text:
14;15(38):4775-80.},
   abstract = {AIM: To evaluate the predictive value of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies for villous atrophy in adult and pediatric populations to determine if duodenal biopsy can be avoided. METHODS: A total of 324 patients with celiac disease (CD; 97 children and 227 adults) were recruited prospectively at two tertiary centers. Human IgA class anti-tTG antibody measurement and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were performed at diagnosis. A second biopsy was performed in 40 asymptomatic adults on a gluten-free diet (GFD) and with normal tTG levels. RESULTS: Adults showed less severe histopathology (26% vs 63%, P < 0.0001) and lower tTG antibody titers than children. Levels of tTG antibody correlated with Marsh type in both populations (r = 0.661, P < 0.0001). Multiple logistic regression revealed that only tTG antibody was an independent predictor for Marsh type 3 lesions, but clinical presentation type and age were not. A cut-off point of 30 U tTG antibody yielded the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.854). Based on the predictive value of this cut-off point, up to 95% of children and 53% of adults would be correctly diagnosed without biopsy. Despite GFDs and decreased tTG antibody levels, 25% of the adults did not recover from villous atrophy during the second year after diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Strongly positive tTG antibody titers might be sufficient for CD diagnosis in children. However, duodenal biopsy cannot be avoided in adults because disease presentation and monitoring are different.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Antibodies/blood
Biopsy/standards/*utilization
Celiac Disease/blood/diagnosis
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenum/*pathology
Endoscopy/methods
Female
Gastroenterology/*methods/*standards
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/immunology
Infant
Male
Middle Aged
Transglutaminases/*blood/immunology},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {19824110},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Volta, U.},
   title = {Pathogenesis and clinical significance of liver injury in celiac disease},
   journal = {Clin Rev Allergy Immunol},
   volume = {36},
   number = {1},
   pages = {62-70},
   note = {Volta, Umberto
Journal Article
Review
United States
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2009 Feb;36(1):62-70. doi: 10.1007/s12016-008-8086-x.},
   abstract = {Abnormalities of liver function are one of the manifold extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease. Although the spectrum of liver manifestations associated with celiac disease is particularly wide, two main forms of liver damage namely, cryptogenic and autoimmune, appear to be strictly related to gluten-sensitive enteropathy. The most frequent finding is represented by a cryptogenic hypertransaminasemia, observed in about a half of untreated celiac patients, as an expression of a mild liver dysfunction with a histological picture of nonspecific reactive hepatitis (celiac hepatitis) reverting to normal after 6-12 months of a strict gluten-free diet. In a few cases, when celiac disease is diagnosed, a more severe liver injury, characterized by a cryptogenic chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis, is present. In these patients, liver damage can still improve after a gluten-free diet institution. Moreover, a close association between celiac disease and autoimmune liver disorders has been widely demonstrated. Indeed, celiac disease has been found in 3-7% of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, in 3-6% with autoimmune hepatitis, and in 2-3% with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Differently from cryptogenic liver injury, autoimmune liver dysfunction, found in celiac disease, does not usually improve after a gluten-free diet. Presently, it is difficult to establish if the two main kinds of liver injury found in celiac disease (cryptogenic and autoimmune) are discrete entities with a different pathogenesis or if they are an expression of the same disorder where genetic factors and the duration of gluten exposure may determine the severity and the pattern of liver injury.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*complications/immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Glutens/immunology
Humans
Liver/immunology/*physiopathology
Liver Diseases/*etiology/immunology/*physiopathology
Male},
   ISSN = {1080-0549 (Print)
1080-0549},
   Accession Number = {18496773},
   DOI = {10.1007/s12016-008-8086-x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Volta, U. and Ferri, G. G. and De Giorgio, R. and Fabbri, A. and Parisi, C. and Sciajno, L. and Castellari, A. and Fiorini, E. and Piscaglia, M. and Barbara, G. and Granito, A. and Pirodda, A.},
   title = {Sensorineural hearing loss and celiac disease: a coincidental finding},
   journal = {Can J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {23},
   number = {8},
   pages = {531-5},
   note = {Volta, Umberto
Ferri, Gian Gaetano
De Giorgio, Roberto
Fabbri, Angela
Parisi, Claudia
Sciajno, Laura
Castellari, Alessandra
Fiorini, Erica
Piscaglia, Maria
Barbara, Giovanni
Granito, Alessandro
Pirodda, Antonio
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Canada
Can J Gastroenterol. 2009 Aug;23(8):531-5.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Celiac disease (CD) can be associated with a variety of extraintestinal manifestations, including neurological diseases. A new neurological correlation has been found between CD and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between SNHL and CD, and to establish whether the neurological hearing impairment in CD is related to nonorgan-specific and antineuronal antibodies, as well as the presence of autoimmune disorders. METHODS: A sample of 59 consecutive biopsy- and serologically proven CD patients were studied. Among CD patients, 11 were newly diagnosed and 48 were on a gluten-free diet. Hearing function was assessed by audiometric analysis in all CD patients as well as in 59 age- and sex-matched controls. Patients were tested for a panel of immune markers including nonorgan-specific autoantibodies and antineuronal antibodies. RESULTS: SNHL was detected in five CD patients (8.5%) and in two controls (3.4%). In one patient, the SNHL was bilateral, whereas the remaining four had a monolateral impairment. The prevalence of SNHL was not significantly different between CD patients and controls. At least one of the antibodies tested for was positive in two of the five CD patients with SNHL and in 12 of the 54 CD patients without SNHL. Antineuronal antibodies to central nervous system antigens were consistently negative in the five CD patients with SNHL. Only one of the five CD patients with SNHL had Hashimoto thyroiditis. CONCLUSIONS: SNHL and CD occur coincidentally. Hearing function should be assessed only in CD patients with clinical signs of hearing deficiency.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Antibodies/immunology
Audiometry
Autoantibodies/*immunology
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*complications/immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Hashimoto Disease/complications
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/epidemiology/*etiology/immunology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0835-7900 (Print)
0835-7900},
   Accession Number = {19668795},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Walker, M. M. and Murray, J. A.},
   title = {An update in the diagnosis of coeliac disease},
   journal = {Histopathology},
   volume = {59},
   number = {2},
   pages = {166-79},
   note = {1365-2559
Walker, Marjorie M
Murray, Joseph A
Journal Article
Review
England
Histopathology. 2011 Aug;59(2):166-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03680.x. Epub 2010 Nov 3.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease is increasing in prevalence, which is currently estimated at one in 100 of the population and may occur de novo in adults. The diagnosis requires a joint clinicopathological approach; the recommended first-line test is serology with immunoglobulin A (IgA) tissue transglutaminase and IgA endomysial antibodies. These serological tests show high levels of sensitivity and specificity, but biopsy is the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis. It is important that both tests are performed before the introduction of a gluten-free diet. Although the classical histopathology changes of coeliac disease with partial or total villous atrophy are well recognized, the pathology classification of coeliac disease is changing, with recognition that coeliac disease may show minimal pathology (normal architecture and an intraepithelial lymphocyte count/100 enterocytes >/= 25). This entity is also described as lymphocytic duodenosis, and recommendation of follow-up serology testing is paramount in this condition. Follow-up of patients with coeliac disease is warranted, as normal serology does not predict mucosal recovery. Failure to heal predicts risk of progression to refractory coeliac disease and malignancies. Refractory coeliac disease occurs in 1-2% of patients and this diagnosis requires a combined clinical and histopathology approach with immunocytochemistry.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/analysis
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/epidemiology/immunology
Epithelial Cells/immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/analysis/immunology
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology
Predictive Value of Tests
Prevalence
Serologic Tests
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {0309-0167},
   Accession Number = {21054494},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03680.x},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Walkowiak, J. and Blask-Osipa, A. and Lisowska, A. and Oralewska, B. and Pogorzelski, A. and Cichy, W. and Sapiejka, E. and Kowalska, M. and Korzon, M. and Szaflarska-Poplawska, A.},
   title = {Cystic fibrosis is a risk factor for celiac disease},
   journal = {Acta Biochim Pol},
   volume = {57},
   number = {1},
   pages = {115-8},
   note = {1734-154x
Walkowiak, Jaroslaw
Blask-Osipa, Anna
Lisowska, Aleksandra
Oralewska, Beata
Pogorzelski, Andrzej
Cichy, Wojciech
Sapiejka, Ewa
Kowalska, Miroslawa
Korzon, Michal
Szaflarska-Poplawska, Anna
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Poland
Acta Biochim Pol. 2010;57(1):115-8. Epub 2010 Mar 20.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The coexistence of cystic fibrosis (CF) and celiac disease (CD) has been reported. To our knowledge there is no study directly comparing the incidence of CD in CF patients to that in the general population at the same time. There is no published data on genetic predisposition to CD in CF patients either. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to assess the genetic predisposition to CD and its incidence in CF patients comparing it to data from the general population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred eighty-two CF patients were enrolled in the study. In 230 CF patients the genetic predisposition to CD (the presence of HLA-DQ2/ DQ8) was assessed. In all CF patients, serological screening for CD was conducted. In patients with positive antiendomysial antibodies (EMA) gastroduenoscopy was offered. Intestinal histology was classified according to modified Marsh criteria. The results of serological CD screening in 3235 Polish schoolchildren and HLA-DQ typing in 200 healthy subjects (HS) were used for comparison. RESULTS: Positive EMA was found in 2.84% of the studied CF patients. The incidence of proven CD was 2.13%. The incidence of CD as well as positive serological screening were significantly more frequent in the CF group than in the general population. The frequency of CD-related HLA-DQ alleles in CF and HS did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic predisposition to celiac disease in cystic fibrosis patients is similar to that of the general population. However, our results suggest that cystic fibrosis is a risk factor for celiac disease development.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Celiac Disease/complications/*genetics
Child
Child, Preschool
Cystic Fibrosis/complications/*genetics
Female
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Haplotypes
Humans
Male
Risk Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0001-527x},
   Accession Number = {20300660},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wang, X. Q. and Liu, W. and Xu, J. J. and Mei, H. and Peng, H. M. and Gao, Y. and Yuan, L. and Xu, C. D.},
   title = {[Prevalence of celiac disease in children with chronic diarrhea in China]},
   journal = {Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi},
   volume = {48},
   number = {4},
   pages = {244-8},
   note = {Wang, Xin-qiong
Liu, Wei
Xu, Jun-jie
Mei, Hong
Peng, Han-ming
Gao, Yuan
Yuan, Lan
Xu, Chun-di
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
China
Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2010 Apr;48(4):244-8.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of celiac disease in children with chronic diarrhea in China. METHODS: Inpatients of the pediatric hospitals in Shanghai, Jinan, Wuhan and Chengdu who were diagnosed as chronic diarrhea were recruited from Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2008. Their clinical history, physical examination and laboratory data were collected. The SPSS version 11.5 statistical package for Microsoft Windows was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Data of 199 patients and finally enrolled 118 hospitalized chronic diarrhea inpatients during the observation period were collected and 14 (12%) of the chronic diarrhea patients were suspected as having celiac disease and in one the diagnosis of celiac disease was confirmed. Gluten-free diet (GFD) treatment was effective. M/F: 12/2, the age ranged from 6 months to 12 years; 43% (6/14) had malnutrition, 29% (4/14) had anemia, villous atrophy was found in 4 patients by endoscopy. Duodenal biopsies revealed stage I in 1, stage II in 2, stage IIIa in 7, stage IIIb in 3 and stage IIIc in 1 patient according to the modified Marsh classification. CONCLUSION: This study was the first time to report the research of celiac disease in children with chronic diarrhea in China. The percentage of suspicious celiac disease patients was 12% (14/118) in children and one was confirmed. CD exists in China. Chinese pediatricians should pay attention to the disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Celiac Disease/*epidemiology/*pathology
Child
China/epidemiology
Diarrhea/*epidemiology/*pathology
Duodenum/pathology
Endoscopy, Digestive System
Female
Humans
Infant
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Male
Prevalence},
   ISSN = {0578-1310 (Print)
0578-1310},
   Accession Number = {20654009},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wang, Y. and Ghoshal, S. and Ward, M. and de Villiers, W. and Woodward, J. and Eckhardt, E.},
   title = {Chylomicrons promote intestinal absorption and systemic dissemination of dietary antigen (ovalbumin) in mice},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {4},
   number = {12},
   pages = {e8442},
   note = {1932-6203
Wang, Yuehui
Ghoshal, Sarbani
Ward, Martin
de Villiers, Willem
Woodward, Jerold
Eckhardt, Erik
1P20RR021954-01A2/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
1R21EY018952-01A1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States
R21 EY018952/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States
P20 RR021954/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
P20 RR021954-02/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
PLoS One. 2009 Dec 24;4(12):e8442. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008442.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: A small fraction of dietary protein survives enzymatic degradation and is absorbed in potentially antigenic form. This can trigger inflammatory responses in patients with celiac disease or food allergies, but typically induces systemic immunological tolerance (oral tolerance). At present it is not clear how dietary antigens are absorbed. Most food staples, including those with common antigens such as peanuts, eggs, and milk, contain long-chain triglycerides (LCT), which stimulate mesenteric lymph flux and postprandial transport of chylomicrons through mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and blood. Most dietary antigens, like ovalbumin (OVA), are emulsifiers, predicting affinity for chylomicrons. We hypothesized that chylomicron formation promotes intestinal absorption and systemic dissemination of dietary antigens. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Absorption of OVA into MLN and blood was significantly enhanced when OVA was gavaged into fasted mice together with LCT compared with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), which do not stimulate chylomicron formation. The effect of LCT was blocked by the addition of an inhibitor of chylomicron secretion, Pluronic L-81. Adoptively transferred OVA-specific DO11.10 T-cells proliferated more extensively in peripheral lymph nodes when OVA was gavaged with LCT than with MCT or LCT plus Pluronic L-81, suggesting that dietary OVA is systemically disseminated. Most dietary OVA in plasma was associated with chylomicrons, suggesting that these particles mediate systemic antigen dissemination. Intestinal-epithelial CaCo-2 cells secreted more cell-associated, exogenous OVA when stimulated with oleic-acid than with butyric acid, and the secreted OVA appeared to be associated with chylomicrons. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Postprandial chylomicron formation profoundly affects absorption and systemic dissemination of dietary antigens. The fat content of a meal may affect immune responses to dietary antigens by modulating antigen absorption and transport.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antigen Presentation/immunology
Antigens/administration & dosage/*metabolism
Caco-2 Cells
Chylomicrons/blood/*metabolism
*Diet
Epithelial Cells/cytology/metabolism
Humans
Intestinal Absorption/*physiology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred BALB C
Ovalbumin/administration & dosage/*metabolism/secretion
Protein Transport
Triglycerides/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {20041190},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0008442},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Weinstock, L. B. and Walters, A. S. and Mullin, G. E. and Duntley, S. P.},
   title = {Celiac disease is associated with restless legs syndrome},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {55},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1667-73},
   note = {1573-2568
Weinstock, Leonard B
Walters, Arthur S
Mullin, Gerard E
Duntley, Stephen P
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2010 Jun;55(6):1667-73. doi: 10.1007/s10620-009-0943-9.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Celiac disease may be associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS) because of an association with iron deficiency. Often, RLS negatively affects quality of life but may remain undiagnosed. This study evaluated the association between celiac disease and RLS. RESULTS: The incidence of RLS among 85 patients with celiac disease was 35%, with a prevalence of 25% compared with 10% of spouses (P<0.02). In 79% of patients with RLS and celiac disease, neuromuscular symptoms began during or after onset of gastrointestinal symptoms. Iron deficiency was present in 40% of celiac patients with active RLS compared with 6% of patients without RLS (P<0.001). After 6 months of a gluten-free diet, RLS symptoms improved in 50% of 28 patients. CONCLUSION: Screening for celiac disease in patients with RLS is important since this commonly overlooked silent disease may be a correctable factor for some patients with idiopathic RLS.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/epidemiology
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/complications/diet therapy/*epidemiology
Chi-Square Distribution
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Incidence
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Neuromuscular Diseases/epidemiology
Odds Ratio
Prevalence
Prospective Studies
Restless Legs Syndrome/*epidemiology/etiology
Risk Assessment
Risk Factors
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {19731029},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-009-0943-9},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Westbrook, A. M. and Szakmary, A. and Schiestl, R. H.},
   title = {Mechanisms of intestinal inflammation and development of associated cancers: lessons learned from mouse models},
   journal = {Mutat Res},
   volume = {705},
   number = {1},
   pages = {40-59},
   note = {Westbrook, Aya M
Szakmary, Akos
Schiestl, Robert H
R01 ES009519/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
R01 ES009519-11/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
ES09519/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Netherlands
Mutat Res. 2010 Jul-Sep;705(1):40-59. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.03.001. Epub 2010 Mar 16.},
   abstract = {Chronic inflammation is strongly associated with approximately 1/5th of all human cancers. Arising from combinations of factors such as environmental exposures, diet, inherited gene polymorphisms, infections, or from dysfunctions of the immune response, chronic inflammation begins as an attempt of the body to remove injurious stimuli; however, over time, this results in continuous tissue destruction and promotion and maintenance of carcinogenesis. Here we focus on intestinal inflammation and its associated cancers, a group of diseases on the rise and affecting millions of people worldwide. Intestinal inflammation can be widely grouped into inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) and celiac disease. Long-standing intestinal inflammation is associated with colorectal cancer and small-bowel adenocarcinoma, as well as extraintestinal manifestations, including lymphomas and autoimmune diseases. This article highlights potential mechanisms of pathogenesis in inflammatory bowel diseases and celiac disease, as well as those involved in the progression to associated cancers, most of which have been identified from studies utilizing mouse models of intestinal inflammation. Mouse models of intestinal inflammation can be widely grouped into chemically induced models; genetic models, which make up the bulk of the studied models; adoptive transfer models; and spontaneous models. Studies in these models have lead to the understanding that persistent antigen exposure in the intestinal lumen, in combination with loss of epithelial barrier function, and dysfunction and dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. Transcriptional changes in this environment leading to cell survival, hyperplasia, promotion of angiogenesis, persistent DNA damage, or insufficient repair of DNA damage due to an excess of proinflammatory mediators are then thought to lead to sustained malignant transformation. With regards to extraintestinal manifestations such as lymphoma, however, more suitable models are required to further investigate the complex and heterogeneous mechanisms that may be at play.},
   keywords = {Animals
Celiac Disease/complications/*immunology
Colorectal Neoplasms/*etiology
Disease Models, Animal
Humans
Inflammation/*etiology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*immunology
Mice},
   ISSN = {0027-5107 (Print)
0027-5107},
   Accession Number = {20298806},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.03.001},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Westerholm-Ormio, M. and Vaarala, O. and Tiittanen, M. and Savilahti, E.},
   title = {Infiltration of Foxp3- and Toll-like receptor-4-positive cells in the intestines of children with food allergy},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {50},
   number = {4},
   pages = {367-76},
   note = {1536-4801
Westerholm-Ormio, Mia
Vaarala, Outi
Tiittanen, Minna
Savilahti, Erkki
Controlled Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Apr;50(4):367-76. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181cd2636.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Regulatory T (Treg) cells together with intestinal microflora play a central role in controlling allergic inflammation. We examined the markers related to Treg cells, and bacterial signaling, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and -4, in the duodenal mucosa of patients with food allergy (FA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Small intestinal samples were collected from patients with FA on a normal or an elimination diet, from healthy controls and patients with untreated celiac disease. Single and double immunohistochemistry were used to enumerate the densities of Foxp3-positive cells and TLR2- and TLR4-positive cells in the mucosa and evaluate the colocalization of Foxp3 expression in CD4, CD25, and CTLA-4 cells. The mRNA expression of CD25, Foxp3, TLR2, and TLR4 was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The densities of Foxp3 and TLR4 cells were significantly increased in patients with untreated FA compared with healthy controls (P = 0.003, P = 0.033), and the Foxp3 cells were higher in untreated than in treated allergic patients (P < 0.001). The immense majority of Foxp3 cells were CD4 (median 100%), CTLA-4 (100%), or CD25 (81%). The ratio of Foxp3 mRNA to Foxp3 cells was decreased in patients with FA and in patients with celiac disease compared with controls (P = 0.036, P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Foxp3 cells are increased in the duodenum of patients with untreated FA, but these cells are not able to suppress the harmful immune response, indicated by the low expression of Foxp3 transcripts. The increase of TLR4 cells and their correlation with TCRgammadelta intraepithelial lymphocytes suggest a role for the innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in FA.},
   keywords = {Antigens, CD/metabolism
Biomarkers
Celiac Disease/genetics/immunology/*metabolism
