (1 mg {toxinÁL}–1). In contrast, toxin concentrations in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) muscle tissue (n = 68) declined from June to August, were negatively related to algal toxin levels, and never exceeded a conservative chronic exposure concentration estimated using proposed United States Environmental Protection Agency ({US} {EPA}) guidelines. Microcystin concentrations in yellow perch liver exceeded {US} {EPA} chronic exposure guidelines, were on average 125 times higher than muscle toxin concentrations per unit dry weight, and varied little throughout the summer. With current guidelines, humans do not appear to be at risk when consuming the muscle tissue of Lake Erie yellow perch collected during large-scale cyanobacterial blooms. However, this study highlights the need for a better understanding of the trophic transfer of cyanobacterial toxins through aquatic food webs in diverse ecosystems with an emphasis on understanding if these compounds could accumulate sufficiently to affect human health. Re´sume´ : Durant l’e´te´ 2006, le bassin occidental du lac E´ rie´ a connu une floraison de la cyanobacte´rie toxinoge`ne, Microcystis aeruginosa. Dans 11 sites, les concentrations de microcystine intracellulaire lie´e aux particules dans le seston ont atteint des niveaux supe´rieurs aux normes de l’Organisation mondiale de la sante´ pour l’eau potable (1 mg {toxineÁL}–1). En revanche, les concentrations de toxines dans le tissu musculaire de la perchaude (Perca flavescens) (n = 68) ont diminue´ de juin a` aouˆt et e´taient en corre´lation ne´gative avec les concentrations de toxines dans les algues; elles n’ont jamais de´passe´ une concentration conservatrice d’exposition chronique estime´e a` partir des recommandations de l’Agence de protection de l’environnement des E´ tats-Unis ({US} {EPA}). Les concentrations de microcystine dans le foie des perchaudes de´passaient les concentrations mentionne´es dans les recommandations sur l’exposition chronique de {US} {EPA}; elles e´taient en moyenne 125 fois plus e´leve´es que les concentrations de toxines dans le tissu musculaire par unite´ de masse se`che et elles ont peu varie´ au cours de l’e´te´. D’apre`s les recommandations actuelles, les humains ne semblent pas courir de risque en consommant du tissu musculaire de perchaudes du lac E´ rie´ capture´es durant les floraisons a` grande e´chelle de cyanobacte´ries. Cependant, notre e´tude met en e´vidence la ne´cessite´ de mieux comprendre le transfert trophique des toxines des cyanobacte´ries dans les re´seaux alimentaires aquatiques dans les divers e´cosyste`mes et, particulie`rement, de savoir si ces compose´s peuvent s’accumuler suffisamment pour affecter la sante´ humaine.},
	pages = {1487--1497},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Wilson, Alan E. and Gossiaux, Duane C. and Höök, Tomas O. and Berry, John P. and Landrum, Peter F. and Dyble, Julianne and Guildford, Stephanie J.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2008-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Wilson et al. - 2008 - Evaluation of the human health threat associated w.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZZPDRSRU\\Wilson et al. - 2008 - Evaluation of the human health threat associated w.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{moreno_determination_2010,
	title = {Determination of microcystins in biological samples from freshwater fish},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0306-7319},
	url = {http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/03067310902985081&magic=crossref||D404A21C5BB053405B1A640AFFD44AE3},
	doi = {10.1080/03067310902985081},
	pages = {1000--1013},
	number = {13},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Moreno, Isabel Maria and Pichardo, Silvia and Moyano, Rosario and Gonzalez, A. Gustavo and Camean, Ana Maria},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2010-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Moreno et al. - 2010 - Determination of microcystins in biological sample.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\V8762NJR\\Moreno et al. - 2010 - Determination of microcystins in biological sample.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{palagama_improved_2017,
	title = {Improved solid-phase extraction protocol and sensitive quantification of six microcystins in water using an {HPLC}-orbitrap mass spectrometry system},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1759-9660, 1759-9679},
	url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C6AY03459D},
	doi = {10.1039/C6AY03459D},
	pages = {2021--2030},
	number = {13},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Methods},
	author = {Palagama, Dilrukshika S. W. and West {III}, Raymond E. and Isailovic, Dragan},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2017},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Palagama et al. - 2017 - Improved solid-phase extraction protocol and sensi.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\9UJVZMNF\\Palagama et al. - 2017 - Improved solid-phase extraction protocol and sensi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{niu_recent_2018,
