text:
@article{Law2015,
author = {Law, Elizabeth a. and Wilson, Kerrie a.},
doi = {10.1111/conl.12168},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Law, Wilson - 2015 - Providing Context for the Land-Sharing and Land-Sparing Debate.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1755263X},
journal = {Conservation Letters},
keywords = {agriculture,biodiversity,conservation,land,land sparing,policy,sharing,wildlife friendly},
number = {0},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
title = {{Providing Context for the Land-Sharing and Land-Sparing Debate}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/conl.12168},
volume = {00},
year = {2015}
}
@misc{Nelson2008,
address = {Ispra, Italy},
author = {Nelson, Andrew},
booktitle = {Global Environment Monitoring Unit-Joint Research Centre of the European Commission,Ispra Italy},
publisher = {Global Environment Monitoring Unit - Joint Research Centre of the European Commission},
title = {{Estimated travel time to the nearest city of 50,000 or more people in year 2000}},
url = {http://bioval.jrc.ec.europa.eu/products/gam/ http://forobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/products/gam/},
year = {2008}
}
@article{McDowell2015,
author = {McDowell, Nate G. and Coops, Nicholas C. and Beck, Pieter S.A. and Chambers, Jeffrey Q. and Gangodagamage, Chandana and Hicke, Jeffrey A. and Huang, Cho-ying and Kennedy, Robert and Krofcheck, Dan J. and Litvak, Marcy and Meddens, Arjan J.H. and Muss, Jordan and Negr{\'{o}}n-Juarez, Robinson and Peng, Changhui and Schwantes, Amanda M. and Swenson, Jennifer J. and Vernon, Louis J. and Williams, A. Park and Xu, Chonggang and Zhao, Maosheng and Running, Steve W. and Allen, Craig D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.008},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/McDowell et al. - 2015 - Global satellite monitoring of climate-induced vegetation disturbances.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13601385},
journal = {Trends in Plant Science},
keywords = {climate change,die-off,drought,forests,landscape,mortality,satellite},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {114--123},
title = {{Global satellite monitoring of climate-induced vegetation disturbances}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1360138514002726},
volume = {20},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Jung2015,
abstract = {The quantification of landscape structures from remote-sensing products is an important part of many analyses in landscape ecology studies. This paper introduces a new free and open-source tool for conducting landscape ecology analysis. LecoS is able to compute a variety of basic and advanced landscape metrics in an automatized way. The calculation can furthermore be partitioned by iterating through an optional provided polygon layer. The new tool is integrated into the QGIS processing framework and can thus be used as a stand-alone tool or within bigger complex models. For illustration a potential case-study is presented, which tries to quantify pollinator responses on landscape derived metrics at various scales.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {10.7287/peerj.preprints.270v1},
author = {Jung, Martin},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.11.006},
eprint = {peerj.preprints.270v1},
isbn = {2255782855},
issn = {15749541},
journal = {Ecological Informatics},
keywords = {GIS,Landscape ecology,Landscape metrics,Pollinators,Python,Spatial-analysis},
month = {jan},
pages = {18--21},
primaryClass = {10.7287},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{LecoS — A python plugin for automated landscape ecology analysis}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1574954115001879},
volume = {31},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Phalan2011,
abstract = {Should farming and conservation policies aim broadly to separate land for nature and land for production (land sparing) or integrate production and conservation on the same land (wildlife-friendly farming)? Most studies that try to address this question suffer from flaws in sampling design, inappropriate metrics, and/or failure to measure biodiversity baselines. We discuss how these failings can be addressed, and what existing information tells us about the key debates on this topic. The evidence available suggests that trade-offs between biodiversity and yield are prevalent. While there are some wildlife-friendly farming systems that support high species richness, a large proportion of wild species cannot survive in even the most benign farming systems. To conserve those species, protection of wild lands will remain essential. Sustainable intensification could help to facilitate sparing of such lands, provided that as much attention is given to protecting habitats as to raising yields. We discuss the general circumstances under which yield increases can facilitate land sparing, recognising that policies and social safeguards will need to be context-specific. In some situations, bringing degraded lands into production could help reduce pressure on wild lands, but much more information is needed on the biodiversity implications of using degraded lands. We conclude that restricting human requirements for land globally will be important in limiting the impacts on biodiversity of increasing food production. To achieve this, society will need to integrate explicit conservation objectives into local, regional and international policies affecting the food system. {\textcopyright} 2010.},
author = {Phalan, Ben and Balmford, Andrew and Green, Rhys E. and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P W},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.008},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2011/Phalan et al.{\_}2011{\_}Minimising the harm to biodiversity of producing more food globally.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0306-9192},
issn = {03069192},
journal = {Food Policy},
keywords = {Agriculture,Biodiversity conservation,Land sparing,Land-use policy,Organic farming,Wildlife-friendly farming},
pages = {S62--S71},
pmid = {57545290},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Minimising the harm to biodiversity of producing more food globally}},
volume = {36},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Fordham2013,
author = {Fordham, D. a. and Ak{\c{c}}akaya, H. R. and Brook, B. W. and Rodr{\'{i}}guez, A. and Alves, P. C. and Civantos, E. and Trivi{\~{n}}o, M. and Watts, M. J. and Ara{\'{u}}jo, M. B.},
doi = {10.1038/nclimate1954},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fordham et al. - 2013 - Adapted conservation measures are required to save the Iberian lynx in a changing climate.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1758-678X},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
month = {jul},
number = {10},
pages = {899--903},
title = {{Adapted conservation measures are required to save the Iberian lynx in a changing climate}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nclimate1954},
volume = {3},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Jackson2014a,
abstract = {ABSTRACT Aim The spatial extent (scale) at which landscape attributes are measured has a strong impact on inferred species–landscape relationships.Consequently, research- ers commonly measure landscape variables atmultiple scales to select one scale (the ‘scale of effect') that yields the strongest species–landscape relationship. Scales of effect observed in multiscale studies may not be true scales of effect if scales are arbitrarily selected and/or are too narrow in range. Miscalculation of the scale of effect may explain why the theoretical relationship between scale of effect and species traits, e.g. dispersal distance, is not empirically well supported. Location World-wide. Methods Using data from 583 species in 71 studies we conducted a quantitative review ofmultiscale studies to evaluate whether research has been conducted at the true scale of effect. Results Multiple lines of evidence indicated that multiscale studies are often conducted at suboptimal scales.We did not find convincing evidence of a relation- ship between observed scale of effect and any of 29 species traits. Instead, observed scales of effect were strongly positively predicted by the smallest and largest scales evaluated by researchers. Only 29{\%} of studies reported biological reasons for the scales evaluated. Scales tended to be narrow in range (the mean range is 0.9 orders of magnitude) and few (the mean number of scales evaluated is four).Many species (44{\%}) had observed scales of effect equal to the smallest or largest scale evaluated, suggesting a better scale was outside that range. Increasing the range of scales evaluated decreased the proportion of species with scales of effect equal to the smallest or largest scale evaluated. Main conclusions To ensure that species–landscape relationships are well esti- mated, we recommend that the scales at which landscape variables are measured range widely, from the size of a single territory to well above the average dispersal distance.},
author = {Jackson, Heather Bird and Fahrig, Lenore},
doi = {10.1111/geb.12233},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jackson, Fahrig - 2015 - Are ecologists conducting research at the optimal scale.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1466-822X},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {characteristic scale,focal patch,habitat fragmentation,landscape composition,landscape configuration,scale of response},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {52--63},
title = {{Are ecologists conducting research at the optimal scale?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/geb.12233},
volume = {24},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Gao1996,
abstract = {The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been widely used for remote sensing of vegetation for many years. This index uses radiances or reflectances from a red channel around 0.66 ??m and a near-IR channel around 0.86 ??m. The red channel is located in the strong chlorophyll absorption region, while the near-IR channel is located in the high reflectance plateau of vegetation canopies. The two channels sense very different depths through vegetation canopies. In this article, another index, namely the normalized difference water index (NDWI), is proposed for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space. NDWI is defined as (p(0.86 ??m) - ??(1.24 ??m))/(??(0.86 ??m) + ??(1.24 ??m)), where ?? represents the radiance in reflectance units. Both the 0.86-??m and the 1.24-??m channels are located in the high reflectance plateau of vegetation canopies. They sense similar depths through vegetation canopies. They sense similar depths through vegetation canopies. Absorption by vegetation liquid water near 0.86 ??m is negligible. Weak liquid absorption at 1.24 ??m is present. Canopy scattering enhances the water absorption. As a result, NDWI is sensitive to changes in liquid water content of vegetation canopies. Atmospheric aerosol scattering effects in the 0.86-1.24 ??m region are weak. NDWI is less sensitive to atmospheric effects than NDVI. NDWI does not remove completely the background soil reflectance effects, similar to NDVI. Because the information about vegetation canopies contained in the 1.24-??m channel is very different from that contained in the red channel near 0.66 ??m. NDWI should be considered as an independent vegetation index. It is complementary to, not a substitute for NDVI. Laboratory-measured reflectance of stacked green leaves, and spectral imaging data acquired with Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) over Jasper Ridge in California and the High Plains in northern Colorado, are used to demonstrate the usefulness of NDWI. Comparisons between NDWI and NDVI images are also given.},
author = {Gao, Bo-cai},
doi = {10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00067-3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gao - 1996 - NDWI—A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
month = {dec},
number = {3},
pages = {257--266},
pmid = {728},
title = {{NDWI—A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425796000673},
volume = {58},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Wilson2005,
abstract = {The first expected symptoms of a climate change-generated biodiversity crisis are range contractions and extinctions at lower elevational and latitudinal limits to species distributions. However, whilst range expansions at high elevations and latitudes have been widely documented, there has been surprisingly little evidence for contractions at warm margins. We show that lower elevational limits for 16 butterfly species in central Spain have risen on average by 212 m (± SE 60) in 30 years, accompanying a 1.3 °C rise (equivalent to c. 225 m) in mean annual temperature. These elevational shifts signify an average reduction in habitable area by one-third, with losses of 50-80{\%} projected for the coming century, given maintenance of the species thermal associations. The results suggest that many species have already suffered climate-mediated habitat losses that may threaten their long-term chances of survival.},
author = {Wilson, Robert J. and Guti{\'{e}}rrez, David and Guti{\'{e}}rrez, Javier and Mart{\'{i}}nez, David and Agudo, Rosa and Monserrat, Victor J. V{\'{i}}ctor J},
doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00824.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2005/Wilson et al.{\_}2005{\_}Changes to the elevational limits and extent of species ranges associated with climate change.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1461-023X},
issn = {1461-023X},
journal = {Ecology letters},
keywords = {1138,1146,2005,8,Conservation,Elevational associations,Extinction,Lepidoptera,Range margins,Range shifts,Species distributions,conservation,ecology letters,elevational associations,extinction,lepidoptera,range,range margins,shifts,species distributions},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {1138--46},
pmid = {21352437},
title = {{Changes to the elevational limits and extent of species ranges associated with climate change.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21352437},
volume = {8},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Alroy2017,
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1408.1149},
author = {Alroy, John},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1611855114},
