text:
4},
volume = {134},
year = {2005},
month = {Apr},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Membrane Transport Proteins, Mood Disorders, Depressive Disorder: Major, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Alleles, Adult, Selection: Genetic, Evolution, Gene Frequency, Male, Remission Induction, Retrospective Studies, Female, Humans, Social Adjustment, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Genotype, Social Behavior, Questionnaires, Membrane Glycoproteins},
date-added = {2010-03-22 12:14:14 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:45:28 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.006},
pii = {S0165-1781(05)00026-0},
pmid = {15840420},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Serretti-2005-Psychiatry%20Res_Social%20adjustment%20co.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8814},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cronbach:2004p923,
author = {Lee J Cronbach},
title = {My Current Thoughts on Coefficient Alpha and Successor Procedures},
affiliation = {Stanford University},
year = {2004},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:16:27 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:17:07 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Cronbach-2004-_My%20Current%20Thoughts.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p923},
rating = {3}
}

@article{Diehr:2005p3003,
author = {Paula Diehr and Lu Chen and Donald Patrick and Ziding Feng and Yutaka Yasui},
journal = {Contemporary clinical trials},
title = {Reliability, effect size, and responsiveness of health status measures in the design of randomized and cluster-randomized trials},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: New health status survey instruments are often described by their psychometric (measurement) properties, such as Validity, Reliability, Effect Size, and Responsiveness. For cluster-randomized trials, another important statistic is the Intraclass Correlation (ICC) for the instrument within clusters. Studies using better instruments can be performed with smaller sample sizes, but better instruments may be more expensive in terms of dollars, opportunity cost, or poorer data quality due to the response burden of longer instruments. METHODS: We defined the psychometric statistics in terms of a mathematical model, and examined the power of a two-sample test as a function of the test-retest Reliability, Effect Size, Responsiveness, and Intraclass Correlation of the instrument. We examined the "cost-effectiveness" of using a one-item versus a five-item measure of mental health status. FINDINGS: Under the standard model for measurement error, the psychometric statistics are all functions of the same error term. They are also functions of the setting in which they were estimated. In randomized trials, power is a function of Reliability and sample size, and a less reliable instrument can achieve the desired power if N is increased. In cluster-randomized trials, adequate power may be obtained by increasing the number of clusters per treatment group (and often the number of persons per cluster), as well as by choosing a more reliable instrument. The one-item measure of mental health status may be more cost-effective than the five-item measure in some situations. CONCLUSION: If the goal is to diagnose or refer individual patients, an instrument with high Validity and Reliability is needed. In settings where the sample sizes are large or can be increased easily, any valid instrument may be cost-effective. It is likely that many published values of psychometric statistics are accurate only in settings similar to that in which they were estimated.},
affiliation = {Department of Biostatistics University of Washington, Box 357232, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. pdiehr@u.washington.edu},
number = {1},
pages = {45--58},
volume = {26},
year = {2005},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Interview: Psychological, Health Surveys, Psychological Tests, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Research Design, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Epidemiologic Factors, Mental Health, Humans, Depressive Disorder, Sample Size},
date-added = {2010-01-13 23:14:18 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-13 23:14:18 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.cct.2004.11.014},
pii = {S1551-7144(05)00009-1},
pmid = {15837452},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Diehr-2005-Contemporary%20clinical%20trials_Reliability%20effect.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3003},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Huang:2010p7017,
author = {S Huang and T Tong and H Zhao},
journal = {Biometrics},
title = {Bias-Corrected Diagonal Discriminant Rules for High-Dimensional Classification},
abstract = {Diagonal discriminant rules have been successfully used for high-dimensional classification problems, but suffer from the serious drawback of biased discriminant scores. In this article, we propose improved diagonal discriminant rules with bias-corrected discriminant scores for high-dimensional classification. We show that the proposed discriminant scores dominate the standard ones under the quadratic loss function. Analytical results on why the bias-corrected rules can potentially improve the predication accuracy are also provided. Finally, we demonstrate the improvement of the proposed rules over the original ones through extensive simulation studies and real case studies.},
year = {2010},
date-added = {2010-03-06 19:55:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-06 19:56:02 +0100},
doi = {10.1111/j.1541-0420.2010.01395.x},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Huang-2010-Biometrics_Bias-Corrected%20Diago.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7017},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Hennessy:2010p13382,
author = {Michael Hennessy and Amy Bleakley and Martin Fishbein and Larry Brown and Ralph Diclemente and Daniel Romer and Robert Valois and Peter A Vanable and Michael P Carey and Laura Salazar},
journal = {AIDS Behav},
title = {Differentiating between precursor and control variables when analyzing reasoned action theories},
abstract = {This paper highlights the distinction between precursor and control variables in the context of reasoned action theory. Here the theory is combined with structural equation modeling to demonstrate how age and past sexual behavior should be situated in a reasoned action analysis. A two wave longitudinal survey sample of African-American adolescents is analyzed where the target behavior is having vaginal sex. Results differ when age and past behavior are used as control variables and when they are correctly used as precursors. Because control variables do not appear in any form of reasoned action theory, this approach to including background variables is not correct when analyzing data sets based on the theoretical axioms of the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Planned Behavior, or the Integrative Model.},
affiliation = {Public Policy Center, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA, mhennessy@asc.upenn.edu.},
number = {1},
pages = {225--36},
volume = {14},
year = {2010},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Adolescent Behavior, Systems Theory, Humans, African Americans, Psychology, Preventive Health Services, Models: Psychological, New York, HIV Infections, Georgia, Male, Attitude to Health, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Adolescent, Intention, Female},
date-added = {2010-07-01 19:23:36 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-01 19:23:36 +0200},
doi = {10.1007/s10461-009-9560-z},
pmid = {19370408},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Hennessy-2010-AIDS%20Behav_Differentiating%20betw.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13382},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Firth:2003p2802,
author = {D Firth},
title = {CGIwithR: Facilities for processing web forms using R},
abstract = {CGIwithR is a package for use with the R statistical computing environment, to facilitate processing of information from web-based forms, and reporting of results in the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), through the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGIwithR permits the straightforward use of R as a CGI scripting language. This paper serves as an extended user manual for CGIwithR, supplementary to the R help pages installed with the package.},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-01-13 14:32:40 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-13 14:33:06 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Firth-2003-_CGIwithR%20Facilities.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2802},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Montazeri:2009p8345,
author = {Ali Montazeri},
journal = {Health Qual Life Outcomes},
title = {Quality of life data as prognostic indicators of survival in cancer patients: an overview of the literature from 1982 to 2008},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life and survival are two important outcome measures in cancer research and practice. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between quality of life data and survival time in cancer patients. METHODS: A review was undertaken of all the full publications in the English language biomedical journals between 1982 and 2008. The search was limited to cancer, and included the combination of keywords 'quality of life', 'patient reported-outcomes' 'prognostic', 'predictor', 'predictive' and 'survival' that appeared in the titles of the publications. In addition, each study was examined to ensure that it used multivariate analysis. Purely psychological studies were excluded. A manual search was also performed to include additional papers of potential interest. RESULTS: A total of 451 citations were identified in this rapid and systematic review of the literature. Of these, 104 citations on the relationship between quality of life and survival were found to be relevant and were further examined. The findings are summarized under different headings: heterogeneous samples of cancer patients, lung cancer, breast cancer, gastro-oesophageal cancers, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma and other cancers. With few exceptions, the findings showed that quality of life data or some aspects of quality of life measures were significant independent predictors of survival duration. Global quality of life, functioning domains and symptom scores - such as appetite loss, fatigue and pain - were the most important indicators, individually or in combination, for predicting survival times in cancer patients after adjusting for one or more demographic and known clinical prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: This review provides evidence for a positive relationship between quality of life data or some quality of life measures and the survival duration of cancer patients. Pre-treatment (baseline) quality of life data appeared to provide the most reliable information for helping clinicians to establish prognostic criteria for treating their cancer patients. It is recommended that future studies should use valid instruments, apply sound methodological approaches and adequate multivariate statistical analyses adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics and known clinical prognostic factors with a satisfactory validation strategy. This strategy is likely to yield more accurate and specific quality of life-related prognostic variables for specific cancers.},
affiliation = {Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. montazeri@acecr.ac.ir},
pages = {102},
volume = {7},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Mental Health, Prognosis, Neoplasms, Multivariate Analysis, Sickness Impact Profile, Health Status, Quality of Life, Humans, Survival Analysis},
date-added = {2010-03-21 12:48:37 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-21 12:48:45 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1477-7525-7-102},
pii = {1477-7525-7-102},
pmid = {20030832},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Montazeri-2009-Health%20and%20Quality%20of%20Life%20Outcomes_Quality%20of%20life%20data.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8345},
rating = {5}
}

@article{Doehring:2009p2495,
author = {Alexandra Doehring and Anja Kirchhof and J{\"o}rn L{\"o}tsch},
journal = {Psychiatr Genet},
title = {Genetic diagnostics of functional variants of the human dopamine D2 receptor gene},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The importance of dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2) for central nervous dopaminergic signalling makes variants in the DRD2 gene potential modulators of the risk or course of various behavioural, psychiatric or neurologic diseases (e.g. addiction, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease). We developed Pyrosequencing genetic screening assays for single nucleotide polymorphisms spanning the whole range of the DRD2 gene locus up to the functionally related ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 gene (ANKK1) located at approximately 10 kb downstream of DRD2. METHODS: Assays for 11 genetic variants with reported functional association were developed in DNA samples from 300 unrelated healthy Caucasians and validated by independent conventional sequencing. RESULTS: In all DNA samples the DRD2/ANKK1 genetic variants were identified correctly as verified by the control samples. The observed frequencies of homozygous, heterozygous and noncarriers of the minor alleles were in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Observed minor allele frequencies were DRD2 rs12364283T>C: 6.5%, rs1799978A>G: 4.8%, rs1799732C del: 14.2%, rs4648317C>T: 12.8%, rs1079597G>A: 13.8%, rs1076560G>T: 14.5%, rs1800496C>T: 0.2%, rs1801028C>G: 3.0%, rs6275C>T: 32.7%, rs6277C>T: 53.0% and ANKK1 rs1800497C>T: 17.5%. CONCLUSION: The presently developed Pyrosequencing assays are provided to facilitate further research toward personalized approaches to pathophysiological conditions involving behavioural, psychiatric and neurologic disorders including addiction, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.},
affiliation = {Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.},
number = {5},
pages = {259--68},
volume = {19},
year = {2009},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-12 13:33:35 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:45:11 +0200},