	title = {Recent advances in biological sample preparation methods coupled with chromatography, spectrometry and electrochemistry analysis techniques},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165993617304053},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2018.02.005},
	abstract = {Biological samples are complex and often contain many proteins, lipids and other contaminants, which affect the separation and ionization properties of the analytes. Moreover, the concentration of the analytes is very low in comparison with that of the interfering substances. Therefore, the development of biological sample preparation methods has become more and more challenging. The objective of this review is to provide a broad overview of the main biological samples (urine, blood, plasma, serum, hair, human breast milk, saliva, sweat and skin surface lipids, fecal and tissue), recent advances and applications of various sample preparation methods prior to chromatography, spectrometry and electrochemistry analysis over the past ﬁve years. Novel and modern approaches in biological sample preparation are especially emphasized. Finally, challenges and future perspectives to improve development of sample preparation methods are described.},
	pages = {123--146},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Niu, Zongliang and Zhang, Weiwei and Yu, Chunwei and Zhang, Jun and Wen, Yingying},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2018-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Niu et al. - 2018 - Recent advances in biological sample preparation m.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\723IS9JL\\Niu et al. - 2018 - Recent advances in biological sample preparation m.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{heinig_ocular_2017,
	title = {Ocular bioanalysis: challenges and advancements in recent years for these rare matrices},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1757-6180, 1757-6199},
	url = {http://www.future-science.com/doi/10.4155/bio-2017-0175},
	doi = {10.4155/bio-2017-0175},
	shorttitle = {Ocular bioanalysis},
	pages = {1997--2014},
	number = {24},
	journaltitle = {Bioanalysis},
	author = {Heinig, Katja and Bertran, Enric and Potter, Julian and Fraier, Daniela},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2017-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Heinig et al. - 2017 - Ocular bioanalysis challenges and advancements in.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\X9HPZC6J\\Heinig et al. - 2017 - Ocular bioanalysis challenges and advancements in.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{a_ettoumi_bioaccumulation_2011,
	title = {{BIOACCUMULATION} {OF} {CYANOBACTERIAL} {TOXINS} {IN} {AQUATIC} {ORGANISMS} {AND} {ITS} {CONSEQUENCES} {FOR} {PUBLIC} {HEALTH}},
	abstract = {The occurrence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface waters is often accompanied by a production of a variety of cyanotoxins that are generally classified according to the organs on which they act: hepatotoxins (liver), neurotoxins (nervous system) and dermatotoxins (skin). The presence of such toxins has been reported throughout the world and it appears that liver-toxic microcystins are more commonly found in 50-75 \% cyanobacterial blooms. The contamination of surface water by these cyanotoxins can cause water quality problems for fisheries, aquaculture, farming, and sanitary hazard for human and animals. Humans may be exposed to cyanobacterial toxins via several routes, including drinking water, recreational contact, some cyanobacteriabased dietary supplements, and food chain. Information on exposure through aquatic food webs, which is generally scarce, is urgently needed and must not be ignored because aquatic organisms could in a direct or indirect manner contribute to food chain cyanotoxin’s transfer, and by the way constitute a potent health risk source.},
	publisher = {Unpublished},
	author = {{A Ettoumi} and {F El Khalloufi} and {I El Ghazali} and {B Oudra} and {A Amrani} and {H Nasri} and {N Bouaïcha}},
	date = {2011},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.13140/2.1.1959.5044},
	file = {A Ettoumi et al. - 2011 - BIOACCUMULATION OF CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS IN AQUATI.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\73KIE3QI\\A Ettoumi et al. - 2011 - BIOACCUMULATION OF CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS IN AQUATI.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{juhascik_comparison_2011,
	title = {Comparison of Tissue Homogenate Analytical Results With and Without Standard Addition},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0146-4760, 1945-2403},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jat/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/anatox/35.3.179},
	doi = {10.1093/anatox/35.3.179},
	abstract = {Standard addition ({SA}) has occasionally been utilized as an analytical tool in forensic toxicology. It is recommended for difficult matrices such as tissue or decomposed specimens in which the accurate quantitation of drug may be problematic. However, the additional preparation time and increased use of specimen may limit its general applicability. In this study, the authors compared {SA} with direct extraction ({DE}) and quantitation against a blood calibration curve to assess whether the quantitative results were significantly different. Twenty-two postmortem cases were assayed for drugs such as cocaine and metabolites, opioids, and antidepressants by solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry operated in the selected ion monitoring mode. A two-tailed, homoscedastic Student’s t-test demonstrated that the two sets of data were not statistically different (p = 0.81). In addition, {SAs} were more likely to demonstrate nonlinearity (r2 {\textless} 0.98).},