eprint = {arXiv:1408.1149},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Alroy - 2017 - Effects of habitat disturbance on tropical forest biodiversity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1215421109},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {jun},
number = {23},
pages = {6056--6061},
pmid = {28461482},
title = {{Effects of habitat disturbance on tropical forest biodiversity}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1611855114},
volume = {114},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Hylander2013,
abstract = {Extinction debts can result from many types of habitat changes involving mechanisms other than metapopulation processes. This is a fact that most recent literature on extinction debts pays little attention to. We argue that extinction debts can arise because (i) individuals survive in resistant life-cycle stages long after habitat quality change, (ii) stochastic extinctions of populations that have become small are not immediate, and (iii) metapopulations survive long after that connectivity has decreased if colonization-extinction dynamics is slow. A failure to distinguish between these different mechanisms and to simultaneously consider both the size of the extinction debt and the relaxation time hampers our understanding of how extinction debts arise and our ability to prevent ultimate extinctions. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Hylander, Kristoffer and Ehrl{\'{e}}n, Johan},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.010},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1-s2.0-S016953471300027X-main.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
keywords = {Colonization credit,Extinction,Extinction debt,Metapopulation,Population,Remnant population,Time lag},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {341--346},
pmid = {23419539},
title = {{The mechanisms causing extinction debts}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471300027X},
volume = {28},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Bruton2015,
author = {Bruton, Melissa J. and Maron, Martine and Levin, Noam and McAlpine, Clive a.},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-015-0157-9},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bruton et al. - 2015 - Testing the relevance of binary, mosaic and continuous landscape conceptualisations to reptiles in regenerating d.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0921-2973},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {australia {\'{a}} biodiversity conservation,landscape context {\'{a}} land,landscape gradient model {\'{a}},management {\'{a}} landsat {\'{a}},queensland {\'{a}} remote,{\'{a}}},
number = {4},
pages = {715--728},
title = {{Testing the relevance of binary, mosaic and continuous landscape conceptualisations to reptiles in regenerating dryland landscapes}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-015-0157-9},
volume = {30},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Conte2010,
abstract = {In this article, I argue that conservation science in its role of advocate for the natural world could profitably draw from site-specific histories that integrate human and natural histories. Both fields analyze the dynamic interaction of structure and process. In East Africa's Eastern Arc Mountains, where forests contain high levels of species endemism and biological diversity, the prevailing historical paradigm from conservation science represents today's forests as surviving fragments of much larger forests. This view builds upon a century-long tradition of scientific scholarship that has developed theories for the evolution of Eastern Arc forests that encompass geological time scales. However, the relatively brief, millennialscale land-use history of the mountains, insofar as it is currently understood, suggests that human manipulation of forest biota involved periods of deforestation and regeneration, as well as the introduction of exotic plants.},
author = {Conte, Christopher},
doi = {10.1525/bio.2010.60.4.9},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Conte{\_}2010{\_}Forest History in East Africa's Eastern Arc Mountains Biological Science and the Uses of History.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3568},
issn = {0006-3568},
journal = {BioScience},
keywords = {biology,conservation,eastern arc mountains,forest,history},
number = {4},
pages = {309--313},
title = {{Forest History in East Africa's Eastern Arc Mountains: Biological Science and the Uses of History}},
volume = {60},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Watson2014a,
abstract = {Originally conceived to conserve iconic landscapes and wildlife, protected areas are now expected to achieve an increasingly diverse set of conservation, social and economic objectives. The amount of land and sea designated as formally protected has markedly increased over the past century, but there is still a major shortfall in political commitments to enhance the coverage and effectiveness of protected areas. Financial support for protected areas is dwarfed by the benefits that they provide, but these returns depend on effective management. A step change involving increased recognition, funding, planning and enforcement is urgently needed if protected areas are going to fulfil their potential.},
author = {Watson, James E. M. and Dudley, Nigel and Segan, Daniel B. and Hockings, Marc},
doi = {10.1038/nature13947},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Watson et al. - 2014 - The performance and potential of protected areas.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0028-0836},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
number = {7525},
pages = {67--73},
title = {{The performance and potential of protected areas}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13947},
volume = {515},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Potts2003,
author = {Potts, SG and Vulliamy, B and Dafni, A and Carmel, Mount},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2003/Potts et al.{\_}2003{\_}Linking bees and flowers How do floral communities structure pollinator communities.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {bee diversity,community structure,energy partitioning,fire,grazing,mediterranean,nectar,nest substrate availability,pollen},
number = {10},
pages = {2628--2642},
title = {{Linking bees and flowers: How do floral communities structure pollinator communities?}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/02-0136},
volume = {84},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Titeux2016,
abstract = {Efficient management of biodiversity requires a forward-looking approach based on scenarios that explore biodiversity changes under future environmental conditions. A number of ecological models have been proposed over the last decades to develop these biodiversity scenarios. Novel modelling approaches with strong theoretical foundation now offer the possibility to integrate key ecological and evolutionary processes that shape species distribution and community structure. Although biodiversity is affected by multiple threats, most studies addressing the effects of future environmental changes on biodiversity focus on a single threat only. We examined the studies published during the last 25 years that developed scenarios to predict future biodiversity changes based on climate, land use and land cover change projections. We found that biodiversity scenarios mostly focus on the future impacts of climate change and largely neglect changes in land use and land cover. The emphasis on climate change impacts has increased over time and has now reached a maximum. Yet, the direct destruction and degradation of habitats through land use and land cover changes are among the most significant and immediate threats to biodiversity. We argue that the current state of integration between ecological and land system sciences is leading to biased estimation of actual risks and therefore constrains the implementation of forward-looking policy responses to biodiversity decline. We suggest research directions at the crossroads between ecological and environmental sciences to face the challenge of developing interoperable and plausible projections of future environmental changes and to anticipate the full range of their potential impacts on biodiversity. An intergovernmental platform is needed to stimulate such collaborative research efforts and to emphasize the societal and political relevance of taking up this challenge. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
author = {Titeux, Nicolas and Henle, Klaus and Mihoub, Jean-Baptiste and Regos, Adri{\'{a}}n and Geijzendorffer, Ilse R. and Cramer, Wolfgang and Verburg, Peter H. and Brotons, Llu{\'{i}}s},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.13272},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/gcb.13272.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2486 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1354-1013 (Linking)},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {biodiversity projections,climate change,ecological forecasting,land system science,land-cover change,predictive models,species distribution models,storylines},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {2505--2515},
pmid = {26950650},
title = {{Biodiversity scenarios neglect future land-use changes}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/gcb.13272},
volume = {22},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Buckley2008,
abstract = {Patterns of species turnover are central to the geography of biodiversity and resulting challenges for conservation, but at broad scales remain relatively little understood. Here, we take a first spatially-explicitly and global perspective to link the spatial turnover of species and environments. We compare how major groups of vertebrate ectotherms (amphibians) and endotherms (birds) respond to spatial environmental gradients. We find that high levels of species turnover occur regardless of environmental turnover rates, but environmental turnover provides a lower bound for species turnover. This lower bound increases more steeply with environmental turnover in tropical realms. While bird and amphibian turnover rates are correlated, the rate of amphibian turnover is four times steeper than bird rates. This is the same factor by which average geographic ranges of birds are larger than those of amphibians. Narrow-ranged birds exhibit rapid rates of species turnover similar to those for amphibians, while wide-ranged birds largely drive the aggregate patterns of avian turnover. We confirm a strong influence of the environment on species turnover that is mediated by range sizes and regional history. In contrast to geographic patterns of species richness, we find that the turnover in one group (amphibians) is a much better predictor for the turnover in another (birds) than is environment. This result confirms the role of amphibian sensitivity to environmental conditions for patterns of turnover and supports their value as a surrogate group. This spatially-explicit analysis of environmental turnover provides understanding for conservation planning in changing environments.},
author = {Buckley, Lauren B and Jetz, Walter},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0803524105},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Buckley, Jetz - 2008 - Linking global turnover of species and environments.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1091-6490 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0027-8424 (Linking)},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {Africa,Amphibians,Animals,Biodiversity,Birds,Central,Ecosystem,Environment,Least-Squares Analysis,Macroecology,Turnover},
mendeley-tags = {Macroecology,Turnover},
month = {nov},
number = {46},
pages = {17836--17841},
pmid = {19001274},
title = {{Linking global turnover of species and environments}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0803524105},
volume = {105},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Nimmo2012,
abstract = {Aim We examined the century-long post-fire responses of reptiles to (1) determine the time-scales over which fauna fire relationships occur, (2) assess the capacity of a conceptual model to predict faunal response to fire, and (3) investigate the degree to which models of fauna fire relationships can predict species occurrence and are transferable across space. Location A 104,000 km2 area in the semi-arid Murray Mallee region of south-eastern Australia. Methods We surveyed reptiles at 280 sites across a century-long post-fire chronosequence. We developed generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) of the relationship between time since fire and the occurrence of 17 species in two subregions, and compared modelled responses with predictions derived from the conceptual model. The predictive capacity of GAMMs was then assessed (1) within the subregion the model was developed and (2) when transferred into a novel subregion. Results Eleven species displayed a significant relationship with time-since-fire, with changes in species probability of occurrence continuing up to 100 years post-fire. Predictions of the timing of species post-fire peak in occurrence were accurate for 9 of 13 species models for which a significant fire response was detected, but little success was achieved in predicting the shape of a species' response. GAMMs predicted species occurrence more accurately when applied within the subregion in which they were developed than when transferred into a novel subregion, primarily due to some species responding to fire more strongly in one part of their geographic range. Main conclusions Fire influences the occurrence of reptiles in semi-arid ecosystems over century-long time frames. Habitat-use conceptual models have value in predicting the peak occurrence of species following fire, particularly for species with distributions strongly shaped by fire. Species relationships with fire can differ across their geographic range, probably associated with variation in climatic influences on post-fire succession and the consequent provision of habitat resources.},
author = {Nimmo, Dale G. and Kelly, Luke T. and Spence-Bailey, Lisa M. and Watson, Simon J. and Haslem, Angie and White, John G. and Clarke, Mike F. and Bennett, Andrew F.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00747.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Nimmo et al. - 2012 - Predicting the century-long post-fire responses of reptiles.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1466-822X},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Australia,Chronosequence,Fire,Generalized additive mixed models,Habitat accommodation model,Mallee,Model transferability,Reptiles},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {1062--1073},