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet
Duodenum/immunology/*metabolism
Female
Food Hypersensitivity/genetics/*metabolism
Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
Gene Expression
Humans
Infant
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/*metabolism
Male
RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*metabolism
Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics/metabolism
Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {20216098},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181cd2636},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Whitaker, J. K. and West, J. and Holmes, G. K. and Logan, R. F.},
   title = {Patient perceptions of the burden of coeliac disease and its treatment in the UK},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {29},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1131-6},
   note = {1365-2036
Whitaker, J K H
West, J
Holmes, G K T
Logan, R F A
Journal Article
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 May 15;29(10):1131-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03983.x. Epub 2009 Feb 26.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease affects about 1% of the population, with the majority being undetected. As a consequence, there have been calls for the introduction of screening. Before screening is given serious consideration, it is important to assess how acceptable early diagnoses and treatment would be. AIM: To assess patients' views as to the diagnosis and treatment of disease. METHODS: Coeliac disease patients who had taken a gluten-free diet for at least 12 months (mean 60 months) were mailed a questionnaire. Coeliac patients presenting with typical classical symptoms were compared with those diagnosed without such symptoms. RESULTS: Overall, 83% (147/177) of coeliac patients returned the questionnaires. Two-thirds (68%, 101/147) reported that their dietary restrictions reduced their enjoyment of food; 46% (68/147) believed their food cost them more and estimated this to be an extra 10 pounds sterling (16 euros) per week. Of those reporting greater cost, 31 (21%) said this was a problem for them. Half (54%, 80/147) reported doing things they enjoyed less often because of their diet, with the most common activity sacrificed being dining out (n = 65). In spite of these findings, 81% (119/147) reported being pleased that they were diagnosed, with 66% (59/89) of cases with classical symptoms wishing they had been diagnosed earlier compared with 45% (23/51) of those without such symptoms (chi(2) = 6.0, P < .05). In contrast, 27% (14/51) of coeliacs diagnosed without classical symptoms regretted being diagnosed with their condition compared with 10% (9/89) of those with classical symptoms (chi(2) = 7.1, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Even after several years of a gluten-free diet, many patients with coeliac disease regard it as a substantial burden, with a quarter of screen detected patients reporting regret at being diagnosed. Our findings question how acceptable screening for coeliac disease would be in people with minimal or no symptoms.},
   keywords = {Adult
Attitude to Health
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/psychology
Diet, Gluten-Free/economics/*psychology
Female
Glutens/*administration & dosage
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Compliance/*psychology
Patient Satisfaction/*statistics & numerical data
Quality of Life
Surveys and Questionnaires
United Kingdom},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {19245681},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03983.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wild, D. and Robins, G. G. and Burley, V. J. and Howdle, P. D.},
   title = {Evidence of high sugar intake, and low fibre and mineral intake, in the gluten-free diet},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {573-81},
   note = {1365-2036
Wild, D
Robins, G G
Burley, V J
Howdle, P D
Journal Article
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Aug;32(4):573-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04386.x. Epub 2010 Jun 4.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The only therapy for coeliac disease (CD) is a long-term gluten-free diet (GFD). Little is known about the detailed composition of such a diet. AIM: To clarify the nutritional composition of a GFD and to compare it with a non-GFD diet in representative non-CD populations. METHODS: A total of 139 consecutive patients with CD were invited to fill in a prospective validated 5-day food diary, of whom data from 93 were analysed. Results were compared with data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Adults and the UK Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS). RESULTS: Individuals consuming a strict GFD generally had similar intakes of energy and nutrients to those of comparison populations, but a higher proportion of carbohydrate intake was obtained from nonmilk extrinsic sugars and intakes of nonstarch polysaccharides were low. Compared with the UKWCS sample, female patients adhering to a GFD had lower intakes of magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, selenium and folate. In male patients, intakes of magnesium and selenium were particularly low. CONCLUSIONS: This study reinforces the need for clinicians to recognize that avoidance of gluten cannot be the sole focus of a gluten-free diet. Maintenance of adequate intakes of essential nutrients and in particular complex carbohydrates must also be the goal for patients.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Cohort Studies
Diet Records
Diet, Gluten-Free/*standards
Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage
Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage
Energy Intake
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Minerals/*administration & dosage
Sex Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {20528829},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04386.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Willis, H. W. and Willis, N. M. and Willis, G. W. and Ali, F. R. and Ball, C.},
   title = {Coeliac disease in childhood},
   journal = {Bmj},
   volume = {338},
   pages = {a3066},
   note = {1756-1833
Willis, Henry W M
Willis, Nichola M
Willis, George W
Ali, Faisal R
Ball, Colin
Journal Article
England
BMJ. 2009 Feb 19;338:a3066. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a3066.},
   keywords = {Attitude of Health Personnel
Attitude to Health
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*psychology
Child
Humans
Male
Parents/psychology
Physician-Patient Relations},
   ISSN = {0959-535x},
   Accession Number = {19228764},
   DOI = {10.1136/bmj.a3066},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Winter Del, R. Jl and Gabrielli, N. L. and Greig, D. and Inchauste, G. and Quezada, F. and Torres, M. J. and Castro, G. P.},
   title = {[Dilated cardiomyopathy in celiac disease: report of one case]},
   journal = {Rev Med Chil},
   volume = {137},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1469-73},
   note = {Winter Del R, Jose Luis
Gabrielli N, Luigi
Greig, Douglas
Inchauste, Giovani
Quezada, Felipe
Torres M, Javiera
Castro G, Pablo
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article
Chile
Rev Med Chil. 2009 Nov;137(11):1469-73. doi: /S0034-98872009001100009. Epub 2010 Jan 13.},
   abstract = {There is an increased incidence of celiac disease in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. We report a 4 7 year-old female presenting with heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology. During the five months following the first hospitalization the patient had multiple hospital admissions due to decompensate heart failure. Due to a history of intermittent diarrhea and weight loss, a celiac disease was suspected. Antiendomysial antibodies were positive and there was a villous atrophy in duodenal mucosa. A gluten free diet was started with a concomitant recovery of her functional capacity. After one month of gluten free diet a new echocardiogram showed a normal left ventricle and systolic function.},
   keywords = {Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/*etiology
Celiac Disease/*complications/pathology
Female
Humans},
   ISSN = {0034-9887 (Print)
0034-9887},
   Accession Number = {20098806},
   DOI = {/S0034-98872009001100009},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wouters, J. and Weijerman, M. E. and van Furth, A. M. and Schreurs, M. W. and Crusius, J. B. and von Blomberg, B. M. and de Baaij, L. R. and Broers, C. J. and Gemke, R. J.},
   title = {Prospective human leukocyte antigen, endomysium immunoglobulin A antibodies, and transglutaminase antibodies testing for celiac disease in children with Down syndrome},
   journal = {J Pediatr},
   volume = {154},
   number = {2},
   pages = {239-42},
   note = {1097-6833
Wouters, Jeroen
Weijerman, Michel E
van Furth, A Marceline
Schreurs, Marco W J
Crusius, J Bart A
von Blomberg, B Mary E
de Baaij, Laura R
Broers, Chantal J M
Gemke, Reinoud J B J
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr. 2009 Feb;154(2):239-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.08.007. Epub 2008 Sep 25.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a prospective screening strategy for the early diagnosis of celiac disease (CD) in children with Down syndrome (DS). STUDY DESIGN: Blood samples were taken from 155 children with DS. Buccal swabs were also taken from 9 of these children for determination of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 positivity. Independently, immunoglobulin A anti-endomysium-(EMA) and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (TGA) were tested. An intestinal biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of CD. RESULTS: Sixty-three children (40.6%) had test results that were positive for HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8. Results of HLA DQ-typing of DNA isolated from blood and buccal swabs were identical. Eight of the children in whom test results were positive for HLA-DQ2/8 also had positive test results for EMA and TGA. CD was confirmed in 7 of these children with an intestinal biopsy, and in 1 child, CD was suggested with improvement on a gluten-free diet. CONCLUSIONS: We found a prevalence of CD in children with DS of 5.2% (10 times higher than the general Dutch population). We recommend HLA-DQ2/8 typing from buccal swabs in the first year of life and initiating serologic screening of children with DS in whom test results are positive for HLA-DQ2 or DQ8 at age 3 years. Early knowledge of negative HLA-DQ2/8 status can reassure most parents that their children do not have a CD risk.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Autoantibodies/*blood
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Down Syndrome/*complications/genetics
Duodenum/pathology
Early Diagnosis
Feasibility Studies
Female
HLA Antigens/*blood
HLA-DQ Antigens/blood
Heterozygote
Homozygote
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/*immunology
Infant
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Male
Mass Screening
Prospective Studies
Transglutaminases/*immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0022-3476},
   Accession Number = {18822429},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.08.007},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wu, J. and Xia, B. and von Blomberg, B. M. and Zhao, C. and Yang, X. W. and Crusius, J. B. and Pena, A. S.},
   title = {Coeliac disease in China, a field waiting for exploration},
   journal = {Rev Esp Enferm Dig},
   volume = {102},
   number = {8},
   pages = {472-7},
   note = {Wu, J
Xia, B
von Blomberg, B M E
Zhao, C
Yang, X W
Crusius, J B A
Pena, A S
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Spain
Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2010 Jul;102(8):472-7.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: no systematic studies on the prevalence of coeliac disease (CD) have been reported from China. In western populations CD is more common in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS). We have screened patients with these conditions presenting to the outpatient department of a large hospital of "Traditional Chinese Medicine" (TCM) in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P.R. China. METHODS: we tested sera of 78 unrelated Han Chinese patients (5 IDDM and 73 D-IBS), using ELISA serological tests for IgG anti-gliadin antibodies (IgG-AGA) and IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (IgA-tTG). RESULTS: six out of 78 patients (7.7%) were positive for IgG-AGA (two men and four women) and two (2.6%) were positive for IgA-tTGs. One of the latter patients was negative for IgG-AGA. Besides, one patient had a dubious IgA-tTG antibody and a positive IgG-AGA. None of the six patients agreed to undergo duodenal biopsy. Two out of these six patients followed a gluten-free diet for one year. In one patient the diarrhoea ceased and his body weight increased. Another stopped losing weight. CONCLUSIONS: this study previously published as a letter in GUT (Wu J, Xia B, von Blomberg BME, Zhao C, Yang XW, Crusius JBA, Pena AS. Coeliac disease: emerging in China? Gut 2010; 59(3): 418-9) demonstrated that CD may exist in the Jiangsu province of P.R. China. The present article draws attention to the difficulties of following a standard protocol in China such as established in western countries and highlights important factors less well known in the west in relation to the development of CD in China. Wheat production became significant in China between 1600 and 1300 B.C. After the Han dynasty (500-200 B.C.), wheat was one of the main cereals in China. One the major wheat fields in China is located in the Jiangsu province where the research for this article was performed. A review of Chinese literature shows that the predominant HLA-DQ CD risk alleles and haplotypes are present in the Jiangsu province. Genetic background, food consumption, and the results of our study suggest that CD should actively be investigated in P.R. China.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/epidemiology