doi = {10.1097/YPG.0b013e32832d0941},
pmid = {19512960},
URL = {http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0955-8829&volume=19&issue=5&spage=259},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2495},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Eigenmann:2009,
author = {C A Eigenmann and R Colagiuri and T C Skinner and L Trevena},
journal = {Diabet Med},
title = {Are current psychometric tools suitable for measuring outcomes of diabetes education?},
abstract = {AIMS: To critically appraise the suitability, validity, reliability, feasibility and sensitivity to change of available psychometric tools for measuring the education outcomes identified in the (Australian) National Consensus on Outcomes and Indicators for Diabetes Patient Education. METHODS: Potentially suitable psychometric measurement tools were identified through a two-step process. Step 1: a structured semi-systematic literature review and consultation with experts; step 2: development of inclusion criteria and a formal, purpose-designed, systematically derived Appraisal Checklist-from the literature and with expert psychometric advice-to critically appraise the identified tools for relevance, validity, reliability, responsiveness to change, burden, feasibility and acceptability. RESULTS: Searching medline, PubMed, PsycINFO and cinhal yielded 37 diabetes-specific and generic measurement tools. Eleven of these did not address the research questions, leaving 26 tools. Of these, 11 assessed indicators of psychological adjustment; seven assessed various domains of self-determination; five measured self-management behaviours, for example, foot care, blood glucose testing and lifestyle domains; and three measured diabetes knowledge und understanding, respectively. When the Appraisal Checklist was applied, only three tools met all criteria, namely the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale, the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) scale and the Appraisal of Diabetes Scale (ADS). However, a number of other suitable tools [i.e. the Diabetes Integration Scale (ATT19), the Diabetes Health Profile (DHP-1/18), the Self-Care Inventory-Revised (SCI-R), the Diabetes Management Self Efficacy Scale Australian/English version (DMSES-A/E), the Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form (DES-SF)] met all except one criteria, that is, either no formal test-retest or no responsiveness to change data. CONCLUSIONS: Although numerous tools were identified, few met rigorous psychometric appraisal criteria. Issues of suitability, adequate psychometric testing for the intended purpose, burden and feasibility need to be considered before adopting tools for measuring diabetes education outcomes.},
affiliation = {The Diabetes Unit-Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.},
number = {4},
pages = {425--436},
volume = {26},
year = {2009},
month = {Apr},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:21 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:38:22 +0100},
doi = {10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02697.x},
pii = {DME2697},
pmid = {19388974},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02697.x},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1158},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Perlman:2009p9092,
author = {Susan B Perlman and James P Morris and Brent C Vander Wyk and Steven R Green and Jaime L Doyle and Kevin A Pelphrey},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
title = {Individual differences in personality predict how people look at faces},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Determining the ways in which personality traits interact with contextual determinants to shape social behavior remains an important area of empirical investigation. The specific personality trait of neuroticism has been related to characteristic negative emotionality and associated with heightened attention to negative, emotionally arousing environmental signals. However, the mechanisms by which this personality trait may shape social behavior remain largely unspecified. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We employed eye tracking to investigate the relationship between characteristics of visual scanpaths in response to emotional facial expressions and individual differences in personality. We discovered that the amount of time spent looking at the eyes of fearful faces was positively related to neuroticism. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This finding is discussed in relation to previous behavioral research relating personality to selective attention for trait-congruent emotional information, neuroimaging studies relating differences in personality to amygdala reactivity to socially relevant stimuli, and genetic studies suggesting linkages between the serotonin transporter gene and neuroticism. We conclude that personality may be related to interpersonal interaction by shaping aspects of social cognition as basic as eye contact. In this way, eye gaze represents a possible behavioral link in a complex relationship between genes, brain function, and personality.},
affiliation = {Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America. sperlman@cmu.edu},
number = {6},
pages = {e5952},
volume = {4},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Affect, Models: Biological, Face, Individuality, Emotions, Neurotic Disorders, Personality, Male, Facial Expression, Eye Movements, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Environment, Humans},
date-added = {2010-03-22 13:23:38 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 13:23:38 +0100},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0005952},
pmid = {19543398},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Perlman-2009-PLoS%20ONE_Individual%20differenc.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9092},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Pallier:2003p4637,
author = {C Pallier and S Dehaene and J-B Poline and D LeBihan and A-M Argenti and E Dupoux and J Mehler},
journal = {Cereb Cortex},
title = {Brain imaging of language plasticity in adopted adults: can a second language replace the first?},
abstract = {Do the neural circuits that subserve language acquisition lose plasticity as they become tuned to the maternal language? We tested adult subjects born in Korea and adopted by French families in childhood; they have become fluent in their second language and report no conscious recollection of their native language. In behavioral tests assessing their memory for Korean, we found that they do not perform better than a control group of native French subjects who have never been exposed to Korean. We also used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to monitor cortical activations while the Korean adoptees and native French listened to sentences spoken in Korean, French and other, unknown, foreign languages. The adopted subjects did not show any specific activations to Korean stimuli relative to unknown languages. The areas activated more by French stimuli than by foreign stimuli were similar in the Korean adoptees and in the French native subjects, but with relatively larger extents of activation in the latter group. We discuss these data in light of the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition.},
affiliation = {INSERM U562, Service Hospitalier Fredrik Joliot, CEA/DSV/DRM, {\&} IFR49, 4 place du G{\'e}n{\'e}ral Leclerc, Orsay, France. pallier@lscp.ehess.fr},
number = {2},
pages = {155--61},
volume = {13},
year = {2003},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Adult, Memory, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Critical Period (Psychology), Neuronal Plasticity, Male, Korea, Mental Recall, Brain, Language Development, Brain Mapping, Adoption, Female, France, Humans, Multilingualism},
date-added = {2010-01-30 15:38:09 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:22:58 +0200},
pmid = {12507946},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Pallier-2003-Cereb%20Cortex_Brain%20imaging%20of%20lan.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4637},
rating = {0}
}

@article{deVries:2008p6246,
author = {Hein de Vries and Jonathan van 't Riet and Mark Spigt and Job Metsemakers and Marjan van den Akker and Jeroen K Vermunt and Stef Kremers},
journal = {Prev Med},
title = {Clusters of lifestyle behaviors: results from the Dutch SMILE study},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify differences and similarities in health behavior clusters for respondents with different educational backgrounds. METHODS: A total of 9449 respondents from the 2002 wave of the Dutch SMILE cohort study participated. Latent class analyses were used to identify clusters of people based on their adherence to Dutch recommendations for five important preventive health behaviors: non-smoking, alcohol use, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption and physical exercise. RESULTS: The distribution of these groups of behaviors resulted in three clusters of people: a healthy, an unhealthy and poor nutrition cluster. This pattern was replicated in groups with low, moderate and high educational background. The high educational group scored much better on all health behaviors, whereas the lowest educational group scored the worst on the health behaviors. CONCLUSION: The same three patterns of health behavior can be found in different educational groups (high, moderate, low). The high educational group scored much better on all health behaviors, whereas the lowest educational group scored the worst on the health behaviors. Tailoring health education messages using a cluster-based approach may be a promising new approach to address multiple behavior change more effectively.},
affiliation = {Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. hein.devries@gvo.unimaas.nl},
number = {3},
pages = {203--8},
volume = {46},
year = {2008},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Cluster Analysis, Child, Humans, Adolescent, Male, Aged, Exercise, Adult, Smoking, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Diet, Guideline Adherence, Nutrition Surveys, Health Behavior, Alcohol Drinking, Netherlands, Female, Life Style},
date-added = {2010-02-19 21:23:27 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-19 21:23:28 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.005},
pii = {S0091-7435(07)00369-6},
pmid = {17904212},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/de%20Vries-2008-Prev%20Med_Clusters%20of%20lifestyl.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6246},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Nichols:2003p1682,
author = {T E Nichols and A P Holmes},
title = {Nonparametric Permutation Tests for Functional Neuroimaging},
affiliation = {Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109. USA.},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-01-08 22:28:48 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-08 22:29:26 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Nichols-2003-_Nonparametric%20Permut.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1682},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Varni:2007p8504,
author = {James W Varni and Christine A Limbers and Tasha M Burwinkle},
journal = {Health Qual Life Outcomes},
title = {How young can children reliably and validly self-report their health-related quality of life?: an analysis of 8,591 children across age subgroups with the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The last decade has evidenced a dramatic increase in the development and utilization of pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures in an effort to improve pediatric patient health and well-being and determine the value of healthcare services. The emerging paradigm shift toward patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in clinical trials has provided the opportunity to further emphasize the value and essential need for pediatric patient self-reported outcomes measurement. Data from the PedsQL DatabaseSM were utilized to test the hypothesis that children as young as 5 years of age can reliably and validly report their HRQOL. METHODS: The sample analyzed represented child self-report age data on 8,591 children ages 5 to 16 years from the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales DatabaseSM. Participants were recruited from general pediatric clinics, subspecialty clinics, and hospitals in which children were being seen for well-child checks, mild acute illness, or chronic illness care (n = 2,603, 30.3%), and from a State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) in California (n = 5,988, 69.7%). RESULTS: Items on the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales had minimal missing responses for children as young as 5 years old, supporting feasibility. The majority of the child self-report scales across the age subgroups, including for children as young as 5 years, exceeded the minimum internal consistency reliability standard of 0.70 required for group comparisons, while the Total Scale Scores across the age subgroups approached or exceeded the reliability criterion of 0.90 recommended for analyzing individual patient scale scores. Construct validity was demonstrated utilizing the known groups approach. For each PedsQL scale and summary score, across age subgroups, including children as young as 5 years, healthy children demonstrated a statistically significant difference in HRQOL (better HRQOL) than children with a known chronic health condition, with most effect sizes in the medium to large effect size range. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that children as young as the 5 year old age subgroup can reliably and validly self-report their HRQOL when given the opportunity to do so with an age-appropriate instrument. These analyses are consistent with recent FDA guidelines which require instrument development and validation testing for children and adolescents within fairly narrow age groupings and which determine the lower age limit at which children can provide reliable and valid responses across age categories.},
affiliation = {Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, College of Architecture, Texas A{\&}M University, 3137 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3137, USA. jvarni@archmail.tamu.edu},
pages = {1},