title = {{Predicting the century-long post-fire responses of reptiles}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00747.x},
volume = {21},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Dengler2009,
abstract = {Aim The aims of this study are to resolve terminological confusion around different types of species–area relationships (SARs) and their delimitation from species sampling relationships (SSRs), to provide a comprehensive overview of models and analytical methods for SARs, to evaluate these theoretically and empirically, and to suggest a more consistent approach for the treatment of species–area data.Location Curonian Spit in north-west Russia and archipelagos world-wide.Methods First, I review various typologies for SARs and SSRs as well as mathematical models, fitting procedures and goodness-of-fit measures applied to SARs. This results in a list of 23 function types, which are applicable both for untransformed (S) and for log-transformed (log S) species richness. Then, example data sets for nested plots in continuous vegetation (n = 14) and islands (n = 6) are fitted to a selection of 12 function types (linear, power, logarithmic, saturation, sigmoid) both for S and for log S. The suitability of these models is assessed with Akaike's information criterion for S and log S, and with a newly proposed metric that addresses extrapolation capability.Results SARs, which provide species numbers for different areas and have no upper asymptote, must be distinguished from SSRs, which approach the species richness of one single area asymptotically. Among SARs, nested plots in continuous ecosystems, non-nested plots in continuous ecosystems, and isolates can be distinguished. For the SARs of the empirical data sets, the normal and quadratic power functions as well as two of the sigmoid functions (Lomolino, cumulative beta-P) generally performed well. The normal power function (fitted for S) was particularly suitable for predicting richness values over ten-fold increases in area. Linear, logarithmic, convex saturation and logistic functions generally were inappropriate. However, the two sigmoid models produced unstable results with arbitrary parameter estimates, and the quadratic power function resulted in decreasing richness values for large areas.Main conclusions Based on theoretical considerations and empirical results, I suggest that the power law should be used to describe and compare any type of SAR while at the same time testing whether the exponent z changes with spatial scale. In addition, one should be aware that power-law parameters are significantly influenced by methodology.},
author = {Dengler, J{\"{u}}rgen},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02038.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/Dengler{\_}2009{\_}Which function describes the species-area relationship best A review and empirical evaluation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0305-0270},
issn = {03050270},
journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
keywords = {Curve fitting,Goodness-of-fit,Logarithmic function,Macroecology,Model selection,Power function,Saturation function,Sigmoid function,Species sampling relationship,Species-area relationship},
pages = {728--744},
title = {{Which function describes the species-area relationship best? A review and empirical evaluation}},
volume = {36},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Ellis2012,
abstract = {In ecological analyses of species and community distributions there is interest in the nature of their responses to environmental gradients and in identifying the most important environmental variables, which may be used for predicting patterns of biodiversity. Methods such as random forests already exist to assess predictor importance for individual species and to indicate where along gradients abundance changes. However, there is a need to extend these methods to whole assemblages, to establish where along the range of these gradients the important compositional changes occur, and to identify any important thresholds or change points. We develop such a method, called "gradient forest," which is an extension of the random forest approach. By synthesizing the cross-validated R2 and accuracy importance measures from univariate random forest analyses across multiple species, sampling devices, and surveys, gradient forest obtains a monotonic function of each predictor that represents the compositional turnover along the gradient of the predictor. When applied to a synthetic data set, the method correctly identified the important predictors and delineated where the compositional change points occurred along these gradients. Application of gradient forest to a real data set from part of the Great Barrier Reef identified mud fraction of the sediment as the most important predictor, with highest compositional turnover occurring at mud fraction values around 25{\%}, and provided similar information for other predictors. Such refined information allows for more accurate capturing of biodiversity patterns for the purposes of bioregionalization, delineation of protected areas, or designing of biodiversity surveys.},
author = {Ellis, Nick and Smith, Stephen J. and Pitcher, C. Roland},
doi = {10.1890/11-0252.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ellis, Smith, Pitcher - 2012 - Gradient forests calculating importance gradients on physical predictors.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012-9658},
issn = {0012-9658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Community data,Compositional turnover,Great Barrier Reef,Random forests,Variable importance},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {156--168},
pmid = {22486096},
title = {{Gradient forests: calculating importance gradients on physical predictors}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/11-0252.1},
volume = {93},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hurtt2011,
author = {Hurtt, G. C. and Chini, L. P. and Frolking, S. and Betts, R. a. and Feddema, J. and Fischer, G. and Fisk, J. P. and Hibbard, K. and Houghton, R. a. and Janetos, A. and Jones, C. D. and Kindermann, G. and Kinoshita, T. and {Klein Goldewijk}, Kees and Riahi, K. and Shevliakova, E. and Smith, S. and Stehfest, E. and Thomson, A. and Thornton, P. and van Vuuren, D. P. and Wang, Y. P.},
doi = {10.1007/s10584-011-0153-2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hurtt et al. - 2011 - Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100 600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitio.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0165-0009},
journal = {Climatic Change},
month = {nov},
number = {1-2},
pages = {117--161},
title = {{Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100: 600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting secondary lands}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-011-0153-2},
volume = {109},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Owens2000,
abstract = {Understanding the ecological mechanisms that underlie extinction is fundamental to conservation. It is well established that not all taxa are equally vulnerable to extinction, but the reasons for these differences are poorly understood. This may be, in part, because different taxa are threatened by different mechanisms. Theoretically, sources of extinction risk that perturb the balance between fecundity and longevity, such as human persecution and introduced predators, should be particularly hazardous for taxa that have slow rates of population growth. In contrast, sources of extinction risk that reduce niche availability, such as habitat loss, should represent a particular threat to taxa that are ecologically specialized. Here we test these predictions by using a phylogenetic comparative method and a database on 95 families of birds. As theory predicts, extinction risk incurred through persecution and introduced predators is associated with large body size and long generation time but is not associated with degree of specialization, whereas extinction risk incurred through habitat loss is associated with habitat specialization and small body size but not with generation time. These results demonstrate the importance of considering separately the multiple mechanisms that underlie contemporary patterns of extinction. They also reveal why it has previously proven so difficult to identify simple ecological correlates of overall extinction risk.},
author = {Owens, I. P. F. and Bennett, P M},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.200223397},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Owens, Bennett - 2000 - Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds Habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0027-8424},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {oct},
number = {22},
pages = {12144--12148},
pmid = {11005835},
title = {{Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds: Habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.200223397},
volume = {97},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Pillar2015,
author = {Pillar, Andrew G. and Wilson, Scott and Flood, Nancy J. and Reudink, Matthew W.},
doi = {10.1007/s10144-014-0467-9},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pillar et al. - 2015 - Population response to environmental productivity throughout the annual cycle in a migratory songbird.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1438-3896},
journal = {Population Ecology},
keywords = {Abundance,BBS,Bullock???s oriole,Climate,Long-term,NDVI},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {163--173},
title = {{Population response to environmental productivity throughout the annual cycle in a migratory songbird}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10144-014-0467-9},
volume = {57},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Ghosh2010,
abstract = {Collection of data on economic variables, especially sub-national income levels, is problematic, due to various shortcomings in the data collection process. Additionally, the informal economy is often excluded from official statistics. Nighttime lights satellite imagery and the LandScan population grid provide an alternative means for measuring economic activity. We have developed a model for creating a disaggregated map of estimated total (formal plus informal) economic activity for countries and states of the world. Regression models were developed to calibrate the sum of lights to official measures of economic activity at the sub-national level for China, India, Mexico, and the United States and at the national level for other countries of the world, and subsequently unique coefficients were derived. Multiplying the unique coefficients with the sum of lights provided estimates of total economic activity, which were spatially distributed to generate a spatially disaggregated 1 km2 map of total economic activity.},
author = {Ghosh, Tilottama and Powell, Rebecca L and Elvidge, Christopher D and Baugh, Kimberly E and Sutton, Paul C and Anderson, Sharolyn},
doi = {10.2174/1874923201003010147},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ghosh et al. - 2010 - Shedding Light on the Global Distribution of Economic Activity.pdf:pdf},
issn = {18749232},
journal = {Open Geography Journal},
keywords = {LandScan population grid,disaggregated map of total economic activity,informal economy,nighttime lights imagery},
month = {dec},
number = {1},
pages = {148--161},
title = {{Shedding Light on the Global Distribution of Economic Activity}},
url = {http://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOGEOGJ-3-147},
volume = {3},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Allan2015,
author = {Allan, Eric and Manning, Pete and Alt, Fabian and Binkenstein, Julia and Blaser, Stefan and Bl{\"{u}}thgen, Nico and B{\"{o}}hm, Stefan and Grassein, Fabrice and H{\"{o}}lzel, Norbert and Klaus, Valentin H. and Kleinebecker, Till and Morris, E. Kathryn and Oelmann, Yvonne and Prati, Daniel and Renner, Swen C. and Rillig, Matthias C. and Schaefer, Martin and Schloter, Michael and Schmitt, Barbara and Sch{\"{o}}ning, Ingo and Schrumpf, Marion and Solly, Emily and Sorkau, Elisabeth and Steckel, Juliane and Steffen-Dewenter, Ingolf and Stempfhuber, Barbara and Tschapka, Marco and Weiner, Christiane N. and Weisser, Wolfgang W. and Werner, Michael and Westphal, Catrin and Wilcke, Wolfgang and Fischer, Markus},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12469},
editor = {Knops, Johannes},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Allan et al. - 2015 - Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional co.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {1,2,2015,biodiversity,ecology letters,ecosystem functioning,ecosystem services,eric allan,global change,land use,multifunctionality,pete manning},
month = {jun},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
title = {{Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.12469},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Ehrlen2002,
abstract = {Trade-offs involving life span are important in the molding of plant life histories. However, the empirical examination of such patterns has so far been limited by the fact that information on life span is mainly available in terms of discrete categories; annuals, semelparous perennials and iteroparous perennials. We used transition matrix models to project continuous estimates of conditional life spans from published information on size- or stage-structured demography for 71 perennial plant species. The projected life span ranged from 4.3 to 988.6 years and more than half of the species had a life span of more than 35 years. Woody plants had on average a projected life span more than four times as long as non-woody plants. Life spans were higher in forests than in open habitats and individuals of non-clonal species tended to have a longer life span than ramets of clonal species. Self-incompatible plants on average lived longer than self-compatible plants. There were no clear relations between life span and geographical region, dispersal syndrome, pollination mode, seed size or the presence of a seed bank. We conclude that accurate estimates of life span are central to understand how longevity is correlated to other traits within the group of perennial plants.},
author = {Ehrlen, Johan and Lehtila, Kari},
doi = {10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980212.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ehrlen, Lehtila - 2002 - How perennial are perennial plants.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0030-1299},