China
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged},
   ISSN = {1130-0108 (Print)
1130-0108},
   Accession Number = {20670067},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Wu, X. and McLaughlin, L. and Polk, J. P. and Chalasani, M. and Greenway, F. L. and Zheng, J.},
   title = {A pilot study to evaluate the effect of splanchnic nerve stimulation on body composition and food intake in rats},
   journal = {Obes Surg},
   volume = {19},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1581-5},
   note = {1708-0428
Wu, Xiaojun
McLaughlin, Leslie
Polk, J Patrick
Chalasani, Meghana
Greenway, Frank L
Zheng, Jolene
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Obes Surg. 2009 Nov;19(11):1581-5. doi: 10.1007/s11695-009-9963-y.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Systemic sympathetic stimulation with caffeine and ephedrine increased metabolic rate, reduced food intake, and improved body composition but had systemic adverse events. We hypothesize that selective sympathetic stimulation of the upper gastrointestinal tract will preserve the advantages of systemic sympathetic stimulation without its adverse events. This study evaluated the effect of splanchnic nerve stimulation on metabolic rate, food intake, and body composition. METHODS: Sixteen Sprague Dawley rats had monopolar electrodes placed on the superior common splanchnic nerve innervating the celiac ganglia. An indifferent electrode was placed subcutaneously on the back. The animals were placed on a 60% fat diet, and eight rats were stimulated for 6 weeks. The stimulation was advanced over 3 days from 0.6 mA to 3 mA. Metabolic rate and food intake were measured daily; weight change was monitored weekly, and body composition was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at the end of the study. Four of the eight animals had metabolic rate measured three times over 2-day periods at 0 mA, 1 mA, and 3 mA of stimulation in a metabolic chamber. RESULTS: Except for the first week of stimulation, there was no difference in body weight between the stimulated and control groups. Cumulative food intake was less in the stimulated group (p<0. 001). The lean-to-fat ratio was greater in the stimulated group (p<0. 01), and the animals that received incremental stimulation showed significantly augmented metabolic rate (p<0. 02). CONCLUSIONS: Splanchnic nerve stimulation decreased food intake, increased metabolic rate, and improved body composition.},
   keywords = {Animals
Body Composition/physiology
Disease Models, Animal
Electric Stimulation Therapy/adverse effects/*methods
Energy Intake/physiology
Energy Metabolism/physiology
Humans
Obesity/*therapy
Pilot Projects
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
*Splanchnic Nerves
Sympathetic Nervous System/physiopathology
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract/*innervation/*physiopathology},
   ISSN = {0960-8923},
   Accession Number = {19730958},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11695-009-9963-y},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Yan, D. and Holt, P. R.},
   title = {Willem Dicke. Brilliant clinical observer and translational investigator. Discoverer of the toxic cause of celiac disease},
   journal = {Clin Transl Sci},
   volume = {2},
   number = {6},
   pages = {446-8},
   note = {1752-8062
Yan, David
Holt, Peter R
Historical Article
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Clin Transl Sci. 2009 Dec;2(6):446-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2009.00167.x.},
   abstract = {We can admire and learn from physicians with acute clinical acumen and superb approaches to translational research. The observations and studies of Dr. Willem Dicke, a Dutch pediatrician, on the toxic effects of a protein component of wheat and rye demonstrate the highest quality of such investigations. From a clinical observation of one child with celiac disease, through years of historical questioning and empirical dietary suggestions of patient families, he concluded that such foods were toxic. When research became possible after the second world war and fecal fat measures as a hard end point became available he studied 5 children in detail to establish the validity of his clinical clues.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*etiology/history
Diet
Feces/chemistry
History, 20th Century
Humans
*Translational Medical Research/history
Triticum/*toxicity},
   ISSN = {1752-8054},
   Accession Number = {20443939},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1752-8062.2009.00167.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zamani, F. and Amiri, A. and Shakeri, R. and Zare, A. and Mohamadnejad, M.},
   title = {Celiac disease as a potential cause of idiopathic portal hypertension: a case report},
   journal = {J Med Case Rep},
   volume = {3},
   pages = {68},
   note = {Zamani, Farhad
Amiri, Afsaneh
Shakeri, Ramin
Zare, Ali
Mohamadnejad, Mehdi
Journal Article
England
J Med Case Rep. 2009 Feb 16;3:68. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-3-68.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic portal hypertension is a disorder of unknown etiology, clinically characterized by portal hypertension, splenomegaly and anemia secondary to hypersplenism. CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of malaise, weight loss, abdominal swelling and lower limb edema. His paraclinical tests revealed pancytopenia, large ascites, splenomegaly and esophageal varices consistent with portal hypertension. Duodenal biopsy and serologic findings were compatible with celiac disease. His symptoms improved on a gluten-free diet, but his clinical course was further complicated with ulcerative jejunoileitis, and intestinal T-cell lymphoma. CONCLUSION: It seems that celiac disease, by an increased immune reaction in the splenoportal axis, can result in the development of idiopathic portal hypertension in susceptible affected patients.},
   ISSN = {1752-1947 (Print)
1752-1947},
   Accession Number = {19220902},
   DOI = {10.1186/1752-1947-3-68},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zamani, F. and Shahram, F. and Shakeri, R. and Zayyeni, H. and Davatchi, F. and Amiri, A. and Malekzadeh, R.},
   title = {Prevalence of celiac disease among patients with Behcet's disease in Iran},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {54},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1736-9},
   note = {1573-2568
Zamani, Farhad
Shahram, Farhad
Shakeri, Ramin
Zayyeni, Habib
Davatchi, Fereydoun
Amiri, Afsaneh
Malekzadeh, Reza
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2009 Aug;54(8):1736-9. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0548-8. Epub 2008 Nov 7.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Behcet's disease and Celiac disease, both common in Iran, share many immunopathogenic and clinical features. Based on the possible association between these two diseases, this study is designed to determine the frequency of non-diagnosed celiac disease in patients with Behcet's disease. METHODS: The sera of 288 consecutive patients with Behcet's disease were screened with anti-endomysial antibody and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody for celiac disease. Those with a positive test underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and duodenal biopsies to confirm the diagnosis of celiac disease. The patients with celiac disease were put on a gluten free diet to evaluate its efficacy on the improvement of their lesions. RESULTS: Fourteen patients had positive anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody test (two with positive anti-endomysial antibody as well). Duodenal biopsies showed findings compatible with Marsh 3 in one and Marsh 1 in three other patients. All the diagnosed patients with celiac disease responded to the gluten free diet. CONCLUSION: Our findings didn't support any association between celiac disease and Behcet's disease in Iranian patients compared to the general population of Iran.},
   keywords = {Adult
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/blood
Behcet Syndrome/*complications/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Duodenum/pathology
Female
Humans
Iran/epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {18989774},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-008-0548-8},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zandonadi, R. P. and Botelho, R. B. and Araujo, W. M.},
   title = {Psyllium as a substitute for gluten in bread},
   journal = {J Am Diet Assoc},
   volume = {109},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1781-4},
   note = {1878-3570
Zandonadi, Renata Puppin
Botelho, Raquel Braz Assuncao
Araujo, Wilma Maria Coelho
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Oct;109(10):1781-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.07.032.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an antibody-mediated enteropathy that presents permanent intolerance to ingested gluten. Currently, only one kind of treatment is available: the complete dietary elimination of all sources of gluten. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of replacing gluten with psyllium on sensory characteristics of bread dough and to compare the chemical, nutritional, technological, and sensory characteristics of the modified preparations. This study is experimental and was subdivided into five steps: selection and development of preparation, chemical analysis, sensory analysis, and statistical analysis. Modified samples of the bread dough achieved a 93.0% acceptance rate for individuals with celiac disease and up to 97.0% for individuals without celiac disease. The most affected characteristics were odor and texture. In terms of chemical composition of the bread dough, energy was reduced by 32.1% and the fat fraction was 42.3% before being cooked. Data obtained from sensory analysis of psyllium doughs indicate that the products had good acceptance by individuals with celiac disease as well as by individuals without celiac disease. This suggests that psyllium can replace gluten in preparations. Furthermore, in terms of chemical composition, products made with modified dough had less fat and fewer calories.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
*Bread/analysis
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
Child
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Emulsifying Agents/administration & dosage
Fat Substitutes/administration & dosage
Female
Food Preferences
*Food Technology
Glutens/administration & dosage/adverse effects
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Nutritive Value
Odorants
Patient Satisfaction
Psyllium/*administration & dosage
Taste
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0002-8223},
   Accession Number = {19782179},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jada.2009.07.032},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zanini, B. and Lanzarotto, F. and Mora, A. and Bertolazzi, S. and Turini, D. and Cesana, B. and Donato, F. and Ricci, C. and Lonati, F. and Vassallo, F. and Scarcella, C. and Lanzini, A.},
   title = {Five year time course of celiac disease serology during gluten free diet: results of a community based "CD-Watch" program},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {42},
   number = {12},
   pages = {865-70},
   note = {1878-3562
Zanini, Barbara
Lanzarotto, Francesco
Mora, Alessandra
Bertolazzi, Stefania
Turini, Daniele
Cesana, Bruno
Donato, Francesco
Ricci, Chiara
Lonati, Fulvio
Vassallo, Francesco
Scarcella, Carmelo
Lanzini, Alberto
Journal Article