volume = {5},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Self Assessment (Psychology), Adolescent, Quality of Life, Female, Age Factors, Child: Preschool, Male, Self Disclosure, Attitude to Health, Pediatrics, Child, Child Welfare, Psychometrics, California, Humans, Health Status},
date-added = {2010-03-21 18:07:33 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-21 18:07:33 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1477-7525-5-1},
pii = {1477-7525-5-1},
pmid = {17201920},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Varni-2007-Health%20and%20Quality%20of%20Life%20Outcomes_How%20young%20can%20childr.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8504},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lagae:2010p10920,
author = {Lieven Lagae and Hel{\`e}ne Verhelst and Berten Ceulemans and Linda De Meirleir and Marie-C{\'e}cile Nassogne and Valerie De Borchgrave and Marc D'Hooghe and Martine Foulon and Patrick Van Bogaert},
journal = {Seizure},
title = {Treatment and long term outcome in West syndrome: the clinical reality. A multicentre follow up study},
abstract = {We systematically reviewed the files of 51 infants presenting with infantile spasms and hypsarrhythmia in order to study the initial treatment strategies and the long term outcome. 80% of the infants were classified as symptomatic. In the nine participating centres, different treatment protocols were used, but the large majority of the children received vigabatrin as first line treatment. Second line options included hormonal treatment, topiramate and valproate. The time to reach cessation of infantile spasms was significantly shorter in the cryptogenic group than in the symptomatic group (50% at 13 days versus 66 days respectively) and was irrespective of the treatment used. The late follow up data (>2 years) showed that 60% of the children had epilepsy and that 75% of the children had a delay in their psychomotor development. Again, outcome in the cryptogenic group was better than in the symptomatic group, but also in the cryptogenic group, 50% of the children had a clear developmental delay, even if spasms were controlled early in the course of the disease. Our retrospective study illustrates that not only the underlying brain dysfunction is the major determinant for later outcome in infantile spasms (symptomatic group) but also even a short period of infantile spasms can be responsible for later developmental delay (cryptogenic group).},
affiliation = {University Hospitals KULeuven, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. lieven.lagae@uzleuven.be},
number = {3},
pages = {159--64},
volume = {19},
year = {2010},
month = {Apr},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-04-13 16:21:09 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-13 16:21:09 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.seizure.2010.01.008},
pii = {S1059-1311(10)00009-9},
pmid = {20149693},
URL = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1059-1311(10)00009-9},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Lagae-2010-Seizure_Treatment%20and%20long%20t.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10920},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kose:2003p11593,
author = {S Kose},
journal = {Yeni Symposium},
title = {A psychobiological model of temperament and character: tci},
abstract = {Cloninger developed a dimensional psychobiological model of personality that accounts for both normal and abnormal variation in two major components of personality, tempera- ment and character. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a self-administe- red dimensional questioannaire constructed to assess the seven basic dimensions of per- sonality. TCI maintains the strong theoretical and empirical support of previously develo- ped psychobiological models while overcoming some of their limitations for clinical use. Cloninger's model of personality has a tremendous potential to provide comprehensive in- sight into human personality at multiple levels of analysis, including including the genetics of personality, neurobiological foundations of behavior, the cognitive emotional structure and development of personality, the behavioral correlates of individual differences in per- sonality dimensions, and the interactions of personality constellations with developmental factors in relation to the vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. Within emerging neuroima- ging technology, Cloninger's model of personality will provide novel opportunities for elu- cidating the characterization of neural correlates of personality, and enable a better un- derstanding of normal and pathological states. In this article, both underlying theory and empirically valiated findings along with its potential use in in both general population and psychiatric patient population were reviewed.},
number = {2},
pages = {86--97},
volume = {41},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-05-09 21:16:07 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-09 21:17:25 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kose-2003-Yeni%20Symposium_A%20psychobiological%20m.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11593},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Sykes:1987,
author = {W Sykes and J Morton-Williams},
journal = {Journal of Official Statistics},
title = {Evaluating survey questions},
pages = {191--207},
volume = {3},
year = {1987},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:34:18 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1005},
rating = {0}
}

@article{PaisRibeiro:2004p8791,
author = {J L Pais-Ribeiro},
journal = {Clin Nutr},
title = {Quality of life is a primary end-point in clinical settings},
abstract = {The objective of this review is to present and discuss the quality of life (QOL) construct, more specifically the QOL in the field of health and disease also designated as health-related quality of life (HRQOL). QOL is an everyday language concept with a relatively short history in the health field. It became a principal end-point in health care as a consequence of the development of patients' rights movements. It is important for clinical, economic and political decisions. There is no gold standard way to measure QOL and the existence of a huge number of measures and related QOL concepts makes it difficult to discuss QOL. This means that many times we are using the same expression "QOL" but we are not talking about the same thing. So we submit that it is important to keep looking for the good construct and the good measure. The reason why we decide to evaluate QOL influences the measures we choose. In general, QOL measures are based on questionnaires that must be short and easy to answer. The interest in these kind of soft measures (in opposition to the traditional hard physiologically or biochemically oriented measures) is growing fast.},
affiliation = {Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ci{\^e}ncias da Educa{\c c}{\~a}o, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1055, 4169-004 Porto, Portugal. jlpr@psi.up.pt},
number = {1},
pages = {121--30},
volume = {23},
year = {2004},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Quality of Health Care, Quality of Life, Humans, Activities of Daily Living, Health Status, Questionnaires},
date-added = {2010-03-22 12:07:33 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 12:07:33 +0100},
pii = {S0261561403001092},
pmid = {14757401},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Pais-Ribeiro-2004-Clin%20Nutr_Quality%20of%20life%20is%20a.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8791},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Belmonte:2004p6226,
author = {M K Belmonte and E H Cook and G M Anderson and J L R Rubenstein and W T Greenough and A Beckel-Mitchener and E Courchesne and L M Boulanger and S B Powell and P R Levitt and E K Perry and Y H Jiang and T M DeLorey and E Tierney},
journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
title = {Autism as a disorder of neural information processing: directions for research and targets for therapy},
abstract = {The broad variation in phenotypes and severities within autism spectrum disorders suggests the involvement of multiple predisposing factors, interacting in complex ways with normal developmental courses and gradients. Identification of these factors, and the common developmental path into which they feed, is hampered by the large degrees of convergence from causal factors to altered brain development, and divergence from abnormal brain development into altered cognition and behaviour. Genetic, neurochemical, neuroimaging, and behavioural findings on autism, as well as studies of normal development and of genetic syndromes that share symptoms with autism, offer hypotheses as to the nature of causal factors and their possible effects on the structure and dynamics of neural systems. Such alterations in neural properties may in turn perturb activity-dependent development, giving rise to a complex behavioural syndrome many steps removed from the root causes. Animal models based on genetic, neurochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioural manipulations offer the possibility of exploring these developmental processes in detail, as do human studies addressing endophenotypes beyond the diagnosis itself.},
affiliation = {Autism Research Centre, Departments of Psychiatry and Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 2AH, UK. belmonte@mit.edu},
number = {7},
pages = {646--63},
volume = {9},
year = {2004},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Autistic Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Animals, Humans},
date-added = {2010-02-19 20:26:32 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-19 20:26:32 +0100},
doi = {10.1038/sj.mp.4001499},
pii = {4001499},
pmid = {15037868},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Belmonte-2004-Mol%20Psychiatry_Autism%20as%20a%20disorder.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6226},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cantell:2003,
author = {Marja H Cantell and Mary M Smyth and Timo P Ahonen},
journal = {Hum Mov Sci},
title = {Two distinct pathways for developmental coordination disorder: persistence and resolution.},
abstract = {This article describes the perceptual motor, educational and social outcome of early motor delay in a group of 17-18 year old Finnish adolescents who were originally evaluated at age 5. The study group consisted of 65 adolescents: 22 with significant motor problems (or developmental coordination disorder, DCD), 23 with minor motor problems (intermediate group) and 20 controls. The goal of this study was to reassess the results obtained when they were age 15 and to determine whether the variables used earlier could still discriminate the adolescents at age 17. The results showed that at age 17 all perceptual motor tasks differentiated the three groups. The DCD group performed less well than the control group on all tasks, with the intermediate group situated between these two. Discriminant function analyses showed that more classification errors occurred between the control and intermediate groups at age 17 than at age 15, suggesting that the distinction between these groups becomes more difficult with age. In the educational domain, similar to the findings at age 15, the adolescents with DCD had the lowest WAIS scores and shortest school careers of the three groups. In the social domain, as found two years earlier, the DCD group had the lowest perceptions of athletic and scholastic competence while the intermediate and control groups did not differ. In addition, the interview results indicated that the three groups were in different stages of identity development. In sum, the outcome at age 17 was a replication of the results obtained at age 15 and suggests two developmental paths for those with early perceptual motor problems: 'persistence' and 'catching up'.},
affiliation = {Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, 1820 Richmond Rd. S.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2T 5C7 Canada. marja.cantell@calgaryhealthregion.ca},
number = {4-5},
pages = {413--431},
volume = {22},
year = {2003},
month = {Nov},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:22 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:38:22 +0100},
pii = {S0167945703000642},
pmid = {14624826},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1130},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Fox:2004,
author = {Jean-Paul Fox},
journal = {School Effectiveness and School Improvement},
title = {Applications of Multilevel IRT Modeling},
pages = {261--280},
volume = {15},
year = {2004},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:23 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Fox-2004-School%20Effectiveness%20and%20School%20Improvement_Applications%20of%20Mult.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2041},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Fidalgo:2010p4612,
author = {A M Fidalgo and G J Mellenbergh and J Muniz},
title = {Effects of Amount of DIF, Test Length, and Purification Type on Robustness and Power of Mantel-Haenszel Procedures},
date-added = {2010-01-30 15:11:40 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-30 15:13:41 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Fidalgo--_Effects%20of%20Amount%20of.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4612},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Eggen:1998ab,
author = {T J H M Eggen},
title = {Item Selection in Adaptive Testing with the Sequential Probability Ratio Test},
abstract = {Computerized adaptive tests (CATs) were originally developed to obtain an efficient estimate of an examinee's ability. For classification problems, applications of the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (Wald, 1947) have been shown to be a promising alternative for testing algorithms which are based on statistical estimation. However, the method of item selection currently being used in these algorithms, which use statistical testing to infer on the examinees, is either random or based on a criterion which is related to optimizing estimates of examinees (maximum (Fisher) information). In this study, an item selection method based on Kullback-Leibler information is presented, which is theoretically more suitable for statistical testing problems and which can improve the testing algorithm for classification problems. Simulation studies were conducted for two- and three-way classification problems, in which item selection based on Fisher information and Kullback-Leibler information were compared. The results of these studies showed that the performance of the testing algorithms with Kullback-Leibler information-based item selection are sometimes better and never worse than algorithms with Fisher information-based item selection.},
