text:
@article{
   author = {Actis, G. C. and Fadda, M. and David, E. and Sapino, A.},
   title = {Colectomy rate in steroid-refractory colitis initially responsive to cyclosporin: a long-term retrospective cohort study},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {7},
   pages = {13},
   note = {1471-230x
Actis, Giovanni C
Fadda, Maurizio
David, Ezio
Sapino, Anna
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2007 Mar 27;7:13.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is consistent evidence that 50% of patients with acute, steroid-resistant flare of ulcerative colitis (UC) may achieve remission and avoid colectomy if treated with cyclosporin (CsA). However, follow-up of the responders has shown that most of them relapse and need surgery shortly after the response. We compared the records of our CsA-treated patients with those of other groups in order to help clarify this matter. METHODS: All patients admitted consecutively to our Unit with an attack of UC and treated with CsA between January 1991 and December 1999 were studied. Patients were begun on continuously-infused CsA at 2 mg/kg/day (1991-1996), or on NEORAL at an initial dose of 5 mg/kg/day (1996-1999). The maintenance treatment included oral CsA for 3-6 months with or without azathioprine (AZA). CsA failure was defined as a relapse requiring steroids with or without progression to colectomy; the cumulative probability of relapse/colectomy was assessed by Fisher's exact tests and Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Among the patients, 39/61 (63%) initially responded. These 39 included a fatality and 4 drop-outs (unrelated to the side-effects of CsA), leaving 34 patients for the study. Of these, 61% and 35% were colectomy-free at 1 and 7 years, respectively; the corresponding figures were 80 and 60% respectively in the subset treated with AZA, but 47% and 15% in the AZA-untreated subgroup (p= 0.0007 at 7 years). Among the 34 patients, 44% were relapse-free at 1 year, but all had relapsed at 7 years (p = 0.0635). The overall resort to colectomy was 72%, while 19% of the patients remained colectomy-free. CONCLUSION: Sixty percent of a cohort of patients with steroid-refractory colitis responded to CsA and 60% of these responders retained the colon after 1 year. These figures fell to 35% at 7 years but improved to 60% on AZA. The overall need for colectomy remains high in these patients and toxicity must be monitored.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Adult
Chi-Square Distribution
Cohort Studies
Colectomy/methods/*statistics & numerical data
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*drug therapy/*surgery
Cyclosporine/*therapeutic use
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Drug Administration Schedule
Drug Resistance
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Incidence
Infusions, Intravenous
Male
Middle Aged
Prednisolone/therapeutic use
Probability
Recurrence
Retrospective Studies
Risk Assessment
Severity of Illness Index
Statistics, Nonparametric
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {17389040},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-230x-7-13},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Actis, G. C. and Fadda, M. and Pellicano, R. and David, E. and Rizzetto, M. and Sapino, A.},
   title = {The 17-year single-center experience with the use of azathioprine to maintain remission in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Biomed Pharmacother},
   volume = {63},
   number = {5},
   pages = {362-5},
   note = {1950-6007
Actis, Giovanni C
Fadda, Maurizio
Pellicano, Rinaldo
David, Ezio
Rizzetto, Mario
Sapino, Anna
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
France
Biomed Pharmacother. 2009 Jun;63(5):362-5. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.06.029. Epub 2008 Jul 9.},
   abstract = {Despite the accumulation of positive data, the role of azathioprine (AZA) in the maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis is still controversial. We looked at the follow-up of the ulcerative colitis patients who, after responding to either steroids or cyclosporin (CsA), received AZA at our referral center for over a decade. The 39 patients (29 m/10f) were treated between 1991 and 2007. Twenty-five of them had responded to CsA, the remaining 14 to corticosteroids. AZA was usually overlapped with either of the two agents at the initial dose of 2mg/kg/day. The definitions of remission, relapse, and AZA toxicity followed commonly agreed criteria. The median duration of the AZA treatment was 14 months (<1-201). Fifty-two percent and 14%, respectively, of the CsA and the steroid responders needed surgery (overall rate=38%). The figures were 32 and 15 at the first year. The majority of the patients had 1-2 relapses often in connection with withdrawal of AZA; only 3 of these relapsers needed hospitalization. AZA caused toxicity in 16/39 (41%) patients, requiring withdrawal in 23% of the cases; leukopenia (17%) and hepatitis/cholestasis (10%) ranked first and second for frequency. All of the patients in whom AZA was stopped (or reduced) relapsed. In conclusion, the 1-year colectomy rates compare favorably with the figures reported by the literature. By contrast, the toxicity rates were higher than expected. Failure to genotype or to use escalating AZA doses can only be hypothesized as causes.},
   keywords = {Adult
Azathioprine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/surgery
Colonoscopy
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Middle Aged
Retrospective Studies
Secondary Prevention
Time Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0753-3322},
   Accession Number = {18657949},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.biopha.2008.06.029},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Anandasabapathy, S.},
   title = {Endoscopic imaging: emerging optical techniques for the detection of colorectal neoplasia},
   journal = {Curr Opin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {24},
   number = {1},
   pages = {64-9},
   note = {1531-7056
Anandasabapathy, Sharmila
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008 Jan;24(1):64-9.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Advances in bioengineering have spawned various imaging modalities which have revolutionized endoscopy. Some of these technologies provide real-time, high-resolution, subcellular imaging. This review provides an update on these technologies and their role in the evaluation of colorectal neoplasia. RECENT FINDINGS: Narrow band imaging has been shown to visualize capillary patterns in early cancer and is complementary to magnification endoscopy. Optical coherence tomography has been used to evaluate neoplastic progression and distinguish Crohn's from ulcerative colitis. Confocal endomicroscopy has been shown to accurately predict neoplastic changes in polyps and identify areas of neoplasia in patients with colitis. Among the spectroscopic techniques, autofluorescence is best studied in the colon and has been used to identify adenomas and dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Endocytoscopy is a relatively new technology but shows promise in distinguishing neoplastic lesions. SUMMARY: Recently a number of imaging technologies have arisen that have the potential to enhance our detection of colorectal neoplasia. Several of these, such as autofluorescent imaging and narrow band imaging, are 'red flag' techniques which enhance our visualization of mucosal change(s). Complementary technologies, such as confocal endomicroscopy and endocytoscopy, provide subcellular imaging. Combined with a 'red flag' technique, these may transform our approach to colonoscopy, allowing the real-time detection and diagnosis of neoplasia.},
   keywords = {Colonoscopes
Colonoscopy/*methods
Colorectal Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology
Coloring Agents
Humans
Microscopy, Confocal
Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods
Precancerous Conditions/diagnosis/pathology
Sensitivity and Specificity
Spectrum Analysis/methods
Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods},
   ISSN = {0267-1379},
   Accession Number = {18043235},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f2df8d},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Atay, O. and Radhakrishnan, K. and Arruda, J. and Wyllie, R.},
   title = {Severe chest pain in a pediatric ulcerative colitis patient after 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   number = {27},
   pages = {4400-2},
   note = {Atay, Orhan
Radhakrishnan, Kadakkal
Arruda, Janine
Wyllie, Robert
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul 21;14(27):4400-2.},
   abstract = {Severe reactions to mesalamine products are rarely seen in pediatric patients. We report a case of a 12-year-old boy who had a severe cardiac reaction to a mesalamine product Asacol. Past medical history is significant for ulcerative colitis (UC) diagnosed at 9 years of age. Colonoscopy one week prior to admission revealed pancolitis. He was treated with Asacol 800 mg three times per day and prednisone 20 mg/d. He was subsequently admitted to the hospital for an exacerbation of his UC and started on intravenous solumedrol. He had improvement of his abdominal pain and diarrhea. The patient complained of new onset of chest pain upon initiating Asacol therapy. Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed non-specific ST-T wave changes with T-wave inversion in the lateral leads. Echocardiogram (ECHO) revealed low-normal to mildly depressed left ventricular systolic function. The left main coronary artery and left anterior descending artery were mildly prominent measuring 5 mm and 4.7 mm, respectively. His chest pain completely resolved within 24-36 h of discontinuing Asacol. A repeat echocardiogram performed two days later revealed normal left ventricular function with normal coronary arteries (< 3.5 mm). Onset of chest pain after Asacol and immediate improvement of chest pain, as well as improvement of echocardiogram and ECG findings after discontinuing Asacol suggests that our patient suffered from a rare drug-hypersensitivity reaction to Asacol.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
Chest Pain/chemically induced/*diagnosis
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Colonoscopy
Drug Hypersensitivity
Echocardiography/methods
Electrocardiography/methods
Humans
Male
Mesalamine/*adverse effects
Pericardial Effusion
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {18666333},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ates, Y. and Degertekin, B. and Erdil, A. and Yaman, H. and Dagalp, K.},
   title = {Serum ghrelin levels in inflammatory bowel disease with relation to disease activity and nutritional status},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {53},
   number = {8},
   pages = {2215-21},
   note = {Ates, Yuksel
Degertekin, Bulent
Erdil, Ahmet
Yaman, Halil
Dagalp, Kemal
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Aug;53(8):2215-21. Epub 2007 Dec 13.},
   abstract = {Ghrelin possesses various biological activities -- it stimulates growth hormone (GH) release, plays a major role in energy metabolism, and is one of the hormones that affects body composition. It also plays a role in modulating immune response and inflammatory processes. In this study we aimed to determine whether serum ghrelin levels had correlation with markers associated with disease activation. We also investigated any probable relationship between serum ghrelin level and nutritional status. Serum levels of ghrelin and its relationship with disease activity and nutritional status were evaluated in 34 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 25 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), and 30 healthy controls. Serum ghrelin levels, serum IGF-1 and GH levels, and markers of disease activity (sedimentation, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen) were measured in all subjects. Body composition and nutritional status was assessed by both direct (by anthropometry) and indirect (by bioimpedance) methods. Serum ghrelin levels were significantly higher in patients with active UC and CD than in those in remission (108 +/- 11 pg/ml vs. 71 +/- 13 pg/ml for UC patients, P < 0.001; 110 +/- 10 pg/ml vs. 75 +/- 15 pg/ml for CD patients, P < 0.001). Circulating ghrelin levels in UC and CD patients were positively correlated with sedimentation, fibrinogen and CRP and was negatively correlated with IGF-1, BMI, TSFT, MAC, fat mass (%), and fat free mass (%). This study demonstrates that patients with active IBD have higher serum ghrelin levels than patients in remission and high levels of circulating ghrelin correlate with the severity of disease and the activity markers. Ghrelin levels in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients show an appositive correlation with IGF-1 and bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition, and anthropometric assessments. Finally, we arrived at the conclusion that ghrelin level may be important in determination of the activity in IBD patients and evaluation of nutritional status.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Biomarkers/blood
Blood Sedimentation
Body Composition
C-Reactive Protein/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/*blood/drug therapy/physiopathology
Crohn Disease/*blood/drug therapy/physiopathology
Electric Impedance
Female
Fibrinogen/metabolism
Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use
Ghrelin/*blood
Human Growth Hormone/blood
Humans
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
Male
Middle Aged
*Nutritional Status
Prospective Studies
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0163-2116 (Print)
0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {18080768},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-007-0113-x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Banning, A. and Florian, S. and Deubel, S. and Thalmann, S. and Muller-Schmehl, K. and Jacobasch, G. and Brigelius-Flohe, R.},