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2010 Dec;42(12):865-70. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.05.009. Epub 2010 Jul 2.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the effect of a follow-up strategy in celiac disease patients during gluten-free diet. AIMS: To assess 5 year time course of t-transglutaminase antibodies (t-TG) in celiac disease patients enrolled in a community based follow-up program. METHODS: Annual t-TG testing and periodical clinic visit in 2245 patients. RESULTS: Proportion of patients with negative t-TG progressively increased from 83% to 93% during the 5-year follow-up: poor adherence to gluten-free diet (HR 4.764), long duration of gluten-free diet (HR 0.929) and female gender (HR 1.472) were independently associated with serological outcome. In individual patients, 69% tested t-TG "persistently negative", 1% "persistently positive" and 30% "intermittently negative or positive". By applying mathematical modelling to t-TG conversion rates observed in this latter group at beginning and end of the follow-up program, the predicted proportion of t-TG negative population increased from 90% to 95% over 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Time-course of t-TG serology in the community fluctuates in 1/3 of celiac disease patients suggesting inconstant adherence to gluten-free diet and need of follow-up strategy. Periodical serological and clinical follow-up is a viable and efficacious strategy to promote adherence to gluten-free diet as inferred from time-course of t-TG serology.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Antibodies/analysis
Celiac Disease/*blood/*diet therapy/immunology
Child
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Serologic Tests
Time Factors
Transglutaminases/blood/immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {20598661},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2010.05.009},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zawahir, S. and Safta, A. and Fasano, A.},
   title = {Pediatric celiac disease},
   journal = {Curr Opin Pediatr},
   volume = {21},
   number = {5},
   pages = {655-60},
   note = {1531-698x
Zawahir, Shamila
Safta, Anca
Fasano, Alessio
DK078699/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Review
United States
Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009 Oct;21(5):655-60. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832f5b9d.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Celiac disease is an extremely common, although underdiagnosed, disorder. Knowledge about the varied clinical manifestations and the proper approach to screening and diagnosing celiac disease will lead to appropriate early intervention in affected children RECENT FINDINGS: New age-dependent algorithms are emerging to properly screen for celiac disease. There is new evidence on the patchy nature of celiac disease supporting the practice of multiple duodenal biopsies including the bulb of the duodenum. Therapeutic dietary compliance, particularly in asymptomatic children, can be poor, and therefore, the involvement of a dietician trained in celiac disease is instrumental in keeping patients up to date with dietary guidelines and to improve their compliance to the diet. Expanding knowledge about the pathogenesis of celiac disease has led to the development of investigational therapeutic alternatives to the gluten-free diet. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating methods of celiac disease prevention in at-risk infants. SUMMARY: This review aims at outlining the different manifestations of celiac disease in children as well as a step-wise approach to screen and diagnose the disease. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of celiac disease is paving the way to innovative diagnostic tools, preventive strategies, and therapeutic interventions alternative to a gluten-free diet.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/*etiology/therapy
Child
Diet, Gluten-Free
Endoscopy
Humans
Patient Compliance},
   ISSN = {1040-8703},
   Accession Number = {19606042},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832f5b9d},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zeglaoui, H. and Landolsi, H. and Mankai, A. and Ghedira, I. and Bouajina, E.},
   title = {Type 1 diabetes mellitus, celiac disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic scleroderma in a 15-year-old girl},
   journal = {Rheumatol Int},
   volume = {30},
   number = {6},
   pages = {793-5},
   note = {1437-160x
Zeglaoui, Hela
Landolsi, Hanene
Mankai, Amani
Ghedira, Ibtissem
Bouajina, Elyes
Case Reports
Journal Article
Germany
Rheumatol Int. 2010 Apr;30(6):793-5. doi: 10.1007/s00296-009-0988-2. Epub 2009 Jun 9.},
   abstract = {We report a case of an association of four autoimmune diseases in a 15-year-old girl and we discuss the etiopathogenic of this association and difficulties of treatment.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Autoimmune Diseases/immunology/*physiopathology
Autoimmunity/physiology
Causality
Celiac Disease/*complications/diet therapy/immunology
Comorbidity
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*complications/diet therapy/immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications/immunology
Prednisone/therapeutic use
Scleroderma, Systemic/*complications/immunology
Sweetening Agents/adverse effects
Treatment Outcome
Tunisia},
   ISSN = {0172-8172},
   Accession Number = {19506880},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00296-009-0988-2},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zhang, X. K. and Han, K. P. and Ma, L.},
   title = {[Effects of Qiyao Xiaoke capsule on glycolipid metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle of rats with catch-up growth induced by high-fat diet]},
   journal = {Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi},
   volume = {30},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1091-5},
   note = {Zhang, Xiao-Ke
Han, Ki-Ping
Ma, Li
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
China
Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2010 Oct;30(10):1091-5.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Qiyao Xiaoke Capsule (QXC, a Chinese preparation for invigorating qi and nourishing yin) on glycolipid metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle of rats with catch-up growth (CUG) induced by high-fat diet. METHODS: CUG model rats were made by limiting forge followed by high-fat diet, and intervened with different dosages [1.8 (g/kg x d), 0.6 g/(kg x d)] of QXC. And the experiment was controlled with pioglitazone. Levels of blood glucose, serum free fatty acid (FFA), serum insulin (Fins), plasma adiponcetin (AC) and insulin resistance index (IRI) as well as the weights of peri-epididymis and peri-renal fat and their ratio to body weight were observed 8 weeks later. The contents of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and liver were also determined. RESULTS: Insulin resistance in CUG rats can be induced by high-fat diet. Compared with the un-treated model rats, levels of Fins and AC were higher, IRI and FFA were lower in CUG rats after intervened by QXC (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Moreover, QXC at large dose showed the effects of reducing TG content in liver and skeletal muscle, advancing the glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, displaying an efficacy similar to that of pioglitazone (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: QXC could improve the glycolipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced CUG rats through different pathways of intervention to alleviate/delay the occurrence and development of insulin resistance in the liver and skeletal muscle.},
   keywords = {Animals
Celiac Disease
Diet, High-Fat
Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*pharmacology
Glucose/*metabolism
*Insulin Resistance
*Lipid Metabolism
Liver/metabolism
Male
Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
Rats
Rats, Wistar},
   ISSN = {1003-5370 (Print)
1003-5370},
   Accession Number = {21066897},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zhernakova, A. and Elbers, C. C. and Ferwerda, B. and Romanos, J. and Trynka, G. and Dubois, P. C. and de Kovel, C. G. and Franke, L. and Oosting, M. and Barisani, D. and Bardella, M. T. and Joosten, L. A. and Saavalainen, P. and van Heel, D. A. and Catassi, C. and Netea, M. G. and Wijmenga, C.},
   title = {Evolutionary and functional analysis of celiac risk loci reveals SH2B3 as a protective factor against bacterial infection},
   journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
   volume = {86},
   number = {6},
   pages = {970-7},
   note = {1537-6605
Zhernakova, Alexandra
Elbers, Clara C
Ferwerda, Bart
Romanos, Jihane
Trynka, Gosia
Dubois, Patrick C
de Kovel, Carolien G F
Franke, Lude
Oosting, Marije
Barisani, Donatella
Bardella, Maria Teresa
Finnish Celiac Disease Study Group
Joosten, Leo A B
Saavalainen, Paivi
van Heel, David A
Catassi, Carlo
Netea, Mihai G
Wijmenga, Cisca
U01 DK062418/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
084743/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
085475/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
068545/Z/02/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
G0700545/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
G0000934/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
WT084743MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Jun 11;86(6):970-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.05.004.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is an intolerance to dietary proteins of wheat, barley, and rye. CD may have substantial morbidity, yet it is quite common with a prevalence of 1%-2% in Western populations. It is not clear why the CD phenotype is so prevalent despite its negative effects on human health, especially because appropriate treatment in the form of a gluten-free diet has only been available since the 1950s, when dietary gluten was discovered to be the triggering factor. The high prevalence of CD might suggest that genes underlying this disease may have been favored by the process of natural selection. We assessed signatures of selection for ten confirmed CD-associated loci in several genome-wide data sets, comprising 8154 controls from four European populations and 195 individuals from a North African population, by studying haplotype lengths via the integrated haplotype score (iHS) method. Consistent signs of positive selection for CD-associated derived alleles were observed in three loci: IL12A, IL18RAP, and SH2B3. For the SH2B3 risk allele, we also show a difference in allele frequency distribution (Fst) between HapMap phase II populations. Functional investigation of the effect of the SH2B3 genotype in response to lipopolysaccharide and muramyl dipeptide revealed that carriers of the SH2B3 rs3184504*A risk allele showed stronger activation of the NOD2 recognition pathway. This suggests that SH2B3 plays a role in protection against bacteria infection, and it provides a possible explanation for the selective sweep on SH2B3, which occurred sometime between 1200 and 1700 years ago.},
   keywords = {Africa, Northern
Bacterial Infections/*genetics
Celiac Disease/*genetics
*Disease Susceptibility
Europe
Evolution, Molecular
Genetics, Population
Humans
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/*genetics
*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Proteins/*genetics
*Selection, Genetic},
   ISSN = {0002-9297},
   Accession Number = {20560212},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.05.004},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zingone, F. and Capone, P. and Ciacci, C.},
   title = {Celiac disease: Alternatives to a gluten free diet},
   journal = {World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {1},
   number = {1},
   pages = {36-9},
   note = {2150-5349
Zingone, Fabiana
Capone, Pietro
Ciacci, Carolina
Journal Article
United States
World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Feb 6;1(1):36-9. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v1.i1.36.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine caused by the ingestion of gluten or related rye and barley proteins. At present, the only available treatment is a strict gluten-exclusion diet. However, recent understanding of the molecular basis for this disorder has improved and enabled the identification of targets for new therapies. This article aims to critically summarize these recent studies.},
   keywords = {Celiac disease
Gluten free diet
Therapeutic options},
   ISSN = {2150-5349},
   Accession Number = {21577293},
   DOI = {10.4292/wjgpt.v1.i1.36},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zingone, F. and Siniscalchi, M. and Capone, P. and Tortora, R. and Andreozzi, P. and Capone, E. and Ciacci, C.},
   title = {The quality of sleep in patients with coeliac disease},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {32},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1031-6},
   note = {1365-2036
Zingone, F
Siniscalchi, M
Capone, P
Tortora, R
Andreozzi, P
Capone, E
Ciacci, C
Journal Article