	pages = {179--182},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Analytical Toxicology},
	author = {Juhascik, M. P. and Jenkins, A. J.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2011-04-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Juhascik and Jenkins - 2011 - Comparison of Tissue Homogenate Analytical Results.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\DT92CTR8\\Juhascik and Jenkins - 2011 - Comparison of Tissue Homogenate Analytical Results.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hardy_cyanotoxin_2015-1,
	title = {Cyanotoxin bioaccumulation in freshwater fish, Washington State, {USA}},
	volume = {187},
	issn = {0167-6369, 1573-2959},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-015-4875-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10661-015-4875-x},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
	author = {Hardy, F. Joan and Johnson, Art and Hamel, Kathy and Preece, Ellen},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2015-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Hardy et al. - 2015 - Cyanotoxin bioaccumulation in freshwater fish, Was.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\LS5WXP8D\\Hardy et al. - 2015 - Cyanotoxin bioaccumulation in freshwater fish, Was.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kopp_concentrations_2013,
	title = {Concentrations of microcystins in tissues of several fish species from freshwater reservoirs and ponds},
	volume = {185},
	issn = {0167-6369, 1573-2959},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-013-3285-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10661-013-3285-1},
	pages = {9717--9727},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
	author = {Kopp, Radovan and Palíková, Miroslava and Adamovský, Ondřej and Ziková, Andrea and Navrátil, Stanislav and Kohoutek, Jiří and Mareš, Jan and Bláha, Luděk},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2013-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Kopp et al. - 2013 - Concentrations of microcystins in tissues of sever.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZIKEWZG8\\Kopp et al. - 2013 - Concentrations of microcystins in tissues of sever.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{papadimitriou_assessment_2012,
	title = {Assessment of microcystin distribution and biomagnification in tissues of aquatic food web compartments from a shallow lake and evaluation of potential risks to public health},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0963-9292, 1573-3017},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10646-012-0870-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s10646-012-0870-y},
	abstract = {The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in the main components of the food web (phytoplankton, zooplankton, crayﬁsh, shrimp, mussel, snail, ﬁsh, frog) of Lake Pamvotis ({NW} Greece), (2) to investigate the possibility of microcystin biomagniﬁcation and (3) to evaluate the potential threat of the contaminated aquatic organisms to human health. Signiﬁcant microcystin concentrations were detected in all the aquatic organisms during two different periods, with the higher concentrations observed in phytoplankton and the lower in ﬁsh species and frogs. This is the ﬁrst study reporting microcystin accumulation in the body of the freshwater shrimp Atyaephyra desmsaresti, in the brain of the ﬁsh species common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and in the skin of the frog Rana epirotica. Although there was no evidence for microcystin biomagniﬁcation, the fact that microcystins were found in lake water and in the tissues of aquatic organisms, suggests that serious risks to animal and public health are possible to occur. In addition, it is likely to be unsafe to consume aquatic species harvested in Lake Pamvotis due to the highconcentrations of accumulated microcystins.},
	pages = {1155--1166},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Ecotoxicology},
	author = {Papadimitriou, Theodoti and Kagalou, Ifigenia and Stalikas, Constantinos and Pilidis, Georgios and Leonardos, Ioannis D.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2012-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Papadimitriou et al. - 2012 - Assessment of microcystin distribution and biomagn.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\A2NDX3UK\\Papadimitriou et al. - 2012 - Assessment of microcystin distribution and biomagn.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{moreira_methods_2014,
	title = {Methods to detect cyanobacteria and their toxins in the environment},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {0175-7598, 1432-0614},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00253-014-5951-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s00253-014-5951-9},
	pages = {8073--8082},