   title = {GPx2 counteracts PGE2 production by dampening COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in human colon cancer cells},
   journal = {Antioxid Redox Signal},
   volume = {10},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1491-500},
   note = {1557-7716
Banning, Antje
Florian, Simone
Deubel, Stefanie
Thalmann, Sophie
Muller-Schmehl, Katrin
Jacobasch, Gisela
Brigelius-Flohe, Regina
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008 Sep;10(9):1491-500. doi: 10.1089/ars.2008.2047.},
   abstract = {GPx2, the gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase, is a selenoprotein predominantly expressed in the intestine. An anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic potential has been inferred from the development of colitis and intestinal cancer in GPx1 and GPx2 double knockout mice. Further, induction by Nrf2 activators classifies GPx2 as a protective enzyme. In contrast, enhanced COX-2 expression is consistently associated with inflammation. The antagonistic roles and an intriguing co-localization of GPx2 and COX-2 prompted us to investigate their possible mutual regulation. Both enzymes were upregulated in tissues of patients with colorectal cancer and colitis, and co-localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. A stable knockdown of GPx2 in HT-29 cells by siRNA resulted in a high basal and IL-1-induced expression of COX-2 and mPGES-1, enzymes required for the production of the pro-inflammatory PGE(2). Accordingly, si-GPx2 cells released high concentrations of PGE(2). Observed effects were specific for GPx2, since COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression was not affected by selenium-deprivation which resulted in the disappearance of GPx1. It is concluded that GPx2 by compartmentalized removal of hydroperoxides silences COX-2 activity and suppresses PGE(2)-dependent COX-2 expression. Thus, GPx2 may prevent undue responses to inflammatory stimuli and, in consequence, inflammation-driven initiation of carcinogenesis.},
   keywords = {Blotting, Western
Cell Line, Tumor
Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism/pathology
Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/pathology
Cyclooxygenase 2/*genetics/metabolism
Dinoprostone/*biosynthesis
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Glutathione Peroxidase/*genetics/metabolism
Humans
Immunoassay
Immunohistochemistry
Interleukin-1/pharmacology
Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/*genetics/metabolism
Prostaglandin-E Synthases
RNA Interference
RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction},
   ISSN = {1523-0864},
   Accession Number = {18479189},
   DOI = {10.1089/ars.2008.2047},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Barrie, A. and Regueiro, M.},
   title = {Biologic therapy in the management of extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {13},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1424-9},
   note = {Barrie, Arthur
Regueiro, Miguel
Journal Article
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Nov;13(11):1424-9.},
   abstract = {The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), notably Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are systemic inflammatory diseases primarily involving the gastrointestinal tract. Twenty percent to 40% of patients with IBD develop extraintestinal inflammation and symptoms, known as extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs).1-7 The most common EIMs affect the joints, skin, eyes, and biliary tract. The EIMs associated with IBD bear a negative impact on patients with UC and CD. Thus, the successful treatment of EIMs is essential for improving the quality of life of IBD patients. For most EIMs, their resolution often parallels that of the active IBD in both timing and therapy required. However, some EIM such as axial arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, uveitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis run a clinical course independent of IBD disease activity. The advent of biologic response modifiers, e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) inhibitors, has improved the treatment of IBD and its associated EIMs. This article reviews the therapeutic experiences of the 2 most widely used anti-TNF neutralizing antibodies, infliximab and adalimumab, for immune-mediated EIM of IBD.},
   keywords = {Adalimumab
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
Biological Therapy/*methods
Humans
*Inflammation/therapy
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications/*therapy
Infliximab
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {17567879},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20196},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Baudet, A. and Rahmi, G. and Bretagne, A. L. and Gloro, R. and Justum, A. M. and Reimund, J. M.},
   title = {Severe ulcerative colitis: present medical treatment strategies},
   journal = {Expert Opin Pharmacother},
   volume = {9},
   number = {3},
   pages = {447-57},
   note = {1744-7666
Baudet, Agnes
Rahmi, Gabriel
Bretagne, Anne-Laure
Gloro, Romain
Justum, Anne-Marie
Reimund, Jean-Marie
Journal Article
Review
England
Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Feb;9(3):447-57. doi: 10.1517/14656566.9.3.447 .},
   abstract = {A total of 15-19% of ulcerative colitis patients have a severe attack at some time during their illness. As a consequence of its high associated mortality and morbidity rates, a close collaboration between gastroenterologists and surgeons in their management is mandatory, in order to define, as best as possible, the timing of surgery (i.e., colectomy) when patients fail to respond to medical treatment or worsen despite optimal medical treatment. The first step in medical treatment consists of using intravenous corticosteroids as they have been demonstrated to reduce drastically the mortality rates. However, at 1 year approximately 25% of patients become corticosteroid dependent and 30% require colectomy, which can consistently affect their quality of life. Therefore, intravenous ciclosporin has been proposed as a rescue therapy, with a further improvement of short-term efficacy and reduction of surgery requirement. Nevertheless, its use is associated with a risk of toxicity and intravenous ciclosporin is not easy to use in non-specialised centres. In addition, long-term studies suggest that colectomy is often only delayed and relapse frequent. Consequently, some authors evaluate the potential use of infliximab. Available data are encouraging, reporting a significant short-term reduction in colectomy rate. Nevertheless, additional trials are required to better define the more effective and safe treatment option(s), for both the short- and long-term, in this patient setting; a question addressed in ongoing trials.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/physiopathology/surgery
Cyclosporine/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Infliximab
Injections, Intravenous},
   ISSN = {1465-6566},
   Accession Number = {18220494},
   DOI = {10.1517/14656566.9.3.447},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Benchimol, E. I. and Turner, D. and Mann, E. H. and Thomas, K. E. and Gomes, T. and McLernon, R. A. and Griffiths, A. M.},
   title = {Toxic megacolon in children with inflammatory bowel disease: clinical and radiographic characteristics},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {103},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1524-31},
   note = {1572-0241
Benchimol, Eric I
Turner, Dan
Mann, Erika H
Thomas, Karen E
Gomes, Tara
McLernon, Robin A
Griffiths, Anne M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jun;103(6):1524-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01807.x. Epub 2008 May 28.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Toxic megacolon (TMC) denotes a rare clinical syndrome accompanied by colonic dilatation, and is a serious complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study assessed the clinical and radiologic characteristics of TMC in children with IBD. METHODS: A systematic search identified patients with IBD-associated TMC and matched them by age to controls with ulcerative colitis without evidence of TMC. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared with conditional logistic regression. Abdominal X-rays were interpreted by two blinded radiologists and findings were compared with controls. RESULTS: Ten children with TMC (median age 12.6 [7.3-15.5] yr) were matched with 20 controls (median age 12.8 [6.8-15.2] yr). Altered level of consciousness and hypotension were rare in children with TMC. Fever (P= 0.005), tachycardia (P= 0.0001), dehydration (P= 0.01), and electrolyte abnormalities (P= 0.0002) were more common in children with TMC than controls. Air-fluid levels (P= 0.005), intestinal thickening (P= 0.006), and abnormal colonic haustra (P= 0.012) were more commonly seen on X-rays of TMC cases. Transverse colon luminal diameter >or=56 mm was strongly suggestive of TMC (sensitivity 90%, specificity 90%, area under the ROC curve 0.91). No child with TMC died and 70% required colectomy during admission. Two of the three with intact colons at discharge required second-line therapy during the subsequent year. CONCLUSIONS: Colonic dilatation >or=56 mm in children with IBD strongly suggests TMC, if clinical signs are present. Mental alteration and hypotension may be less common in children than in adults. TMC in children with IBD is associated with poor outcome, with a high rate of corticosteroid failure.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Canada
Case-Control Studies
Child
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/diagnostic imaging/therapy
Crohn Disease/*complications/diagnostic imaging/therapy
Female
Humans
Logistic Models
Male
Megacolon, Toxic/*diagnostic imaging/*etiology/therapy
Predictive Value of Tests
Radiography
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {18510624},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01807.x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Biasi, F. and Mascia, C. and Poli, G.},
   title = {TGFbeta1 expression in colonic mucosa: modulation by dietary lipids},
   journal = {Genes Nutr},
   volume = {2},
   number = {2},
   pages = {233-43},
   note = {Biasi, Fiorella
Mascia, Cinzia
Poli, Giuseppe
Journal Article
Germany
Genes Nutr. 2007 Nov;2(2):233-43. doi: 10.1007/s12263-007-0053-2. Epub 2007 Sep 27.},
   abstract = {Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) is fundamental to maintain the intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis through its control action on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. TGFbeta1 dysregulation has been observed in several chronic human diseases, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and colon carcinoma. In the first two conditions, a marked oxidative stress is consistently present, while in the third one, levels of reactive oxygen species tend to be significantly lower than in the surrounding normal tissue. Lipid-derived compounds such as the aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) or cholesterol oxidation products (oxysterols) were shown able to induce expression and synthesis of TGFbeta1, an event which can be detrimental or beneficial, essentially depending on its actual intensity. Understanding how specific dietary lipids may influence the complex molecular signaling underlying this cytokine expression, may provide new indications for therapeutic and preventive strategies in inflammatory bowel diseases and colon carcinoma.},
   ISSN = {1555-8932 (Print)
1555-8932},
   Accession Number = {18850178},
   DOI = {10.1007/s12263-007-0053-2},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bibiloni, R. and Tandon, P. and Vargas-Voracka, F. and Barreto-Zuniga, R. and Lupian-Sanchez, A. and Rico-Hinojosa, M. A. and Guban, J. and Fedorak, R. and Tannock, G. W.},
   title = {Differential clustering of bowel biopsy-associated bacterial profiles of specimens collected in Mexico and Canada: what do these profiles represent?},
   journal = {J Med Microbiol},
   volume = {57},
   number = {Pt 1},
   pages = {111-7},
   note = {Bibiloni, Rodrigo
Tandon, Puneeta
Vargas-Voracka, Florencia
Barreto-Zuniga, Raphael
Lupian-Sanchez, Andres
Rico-Hinojosa, Miguel Angel
Guban, Jennifer
Fedorak, Richard
Tannock, Gerald W
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Med Microbiol. 2008 Jan;57(Pt 1):111-7.},
   abstract = {Bowel commensals appear to be an important source of antigens that drive the chronic immune inflammation characteristic of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis [inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)]. Biopsy-associated bacteria are assumed to be particularly relevant in bacteriological investigations of IBD because they are assumed to be located on the mucosal surface and hence close to immunological cells. This investigation analysed the bacterial collections associated with bowel biopsies, aspirates of residual fluid after bowel cleansing and faeces from IBD patients and non-IBD subjects in Edmonton, Canada, and Mexico City, Mexico. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene sequences produced profiles of the bacterial collections and their similarities were compared. Similarity analysis showed that the profiles did not cluster according to disease status, but that Canadian and Mexican profiles could be differentiated by this method. Comparison of biopsy, aspirate and faecal samples obtained from the same subject showed that, on average, the profiles were highly similar. Therefore, biopsy-associated bacteria are likely to represent, at least in part, contaminants from the fluid, which resembles a faecal solution, that pools in the bowel after cleansing prior to endoscopy.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification
Biopsy
Canada
Colitis, Ulcerative/*microbiology/pathology
Crohn Disease/*microbiology/pathology
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
Humans