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Oct;32(8):1031-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04432.x. Epub 2010 Aug 16.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease is a chronic disease with a various clinical presentation, including anxiety and depression. AIM: To investigate the quality of sleep in coeliac disease. METHODS: The participants were coeliacs at diagnosis; coeliacs on a gluten-free diet at follow-up and healthy volunteers. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), SF36, Zung and Fatigue scales and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS: The PSQI score was higher in coeliacs at diagnosis and in a gluten-free diet than in healthy volunteers (P < 0.001). A gluten-free diet did not improve the PSQI score (P = 0.245) in coeliac disease. The other test scores were similar between coeliacs at diagnosis and those on a gluten-free diet, whereas significant differences were found between coeliacs and volunteers. PSQI score was inversely associated with the quality of the physical (r = -0.327, P = 0.002) and mental (r = -0.455, P < 0.001) component scores. The sleep quality scores were related to depression (r = 0.633, P < 0.001), fatigue (r = 0.377, P < 0.001), state anxiety (r = 0.484, P < 0.001) and trait anxiety (r = 0.467, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disorders are common in coeliac disease not only at diagnosis but also during treatment with a gluten-free diet. Sleep disorders are related to depression, anxiety and fatigue, and inversely related to quality of life scale scores.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anxiety/etiology
Celiac Disease/*complications/diet therapy/*psychology
Cohort Studies
Depressive Disorder/etiology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Fatigue/diagnosis/etiology
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Quality of Life
Sleep Wake Disorders/*etiology/*psychology
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {20937049},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04432.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zofkova, I.},
   title = {[Celiac disease and its relation to bone metabolism]},
   journal = {Cas Lek Cesk},
   volume = {148},
   number = {6},
   pages = {246-8},
   note = {Zofkova, I
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Czech Republic
Cas Lek Cesk. 2009;148(6):246-8.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (nontropical sprue) is autoimmune disorder of the intestinal mucose, which usually develops in humans hypersensitive to gluten. The disease can occur at any age, with the greatest occurrence in early adulthood. Besides intestinal symptomatology--abdominal pain, diarrhoea and weight loss--celiac disease is often accompanied by extra-intestinal complications including osteopenia or osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Overproduction of cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha increases bone resorption, which is further accelerated by hyperparathyroidism connected with malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D. Interaction of both these mechanisms activated bone loss. Similarly as the classic (symptomatic) celiac disease, the occult form, commonly seen in the elderly, may be associated with a risk of osteoporosis or osteomalacia related fractures. Diagnosis is based on positivity of IgA and IgG antigliadin and endomysial antibodies and characteristic endoscopic detection of inflammation and atrophy of duodenal mucose. Areal screening of celiac disease in osteoporotic patients is very dubious. However, a methodical examination should be performed in all patients with unexplainable hyperparathyroidism or in those with various autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis chronica), or in premenopausal women and men, who did not reach the appropriate peak bone mass. On the other hand, detailed analysis of calcium metabolism, including markers of bone remodlling and X-ray densitometry (DXA), are recommended in all patients with verified celiac disease. The effectiveness of a gluten-free diet and substitution with vitamin D and calcium, or treatment with bisphosphonates are discussed. The promising therapy appears to be new molecules with reparative effect on intestinal mucose such as AT-1001.},
   keywords = {Bone Diseases, Metabolic/diagnosis/*etiology/prevention & control
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnosis
Humans},
   ISSN = {0008-7335 (Print)
0008-7335},
   Accession Number = {19642305},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zoller-Utz, I. M. and Esslinger, B. and Schulze-Krebs, A. and Dieterich, W.},
   title = {Natural hidden autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase cross-react with fibrinogen},
   journal = {J Clin Immunol},
   volume = {30},
   number = {2},
   pages = {204-12},
   note = {1573-2592
Zoller-Utz, Ingrid M
Esslinger, Birgit
Schulze-Krebs, Anja
Dieterich, Walburga
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
J Clin Immunol. 2010 Mar;30(2):204-12. doi: 10.1007/s10875-009-9347-z. Epub 2009 Nov 27.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Patients with celiac disease display autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase (TG2), and the high sensitivity and specificity of these autoantibodies render them a reliable tool for diagnosis. However, we found that denatured sera from healthy persons also showed reactivity against TG2. METHODS: To further examine the specificity of this phenomenon, sera of healthy individuals and celiac patients were denatured by heat or pH shift. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Denatured sera of all individuals showed autoantibodies against TG2 in ELISA that could be specifically inhibited by TG2, but the biological role of these autoantibodies remains unknown. The alpha fibrinogen precursor could be isolated as serum protein that reacts with TG2 antibodies and treated sera reacted with fibrinogen in Western blotting. Cross-reactivity of TG2 antibodies with fibrinogen and vice versa was observed. CONCLUSION: We hypothesise that denaturation of sera reveals hidden autoantibodies against TG2, which might be normally masked by fibrinogen.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/blood
Binding, Competitive
Celiac Disease/blood/*diagnosis/*immunology/physiopathology
*Cross Reactions
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Fibrinogen/*immunology/metabolism
GTP-Binding Proteins
Hot Temperature
Humans
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Prognosis
Protein Denaturation
Sensitivity and Specificity
Transglutaminases/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0271-9142},
   Accession Number = {19943187},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10875-009-9347-z},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zwolinska-Wcislo, M. and Galicka-Latala, D. and Rozpondek, P. and Rudnicka-Sosin, L. and Mach, T.},
   title = {[Frequency of celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome coexistance and its influence on the disease course]},
   journal = {Przegl Lek},
   volume = {66},
   number = {3},
   pages = {126-9},
   note = {Zwolinska-Wcislo, Malgorzata
Galicka-Latala, Danuta
Rozpondek, Piotr
Rudnicka-Sosin, Lucyna
Mach, Tomasz
English Abstract
Journal Article
Poland
Przegl Lek. 2009;66(3):126-9.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is increasingly recognized autoimmune enteropathy caused by a permanent gluten intolerance. Gluten is the main storage protein of wheat, in genetically predisposed individuals. Celiac disease risk in first degree relatives is about 10%. Diarrhea and changes of bowel movement, observed as well in celiac disease as in IBS, may lead to misdiagnosis of IBS basing on the Rome criteria or may be associated with coexistence of both diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the celiac disease prevalence in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The study group comprised 200 patients (120 women and 80 men) aged 18-78 years (mean: 46.7 years) with diarrhoeal form of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), according to the Rome criteria II. At the beginning and after a three month period anti tissue transglutaminase antibodies (IgA tTG) were estimated. Gastroscopy with biopsy where performed in those with IgA tTG titre above 1/200. 40 patients were immunologically positive and 14 of them have histopathologically proven celiac disease. In the group of patients with detected celiac disease, gluten free diet was applied besides the treatment with trimebutin or mebewerin, recommended for IBS. After 6 months the decrease of IgA tTG titre in the serum was observed. In 5 of these patients IgA tTG level was negative. It was associated with the significant decrease of clinical symptoms, such as diarrhea and flatulence. The remaining symptoms, such as abdominal pain, feeling of incomplete defecation demanded continuation of IBS treatment. With regard to often atypical celiac disease symptoms--adult active searching should be performed to differentiate from irritable bowel syndrome.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/diet therapy/*epidemiology/pathology
Comorbidity
Disease Progression
Female
Gastroscopy
Humans
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/*epidemiology/pathology/therapy
Male
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0033-2240 (Print)
0033-2240},
   Accession Number = {19689036},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zwolinska-Wcislo, M. and Galicka-Latala, D. and Rudnicka-Sosin, L. and Rozpondek, P.},
   title = {[Coeliac disease and other autoimmunological disorders coexistance]},
   journal = {Przegl Lek},
   volume = {66},
   number = {7},
   pages = {370-2},
   note = {Zwolinska-Wcislo, Malgorzata
Galicka-Latala, Danuta
Rudnicka-Sosin, Lucyna
Rozpondek, Piotr
English Abstract
Journal Article
Poland
Przegl Lek. 2009;66(7):370-2.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: Coeliac disease (gluten enteropathy) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of autoimmune etiology in genetically predisposed individuals. It is the most frequent enteropathy with frequency of 1/100 and 1/300 in the adult population in America and Europe respectively. Typical form of celiac disease including abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea is quite rare in adults. In some coeliac patients, symptoms persist in spite of strict gluten free diet. One of the reasons of this is interference of the autoimmune diseases. Results of our studies revealed in the group of 110 patients with diagnosed gluten enteropathy, coexistence of autoimmune disease, such as diabetes mellitus type 1 in 7.2% cases, hyperthyreosis on 1.8% of cases, vitiligo in 0.9% of cases, primary biliary cirrhosis in 2% of cases and rheumatoidal arthritis in 0,9 of cases. In the group of 80 ulcerative colitis patients, coexistence of celiac disease basing on serological histopatological investigation was found in 4 patients (5%). CONCLUSIONS: Coexistence of coeliac disease with other autoimmune diseases is quite frequent. Gluten enteropathy symptoms may be interpreted as originating from other autoimmune disease. It can delay the diagnosis of celiac disease and introduction of gluten free diet, which improves the quality of life and protects from dangerous GI complications.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology
Autoimmune Diseases/*epidemiology
Celiac Disease/*epidemiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology
Comorbidity
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
Female
Humans
Hyperthyroidism/epidemiology
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
Vitiligo/epidemiology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0033-2240 (Print)
0033-2240},
   Accession Number = {20043578},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Zwolinska-Wcislo, M. and Galicka-Latala, D. and Sosin-Rudnicka, L. and Mach, T. and Rozpondek, P.},
   title = {[Celiac disease and other immunomediated diseases coexistance and influence of clinical course. Case report]},
   journal = {Przegl Lek},
   volume = {66},
   number = {8},
   pages = {466-8},
   note = {Zwolinska-Wcislo, Malgorzata
Galicka-Latala, Danuta
Sosin-Rudnicka, Lucyna
Mach, Tomasz
Rozpondek, Piotr
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article
Poland
Przegl Lek. 2009;66(8):466-8.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy) is chronic immunomediated disorder of gastrointestinal tract in genetically predisposed patients. We present the case of 46 years old man, with already diagnosed several autoimmune disorders, such as: diabetes mellitus LADA type, Graves-Basedow disease and vitiligo. Despite treatment of the above diseases, diarrhea and persistent abdominal pain was observed. Diagnosis of gluten enteropathy based on serology and histological evaluation of biopsies from distal part of duodenum enabled us to introduce gluten free diet, which contributed to attenuation of symptoms and better control of glucose serum levels. We think, that celiac disease should be taken into the consideration in differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and persistent abdominal pain, especially in patients with coexisting autoimmune diseases.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/diet therapy/immunology/*pathology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
Duodenum/*pathology
Graves Disease/complications
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Serologic Tests
Vitiligo/complications},
   ISSN = {0033-2240 (Print)
0033-2240},
   Accession Number = {20043596},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag


text:
require nodejs_8.inc

INC_PR = "r1"

LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=e4d35c6120f175e1fbe5ff908b1cf2d6"

SRC_URI[src.md5sum] = "0c95e08220667d8a18b97ecec8218ac6"
SRC_URI[src.sha256sum] = "80551d47440c602c5825a3f6611e13cb0c57d277234dbff693af433a88351a08"

license: MIT

repository: malikolivier/meta-nodejs

license_type: permissive

repo_name: malikolivier/meta-nodejs

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bb


text:
SUMMARY = "read and write exFAT driver for FUSE"
DESCRIPTION = "fuse-exfat is a read and write driver implementing the \
extended file allocation table as a filesystem in userspace. A mounthelper \
is provided under the name mount.exfat-fuse. \
"
HOMEPAGE = "https://github.com/relan/exfat"
SECTION = "universe/otherosfs"
LICENSE = "GPL-2.0-or-later"
LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=b234ee4d69f5fce4486a80fdaf4a4263"
SRC_URI = "https://github.com/relan/exfat/releases/download/v${PV}/${BP}.tar.gz"

UPSTREAM_CHECK_URI = "https://github.com/relan/exfat/releases"

DEPENDS = "fuse virtual/libc"
RRECOMMENDS:${PN} = "util-linux-mount"

inherit autotools pkgconfig

SRC_URI[md5sum] = "846b8c36bfa4684719f9e08e9d3a6bff"
SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "07652136064da5e4d32df5555f88c138ffa4835a23b88a5bae2015f21006e0d3"

EXTRA_OECONF += "sbindir=${base_sbindir}"

repository: openembedded/meta-openembedded

repo_name: openembedded/meta-openembedded

gha_license_id: MIT

gha_language: BitBake


text:
package util

import (
	"crypto/sha256"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"testing"
)

var PrettyPrintJSON = [][]byte{
	[]byte("[\"[unnamed_group]\",\"zoopark\"]"),
}

var Base64Decode = []struct {
	in  string
	out string
}{
	{"YXNkYXNmYWFnYWRzZmFzZGZhZmFzZmQ=", "asdasfaagadsfasdfafasfd"},
	{"dGVzdDEyMw==", "test123"},
	{"dGVzdDEyMzQ1", "test12345"},
}

var FamilyNameTranslation = []struct {
	in  string
	out string
}{
	{"revil", "win.sodinokibi"},
	{"stuxnet", "win.stuxnet"},
	{"ursnif", "win.snifula"},
}

var ActorNameTranslation = []struct {
	in  string
	out string
}{
	{"apt28", "sofacy"},
	{"cozybear", "apt_29"},
	{"lazarus", "lazarus_group"},
}

var DownloadSamples = []string{
	"e0eea847f58efe604287a0fa9abe84576235dbbfa5f3e9636dcda10092c015b1",
	"7fb5df4519284e44b621265aca19e61e8e5f00351087ddf2cf838935261774e9",
	"c4a7f8b8046a6623cd7909bacb1cbef13471a4efd8adb4aedbf7fc1377ab502d",
}

var HashType = []struct {
	in  string
	out Hash
}{
	{"e0eea847f58efe604287a0fa9abe84576235dbbfa5f3e9636dcda10092c015b1", SHA256},
	{"0800fc577294c34e0b28ad2839435945", MD5},
	{"2346ad27d7568ba9896f1b7da6b5991251debdf2", SHA1},
}

var APIKeyValidity = []struct {
	in  string
	out bool
}{
	{"2346ad27d7568ba9896f1b7da6b5991251debdf2", true},
	{"2346ad27d7568ba9896f1b7da6b5991251debdf", false},
	{"", false},
}

func TestPrettyPrintJSON(t *testing.T) {
	for _, k := range PrettyPrintJSON {
		err := PrettyPrintJson(k)
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
		}
	}
}

func TestGetFamilyName(t *testing.T) {
	apiKey := os.Getenv("API_KEY")
	if apiKey == "" {
		t.Error("apikey not set")
		return
	}

	for _, familyName := range FamilyNameTranslation {
		serviceName, err := GetFamilyName(familyName.in, apiKey)
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}

		if serviceName != familyName.out {
			t.Errorf("expected %s but got %s", familyName.out, serviceName)
		}
	}
}

func TestGetActorName(t *testing.T) {
	apiKey := os.Getenv("API_KEY")
	if apiKey == "" {
		t.Error("apikey not set")
		return
	}

	for _, actorName := range ActorNameTranslation {
		serviceName, err := GetActorName(actorName.in, apiKey)
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}

		if serviceName != actorName.out {
			t.Errorf("expected %s but got %s", actorName.out, serviceName)
		}
	}
}