year = {1998},
month = {Sep},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:39:03 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:39:03 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Eggen-1998-_Item%20Selection%20in%20Ad.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1202},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Leask:2009p6248,
author = {S J Leask and J K Vermunt and D J Done and T J Crow and M Blows and M P Boks},
journal = {Schizophr Res},
title = {Beyond symptom dimensions: schizophrenia risk factors for patient groups derived by latent class analysis},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Patients grouped by latent class analysis of symptoms show some consensus between studies, and may be less etiologically heterogeneous than current diagnoses. If so, the effect size of 'neurodevelopmental' risk factors may be greater than in equivalent DSMIV diagnostic groups. METHOD: Two hundred fifty six individuals with neurodevelopmental risk factors recorded in the National Child Development Study (1958) UK birth cohort were grouped by data-driven illness subtypes, derived previously in over 1000 individuals. The effect sizes of these risks were compared between data-derived and DSMIV schizophrenia (295.x) groups. RESULTS: Compared to DSMIV schizophrenia, the data-driven subtype broadly characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms in the absence of affective symptoms showed significantly greater effect sizes in eight out of thirteen continuously-rated risk factors: birth weight, cognition, childhood behavioural problems, and neurological softsigns including handedness. CONCLUSION: A data-driven subgroup of schizophrenia patients, characterized as lacking co-morbid depressive symptoms, is less heterogeneous with respect to neurodevelopmental etiology.},
affiliation = {Division of Psychiatry, Nottingham University, A floor, South Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. stuart.leask@nottingham.ac.uk},
number = {2-3},
pages = {346--50},
volume = {115},
year = {2009},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Schizophrenic Psychology, Child, Schizophrenia, Male, Risk Factors, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Analysis of Variance, Factor Analysis: Statistical, Female, Retrospective Studies, Cohort Studies, Netherlands, Personality Assessment},
date-added = {2010-02-19 21:24:22 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:50:06 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.017},
pii = {S0920-9964(09)00436-8},
pmid = {19840897},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Leask-2009-Schizophr%20Res_Beyond%20symptom%20dimen.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6248},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Maracy:2008p6422,
author = {Mohammad Maracy and Graham Dunn},
journal = {Stat Methods Med Res},
title = {Estimating dose-response effects in psychologicaltreatment trials: the role of instrumental variables},
abstract = {We present a relatively non-technical and practically orientated review of statistical methods that can be used to estimate dose-response relationships in randomised controlled psychotherapy trials in which participants fail to attend all of the planned sessions of therapy. Here we are investigating the effects on treatment outcome of the number of sessions attended when the latter is possibly subject to hidden selection effects (hidden confounding). The aim is to estimate the parameters of a structural mean model (SMM) using randomisation, and possibly randomisation by covariate interactions, as instrumental variables. We describe, compare and illustrate the equivalence of the use of a simple G-estimation algorithm and two two-stage least squares procedures that are traditionally used in economics.},
affiliation = {Biostatistics, Health Methodology Research Group, School of Community Based Medicine, University of Manchester, UK (Current address: Biostatistics and Epidemiology Group, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Iran.},
pages = {},
year = {2008},
month = {Nov},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-02-23 08:27:47 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-23 08:27:47 +0100},
doi = {10.1177/0962280208097243},
pii = {0962280208097243},
pmid = {19036909},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6422},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dick:2009p9094,
author = {Danielle M Dick and Shawn J Latendresse and Jennifer E Lansford and John P Budde and Alison Goate and Kenneth A Dodge and Gregory S Pettit and John E Bates},
journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
title = {Role of GABRA2 in trajectories of externalizing behavior across development and evidence of moderation by parental monitoring},
abstract = {CONTEXT: As we identify genes involved in psychiatric disorders, the next step will be to study how the risk associated with susceptibility genes manifests across development and in conjunction with the environment. We describe analyses aimed at characterizing the pathway of risk associated with GABRA2, a gene previously associated with adult alcohol dependence, in a community sample of children followed longitudinally from childhood through young adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To test for an association between GABRA2 and trajectories of externalizing behavior from adolescence to young adulthood and for moderation of genetic effects by parental monitoring. DESIGN: Data were analyzed from the Child Development Project, with yearly assessments conducted since that time. A saliva sample was collected for DNA at the 2006 follow-up, with a 93% response rate in the target sample. Growth mixture modeling was conducted using Mplus to identify trajectories of externalizing behavior and to test for effects of GABRA2 sequence variants and parental monitoring. SETTING: Nashville and Knoxville, Tennessee, and Bloomington, Indiana. PARTICIPANTS: A community-based sample of families enrolled at 3 sites as children entered kindergarten in 1987 and 1988. Analyses for the white subset of the sample (n = 378) are reported here. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parental monitoring measured at 11 years of age; Child Behavior Checklist youth reports of externalizing behavior at ages 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, and 22 years. RESULTS: Two classes of externalizing behavior emerged: a stable high externalizing class and a moderate decreasing externalizing behavior class. The GABRA2 gene was associated with class membership, with subjects who showed persistent elevated trajectories of externalizing behavior more likely to carry the genotype previously associated with increased risk of adult alcohol dependence. A significant interaction with parental monitoring emerged; the association of GABRA2 with externalizing trajectories diminished with high levels of parental monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses underscore the importance of studying genetic effects across development and of identifying environmental factors that moderate risk.},
affiliation = {Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA. ddick@vcu.edu},
number = {6},
pages = {649--57},
volume = {66},
year = {2009},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Phenotype, Parenting, Linear Models, Young Adult, Aggression, Alleles, Bayes Theorem, Longitudinal Studies, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Male, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Adolescent, Humans, Receptors: GABA-A, Internal-External Control, Child: Preschool, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Female, Social Environment, Likelihood Functions, Alcoholism, Genotype, Child},
date-added = {2010-03-22 13:24:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 13:24:22 +0100},
doi = {10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.48},
pii = {66/6/649},
pmid = {19487630},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dick-2009-Arch%20Gen%20Psychiatry_Role%20of%20GABRA2%20in%20tr.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9094},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Dragan:2007p11431,
author = {Alina Dragan and Noori Akhtar-Danesh},
journal = {BMC Med Res Methodol},
title = {Relation between body mass index and depression: a structural equation modeling approach},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Obesity and depression are two major diseases which are associated with many other health problems such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure in patients with systolic hypertension, low bone mineral density and increased mortality. Both diseases share common health complications but there are inconsistent findings concerning the relationship between obesity and depression. In this work we used the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique to examine the relation between body mass index (BMI), as a proxy for obesity, and depression using the Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 1.2. METHODS: In this SEM model we postulate that 1) BMI and depression are directly related, 2) BMI is directly affected by the physical activity and, 3)depression is directly influenced by stress. SEM was also used to assess the relation between BMI and depression separately for males and females. RESULTS: The results indicate that higher BMI is associated with more severe form of depression. On the other hand, the more severe form of depression may result in less weight gain. However, the association between depression and BMI is gender dependent. In males, the higher BMI may result in a more severe form of depression while in females the relation may not be the same. Also, there was a negative relationship between physical activity and BMI. CONCLUSION: In general, use of SEM method showed that the two major diseases, obesity and depression, are associated but the form of the relation is different among males and females. More research is necessary to further understand the complexity of the relationship between obesity and depression. It also demonstrated that SEM is a feasible technique for modeling the relation between obesity and depression.},
affiliation = {Nursing Health Services Research Unit, McMaster University, Canada. dragana@mcmaster.ca <dragana@mcmaster.ca>},
pages = {17},
volume = {7},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Obesity, Adolescent, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Sex Factors, Body Mass Index, Female, Family Health, Humans, Depression, Adult, Aged},
date-added = {2010-05-01 17:12:50 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-01 17:12:51 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-7-17},
pii = {1471-2288-7-17},
pmid = {17470289},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dragan-2007-BMC%20Med%20Res%20Methodol_Relation%20between%20bod.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11431},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Ali:2005p11930,
author = {J Ali and D M McInerney},
journal = {AARE 2005 International Educational Conference},
title = {Testing the Invariance of a Motivation Model across Seven Cultural Groups},
abstract = {Using confirmatory factor analysis this study examines the cross-cultural generalizability of the factor structure for the Inventory of School Motivation (ISM), an instrument based on Personal Investment theory. The instrument consists of eight different scales with 43 survey items (ranging from 3 to 7 items each) and each reflecting one of eight specific dimensions: task, effort, competition, social power, affiliation, social concern, praise, and token. The factor structure was invariant over large samples of responses by Anglo-Australian (n=2,616), Migrant Australian (n=1,265), Aboriginal Australian (n=906), Hong Kong Chinese (n=697), Navajo (n=1,776), Anglo-American (n=884) and African (n=819) cultural groups of high school students. The results of factorial invariance analysis indicated that the ISM has a stable and reliable factor structure among the 7 cultural groups. Findings also provide evidence that the ISM scales are applicable to students of different cultural backgrounds; meaningful cross-cultural comparisons should use the 43 items in educational settings.},
year = {2005},
date-added = {2010-05-23 16:44:57 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-23 16:45:41 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Ali-2005-AARE%202005%20International%20Educational%20Conference_Testing%20the%20Invarian.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11930},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Zwirs:2007p4373,
author = {Barbara W C Zwirs and Huibert Burger and Tom W J Schulpen and Martin Wiznitzer and Hans Fedder and Jan K Buitelaar},
journal = {J Abnorm Child Psychol},
title = {Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children of different ethnic origin},
abstract = {The present study assesses the population prevalence of DSM-IV disorders among native and immigrant children living in low socio-economic status (SES) inner-city neighborhoods in the Netherlands. In the first phase of a two-phase epidemiological design, teachers screened an ethnically diverse sample of 2041 children aged 6-10 years using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). In the second phase, a subsample of 253 children was psychiatrically examined, while their parents were interviewed. In addition, teachers completed a short questionnaire about 10 DSM-IV items. Prevalence was estimated using the best-estimate diagnosis based on parent, child and teacher information. Projected to the total population, 11% of the children had one or more impairing psychiatric disorders, which did not differ between native and non-native children. In the total group a clear relationship was observed between the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and gender, parental psychopathology, peer problems and school problems, but not among all ethnic groups separately. This study suggests that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among non-treated minority and native children in low SES inner-city neighborhoods does not materially differ. However, associated mechanisms may be influenced by ethnicity.},