issn = {0030-1299},
journal = {Oikos},
month = {aug},
number = {2},
pages = {308--322},
pmid = {1983},
title = {{How perennial are perennial plants?}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980212.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980212.x},
volume = {98},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Hudson2016,
abstract = {The PREDICTS project—Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)—has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.},
author = {Hudson, Lawrence N. and Newbold, Tim and Contu, Sara and Hill, Samantha L.L. and Lysenko, Igor and {De Palma}, Adriana and Phillips, Helen R.P. and Alhusseini, Tamera I. and Bedford, Felicity E. and Bennett, Dominic J. and Booth, Hollie and Burton, Victoria J. and Chng, Charlotte W.T. and Choimes, Argyrios and Correia, David L.P. and Day, Julie and Echeverr{\'{i}}a-Londo{\~{n}}o, Susy and Emerson, Susan R. and Gao, Di and Garon, Morgan and Harrison, Michelle L.K. and Ingram, Daniel J. and Jung, Martin and Kemp, Victoria and Kirkpatrick, Lucinda and Martin, Callum D. and Pan, Yuan and Pask-Hale, Gwilym D. and Pynegar, Edwin L. and Robinson, Alexandra N. and Sanchez-Ortiz, Katia and Senior, Rebecca A. and Simmons, Benno I. and White, Hannah J. and Zhang, Hanbin and Aben, Job and Abrahamczyk, Stefan and Adum, Gilbert B. and Aguilar-Barquero, Virginia and Aizen, Marcelo A. and Albertos, Bel{\'{e}}n and Alcala, E. L. and {del Mar Alguacil}, Maria and Alignier, Audrey and Ancrenaz, Marc and Andersen, Alan N. and Arbel{\'{a}}ez-Cort{\'{e}}s, Enrique and Armbrecht, Inge and Arroyo-Rodr{\'{i}}guez, V{\'{i}}ctor and Aumann, Tom and Axmacher, Jan C. and Azhar, Badrul and Azpiroz, Adri{\'{a}}n B. and Baeten, Lander and Bakayoko, Adama and B{\'{a}}ldi, Andr{\'{a}}s and Banks, John E. and Baral, Sharad K. and Barlow, Jos and Barratt, Barbara I.P. and Barrico, Lurdes and Bartolommei, Paola and Barton, Diane M. and Basset, Yves and Bat{\'{a}}ry, P{\'{e}}ter and Bates, Adam J. and Baur, Bruno and Bayne, Erin M. and Beja, Pedro and Benedick, Suzan and Berg, {\AA}ke and Bernard, Henry and Berry, Nicholas J. and Bhatt, Dinesh and Bicknell, Jake E. and Bihn, Jochen H. and Blake, Robin J. and Bobo, Kadiri S. and B{\'{o}}{\c{c}}on, Roberto and Boekhout, Teun and B{\"{o}}hning-Gaese, Katrin and Bonham, Kevin J. and Borges, Paulo A.V. and Borges, S{\'{e}}rgio H. and Boutin, C{\'{e}}line and Bouyer, J{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}my and Bragagnolo, Cibele and Brandt, Jodi S. and Brearley, Francis Q. and Brito, Isabel and Bros, Vicen{\c{c}} and Brunet, J{\"{o}}rg and Buczkowski, Grzegorz and Buddle, Christopher M. and Bugter, Rob and Buscardo, Erika and Buse, J{\"{o}}rn and Cabra-Garc{\'{i}}a, Jimmy and C{\'{a}}ceres, Nilton C. and Cagle, Nicolette L. and Calvi{\~{n}}o-Cancela, Mar{\'{i}}a and Cameron, Sydney A. and Cancello, Eliana M. and Caparr{\'{o}}s, Rut and Cardoso, Pedro and Carpenter, Dan and Carrijo, Tiago F. and Carvalho, Anelena L. and Cassano, Camila R. and Castro, Helena and Castro-Luna, Alejandro A. and Rolando, Cerda B. and Cerezo, Alexis and Chapman, Kim Alan and Chauvat, Matthieu and Christensen, Morten and Clarke, Francis M. and Cleary, Daniel F.R. and Colombo, Giorgio and Connop, Stuart P. and Craig, Michael D. and Cruz-L{\'{o}}pez, Leopoldo and Cunningham, Saul A. and D'Aniello, Biagio and D'Cruze, Neil and da Silva, Pedro Giov{\^{a}}ni and Dallimer, Martin and Danquah, Emmanuel and Darvill, Ben and Dauber, Jens and Davis, Adrian L.V. and Dawson, Jeff and de Sassi, Claudio and de Thoisy, Benoit and Deheuvels, Olivier and Dejean, Alain and Devineau, Jean Louis and Diek{\"{o}}tter, Tim and Dolia, Jignasu V. and Dom{\'{i}}nguez, Erwin and Dominguez-Haydar, Yamileth and Dorn, Silvia and Draper, Isabel and Dreber, Niels and Dumont, Bertrand and Dures, Simon G. and Dynesius, Mats and Edenius, Lars and Eggleton, Paul and Eigenbrod, Felix and Elek, Zolt{\'{a}}n and Entling, Martin H. and Esler, Karen J. and de Lima, Ricardo F. and Faruk, Aisyah and Farwig, Nina and Fayle, Tom M. and Felicioli, Antonio and Felton, Annika M. and Fensham, Roderick J. and Fernandez, Ignacio C. and Ferreira, Catarina C. and Ficetola, Gentile F. and Fiera, Cristina and Filgueiras, Bruno K.C. and Fırıncıoğlu, H{\"{u}}seyin K. and Flaspohler, David and Floren, Andreas and Fonte, Steven J. and Fournier, Anne and Fowler, Robert E. and Franz{\'{e}}n, Markus and Fraser, Lauchlan H. and Fredriksson, Gabriella M. and Freire, Geraldo B. and Frizzo, Tiago L.M. and Fukuda, Daisuke and Furlani, Dario and Gaigher, Ren{\'{e}} and Ganzhorn, J{\"{o}}rg U. and Garc{\'{i}}a, Karla P. and Garcia-R, Juan C. and Garden, Jenni G. and Garilleti, Ricardo and Ge, Bao Ming and Gendreau-Berthiaume, Benoit and Gerard, Philippa J. and Gheler-Costa, Carla and Gilbert, Benjamin and Giordani, Paolo and Giordano, Simonetta and Golodets, Carly and Gomes, Laurens G.L. and Gould, Rachelle K. and Goulson, Dave and Gove, Aaron D. and Granjon, Laurent and Grass, Ingo and Gray, Claudia L. and Grogan, James and Gu, Weibin and Guardiola, Mois{\`{e}}s and Gunawardene, Nihara R. and Gutierrez, Alvaro G. and Guti{\'{e}}rrez-Lamus, Doris L. and Haarmeyer, Daniela H. and Hanley, Mick E. and Hanson, Thor and Hashim, Nor R. and Hassan, Shombe N. and Hatfield, Richard G. and Hawes, Joseph E. and Hayward, Matt W. and H{\'{e}}bert, Christian and Helden, Alvin J. and Henden, John Andr{\'{e}} and Henschel, Philipp and Hern{\'{a}}ndez, Lionel and Herrera, James P. and Herrmann, Farina and Herzog, Felix and Higuera-Diaz, Diego and Hilje, Branko and H{\"{o}}fer, Hubert and Hoffmann, Anke and Horgan, Finbarr G. and Hornung, Elisabeth and Horv{\'{a}}th, Roland and Hylander, Kristoffer and Isaacs-Cubides, Paola and Ishida, Hiroaki and Ishitani, Masahiro and Jacobs, Carmen T. and Jaramillo, V{\'{i}}ctor J. and Jauker, Birgit and Hern{\'{a}}ndez, F. Jim{\'{e}}nez and Johnson, McKenzie F. and Jolli, Virat and Jonsell, Mats and Juliani, S. Nur and Jung, Thomas S. and Kapoor, Vena and Kappes, Heike and Kati, Vassiliki and Katovai, Eric and Kellner, Klaus and Kessler, Michael and Kirby, Kathryn R. and Kittle, Andrew M. and Knight, Mairi E. and Knop, Eva and Kohler, Florian and Koivula, Matti and Kolb, Annette and Kone, Mouhamadou and Kőr{\"{o}}si, {\'{A}}d{\'{a}}m and Krauss, Jochen and Kumar, Ajith and Kumar, Raman and Kurz, David J. and Kutt, Alex S. and Lachat, Thibault and Lantschner, Victoria and Lara, Francisco and Lasky, Jesse R. and Latta, Steven C. and Laurance, William F. and Lavelle, Patrick and {Le F{\'{e}}on}, Violette and LeBuhn, Gretchen and L{\'{e}}gar{\'{e}}, Jean Philippe and Lehouck, Val{\'{e}}rie and Lencinas, Mar{\'{i}}a V. and Lentini, Pia E. and Letcher, Susan G. and Li, Qi and Litchwark, Simon A. and Littlewood, Nick A. and Liu, Yunhui and Lo-Man-Hung, Nancy and L{\'{o}}pez-Quintero, Carlos A. and Louhaichi, Mounir and L{\"{o}}vei, Gabor L. and Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban and Luja, Victor H. and Luskin, Matthew S. and {MacSwiney G}, M. Cristina and Maeto, Kaoru and Magura, Tibor and Mallari, Neil Aldrin and Malone, Louise A. and Malonza, Patrick K. and Malumbres-Olarte, Jagoba and Mandujano, Salvador and M{\aa}ren, Inger E. and Marin-Spiotta, Erika and Marsh, Charles J. and Marshall, E. J.P. and Mart{\'{i}}nez, Eliana and {Mart{\'{i}}nez Pastur}, Guillermo and {Moreno Mateos}, David and Mayfield, Margaret M. and Mazimpaka, Vicente and McCarthy, Jennifer L. and McCarthy, Kyle P. and McFrederick, Quinn S. and McNamara, Sean and Medina, Nagore G. and Medina, Rafael and Mena, Jose L. and Mico, Estefania and Mikusinski, Grzegorz and Milder, Jeffrey C. and Miller, James R. and Miranda-Esquivel, Daniel R. and Moir, Melinda L. and Morales, Carolina L. and Muchane, Mary N. and Muchane, Muchai and Mudri-Stojnic, Sonja and Munira, A. Nur and Muo{\~{n}}z-Alonso, Antonio and Munyekenye, B. F. and Naidoo, Robin and Naithani, A. and Nakagawa, Michiko and Nakamura, Akihiro and Nakashima, Yoshihiro and Naoe, Shoji and Nates-Parra, Guiomar and {Navarrete Gutierrez}, Dario A. and Navarro-Iriarte, Luis and Ndang'ang'a, Paul K. and Neuschulz, Eike L. and Ngai, Jacqueline T. and Nicolas, Violaine and Nilsson, Sven G. and Noreika, Norbertas and Norfolk, Olivia and Noriega, Jorge Ari and Norton, David A. and N{\"{o}}ske, Nicole M. and Nowakowski, A. Justin and Numa, Catherine and O'Dea, Niall and O'Farrell, Patrick J. and Oduro, William and Oertli, Sabine and Ofori-Boateng, Caleb and Oke, Christopher Omamoke and Oostra, Vicencio and Osgathorpe, Lynne M. and Otavo, Samuel Eduardo and Page, Navendu V. and Paritsis, Juan and Parra-H, Alejandro and Parry, Luke and Pe'er, Guy and Pearman, Peter B. and Pelegrin, Nicol{\'{a}}s and P{\'{e}}lissier, Rapha{\"{e}}l and Peres, Carlos A. and Peri, Pablo L. and Persson, Anna S. and Petanidou, Theodora and Peters, Marcell K. and Pethiyagoda, Rohan S. and Phalan, Ben and Philips, T. Keith and Pillsbury, Finn C. and Pincheira-Ulbrich, Jimmy and Pineda, Eduardo and Pino, Joan and Pizarro-Araya, Jaime and Plumptre, A. J. and Poggio, Santiago L. and Politi, Natalia and Pons, Pere and Poveda, Katja and Power, Eileen F. and Presley, Steven J. and Proen{\c{c}}a, V{\^{a}}nia and Quaranta, Marino and Quintero, Carolina and Rader, Romina and Ramesh, B. R. and Ramirez-Pinilla, Martha P. and Ranganathan, Jai and Rasmussen, Claus and Redpath-Downing, Nicola A. and Reid, J. Leighton and Reis, Yana T. and {Rey Benayas}, Jos{\'{e}} M. and Rey-Velasco, Juan Carlos and Reynolds, Chevonne and Ribeiro, Danilo Bandini and Richards, Miriam H. and Richardson, Barbara A. and Richardson, Michael J. and R{\'{i}}os, Rodrigo Macip and Robinson, Richard and Robles, Carolina A. and R{\"{o}}mbke, J{\"{o}}rg and Romero-Duque, Luz Piedad and R{\"{o}}s, Matthias and Rosselli, Loreta and Rossiter, Stephen J. and Roth, Dana S. and Roulston, T'ai H. and Rousseau, Laurent and Rubio, Andr{\'{e}} V. and Ruel, Jean Claude and Sadler, Jonathan P. and S{\'{a}}fi{\'{a}}n, Szabolcs and Salda{\~{n}}a-V{\'{a}}zquez, Romeo A. and Sam, Katerina and Samneg{\aa}rd, Ulrika and Santana, Joana and Santos, Xavier and Savage, Jade and Schellhorn, Nancy A. and Schilthuizen, Menno and Schmiedel, Ute and Schmitt, Christine B. and Schon, Nicole L. and Sch{\"{u}}epp, Christof and Schumann, Katharina and Schweiger, Oliver and Scott, Dawn M. and Scott, Kenneth A. and Sedlock, Jodi L. and Seefeldt, Steven S. and Shahabuddin, Ghazala and Shannon, Graeme and Sheil, Douglas and Sheldon, Frederick H. and Shochat, Eyal and Siebert, Stefan J. and Silva, Fernando A.B. and Simonetti, Javier A. and Slade, Eleanor M. and Smith, Jo and Smith-Pardo, Allan H. and Sodhi, Navjot S. and Somarriba, Eduardo J. and Sosa, Ram{\'{o}}n A. and {Soto Quiroga}, Grimaldo and St-Laurent, Martin Hugues and Starzomski, Brian M. and Stefanescu, Constanti and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Stouffer, Philip C. and Stout, Jane C. and Strauch, Ayron M. and Struebig, Matthew J. and Su, Zhimin and Suarez-Rubio, Marcela and Sugiura, Shinji and Summerville, Keith S. and Sung, Yik Hei and Sutrisno, Hari and Svenning, Jens Christian and Teder, Tiit and Threlfall, Caragh G. and Tiitsaar, Anu and Todd, Jacqui H. and Tonietto, Rebecca K. and Torre, Ignasi and T{\'{o}}thm{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}sz, B{\'{e}}la and Tscharntke, Teja and Turner, Edgar C. and Tylianakis, Jason M. and Uehara-Prado, Marcio and Urbina-Cardona, Nicolas and Vallan, Denis and Vanbergen, Adam J. and Vasconcelos, Heraldo L. and Vassilev, Kiril and Verboven, Hans A.F. and Verdasca, Maria Jo{\~{a}}o and Verd{\'{u}}, Jos{\'{e}} R. and Vergara, Carlos H. and Vergara, Pablo M. and Verhulst, Jort and Virgilio, Massimiliano and Vu, Lien Van and Waite, Edward M. and Walker, Tony R. and Wang, Hua Feng and Wang, Yanping and Watling, James I. and Weller, Britta and Wells, Konstans and Westphal, Catrin and Wiafe, Edward D. and Williams, Christopher D. and Willig, Michael R. and Woinarski, John C.Z. and Wolf, Jan H.D. and Wolters, Volkmar and Woodcock, Ben A. and Wu, Jihua and Wunderle, Joseph M. and Yamaura, Yuichi and Yoshikura, Satoko and Yu, Douglas W. and Zaitsev, Andrey S. and Zeidler, Juliane and Zou, Fasheng and Collen, Ben and Ewers, Rob M. and Mace, Georgina M. and Purves, Drew W. and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P.W. and Purvis, Andy},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.2579},
isbn = {20457758},
issn = {20457758},
journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {data sharing,global biodiversity modeling,global change,habitat destruction,land use},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {145--188},
pmid = {28070282},
title = {{The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ece3.2579},
volume = {7},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Allan2014,
abstract = {Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local biodiversity are hardly known. To test for effects of LUI (quantified as the combined intensity of fertilization, grazing, and mowing) and interannual variation in LUI (SD in LUI across time), we introduce a unique measure of whole-ecosystem biodiversity, multidiversity. This synthesizes individual diversity measures across up to 49 taxonomic groups of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria from 150 grasslands. Multidiversity declined with increasing LUI among grasslands, particularly for rarer species and aboveground organisms, whereas common species and belowground groups were less sensitive. However, a high level of interannual variation in LUI increased overall multidiversity at low LUI and was even more beneficial for rarer species because it slowed the rate at which the multidiversity of rare species declined with increasing LUI. In more intensively managed grasslands, the diversity of rarer species was, on average, 18{\%} of the maximum diversity across all grasslands when LUI was static over time but increased to 31{\%} of the maximum when LUI changed maximally over time. In addition to decreasing overall LUI, we suggest varying LUI across years as a complementary strategy to promote biodiversity conservation.},
author = {Allan, Eric and Bossdorf, Oliver and Dormann, Carsten F and Prati, Daniel and Gossner, Martin M and Tscharntke, Teja},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1312213111/-/DCSupplemental.www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1312213111},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Allan et al. - 2014 - Interannual variation in land-use intensity enhances grassland multidiversity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0027-8424},