	number = {19},
	journaltitle = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology},
	author = {Moreira, Cristiana and Ramos, Vitor and Azevedo, Joana and Vasconcelos, Vitor},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2014-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Moreira et al. - 2014 - Methods to detect cyanobacteria and their toxins i.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\252DD85Z\\Moreira et al. - 2014 - Methods to detect cyanobacteria and their toxins i.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{covaci_highly_2012,
	title = {Highly sensitive detection and discrimination of {LR} and {YR} microcystins based on protein phosphatases and an artificial neural network},
	volume = {404},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-012-6092-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-012-6092-6},
	pages = {711--720},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	author = {Covaci, O. I. and Sassolas, A. and Alonso, G. A. and Muñoz, R. and Radu, G. L. and Bucur, B. and Marty, J.-L.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2012-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Covaci et al. - 2012 - Highly sensitive detection and discrimination of L.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\82LLYN6D\\Covaci et al. - 2012 - Highly sensitive detection and discrimination of L.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{milman_identification_2014,
	title = {Identification of toxic cyclopeptides based on mass spectral library matching},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {22141812},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214181214000044},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ancr.2014.06.002},
	abstract = {To gain perspective on the use of tandem mass spectral libraries for identiﬁcation of toxic cyclic peptides, the new library was built from 263 mass spectra (mainly {MS}2 spectra) of 59 compounds of that group, such as microcystins, amatoxins, and some related compounds. Mass spectra were extracted from the literature or specially acquired on {ESI}-Q-{ToF} and {MALDI}-{ToF}/{ToF} tandem instruments. {ESI}-{MS}2 product-ion mass spectra appeared to be rather close to {MALDI}-{ToF}/{ToF} fragment spectra which are uncommon for mass spectral libraries. Testing of the library was based on searches where reference spectra were in turn cross-compared. The percentage of 1st rank correct identiﬁcations (true positives) was 70\% in a general case and 88–91\% without including knowingly defective (‘one-dimension’) spectra as test ones. The percentage of 88–91\% is the principal estimate for the overall performance of this library that can be used in a method of choice for identiﬁcation of individual cyclopeptides and also for group recognition of individual classes of such peptides. The approach to identiﬁcation of cyclopeptides based on mass spectral library matching proved to be the most effective for abundant toxins. That was conﬁrmed by analysis of extracts from two cyanobacterial strains.},
	pages = {8--15},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry Research},
	author = {Milman, Boris L. and Zhurkovich, Inna K.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2014-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Milman and Zhurkovich - 2014 - Identification of toxic cyclopeptides based on mas.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZKYXS7LE\\Milman and Zhurkovich - 2014 - Identification of toxic cyclopeptides based on mas.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ibelings_accumulation_2007,
	title = {Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public health: A review},
	volume = {150},
	issn = {02697491},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0269749107002084},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2007.04.012},
	shorttitle = {Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public health},
	abstract = {This review summarizes and discusses the current understanding of human exposure to cyanobacterial toxins in ‘‘seafood’’ collected from freshwater and coastal areas. The review consists of three parts: (a) the existing literature on concentrations of cyanobacterial toxins in seafood is reviewed, and the likelihood of bioaccumulation discussed; (b) we derive cyanotoxin doses likely to occur through seafood consumption and propose guideline values for seafood and compare these to guidelines for drinking water; and (c) we discuss means to assess, control or mitigate the risks of exposure to cyanotoxins through seafood consumption. This is discussed in the context of two speciﬁc procedures, the food speciﬁc {HACCP}-approach and the water-speciﬁc Water Safety Plan approach by the {WHO}. Risks of exposure to cyanotoxins in food are sometimes underestimated. Risk assessments should acknowledge this and investigate the partitioning of exposure between drinking-water and food, which may vary depending on local circumstances.},
	pages = {177--192},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Pollution},