affiliation = {Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Zwirs@frg.eur.nl},
number = {4},
pages = {556--66},
volume = {35},
year = {2007},
month = {Aug},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Mental Disorders, Internal-External Control, Urban Population, Turkey, Bipolar Disorder, Ethnic Groups, Morocco, Emigration and Immigration, Female, Male, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Netherlands, Socioeconomic Factors, Child, Suriname, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Stress Disorders: Post-Traumatic, Anxiety Disorders, Anxiety: Separation, Humans, Child Behavior Disorders, Mass Screening, Depressive Disorder: Major, Personality Assessment},
date-added = {2010-01-28 16:31:02 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-28 16:31:03 +0100},
doi = {10.1007/s10802-007-9112-9},
pmid = {17342420},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4373},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Doll:1994,
author = {R Doll and R Peto and K Wheatley and R Gray and I Sutherland},
journal = {British Medical Journal},
title = {Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors},
abstract = {Objective : To assess the hazards associated with long term use of tobacco. Design : Prospective study of mortality in relation to smoking habits assessed in 1951 and again from20time to time thereafter, with causes sought of deaths20over 40 years (to 1991). Continuation of a study that was last reported after 20 years' follow up (1951-71). Subjects : 34 439 British male doctors who replied20to a postal questionnaire in 1951, of whom 10 000 had died during the first 20 years and another 10 000 have died during the second 20 years. Results - Excess mortality associated with20smoking was about twice as extreme during the second half of the study as it had been during the first half. The death rate ratios during 1971-91 (comparing continuing cigarette smokers with lifelong20non-smokers) were approximately threefold at ages 45-64 and twofold at ages 65-84. The excess mortality was chiefly from diseases that can be caused by smoking. Positive associations with smoking were confirmed for death from cancers of the mouth, oesophagus, pharynx, larynx, lung, pancreas, and bladder; from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory diseases; from vascular diseases; from peptic ulcer; and (perhaps because of confounding by personality and alcohol use) from cirrhosis, suicide, and poisoning. A negative association was confirmed with death20from Parkinson's disease. Those who stopped20smoking before middle age subsequently avoided almost all of the excess risk that they would otherwise have suffered, but even those who stopped smoking in middle age were subsequently at substantially less risk than those who continued to smoke. Conclusion : Results from the first 20 years of this study, and of other studies at that time, substantially20underestimated the hazards of long term use of tobacco. It now seems that about half of all regular cigarette smokers will eventually be killed by their habit.},
number = {6959},
pages = {901--911},
volume = {309},
year = {1994},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:36:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:36:10 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1082},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Bollen:2002p6274,
author = {K A Bollen},
journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
title = {Latent variables in Psychology and the Social Sciences},
abstract = {The paper discusses the use of latent variables in psychology and social science research. Local independence, expected value true scores, and nondeterministic functions of observed variables are three types of definitions for latent variables. These definitions are reviewed and an alternative ``sample realizations'' definition is presented. Another section briefly describes identification, latent variable indeterminancy, and other properties common to models with latent variables. The paper then reviews the role of latent variables in multiple regression, probit and logistic regression, factor analysis, latent curve models, item response theory, latent class analysis, and structural equation models. Though these application areas are diverse, the paper highlights the similarities as well as the differences in the manner in which the latent variables are defined and used. It concludes with an evaluation of the different definitions of latent variables and their properties.},
pages = {605--634},
volume = {53},
year = {2002},
date-added = {2010-02-20 17:26:59 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:15:19 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Bollen-2002-Annual%20Review%20of%20Psychology_Latent%20variables%20in.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6274},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cohen:1996p9546,
author = {S R Cohen and S A Hassan and B J Lapointe and B M Mount},
journal = {AIDS},
title = {Quality of life in HIV disease as measured by the McGill quality of life questionnaire},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To test the acceptability, validity, and internal consistency reliability of the McGill quality of life questionnaire (MQOL) for persons living with HIV/AIDS. DESIGN: The validity of MQOL was tested by having HIV-seropositive outpatients complete the 16-item MQOL, a single-item scale (SIS) measuring overall quality of life (QOL), and a physical symptom questionnaire. METHODS: Factor analysis was used as a guide for construction of MQOL subscales. Validity was studied by determining the correlation between MQOL and SIS, and between MQOL physical measures, CD4 counts and the physical symptoms questionnaire. Multiple regression was employed to determine how best to combine MQOL subscales to predict SIS. RESULTS: MQOL was acceptable to this patient population. Factor analysis suggests that MQOL can be represented by live measures: a single item measuring physical well-being and four subscales representing physical symptoms, psychological symptoms, existential well-being, and support. Multiple regression analyses suggest that the existential domain contributes greatly to QOL for people with advanced HIV disease (CD4 counts < 100 x 10(6)/l). CONCLUSION: MQOL is an acceptable and valid measure of QOL for people living with HIV/AIDS, with meaningful and reliable subscales as well as a summary score. The inclusion of a measure of existential well-being in MQOL may make it a more valid measure of QOL, especially for people with advanced disease, than QOL instruments which do not include this domain.},
affiliation = {Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
number = {12},
pages = {1421--7},
volume = {10},
year = {1996},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Male, Female, Questionnaires, Adult, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Humans, HIV Infections, Quality of Life},
date-added = {2010-03-23 20:43:59 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:12:25 +0200},
pmid = {8902073},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Cohen-1996-AIDS_Quality%20of%20life%20in%20H.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9546},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Schepers:2006p12050,
author = {JM Schepers},
journal = {SA Journal of Industrial Psychology},
title = {The utility of canonical correlation analysis, coupled with target rotation, in coping with the effects of differential skewness of variables},
abstract = {The principal objective of the study was to determine the utility of canonical correlation analysis, coupled with target rotation, in coping with the effects of differential skewness of variables representing two batteries of tests. Generally speaking joint factor analyses of two or more batteries of tests result in factors of skewness rather than factors of content. To examine the problem, the General Scholastic Aptitude Test (GSAT) and Senior Ability Tests (SAT) were jointly applied to a sample of 1598 first-year university students, and subjected to both a principal factor analysis (PFA) and a canonical correlation analysis (CCA), coupled with target rotation. Three factors were obtained in both instances. The PFA yielded factors of skewness and the CCA factors of content. The target rotation gave a good fit with the theoretically specified values. The implications of the findings are discussed.},
number = {2},
pages = {19--22},
volume = {32},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-05-24 10:33:17 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-24 10:35:22 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Schepers-2006-SA%20Journal%20of%20Industrial%20Psychology_The%20utility%20of%20canon.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12050},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Buckland:1997p7033,
author = {S T Buckland and K P Burnham and N H Augustin},
journal = {Biometrics},
title = {Model selection an integral part of inference},
number = {2},
pages = {603--618},
volume = {53},
year = {1997},
date-added = {2010-03-06 20:07:46 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-06 20:08:35 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Buckland-1997-Biometrics_Model%20selection%20an%20i.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7033},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kaiser:2008p12859,
author = {S Kaiser and F Leisch},
title = {A Toolbox for Bicluster Analysis in R},
abstract = {Over the last decade, bicluster methods have become more and more popular in different fields of two way data analysis and a wide variety of algorithms and analysis methods have been published. In this paper we introduce the R package biclust, which contains a collection of bicluster algorithms, preprocessing methods for two way data, and validation and visualization techniques for bicluster results. For the first time, such a package is provided on a platform like R, where data analysts can easily add new bicluster algorithms and adapt them to their special needs.},
year = {2008},
date-added = {2010-06-22 08:22:47 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-22 08:24:02 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kaiser-2008-_A%20Toolbox%20for%20Biclus.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12859},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cavill:2009p343,
author = {Rachel Cavill and Hector C Keun and Elaine Holmes and John C Lindon and Jeremy K Nicholson and Timothy M D Ebbels},
journal = {Bioinformatics},
title = {Genetic algorithms for simultaneous variable and sample selection in metabonomics},
abstract = {MOTIVATION: Metabolic profiles derived from high resolution (1)H-NMR data are complex, therefore statistical and machine learning approaches are vital for extracting useful information and biological insights. Focused modelling on targeted subsets of metabolites and samples can improve the predictive ability of models, and techniques such as genetic algorithms (GAs) have a proven utility in feature selection problems. The Consortium for Metabonomic Toxicology (COMET) obtained temporal NMR spectra of urine from rats treated with model toxins and stressors. Here, we develop a GA approach which simultaneously selects sets of samples and spectral regions from the COMET database to build robust, predictive classifiers of liver and kidney toxicity. RESULTS: The results indicate that using simultaneous sample and variable selection improved performance by over 9% compared with either method alone. Simultaneous selection also halved computation time. Successful classifiers repeatedly selected particular variables indicating that this approach can aid defining biomarkers of toxicity. Novel visualizations of the results from multiple computations were developed to aid the interpretability of which samples and variables were frequently selected. This method provides an efficient way to determine the most discriminatory variables and samples for any post-genomic dataset. AVAILABILITY: GA code available from http://www1.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/people/r.cavill/},
affiliation = {Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. r.cavill@imperial.ac.uk},
number = {1},
pages = {112--8},
volume = {25},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Databases: Genetic, Algorithms, Time Factors, Principal Component Analysis, Metabolomics, Rats: Sprague-Dawley, Animals, Rats},
date-added = {2010-01-03 11:46:16 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 11:46:16 +0100},
doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btn586},
pii = {btn586},
pmid = {19010803},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Cavill-2009-Bioinformatics_Genetic%20algorithms%20f.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p343},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dickinson:2007p2338,
author = {Gemma L Dickinson and Martin S Lennard and Geoffrey T Tucker and Amin Rostami-Hodjegan},
journal = {Br J Clin Pharmacol},
title = {The use of mechanistic DM-PK-PD modelling to assess the power of pharmacogenetic studies -CYP2C9 and warfarin as an example},
abstract = {AIM: To assess the power of in vivo studies needed to discern the effect of genotype on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) using CYP2C9 and (S)-warfarin as an example. METHODS: Information on the in vitro metabolism of (S)-warfarin and genetic variation in CYP2C9 was incorporated into a mechanistic population-based PK-PD model. The influence of study design on the ability to detect significant differences in PK (AUC(0-12 h)) and PD (AUEC(0-12 h) INR) between CYP2C9 genotypes was investigated. RESULTS: A study size of 90 (based on the natural abundance of genotypes and uniform dosage) was required to achieve 80% power to discriminate the PK of (S)-warfarin between wild type (*1/*1) and the combination of all other genotypes. About 250 subjects were needed to detect a difference in anticoagulant response. The power to detect differences between specific genotypes was much lower. Analysis of experimental comparisons of the PK or PD between wild-type and other individual genotypes indicated that only 21% of cases (20 of 95 comparisons within 11 PD and four PK-PD studies) reported statistically significant differences. This was similar to the percentage expected from our simulations (20%, chi(2) test, P = 0.80). Simulations of studies enriched with specific genotypes indicated that only three and five subjects were required to detect differences in PK and PD between wild type and the *3/*3 genotype, respectively. CONCLUSION: The utilization of prior information (including in vivo enzymology) in clinical trial simulations can guide the design of subsequent in vivo studies of the impact of genetic polymorphisms, and may help to avoid costly, inconclusive outcomes.},