issn = {1091-6490},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
keywords = {agricultural grasslands,biodiversity exploratories,biodiversity loss,biotic homogenization,communities,extinction,farmland biodiversity,heterogeneity,index,nutrient enrichment,plant diversity,richness,use intensification},
number = {1},
pages = {308--313},
pmid = {24368852},
title = {{Interannual variation in land-use intensity enhances grassland multidiversity}},
volume = {111},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Turner2015,
author = {Turner, Katrine Grace and Anderson, Sharolyn and Gonzales-Chang, Mauricio and Costanza, Robert and Courville, Sasha and Dalgaard, Tommy and Dominati, Estelle and Kubiszewski, Ida and Ogilvy, Sue and Porfirio, Luciana and Ratna, Nazmun and Sandhu, Harpinder and Sutton, Paul C. and Svenning, Jens-Christian and Turner, Graham Mark and Varennes, Yann-David and Voinov, Alexey and Wratten, Stephen},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.07.017},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Turner et al. - 2015 - A review of methods, data, and models to assess changes in the value of ecosystem services from land degradation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03043800},
journal = {Ecological Modelling},
month = {jan},
pages = {190--207},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{A review of methods, data, and models to assess changes in the value of ecosystem services from land degradation and restoration}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304380015003233 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304380015003233},
volume = {319},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Zurell2010a,
author = {Zurell, Damaris and Berger, Uta and Cabral, Juliano S. and Jeltsch, Florian and Meynard, Christine N. and M{\"{u}}nkem{\"{u}}ller, Tamara and Nehrbass, Nana and Pagel, J{\"{o}}rn and Reineking, Bj{\"{o}}rn and Schr{\"{o}}der, Boris and Grimm, Volker},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18284.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Zurell et al.{\_}2010{\_}The virtual ecologist approach simulating data and observers.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
month = {feb},
number = {4},
pages = {622--635},
title = {{The virtual ecologist approach: simulating data and observers}},
volume = {119},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Bhagwat2008,
abstract = {As rates of deforestation continue to rise in many parts of the tropics, the international conservation community is faced with the challenge of finding approaches which can reduce deforestation and provide rural livelihoods in addition to conserving biodiversity. Much of modern-day conservation is motivated by a desire to conserve 'pristine nature' in protected areas, while there is growing recognition of the long-term human involvement in forest dynamics and of the importance of conservation outside protected areas. Agroforestry -- intentional management of shade trees with agricultural crops -- has the potential for providing habitats outside formally protected land, connecting nature reserves and alleviating resource-use pressure on conservation areas. Here we examine the role of agroforestry systems in maintaining species diversity and conclude that these systems can play an important role in biodiversity conservation in human-dominated landscapes.},
author = {Bhagwat, Shonil a. and Willis, Katherine J. and Birks, H. John B and Whittaker, Robert J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.005},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2008/Bhagwat et al.{\_}2008{\_}Agroforestry a refuge for tropical biodiversity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {0169-5347},
journal = {Trends in ecology {\&} evolution},
keywords = {Agriculture,Biodiversity,Conservation of Natural Resources,Forestry,Tropical Climate},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {261--7},
pmid = {18359125},
title = {{Agroforestry: a refuge for tropical biodiversity?}},
volume = {23},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Brooks2017,
abstract = {Ecological phenomena are often measured in the form of count data. These data can be analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) when observations are correlated in ways that require random effects. However, count data are often zero-inflated, containing more zeros than would be expected from the standard error distributions used in GLMMs, e.g., parasite counts may be exactly zero for hosts with effective immune defenses but vary according to a negative binomial distribution for non-resistant hosts. We present a new R package, glmmTMB, that increases the range of models that can easily be fitted to count data using maximum likelihood estimation. The interface was developed to be familiar to users of the lme4 R package, a common tool for fitting GLMMs. To maximize speed and flexibility, estimation is done using Template Model Builder (TMB), utilizing automatic differentiation to estimate model gradients and the Laplace approximation for handling random effects. We demonstrate glmmTMB and compare it to other available methods using two ecological case studies. In general, glmmTMB is more flexible than other packages available for estimating zero-inflated models via maximum likelihood estimation and is faster than packages that use Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling for estimation; it is also more flexible for zero-inflated modelling than INLA, but speed comparisons vary with model and data structure. Our package can be used to fit GLMs and GLMMs with or without zero-inflation as well as hurdle models. By allowing ecologists to quickly estimate a wide variety of models using a single package, glmmTMB makes it easier to find appropriate models and test hypotheses to describe ecological processes.},
author = {Brooks, Mollie E. and Kristensen, Kasper and van Benthem, Koen J. and Magnusson, Arni and Berg, Casper W. and Nielsen, Anders and Skaug, Hans J. and Maechler, Martin and Bolker, Benjamin M.},
doi = {10.1101/132753},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Brooks et al. - 2017 - Modeling Zero-Inflated Count Data With glmmTMB.pdf:pdf},
journal = {bioRxiv},
number = {132753},
title = {{Modeling Zero-Inflated Count Data With glmmTMB}},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/05/01/132753},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Cardinale2018,
abstract = {Recently, a debate has developed over how biodiversity is changing across the planet. While most researchers agree species extinctions are increasing globally due to human activity, some now argue that species richness at local scales is not declining as many biologists have claimed. This argument stems from recent syntheses of time-series data that suggest species richness is decreasing in some locations, increasing in others, but not changing on average. Critics of these syntheses (like us) have argued there are serious limitations of existing time-series datasets and their analyses that preclude meaningful conclusions about local biodiversity change. Specifically, authors of these syntheses have failed to account for several primary drivers of biodiversity change, have relied on data poor time-series that lack baselines needed to detect change, and have unreasonably extrapolated conclusions. Here we summarize the history of this debate, as well as key papers and exchanges that have helped clarify new issues and ideas. To resolve the debate, we suggest future researchers be more clear about the hypotheses of biodiversity change being tested, focus less on amassing large datasets, and more on amassing high-quality datasets that provide unambiguous tests of the hypotheses. Researchers should also keep track of the contributions that native versus non-native species make to biodiversity time trends, as these have different implications for conservation. Lastly, we suggest researchers be aware of pros and cons of using different types of data (e.g., time-series, spatial comparisons), taking care to resolve divergent results among sources to allow broader conclusions about biodiversity change.},
author = {Cardinale, Bradley J. and Gonzalez, Andrew and Allington, Ginger R.H. and Loreau, Michel},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2017.12.021},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cardinale et al. - 2018 - Is local biodiversity declining or not A summary of the debate over analysis of species richness time trends.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cardinale et al. - 2018 - Is local biodiversity declining or not A summary of the debate over analysis of species richness time trend(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {00063207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Alpha,Beta,Biotic homogenization,Gamma diversity,Invasion,Species extinction},
month = {mar},
number = {January},
pages = {175--183},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Is local biodiversity declining or not? A summary of the debate over analysis of species richness time trends}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.12.021 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000632071732089X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.12.021 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000632071732089X},
volume = {219},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Bommarco2010,
abstract = {Habitat loss poses a major threat to biodiversity, and species-specific extinction risks are inextricably linked to life-history characteristics. This relationship is still poorly documented for many functionally important taxa, and at larger continental scales. With data from five replicated field studies from three countries, we examined how species richness of wild bees varies with habitat patch size. We hypothesized that the form of this relationship is affected by body size, degree of host plant specialization and sociality. Across all species, we found a positive species-area slope (z = 0.19), and species traits modified this relationship. Large-bodied generalists had a lower z value than small generalists. Contrary to predictions, small specialists had similar or slightly lower z value compared with large specialists, and small generalists also tended to be more strongly affected by habitat loss as compared with small specialists. Social bees were negatively affected by habitat loss (z = 0.11) irrespective of body size. We conclude that habitat loss leads to clear shifts in the species composition of wild bee communities.},
author = {Bommarco, Riccardo and Biesmeijer, Jacobus C and Meyer, Birgit and Potts, Simon G and P{\"{o}}yry, Juha and Roberts, Stuart P M and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Ockinger, Erik},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2009.2221},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Bommarco et al.{\_}2010{\_}Dispersal capacity and diet breadth modify the response of wild bees to habitat loss.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1471-2954},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
keywords = {Animal,Animals,Bees,Bees: classification,Bees: physiology,Behavior,Body Size,Diet,Ecosystem,Europe,Poaceae,Poaceae: physiology,Population Density,Social Behavior,Species Specificity},
month = {jul},
number = {1690},
pages = {2075--82},
pmid = {20219735},
title = {{Dispersal capacity and diet breadth modify the response of wild bees to habitat loss.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2880091{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {277},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Craven2015,
author = {Craven, Dylan and Hall, Jefferson S. and Berlyn, Graeme P. and Ashton, Mark S. and van Breugel, Michiel},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-015-3339-x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Craven et al. - 2015 - Changing gears during succession shifting functional strategies in young tropical secondary forests.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0029-8549},
journal = {Oecologia},
keywords = {Hard traits,Resource acquisition,Resource conservation,Secondary succession,Soft traits,hard traits,resource acquisition,resource conservation,secondary succession,soft traits},
month = {sep},
number = {1},
pages = {293--305},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
title = {{Changing gears during succession: shifting functional strategies in young tropical secondary forests}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00442-015-3339-x},
volume = {179},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Li2017,
author = {Li, Le and Zhao, Yaolong and Fu, Yingchun and Pan, Yaozhong and Yu, Le and Xin, Qinchuan},
doi = {10.3390/rs9121232},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Li et al. - 2017 - High Resolution Mapping of Cropping Cycles by Fusion of Landsat and MODIS Data.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {cropping intensity,data fusion,land cover mapping,multiple cropping,time series},
month = {nov},
number = {12},
pages = {1232},
title = {{High Resolution Mapping of Cropping Cycles by Fusion of Landsat and MODIS Data}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/12/1232},
volume = {9},
year = {2017}
}
@article{ZHOU2006,
author = {ZHOU, Z. and SUN, O. J. and HUANG, J. and GAO, Y. and HAN, X.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01175.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/ZHOU et al. - 2006 - Land use affects the relationship between species diversity and productivity at the local scale in a semi-arid step.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0269-8463},
journal = {Functional Ecology},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {753--762},
title = {{Land use affects the relationship between species diversity and productivity at the local scale in a semi-arid steppe ecosystem}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01175.x},
volume = {20},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Wood2015,
abstract = {GAMs, GAMMs and other generalized ridge regression with multiple smoothing parameter estimation by GCV, REML or UBRE/AIC. Includes a gam() function, a wide variety of smoothers, JAGS support and distributions beyond the exponential family.},
author = {Wood, Simon and Wood, Maintainer Simon},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2105-11-11.Bioconductor},
journal = {R package version},
title = {{Package ‘mgcv'}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Shimada2014,