Ileum/microbiology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology/pathology
Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology/pathology
Mexico
RNA, Bacterial/genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics},
   ISSN = {0022-2615 (Print)
0022-2615},
   Accession Number = {18065676},
   DOI = {10.1099/jmm.0.47321-0},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bousvaros, A. and Antonioli, D. A. and Colletti, R. B. and Dubinsky, M. C. and Glickman, J. N. and Gold, B. D. and Griffiths, A. M. and Jevon, G. P. and Higuchi, L. M. and Hyams, J. S. and Kirschner, B. S. and Kugathasan, S. and Baldassano, R. N. and Russo, P. A.},
   title = {Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {44},
   number = {5},
   pages = {653-74},
   note = {1536-4801
North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
Colitis Foundation of America
Bousvaros, Athos
Antonioli, Donald A
Colletti, Richard B
Dubinsky, Marla C
Glickman, Jonathan N
Gold, Benjamin D
Griffiths, Anne M
Jevon, Gareth P
Higuchi, Leslie M
Hyams, Jeffrey S
Kirschner, Barbara S
Kugathasan, Subra
Baldassano, Robert N
Russo, Pierre A
Consensus Development Conference
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 May;44(5):653-74.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Studies of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have varied in the criteria used to classify patients as having Crohn disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), or indeterminate colitis (IC). Patients undergoing an initial evaluation for IBD will often undergo a series of diagnostic tests, including barium upper gastrointestinal series with small bowel follow-through, abdominal CT, upper endoscopy, and colonoscopy with biopsies. Other tests performed less frequently include magnetic resonance imaging scans, serological testing, and capsule endoscopy. The large amount of clinical information obtained may make a physician uncertain as to whether to label a patient as having CD or UC. Nevertheless, to facilitate the conduct of epidemiological studies in children, to allow the entry of children into clinical trials, and to allow physicians to more clearly discuss diagnosis with their patients, it is important that clinicians be able to differentiate between CD and UC. METHODS: A consensus conference regarding the diagnosis and classification of pediatric IBD was organized by the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. The meeting included 10 pediatric gastroenterologists and 4 pediatric pathologists. The primary aim was to determine the utility of endoscopy and histology in establishing the diagnosis of CD and UC. Each member of the group was assigned a topic for review. Topics evaluated included differentiating inflammatory bowel disease from acute self-limited colitis, endoscopic and histological features that allow differentiation between CD and UC, upper endoscopic features seen in both CD and UC, ileal inflammation and "backwash ileitis" in UC, patchiness and rectal sparing in pediatric IBD, periappendiceal inflammation in CD and UC, and definitions of IC. RESULTS: Patients with UC may have histological features such as microscopic inflammation of the ileum, histological gastritis, periappendiceal inflammation, patchiness, and relative rectal sparing at the time of diagnosis. These findings should not prompt the clinician to change the diagnosis from UC to CD. Other endoscopic findings, such as macroscopic cobblestoning, segmental colitis, ileal stenosis and ulceration, perianal disease, and multiple granulomas in the small bowel or colon more strongly suggest a diagnosis of CD. An algorithm is provided to enable the clinician to differentiate more reliably between these 2 entities. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations and algorithm presented here aim to assist the clinician in differentiating childhood UC from CD. We hope the recommendations in this report will reduce variability among practitioners in how they use the terms "ulcerative colitis," "Crohn disease," and "indeterminate colitis." The authors hope that progress being made in genetic, serological, and imaging studies leads to more reliable phenotyping.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Algorithms
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/pathology
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/classification},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {17460505},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31805563f3},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Browning, B. L. and Huebner, C. and Petermann, I. and Demmers, P. and McCulloch, A. and Gearry, R. B. and Barclay, M. L. and Shelling, A. N. and Ferguson, L. R.},
   title = {Association of DLG5 variants with inflammatory bowel disease in the New Zealand Caucasian population and meta-analysis of the DLG5 R30Q variant},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {13},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1069-76},
   note = {Browning, Brian L
Huebner, Claudia
Petermann, Ivonne
Demmers, Pieter
McCulloch, Alan
Gearry, Richard B
Barclay, Murray L
Shelling, Andrew N
Ferguson, Lynnette R
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Sep;13(9):1069-76.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Variants in the DLG5 gene have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in samples from some, but not all populations. In particular, 2 nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), R30Q (rs1248696) and P1371Q (rs2289310), have been associated with an increased risk of IBD, and a common haplotype (called haplotype "A") has been associated with reduced risk. METHODS: We genotyped R30Q, P1371Q, and a haplotype A tagging SNP (rs2289311) in a New Zealand Caucasian cohort of 389 Crohn's disease (CD) patients, 406 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, and 416 population controls. Each SNP was tested for association with disease susceptibility and clinical phenotypes. We also performed a meta-analysis of R30Q data from published association studies. RESULTS: The haplotype A tagging SNP was associated with reduced risk of IBD at the 0.05 significance level (P=0.036) with an allelic odds ratio of 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-0.99). Association with haplotype A was strongest (odds ratio approximately 0.57) in UC patients with familial IBD or extraintestinal manifestations. The R30Q and P1371Q polymorphisms were not significantly associated with UC, CD, or IBD. Analysis of male and female data did not find any gender-specific associations. Meta-analysis gave no evidence of association of R30Q with IBD. CONCLUSIONS: Meta-analysis demonstrates that the minor allele of R30Q is not a risk factor for IBD across populations. This study provides some evidence that DLG5 haplotype A is associated with reduced risk of IBD in the New Zealand Caucasian population, but this association will need to be replicated in an independent sample.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
European Continental Ancestry Group
Female
*Genetic Variation
Genotype
Haplotypes
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/ethnology/*genetics
Male
Membrane Proteins/*genetics
New Zealand
Risk
Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*genetics},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {17455201},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20157},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Browning, B. L. and Huebner, C. and Petermann, I. and Gearry, R. B. and Barclay, M. L. and Shelling, A. N. and Ferguson, L. R.},
   title = {Has toll-like receptor 4 been prematurely dismissed as an inflammatory bowel disease gene? Association study combined with meta-analysis shows strong evidence for association},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {102},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2504-12},
   note = {Browning, Brian L
Huebner, Claudia
Petermann, Ivonne
Gearry, Richard B
Barclay, Murray L
Shelling, Andrew N
Ferguson, Lynnette R
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Nov;102(11):2504-12. Epub 2007 Sep 10.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Published association studies of the TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in caucasian populations have inconsistent results. We tested two TLR4 variants for association with IBD in the New Zealand caucasian population and assessed the cumulative evidence for association of TLR4 Asp299Gly and IBD. METHODS: The TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms were genotyped and tested for case-control frequency differences in a New Zealand white cohort of 389 Crohn's disease (CD) patients, 405 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, and 416 population controls. Meta-analysis using a random effects model was performed to test whether 299Gly carriage was associated with UC, CD, or phenotypes of CD patients. RESULTS: There were no significant allele or genotype frequency differences between cases and controls or between CD phenotypes in our New Zealand data. Meta-analysis did not identify any significant associations between CD phenotypes and 299Gly carriage. However, meta-analysis demonstrated significantly higher 299Gly carrier frequencies in CD patients (odds ratio 1.45, 95% CI 1.11-1.90) and in IBD patients (odds ratio 1.36, 95% CI 1.01-1.84) compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis provides evidence that Asp299Gly is associated with CD and IBD in whites. Only the Asp299Gly polymorphism has been consistently genotyped in previous TLR4 studies with IBD patients, therefore other TLR4 variants with stronger associations with IBD may exist. Additional well-powered studies of Asp299Gly and other TLR4 variants are urgently needed.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Chi-Square Distribution
*European Continental Ancestry Group
Female
Gene Frequency
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genotype
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/ethnology/*genetics
Logistic Models
Male
Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
New Zealand
Phenotype
Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
Toll-Like Receptor 4/*genetics},
   ISSN = {0002-9270 (Print)
0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {17850411},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01463.x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brunborg, L. A. and Madland, T. M. and Lind, R. A. and Arslan, G. and Berstad, A. and Froyland, L.},
   title = {Effects of short-term oral administration of dietary marine oils in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and joint pain: a pilot study comparing seal oil and cod liver oil},
   journal = {Clin Nutr},
   volume = {27},
   number = {4},
   pages = {614-22},
   note = {1532-1983
Brunborg, Linn A
Madland, Tor M
Lind, Ragna A
Arslan, Gulen
Berstad, Arnold
Froyland, Livar
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;27(4):614-22. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.017. Epub 2008 Apr 18.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Very long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have modulating effects on inflammatory mechanisms. Seal and fish oils are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and possibly therefore high doses of nasoduodenally administered seal oil rapidly relieved inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated joint pain in two recent studies. In the present study, we compared the effects of short-term oral administration of seal oil and cod liver oil on IBD-related joint pain, leucotriene B(4) level, serum fatty acid profile and IBD activity. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with IBD-related joint pain were included in the study; 21 had Crohn's disease and 17 ulcerative colitis. Ten milliters of seal oil (n=18) or cod liver oil (n=20) was self-administered orally 3 times a day for 14 days before meals in a double-blind setting. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two intervention groups or between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients. There was a tendency toward improvement in several joint pain parameters after both seal oil and cod liver oil administration. Further, plasma leucotriene B(4) concentration, serum Sigma n-6 to Sigma n-3, and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) ratios were similarly reduced after administration of seal oil and cod liver oil. CONCLUSION: No significant differences in the two treatment groups were seen; in both groups, the changes in several joint pain parameters, leucotriene B(4) level of plasma, and serum fatty acid profile were putatively favourable.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Adult
Aged
Animals
Arthralgia/blood/etiology/*therapy
Cod Liver Oil/*administration & dosage
Double-Blind Method
Fatty Acids/administration & dosage/*blood
Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*administration & dosage/blood
Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage/blood
Female
Fur Seals
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/*complications/drug therapy
Leukotriene B4/blood
Male
Middle Aged
Pilot Projects
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0261-5614},
   Accession Number = {18374458},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.017},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brunser, O. and Gotteland, M. and Cruchet, S.},
   title = {Functional fermented milk products},
   journal = {Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program},
   volume = {60},
   pages = {235-47; discussion 247-50},
   note = {Brunser, O
Gotteland, M
Cruchet, S
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2007;60:235-47; discussion 247-50.},