func TestIsValidAPIKey(t *testing.T) {
	for _, apiKey := range APIKeyValidity {
		if IsAPIKeyValid(apiKey.in) != apiKey.out {
			t.Errorf("expected result %t but got %t", apiKey.out, IsAPIKeyValid(apiKey.in))
		}
	}
}

func TestBase64DecodeContent(t *testing.T) {
	for _, test := range Base64Decode {
		buf, err := Base64DecodeContent(test.in)
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}

		if buf.String() != test.out {
			t.Errorf("expected %s but got %s", test.out, buf.String())
			return
		}
	}
}

func TestGetHashType(t *testing.T) {
	for _, hash := range HashType {
		hashtype, err := GetHashType(hash.in)
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}

		if hashtype != hash.out {
			t.Error("incorrect hash type")
		}
	}
}

func TestDownloadSample(t *testing.T) {
	apiKey := os.Getenv("API_KEY")
	if apiKey == "" {
		t.Error("apikey not set")
	}
	for _, revilHash := range DownloadSamples {
		samples, err := DownloadSample(revilHash, apiKey)
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
		}

		match := false

		for _, sample := range *samples {
			h := sha256.New()
			h.Write(sample.Bytes())
			hashStr := fmt.Sprintf("%x", h.Sum(nil))
			if hashStr == revilHash {
				match = true
			}
		}

		if !match {
			t.Error("failed to find a sample with a matching hash")
		}
	}
}

func TestDumpRaw(t *testing.T) {
	apiKey := os.Getenv("API_KEY")
	if apiKey == "" {
		t.Error("apikey not set")
	}
	for _, revilHash := range DownloadSamples {
		samples, err := DownloadSample(revilHash, apiKey)
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
		}
		err = DumpRaw(samples, revilHash)
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}

		for k := range *samples {
			err := os.Remove(k + "_" + revilHash)
			if err != nil {
				t.Error(err)
				return
			}
		}
	}
}

func TestDumpZip(t *testing.T) {
	apiKey := os.Getenv("API_KEY")
	if apiKey == "" {
		t.Error("apikey not set")
	}
	for _, revilHash := range DownloadSamples {
		samples, err := DownloadSample(revilHash, apiKey)
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
		}
		err = DumpZip(samples, revilHash, "test.zip")
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}

		err = os.Remove("test.zip")
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}
	}
}

extension: go


text:
/*
Copyright 2014 The Kubernetes Authors All rights reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package plugins

import (
	"fmt"
	"sync"

	"github.com/golang/glog"
	"github.com/gophercloud/gophercloud/openstack/networking/v2/ports"
)

type PluginInterface interface {
	SetupInterface(podName, podInfraContainerID string, port *ports.Port, ipcidr, gateway string, dnsServers []string, containerRuntime string) error
	DestroyInterface(podName, podInfraContainerID string, port *ports.Port, containerRuntime string) error
	Init(integrationBridge string) error
}

// Factory is a function that returns a networkplugin.Interface.
// The config parameter provides an io.Reader handler to the factory in
// order to load specific configurations. If no configuration is provided
// the parameter is nil.
type Factory func() (PluginInterface, error)

// All registered network plugins.
var pluginsMutex sync.Mutex
var plugins = make(map[string]Factory)

// RegisterNetworkPlugin registers a networkplugin.Factory by name.  This
// is expected to happen during app startup.
func RegisterNetworkPlugin(name string, networkPlugin Factory) {
	pluginsMutex.Lock()
	defer pluginsMutex.Unlock()
	if _, found := plugins[name]; found {
		glog.Fatalf("Network plugin %q was registered twice", name)
	}
	glog.V(1).Infof("Registered network plugin %q", name)
	plugins[name] = networkPlugin
}

// GetNetworkPlugin creates an instance of the named network plugin, or nil if
// the name is not known.  The error return is only used if the named plugin
// was known but failed to initialize.
func GetNetworkPlugin(name string) (PluginInterface, error) {
	pluginsMutex.Lock()
	defer pluginsMutex.Unlock()
	f, found := plugins[name]
	if !found {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return f()
}

// InitNetworkPlugin creates an instance of the named networkPlugin plugin.
func InitNetworkPlugin(name string) (PluginInterface, error) {
	var networkPlugin PluginInterface

	if name == "" {
		glog.Info("No network plugin specified.")
		return nil, nil
	}

	var err error
	networkPlugin, err = GetNetworkPlugin(name)

	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not init networkPlugin plugin %q: %v", name, err)
	}
	if networkPlugin == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown networkPlugin plugin %q", name)
	}

	return networkPlugin, nil
}

repository: heartlock/harmonystack

repo_name: heartlock/harmonystack

gha_language: Go


text:
package linkedlist

import (
	"errors"
)

// Element struct
type Element struct {
	Value string
	Next  *Element
}

// LinkedList is start from zero index
type LinkedList struct {
	Start  *Element
	end    *Element
	Length int
}

// NewList generator
func NewList() *LinkedList {
	return &LinkedList{Length: 0}
}

// Push in list
func (l *LinkedList) Push(v string) {
	e := Element{Value: v}
	l.append(&e)
}

func (l *LinkedList) append(e *Element) {
	if l.Length == 0 {
		l.Start = e
		l.end = l.Start
	} else {
		end := l.end
		end.Next = e
		l.end = e
	}
	l.Length++
}

// Pop from the end
func (l *LinkedList) Pop() (*Element, error) {
	if l.Length == 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("LinkedList is empty")
	}

	if l.Length == 1 {
		popped := l.Start
		l.Start = nil
		l.end = nil
		l.Length--
		return popped, nil
	}
	// l.length > 1
	counter := l.Length
	pointer := l.Start

	for counter != 2 {
		pointer = pointer.Next
		counter--
	}

	l.end = pointer
	popped := pointer.Next
	l.end.Next = nil
	l.Length--

	return popped, nil
}

// Shift should push a new element in front
// ex 1 -> 2 -> 3 .
// shift(8)
// 8 -> 1 -> 2 ->3
func (l *LinkedList) Shift(v string) {
	if l.Length == 0 {
		e := Element{Value: v}
		l.append(&e)
	} else {
		start := l.Start
		newE := &Element{Value: v, Next: start}
		l.Start = newE
		l.Length++
	}
}

// Unshift (8)
// 8 -> 1 -> 2 ->3
//  1 -> 2 -> 3
func (l *LinkedList) Unshift() (*Element, error) {
	if l.Length == 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("LinkedList is empty")
	}
	oldStart := l.Start
	l.Start = oldStart.Next
	l.Length--
	return oldStart, nil
}

// Remove an element
// 1->2->3
// remove(2)
// 1->3
func (l *LinkedList) Remove(value string) error {
	if l.Length == 0 {
		return errors.New("LinkedList is empty")
	}
	if l.Start.Value == value {
		l.Unshift()
		return nil
	}
	if l.end.Value == value {
		l.Pop()
		return nil
	}
	current := l.Start
	last := l.Start
	for current.Next != nil {
		if current.Value == value {
			last.Next = current.Next
			current.Next = nil
			break
		}
		last = current
		current = current.Next
	}
	l.Length--
	return nil
}

// Unlink element by step
// 4 -> 5 ->6
// remove(2)
// 4 -> 5
func (l *LinkedList) Unlink(step int) error {
	if l.Length == 0 || l.Length < step {
		return errors.New("LinkedList is empty OR Step Not Exist")
	}
	if step == 1 {
		l.Unshift()
		return nil
	}
	if step == l.Length {
		l.Pop()
		return nil
	}
	current := l.Start
	last := l.Start
	i := 1
	for current.Next != nil {
		if step == i {
			last.Next = current.Next
			current.Next = nil
			break
		}
		last = current
		current = current.Next
		i++
	}
	l.Length--
	return nil
}

// Seek (1)
// 4->5->6
// 5
// seek(0)
// 4
func (l *LinkedList) Seek(step int) (string, error) {
	if l.Length == 0 || l.Length < step {
		return "", errors.New("LinkedList is empty OR Step Not Exist")
	}
	if step == 1 {
		return l.Start.Value, nil
	}
	if step == l.Length {
		return l.end.Value, nil
	}
	i := 1
	current := l.Start
	for current.Next != nil {
		if step == i {
			return current.Value, nil
		}
		current = current.Next
		i++
	}
	return "", errors.New("LinkedList is empty OR Step Not Exist")
}

repository: alaaelgndy/go-in-memory-db

repo_name: alaaelgndy/go-in-memory-db


text:
package main

func sortedSquares(A []int) []int {
	algo := &TwoPointerAlgo{A}
	return algo.Execute()
}

type AlgoStrategy interface {
	Execute() []int
}

type TwoPointerAlgo struct {
	a []int
}

func (algo *TwoPointerAlgo) Execute() []int {
	a := algo.a

	aLen := len(a)

	j := 0
	for j < aLen {
		if a[j] > 0 {
			break
		}
		j++
	}

	i := j - 1

	ans := make([]int, aLen)
	t := 0
	for i >= 0 && j < aLen {
		if a[i] * a[i] < a[j] * a[j] {
			ans[t] = a[i] * a[i]
			i--
		} else {
			ans[t] = a[j] * a[j]
			j++
		}
		t++
	}

	for i >= 0 {
		ans[t] = a[i] * a[i]
		i--
		t++
	}

	for j < aLen {
		ans[t] = a[j] * a[j]
		t++
		j++
	}

	return ans
}

url: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wuli2496/OJ/c8baef1c0b2c7fd2f0a76bf195367413b20d5284/LeetCode/Squares of a Sorted Array/sortedSquares(双指针算法，时间复杂度为O(n)).go

gha_language: Java