abstract = {Four global mosaics of Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Arrayed L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) HH and HV polarization data were generated at 25m spatial resolution using data acquired annually from 2007 to 2010. Variability in L-band HH and HV gamma-naught (??0) for forests was observed between regions, with this attributed to differences in forest structure and vegetation/surface moisture conditions. Region-specific backscatter thresholds were therefore applied to produce from each annual mosaic, a global map of forest and non-forest cover from which maps of forest losses and gain were generated. The overall agreement with forest/non-forest assessments using the Degree Confluence Project, the Forest Resource Assessment and Google Earth images was 85{\%}, 91{\%} and 95{\%} respectively. Using 2007 as a baseline, decreases of 0.040 and 0.028dB (with a 0.006dB 99{\%} confidence level) were observed in the HH and HV ??0 respectively over the same areas suggesting a decrease in forest area and/or increased smoothing of the global surface at the L-band radar observation over the four-year period. The maps provide a new global resource for documenting the changing extent of forests and offer opportunities for quantifying historical and future dynamics through comparison with historical (1992-1998) Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1) SAR and the forthcoming (from 2014) ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 data. Four year PALSAR mosaics and the forest/non-forest data, which were generated and analyzed in this paper, are opened to the public for free downloading albeit with coarser resolutions (WWW1). Future distribution of the higher (original) resolution datasets from PALSAR as well as the ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 is planned.},
author = {Shimada, Masanobu and Itoh, Takuya and Motooka, Takeshi and Watanabe, Manabu and Shiraishi, Tomohiro and Thapa, Rajesh and Lucas, Richard},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.014},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Shimada et al. - 2014 - New global forestnon-forest maps from ALOS PALSAR data (2007–2010).pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Shimada et al. - 2014 - New global forestnon-forest maps from ALOS PALSAR data (2007–2010)(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {ALOS,ALOS-2,Classification,Forest and non-forest,Global SAR mosaic,L-band SAR,PALSAR,Radar backscatter,Segmentation,forest and non-forest},
month = {dec},
pages = {13--31},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{New global forest/non-forest maps from ALOS PALSAR data (2007–2010)}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.014 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425714001527},
volume = {155},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Cohn2017,
abstract = {Hundreds of millions of the world's poorest people directly depend on smallholder farming systems. These farmers now face a changing climate and associated societal responses.Weuse mapping and a literature review to juxtapose the climate fate of smallholder systems with that of other agricultural systems and population groups. Limited direct evidence contrasts climate impact risk in smallholder agricultural systems versus other farming systems, but proxy evidence suggests high smallholder vulnerability. Smallholders distinctively adapt to climate shocks and stressors. Their future adaptive capacity is uncertain and conditional upon the severity of climate change and socioeconomic changes from regional development. Smallholders present a greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation paradox. They emit a small amount of CO2 per capita and are poor, making GHG regulation unwarranted. But they produce GHG intensive food and emit disproportionate quantities of black carbon through traditional biomass energy. Effectively acc...},
author = {Cohn, Avery S. and Newton, Peter and Gil, Juliana D.B. and Kuhl, Laura and Samberg, Leah and Ricciardi, Vincent and Manly, Jessica R. and Northrop, Sarah},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060946},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cohn et al. - 2017 - Smallholder Agriculture and Climate Change.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1543-5938},
journal = {Annual Review of Environment and Resources},
keywords = {adaptation,governance,impacts,mitigation,policy,spatial analysis},
month = {oct},
number = {1},
pages = {347--375},
title = {{Smallholder Agriculture and Climate Change}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060946},
volume = {42},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Newbold2013,
abstract = {Land-use change is one of the main drivers of current and likely future biodiversity loss. Therefore, understanding how species are affected by it is crucial to guide conservation decisions. Species respond differently to land-use change, possibly related to their traits. Using pan-tropical data on bird occurrence and abundance across a human land-use intensity gradient, we tested the effects of seven traits on observed responses. A likelihood-based approach allowed us to quantify uncertainty in modelled responses, essential for applying the model to project future change. Compared with undisturbed habitats, the average probability of occurrence of bird species was 7.8 per cent and 31.4 per cent lower, and abundance declined by 3.7 per cent and 19.2 per cent in habitats with low and high human land-use intensity, respectively. Five of the seven traits tested affected the observed responses significantly: long-lived, large, non-migratory, primarily frugivorous or insectivorous forest specialists were both less likely to occur and less abundant in more intensively used habitats than short-lived, small, migratory, nonfrugivorous/insectivorous habitat generalists. The finding that species responses to land use depend on their traits is important for understanding ecosystem functioning, because species' traits determine their contribution to ecosystem processes. Furthermore, the loss of species with particular traits might have implications for the delivery of ecosystem services.},
author = {Newbold, Tim and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P W and Butchart, Stuart H M and Sekercioglu, {\c{C}}ağan H and Alkemade, Rob and Booth, Hollie and Purves, Drew W},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.2131},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2013/Newbold et al.{\_}2013{\_}Ecological traits affect the response of tropical forest bird species to land-use intensity.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1471-2954},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
keywords = {Birds,QH0075 Nature conservation,QH0540 Ecology,QL0671 Birds,Traits},
mendeley-tags = {Birds,Traits},
month = {jan},
number = {1750},
pages = {20122131},
pmid = {23173205},
title = {{Ecological traits affect the response of tropical forest bird species to land-use intensity}},
volume = {280},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Su2004,
abstract = {The use of a surrogate taxon in conservation planning has become questionable because recent evidence suggests that the correlation of species richness between pairs of taxa is highly variable both taxonomically and geographically. Species richness is only one measure of species diversity, however, and recent studies suggest that investigations of cross-taxon congruence should consider a broader range of assessment techniques. The cross-taxon congruence of community similarity between sites among taxa has rarely been examined and may be the most relevant measure of species diversity in the context of coarse-filter conservation strategies. We examined cross-taxon congruence patterns of species richness and community similarity (Bray-Curtis similarity) among birds, butterflies, and vascular plants in montane meadow habitats in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Although patterns of species richness (Spearman rank correlation) varied between taxa, we consistently found a positive correlation in community similarity (Mantel test) between all pair-wise comparisons of the three taxa (e. g., sites with similar bird communities also had similar butterfly communities). We suggest that the success of a surrogate taxon depends on the technique used to assess surrogacy and the specific approach to conservation planning. In the context of coarse-filter conservation, measures of community similarity may be more appropriate than measures of species richness. Furthermore, the cross-taxon congruency of community similarity in our study suggests that coarse-filter conservation may be tenable in montane meadow communities.},
author = {Su, Jeffrey C. and Debinski, Diane M. and Jakubauskas, Mark E. and Kindscher, Kelly},
doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00337.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Su et al. - 2004 - Beyond Species Richness Community Similarity as a Measure of Cross-Taxon Congruence for Coarse-Filter Conservation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1523-1739},
issn = {08888892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {167--173},
pmid = {1056},
title = {{Beyond Species Richness: Community Similarity as a Measure of Cross-Taxon Congruence for Coarse-Filter Conservation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00337.x},
volume = {18},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Kehoe2017,
author = {Kehoe, Laura and Senf, Cornelius and Meyer, Carsten and Gerstner, Katharina and Kreft, Holger and Kuemmerle, Tobias},
doi = {10.1111/ecog.02508},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kehoe et al. - 2017 - Agriculture rivals biomes in predicting global species richness.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
keywords = {Agriculture,Biodiversity,Biome,Land use},
mendeley-tags = {Agriculture,Biodiversity,Biome,Land use},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {1118--1128},
title = {{Agriculture rivals biomes in predicting global species richness}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ecog.02508},
volume = {40},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Cole2015,
abstract = {Population-level studies of how tit species (Parus spp.) track the changing phenology of their caterpillar food source have provided a model system allowing inference into how populations can adjust to changing climates, but are often limited because they implicitly assume all individuals experience similar environments. Ecologists are increasingly using satellite-derived data to quantify aspects of animals' environments, but so far studies examining phenology have generally done so at large spatial scales. Considering the scale at which individuals experience their environment is likely to be key if we are to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes acting on reproductive phenology within populations. Here, we use time series of satellite images, with a resolution of 240 m, to quantify spatial variation in vegetation green-up for a 385-ha mixed-deciduous woodland. Using data spanning 13 years, we demonstrate that annual population-level measures of the timing of peak abundance of winter moth larvae (Operophtera brumata) and the timing of egg laying in great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) is related to satellite-derived spring vegetation phenology. We go on to show that timing of local vegetation green-up significantly explained individual differences in tit reproductive phenology within the population, and that the degree of synchrony between bird and vegetation phenology showed marked spatial variation across the woodland. Areas of high oak tree (Quercus robur) and hazel (Corylus avellana) density showed the strongest match between remote-sensed vegetation phenology and reproductive phenology in both species. Marked within-population variation in the extent to which phenology of different trophic levels match suggests that more attention should be given to small-scale processes when exploring the causes and consequences of phenological matching. We discuss how use of remotely sensed data to study within-population variation could broaden the scale and scope of studies exploring phenological synchrony between organisms and their environment.},
author = {Cole, Ella F. and Long, Peter R. and Zelazowski, Przemyslaw and Szulkin, Marta and Sheldon, Ben C.},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.1745},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cole et al. - 2015 - Predicting bird phenology from space satellite-derived vegetation green-up signal uncovers spatial variation in phe.pdf:pdf},
issn = {20457758},
journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {Blue tit,EVI,Environmental heterogeneity,Great tit,MODIS,Mismatch,Reproductive phenology,Satellite derived,Spatial scale,Wild population},
month = {nov},
number = {21},
pages = {5057--5074},
title = {{Predicting bird phenology from space: satellite-derived vegetation green-up signal uncovers spatial variation in phenological synchrony between birds and their environment}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ece3.1745},
volume = {5},
year = {2015}
}
@techreport{ESA2017,
author = {{ESA CCI}},
institution = {European Space Agency},
pages = {1--105},
title = {{ESA CCI Produt User Guide Ver. 2}},
url = {https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Williamson2012,
abstract = {Background: Plant succession and community assembly following different land-use histories in the Amazon Basin are poorly understood. Aims: Changes in woody vegetation were monitored across chronosequences of abandoned pastures and abandoned clearcuts in order to compare their successional patterns. Methods: In chronosequences, initially 5–19 years old in abandoned clearcuts and 2–11 years old in abandoned pastures, trees (≥ 3 cm dbh) were tagged and recruitment and mortality recorded annually for 12 years. Results: Stem densities exhibited no significant trend during the first 25 years of succession regardless of land-use history. Basal area in abandoned clearcuts increased rapidly in the first decade, outpacing accumulation in abandoned pastures, although basal area on the two pathways converged at 25 years post-abandonment. Transects in abandoned pastures were much more variable in stem density and basal area than those in abandoned clearcuts, reflecting cohort growth and thinning by the dominant genus Vismia in the pastures. Species density, initially similar in the young stands, increased at a much faster rate in abandoned clearcuts than in abandoned pastures, resulting in a large divergence after 25 years. Conclusions: Succession following deforestation in the Amazon exhibits alternative pathways that correspond to prior land use – abandoned clearcuts of primary forest or clearcuts converted to pastures through prescribed burns and later abandoned. The most important divergence in the two successions was the extremely slow accumulation of species over 25 years in abandoned pastures.},