   abstract = {Fermented foods have been used since prehistoric times. Their number, variety and geographic origin are considerable, and different substrates and agents including bacteria, yeasts and moulds have been used in their preparation. In the last few decades the scientific approach to the study of the participating microorganisms and the resulting products have provided a better understanding of their biological importance. Among the many health-related properties of fermented foods, effects on blood pressure have been described after casein hydrolysis by lactic acid bacteria. Peptides with antimicrobial activity, mainly against Gram-negative bacteria, and derived from casein have also been identified. This could explain, at least in part, the antidiarrheal effects of fermented products including those on traveler's diarrhea and against colonization by Helicobacter pylori. One of the best known advantages of fermented milk products is their capacity to improve lactose tolerance in hypolactasic subjects. With the growing prevalence of allergies and inflammatory bowel diseases, considerable interest has been focused on the effects of lactic acid bacteria in these conditions; there is evidence that these agents are associated with improvements in allergy; no such evidence exists for Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. A cholesterol-lowering capacity has also been described for some microorganisms. Not all the fermenting microorganisms have probiotic capacities as the latter are strain-specific.},
   keywords = {Antibiosis
Blood Pressure/physiology
*Cultured Milk Products
Diarrhea/prevention & control
Food Microbiology
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*prevention & control
Helicobacter Infections/*prevention & control
Helicobacter pylori/growth & development
Humans
Lactobacillus/*physiology
*Probiotics
Species Specificity},
   ISSN = {1661-6677 (Print)
1661-6677},
   Accession Number = {17664908},
   DOI = {10.1159/0000106372},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bueno, L. and Fioramonti, J.},
   title = {Protease-activated receptor 2 and gut permeability: a review},
   journal = {Neurogastroenterol Motil},
   volume = {20},
   number = {6},
   pages = {580-7},
   note = {1365-2982
Bueno, L
Fioramonti, J
Journal Article
Review
England
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008 Jun;20(6):580-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01139.x.},
   abstract = {Digestive tract proteases are best known for their proteolytic activity in the digestion of alimentary proteins. However, during the last decade, a possible role of proteases as signalling molecules has been emphasized with the discovery of a novel class of G-protein coupled receptors located on cell membranes that may be activated by proteolytic cleavage of their N-terminal extracellular domain. Type 2 protease-activated receptors (PAR-2) are cleaved by serine-proteases such as trypsin and tryptase. PAR-2 is present in many intestinal cell types and particularly on epithelial cells. Multiple functions have been demonstrated in the gut for PAR-2, including epithelial permeability, mainly the intercellular permeability that is of paramount importance in the equilibrium between the external milieu (digestive contents) and the submucosal immune system. Alterations of both tissue and luminal levels of proteases or serine-protease activity may affect gut permeability and subsequently the immune status of the mucosa. Activation of PAR-2 on epithelial cells may directly affect cytoskeleton contraction by triggering phosphorylation of myosin light chain with subsequent changes in tight junction permeability. Enhanced fecal protease level has been recently reported in both organic (ulcerative colitis) and functional (irritable bowel syndrome) intestinal disorders and may play a role in the pathogenesis of such diseases.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cell Membrane Permeability/*physiology
Extracellular Fluid/enzymology
Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis/enzymology/physiopathology
Gastrointestinal Tract/*enzymology/physiology
Humans
Intestinal Absorption/*physiology
Intestinal Mucosa/*enzymology
Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism/*physiology},
   ISSN = {1350-1925},
   Accession Number = {18482083},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01139.x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cannioto, Z. and Berti, I. and Martelossi, S. and Bruno, I. and Giurici, N. and Crovella, S. and Ventura, A.},
   title = {IBD and IBD mimicking enterocolitis in children younger than 2 years of age},
   journal = {Eur J Pediatr},
   volume = {168},
   number = {2},
   pages = {149-55},
   note = {1432-1076
Cannioto, Z
Berti, I
Martelossi, S
Bruno, I
Giurici, N
Crovella, S
Ventura, A
Case Reports
Journal Article
Germany
Eur J Pediatr. 2009 Feb;168(2):149-55. doi: 10.1007/s00431-008-0721-2. Epub 2008 Jun 11.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is uncommon in children younger than 2 years of age. The criteria for differentiating IBD from other diseases with similar clinical presentation is unclear. We describe 16 patients who, between 1984 and 2004, received a histological diagnosis of IBD during the first two years of life. Six patients presented with histological Crohn's disease, eight with ulcerative colitis and two with indeterminate colitis. The median age at diagnosis was 125 days (range 1 day to 18 months) and the medium follow up was 89 months (range 65 days to 20 years). The disease appeared to be very severe: four children (25%) underwent total parenteral nutrition (TPN), two received colectomy (12.5%) and three patients died. Many of the patients required an aggressive, multidrug, immunosuppressive approach (azathioprine [AZA], Infliximab, thalidomide, cyclosporine A). One child presented with a hypogammaglobulinaemia without any specific immunodeficiency, while in the other patients, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) (4 cases) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) (2 cases) were identified. In 6/16 cases, allergic colitis was first considered; these cases initially underwent cow's milk protein-free diet as the only therapy before IBD was finally diagnosed. In conclusion, early IBD has a severe prognosis and often needs an aggressive therapeutic approach. Furthermore, an improper diagnosis of allergic colitis might cause an important diagnostic delay. Some severe immunodeficiencies, such as WAS and CGD, may represent a problem in terms of differential diagnosis and might be wrongly diagnosed as very early onset IBD.},
   keywords = {Colitis/*diagnosis/mortality/pathology/therapy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/mortality/pathology/therapy
Colon/pathology
Colonoscopy
Combined Modality Therapy
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/mortality/pathology/therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Enterocolitis/*diagnosis/mortality/pathology/therapy
Female
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic/diagnosis/mortality/pathology/therapy
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Male
Retrospective Studies
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome/diagnosis/mortality/pathology/therapy},
   ISSN = {0340-6199},
   Accession Number = {18546019},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00431-008-0721-2},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Carbonnel, F.},
   title = {[Management of severe or corticosteroid resistant ulcerative colitis]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Clin Biol},
   volume = {31},
   number = {4},
   pages = {398-403},
   note = {Carbonnel, Franck
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Review
France
Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2007 Apr;31(4):398-403.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/classification/complications/diagnosis/diagnostic
imaging/*drug therapy/surgery
Cyclosporine/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Cytomegalovirus Infections/complications/drug therapy
Drug Resistance
Foscarnet/therapeutic use
Ganciclovir/therapeutic use
Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Infliximab
Multicenter Studies as Topic
Prospective Studies
Radionuclide Imaging
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {0399-8320 (Print)
0399-8320},
   Accession Number = {17483777},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Carvalho, R. S. and Wilson, L. and Cuffari, C.},
   title = {Pulmonary manifestations in a pediatric patient with ulcerative colitis: a case report},
   journal = {J Med Case Rep},
   volume = {2},
   pages = {59},
   note = {Carvalho, Ryan S
Wilson, Lindsay
Cuffari, Carmen
Journal Article
England
J Med Case Rep. 2008 Feb 25;2:59. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-2-59.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Although respiratory involvement has been described in patients with IBD, well-defined interstitial lung disease has not been reported, especially among children with ulcerative colitis. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we present a case of an adolescent female with ulcerative colitis and extra-intestinal complications involving the lungs that were effectively treated with anti-metabolite therapy. CONCLUSION: Children with UC may manifest either interstitial or large airway pulmonary involvement. All children with suspected lung involvement should be screened for tuberculosis prior to starting immunosuppressive therapy.},
   ISSN = {1752-1947 (Print)
1752-1947},
   Accession Number = {18298838},
   DOI = {10.1186/1752-1947-2-59},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chen, M. and Peyrin-Biroulet, L. and Xia, B. and Gueant-Rodriguez, R. M. and Bronowicki, J. P. and Bigard, M. A. and Gueant, J. L.},
   title = {Methionine synthase A2756G polymorphism may predict ulcerative colitis and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T pancolitis, in Central China},
   journal = {BMC Med Genet},
   volume = {9},
   pages = {78},
   note = {1471-2350
Chen, Min
Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent
Xia, Bing
Gueant-Rodriguez, Rosa-Maria
Bronowicki, Jean-Pierre
Bigard, Marc-Andre
Gueant, Jean-Louis
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Med Genet. 2008 Aug 13;9:78. doi: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-78.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The association of genetic polymorphisms related to metabolism of homocysteine with inflammatory bowel disease has been evidenced in Crohn disease and remains an open question in ulcerative colitis. We evaluated the association of the polymorphisms of MTHFR, MTR, MTRR and TCN2 genes with ulcerative colitis in Central China. METHODS: 168 patients were genotyped for these polymorphisms and compared to 219 matched controls. RESULTS: Methionine synthase 2756G allele frequency was higher in ulcerative colitis than in controls 0.15 (95% C.I. 0.11-0.19) vs 0.09 (95% C.I. 0.07 - 0.12), (P = 0.0137) and predicted ulcerative colitis risk in logistic regression, with an Odds ratio at 1.8 (95% C.I. 1.15-2.84). Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677TT genotype was 2.7-fold more prevalent in individuals with pancolitis than in those with left colitis or proctitis, with respective percentages of 27.3 (95% C.I.16.4-42.0) and 10.5 (95% C.I. 6.3-17.1) (P = 0.0123). The carriage of 677TT or 677CT/1298AC genotypes of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was more frequent in cases with pancolitis than in subjects with left colitis or proctitis (P = 0.0048), with an Odds ratio adjusted by age and sex at 3.3 (95% C.I. 1.4-7.9), P = 0.0084) in logistic regression. CONCLUSION: Methionine synthase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase are genes of vitamin B12 and folate cellular metabolism associated respectively with risk and extent of ulcerative colitis, at least in Central China. This finding may open new insights, particularly for the potential interest in treating patients carrying the 677TT MTHFR genetic trait and a deficit in folate.},
   keywords = {5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase/*genetics
Adult
Alleles
Case-Control Studies
China
Colitis, Ulcerative/enzymology/*genetics/metabolism
Female
Gene Frequency
Genotype
Homocysteine/metabolism
Humans
Male
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/*genetics
Middle Aged
*Polymorphism, Genetic
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {1471-2350},
   Accession Number = {18700049},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-2350-9-78},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cheng, H. and Sitrin, M. D. and Satchidanand, S. K. and Novak, J. M.},
   title = {Colonic squamous cell carcinoma in ulcerative colitis: Report of a case and review of the literature},
   journal = {Can J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {21},
   number = {1},
   pages = {47-50},
   note = {Cheng, Huilan
Sitrin, Michael D
Satchidanand, Sateesh K
Novak, Jan M
Case Reports
Journal Article
Review
Canada
Can J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan;21(1):47-50.},
   abstract = {Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare neoplasm in the colorectum. A case of SCC rising from an area of squamous metaplasia in the rectum is presented in a patient with long-standing ulcerative colitis and perianal warts. This is the first report in the literature describing the evolution of squamous metaplasia in the colonic mucosa into invasive carcinoma over time. Related literature on colorectal SCC and squamous metaplasia, and their relationships with inflammatory bowel disease and human papilloma virus, is reviewed.},
   keywords = {Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/*etiology/mortality/surgery/virology
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Colonic Neoplasms/*etiology/pathology/virology
Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/surgery/virology
Female
Humans
Middle Aged},
   ISSN = {0835-7900 (Print)
0835-7900},
   Accession Number = {17225882},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chiarello, P. G. and Penaforte, F. R. and Japur, C. C. and Souza, C. D. and Vannucchi, H. and Troncon, L. E.},