	author = {Ibelings, Bas W. and Chorus, Ingrid},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2007-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ibelings and Chorus - 2007 - Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwate.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\YXNX6QXW\\Ibelings and Chorus - 2007 - Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwate.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{preece_transfer_2015,
	title = {Transfer of microcystin from freshwater lakes to Puget Sound, {WA} and toxin accumulation in marine mussels (Mytilus trossulus)},
	volume = {122},
	issn = {01476513},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0147651315300208},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.013},
	abstract = {Many eutrophic inland freshwater lakes in the Puget Sound Washington region produce toxic cyanobacteria blooms annually. While such blooms in lakes tend to be viewed as a localized phenomenon, there is signiﬁcant potential for downstream export of toxins to freshwater streams, and marine and brackish water environments. However, monitoring for cyanotoxins typically associated with freshwaters, such as the hepatotoxin, microcystin ({MC}) in marine receiving waters is rare. In 2013 we studied four eutrophic Puget Sound area lakes to assess both toxin transport to marine waters and its potential accumulation in marine shellﬁsh, speciﬁcally mussels. Shellﬁsh beds are extensive throughout Puget Sound, and recreational harvest occurs downstream of our study lakes, so a study goal was to also assess if shellﬁsh consumption poses a human health risk for {MC} exposure. We conﬁrm, for the ﬁrst time, freshwater to marine transfer of {MCs} in Puget Sound with subsequent bioaccumulation of {MC} by mussels. {ELISA} analysis estimated maximum {MC} concentrations in source lakes of 2700 μg/L, up to 0.34 μg/L in marine waters and 6.5 μg/kg in mussels. Conﬁrmatory analyses by {LC}-{MS}/{MS} on water and mussel samples identiﬁed {MC}-{LA} as the major toxin. Although we found relatively low {MC} levels in mussels, our study implies that potential concern for human food safety is justiﬁed and warrants further investigation. \& 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	pages = {98--105},
	journaltitle = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},
	author = {Preece, E.P. and Moore, Barry C. and Hardy, F. Joan},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2015-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Preece et al. - 2015 - Transfer of microcystin from freshwater lakes to P.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\4LLY54I5\\Preece et al. - 2015 - Transfer of microcystin from freshwater lakes to P.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{smith_possible_2010,
	title = {Possible mechanism for the foodweb transfer of covalently bound microcystins},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {01476513},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0147651309002802},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.12.003},
	abstract = {Microcystins ({MCs}) are cyanobacterial toxins that inhibit protein phosphatases 1 and 2A ({PP}1, {PP}2A) within an animal through both reversible and covalent interactions. Only {MCs} that have accumulated in animal tissue in reversible interactions are currently considered when estimating risk to higher trophic levels and humans through food web exposure. However, the majority of {MCs} is likely covalently bound to target proteins in tissues and these {MCs} are not quantiﬁed or included in these assessments. These covalently bound {MCs} may be made bioavailable in the digestive system of a consumer through the digestion of their attached protein phosphatase. Three common digestive enzymes, pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin, did not digest cyclic {MC}-{LR} and {MC}-{LY}, but were very active against a control peptide with typical linkages and standard amino acids in ‘‘L’’ conformation, supporting the possibility for {MC}-peptide formation during gut passage. To test if digestion products could be biologically active in the consumer, four predicted {MC}-peptides were synthesized and assayed for activity against {PP}1 by the protein phosphatase inhibition assay ({PPIA}). All four {MC}-peptides were active against {PP}1 and comparably half (58\%) as inhibitory as the parent toxin. This in vitro study demonstrated that {MCs} covalently bound to proteins may represent a reservoir of potential toxicity for consumers.},
	pages = {757--761},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},
	author = {Smith, Juliette L. and Schulz, Kimberly L. and Zimba, Paul V. and Boyer, Gregory L.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2010-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Smith et al. - 2010 - Possible mechanism for the foodweb transfer of cov.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZWFMLJG4\\Smith et al. - 2010 - Possible mechanism for the foodweb transfer of cov.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gurbuz_occurrence_2016-1,
	title = {Occurrence of microcystins in water, bloom, sediment and fish from a public water supply},
	volume = {562},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969716307070},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.027},