author = {Williamson, G. Bruce and Bentos, Tony V. and Longworth, J. Benjamin and Mesquita, Rita C.G.},
doi = {10.1080/17550874.2012.735714},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Williamson et al. - 2014 - Convergence and divergence in alternative successional pathways in Central Amazonia.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1755-0874},
issn = {1755-0874},
journal = {Plant Ecology {\&} Diversity},
keywords = {amazon,basal area,cecropia,regeneration,species density,stem density,succession,vismia},
month = {apr},
number = {1-2},
pages = {341--348},
title = {{Convergence and divergence in alternative successional pathways in Central Amazonia}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17550874.2012.735714},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Konig2017,
abstract = {Aim To provide a global assessment of turnover in vascular plants across geographical settings and taxonomic and functional groups. We tested whether turnover and its spatial and environmental drivers are affected by the geographical setting and whether taxonomic and functional groups exhibit specific turnover patterns that are associated with their ecological characteristics. Location Global. Methods We collated a global dataset of vascular plant checklists comprising 258 island and 346 mainland units. We created subsets based on the geographical setting of study units (mainland, islands, different island types) as well as taxonomic and functional properties of species (angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, trees, shrubs, herbs). For the entire dataset, and each subset, the distance decay of similarity was assessed using generalized linear models. To disentangle the relative importance of spatial and environmental drivers of turnover, we employed generalized dissimilarity models. Finally, the model results were used to predict compositional similarity of vascular plants across a global grid. Results The distance decay of similarity was stronger for mainland units than for islands. Among taxonomic and functional groups, the rate of decay was lowest for pteridophytes and highest for shrubs. Partitioning of turnover into distance- and environment-related effects revealed fundamental differences between mainland and island systems, with geographical distance being more important on the mainland than on islands. This trend was consistent across taxonomic and functional groups. Main conclusions Our results reveal an important role of geographical context in shaping beta-diversity patterns. We argue that geographical settings are characterized by specific configurations of ecological filters that have a strong impact on the magnitude and structure of turnover. Moreover, taxonomic and functional groups are differentially successful in passing these filters, resulting in group- and setting-specific turnover patterns. Exploring these interdependences for different taxa and geographical settings at different scales will help to improve our understanding of beta diversity.},
author = {K{\"{o}}nig, Christian and Weigelt, Patrick and Kreft, Holger},
doi = {10.1111/geb.12536},
issn = {14668238},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Beta diversity,beta diversity,community assembly,dispersal filtering,distance decay,environmental filtering,environmental{\"{i}}¿½filtering,functional groups,generalized dissimilarity,generalized dissimilarity modelling,island biogeography,modelling,taxonomic groups,variation partitioning},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {228--242},
title = {{Dissecting global turnover in vascular plants}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/geb.12536},
volume = {26},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Mace2018,
abstract = {The development of the post-2020 strategic plan for the Convention on Biological Diversity provides a vital window of opportunity to set out an ambitious plan of action to restore global biodiversity. The components of such a plan, including its goal, targets and some metrics, already exist and provide a roadmap to 2050.},
author = {Mace, Georgina M. and Barrett, Mike and Burgess, Neil D. and Cornell, Sarah E. and Freeman, Robin and Grooten, Monique and Purvis, Andy},
doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0130-0},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/s41893-018-0130-0.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2398-9629},
journal = {Nature Sustainability},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {448--451},
publisher = {Springer US},
title = {{Aiming higher to bend the curve of biodiversity loss}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0130-0 http://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0130-0},
volume = {1},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Leitao2015,
author = {Leit{\~{a}}o, P.J and Suess, S and Schwieder, M and Catry, I and Milton, E J and Moreira, F and Osborne, P E and Pinto, M J and van der Linden, S and Hostert, P},
doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.12378},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Leit{\~{a}}o et al. - 2015 - Mapping beta diversity from space Sparse Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (SGDM) for analysing high-dimensiona.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2041210X},
journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
title = {{Mapping beta diversity from space: Sparse Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (SGDM) for analysing high-dimensional data}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/2041-210X.12378},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Steffen2015,
abstract = {The Great Acceleration' graphs, originally published in 2004 to show socio-economic and Earth System trends from 1750 to 2000, have now been updated to 2010. In the graphs of socio-economic trends, where the data permit, the activity of the wealthy (OECD) countries, those countries with emerging economies, and the rest of the world have now been differentiated. The dominant feature of the socio-economic trends is that the economic activity of the human enterprise continues to grow at a rapid rate. However, the differentiated graphs clearly show that strong equity issues are masked by considering global aggregates only. Most of the population growth since 1950 has been in the non-OECD world but the world's economy (GDP), and hence consumption, is still strongly dominated by the OECD world. The Earth System indicators, in general, continued their long-term, post-industrial rise, although a few, such as atmospheric methane concentration and stratospheric ozone loss, showed a slowing or apparent stabilisation over the past decade. The post-1950 acceleration in the Earth System indicators remains clear. Only beyond the mid-20th century is there clear evidence for fundamental shifts in the state and functioning of the Earth System that are beyond the range of variability of the Holocene and driven by human activities. Thus, of all the candidates for a start date for the Anthropocene, the beginning of the Great Acceleration is by far the most convincing from an Earth System science perspective.},
author = {Steffen, Will and Broadgate, Wendy and Deutsch, Lisa and Gaffney, Owen and Ludwig, Cornelia},
doi = {10.1177/2053019614564785},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Steffen et al. - 2015 - The trajectory of the Anthropocene The Great Acceleration.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2053-0196 2053-020X},
issn = {2053-0196},
journal = {The Anthropocene Review},
keywords = {anthropocene,earth system change,global change trends,global equity,great acceleration},
month = {apr},
number = {1},
pages = {81--98},
title = {{The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration}},
url = {http://anr.sagepub.com.ezp.sub.su.se/content/2/1/81.abstract{\%}5Cnhttp://anr.sagepub.com/lookup/doi/10.1177/2053019614564785 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053019614564785},
volume = {2},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Dietze2018,
abstract = {Two foundational questions about sustainability are “How are ecosystems and the services they provide going to change in the future?” and “How do human decisions affect these trajectories?” Answering these questions requires an ability to forecast ecological processes. Unfortunately, most ecological forecasts focus on centennial-scale climate responses, therefore neither meeting the needs of near-term (daily to decadal) environmental decision-making nor allowing comparison of specific, quantitative predictions to new observational data, one of the strongest tests of scientific theory. Near-term forecasts provide the opportunity to iteratively cycle between performing analyses and updating predictions in light of new evidence. This iterative process of gaining feedback, building experience, and correcting models and methods is critical for improving forecasts. Iterative, near-term forecasting will accelerate ecological research, make it more relevant to society, and inform sustainable decision-making under high uncertainty and adaptive management. Here, we identify the immediate scientific and societal needs, opportunities, and challenges for iterative near-term ecological forecasting. Over the past decade, data volume, variety, and accessibility have greatly increased, but challenges remain in interoperability, latency, and uncertainty quantification. Similarly, ecologists have made considerable advances in applying computational, informatic, and statistical methods, but opportunities exist for improving forecast-specific theory, methods, and cyberinfrastructure. Effective forecasting will also require changes in scientific training, culture, and institutions. The need to start forecasting is now; the time for making ecology more predictive is here, and learning by doing is the fastest route to drive the science forward.},
author = {Dietze, Michael C. and Fox, Andrew and Beck-Johnson, Lindsay M. and Betancourt, Julio L. and Hooten, Mevin B. and Jarnevich, Catherine S. and Keitt, Timothy H. and Kenney, Melissa A. and Laney, Christine M. and Larsen, Laurel G. and Loescher, Henry W. and Lunch, Claire K. and Pijanowski, Bryan C. and Randerson, James T. and Read, Emily K. and Tredennick, Andrew T. and Vargas, Rodrigo and Weathers, Kathleen C. and White, Ethan P.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1710231115},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dietze et al. - 2018 - Iterative near-term ecological forecasting Needs, opportunities, and challenges.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {jan},
pages = {201710231},
title = {{Iterative near-term ecological forecasting: Needs, opportunities, and challenges}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1710231115},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Grekousis2015,
author = {Grekousis, George and Mountrakis, Giorgos and Kavouras, Marinos},
doi = {10.1080/01431161.2015.1093195},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Grekousis, Mountrakis, Kavouras - 2015 - An overview of 21 global and 43 regional land-cover mapping products.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
month = {oct},
number = {December},
pages = {1--27},
title = {{An overview of 21 global and 43 regional land-cover mapping products}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01431161.2015.1093195},
volume = {1161},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Pettorelli2005,
abstract = {Assessing how environmental changes affect the distribution and dynamics of vegetation and animal populations is becoming increasingly important for terrestrial ecologists to enable better predictions of the effects of global warming, biodiversity reduction or habitat degradation. The ability to predict ecological responses has often been hampered by our rather limited understanding of trophic interactions. Indeed, it has proven difficult to discern direct and indirect effects of environmental change on animal populations owing to limited information about vegetation at large temporal and spatial scales. The rapidly increasing use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in ecological studies has recently changed this situation. Here, we review the use of the NDVI in recent ecological studies and outline its possible key role in future research of environmental change in an ecosystem context. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Pettorelli, Nathalie and Vik, Jon Olav and Mysterud, Atle and Gaillard, Jean-Michel and Tucker, Compton J. and Stenseth, Nils Chr},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.011},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2005/Pettorelli et al.{\_}2005{\_}Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
keywords = {ndvi,remote-sensing},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {503--510},
pmid = {16701427},
title = {{Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953470500162X},
volume = {20},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Buckland2011,
abstract = {The 2010 Biodiversity Target of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), set in 2002, which stated that there should be ‘a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss' by 2010, highlighted the need for informative and tractable metrics that can be used to evaluate change in biological diversity. While the subsequent Aichi 2020 targets are more wide-ranging, they also seek to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss. The geometric mean of relative abundance indices, G, is increasingly being used to examine trends in biological diversity and to assess whether biodiversity targets are being met. Here, we explore the mathematical and statistical properties of G that make it useful for judging temporal change in biological diversity, and we discuss its advantages and limitations relative to other measures. We demonstrate that the index reflects trends in both abundance and evenness, and that it is not prone to bias when detectability of individuals varies by species. We note that it allows ...},