   title = {Increased folate intake with no changes in serum homocysteine and decreased levels of C-reactive protein in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {54},
   number = {3},
   pages = {627-33},
   note = {1573-2568
Chiarello, P G
Penaforte, F R O
Japur, C C
Souza, C D A S
Vannucchi, H
Troncon, L E A
Journal Article
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2009 Mar;54(3):627-33. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0398-4. Epub 2008 Jul 17.},
   abstract = {In order to increase dietary folic acid intake and to improve nutritional status regarding folate by controlling homocysteine concentrations, ten patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease in the colon and ulcerative colitis) received individualized nutritional guidance and were followed up as outpatients for 2 months. The following procedures were performed at the beginning of the study (T0), after 1 month (T1) and at the end of the study (T2): collection of anthropometric data (weight and height), dietary data (24 h diet recall), and blood under fasting condition for the determination of serum folic acid, homocysteine, C-reactive protein, and vitamin B12. Plasma folic acid deficiency was not detected but hyperhomocysteinemia was present in six individuals and C-reactive protein (CRP) was increased (>0.5 mg/dl) in seven patients. After the patients were instructed there was a significant increase in vitamin B6 intake (about 35%) and in folate intake (49.6%). Mean plasma levels of folic acid, homocysteine, and vitamin B12 did not change, but there was a significant decrease of CRP at T1, 0.36 mg dl(-1) on average (P = 0.01), which was maintained at T2. We conclude that the increased folate intake reported by this group of patients was not reflected in improved serum concentrations of folic acid and homocysteine. However, the guidelines for the patients probably induced them to choose a more adequate diet, providing nutrients that help control the inflammatory process.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anthropometry
C-Reactive Protein/*metabolism
Diet
Female
Folic Acid/*administration & dosage
Homocysteine/*blood
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/*diet therapy
Male
Middle Aged
Nutritional Status
Vitamin B 12/blood
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {18633707},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-008-0398-4},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cohen, S. A. and Gralnek, I. M. and Ephrath, H. and Saripkin, L. and Meyers, W. and Sherrod, O. and Napier, A. and Gobin, T.},
   title = {Capsule endoscopy may reclassify pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a historical analysis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {47},
   number = {1},
   pages = {31-6},
   note = {1536-4801
Cohen, Stanley A
Gralnek, Ian M
Ephrath, Hagit
Saripkin, Larry
Meyers, William
Sherrod, Olga
Napier, Angela
Gobin, Tamara
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Jul;47(1):31-6. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318160df85.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Data are sparse on the role of capsule endoscopy (CE) in classifying disease type, affecting patient management, and altering health outcomes in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In a retrospective cohort analysis of symptomatic pediatric patients with previously diagnosed IBD, we evaluated whether data from CE would result in the recognition of new disease locations that could alter the current diagnosis and provide information to better manage the underlying disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: CE evaluation was performed in 28 patients an average of 4.2 +/- 3 years after original IBD diagnosis, and was prompted by exacerbation of underlying disease, growth failure/weight loss, or presurgical evaluation. Of the patients, 7 of 28 (25%) were originally diagnosed as having ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 5) or indeterminate colitis (IC) (n = 2), while 21 of 28 (75%) were diagnosed as having Crohn disease (CD). RESULTS: Following CE examination, 4 of 5 patients with UC and 1 of 2 patients with IC (total 5 of 7, 71% of UC/IC patients) had their disease reclassified to CD based upon newly diagnosed small bowel mucosal lesions. Moreover, 13 of 21 (62%) patients with CD were found at the time of CE examination to have more extensive small bowel disease with newly diagnosed jejunal disease found in 12 of 13 (92%) patients. In the 5 newly diagnosed patients with CD, all of them had therapeutic changes made. One capsule retention occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Capsule endoscopy may lead to reclassification of IBD from UC/ IC to definitive CD. In addition, previously diagnosed patients with CD may be found to have a more significant burden of small bowel disease. Taken together, this information may facilitate more targeted and effective therapies and potentially lead to better patient outcomes.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Capsule Endoscopy/adverse effects/*methods
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/classification/diagnosis/pathology
Crohn Disease/classification/diagnosis/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*classification/*diagnosis/pathology
Male
Retrospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {18607266},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e318160df85},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Coste, A. and Dubuquoy, L. and Barnouin, R. and Annicotte, J. S. and Magnier, B. and Notti, M. and Corazza, N. and Antal, M. C. and Metzger, D. and Desreumaux, P. and Brunner, T. and Auwerx, J. and Schoonjans, K.},
   title = {LRH-1-mediated glucocorticoid synthesis in enterocytes protects against inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
   volume = {104},
   number = {32},
   pages = {13098-103},
   note = {Coste, Agnes
Dubuquoy, Laurent
Barnouin, Romain
Annicotte, Jean-Sebastien
Magnier, Benjamin
Notti, Mario
Corazza, Nadia
Antal, Maria Cristina
Metzger, Daniel
Desreumaux, Pierre
Brunner, Thomas
Auwerx, Johan
Schoonjans, Kristina
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Aug 7;104(32):13098-103. Epub 2007 Aug 1.},
   abstract = {Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is a nuclear receptor involved in intestinal lipid homeostasis and cell proliferation. Here we show that haploinsufficiency of LRH-1 predisposes mice to the development of intestinal inflammation. Besides the increased inflammatory response, LRH-1 heterozygous mice exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid show lower local corticosterone production as a result of an impaired intestinal expression of the enzymes CYP11A1 and CYP11B1, which control the local synthesis of corticosterone in the intestine. Local glucocorticoid production is strictly enterocyte-dependent because it is robustly reduced in epithelium-specific LRH-1-deficient mice. Consistent with these findings, colon biopsies of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis show reduced expression of LRH-1 and genes involved in the production of glucocorticoids. Hence, LRH-1 regulates intestinal immunity in response to immunological stress by triggering local glucocorticoid production. These findings underscore the importance of LRH-1 in the control of intestinal inflammation and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme/genetics
Corticosterone/biosynthesis
DNA-Binding Proteins/*physiology
Enterocytes/*metabolism
Female
Glucocorticoids/*biosynthesis
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*prevention & control
Male
Middle Aged
RNA, Messenger/analysis
Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*physiology
Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase/genetics
Transcription Factors/*physiology},
   ISSN = {0027-8424 (Print)
0027-8424},
   Accession Number = {17670946},
   DOI = {10.1073/pnas.0702440104},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cottone, M. and Scimeca, D. and Mocciaro, F. and Civitavecchia, G. and Perricone, G. and Orlando, A.},
   title = {Clinical course of ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {40 Suppl 2},
   pages = {S247-52},
   note = {1878-3562
Cottone, M
Scimeca, D
Mocciaro, F
Civitavecchia, G
Perricone, G
Orlando, A
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2008 Jul;40 Suppl 2:S247-52. doi: 10.1016/S1590-8658(08)60533-2.},
   abstract = {AIM: To provide a review of studies on prognosis in ulcerative colitis by reviewing the relevant population-based cohort studies. On the basis of incidence and population studies, ulcerative colitis has a favourable clinical course, with good quality of life, a chronic course characterized by at least one relapse, and a surgery rate of 30% after 10 years from diagnosis. Patients affected by severe ulcerative colitis have a higher risk of colectomy, and some clinical variables may predict the disease's clinical course. Most patients respond to steroids and only a low percentage become dependent, or non-responders to steroids. Patients who have a long-lasting ulcerative colitis (>10 years) or are affected by an extensive disease have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer, while those treated with immunosuppressants for long period of time may have an increased risk of developing lymphomas. Data on mortality in ulcerative colitis patients are not homogeneous, but if a real risk exists it is in patients with extensive or severe disease. The evidence that patients with severe ulcerative colitis are often non-smokers may explain why in one study the mortality rate was lower.},
   keywords = {Case-Control Studies
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/*drug therapy/surgery
Colonic Neoplasms/*etiology
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
Lymphoma/*etiology
Prognosis
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
Steroids/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {18598996},
   DOI = {10.1016/s1590-8658(08)60533-2},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cucchiara, S. and Latiano, A. and Palmieri, O. and Canani, R. B. and D'Inca, R. and Guariso, G. and Vieni, G. and De Venuto, D. and Riegler, G. and De'Angelis, G. L. and Guagnozzi, D. and Bascietto, C. and Miele, E. and Valvano, M. R. and Bossa, F. and Annese, V.},
   title = {Polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not MDR1 influence response to medical therapy in pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {44},
   number = {2},
   pages = {171-9},
   note = {1536-4801
Cucchiara, Salvatore
Latiano, Anna
Palmieri, Orazio
Canani, Roberto Berni
D'Inca, Renata
Guariso, Graziella
Vieni, Giuseppe
De Venuto, Domenica
Riegler, Gabriele
De'Angelis, Gian Luigi
Guagnozzi, Danila
Bascietto, Cinzia
Miele, Erasmo
Valvano, Maria Rosa
Bossa, Fabrizio
Annese, Vito
Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Feb;44(2):171-9.},
   abstract = {AIM: We investigated the contribution of variants of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and MDR1 genes in the predisposition and response to medical therapy in a large pediatric cohort of patients with Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, 200 patients with CD, 186 patients with UC, 434 parents (217 trios), and 347 healthy unrelated controls were investigated. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms -G308A and -C857T of the TNF-alpha gene and C3435T of the MDR1 gene were investigated and correlated with clinical subphenotypes and efficacy of medical therapy. RESULTS: The frequency of the -308A allele of the TNF-alpha gene was significantly increased in both patients with CD (15%; odds ratio [OR] = 2.79; P < 0.01) and patients with UC (11%; OR = 1.96; P < 0.003) compared with controls (6%). Carriers of this allele were 27% in CD (OR = 2.94; P < 0.01) and 19% in UC (OR = 1.86; P = 0.015) compared with 11% in healthy controls. No significant difference was found for both the -C857T and C3435T single-nucleotide polymorphisms. With the genotype/phenotype analysis, no correlation in patients with UC with the MDR1 gene was found. CD carriers of the -308A allele had a higher frequency of surgical resection (35% vs 20%; OR = 2.1; P = 0.035) and more frequent resistance to steroids (22% vs 8%; OR = 0.29; P = 0.032) compared with noncarriers. These findings were confirmed by stepwise logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: In our pediatric cohort, the promoter -308A polymorphism of TNF-alpha but not the MDR1 gene is significantly involved in the predisposition to both CD and UC. This polymorphism carries a significant reduction in response to steroid therapy, probably leading to a more frequent need for surgical resection.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/genetics
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/genetics
Female
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/*genetics
Male
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics
P-Glycoprotein/*genetics
Polymorphism, Genetic
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*genetics},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {17255827},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31802c41f3},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Davis, M. K. and Andres, J. M. and Jolley, C. D. and Novak, D. A. and Haafiz, A. B. and Gonzalez-Peralta, R. P.},
   title = {Antibodies to Escherichia coli outer membrane porin C in the absence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are an unreliable marker of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {45},
   number = {4},
   pages = {409-13},
   note = {1536-4801
Davis, Michael K
Andres, Joel M
Jolley, Christopher D
Novak, Donald A
Haafiz, Allah B
Gonzalez-Peralta, Regino P