	abstract = {Microcystin ({MC}) accumulation was determined in the liver and muscle of two omnivorous ﬁsh species which are consumed and are economically important, and in a planktivorous–carnivorous ﬁsh from Lake Eğirdir, Turkey. Free extractable {MCs} in ﬁsh tissue samples were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ({ELISA}) with conﬁrmation by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection ({HPLC}-{PDA}). {MC}-{LA} and -{YR}, were detected in both liver and muscle, followed by {MCs} -{LY}, -{LF}, -{RR} and -{LR} respectively. The {MC} concentrations varied between 0.043 and 1.72 μg/g dry weight in liver and muscle tissues. {MCs} were also determined in samples of water, sediment and a bloom sample of Microcystis aeruginosa from the lake by {HPLC}-{PDA}. {MC}-{LY} and -{YR} were most commonly identiﬁed in water samples, with total {MC} concentrations ranging from 2.9 ± 0.05 to 13.5 ± 2.3 μg/L. Sediment analyses, showed that {MC}-{YR} was present in samples between 7.0 and 17.6 μg/g dw, especially in October, November and December when no {MC}-{YR} was recorded in water, followed by {MC}-{LW}. The ﬁndings indicate that water and sediment contained {MCs}, and more importantly that ﬁsh were contaminated with {MCs} that may pose an {MC}-associated human health risk.},
	pages = {860--868},
	journaltitle = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Gurbuz, Fatma and Uzunmehmetoğlu, Oğuz Y. and Diler, Öznur and Metcalf, James S. and Codd, Geoffrey A.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2016-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Gurbuz et al. - 2016 - Occurrence of microcystins in water, bloom, sedime.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZKGPNNG6\\Gurbuz et al. - 2016 - Occurrence of microcystins in water, bloom, sedime.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sotton_trophic_2014,
	title = {Trophic transfer of microcystins through the lake pelagic food web: Evidence for the role of zooplankton as a vector in fish contamination},
	volume = {466-467},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969713007882},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.020},
	shorttitle = {Trophic transfer of microcystins through the lake pelagic food web},
	abstract = {An in situ study was performed to investigate the role of zooplankton as a vector of microcystins ({MCs}) from Planktothrix rubescens ﬁlaments to ﬁsh during a metalimnic bloom of P. rubescens in Lake Hallwil (Switzerland). The concentrations of {MCs} in P. rubescens and various zooplanktonic taxa (ﬁlter-feeders and predators) were assessed in different water strata (epi-, meta- and hypolimnion) using replicated sampling over a 24-hour survey. The presence of P. rubescens in the gut content of various zooplanktonic taxa (Daphnia, Bosmina and Chaoborus) was veriﬁed by targeting the cyanobacterial nucleic acids ({DNA}). These results highlighted that cyanobacterial cells constitute a part of food resource for herbivorous zooplanktonic taxa during metalimnic bloom periods. Furthermore, presence of {MCs} in Chaoborus larvae highlighted the trophic transfer of {MCs} between herbivorous zooplankton and their invertebrate predators. Our results suggest that zooplanktonic herbivores by diel vertical migration ({DVM}) act as vectors of {MCs} by encapsulating grazed cyanobacteria. As a consequence, they largely contribute to the contamination of zooplanktonic predators, and in ﬁne of zooplanktivorous whiteﬁsh. Indeed, we estimated the relative contribution of three preys of the whiteﬁsh (i.e. Daphnia, Bosmina and Chaoborus) to diet contamination. We showed that Chaoborus and Daphnia were the highest contributor as {MC} vectors in the whiteﬁsh diet (74.6 and 20.5\% of {MC}-{LR} equivalent concentrations, respectively).},
	pages = {152--163},
	journaltitle = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Sotton, Benoît and Guillard, Jean and Anneville, Orlane and Maréchal, Marjorie and Savichtcheva, Olga and Domaizon, Isabelle},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2014-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Sotton et al. - 2014 - Trophic transfer of microcystins through the lake .pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\FZG8YTYD\\Sotton et al. - 2014 - Trophic transfer of microcystins through the lake .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{xie_determination_2007-1,
	title = {Determination of microcystins in fish tissues using {HPLC} with a rapid and efficient solid phase extraction},
	volume = {271},
	issn = {00448486},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848607005583},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.07.004},
	abstract = {The presence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms have caused severe problems for aquatic animals, wildlife and humans. Monitoring of microcystins ({MCs}) in fish and other aquatic animals is important for evaluating the potential risk for human consumption. Existing methods for extracting and purifying microcystins in fish tissue are both time- and solvent-consuming. The present study used {HLB} (0.5 g) and silica gel (2 g)/plus silica gel (0.69 g) tandem cartridges to isolate microcystins from fish tissue samples for subsequent analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection ({HPLC}-{PDA}). The microcystins ({MC}-{RR}, {MC}-{LR}) were isolated from a Microcystis bloom in Chikato Pond, Japan, and the purity was confirmed by {HPLC}. This report has presented a simple and rapid solid phase extraction procedure for determining microcystins in fish tissue, since it yielded high recovery (N 85\%) and consistency ({SD} b 5\%) in isolating microcystins from fish tissue.},