author = {Buckland, Stephen T. and Studeny, Angelika C. and Magurran, Anne E. and Illian, Janine B. and Newson, Stuart E.},
doi = {10.1890/ES11-00186.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Buckland et al. - 2011 - The geometric mean of relative abundance indices a biodiversity measure with a difference.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2150-8925},
issn = {2150-8925},
journal = {Ecosphere},
keywords = {2010 biodiversity target,2020 aichi,accepted 4 august 2011,biodiversity measure,biodiversity targets,corresponding,evenness,geometric mean,published 2 september 2011,received 30 june 2011,relative abundance,revised 2 august 2011},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {art100},
title = {{The geometric mean of relative abundance indices: a biodiversity measure with a difference}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/ES11-00186.1},
volume = {2},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Kool2013,
author = {Kool, Johnathan T. and Moilanen, Atte and Treml, Eric A.},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-012-9819-z},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kool, Moilanen, Treml - 2013 - Population connectivity recent advances and new perspectives.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0921-2973},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {conservation {\'{a}} management,dispersal {\'{a}} spatial ecology,tracking {\'{a}} population genetics,{\'{a}} modeling {\'{a}},{\'{a}} review {\'{a}}},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {165--185},
title = {{Population connectivity: recent advances and new perspectives}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-012-9819-z},
volume = {28},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Orme2006,
abstract = {Large-scale patterns of spatial variation in species geographic range size are central to many fundamental questions in macroecology and conservation biology. However, the global nature of these patterns has remained contentious, since previous studies have been geographically restricted and/or based on small taxonomic groups. Here, using a database on the breeding distributions of birds, we report the first (to our knowledge) global maps of variation in species range sizes for an entire taxonomic class. We show that range area does not follow a simple latitudinal pattern. Instead, the smallest range areas are attained on islands, in mountainous areas, and largely in the southern hemisphere. In contrast, bird species richness peaks around the equator, and towards higher latitudes. Despite these profoundly different latitudinal patterns, spatially explicit models reveal a weak tendency for areas with high species richness to house species with significantly smaller median range area. Taken together, these results show that for birds many spatial patterns in range size described in geographically restricted analyses do not reflect global rules. It remains to be discovered whether global patterns in geographic range size are best interpreted in terms of geographical variation in species assemblage packing, or in the rates of speciation, extinction, and dispersal that ultimately underlie biodiversity.},
author = {Orme, C. David L and Davies, Richard G. and Olson, Valerie a. and Thomas, Gavin H. and Ding, Tzung-Su and Rasmussen, Pamela C. and Ridgely, Robert S. and Stattersfield, Ali J. and Bennett, Peter M. and Owens, Ian P F and Blackburn, Tim M. and Gaston, Kevin J.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.0040208},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Orme et al. - 2006 - Global Patterns of Geographic Range Size in Birds.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1544-9173},
issn = {1544-9173},
journal = {PLoS Biology},
number = {7},
pages = {e208},
pmid = {16774453},
title = {{Global Patterns of Geographic Range Size in Birds}},
url = {http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document{\&}doi=10.1371{\%}2Fjournal.pbio.0040208},
volume = {4},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Bremer2010,
abstract = {Plantations are established for a variety of reasons including wood production, soil and water conservation, and more recently, carbon sequestration. The effect of this growing land-use change on biodiversity, however, is poorly understood and considerable debate exists as to whether plantations are ‘green deserts' or valuable habitat for indigenous flora and fauna. This paper synthesizes peer-reviewed articles that provide quantitative data on plant species richness in plantations and paired land uses, most often representative of pre- plantation land cover. The results of this synthesis suggest that the value of plantations for biodiversity varies considerably depending on whether the original land cover is grassland, shrubland, primary forest, secondary forest, or degraded or exotic pasture, and whether native or exotic tree species are planted. The results of this study suggest that plantations are most likely to contribute to biodiversity when established on degraded lands rather than replacing natural ecosystems, such as forests, grasslands, and shrublands, and when indigenous tree species are used rather than exotic species. These findings can help guide afforestation and reforestation programs, including those aimed at increasing terrestrial carbon sequestration.},
author = {Bremer, Leah L. and Farley, Kathleen A.},
doi = {10.1007/s10531-010-9936-4},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/Bremer-Farley2010{\_}Article{\_}DoesPlantationForestryRestoreB.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0960-3115},
issn = {0960-3115},
journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
keywords = {Afforestation,Biodiversity,Carbon sequestration,Land-use change,Plant diversity,Plantations,Reforestation,Species richness},
month = {dec},
number = {14},
pages = {3893--3915},
title = {{Does plantation forestry restore biodiversity or create green deserts? A synthesis of the effects of land-use transitions on plant species richness}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10531-010-9936-4},
volume = {19},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Tian2015,
author = {Tian, Feng and Fensholt, Rasmus and Verbesselt, Jan and Grogan, Kenneth and Horion, Stephanie and Wang, Yunjia},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.031},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tian et al. - 2015 - Evaluating temporal consistency of long-term global NDVI datasets for trend analysis.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Break points dectection,GIMMS3g,LTDR,MODIS,SPOT-VGT,Sensor shift related artifacts,VIP},
month = {jun},
pages = {326--340},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Evaluating temporal consistency of long-term global NDVI datasets for trend analysis}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425715001285},
volume = {163},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Chen2015,
author = {Chen, Jun and Chen, Jin and Liao, Anping and Cao, Xin and Chen, Lijun and Chen, Xuehong and He, Chaoying and Han, Gang and Peng, Shu and Lu, Miao and Zhang, Weiwei and Tong, Xiaohua and Mills, Jon},
doi = {10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.002},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chen et al. - 2015 - Global land cover mapping at 30m resolution A POK-based operational approach.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09242716},
journal = {ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
month = {may},
pages = {7--27},
publisher = {International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS)},
title = {{Global land cover mapping at 30m resolution: A POK-based operational approach}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924271614002275},
volume = {103},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Brum2013,
abstract = {BACKGROUND: We evaluated the direct and indirect influence of climate, land use, phylogenetic structure, species richness and endemism on the distribution of New World threatened amphibians.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We used the WWF's New World ecoregions, the WWFs amphibian distributional data and the IUCN Red List Categories to obtain the number of threatened species per ecoregion. We analyzed three different scenarios urgent, moderate, and the most inclusive scenario. Using path analysis we evaluated the direct and indirect effects of climate, type of land use, phylogenetic structure, richness and endemism on the number of threatened amphibians in New World ecoregions. In all scenarios we found strong support for direct influences of endemism, the cover of villages and species richness on the number of threatened species in each ecoregion. The proportion of wild area had indirect effects in the moderate and the most inclusive scenario. Phylogenetic composition was important in determining the species richness and endemism in each ecoregion. Climate variables had complex and indirect effects on the number of threatened species.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Land use has a more direct influence than climate in determining the distribution of New World threatened amphibians. Independently of the scenario analyzed, the main variables influencing the distribution of threatened amphibians were consistent, with endemism having the largest magnitude path coefficient. The importance of phylogenetic composition could indicate that some clades may be more threatened than others, and their presence increases the number of threatened species. Our results highlight the importance of man-made land transformation, which is a local variable, as a critical factor underlying the distribution of threatened amphibians at a biogeographic scale.},
author = {Brum, Fernanda Thiesen and Gon{\c{c}}alves, Larissa Oliveira and Cappelatti, Laura and Carlucci, Marcos Bergmann and Debastiani, Vanderlei J{\'{u}}lio and Salengue, Elisa Viana and {dos Santos Seger}, Guilherme Dubal and Both, Camila and Bernardo-Silva, Jorge Sebasti{\~{a}}o and Loyola, Rafael Dias and {da Silva Duarte}, Leandro},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0060742},
editor = {Krkosek, Martin},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Brum et al. - 2013 - Land Use Explains the Distribution of Threatened New World Amphibians Better than Climate.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {e60742},
pmid = {23637764},
title = {{Land Use Explains the Distribution of Threatened New World Amphibians Better than Climate}},
url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060742},
volume = {8},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Morgan2001,
abstract = {This paper was presented at the conference ‘Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management', Boise, Idaho, USA, June 1999 Maps of fire frequency, severity, size, and pattern are useful for strategically planning fire and natural resource management, assessing risk and ecological conditions, illustrating change in disturbance regimes through time, identifying knowledge gaps, and learning how climate, topography, vegetation, and land use influence fire regimes. We review and compare alternative data sources and approaches for mapping fire regimes at national, regional, and local spatial scales. Fire regimes, defined here as the nature of fires occurring over an extended period of time, are closely related to local site productivity and topography, but climate variability entrains fire regimes at regional to national scales. In response to fire exclusion policies, land use, and invasion of exotic plants over the last century, fire regimes have changed greatly, especially in dry forests, woodlands, and grasslands. Comparing among and within geographic regions, and across time, is a powerful way to understand the factors determining and constraining fire patterns. Assembling spatial databases of fire information using consistent protocols and standards will aid comparison between studies, and speed and strengthen analyses. Combining multiple types of data will increase the power and reliability of interpretations. Testing hypotheses about relationships between fire, climate, vegetation, land use, and topography will help to identify what determines fire regimes at multiple scales.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {1049-8001/01/030329},
author = {Morgan, Penelope and Hardy, Colin C and Swetnam, Thomas W and Rollins, Matthew G and Long, Donald G},
doi = {10.1071/WF01032},
eprint = {01/030329},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/MappingFireRegimes{\_}IJWF{\_}Publication6.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1049-8001},
issn = {1049-8001},
journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
number = {4},
pages = {329},
primaryClass = {1049-8001},
title = {{Mapping fire regimes across time and space: Understanding coarse and fine-scale fire patterns}},
url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/WF01032 http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WF01032},
volume = {10},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Dyer2010,
author = {Dyer, James M.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1654-109X.2009.01061.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dyer - 2010 - Land-use legacies in a central Appalachian forest differential response of trees and herbs to historic agricultural practi.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14022001},
journal = {Applied Vegetation Science},
keywords = {agriculture,dispersal,disturbance,his-,life-history traits,reforestation,torical ecology},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {195--206},
title = {{Land-use legacies in a central Appalachian forest: differential response of trees and herbs to historic agricultural practices}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2009.01061.x},
volume = {13},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Gillingham2015,
abstract = {A cornerstone of conservation is the designation and management of protected areas (PAs): locations often under conservation management containing species of conservation concern, where some development and other detri- mental influences are prevented or mitigated. However, the value of PAs for conserving biodiversity in the long term has been questioned given that species are changing their distributions in response to climatic change. There is a concern that PAs may become climatically unsuitable for those species that they were designated to protect, and may not be located appropriately to receive newly-colonizing species