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Oct;45(4):409-13.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Antibodies to Escherichia coli outer membrane porin C (anti-OmpC), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and neutrophil-specific nuclear antigens are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children and young adults. We hypothesized that anti-OmpC, in the absence of anti-S cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), is an assay that overestimates the presence of Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patients evaluated at our institution between January 2002 and June 2006 revealed that 170 had serodiagnostic immunological assays performed as part of an evaluation for possible IBD. The assays were screened for a pattern in which anti-OmpC was present in the absence of ASCA and ANCA. RESULTS: Seven patients between 3 and 20 years of age were discovered to be positive for anti-OmpC but negative for ASCA and ANCA. These patients were determined to have significant medical conditions without combined radiographic, endoscopic, or histological evidence of IBD. Despite the reported 85% positive predictive value of anti-OmpC for IBD, none of the 7 patients with isolated anti-OmpC had a diagnosis of CD or UC. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-OmpC, in the absence of ASCA and ANCA, is a serological pattern noted in a subset of medically complex cases in children and young adults without CD or UC.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain
Adolescent
Adult
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/*blood
Antibodies, Bacterial/*blood
Barium Sulfate
Biomarkers/blood
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/*diagnosis/immunology
Crohn Disease/blood/*diagnosis/immunology
Diagnosis, Differential
Diarrhea
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Escherichia coli/immunology
Female
Humans
Male
Porins/*immunology
Predictive Value of Tests
Radiography, Abdominal
Retrospective Studies
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*immunology
Tomography, X-Ray Computed},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {18030205},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31812f7f6e},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {El Muhtaseb, M. S. and Duncan, A. and Talwar, D. K. and O'Reilly, D. S. and McKee, R. F. and Anderson, J. H. and Finlay, I. G.},
   title = {Assessment of dietary intake and trace element status in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis},
   journal = {Dis Colon Rectum},
   volume = {50},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1553-7},
   note = {El Muhtaseb, Mohammad Sami H
Duncan, Andrew
Talwar, Dinesh K
O'Reilly, Denis St J
McKee, Ruth F
Anderson, John H
Finlay, Ian G
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Oct;50(10):1553-7.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Panproctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the operation of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis. The long-term nutritional consequences after pouch surgery are unknown. We have assessed the nutritional status of the essential trace elements-zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium-in patients several years (median, 10 (range, 2-15) years) after surgery. METHODS: Fifty-five patients with uncomplicated ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and 46 healthy control subjects were studied. A dietary assessment of trace element intake was undertaken by using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The patients' trace elements status for zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium was assessed by measuring their concentrations in blood. RESULTS: The dietary intake of individual trace elements was similar in both groups (all P values > 0.4). There was no significant difference in the concentrations of plasma copper, zinc, and selenium between patients and healthy control subjects (all P values > 0.07). The concentration of whole blood manganese was significantly higher (P = 0.004) in patients (median, 178.5 nmol/l; range, 59-478 nmol/l) compared with healthy control subjects (median, 140 nmol/l; range, 53-267 nmol/l). Four (7 percent) patients had manganese concentrations more than three standard deviations of the mean of control group (>255 nmol/l). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that patients who have had uncomplicated pouch surgery have a normal dietary intake of trace elements and do not develop deficiencies in copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium. However, these patients may be at increased risk of manganese toxicity.},
   keywords = {Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/*blood/surgery
Adult
Aged
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*blood/surgery
*Colonic Pouches
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
*Nutritional Status
*Proctocolectomy, Restorative
Selenium/blood
Trace Elements/*blood
Transition Elements/blood},
   ISSN = {0012-3706 (Print)
0012-3706},
   Accession Number = {17701072},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10350-007-9003-8},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Fanjiang, G. and Russell, G. H. and Katz, A. J.},
   title = {Short- and long-term response to and weaning from infliximab therapy in pediatric ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {44},
   number = {3},
   pages = {312-7},
   note = {1536-4801
Fanjiang, Gary
Russell, George H
Katz, Aubrey J
T32-HS00060/HS/AHRQ HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Mar;44(3):312-7.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the response to infliximab in pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and their long-term follow-up. We expanded our previous study of 14 patients and furthermore evaluated the success of weaning patients from infliximab. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 27 pediatric patients with UC who were treated with infliximab instead of undergoing a colectomy. Patients with new-onset UC refractory to intravenous steroids for 5 to 10 days and patients with non-steroid-dependent UC with an acute exacerbation were classified as acutely ill (n = 16); patients with chronic steroid-dependent UC were classified as chronically ill (n = 11). The Lichtiger Colitis Activity Index (LCAI) was measured for all patients at baseline and at 1 and 2 months after treatment with infliximab was initiated. Patients were regarded as successfully treated if they remained off steroids and avoided colectomy. RESULTS: The acutely ill group had a mean LCAI score of 11.4 at induction and 0.3 after 2 months. The chronically ill group had a mean LCAI score of 11.2 at induction and 5.5 after 2 months. Treatment with infliximab was successful in 75% of acutely ill patients and in 27% of chronically ill patients. Infliximab was discontinued in 80% of successfully treated patients (83% of acutely ill, 67% of chronically ill). These patients had an average of 10 infusions and a mean follow-up time of 10 months from their last infliximab infusion. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that infliximab is more effective in acutely ill UC patients than in patients with chronic steroid-dependent UC. In addition, some patients treated with infliximab can be weaned from infliximab and maintain remission.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
Infliximab
Male
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {17325550},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31802e98d4},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ferguson, L. R. and Browning, B. L. and Huebner, C. and Petermann, I. and Shelling, A. N. and Demmers, P. and McCulloch, A. and Gearry, R. B. and Barclay, M. L. and Philpott, M.},
   title = {Single nucleotide polymorphisms in human Paneth cell defensin A5 may confer susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease in a New Zealand Caucasian population},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {40},
   number = {9},
   pages = {723-30},
   note = {1878-3562
Ferguson, L R
Browning, B L
Huebner, C
Petermann, I
Shelling, A N
Demmers, P
McCulloch, A
Gearry, R B
Barclay, M L
Philpott, M
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2008 Sep;40(9):723-30. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.011. Epub 2008 Apr 3.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human Paneth cell alpha-defensins, especially DEFA5, are involved in maintaining homeostasis of the human microbial microflora. Since breakdown of normal mucosal antibacterial defence occurs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), variants in the DEFA5 gene could be associated with IBD risk. SUBJECTS: A cohort of 25 patients with indeterminate colitis (IC), 405 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 385 with Crohn's disease (CD), were compared with 201 control individuals from the Canterbury region in New Zealand. METHODS: A 15 kb haplotype block surrounding DEFA5 contained 35 HapMap markers which were polymorphic in Caucasians. Four markers (A-D) were selected to tag 27 of the 35 markers at r(2)>0.68, and were genotyped in DNA samples. RESULTS: Minor allele frequencies for all single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were somewhat elevated in patients. Subgroup analysis showed SNP A had odds ratio 1.44 in UC patients with pancolitis (95% C.I. 1.07-1.94), SNP B odds ratio 2.37 in CD patients with onset prior to 17 years age (95% C.I. 1.12-5.03), SNP C odds ratio 1.68 in UC patients with left colonic localisation (95% C.I. 1.12-2.52), and SNP D had odds ratio 1.56 in CD patients with one or more relatives with IBD (95% C.I. 1.03-2.35). Two two-marker haplotypes and one three-marker haplotype were associated with UC (p-values 0.025-0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The SNPs genotyped in our study were surrogates for common variants, and observed associations between these and IBD status are likely due to linkage disequilibrium with a functional common DEFA5 variant. Identifying such functional variants will be prioritized in subsequent work.},
   keywords = {Adult
Case-Control Studies
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology/genetics/pathology
Confidence Intervals
Crohn Disease/epidemiology/genetics/pathology
European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics
Female
Gene Frequency
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genotype
Haplotypes
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*ethnology/*genetics/pathology
Linkage Disequilibrium
Male
Middle Aged
New Zealand/epidemiology
Odds Ratio
Paneth Cells/pathology/physiology
*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Probability
alpha-Defensins/*genetics},
   ISSN = {1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {18394979},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.011},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ferguson, L. R. and Huebner, C. and Petermann, I. and Gearry, R. B. and Barclay, M. L. and Demmers, P. and McCulloch, A. and Han, D. Y.},
   title = {Single nucleotide polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene affects inflammatory bowel diseases risk},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   number = {29},
   pages = {4652-61},
   note = {Ferguson, Lynnette R
Huebner, Claudia
Petermann, Ivonne
Gearry, Richard B
Barclay, Murray L
Demmers, Pieter
McCulloch, Alan
Han, Dug Yeo
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Aug 7;14(29):4652-61.},
   abstract = {AIM: To investigate the role that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene play in the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in a New Zealand population, in the context of international studies. METHODS: DNA samples from 388 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 405 ulcerative colitis (UC), 27 indeterminate colitis (IC) and 201 randomly selected controls, from Canterbury, New Zealand were screened for 3 common polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha receptor: -238 G-->A, -308 G-->A and -857C-->T, using a Taqman assay. A meta-analysis was performed on the data obtained on these polymorphisms combined with that from other published studies. RESULTS: Individuals carrying the -308 G/A allele had a significantly (OR = 1.91, c2 = 17.36, P < 0.0001) increased risk of pancolitis, and a 1.57-fold increased risk (OR = 1.57, c2 = 4.34, P = 0.037) of requiring a bowel resection in UC. Carrying the -857 C/T variant decreased the risk of ileocolonic CD (OR = 0.56, c2 = 4.32, P = 0.037), and the need for a bowel resection (OR = 0.59, c2 = 4.85, P = 0.028). The risk of UC was reduced in individuals who were smokers at diagnosis, (OR = 0.48, c2 = 4.86, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: TNF-alpha is a key cytokine known to play a role in inflammatory response, and the locus for the gene is found in the IBD3 region on chromosome 6p21, known to be associated with an increased risk for IBD. The -308 G/A SNP in the TNF-alpha promoter is functional, and may account in part for the increased UC risk associated with the IBD3 genomic region. The -857 C/T SNP may decrease IBD risk in certain groups. Pharmaco- or nutrigenomic approaches may be desirable for individuals with such affected genotypes.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child, Preschool
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
Colitis, Ulcerative/ethnology/genetics
Crohn Disease/ethnology/genetics
Female
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
Haplotypes/genetics
Humans
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/ethnology/*genetics
Male
New Zealand
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics
Risk Factors
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*genetics
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {18698679},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Figler, M. and Gasztonyi, B. and Cseh, J. and Horvath, G. and Kisbenedek, A. G. and Bokor, S. and Decsi, T.},
   title = {Association of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma lipid classes with inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {97},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1154-61},