	pages = {530--536},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Aquaculture},
	author = {Xie, Liqiang and Park, Ho-Dong},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2007-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Xie and Park - 2007 - Determination of microcystins in fish tissues usin.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\HHR3JVFK\\Xie and Park - 2007 - Determination of microcystins in fish tissues usin.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{foss_using_2015,
	title = {Using the {MMPB} technique to confirm microcystin concentrations in water measured by {ELISA} and {HPLC} ({UV}, {MS}, {MS}/{MS})},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {00410101},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041010115300258},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.07.332},
	abstract = {Microcystins have been detected in raw and ﬁnished drinking water using a variety of techniques, including assays (immunoassay, phosphatase inhibition) and {HPLC} ({UV}, {MS}/({MS})). The principal challenge to microcystin analysis is accounting for the over 150 variants that have been described. A conﬁrmatory individual variant {HPLC} analysis is prone to under-reporting total microcystins due to method speciﬁcity. One method that allows for total microcystin quantitation is the {MMPB} technique. In this study, water samples with native microcystins were oxidized to cleave the Adda moiety, common to all microcystin variants. {LC}-{MS}/{MS} analysis was conducted on the subsequent {MMPB} (3-methoxy-2methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid) molecule and calibrated using a certiﬁed reference standard (microcystin-{LR}) and 4-phenylbutyric acid. Total microcystin concentrations from {MMPB} were compared to Adda {ELISA} and individual variant analyses ({LC}-{UV}, {LC}-{MS}/({MS})). Variants of microcystin, including [{DAsp}3]{MC}-{RR}, [Dha7]{MC}-{RR}, {MCeRR}, {MC}-{YR}, {MC}-{LR}, [{DAsp}3]{MC}-{LR}, [Dha7]{MC}-{LR}, {MC}-{WR}, {MC}-{LA}, and {MC}-{LY} were detected and quantiﬁed in samples. The individual variant analyses did not account for total microcystins present in samples, as indicated by {ELISA} and {MMPB} data. Results demonstrated the {MMPB} technique is a simple and valuable approach to conﬁrm {ELISA} data when analyzing microcystins, with method detection limits of 0.05 mg {LÀ}1 for total microcystins.},
	pages = {91--101},
	journaltitle = {Toxicon},
	author = {Foss, Amanda J. and Aubel, Mark T.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2015-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Foss and Aubel - 2015 - Using the MMPB technique to confirm microcystin co.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XFGEQW4N\\Foss and Aubel - 2015 - Using the MMPB technique to confirm microcystin co.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{munoz_analysis_2017,
	title = {Analysis of individual and total microcystins in surface water by on-line preconcentration and desalting coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry},
	volume = {1516},
	issn = {00219673},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967317311408},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.096},
	abstract = {A fast and high-throughput method is proposed for the determination of total microcystins ( {MC}) in environmental surface waters. After a 1-h Lemieux-von Rudloff oxidation step to yield the 2-methyl-3methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid ({MMPB}) moiety, samples were quenched, ﬁltered, and directly analyzed. This was achieved via solid phase extraction ({SPE}) coupled on-line to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometry. The choice of on-line {SPE} settings was conducted using experimental designs. Given the matrix complexity of oxidation extracts, the on-line desalting step was found to be a critical parameter to ensure suitable method robustness. The on-line sample loading volume was 5 {mL}, and the wash volume applied for on-line desalting was 3 {mL}. Instrumental analysis was performed in just 8 min. The method limit of quantiﬁcation was 0.5 ng L−1 {MC} (i.e. 2000 times lower than the current World Health Organization − {WHO} drinking water guideline). Excellent determination coefﬁcients were observed for matrix-free and matrix-based calibration curves alike, and the linearity range tested spanned ∼ 4 orders of magnitude. Accuracy and intermediate precision did not depend on the spike level and proved satisfactory (in the range of 93–110\% and 3–6\%, respectively). A thorough assessment of instrumental matrix effects was conducted by comparing standard additions curves in several lake and river oxidation extracts with the matrix-free reference. Regardless of the internal standard used (4-{PB} or D3-{MMPB}), instrumental matrix effects

repository: drnazmul/ayusuf

repo_name: drnazmul/ayusuf

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