affiliation = {Academic Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.},
number = {1},
pages = {14--26},
volume = {64},
year = {2007},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Models: Biological, Blood Coagulation, Warfarin, Polymorphism: Genetic, Genotype, Anticoagulants, Humans, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases},
date-added = {2010-01-10 13:26:58 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 13:26:58 +0100},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02850.x},
pii = {BCP2850},
pmid = {17298479},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dickinson-2007-Br%20J%20Clin%20Pharmacol_The%20use%20of%20mechanist.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2338},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cole:2005p1696,
author = {Stephen R Cole and Miguel A Hern{\'a}n and Joseph B Margolick and Mardge H Cohen and James M Robins},
journal = {Am J Epidemiol},
title = {Marginal structural models for estimating the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation on CD4 cell count},
abstract = {The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the evolution of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte (CD4 cell) count among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive participants was estimated using inverse probability-of-treatment-and-censoring (IPTC)-weighted estimation of a marginal structural model. Of 1,763 eligible participants from two US cohort studies followed between 1996 and 2002, 60 percent initiated HAART. The IPTC-weighted estimate of the difference in mean CD4 cell count at 1 year among participants continuously treated versus those never treated was 71 cells/mm3 (95% confidence interval: 47.5, 94.6), which agrees with the reported results of randomized experiments. The corresponding estimate from a standard generalized estimating equations regression model that included baseline and most recent CD4 cell count and HIV type 1 RNA viral load as regressors was 26 cells/mm3 (95% confidence interval: 17.7, 34.3). These results indicate that nonrandomized studies of HIV treatment need to be analyzed with methods (e.g., IPTC-weighted estimation) that, in contrast to standard methods, appropriately adjust for time-varying covariates that are simultaneously confounders and intermediate variables. The 1-year estimate of 71 cells/mm3 was followed by an estimated continued increase of 29 cells/mm3 per year (estimated effect at 6 years: 216 cells/mm3), providing evidence that the large short-term effect found in randomized experiments persists and continues to improve over 6 years.},
affiliation = {Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. scole@jhsph.edu},
number = {5},
pages = {471--8},
volume = {162},
year = {2005},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Antiretroviral Therapy: Highly Active, Causality, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Adult, Confounding Factors (Epidemiology), Models: Statistical, Disease Progression, Female, Male, Bias (Epidemiology), Humans, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome},
date-added = {2010-01-09 18:51:40 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-09 18:51:40 +0100},
doi = {10.1093/aje/kwi216},
pii = {kwi216},
pmid = {16076835},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Cole-2005-Am%20J%20Epidemiol_Marginal%20structural.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1696},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Provost:2006p8591,
author = {Beth Provost and Sandra Heimerl and Cate McClain and Nae-Hwa Kim and Brian R Lopez and Piyadasa Kodituwakku},
journal = {Pediatr Phys Ther},
title = {Concurrent validity of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II Motor Scale and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 in children with developmental delays},
abstract = {PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore concurrent validity of the age equivalent and standard scores of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II) Motor Scale and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2), including correlations and clinical agreement between the scores of the two tests. METHODS: One hundred ten children aged three to 41 months who were referred to an early childhood evaluation program because of concerns about their development were administered both the BSID II Motor Scale and the PDMS-2 as part of their developmental evaluations. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients were high to very high for age-equivalent scores, and the Locomotion Subscale had the closest agreement with the BSID II Motor Scale age equivalent. The correlation coefficients were moderate to high for standard scores, and there was only slight agreement between the tests for standard score categories. More than 75% of the 70 children in this study whose scores on the BSID II supported eligibility for services based on scores at least two SD below the mean of the test would not have qualified for services if the PDMS-2 standard scores alone were used to assess their eligibility. Approximately half the children who showed appropriate total motor performance on the PDMS-2 were classified as delayed on the BSID II Motor Scale. CONCLUSIONS: The study supports concurrent validity of the tests only for certain subscale age-equivalent scores, particularly the BSID II Motor Scale with the PDMS-2 Locomotion Subscale. The current findings suggest that the standard scores show poor agreement and have low concurrent validity. There are marked differences in the standard scores of the two tests that may affect a child's eligibility for services in some states, and therapists should be cautious when making clinical decisions based solely on standard scores of one test.},
affiliation = {University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Therapy Program, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. eprovost@salud.unm.edu},
number = {3},
pages = {149--56},
volume = {16},
year = {2006},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-03-22 00:12:14 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 00:12:14 +0100},
doi = {10.1097/01.PEP.0000136005.41585.FE},
pii = {00001577-200401630-00003},
pmid = {17057542},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Provost-2006-Pediatr%20Phys%20Ther_Concurrent%20validity.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8591},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Adema:1989,
author = {Jos J Adema and Wim J van der Linden},
journal = {Journal of Educational Statistics},
title = {Algorithms for computerized test construction using classical item parameters},
number = {3},
pages = {279--290},
volume = {14},
year = {1989},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:24 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:33:53 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Adema-1989-Journal%20of%20Educational%20Statistics_Algorithms%20for%20compu.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1999},
rating = {0}
}

@article{deLosCampos:2007p388,
author = {Gustavo de Los Campos and Daniel Gianola},
journal = {Genet Sel Evol},
title = {Factor analysis models for structuring covariance matrices of additive genetic effects: a Bayesian implementation},
abstract = {Multivariate linear models are increasingly important in quantitative genetics. In high dimensional specifications, factor analysis (FA) may provide an avenue for structuring (co)variance matrices, thus reducing the number of parameters needed for describing (co)dispersion. We describe how FA can be used to model genetic effects in the context of a multivariate linear mixed model. An orthogonal common factor structure is used to model genetic effects under Gaussian assumption, so that the marginal likelihood is multivariate normal with a structured genetic (co)variance matrix. Under standard prior assumptions, all fully conditional distributions have closed form, and samples from the joint posterior distribution can be obtained via Gibbs sampling. The model and the algorithm developed for its Bayesian implementation were used to describe five repeated records of milk yield in dairy cattle, and a one common FA model was compared with a standard multiple trait model. The Bayesian Information Criterion favored the FA model.},
affiliation = {Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA. gdeloscampos@wisc.edu},
number = {5},
pages = {481--94},
volume = {39},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Cattle, Factor Analysis: Statistical, Bayes Theorem, Animals, Female, Dairying, Likelihood Functions, Lactation, Models: Genetic, Multivariate Analysis, Linear Models, Algorithms},
date-added = {2010-01-03 11:53:43 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 11:53:43 +0100},
doi = {10.1051/gse:20070016},
pii = {g06004},
pmid = {17897592},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p388},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Liu:2010p12123,
author = {X Liu and M Daniels},
title = {A New Algorithm for Simulating a Correlation Matrix Based on Parameter
Expansion and Re-parameterization},
abstract = {The correlation matrix (denoted by R) plays an important role in many statistical models. Unfortunately, sampling the correlation matrix in MCMC algorithms can be problematic. In addition to the positive definite constraint of covariance matrices, it has diagonal elements fixed at 1. In this paper, we propose an efficient two-stage parameter expanded re-parameterization and Metropolis-Hastings (PX-RPMH) algorithm for simulating R. The theory of the PX- RPMH algorithm and sufficient conditions to implement it are shown in detail. Using this algorithm, we draw all elements of R simultaneously by first drawing a covariance matrix from an inverse Wishart distribution, and then translating it back to a correlation matrix through a reduction function and accepting it based on a Metropolis-Hastings acceptance probability. This algorithm is illustrated using multivariate probit (MVP) models and multivariate regres- sion (MVR) models with a common correlation matrix across groups. A simulation study and a real data example are done to compare the performance of the PX-RPMH algorithm with those of other common algorithms. The results show that our algorithm is more efficient than other methods for sampling a correlation matrix.},
date-added = {2010-05-30 10:07:09 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-30 10:07:57 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Liu--_A%20New%20Algorithm%20for.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12123},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Das:2010p14043,
author = {R N Das},
journal = {Quality Technology {\&} Quantitative Management},
title = {Regression Analysis for Correlated Data},
abstract = {Correlated data arise in many situations in health research. On the organismal level, there may be measurements on several tumors, both hands, all teeth, and so on. It is usually expected in such cases that the measurements on a given individual are more similar than those on different individuals. We have considered the regression analysis for sets of observations such that within each set observations having a autocorrelation structure, and any two observations between any two sets having a constant correlation coefficient, and variance of all observations are same. In general, the form of the correlation structure is known for a given situation of data set but parameters that are involved in the correlation structure are always unknown. Herein we have developed a robust method of estimating the best linear unbiased estimators of all regression parameters except the intercept, which is often unimportant. In this connection we have also developed a testing procedure for any set of linear hypotheses regarding the unknown regression coefficients. Confidence ellipsoid of a set of estimable functions of regression coefficients have been developed. Index of fit for the fitted regression equation has also been developed. An example with simulated data is given as an illustration of our developed method.},
number = {3},
pages = {263--277},
volume = {7},
year = {2010},
date-added = {2010-08-10 12:39:08 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-08-10 12:40:00 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Das-2010-Quality%20Technology%20&%20Quantitative%20Management_Regression%20Analysis.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p14043},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Martin:1977p10326,
author = {N G Martin and L J Eaves},
journal = {Heredity},
title = {The genetical analysis of covariance structure},
abstract = {The analysis of covariance structures (J{\"o}reskog, 1973) is adapted to the simultaneous maximum likelihood estimation of genetical and environmental factor loadings and specific variances. The goodness of fit is tested by chi square and standard errors of parameter estimates can be obtained. Any linear model used in univariate genetical analyses can be extended to the multivariate case. Most biological hypotheses about the relationships between variables can be specified by a variety of factor models. Individual parameters can be given fixed values or set to zero and hypotheses concerning the congruence of genetical and environmental correlations can be tested. The method is illustrated with published twin data on cognitive abilities.},
number = {1},
pages = {79--95},
volume = {38},
year = {1977},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Factor Analysis: Statistical, Genetic Variation, Phenotype, Mathematics, Models: Biological},
date-added = {2010-04-02 18:13:52 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-02 18:13:52 +0200},
pmid = {268313},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Martin-1977-Heredity_The%20genetical%20analys.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10326},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kim:2007p12872,
author = {Y Kim and H Kim},
journal = {Genomics {\&} Informatics},