   note = {Figler, Maria
Gasztonyi, Beata
Cseh, Judit
Horvath, Gabor
Kisbenedek, Andrea G
Bokor, Szilvia
Decsi, Tamas
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2007 Jun;97(6):1154-61. Epub 2007 Mar 8.},
   abstract = {In order to establish the biochemical basis for dietary interventions, we investigated the fatty acid composition of plasma lipid classes in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease. In this cross-sectional study thirty patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), twenty-one with Crohn disease (CD) and twenty-four controls were investigated (mean age: UC, 40.8 (sd 12.1); CD, 37.6 (sd 11.0); control, 31.5 (sd 8.4) years). Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids was determined by high-resolution capillary GLC. In plasma phospholipids, significantly higher values of eicosapentaenoic (20 : 5n-3), docosapentaenoic (22 : 5n-3) and gamma-linolenic (18 : 3n-6) acids were found in control patients and patients with UC as compared to patients with CD [median % (weight by weight), control v. UC v. CD : 20 : 5n-3, 0.09 (interquartile range (IQR) 0.05) v. 0.14 (IQR 0.10) v. 0.16 (IQR 0.10), P < 0.05; 22 : 5n-3, 0.14 (IQR 0.10) v. 0.27 (IQR 0.16) v. 0.31 (IQR 0.10), P < 0.001; 18 : 3n-6, 0.02 (IQR 0.02) v. 0.03 (IQR 0.02) v. 0.05 (IQR 0.03), P < 0.05]. When compared to the control, values of the principal n-3 and n-6 long-chain PUFA, arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) were significantly higher in patients with UC but not in patients with CD [median % (w/w), UC v. control: 20 : 4n-6, 8.43 (IQR 3.23) v. 6.92 (IQR 2.96), P < 0.05; 22 : 6n-3, 1.22 (IQR 0.56) v. 0.73 (IQR 0.39), P < 0.05]. As seen there are considerable differences between the long-chain PUFA status of patients suffering from UC or CD. The data obtained in the present study do not support the concept of eicosapentaenoic acid or DHA deficiency in patients with either UC or CD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Biomarkers/blood
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood
Crohn Disease/blood
Cross-Sectional Studies
Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*blood
Fatty Acids, Omega-6/*blood
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*blood
Male
Middle Aged
Phospholipids/blood
Triglycerides/blood},
   ISSN = {0007-1145 (Print)
0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {17381967},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114507682956},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Fukata, M. and Abreu, M. T.},
   title = {TLR4 signalling in the intestine in health and disease},
   journal = {Biochem Soc Trans},
   volume = {35},
   number = {Pt 6},
   pages = {1473-8},
   note = {Fukata, M
Abreu, M T
Journal Article
Review
England
Biochem Soc Trans. 2007 Dec;35(Pt 6):1473-8.},
   abstract = {The colonic epithelium is lined along its apical membrane with approximately 10(14) bacteria/g of tissue. Commensal bacteria outnumber mammalian cells in the gut severalfold. The reason for this degree of commensalism probably resides in the recent recognition of the microbiome as an important source of metabolic energy in the setting of poorly digestible nutrients. As in many themes in biology, the host may have sacrificed short-term benefit, i.e. nutritional advantages, for long-term consequences, such as chronic inflammation or colon cancer. In the present review, we examine the role of TLR (Toll-like receptor) signalling in the healthy host and the diseased host. We pay particular attention to the role of TLR signalling in idiopathic IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) and colitis-associated carcinogenesis. In general, TLR signalling in health contributes to homoeostatic functions. These include induction of antimicrobial peptides, proliferation and wound healing in the intestine. The pathogenesis of IBD, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease may be due to increased TLR or decreased TLR signalling respectively. Finally, we discuss the possible role of TLR signalling in colitis-associated neoplasia.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis/*immunology
Colorectal Neoplasms/*immunology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*immunology
Intestines/*immunology
Signal Transduction/*immunology
Toll-Like Receptor 4/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0300-5127 (Print)
0300-5127},
   Accession Number = {18031248},
   DOI = {10.1042/bst0351473},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gariballa, S.},
   title = {Refeeding syndrome: a potentially fatal condition but remains underdiagnosed and undertreated},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {24},
   number = {6},
   pages = {604-6},
   note = {Gariballa, Salah
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
Nutrition. 2008 Jun;24(6):604-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.053. Epub 2008 Mar 24.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe two cases of successfully prevented refeeding syndrome in a high-risk group of patients. METHODS: Case 1 was a 70-y-old woman who presented with a 4-mo history of poor dietary intake and ill health due to a connective tissue disease leading to myositis and dysphagia and complicated by respiratory failure needing mechanical ventilation. Twelve hours after starting nasogastric tube feeding, she developed a cardiac arrest from which she was successfully resuscitated. Repeated attempts to wean her from the ventilator failed. Case 2 was a 15-y-old girl who was readmitted after a total colectomy for severe ulcerative colitis with diarrhea and vomiting leading to significant weight loss. Her body mass index was 11.4 kg/m(2). RESULTS: In case 1, after consultation by the clinical nutrition team, the diagnosis of refeeding syndrome was made and the patient was duly started on a high-protein, high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, multivitamin and trace-element supplements, and electrolyte infusion. Subsequently she was successfully weaned from the ventilator. In case 2, further investigation by the clinical nutrition team revealed low baseline electrolyte concentrations including potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate and low serum albumin. Her low body mass index and baseline electrolyte concentrations put her at high risk of developing refeeding syndrome. She was initially started on low-calorie feeding, multivitamin and minerals, and her electrolytes were carefully monitored. She made a good recovery. CONCLUSION: Refeeding syndrome is a life-threatening, underdiagnosed, treatable condition but there is a need for a wider awareness of the condition among health professionals.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Aged
Awareness
Electrolytes/administration & dosage
Energy Intake/physiology
Feeding Methods/*adverse effects/*psychology
Female
*Food, Formulated/adverse effects
Humans
Malnutrition/metabolism/*therapy
Risk Factors
Syndrome
Treatment Outcome
Water-Electrolyte Balance/drug effects/*physiology},
   ISSN = {0899-9007 (Print)
0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {18359196},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.053},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gecse, K. and Roka, R. and Ferrier, L. and Leveque, M. and Eutamene, H. and Cartier, C. and Ait-Belgnaoui, A. and Rosztoczy, A. and Izbeki, F. and Fioramonti, J. and Wittmann, T. and Bueno, L.},
   title = {Increased faecal serine protease activity in diarrhoeic IBS patients: a colonic lumenal factor impairing colonic permeability and sensitivity},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {57},
   number = {5},
   pages = {591-9},
   note = {1468-3288
Gecse, K
Roka, R
Ferrier, L
Leveque, M
Eutamene, H
Cartier, C
Ait-Belgnaoui, A
Rosztoczy, A
Izbeki, F
Fioramonti, J
Wittmann, T
Bueno, L
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Gut. 2008 May;57(5):591-9. doi: 10.1136/gut.2007.140210. Epub 2008 Jan 14.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is characterised by elevated colonic lumenal serine protease activity. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the origin of this elevated serine protease activity, (2) to evaluate if it may be sufficient to trigger alterations in colonic paracellular permeability (CPP) and sensitivity, and (3) to examine the role of the proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activation and signalling cascade in this process. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Faecal enzymatic activities were assayed in healthy subjects and patients with IBS, ulcerative colitis and acute infectious diarrhoea. Following mucosal exposure to supernatants from control subjects and IBS-D patients, electromyographic response to colorectal balloon distension was recorded in wild-type and PAR-2(-/-) mice, and CPP was evaluated on colonic strips in Ussing chambers. Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and phosphorylated myosin light chain were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The threefold increase in faecal serine protease activity seen in IBS-D patients compared with constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C) or infectious diarrhoea is of neither epithelial nor inflammatory cell origin, nor is it coupled with antiprotease activity of endogenous origin. Mucosal application of faecal supernatants from IBS-D patients in mice evoked allodynia and increased CPP by 92%, both of which effects were prevented by serine protease inhibitors and dependent on PAR-2 expression. In mice, colonic exposure to supernatants from IBS-D patients resulted in a rapid increase in the phosphorylation of myosin light chain and delayed redistribution of ZO-1 in colonocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated colonic lumenal serine protease activity of IBS-D patients evokes a PAR-2-mediated colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction and subsequent allodynia in mice, suggesting a novel organic background in the pathogenesis of IBS.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Animals
Biomarkers/metabolism
Colon/*enzymology
Diarrhea/*enzymology
Feces/*enzymology
Female
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/enzymology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/*enzymology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Middle Aged
Permeability
Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
Serine Endopeptidases/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {18194983},
   DOI = {10.1136/gut.2007.140210},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ghoshal, U. C. and Shukla, A.},
   title = {Malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease patients in northern India: frequency and factors influencing its development},
   journal = {Trop Gastroenterol},
   volume = {29},
   number = {2},
   pages = {95-7},
   note = {Ghoshal, Uday C
Shukla, Anshuma
Journal Article
India
Trop Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr-Jun;29(2):95-7.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often under nourished. Though there are several studies evaluating nutrition in patients with IBD from the developed world, the data from developing countries are scanty, where under nutrition is predominant. METHOD: 62 patients with IBD (55 ulcerative colitis [UC] and 7 Crohn's disease [CD] patients) and 42 healthy subjects (HS) were evaluated for nutrition using dietary survey, anthropometric and biochemical parameters. RESULTS: Of the patients with IBD, 23 (37%) had active disease and 39 (63%) were in remission. Daily intake of calories (1725 Kcal/d [500-2458] vs. 2239 Kcal/d [1835-3000], p<0.0001), protein (40 g/d [19-96] vs. 50 g/d [29-73], p=0.001) and iron (9 mg/d [1-16] vs. 12 mg/d [9-16], p<0.0001) and anthropometric parameters of nutrition such as body mass index (BMI) (19.8 [13.7-27.5] vs. 23 [17.9-27.2], <0.0001), biceps (0.3 mm [0.1-1.9] vs. 0.5 mm [0.2-1.0], p<0.0001) and triceps (0.7 mm [0.2-2.9] vs. 1.2 mm [0.5-2.3], p<0.0001) skin fold thickness (BSF, TSF) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC, 25.9 mm [15-35] vs. 26.8 mm [23-32] <0.04) were lower among the IBD patients than among the HS. Though patients with CD had a lower level of haemoglobin (median 9.2 g vs. 10.8 g, respectively; p<0.05) and serum total protein (median 6 g, range 3-7 vs. 7 g, range 3-9, respectively; p<0.05), serum albumin, BMI, BSF and TSF thicknesses, MAMC and daily intake of protein, calories, calcium and iron were comparable between UC and CD patients. Though daily dietary intake was comparable between patients with active disease and those in remission yet patients with active disease had lower BMI, MAMC and serum protein level. CONCLUSION: Under nutrition is common in patients with IBD, particularly in those with acute exacerbation.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Case-Control Studies
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Crohn Disease/*complications
Energy Intake
Female
Humans
India
Male
Malnutrition/*epidemiology
Middle Aged
Risk Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0250-636X (Print)
0250-636x},
   Accession Number = {18972769},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gonzalez, Q. H. and Heslin, M. J. and Davila-Cervantes, A. and Alvarez-Tostado, J. and de los Monteros, A. E. and Shore, G. and Vickers, S. M.},
   title = {Primary colonic lymphoma},
   journal = {Am Surg},
   volume = {74},
   number = {3},
   pages = {214-6},
   note = {Gonzalez, Quintin H
Heslin, Martin J
Davila-Cervantes, Andrea
Alvarez-Tostado, Javier
de los Monteros, Antonio Espinosa
Shore, Gregg
Vickers, Selwyn M
Journal Article
United States
Am Surg. 2008 Mar;74(3):214-6.},
   abstract = {Surgical resection of primary colonic lymphoma can be an important therapeutic tool. We performed a nonrandomized retrospective descriptive study at the University hospital tertiary care center. From January 1990 to June 2002, a total of 15 patients with primary colonic lymphoma were identified from the tumor registry at University of Alabama at Birmingham and retrospectively reviewed under Institutional Review Board approved protocol. Demographic data, clinical features, treatment method (surgery and/or chemotherapy), recurrence rate, and survival were analyzed. The results are presented as mean +/- standard deviation or median and range. Differences in survival were evaluated by the log-rank test and the interval of disease-free survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Main outcome measures included surgical results, morbidity, mortality, and recurrence rate. Mean age was 51.5 years (standard deviation 16.4), 33 per cent were male and 67 per cent were female. Presenting symptoms were diarrhea (53.5%), lower gastrointestinal bleeding (13.3%), and nausea and vomiting (46.7%) secondary to low-grade obstruction. Concomitant colorectal disease was present in one patient with ulcerative colitis. Preoperative diagnosis of lymphoma was made in 13 patients (87%) with colonoscopy and biopsy. CT scan was performed in all patients; and none had radiographic evidence of systemic extension. Only one patient had a history of lymphoproliferative disease and exposure to radiation. The most common disease location was the cecum (60%), followed by the right colon (27%), and the sigmoid colon (13%). The mean lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) value was 214.9 u/L (range 129-309). Thirty-three per cent of the patients had an LDH value that was above the upper normal limit. LDH returned to normal after treatment in all patients. Operations performed consisted of right hemicolectomy (13), total proctocolectomy with ileal J J-pouch (1), and sigmoid colectomy (1). Eighty-seven per cent had negative margins at the time of operation. Twelve patients received postoperative chemotherapy (80%). According to the clinical classification of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of the gastrointestinal tract (Lugano, 1993) all patients corresponded to stage IE. Mean hospital stay was 6.4 days (range 3-26). There was no surgical mortality and the morbidity rate was 20 per cent (3 patients). One patient had a systemic recurrence (7%) approximately 4 months after surgical resection. Mean follow-up was 31 months (median 2-73). Surgical resection of localized, primary colonic lymphoma provides excellent local disease control and should be considered a primary treatment option. The role of chemotherapy remains controversial depending on the grade, stage, and extension of residual disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Colectomy/methods
Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy/*surgery
Female
Humans
Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data
Lymphoma/drug therapy/*surgery
Male
Middle Aged
Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
Registries
Retrospective Studies
Survival Rate
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0003-1348 (Print)
0003-1348},
   Accession Number = {18376684},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Grivceva Stardelova, K. and Misevska, P. and Zdravkovska, M. and Trajkov, D. and Serafimoski, V.},
   title = {Total parenteral nutrition in treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Prilozi},
   volume = {29},
   number = {1},
   pages = {21-43},
   note = {Grivceva Stardelova, Kalina
Misevska, Petranka
Zdravkovska, Milka
Trajkov, Dimitar
Serafimoski, Vladimir
Journal Article
Germany
Prilozi. 2008 Jul;29(1):21-43.},
   abstract = {Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are exposed to nutritional risk. Malnutrition in Crohn's Disease (CD) and to a somewhat lesser in Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is very frequent. Depending on the severity of the disease, weight loss has been reported in 65% to 76% of those with CD and in 18% to 62% of those with UC. The role of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is essential in very severe cases where enteral nutrition is not tolerated or standard drug therapy is not effective. Nutritional therapy is important for the correction of nutritional deficiency, especially in cases where elective surgical treatment is required. This study examined the effects of preoperative TPN administration in patients with IBD. Since 1990, 29 pts, 13 (44.8%) male and 16 (55.2%) female with severe IBD; 16 (55.2%) with UC and 13 (44.8%) with CD were treated with TPN in our department in the preoperative period. Evaluation of this group was compared with a group which was not treated with TPN preoperatively: 61 pts, 34 (55.7%) male, 27 (44.3%) female; 50 (82%) with CD, 11 (18%) with UC. Evaluation of this group was compared with the group of patients who were subjected to surgical procedure without prior TPN administration, in total a number of 61, of whom 34 (55.7%) were male and 27 (44.3%) female patients. In this group, the number of patients with CD and UC was 50 (82%) and 11(18%) respectively. During the course of the study, the following parameters were examined: Body mass index (BMI), Disease Activity Index (CDAI/AI), laboratory parameters and the number of hospital days. The parameters were analysed before the surgical intervention, and one week and six months after the surgical intervention. The duration of the application of TPN was 12.5 +/- 5 days. The analysis of these parameters has shown that there is no statistically significant difference in the number of hospital days in both groups, which was 18.9 +/- 8.9 in the intervention group and 18.9 +/- 6.5 days in the control group, p = 0.9808, but analysis of the Disease Activity (CDAI/AI) has shown that patients who were on TPN were in a more severe stage of the disease. In the TPN treated group of patients none, 0 pts (0%), of the pts had no Index of Activity, 1.7 pts (24.1%) had Index 2 and 22 (75.9%) had Index 3. In the other group 3 pts (4.9%) had Index 1; 39 pts (63.9%) had Index 2 and 19 pts (31.2%) had Index of Activity 3. During the monitoring period of six months the activity of the disease was lower in patients treated with TPN. The BMI in the group of patients treated with TPN was lower in both sexes. It was lower than 18.4 in 7 males and 5 females; between 18.4 and 19.9 in 2 males and 4 females; between 19.9 and 25 in 3 males and 6 females; between 25 and 19.9 in 1 male and 1 female; there were no pts with BMI higher than 29.9. In the control non-TPN group, 5 males and 3 females had BMI < or = 18.4; 2 males and 5 females had between 18.4 and 19.9; 23 males and 13 females had between 19.9 and 25; 3 males and 5 females had between 25 and 29.9 and 1 male and 1 female had BMI higher than 29.9. The BMI had an increasing trend in the postoperative period in both groups. The laboratory parameters that we examined were: number of erythrocytes and sedimentation, number of leukocytes, haemoglobin levels, total number of lymphocytes, albumin level, C-reactive protein, orosomucoid, electrolytes; sodium, potassium, calcium and serum iron, the enzymes (AP, AST and ALT); level of bilirubin and urea and creatinine. The results were analysed using the Tukey honest significant difference test (HSD), ANOVA and Student t-test. Statistically significant differences were observed between preoperative and postoperative period in both groups. The intergroup comparison showed significant differences in the level of albumin, AST, ALT and bilirubin.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Body Mass Index
Colitis, Ulcerative/surgery/*therapy
Crohn Disease/surgery/*therapy
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
*Parenteral Nutrition, Total
*Preoperative Care
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0351-3254 (Print)
0351-3254},
   Accession Number = {18708998},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Grossman, A. B. and Baldassano, R. N.},
   title = {Specific considerations in the treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {2},
   number = {1},
   pages = {105-24},
   note = {1747-4132
Grossman, Andrew B
Baldassano, Robert N
Journal Article
Review
England
Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Feb;2(1):105-24. doi: 10.1586/17474124.2.1.105.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disorders and commonly presents during childhood or adolescence. Occurring during a critical period of growth and development, pediatric Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis require special consideration. Children often experience growth failure, malnutrition, pubertal delay and bone demineralization. Medical treatment must be optimized to promote clinical improvement and reverse growth failure with minimal toxicity. In addition to pharmacologic and surgical interventions, nutritional therapies play a vital role in the management of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. This review will outline the epidemiology and clinical complications that are unique to pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, current trends, and recent advances in nutritional and pharmacologic treatment, and projected future therapeutic direction.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology/*therapy
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/epidemiology/*therapy
Prevalence},
   ISSN = {1747-4124},
   Accession Number = {19072374},
   DOI = {10.1586/17474124.2.1.105},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Grossman, A. B. and Mamula, P.},
   title = {What is the optimal management approach for pediatric patients with severe ulcerative colitis?},
   journal = {Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {10},
   pages = {542-3},
   note = {1743-4386
Grossman, Andrew B
Mamula, Petar
Comment
Journal Article
England
Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Oct;5(10):542-3. doi: 10.1038/ncpgasthep1234. Epub 2008 Aug 26.},
   ISSN = {1743-4378},
   Accession Number = {18725910},
   DOI = {10.1038/ncpgasthep1234},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Guarner, F.},
   title = {Prebiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {98 Suppl 1},
   pages = {S85-9},
   note = {Guarner, Francisco
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct;98 Suppl 1:S85-9.},
   abstract = {In genetically susceptible individuals, an altered mucosal immune response against some commensal bacteria of the gut ecosystem appears to be the principal mechanism leading to intestinal lesions in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The information currently available does not provide an exact explanation about the origin of this important dysfunction of the interaction between host and commensal bacteria, but an altered microbial composition has been detected in the gut ecosystem of patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Prebiotics are food ingredients not digested nor absorbed in the upper intestinal tract that are fermented by intestinal bacteria in a selective way promoting changes in the gut ecosystem. Experimental and human studies have shown that inulin and oligofructose stimulate saccharolysis in the colonic lumen and favour the growth of indigenous lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. These effects are associated with reduced mucosal inflammation in animal models of IBD. Strong experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that inulin and oligofructose can offer an opportunity to prevent or mitigate intestinal inflammatory lesions in human Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis. Encouraging results have been obtained in preliminary clinical trials.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
Disease Models, Animal
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/immunology/microbiology
Intestines/immunology/microbiology
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic},
   ISSN = {0007-1145 (Print)
0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {17922967},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114507832958},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Haller, C. A. and Markowitz, J.},
   title = {IBD in children: lessons for adults},
   journal = {Curr Gastroenterol Rep},
   volume = {9},
   number = {6},
   pages = {528-32},
   note = {1534-312x
Haller, Cindy A
Markowitz, James
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):528-32.},
   abstract = {When children develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), physicians and researchers are presented with a singular opportunity to understand the nature of these chronic, idiopathic illnesses in the earliest stages. Genetic susceptibility factors tend to be common, whereas complicating environmental factors such as cigarette smoking are generally not an issue. As opposed to the case in adult patients, Crohn's disease is usually diagnosed in children at an early, inflammatory phase of the disease. Pediatric ulcerative colitis tends to present with more severe and more extensive involvement than in adults. In both forms of IBD, the severity of disease activity often dictates the need for early aggressive nutritional, immunomodulatory, and biologic therapy. As a result, the lessons learned from the evaluation and treatment of children with IBD are critically important to the clinician caring for adults with the same disorders.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Adult
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/analysis
Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Azathioprine/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Biomarkers
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/*drug therapy/genetics
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/*drug therapy/genetics
Enteral Nutrition
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Infliximab
Lymphoma, T-Cell/chemically induced
Nutritional Support
Prognosis
Remission, Spontaneous},
   ISSN = {1522-8037},
   Accession Number = {18377807},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag

extension: bib