title = {Application of Random Forests to Association Studies Using Mitochondrial Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms},
abstract = {In previous nuclear genomic association studies, Random Forests (RF), one of several up-to-date machine learning methods, has been used successfully to generate evidence of association of genetic polymorphisms with diseases or other phenotypes. Compared with traditional statistical analytic methods, such as chi-square tests or logistic regression models, the RF method has advantages in handling large numbers of predictor variables and examining gene-gene interactions without a specific model. Here, we applied the RF method to find the association between mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs) and diabetes risk. The results from a chi-square test validated the usage of RF for association studies using mtDNA. Indexes of important variables such as the Gini index and mean decrease in accuracy index performed well compared with chi-square tests in favor of finding mtSNPs associated with a real disease example, type 2 diabetes.},
number = {4},
pages = {168--173},
volume = {5},
year = {2007},
date-added = {2010-06-24 12:55:10 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:27:29 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kim-2007-Genomics%20&%20Informatics_Application%20of%20Rando.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12872},
read = {Yes},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Jenny:2007p13553,
author = {B Jenny and N V Kelso},
journal = {SoC Bulletin},
title = {Designing Maps for the Colour-Vision Impaired},
abstract = {To design maps that are readable by the colour-vision impaired but are also appealing to those with normal colour vision successfully, cartographers need to know how the colour-vision impaired person perceives colour and which colour combinations become confused. In this article, we concentrate on red-green colour confusion, which is by far the most common form of colour-impaired vision, and suggest how maps can be designed to consider this user group. We also introduce Color Oracle (see http://colororacle.cartography.ch), a free application that allows the designer to see colours on the monitor as people with colour-impaired vision see them.},
pages = {9--12},
volume = {41},
year = {2007},
date-added = {2010-07-07 21:15:57 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-07 21:16:59 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Jenny-2007-SoC%20Bulletin_Designing%20Maps%20for%20t.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13553},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Miles:2003p7224,
author = {Jeremy Miles},
journal = {BMC Med Res Methodol},
title = {A framework for power analysis using a structural equation modelling procedure},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This paper demonstrates how structural equation modelling (SEM) can be used as a tool to aid in carrying out power analyses. For many complex multivariate designs that are increasingly being employed, power analyses can be difficult to carry out, because the software available lacks sufficient flexibility. Satorra and Saris developed a method for estimating the power of the likelihood ratio test for structural equation models. Whilst the Satorra and Saris approach is familiar to researchers who use the structural equation modelling approach, it is less well known amongst other researchers. The SEM approach can be equivalent to other multivariate statistical tests, and therefore the Satorra and Saris approach to power analysis can be used. METHODS: The covariance matrix, along with a vector of means, relating to the alternative hypothesis is generated. This represents the hypothesised population effects. A model (representing the null hypothesis) is then tested in a structural equation model, using the population parameters as input. An analysis based on the chi-square of this model can provide estimates of the sample size required for different levels of power to reject the null hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: The SEM based power analysis approach may prove useful for researchers designing research in the health and medical spheres.},
affiliation = {Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom. jnvm1@york.ac.uk},
pages = {27},
volume = {3},
year = {2003},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Chi-Square Distribution, Research Design, Analysis of Variance, Models: Statistical, Regression Analysis, Linear Models},
date-added = {2010-03-08 19:32:47 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-08 19:32:47 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-3-27},
pii = {1471-2288-3-27},
pmid = {14670092},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Miles-2003-BMC%20Med%20Res%20Methodol_A%20framework%20for%20powe.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7224},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Bohanec:2000p1847,
author = {M Bohanec and Blaz Zupan and V Rajkovic},
journal = {Int J Med Inform},
title = {Applications of qualitative multi-attribute decision models in health care},
abstract = {Hierarchical decision models are a general decision support methodology aimed at the classification or evaluation of options that occur in decision-making processes. They are also important for the analysis, simulation and explanation of options. Decision models are typically developed through the decomposition of complex decision problems into smaller and less complex subproblems; the result of such decomposition is a hierarchical structure that consists of attributes and utility functions. This article presents an approach to the development and application of qualitative hierarchical decision models that is based on DEX, an expert system shell for multi-attribute decision support. The distinguishing characteristics of DEX are the use of qualitative (symbolic) attributes, and 'if-then' decision rules. Also, DEX provides a number of methods for the analysis of models and options, such as selective explanation and what-if analysis. We demonstrate the applicability and flexibility of the approach presenting four real-life applications of DEX in health care: assessment of breast cancer risk, assessment of basic living activities in community nursing, risk assessment in diabetic foot care, and technical analysis of radiogram errors. In particular, we highlight and justify the importance of knowledge presentation and option analysis methods for practical decision-making. We further show that, using a recently developed data mining method called HINT, such hierarchical decision models can be discovered from retrospective patient data.},
affiliation = {Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.},
pages = {191--205},
volume = {58-59},
year = {2000},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Diabetic Foot, Female, Risk Assessment, Radiography: Thoracic, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Decision Trees, Nursing Assessment, Breast Neoplasms},
date-added = {2010-01-10 10:48:53 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:46:31 +0200},
pii = {S1386505600000873},
pmid = {10978921},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Bohanec-2000-Int%20J%20Med%20Inform_Applications%20of%20qual.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1847},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cramer:1991p5515,
author = {D Cramer},
journal = {Br J Med Psychol},
title = {Type A behaviour pattern, extraversion, neuroticism and psychological distress},
abstract = {The factorial structure of a nine-item Framingham Type A Scale, the 30-item General Health Questionnaire, the 57-item Eysenck Personality Inventory and a 20-item checklist of predominantly physical symptoms was examined in a nationally representative sample of 3065 women and 2520 men. For both women and men, the six principal components extracted from the 116 items and orthogonally rotated clearly corresponded to the six variables of psychological distress, neuroticism, symptoms, extraversion, the Lie scale and the Type A behaviour pattern. While Type A was positively correlated with neuroticism, psychological distress, extraversion and symptoms, there was no support for the idea that it could be more parsimoniously subsumed under these variables. Type A also showed a significant but very small positive association with self-reported coronary heart disease in men, although the correlations between heart disease and psychological distress, neuroticism and symptoms were more positive.},
affiliation = {Department of Social Sciences, Loughborough University of Technology, Leicestershire, UK.},
pages = {73--83},
volume = {64 ( Pt 1)},
year = {1991},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Extraversion (Psychology), Sick Role, Female, Type A Personality, Middle Aged, Coronary Disease, Adult, Personality Tests, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Stress: Psychological, Humans, Risk Factors, Male, Psychometrics, Neurotic Disorders},
date-added = {2010-02-12 14:59:41 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-12 14:59:41 +0100},
pmid = {2043507},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5515},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Fois:2010p10930,
author = {Alberto Fois},
journal = {Ital J Pediatr},
title = {Infantile spasms: review of the literature and personal experience},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: This epileptic disorder has become a classic topic for neuropediatricians and the interest is documented by the large number of publications on this subject.The relative frequency among the epileptic syndromes is an another reason why not only neuropediatricians but also general pediatricians must be fully informed about diagnostic, clinical, imaging and genetic aspects.Early diagnosis is of paramount importance in order to obtain even complete results in patients with so called idiopathic situations. A number of problems are still to be solved. There is no agreement on the type and the schedule of treatment. A common denominator about this problem is not jet available even if some advances in this regard have been accomplished. Of paramount importance is an accurate clinical and laboratory examination as a prerequisite regarding prognosis and results of therapy in every single case.However, even if more than 170 years have elapsed since the first communication of dr. West on the peculiar syndrome that his child was suffering of, the interest of scientists on this subject has now been enriched and rewarded.},
affiliation = {Institute of Clinical Pediatrics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. ftnp@libero.it.},
number = {1},
pages = {15},
volume = {36},
year = {2010},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-04-13 16:24:41 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-13 16:24:41 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1824-7288-36-15},
pii = {1824-7288-36-15},
pmid = {20181122},
URL = {http://www.ijponline.net/content/36/1/15},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Fois-2010-Ital%20J%20Pediatr_Infantile%20spasms%20re.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10930},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Morton-Williams:1984,
author = {J Morton-Williams and W Sykes},
journal = {Journal of the Market Research Society},
title = {The use of interaction coding and follow-up interviewers to investigate the comprehension of survey questions},
abstract = {This paper was based on findings from a research programme, funded by the ESRC and instituted at the Survey Methods Centre at SCPR under the directorship of the late Professor Gerald Hoinville. Building on the work of researchers in a number of diverse fields, the programme of research sought to 'lay bare' aspects of the survey process which are normally concealed: namely the interactions that take place between interviewers and respondents in the field. The main tool which was developed to assist in this was a classification of interviewer and respondent behaviour, applied in a systematic way to tape-recordings of interviews taking place in the field. For the purposes of this paper, we selected codes which we felt were indicative of problems with the administration or answering of survey questions (e.g. requests for clarification, questions misread), and attempted to identify the items in a survey which seemed persistently to create difficulties of one kind or another. Clarification of the nature of these difficulties was sought using an approach developed in the UK by Bill Belson. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with respondents to the original survey exploring - for each 'problem' item -their understanding of the question, the process by which they had arrived at their answer, their motivation to respond and their views as to the 'accuracy' of their response. The methods we employed now form part of a well-recognised battery of approaches which fall under the loose rubric of cognitive techniques. At the time - in the UK at least - we were breaking new ground and this is all too evident in our rather laborious introductory sections. Nowadays a brief reference to behaviour coding and retrospective 'think aloud' cognitive interviews would do away with most of the first few pages! Whatever the intrinsic value of the contents of this paper, we believe that it contributed to the development of current interest in, and application of more deeply probing methods for developing and testing survey questions. Probably the most famous of all surveys - the Census - is currently being rehauled using ~uch methods. Our re-reading of the paper reminds us only too vividly of the sense of excitement (and occasional despair) with which we approached the whole project. Most remarkable to recall is the opportunity which was given to us to undertake a labour intensive, exploratory piece of work. And to follow our interest without commitment to a specific output or 'useful' application beyond the reporting of our findings.},
pages = {109--127},
volume = {26},
year = {1984},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:34:18 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p943},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Hughes:2006p5439,
author = {Alicia A Hughes and Richard G Heimberg and Meredith E Coles and Brandon E Gibb and Michael R Liebowitz and Franklin R Schneier},
journal = {Behaviour Research and Therapy},
title = {Relations of the factors of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression to types of social anxiety},
abstract = {Our primary goal was to examine the relations of the specific components of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression [Clark, L. A., Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316-336] to two types of social anxiety (social interaction anxiety and performance anxiety) in 148 individuals with social phobia. In line with previous research, overall social anxiety was more closely related to the anhedonic depression (AD) or low positive affect factor of the tripartite model than to the physiological hyerarousal factor, controlling for general distress. However, as hypothesized, performance anxiety was more closely associated with the physiological hyerarousal factor, whereas social interaction anxiety was more closely associated with the AD or low positive affect factor. We also examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ; [Watson, D., Clark, L. A. (1991). The mood and anxiety symptom questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Iowa City]). Intercorrelations of the MASQ subscales were as expected, but correlations with measures of social anxiety, nonsocial anxiety, and depression provided only modest support for convergent and discriminant validity. Findings from this study provide a more detailed account of the specific components of the tripartite model that characterize the diversity of symptoms subsumed by social phobia.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122-6085, USA.},
number = {11},
pages = {1629--41},
volume = {44},
year = {2006},
month = {Nov},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Psychometrics, Anxiety, Models: Psychological, Depression, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Female, Reproducibility of Results, Interpersonal Relations, Adult},
date-added = {2010-02-11 17:23:52 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:18:50 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.015},
pii = {S0005-7967(05)00266-4},
pmid = {16457777},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5439},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lou:2006p6787,
author = {Xiang-Yang Lou and Mark C K Yang},
journal = {Genetica},
title = {Estimating effects of a single gene and polygenes on quantitative traits from a diallel design},
abstract = {A genetic model is developed with additive and dominance effects of a single gene and polygenes as well as general and specific reciprocal effects for the progeny from a diallel mating design. The methods of ANOVA, minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (MINQUE), restricted maximum likelihood estimation (REML), and maximum likelihood estimation (ML) are suggested for estimating variance components, and the methods of generalized least squares (GLS) and ordinary least squares (OLS) for fixed effects, while best linear unbiased prediction, linear unbiased prediction (LUP), and adjusted unbiased prediction are suggested for analyzing random effects. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to evaluate the unbiasedness and efficiency of statistical methods involving two diallel designs with commonly used sample sizes, 6 and 8 parents, with no and missing crosses, respectively. Simulation results show that GLS and OLS are almost equally efficient for estimation of fixed effects, while MINQUE (1) and REML are better estimators of the variance components and LUP is most practical method for prediction of random effects. Data from a Drosophila melanogaster experiment (Gilbert 1985a, Theor appl Genet 69:625-629) were used as a working example to demonstrate the statistical analysis. The new methodology is also applicable to screening candidate gene(s) and to other mating designs with multiple parents, such as nested (NC Design I) and factorial (NC Design II) designs. Moreover, this methodology can serve as a guide to develop new methods for detecting indiscernible major genes and mapping quantitative trait loci based on mixture distribution theory. The computer program for the methods suggested in this article is freely available from the authors.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatric Medicine, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Dr., Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA 22911-5844, USA. XL5N@virginia.edu},
number = {1-3},
pages = {471--84},
volume = {128},
year = {2006},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Drosophila Proteins, Female, Alleles, Male, Drosophila melanogaster, Models: Genetic, Carboxylesterase, Biometry, Quantitative Trait: Heritable, Monte Carlo Method, Likelihood Functions, Genes: Insect, Animals},
date-added = {2010-03-05 22:25:33 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:27:08 +0200},
doi = {10.1007/s10709-006-7853-y},
pmid = {17028974},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6787},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Murphy:2003p12286,
author = {Fionnuala C Murphy and Ian Nimmo-Smith and Andrew D Lawrence},
journal = {Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci},
title = {Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: a meta-analysis},
abstract = {The application of functional neuroimaging to the study of human emotion has yielded valuable data; however, the conclusions that may be drawn from any one study are limited. We applied novel statistical techniques to the meta-analysis of 106 PET and fMRI studies of human emotion and tested predictions made by key neuroscientific models. The results demonstrated partial support for asymmetry accounts. Greater left-sided activity was observed for approach emotions, whereas neural activity associated with negative/withdrawal emotions was symmetrical. Support was also found for affect program emotion accounts. The activation distributions associated with fear, disgust, and anger differed significantly. These emotions were most consistently associated in activity in regions associated with selective processing deficits when damaged: the amygdala, the insula and globus pallidus, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, respectively. In contrast, the distributions for happiness and sadness did not differ. These findings are considered in the context of conceptualizations of the neural correlates of human emotion.},
affiliation = {MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, England. fionnuala.murphy@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk},
number = {3},
pages = {207--33},
volume = {3},
year = {2003},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Models: Neurological, Humans, Tomography: Emission-Computed, Male, Dominance: Cerebral, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Emotions, Neuroanatomy, Brain, Oxygen Radioisotopes, Brain Mapping, Female},
date-added = {2010-06-09 20:13:34 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-09 20:13:34 +0200},
pmid = {14672157},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Murphy-2003-Cogn%20Affect%20Behav%20Neurosci_Functional%20neuroanat.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12286},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Levenstien:2003p13192,
author = {Mark A Levenstien and Yaning Yang and J{\"u}rg Ott},
journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
title = {Statistical significance for hierarchical clustering in genetic association and microarray expression studies},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: With the increasing amount of data generated in molecular genetics laboratories, it is often difficult to make sense of results because of the vast number of different outcomes or variables studied. Examples include expression levels for large numbers of genes and haplotypes at large numbers of loci. It is then natural to group observations into smaller numbers of classes that allow for an easier overview and interpretation of the data. This grouping is often carried out in multiple steps with the aid of hierarchical cluster analysis, each step leading to a smaller number of classes by combining similar observations or classes. At each step, either implicitly or explicitly, researchers tend to interpret results and eventually focus on that set of classes providing the "best" (most significant) result. While this approach makes sense, the overall statistical significance of the experiment must include the clustering process, which modifies the grouping structure of the data and often removes variation. RESULTS: For hierarchically clustered data, we propose considering the strongest result or, equivalently, the smallest p-value as the experiment-wise statistic of interest and evaluating its significance level for a global assessment of statistical significance. We apply our approach to datasets from haplotype association and microarray expression studies where hierarchical clustering has been used. CONCLUSION: In all of the cases we examine, we find that relying on one set of classes in the course of clustering leads to significance levels that are too small when compared with the significance level associated with an overall statistic that incorporates the process of clustering. In other words, relying on one step of clustering may furnish a formally significant result while the overall experiment is not significant.},
affiliation = {Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, United States. markl@linkage.rockefeller.edu},
pages = {62},
volume = {4},
year = {2003},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Confidence Intervals, Linkage Disequilibrium, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Gene Expression Regulation: Neoplastic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Models: Statistical, Haplotypes, Lymphoma, Cluster Analysis, Substance-Related Disorders, Lung Neoplasms, Gene Expression Profiling},
date-added = {2010-07-01 15:26:55 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-01 15:26:56 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2105-4-62},
pii = {1471-2105-4-62},
pmid = {14667254},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Levenstien-2003-BMC%20Bioinformatics_Statistical%20signific.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13192},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Flint:2007p10386,
author = {Jonathan Flint and Marcus R Munaf{\`o}},
journal = {Psychol Med},
title = {The endophenotype concept in psychiatric genetics},
abstract = {The idea that some phenotypes bear a closer relationship to the biological processes that give rise to psychiatric illness than diagnostic categories has attracted considerable interest. Much effort has been devoted to finding such endophenotypes, partly because it is believed that the genetic basis of endophenotypes will be easier to analyse than that of psychiatric disease. This belief depends in part on the assumption that the effect sizes of genetic loci contributing to endophenotypes are larger than those contributing to disease susceptibility, hence increasing the chance that genetic linkage and association tests will detect them. We examine this assumption by applying meta-analytical techniques to genetic association studies of endophenotypes. We find that the genetic effect sizes of the loci examined to date are no larger than those reported for other phenotypes. A review of the genetic architecture of traits in model organisms also provides no support for the view that the effect sizes of loci contributing to phenotypes closer to the biological basis of disease is any larger than those contributing to disease itself. While endophenotype measures may afford greater reliability, it should not be assumed that they will also demonstrate simpler genetic architecture.},
affiliation = {Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.},
number = {2},
pages = {163--80},
volume = {37},
year = {2007},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Models: Genetic, Psychotic Disorders, Mental Disorders, Humans, Psychiatry, Genotype, Phenotype, Models: Psychological, Catechol O-Methyltransferase},
date-added = {2010-04-07 10:54:02 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-07 10:54:11 +0200},
doi = {10.1017/S0033291706008750},
pii = {S0033291706008750},
pmid = {16978446},
URL = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=658028},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Flint-2007-Psychol%20Med_The%20endophenotype%20co.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10386},
read = {Yes},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Stuger:2006,
author = {H P St{\"u}ger},
journal = {Austrian Journal of Statistics},
title = {Asymmetric Loss Functions and Sample Size Determination: A Bayesian Approach},
number = {1},
pages = {57--66},
volume = {35},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:20 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/St%C3%BCger-2006-Austrian%20Journal%20of%20Statistics_Asymmetric%20Loss%20Func.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2151},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Tennant:2000p5904,
author = {A Tennant},
journal = {British Medical Bulletin},
title = {Measuring outcome},
abstract = {In the context of health and illness, outcome is usually defined as the extent to which goals are achieved. It is necessary to understand: (i) the conceptual basis of the consequences of stroke; (ii) the context of measurement; and (iii) the calibre of the instruments available. In 1980, the World Health Organization provided an appropriate conceptual framework. The location, for example in-patient or out- patient, must be considered; as should the professional mix of the service; the time since onset and whether or not the setting is routine clinical practice or research. For the calibre of the measuring instruments psychometric studies report on reliability and validity. Other limitations and omissions in current measurement practice are being addressed through Item Response Theory. In clinical practice, current use of outcome measures is limited but it would seem that, by default at least, a core set of outcome measures is emerging.},
affiliation = {Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, },
number = {2},
pages = {287--295},
volume = {56},
year = {2000},
date-added = {2010-02-18 23:06:53 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-18 23:07:50 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Tennant-2000

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib