text:
}) was introduced to trace the uptake and elimination processes of pesticides in living fish. {BCFs} and elimination kinetic coefficients of the pesticides were recorded therein. Moreover, the metabolism of fenthion was also traced with in vivo {SPME}. The method was time-efficient and laborsaving. Much fewer experimental animals were sacrificed during the tracing. In general, this study opened up an opportunity to measure {BCFs} cheaply in laboratories for the registering of emerging {POPs} and inspecting of suspected {POPs}, as well as demonstrated the potential application of in vivo {SPME} in the study of toxicokinetics of pollutants.},
	pages = {8012--8020},
	number = {14},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.},
	author = {Xu, Jianqiao and Luo, Junpeng and Ruan, Jingwen and Zhu, Fang and Luan, Tiangang and Liu, Hong and Jiang, Ruifen and Ouyang, Gangfeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2014-07-15},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\KHWJV8R9\\es5009032.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\U6D8UBNF\\Xu et al. - 2014 - In Vivo Tracing Uptake and Elimination of Organic .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{namiesnik_passive_1984,
	title = {Passive dosimeters—an approach to atmospheric pollutants analysis},
	volume = {38},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969784902195},
	pages = {225--258},
	journaltitle = {Science of the total environment},
	author = {Namiesnik, Jacek and Gorecki, Tadeusz and Kozlowski, Edmund and Torres, Liberto and Mathieu, Jacques},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {1984},
	file = {1-s2.0-0048969784902195-main.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\97WW27G8\\1-s2.0-0048969784902195-main.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gorecki_passive_2002,
	title = {Passive sampling},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993602004077},
	doi = {10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00407-7},
	abstract = {Passive sampling is based on free flow of analyte molecules from the sampled medium to a collecting medium as a result of a difference in chemical potentials. It can be used for the determination of both inorganic and organic compounds in a variety of matrices, including air, water and soil. The devices used for passive sampling are usually based on diffusion through a well-defined diffusion barrier or permeation through a membrane. Living organisms can also be used as passive samplers. In most cases, passive sampling vastly simplifies sampling and sample preparation, eliminates power requirements, and significantly reduces the costs of analysis. The technique is particularly suited to the determination of time-weighted average concentrations.},
	pages = {276--291},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Górecki, Tadeusz and Namieśnik, Jacek},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2002-04-01},
	keywords = {Sample preparation, Water analysis, sampling, Air analysis, Biomonitoring, Passive techniques},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VEICPSMW\\S0165993602004077.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\RDSNNZ9V\\Górecki and Namieśnik - 2002 - Passive sampling.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tolessa_application_2015,
	title = {Application of negligible and full depletion micro-extraction in environmental sciences},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2214-1588},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214158815000161},
	doi = {10.1016/j.teac.2015.04.002},
	abstract = {Negligible depletion micro-extraction (nd-{ME}) and full depletion micro-extraction (fd-{ME}) have been developed for specific purposes in environmental studies. Nd-{ME} is mainly designed to measure the free concentration and therefore evaluate the bioavailability of analytes in environmental matrices, and achieved by using large ratio of sample to extraction phase or extraction phase with low distribution coefficients for analytes. On the contrary, fd-{ME} is adopted to avoid matrix effects by determining the total amount of the analyte in the samples, and performed by using very low ratio of sample to extraction phase or extraction phase with extremely large distribution coefficients for analytes. In this review article, we highlight the basic concepts and applications of nd-{ME} and fd-{ME} in environmental sciences.},
	pages = {10--20},
	journaltitle = {Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Tolessa, Tesfaye and Liu, Jingfu},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2015-05-01},
	keywords = {Environmental pollutants, Matrix effects, Bioavailability, Full depletion, Micro-extraction, Negligible depletion},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\GFRRT9AH\\S2214158815000161.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\B3MRTQMV\\Tolessa and Liu - 2015 - Application of negligible and full depletion micro.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ouyang_sampling-rate_2011-2,
	title = {Sampling-Rate Calibration for Rapid and Nonlethal Monitoring of Organic Contaminants in Fish Muscle by Solid-Phase Microextraction},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es201709j},
	doi = {10.1021/es201709j},
	abstract = {Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) is a promising technique for determining organic contaminants within biotic systems. Existing in vivo {SPME}-kinetic calibration ({SPME}-{KC}) approaches are unwieldy due to the necessity of predetermining a distribution coefficient for the analyte of interest in the tissue and the preloading of a calibrating compound to the fiber. In this study, a rapid and convenient {SPME} alternative calibration method for in vivo analysis, termed {SPME}-sampling rate ({SPME}-{SR}) calibration, was developed and validated under both laboratory and field conditions to eliminate such presampling requirements. Briefly, the {SPME} probe is inserted into tissue, in this study fish dorsal-epaxial muscle, for 20 min allowing the concentrations of target analytes in the fish muscle to be determined by the extracted amount of analyte and the predetermined sampling rates. Atrazine, carbamazepine, and fluoxetine were detected nonlethally in the low ppb levels within fish muscle, with both laboratory and field-derived results obtained by in vivo {SPME}-{KC} comparable (within a factor of 1.27) to those obtained by lethal sampling followed by tissue liquid extraction. The technique described in this study represents an important advance which broadens the application of {SPME} in vivo sampling technology.},
	pages = {7792--7798},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.},
	author = {Ouyang, Gangfeng and Oakes, Ken D. and Bragg, Leslie and Wang, Shuang and Liu, Hong and Cui, Shufen and Servos, Mark R. and Dixon, D. George and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2011-09-15},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\NESS57WJ\\es201709j.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\AZM3GRFM\\Ouyang et al. - 2011 - Sampling-Rate Calibration for Rapid and Nonlethal .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ouyang_sampling-rate_2011-3,
	title = {Sampling-rate calibration for rapid and nonlethal monitoring of organic contaminants in fish muscle by solid-phase microextraction},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	doi = {10.1021/es201709j},
	abstract = {Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) is a promising technique for determining organic contaminants within biotic systems. Existing in vivo {SPME}-kinetic calibration ({SPME}-{KC}) approaches are unwieldy due to the necessity of predetermining a distribution coefficient for the analyte of interest in the tissue and the preloading of a calibrating compound to the fiber. In this study, a rapid and convenient {SPME} alternative calibration method for in vivo analysis, termed {SPME}-sampling rate ({SPME}-{SR}) calibration, was developed and validated under both laboratory and field conditions to eliminate such presampling requirements. Briefly, the {SPME} probe is inserted into tissue, in this study fish dorsal-epaxial muscle, for 20 min allowing the concentrations of target analytes in the fish muscle to be determined by the extracted amount of analyte and the predetermined sampling rates. Atrazine, carbamazepine, and fluoxetine were detected nonlethally in the low ppb levels within fish muscle, with both laboratory and field-derived results obtained by in vivo {SPME}-{KC} comparable (within a factor of 1.27) to those obtained by lethal sampling followed by tissue liquid extraction. The technique described in this study represents an important advance which broadens the application of {SPME} in vivo sampling technology.},
	pages = {7792--7798},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.},
	author = {Ouyang, Gangfeng and Oakes, Ken D. and Bragg, Leslie and Wang, Shuang and Liu, Hong and Cui, Shufen and Servos, Mark R. and Dixon, D. George and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	date = {2011-09-15},
	pmid = {21838320},
	keywords = {Solid phase microextraction, Calibration, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Environmental monitoring, Animals, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Atrazine, Carbamazepine, Fluoxetine, Muscles, Perches}
}

@article{tang_rapid_2017,
	title = {Rapid in vivo determination of fluoroquinolones in cultured puffer fish (Takifugu obscurus) muscle by solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry},
	volume = {175},
	issn = {0039-9140},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914017307890},
	doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.066},
	abstract = {Fluoroquinolones ({FQs}) are a group of antimicrobial agents that have been widely used for therapeutic purposes in clinical medicine for human and veterinary diseases, as well as in aquaculture production. Their residues, however, may survive in foods of animal origin, thus causing health risks for human. In this study, a rapid and sensitive method based on in vivo solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}-{MS}/{MS}) was developed to detect the residues of five {FQs} in cultured puffer fish (Takifugu obscurus). In vitro fiber evaluation experiment demonstrated that, compared with the thicker polydimethylsiloxane ({PDMS}) coating (165µm), the custom-made biocompatible C18-{PAN} fibers (45µm) exhibited much higher extraction efficiencies towards {FQs} (approximately 9–31 times). The custom-made C18-{PAN} coating also possessed excellent reproducibility in fish muscle with the intra-fiber relative standard deviations ({RSDs}) ranging from 11.2\% to 14.3\% (n = 6) and inter-fiber {RSDs} ranging from 13.1\% to 16.1\% (n = 6), which was suitable for in vivo sampling. The custom-made {SPME} fibers were subsequently applied to determine fluoroquinolones in dorsal-epaxial muscle of living puffer fish. The accuracies were verified through the comparison with traditional liquid extraction ({LE}) method, and the sensitivities were demonstrated to be satisfying with the limits of detection ({LODs}) ranging from 0.3ngg−1 to 1.5ngg−1. In general, this study presented a convenient and high-efficient method to determine fluoroquinolones in puffer fish by in vivo sampling.},
	pages = {550--556},
	journaltitle = {Talanta},
	shortjournal = {Talanta},
	author = {Tang, Yijia and Xu, Jianqiao and Chen, Le and Qiu, Junlang and Liu, Yuan and Ouyang, Gangfeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2017-12-01},
	keywords = {C18-{PAN} coating, Fluoroquinolones, Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}-{MS}/{MS}), Puffer fish (), solid-phase microextraction ( {SPME})},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\WJG9ED4X\\S0039914017307890.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\HNJN9U5W\\Tang et al. - 2017 - Rapid in vivo determination of fluoroquinolones in.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@thesis{zhang_passive_2013,
	title = {Passive Air Samplers for Semivolatile Organic Compounds: Experiments, Modeling, and Field Application},
	url = {https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/43404},
	shorttitle = {Passive Air Samplers for Semivolatile Organic Compounds},
	abstract = {Knowledge gaps related to mass transfer processes involved in passive air sampling of semivolatile organic compounds and factors potentially influencing passive sampling rates ({PSRs}) were addressed with controlled laboratory experiments, mass transfer modeling, and a field sampling campaign. The observed non-uniform {SVOC} distributions within porous passive sampling media ({PSMs}) contradict an assumption in an earlier passive air sampling theory and proved the existence of a kinetic resistance on the {PSM} side. This resistance can affect {PSRs} as revealed by a new {PAS} model which is based on fundamental laws of mass transfer in air and porous media. By considering mass transfer processes within the {PSM}, the model is able to explain the large variations of field calibrated {PSRs} with temperature and between {SVOC} species and the two-stage uptake process, which cannot be addressed by the earlier {PAS} theory. Because the {PSM} side kinetic resistance invalidates the assumption that depuration compounds added to the {PSM} prior to deployment are subject to the same kinetic resistance as the sampled {SVOCs}, {PSRs} derived from the loss rates of depuration compounds can differ from the actual {PSRs} of the sampled {SVOCs}. Using such {PSRs} could thus introduce additional uncertainty to {PAS}-derived air concentrations.
Experiments using {XAD}-resin and silica-gel filled mesh cylinder as {PSMs} for the uptake of {SVOCs} and water vapor respectively revealed  that sorbent in the inner portion of the {PSM} does not take part in chemical uptake; {PSRs} are thus proportional to the interfacial transfer area but not the amount of the sorbent. Accordingly, thinner {PSM} can be used to reduce the amount of sorbent while keeping or even increasing the {PSRs}. Optimized designs of {PASs} could be tested time efficiently using the gravimetrical approach based on water vapor uptake by silica gel.},
	type = {Thesis},
	author = {Zhang, Xianming},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2013-12-16},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\GABVHSAR\\Zhang - 2013 - Passive Air Samplers for Semivolatile Organic Comp.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\WTURVH8G\\43404.html:text/html}
}

@article{tuduri_passive_2012-1,
	title = {Passive air sampling of semi-volatile organic compounds},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993611002962},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2011.08.007},
	abstract = {We review the state of the art in atmospheric passive sampling for semi-volatile organic compounds. After a brief section on principles and theory, we focus on calibration approaches using different passive samplers. We report a selected number of applications for some passive samplers and identify some key issues to improve the performance and the accuracy of passive samplers. We then suggest and discuss possible developments.},
	pages = {38--49},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Tuduri, Ludovic and Millet, Maurice and Briand, Olivier and Montury, Michel},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2012-01-01},
	keywords = {Calibration, Accuracy, Atmospheric sampling, Depuration compound, Indoor air, Passive air sampling, Persistent organic pollutant ({POP}), Pesticide, Sampling protocol, Semi-volatile organic compound ({SVOC})},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\FND342X2\\S0165993611002962.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\NCFCN5JS\\Tuduri et al. - 2012 - Passive air sampling of semi-volatile organic comp.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{piri-moghadam_critical_2016-1,
	title = {A critical review of solid phase microextraction for analysis of water samples},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993616300115},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.029},
	series = {On-site and In-vivo Instrumentation and Applications},
	abstract = {The review summarizes applications of solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) for water sample analysis. Official methods and standards of {SPME} in water research and inter-laboratory validation are discussed. A comparison of {SPME} with current {EPA}-approved methods from several analytical aspects is presented. The review also provides some perspectives of the recent development of {SPME} on sampling water using artificial river systems, in the passive sampling and on-site sampling. Recently developed configuration of {SPME} such as thin film microextraction and high-throughput applications (e.g. when used in a 96-blade configuration) are shown.},
	pages = {133--143},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Piri-Moghadam, Hamed and Ahmadi, Fardin and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2016-12-01},
	keywords = {Solid phase microextraction, Water analysis, On-site sampling, Inter-laboratory studies, Official and standard methods, Time weighted average},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7R8EEE7W\\S0165993616300115.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\FPUQSCST\\Piri-Moghadam et al. - 2016 - A critical review of solid phase microextraction f.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{huang_monitoring_2015-1,
	title = {Monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in seawater of the Pearl River Estuary with rapid on-site active {SPME} sampling technique},
	volume = {200},
	issn = {0269-7491},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749115000846},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.016},
	abstract = {An on-site active solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) sampling technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ({GC}–{MS}) for sampling and monitoring 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ({PAHs}) and 8 organochlorine pesticides ({OCPs}) in seawater was developed. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the sampling-rate calibration method was practical and could be used for the quantification of on-site sampling. The proposed method was employed for field tests which covered large amounts of water samples in the Pearl River Estuary in rainy and dry seasons. The on-site {SPME} sampling method can avoid the contamination of sample, the losses of analytes during sample transportation, as well as the usage of solvent and time-consuming sample preparation process. Results indicated that the technique with the designed device can address the requirement of modern environment water analysis. In addition, the sources, bioaccumulation and potential risk to human of the {PAHs} and {OCPs} in seawater of the Pearl River Estuary were discussed.},
	pages = {149--158},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Pollution},
	shortjournal = {Environmental Pollution},
	author = {Huang, Siming and He, Shuming and Xu, Hao and Wu, Peiyan and Jiang, Ruifen and Zhu, Fang and Luan, Tiangang and Ouyang, Gangfeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2015-05-01},
	keywords = {Solid-phase microextraction, Organic pollutants, Pearl River, Rapid on-site sampling technique},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\9IUACMCE\\S0269749115000846.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\NNQHG764\\Huang et al. - 2015 - Monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in sea.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@thesis{jiang_strategies_2013,
	title = {Strategies to Improve Solid Phase Microextraction Sensitivity: Temperature, Geometry and Sorbent Effects},
	url = {https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/7438},
	shorttitle = {Strategies to Improve Solid Phase Microextraction Sensitivity},
	abstract = {Solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) has been widely used in a variety of sample matrices and proven to be a simple, fast and solvent-free sample preparation technique. A challenging limitation in the further development of this technique has been the insufficient sensitivity for some trace applications. This limitation lies mainly in the small volume of the extraction phase. According to the fundamentals of {SPME}, different strategies can be employed to achieve higher sensitivity for {SPME} sampling. These include cooling down the extraction phase, preparing a high capacity particle-loading extraction phase, as well as using a thin film with high surface area-to-volume ratio as the extraction phase. In this thesis, four sampling approaches were developed for high sensitivity sampling by employing cold fiber, thin film, cooling membrane and particle loading membrane as sampling tools. These proposed methods were applied to liquid, solid and particularly trace gas analysis.
First, a fully automated cold fiber device that improves the sensitivity of the technique by cooling down the extraction phase was developed. This device was coupled to a {GERSTEL}® {MultiPurpose} Sampler ({MPS} 2), and applied to the analysis of volatiles and semi-volatiles in aqueous and solid matrices. The proposed device was thoroughly evaluated for its extraction performance, robustness, reproducibility and reliability by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer ({GC}/{MS}). The evaluation of the automated cold fiber device was carried out using a group of compounds characterized by different volatilities and polarities. Extraction efficiency and analytical figures of merit were compared to commercial {SPME} fibers. In the analysis of aqueous standard samples, the automated cold fiber device showed a significant improvement in extraction efficiency when compared to commercial polydimethylsiloxane ({PDMS}) and non-cooled cold fiber. This was achieved due to the low temperature of the coating during sampling. Results from the cold fiber and commercial divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane ({DVB}/{CAR}/{PDMS}) fiber analysis of solid sample matrices were obtained and compared. Results demonstrated that the temperature gap between the sample matrix and the coating significantly improved the distribution coefficient, and consequently, the extraction amount. The newly automated cold fiber device presents a platform for headspace analysis of volatiles and semi-volatiles for a large number of samples, with improved throughput and sensitivity.
Thin film microextraction ({TFME}) improves the sensitivity by employing a membrane with a high surface area-to-volume ratio as the extraction phase. In Chapter 3, a simple non-invasive sample preparation method using {TFME} is proposed for sampling volatile skin emissions. Evaluation experiments were conducted to test the reproducibility of the sampling device, the effect of the membrane size, and the method for storage. Results supported the reproducibility of multi-membrane sampling, and demonstrated that sampling efficiency can be improved using a larger membrane. However, ability to control the sampling environment and time was proved to be critical in order to obtain reliable information; the in vivo skin emission sampling was also influenced by skin metabolism and environmental conditions. Next, the method of storage was fully investigated for the membrane device before and after sampling. This investigation of storage permitted the sampling and instrument analysis to be conducted at different locations. Finally, the developed skin sampling device was applied in the identification of dietary biomarkers after garlic and alcohol ingestion. In this experiment, the previously reported potential biomarkers dimethyl sulphone, allyl methyl sulfide and allyl mercaptan were detected after garlic intake, and ethanol was detected after the ingestion of alcohol. Experiments were also conducted in the analysis of volatile organic compounds ({VOCs}) from upper back, forearm and back thigh of the body on the same individual. Results showed that 27 compounds can be detected from all of the 3 locations. However, these compounds were quantitatively different. In addition, sampling of the upper back, where the density of sebaceous glands is relatively high, detected more compounds than the other regions.
In Chapter 4, a novel sample preparation method that combines the advantages of cold fiber and thin film was developed to achieve the high extraction efficiency necessary for high sensitivity gas sampling. A cooling sampling device was developed for the thin film microextraction. Method development for this sampling approach included evaluation of membrane temperature effect, membrane size effect, air flow rate and humidity effect. Results showed that high sensitivity for equilibrium sampling can be achieved by either cooling down the membrane and/or using a large volume extraction phase. On the other hand, for pre-equilibrium extraction, in which the extracted amount was mainly determined by membrane surface area and diffusion coefficient, high sensitivity was obtained by thin membranes with a large surface area and/or high sampling flow rate. In addition, humidity evaluations showed no significant effect on extraction efficiency due to the absorption property of the liquid extraction phase. Next, the limit of detection ({LOD}) and reproducibility of the developed cooling membrane gas sampling method were evaluated. {LOD} with a membrane radius of 1 cm at room temperature sampling were 9.24 ng/L, 0.12 ng/L, 0.10 ng/L for limonene, cinnamaldehyde and 2-pentadecanone, respectively. Intra- and inter-membrane sampling reproducibility had a relative standard deviation ({RSD}\%) lower than 8\% and 13\%, respectively. Results uniformly demonstrated that the proposed cooling membrane device could serve as a powerful tool for gas in trace analysis.
  In Chapter 5, a particle-loading membrane was developed to combine advantages of high distribution coefficient and high surface area geometry, and applied in trace gas sampling. Bar coating, a simple and easy preparation method was applied in the preparation of the {DVB}/{PDMS} membrane. Membrane morphology, particle ratio, membrane size and extraction efficiency were fully evaluated for the prepared membrane. Results show that the {DVB} particles are uniformly distributed in the {PDMS} base. The addition of a {DVB} particle enhanced the stiffness of the membrane to some extent, and improved the extraction capacity of the membrane. Extraction capacity for benzene was enhanced by a factor of 100 when the membrane {DVB} particle ratio increased from 0\% to 30\%. Additionally, the prepared {DVB}/{PDMS} membrane provided higher extraction efficiency than pure {PDMS} membrane and {DVB}/{PDMS} fiber, especially for highly volatile and polar compounds. The high reproducibility of the prepared {DVB}/{PDMS} membrane in air sampling demonstrated the advantage of the bar coating preparation method, and also permitted quantitative analysis. Last, the prepared particle-loading membrane was applied to semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis of indoor and outdoor air, respectively. Both the equilibrium calibration method and diffusion-based calibration method were proposed for the quantitative analysis. Results showed that the high capacity particle-loading membrane can be used for monitoring trace analytes such as perfume components and air pollutants.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Jiang, Ruifen},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2013-04-24},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XAS37T5B\\Jiang - 2013 - Strategies to Improve Solid Phase Microextraction .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\JXXTKXIG\\7438.html:text/html}
}

@thesis{poole_development_2017,
	title = {Development and application of {SPME} technologies for the rapid sampling and analysis of anthropogenic compounds in the environment},
	url = {https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/11766},
	abstract = {Due to the wide spread use of pharmaceuticals in both human and animal populations, the contamination of surface waters resulting from the outflow of waste water treatment facilities is of growing concern. Conventional methods used for the determination of these compounds often require extensive sample preparation in order to achieve appropriate limits of detection and quantitation. As a result, analytical methods which utilize these procedures are limited in their throughput capacity, while also generating large volumes of solvent waste. Coated blade spray ({CBS}) is a solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) technique which enables the direct to mass spectrometry analysis of extracted compounds with the application of limited organic solvent in order to desorb analyte and perform electrospray ionization. Demonstrated herein is the application of {CBS} for the concomitant {MS}/{MS} analysis of 12 pharmaceuticals in environmental waters which was able to demonstrate {LODs} for all compounds at concentrations of less than 50 ng/L while employing a 30 second analysis time. As select pharmaceuticals are susceptible to bioaccumulation, the analysis of fish tissue as a marker of environmental pollution is also an area of interest. For this reason a device was developed, the {SPME} needle, which is able to perform rapid tissue analysis without the need for a protective sheathing needle or house, simplifying the sampling process. The device was further validated to be reproducible and not effected by puncture through protective tissue. Finally, the device was incorporated into a projectile which was validated to enable rapid one handed {SPME} sampler administration in a matter of seconds in an on-site proof of concept.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Poole, Justen},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2017-04-27},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\M3MHC5T4\\Poole - 2017 - Development and application of SPME technologies f.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\B3VCHF2Z\\11766.html:text/html}
}

@article{boyaci_sample_2015-2,
	title = {Sample preparation with solid phase microextraction and exhaustive extraction approaches: Comparison for challenging cases},
	volume = {873},
	issn = {0003-2670},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267014014895},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.051},
	shorttitle = {Sample preparation with solid phase microextraction and exhaustive extraction approaches},
	abstract = {In chemical analysis, sample preparation is frequently considered the bottleneck of the entire analytical method. The success of the final method strongly depends on understanding the entire process of analysis of a particular type of analyte in a sample, namely: the physicochemical properties of the analytes (solubility, volatility, polarity etc.), the environmental conditions, and the matrix components of the sample. Various sample preparation strategies have been developed based on exhaustive or non-exhaustive extraction of analytes from matrices. Undoubtedly, amongst all sample preparation approaches, liquid extraction, including liquid–liquid ({LLE}) and solid phase extraction ({SPE}), are the most well-known, widely used, and commonly accepted methods by many international organizations and accredited laboratories. Both methods are well documented and there are many well defined procedures, which make them, at first sight, the methods of choice. However, many challenging tasks, such as complex matrix applications, on-site and in vivo applications, and determination of matrix-bound and free concentrations of analytes, are not easily attainable with these classical approaches for sample preparation. In the last two decades, the introduction of solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) has brought significant progress in the sample preparation area by facilitating on-site and in vivo applications, time weighted average ({TWA}) and instantaneous concentration determinations. Recently introduced matrix compatible coatings for {SPME} facilitate direct extraction from complex matrices and fill the gap in direct sampling from challenging matrices. Following introduction of {SPME}, numerous other microextraction approaches evolved to address limitations of the above mentioned techniques. There is not a single method that can be considered as a universal solution for sample preparation. This review aims to show the main advantages and limitations of the above mentioned sample preparation approaches and the applicability and capability of each technique for challenging cases such as complex matrices, on-site applications and automation.},
	pages = {14--30},
	journaltitle = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	shortjournal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	author = {Boyacı, Ezel and Rodríguez-Lafuente, Ángel and Gorynski, Krzysztof and Mirnaghi, Fatemeh and Souza-Silva, Érica A. and Hein, Dietmar and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2015-05-11},
	keywords = {Solid phase microextraction, Sample preparation, Solid phase extraction, Complex matrices/challenging compounds, Liquid–liquid extraction, On-site/in vivo analysis},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6KAXQGTC\\S0003267014014895.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\HN6T5B8D\\Boyacı et al. - 2015 - Sample preparation with solid phase microextractio.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{souza_silva_recent_2013,
	title = {Recent trends in {SPME} concerning sorbent materials, configurations and in vivo applications},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993612003159},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.006},
	series = {Highlights in Sample Preparation (for Food and Environmental Analysis)},
	abstract = {The ever-increasing requirement for determination of environmental pollutants and studies of comprehensive metabolite networks in complex real-life samples parallel advancements in solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}). The availability of state-of-the-art analytical instrumentation offering higher sensitivity and specificity has contributed to an increased range of applications covered by {SPME}. This review summarizes the most basic aspects in {SPME} development, addresses some of the challenges encountered in the analysis of food and environmental samples, and particularly emphasizes complex sample analysis. We also outline the development of new extracting materials, novel sampling configurations and approaches compatible with complex sample and/or on-site determinations. To serve as a guide to potential opportunities for continued innovation in {SPME} applications, we especially emphasize the evolution of on-site and in vivo {SPME} techniques and their feasibility for targeted determination of organic pollutants and biologically-active compounds, and global metabolite analysis.},
	pages = {24--36},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Souza Silva, Erica A. and Risticevic, Sanja and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2013-02-01},
	keywords = {Metabolomics, Food, Sample preparation, Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}), Environmental sample, On-site, Organic pollutant, Sampling configuration, Sorbent material},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\BIA8BXIU\\S0165993612003159.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\TPRG7KGU\\Souza Silva et al. - 2013 - Recent trends in SPME concerning sorbent materials.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ouyang_nondestructive_2011-1,
	title = {Nondestructive Sampling of Living Systems Using in Vivo Solid-Phase Microextraction},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0009-2665},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100203t},
	doi = {10.1021/cr100203t},
	pages = {2784--2814},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Chemical Reviews},
	shortjournal = {Chem. Rev.},
	author = {Ouyang, Gangfeng and Vuckovic, Dajana and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2011-04-13},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\MKZNFUIC\\cr100203t.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7A2QX5CE\\Ouyang et al. - 2011 - Nondestructive Sampling of Living Systems Using in.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{qin_solid-phase_2009-1,
	title = {Solid-phase microextraction under controlled agitation conditions for rapid on-site sampling of organic pollutants in water},
	volume = {1216},
	issn = {0021-9673},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002196730901262X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.052},
	abstract = {An electric drill coupled with a solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) polydimethylsiloxane ({PDMS}) fiber or a {PDMS} thin film was used for rapid sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ({PAHs}) in aqueous samples. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the sampling rates of {SPME} fiber and thin film can be predicted theoretically. Compared with the {SPME} fiber, the {PDMS} thin film active sampler exhibited a higher sampling rate and much better sensitivity due to its higher surface-to-volume ratio and its larger extraction phase volume. The amount of the analytes extracted by the thin film was around 100 times higher than those obtained by fiber, for both 5min rapid sampling and equilibrium extraction. A new thin film active sampler was then developed for rapid on-site water sampling. The sampling kit included a portable electric drill, a copper mesh pocket, a piece of thin film, and a liner. Laboratory experiments indicated that the sampling remained in the linear uptake phase with this sampler to 8min for the {PAHs}. Field test illustrated that this novel sampler was excellent for rapid on-site water sampling due to its short sampling period, high sampling efficiency and durability The thin film sampling kit facilitates on-site sampling, sample preparation, storage and transport. This new sampler is more user-friendly and easier to commercialize than previous samplers.},
	pages = {6979--6985},
	number = {42},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Qin, Zhipei and Bragg, Leslie and Ouyang, Gangfeng and Niri, Vadoud H. and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2009-10-16},
	keywords = {Active sampling, Agitation, Rapid sampling, Solid phase microextraction ({SPME}), Thin film extraction ({TFE})},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\PR9KJ2ZH\\S002196730901262X.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ISZHMB7M\\Qin et al. - 2009 - Solid-phase microextraction under controlled agita.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{qin_solid-phase_2009-2,
	title = {Solid-phase microextraction under controlled agitation conditions for rapid on-site sampling of organic pollutants in water},
	volume = {1216},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.052},
	abstract = {An electric drill coupled with a solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) polydimethylsiloxane ({PDMS}) fiber or a {PDMS} thin film was used for rapid sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ({PAHs}) in aqueous samples. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the sampling rates of {SPME} fiber and thin film can be predicted theoretically. Compared with the {SPME} fiber, the {PDMS} thin film active sampler exhibited a higher sampling rate and much better sensitivity due to its higher surface-to-volume ratio and its larger extraction phase volume. The amount of the analytes extracted by the thin film was around 100 times higher than those obtained by fiber, for both 5 min rapid sampling and equilibrium extraction. A new thin film active sampler was then developed for rapid on-site water sampling. The sampling kit included a portable electric drill, a copper mesh pocket, a piece of thin film, and a liner. Laboratory experiments indicated that the sampling remained in the linear uptake phase with this sampler to 8 min for the {PAHs}. Field test illustrated that this novel sampler was excellent for rapid on-site water sampling due to its short sampling period, high sampling efficiency and durability The thin film sampling kit facilitates on-site sampling, sample preparation, storage and transport. This new sampler is more user-friendly and easier to commercialize than previous samplers. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	pages = {6979--6985},
	number = {42},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Qin, Z. and Bragg, L. and Ouyang, G. and Niri, V.H. and Pawliszyn, J.},
	date = {2009},
	keywords = {Active sampling, Agitation, Rapid sampling, Solid phase microextraction ({SPME}), Thin film extraction ({TFE})},
	file = {SCOPUS Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\R6NPBWZA\\display.html:text/html}
}

@article{cudjoe_investigation_2009,
	title = {Investigation of the effect of the extraction phase geometry on the performance of automated solid-phase microextraction},
	volume = {81},
	doi = {10.1021/ac802524w},
	abstract = {A new configuration of C18 thin film extraction phase designed for high sample throughput has been developed and applied to the analysis of benzodiazepines in spiked urine samples using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The high throughput analysis was achieved with the use of a robotic autosampler which enabled parallel analyte extraction in a 96-well plate format. Factors affecting data reproducibility, extraction kinetics, sample throughput, and reliability of the system were investigated and optimized. The intrawell reproducibility was 4.5-7.3\%, while interwell reproducibility was 7.0-11\% in urine and {PBS} samples. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.05-0.15 ng/{mL} and 0.2-2.0 ng/{mL} for all analytes, respectively. By comparison with optimized automated multifiber {SPME} relying on rod geometry, the C18 thin films showed higher extraction rates (approximate 2-fold increase) and hence higher sample throughput because of the improved configuration and more effective agitation/mass transfer. In addition, this new configuration provided an extraction phase with greater surface area to volume ratio and greater extraction phase volume, which resulted in approximately 2-fold increase in the extraction capacity for diazepam compared with the extractions with automated multifiber {SPME} rod geometry. The results of this investigation demonstrated the advantages of using thin films to improve extraction kinetics and sensitivity of automated {SPME} methods for high performance liquid chromatography. © 2009 American Chemical Society.},
	pages = {4226--4232},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Cudjoe, E. and Vuckovic, D. and Hein, D. and Pawliszyn, J.},
	date = {2009},
	file = {SCOPUS Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\EK6FDZGB\\display.html:text/html}
}

@article{bianchi_environmental_2013,
	title = {Environmental odor pollution: A complex {GC}-{MS}, olfactometry and diffusion modeling approach to define air quality},
	volume = {61},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-62623-3.00004-6},
	shorttitle = {Environmental odor pollution},
	abstract = {The analytical difficulties in odor measurements are related to the well-known complexity of our olfactory sensory perception. Still, the importance of such an analysis in environmental pollution is of primary importance in certain fields and there is a strong need for instrumental analytical technologies to describe odor pollution to define objective odor policy criteria. There is a lack of actual legislation in specific odor control procedures, and in this chapter, we discuss the possibility of using instrumental analysis, in conjunction with sensorial analysis, to characterize odor emissions in order to detect malfunctions in facilities and to prevent air pollution and olfactory nuisance in the environment. A gas chromatographic-based approach to study environmental problems related to olfactory pollution is presented, and the results are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
	pages = {97--114},
	journaltitle = {Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Bianchi, G. and Palmiotto, M. and Giavini, M. and Davoli, E.},
	date = {2013},
	keywords = {{SPME}, Diffusion modeling, Environmental odor pollution, Olfactometry},
	file = {SCOPUS Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ADSHKGXT\\display.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{pawliszyn_2.01_2012,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {2.01 - Theory of Extraction},
	isbn = {978-0-12-381374-9},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123813732001496},
	abstract = {The main objective of the chapter is to provide unified theory of extraction and simple approach to classification of the techniques. It emphasizes the fundamental similarities between techniques. Theory presented in this chapter developed by applying basic fundamentals of thermodynamics and mass transfer provides insight and direction when developing sample preparation methods and identifies parameters for rigorous control and optimisation. Effective use of the theory minimises the number of experiments that need to be performed. Headspace extractions and matrix compatible extraction phases and approaches are discussed in view of potential complications, which are typically observed when extracting analytes from complex matrices including competition among different phases for the analyte and fouling of the extraction phase, due to adsorption of macromolecules, such as proteins and humic materials, at the interface. The other critical optimization to be addressed in extraction method development is the properties of the extraction phase which should be carefully optimised, because they determine the selectivity and reliability of the method. Kinetics of extraction are discussed using theory of mass transfer at solid interfaces, which identifies extraction rate “bottlenecks” of solid phase microextraction and therefore indicates strategies to increase speed of extraction. New developments in the extraction technology making it more environmentally friendly, efficient and cost effective are emphasized.},
	pages = {1--25},
	booktitle = {Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Pawliszyn, J.},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2012},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-381373-2.00149-6},
	keywords = {Calibration, Passive sampling, Kinetics, Absorption, Adsorption, Thermodynamics, Mass transfer, Matrix effects, Headspace extraction, Liquid sorbents, Multiphase equilibria, Optimization, Partition coefficient, Solid sorbents},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZPZ7V32W\\B9780123813732001496.html:text/html}
}

@thesis{gomez-rios_high_2012,
	title = {High Throughput Analysis for On-site Sampling},
	url = {https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/7150},
	institution = {University of Waterloo},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Gómez-Ríos, German Augusto},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2012},
	file = {Gomez-Rios_GermanAugusto.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\S4T2RQTD\\Gomez-Rios_GermanAugusto.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tollback_dynamic_2010-1,
	title = {Dynamic non-equilibrium {SPME} combined with {GC}, {PICI}, and ion trap {MS} for determination of organophosphate esters in air},
	volume = {396},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-009-3221-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-009-3221-y},
	abstract = {Methodology for time-weighted average ({TWA}) air measurements of semivolatile organophosphate triesters, widely used flame-retardants and plasticizers, and common indoor pollutants is presented. Dynamic non-equilibrium solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) for air sampling, in combination with {GC}/{PICI} and ion trap tandem {MS}, yields a fast, almost solvent-free method with low detection limits. Methanol was used as reagent gas for {PICI}, yielding stable protonated molecules and few fragments. A field sampler, in which a pumped airflow over three polydimethylsiloxane ({PDMS}) 100-μm fibers in series was applied, was constructed, evaluated, and used for the measurements. The method {LODs} were in the range 2–26 ng m−3 for a sampling period of 2 h. The uptake on the {SPME} fibers was shown to be about five times faster for triphenyl phosphate compared to the other investigated organophosphate esters, most likely due to more lipophilic properties of the aromatic compound. The boundary layer for triphenyl phosphate when using a 100-µm {PDMS} sorbent was determined to 0.08 mm at a linear air velocity of 34 cm s−1. Five different organophosphate triesters were detected in air from a laboratory and a lecture hall, at concentrations ranging from 7 ng m−3 up to 2.8 μg m−3.},
	pages = {839--844},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
	author = {Tollbäck, Johanna and Isetun, Sindra and Colmsjö, Anders and Nilsson, Ulrika},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2010-01-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\9QDE8HKK\\s00216-009-3221-y.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\BPQ8M5RS\\Tollbäck et al. - 2010 - Dynamic non-equilibrium SPME combined with GC, PIC.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zaitsev_preconcentration_2014-1,
	title = {Preconcentration by solid-phase microextraction},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {1061-9348, 1608-3199},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1061934814080139},
	doi = {10.1134/S1061934814080139},
	abstract = {The review is devoted to a new method of sample preparation, solid-phase microextraction. Its advantages are miniaturization; considerable reduction or even complete elimination of the use of toxic solvents; high concentration factors; low cost; simplicity of coupling with instrumental methods of analysis; and possibility of automation. The main versions of solid-phase microextraction and the parameters of their optimization are considered, such as the chemical composition of the adsorbent, the thickness of the adsorbing coating, {pH}, the nature and concentration of the salting-out agent, extraction time, stirring intensity, temperature, desorption conditions, and analyte derivatization. Examples of using solid-phase microextraction in the analysis of environmental samples, biological samples, and foodstuffs are presented.},
	pages = {715--727},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {J Anal Chem},
	author = {Zaitsev, V. N. and Zui, M. F.},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2014-08-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6CUJ4VJF\\S1061934814080139.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\UJ4NGKG7\\Zaitsev and Zui - 2014 - Preconcentration by solid-phase microextraction.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{camara_preconcentration_2015,
	title = {Preconcentration Modeling for the Optimization of a Micro Gas Preconcentrator Applied to Environmental Monitoring},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00400},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00400},
	abstract = {This paper presents the optimization of a micro gas preconcentrator (μ-{GP}) system applied to atmospheric pollution monitoring, with the help of a complete modeling of the preconcentration cycle. Two different approaches based on kinetic equations are used to illustrate the behavior of the micro gas preconcentrator for given experimental conditions. The need for high adsorption flow and heating rate and for low desorption flow and detection volume is demonstrated in this paper. Preliminary to this optimization, the preconcentration factor is discussed and a definition is proposed.},
	pages = {4455--4463},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Camara, Malick and Breuil, Philippe and Briand, Danick and Viricelle, Jean-Paul and Pijolat, Christophe and de Rooij, Nico F.},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2015-04-21},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\K9S2XGQS\\acs.analchem.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6IB9KEIK\\Camara et al. - 2015 - Preconcentration Modeling for the Optimization of .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sukaew_evaluating_2013,
	title = {Evaluating the dynamic retention capacities of microfabricated vapor preconcentrators as a function of flow rate},
	volume = {183},
	issn = {0925-4005},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400513003948},
	doi = {10.1016/j.snb.2013.03.105},
	abstract = {Adsorbent-packed preconcentrators are essential elements of most microanalytical systems designed for monitoring airborne volatile organic compounds ({VOC}) at low concentrations. These devices also serve as thermally desorbed injectors that transfer focused bands of captured {VOCs} to downstream separation and/or detection modules. Despite their importance, the factors affecting the capture efficiency of such devices have not been extensively or systematically studied. In this study, the dynamic retention capacities of four deep-reactive-ion-etched Si micropreconcentrator-focusers (μ{PCF}) packed with a commercial graphitized carbon, Carbopack X (C-X), were characterized for several {VOCs} and compared to those of a reference capillary preconcentrator-focuser ({cPCF}). Devices were challenged with {\textasciitilde}100 parts-per-billion of benzene, 2-butanone, toluene, or n-heptane in dry N2 over a range of volumetric flow rates, Q. The relationships between the bed residence time, τ, and the 10\% breakthrough volume and breakthrough time (Vb−10 and tb−10, respectively) were evaluated in the context of the modified Wheeler Model. Both Vb−10 and tb−10 decrease monotonically with decreasing τ, in accordance with the model. The performance of the largest μ{PCF}, packed with 2.3mg of C-X, was comparable to that of the reference {cPCF} packed with a similar quantity of C-X. The critical flow rates, Qc−10, corresponding to immediate breakthrough, ranged from 70 to 290mL/min and varied directly with the affinity of the vapor for the adsorbent. As a practical operating guideline, it is recommended that flow rates be limited to {\textless}0.4Qc for reliable performance of any μ{PCF} used for quantitative analysis. Estimated preconcentration factors range from 730 to 39,000. Challenges to predicting device performance via the modified Wheeler Model are illustrated.},
	pages = {163--171},
	journaltitle = {Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical},
	shortjournal = {Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical},
	author = {Sukaew, Thitiporn and Zellers, Edward T.},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2013-07-05},
	keywords = {Microfabrication, Microsystem, Preconcentrator, Vapor, {VOC}, Wheeler Model},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\38CH28NS\\S0925400513003948.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\SVGUVIQD\\Sukaew and Zellers - 2013 - Evaluating the dynamic retention capacities of mic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{duan_recent_2011-1,
	title = {Recent developments in solid-phase microextraction for on-site sampling and sample preparation},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993611002408},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2011.08.005},
	series = {In-Vivo and On-Site Analysis {II}},
	abstract = {On-site sampling and sample preparation favor portable, solventless or even solvent-free techniques. Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) has these advantages. This review focuses on developments between 2007 and early 2011 in microextraction techniques for on-site sampling and sample preparation, including fiber {SPME}, stir-bar sorptive extraction ({SBSE}), thin-film microextraction ({TFME}) and different types of in-needle {SPME}. The major trends in on-site applications of {SPME} appear to be fiber and thin-film {SPME}, microextraction by packed sorbent ({MEPS}) and the sorbent-packed needle-trap device ({NTD}). We discuss and compare several aspects of these types of {SPME} in on-site applications. We also describe sorbent phases for {SPME} that benefit on-site applications. Finally, we provide a perspective on {SPME}-based techniques for on-site applications.},
	pages = {1568--1574},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Duan, Chunfeng and Shen, Zheng and Wu, Dapeng and Guan, Yafeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2011-11-01},
	keywords = {Sample preparation, Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}), Thin-film microextraction, sampling, Fiber solid-phase microextraction, In-needle solid-phase microextraction, Microextraction by packed sorbent ({MEPS}), Needle-trap device, On site, Stir-bar sorptive extraction ({SBSE})},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\MAFAP5BK\\S0165993611002408.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XF5XDMMW\\Duan et al. - 2011 - Recent developments in solid-phase microextraction.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ouyang_critical_2008-1,
	title = {A critical review in calibration methods for solid-phase microextraction},
	volume = {627},
	issn = {00032670},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003267008014578},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.015},
	pages = {184--197},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	author = {Ouyang, Gangfeng and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2008-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {1-s2.0-S0003267008014578-main.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\BVXKTXIN\\1-s2.0-S0003267008014578-main.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ouyang_recent_2006,
	title = {Recent developments in {SPME} for on-site analysis and monitoring},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165993606001154},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2006.05.005},
	pages = {692--703},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Ouyang, G and Pawliszyn, J},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2006-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {1-s2.0-S0165993606001154-main.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\74G5ZERT\\1-s2.0-S0165993606001154-main.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sakhvidi_development_2016,
	title = {Development of Solid Phase Microextraction for Determination of Carbon tetrachloride and Chloroform in Air by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry},
	volume = {3},
	url = {http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-180-en.html},
	abstract = {Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering فصلنامه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای},
	pages = {17--24},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering},
	author = {Sakhvidi, Zare and Javad, Mohamad and Bahrami, Abdulrahman and Ghiasvand, Ali Reza},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2016-06-15},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\GAD5XHMK\\browse.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\DW3DCPDD\\Sakhvidi et al. - 2016 - Development of Solid Phase Microextraction for Det.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{menezes_sampling_2013-1,
	title = {Sampling and Analytical Methods for Determining {VOC} in Air by Biomonitoring Human Exposure},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1064-3389},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2011.604239},
	doi = {10.1080/10643389.2011.604239},
	abstract = {Volatile organic compounds ({VOC}) are the total organic compounds that contribute to photochemical ozone formation. They have a vapor pressure greater than 0.013 {kPa} at 298 K (according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (1996)), 0.01 {kPa} at 293 K (according to the European Union (1999)), or 10 Pa at 298 K (according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999)), with a lower boiling point limit of 50–100°C and an upper boiling point limit of 240–260°C. {VOC} include countless potentially hazardous substances released to the outdoor or indoor environment. The prevention or reduction of exposure to {VOC} in the air requires qualitative and quantitative analysis of these chemical agents. A correct assessment of human exposure to {VOC} requires appropriate and efficient methods of sampling and analysis. The authors present a survey of {VOC} definitions, an analytical discussion of the necessity and viability of exposure studies, the principal {VOC} studied, and a critical revision of methods of sampling and analyses.},
	pages = {1--39},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology},
	author = {Menezes, {HelvéCio} C. and Amorim, Leiliane C. A. and Cardeal, Zenilda L.},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2013-01-01},
	keywords = {sampling, {VOC}, analysis method, exposure assessment},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\SI894PMI\\Menezes et al. - 2013 - Sampling and Analytical Methods for Determining VO.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XBQHTABX\\10643389.2011.html:text/html}
}

@article{bahrami_application_2015,
	title = {Application of Solid Phase Microextraction ({SPME}) Sampler for Determination of Carbon Disulfide in Air},
	volume = {6},
	rights = {Copyright (c) 2015 International Journal of Occupational Hygiene},
	issn = {2008-5435},
	url = {http://ijoh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijoh/article/view/112},
	abstract = {Carbon disulfide is used predominantly in the manufacture. It has affects the nervous system. In this study, the applicability of {SPME} as a passive sampler for determination of carbon disulphide in air was studied. Effect of sampler and environmental parameters on uptake of Carbon disulphide was studied as well. Four fibers were tested to select the best sampler for determine carbon disulfide in ambient air. A standard generation chamber was built in the laboratory and was used to test the {SPME}. Analysis {SPME} samples were carried out by a gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry and results were compared with data obtained with National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ({NIOSH}) method 1600. Polymethylsiloxane-carboxen ({PDMS}/{CAR}) showed  the  most  effective stationary phase  material for sorbing {BTEX} among other materials (polyacrylate, {PDMS}, {PDMS}/divinylbenzene). Its linearity range in exposed mode was less than 10 minutes but with its retracted mode application, its linearity increased up to 8 hours. Temperature had not linear effect on uptake of pollutant in temperatures lower than 25, it has positive effect and above this range it has negative effect. Relative humidity had negative effect on mass loaded on fiber. Velocity in range of static to 0.5 m/s had no significant effect. The precision of the method was 4.18\% relative standard deviation ({RSD}). The detection limit for carbon disulfide in the {GC}/{MS} system in {SIM} mode was 6.7 ng per sample. {SPME} is a good alternative for sampling of carbon disulfide in air. However, for the situations in high humidity values it should be used with care.},
	pages = {149--155},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Occupational Hygiene},
	author = {Bahrami, {AbdulRahman} and Ghorbani, Farshid and Baiati, Hadi and Zare-Sakhvidi, {MohammadJavad}},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2015-10-11},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Solid phase microextraction, gas chromatography, air sampling, Carbon disulphide},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\8TZDZ6KU\\112.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\5DZ9DXS9\\Bahrami et al. - 2015 - Application of Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sakhvidi_effects_2017,
	title = {The Effects of Environmental Parameters on Air Sampling with {SPME} from Halogenated Hydrocarbons},
	volume = {6},
	url = {http://jhealthscope.com/en/articles/13135.html},
	doi = {10.5812/jhealthscope.40664},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Health Scope},
	author = {Sakhvidi, Mohamad Javad Zare and Bahrami, Abdulrahman and Ghiasvand, Alireza},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2017},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\4ID7UQIX\\13135.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZG2RH88H\\Sakhvidi et al. - 2017 - The Effects of Environmental Parameters on Air Sam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sakhvidi_application_2013,
	title = {Application of {SPME} as a passive air sampler for inhalation exposure assessment: a case study on 2-Chlorophenol},
	volume = {10},
	url = {http://ioh.iums.ac.ir/article-1-730-en.html},
	shorttitle = {Application of {SPME} as a passive air sampler for inhalation exposure assessment},
	abstract = {سلامت کار ایران Iran Occupational Health ({IOH}) seeks to publish Original Research Papers and Case Reports, Review Articles and Technical Reports related to the fields of Public Health and Occupational Health particularly. {IOH} is an official publication of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Public Health and is published quarterly. The following guidelines refer to the Journal requirements for receiving your manuscripts for possible publication. Complying with guidelines will expedite the process of evaluation and publication of the submitted manuscripts. {IOH} regrets to reject those contributions that deviate from the Journal style.},
	pages = {35--44},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Iran Occupational Health},
	author = {Sakhvidi, Zare and Javad, Mohammad and Bahrami, {AbdulRahman} and Ghiasvand, Alireza and Mahjub, Hossein and Tuduri, Ludovic},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2013-07-15},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\R3HA9X4S\\browse.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\UZVMTGMB\\Sakhvidi et al. - 2013 - Application of SPME as a passive air sampler for i.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sakhvidi_spme-based_2013,
	title = {{SPME}-based air sampling method for inhalation exposure assessment studies: case study on perchlorethylene exposure in dry cleaning},
	volume = {185},
	issn = {0167-6369, 1573-2959},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-012-2914-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10661-012-2914-4},
	shorttitle = {{SPME}-based air sampling method for inhalation exposure assessment studies},
	abstract = {Exposure to perchlorethylene, especially for dry cleaning workers and for people living near dry cleaning shops, could lead to several diseases and disorders. This study examines the value of solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) for sampling perchlorethylene in the atmosphere of dry cleaning shops. Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane ({CAR}/{PDMS}) in 0.5-cm retracted mode was selected. There were no significant differences between sampling rates at different temperatures (range of 20 to 30 °C) and air velocities (2 to 50 cm/s). On the opposite, relative humidity ({RH}) had a significant effect on sampling rates. Method reproducibility was realized in the laboratory and field conditions and was 6.2 \% and 7 to 11 \%, respectively. Repeatability was also determined as 8.9 \%. Comparison of the results according to the American Industrial Hygiene Association exposure assessment strategy showed the {SPME} sampler yields more conservative results in comparison with traditional standard method.},
	pages = {4933--4941},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
	shortjournal = {Environ Monit Assess},
	author = {Sakhvidi, Mohammad Javad Zare and Bahrami, Abdul Rahman and Ghiasvand, Alireza and Mahjub, Hossein and Tuduri, Ludovic},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2013-06-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\PVJ5T7K3\\s10661-012-2914-4.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XKATFA2G\\Sakhvidi et al. - 2013 - SPME-based air sampling method for inhalation expo.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sakhvidi_development_2012-1,
	title = {Development of diffusive solid phase microextraction method for sampling of epichlorohydrin in air},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {0306-7319},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2011.620704},
	doi = {10.1080/03067319.2011.620704},
	abstract = {Epichlorohydrin is used frequently in many industrial processes. Exposure to this pollutant could induce harmful effects. The present work developed a novel solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) method for time weighted average determination of epichlorohydrin in the air by {GC}/{MS}. {CAR}/{PDMS} in 0.5 cm retracted mode was selected and the effect of environmental parameters on sampling properties of {SPME} was examined. Experimental sampling rate for epichlorohydrin (8.89 × 10−3 cm3/min) was slightly less than theoretical value (9.059 × 10−3 cm3/min). There was no significant difference among sampling rates at different temperature and velocities but relative humidity had a significant effect on the sampling rate. Limit of detection for {SPME} method was 0.8 ng per sample, which is good enough in comparison with the {NIOSH} 1010 method. Comparison of the results between the developed {SPME} and the {NIOSH} 1010 method on standard test atmosphere and field showed satisfactory agreement (y = 1.162x + 1.8 r 2 = 0.992 and y = 1.009x+0.76 r 2 = 0.98 respectively).},
	pages = {1365--1377},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Sakhvidi, Mohammad Javad Zare and Bahrami, {AbdulRahman} and Afkhami, Abbas and Rafiei, Atena},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2012-10-15},
	keywords = {{SPME}, air sampling, epichlorohydrin, gas chromatography mass spectrometry},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\H794638K\\Sakhvidi et al. - 2012 - Development of diffusive solid phase microextracti.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\G27X9RIQ\\03067319.2011.html:text/html}
}

@article{mocho_static_2011,
	title = {Static {SPME} sampling of {VOCs} emitted from indoor building materials: prediction of calibration curves of single compounds for two different emission cells},
	volume = {400},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-011-4820-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-011-4820-y},
	shorttitle = {Static {SPME} sampling of {VOCs} emitted from indoor building materials},
	abstract = {Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) is a powerful technique, easy to implement for on-site static sampling of indoor {VOCs} emitted by building materials. However, a major constraint lies in the establishment of calibration curves which requires complex generation of standard atmospheres. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to propose a model to predict adsorption kinetics (i.e., calibration curves) of four model {VOCs}. The model is based on Fick’s laws for the gas phase and on the equilibrium or the solid diffusion model for the adsorptive phase. Two samplers (the {FLEC}® and a home-made cylindrical emission cell), coupled to {SPME} for static sampling of material emissions, were studied. A good agreement between modeling and experimental data is observed and results show the influence of sampling rate on mass transfer mode in function of sample volume. The equilibrium model is adapted to quite large volume sampler (cylindrical cell) while the solid diffusion model is dedicated to small volume sampler ({FLEC}®). The limiting steps of mass transfer are the diffusion in gas phase for the cylindrical cell and the pore surface diffusion for the {FLEC}®. In the future, this modeling approach could be a useful tool for time-saving development of {SPME} to study building material emission in static mode sampling.},
	pages = {859--870},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
	author = {Mocho, Pierre and Desauziers, Valérie},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2011-05-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\IVQJCE6A\\s00216-011-4820-y.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XVXBHE9W\\Mocho and Desauziers - 2011 - Static SPME sampling of VOCs emitted from indoor b.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wang_flexibility_2009,
	title = {Flexibility of solid-phase microextraction for passive sampling of atmospheric pesticides},
	volume = {1216},
	issn = {0021-9673},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967309002040},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.011},
	abstract = {For low volatile pesticides, the applications of solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) as an air sampler were reported with sampling time chosen in the linear stage of the sorption kinetics because of long equilibrium time. In these pre-equilibrium conditions, sampling rates ({SRs}) expressed as the volume of air sampled by the {SPME} sampler per unit of time, were used to estimate analytes concentrations in air. In the present study, to achieve good extraction performance and accurate calibration, the sorption kinetics of several pesticides with {SPME} were investigated in detail, with a focus on parameters influencing {SRs}. Linear air velocity was found to be the main parameter affecting {SRs}. For exposed fibers, with air velocities below 20–25cms−1, {SRs} increased with increasing air velocity. When linear air velocity was equal to or greater than 25–30cms−1, it had little effect on {SRs}. To improve the flexibility of {SPME}, different configurations of {SPME} were compared, i.e. different lengths of fibers exposed, retracted fibers, exposed fibers with grids. {SRs} were linearly proportional to exposed lengths of fibers. Using grids, lower {SRs} and wider calibration time range were achieved. {SRs} for retracted fibers were the lowest among the different experimented configurations. The accuracy of calibration was improved and more flexibility of {SPME} was provided.},
	pages = {3031--3037},
	number = {15},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Wang, Junxia and Tuduri, Ludovic and Millet, Maurice and Briand, Olivier and Montury, Michel},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2009-04-10},
	keywords = {sampling rates, Solid-phase microextraction, Atmospheric pesticides, {SPME} configurations},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6P3TGTAH\\S0021967309002040.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7FGGX65R\\Wang et al. - 2009 - Flexibility of solid-phase microextraction for pas.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{nicolle_solid_2008-1,
	title = {Solid phase microextraction sampling for a rapid and simple on-site evaluation of volatile organic compounds emitted from building materials},
	volume = {1208},
	issn = {0021-9673},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002196730801409X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.061},
	abstract = {A new sampling method was developed for a simple and fast evaluation of volatile organic compounds ({VOCs}) emitted at trace levels from building materials. The device involves an emission cell coupled with solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) for diffusive sampling. Owing to possible competitive adsorption of {VOCs} onto the {PDMS}–Carboxen fiber used, the co-adsorption conditions were determined through kinetics study of isolated and in mixture compounds. Hence, the linear concentration ranges which ensure reliable quantification were determined from 4.8 to 10mgm−3min according to the {VOC} studied. Thus, the analyst can select the extraction time that fits for his best analytical objectives. For example, sub μgm−3 limits of detection can be achieved for {GC}–{MS} analysis for 20min extraction. On the other hand, 5min sampling is sufficient for a rapid screening of the major emitted {VOCs}, since the average limit of quantification reaches 20μgm−3 for {GC}-{FID} analysis.},
	pages = {10--15},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Nicolle, Jérôme and Desauziers, Valérie and Mocho, Pierre},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2008-10-24},
	keywords = {Indoor air, {VOC}, Building material, Emission cell, {SPME} sampling},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\3Z7HCQKV\\S002196730801409X.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\PMQPAZSC\\Nicolle et al. - 2008 - Solid phase microextraction sampling for a rapid a.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mocho_modelling_2008-1,
	title = {Modelling of adsorption kinetics and calibration curves of gaseous volatile organic compounds with adsorptive solid-phase microextraction fibre: toluene and acetone for indoor air applications},
	volume = {392},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-008-2249-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-008-2249-8},
	shorttitle = {Modelling of adsorption kinetics and calibration curves of gaseous volatile organic compounds with adsorptive solid-phase microextraction fibre},
	abstract = {Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) with adsorptive Carboxen/{PDMS} fibre is a powerful sampling device for volatile organic compounds ({VOCs}) at trace levels in air. However, owing to competitive adsorption, quantification remains a challenging task. In this area, a theoretical model, based on Fick’s laws and an extended Langmuir equation, is proposed to deal with the adsorption kinetics of acetone/toluene mixture on {SPME} fibre under various static extraction conditions. The semipredictive model is first used to determine the axial diffusion coefficients of analytes in the sampling device. The model is then tested with a complex {VOC} mixture, showing good agreement with experimental data.},
	pages = {97--104},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
	author = {Mocho, Pierre and Nicolle, Jérôme and Desauziers, Valérie},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2008-09-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\DVF338GK\\10.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\A3RCF6H2\\Mocho et al. - 2008 - Modelling of adsorption kinetics and calibration c.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mocho_modelling_2007,
	title = {Modelling of toluene solid-phase microextraction for indoor air sampling},
	volume = {388},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-007-1231-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-007-1231-1},
	abstract = {Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) is a convenient and efficient sampling technique recently applied to indoor air analysis. We propose here a theoretical model of the adsorption kinetics of toluene on {SPME} fibre under static extraction conditions. We discuss the effects of sampling volume and initial concentration of analyte on the adsorption kinetics. This model is used to estimate the limits of detection taking into account operating conditions and to calculate theoretical calibration curves. Results of comparison with experimental data are encouraging: only 11\% difference for calibration curves and 30\% for the estimation of the limit of detection. On the basis of this kinetics model, the solid concentration gradient in the Carboxen coating was modelled with Fick’s second law of diffusion in unsteady-state mass-transfer mode. Mass diffusion from the gas sample to the {SPME} fibre was also investigated. It was shown that diffusion is the limiting step of the mass-transfer process in the static mode. Thus, the model developed, allows a better understanding of adsorption on Carboxen fibre and in the future could be a useful tool for cheap and time-saving development of {SPME} methods and the estimation of sampling performance.Open image in new {windowFigurePDMS}/Carboxen {SPME} fibre (scanning electron microscopy – magnification x 220)},
	pages = {147--156},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
	author = {Mocho, Pierre and Larroque, Virginie and Desauziers, Valérie},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2007-05-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\8CTE4R8N\\10.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\88HGRDWZ\\Mocho et al. - 2007 - Modelling of toluene solid-phase microextraction f.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{poole_solid_2016,
	title = {Solid Phase Microextraction On-Fiber Derivatization Using a Stable, Portable, and Reusable Pentafluorophenyl Hydrazine Standard Gas Generating Vial},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01449},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01449},
	abstract = {Solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) on-fiber derivatization methods have facilitated the achievement of lower detection limits and targeted analysis of various substances that exhibit poor chromatographic behavior, thermal instability, or high reactivity while limiting the use of organic solvents. However, previously developed on-fiber derivatization methods have been hindered by poor loading reproducibility and standard lifetime due to derivatization reagent reactivity. In addition, this reactivity often results in these reagents demonstrating toxic effects, complicating handling and standard formulation. To address this, a reusable standard gas generating vial containing pentafluorophenyl hydrazine ({PFPH}) has been developed. With this development, {SPME} fibers can now be reproducibly loaded with derivatization reagent, from an easy to use and safe platform. Validation of the vial using C4–C9 linear aldehyde standards as target analytes demonstrated intrabatch vial reproducibility (2\% relative standard deviation ({RSD}), n = 4), along with {PFPH} headspace stability over a period of 11 weeks, facilitating reduced reagent consumption due to standard longevity. In addition, reproducibility of the derivatization reaction was observed over 1 week ({RSD} {\textless} 9\%), and the linear concentration range was evaluated using headspace extractions from aqueous aldehyde solutions (R2 {\textgreater} 0.996, 10–200 ppb v/v). Finally, the {PFPH}-generating vial was applied to the monitoring of volatile aldehydes generated during meat spoilage, as well as an on-site application where the free and total concentration of formaldehyde was determined in car exhaust using a portable {GC}/{MS}. To the best of our knowledge, the standard gas generating vial proposed in this work is the first documented device for the long-term storage of reusable headspace standards for a reactive, toxic, and otherwise unstable derivatization reagent standard.},
	pages = {6859--6866},
	number = {13},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Poole, Justen J. and Grandy, Jonathan J. and Gómez-Ríos, German A. and Gionfriddo, Emanuela and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-18},
	date = {2016-07-05},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\HVMHE5ES\\acs.analchem.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\JETDSFNZ\\Poole et al. - 2016 - Solid Phase Microextraction On-Fiber Derivatizatio.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ahmadi_flow-through_2017,
	title = {A flow-through aqueous standard generation system for thin film microextraction investigations of {UV} filters and biocides partitioning to different environmental compartments},
	volume = {230},
	issn = {0269-7491},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117301902},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.092},
	abstract = {In this paper problems associated with preparation of aqueous standard of highly hydrophobic compounds such as partial precipitation, being lost on the surfaces, low solubility in water and limited sample volume for accurate determination of their distribution coefficients are addressed. The following work presents two approaches that utilize blade thin film microextraction ({TFME}) to investigate partitioning of {UV} filters and biocides to humic acid (dissolved organic carbon) and sediment. A steady-state concentration of target analytes in water was generated using a flow-through aqueous standard generation ({ASG}) system. Dialysis membranes, a polytetrafluoroethylene permeation tube, and a frit porous (0.5 μm) coated by epoxy glue were basic elements used for preparation of the {ASG} system. In the currently presented study, negligible depletion {TFME} using hydrophilic-lipophilic balance ({HLB}) and octadecyl silica-based (C18) sorbents was employed towards the attainment of free concentration values of target analytes in the studied matrices. Thin film geometry provided a large volume of extraction phase, which improved the sensitivity of the method towards highly matrix-bound analytes. Extractions were performed in the equilibrium regime so as to prevent matrix effects and with aims to reach maximum method sensitivity for all analytes under study. Partitioning of analytes on dissolved organic carbon ({DOC}) was investigated in {ASG} to facilitate large sample volume conditions. Binding percentages and {DOC} distribution coefficients (Log {KDOC}) ranged from 20 to 98\% and 3.71–6.72, respectively. Furthermore, sediment-water partition coefficients (Kd), organic-carbon normalized partition coefficients (Log {KOC}), and {DOC} distribution coefficients (Log {KDOC}) were investigated in slurry sediment, and ranged from 33 to 2860, 3.31–5.24 and 4.52–5.75 Lkg-1, respectively. The obtained results demonstrated that investigations utilizing {ASG} and {TFME} can yield reliable binding information for compounds with high log {KOW} values. This information is useful for study of fate, transport, and ecotoxicological effects of {UV} filters and biocides in aquatic environment.},
	pages = {663--673},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Pollution},
	shortjournal = {Environmental Pollution},
	author = {Ahmadi, Fardin and Sparham, Chris and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-17},
	date = {2017-11-01},
	keywords = {Thin film microextraction, Dissolved organic carbon/water partition coefficient, Flow-through aqueous standard generation, Sediment/water partition coefficient, {UV} filter and biocide},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\W2QBKATT\\S0269749117301902.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\MWFTC9NR\\Ahmadi et al. - 2017 - A flow-through aqueous standard generation system .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ahmadi_time_2017-3,
	title = {Time Weighted Average Concentration Monitoring Based on Thin Film Solid Phase Microextraction},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06465},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6b06465},
	abstract = {Time weighted average ({TWA}) passive sampling with thin film solid phase microextraction ({TF}-{SPME}) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}-{MS}/{MS}) was used for collection, identification, and quantification of benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, benzophenone-4, 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, octocrylene, octylmethoxycinnamate, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, triclocarban and triclosan in the aquatic environment. Two types of {TF}-{SPME} passive samplers, including a retracted thin film device using a hydrophilic lipophilic balance ({HLB}) coating, and an open bed configuration with an octadecyl silica-based (C18)coating, were evaluated in an aqueous standard generation system. Laboratory calibration results indicated that the thin film retracted device using {HLB} coating is suitable to determine {TWA} concentrations of polar analytes in water, with an uptake that was linear up to 70 days. In open bed form, a one-calibrant kinetic calibration technique was accomplished by loading benzophenone3-d5 as calibrant on the C18 coating to quantify all nonpolar compounds. The experimental results showed that the one-calibrant kinetic calibration technique can be used for determination of classes of compounds in cases where deuterated counterparts are either not available or expensive. The developed passive samplers were deployed in wastewater-dominated reaches of the Grand River (Kitchener, {ON}) to verify their feasibility for determination of {TWA} concentrations in on-site applications. Field trials results indicated that these devices are suitable for long-term and short-term monitoring of compounds varying in polarity, such as {UV} blockers and biocide compounds in water, and the data were in good agreement with literature data.},
	pages = {3929--3937},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.},
	author = {Ahmadi, Fardin and Sparham, Chris and Boyacı, Ezel and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-17},
	date = {2017-04-04},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\2NCSFQKC\\acs.est.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VBJ87KW8\\Ahmadi et al. - 2017 - Time Weighted Average Concentration Monitoring Bas.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ahmadi_time_2017-4,
	title = {Time Weighted Average Concentration Monitoring Based on Thin Film Solid Phase Microextraction},
	volume = {51},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6b06465},
	abstract = {Time weighted average ({TWA}) passive sampling with thin film solid phase microextraction ({TF}-{SPME}) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}-{MS}/{MS}) was used for collection, identification, and quantification of benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, benzophenone-4, 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, octocrylene, octylmethoxycinnamate, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, triclocarban and triclosan in the aquatic environment. Two types of {TF}-{SPME} passive samplers, including a retracted thin film device using a hydrophilic lipophilic balance ({HLB}) coating, and an open bed configuration with an octadecyl silica-based (C18)coating, were evaluated in an aqueous standard generation system. Laboratory calibration results indicated that the thin film retracted device using {HLB} coating is suitable to determine {TWA} concentrations of polar analytes in water, with an uptake that was linear up to 70 days. In open bed form, a one-calibrant kinetic calibration technique was accomplished by loading benzophenone3-d5 as calibrant on the C18 coating to quantify all nonpolar compounds. The experimental results showed that the one-calibrant kinetic calibration technique can be used for determination of classes of compounds in cases where deuterated counterparts are either not available or expensive. The developed passive samplers were deployed in wastewater-dominated reaches of the Grand River (Kitchener, {ON}) to verify their feasibility for determination of {TWA} concentrations in on-site applications. Field trials results indicated that these devices are suitable for long-term and short-term monitoring of compounds varying in polarity, such as {UV} blockers and biocide compounds in water, and the data were in good agreement with literature data. © 2017 American Chemical Society.},
	pages = {3929--3937},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	author = {Ahmadi, F. and Sparham, C. and Boyacl, E. and Pawliszyn, J.},
	date = {2017},
	file = {SCOPUS Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\5GK3SICU\\display.html:text/html}
}

@article{koziel_air_2000-1,
	title = {Air Sampling with Porous Solid-Phase Microextraction Fibers},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac000518l},
	doi = {10.1021/ac000518l},
	abstract = {A new, rapid air sampling/sample preparation methodology was investigated using adsorptive solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) fiber coatings and nonequilibrium conditions for volatile organic compounds ({VOCs}). This method is the fastest extraction technique for air sampling at typical airborne {VOC} concentrations. A theoretical model for the extraction was formulated based on the diffusion through the interface between the sampled (bulk) air and the {SPME} coating. Parameters that affect the extraction process including sampling time, air velocity, air temperature, and relative humidity were investigated with the porous (solid) {PDMS}/{DVB} and Carboxen/{PDMS} coatings. Very short sampling times from 5 s to 1 min were used to minimize the effects of competitive adsorption and to calibrate the extraction process in the initial linear extraction region. The predicted amounts of extracted mass compared well with the measured amounts of target {VOCs}. Findings presented in this study extend the existing fundamental knowledge related to sampling/sample preparation with {SPME}, thereby enabling the development of new sampling devices for the rapid sampling of air, headspace, water, and soil.},
	pages = {5178--5186},
	number = {21},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Koziel, Jacek and Jia, Mingyu and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-17},
	date = {2000-11-01},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\4QVU4SNU\\ac000518l.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\FHVHQ5BF\\Koziel et al. - 2000 - Air Sampling with Porous Solid-Phase Microextracti.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{pawliszyn_handbook_2012,
	title = {Handbook of Solid Phase Microextraction},
	isbn = {978-0-12-391449-1 978-0-12-416017-0},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780124160170},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-04},
	date = {2012},
	note = {{OCLC}: 909784174},
	file = {[Janusz_Pawliszyn]_Handbook_of_Solid_Phase_Microex(BookFi.org).pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\HRCPZ8IU\\[Janusz_Pawliszyn]_Handbook_of_Solid_Phase_Microex(BookFi.org).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@collection{ouyang_solid_2017,
	location = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	title = {Solid Phase Microextraction},
	isbn = {978-3-662-53596-7 978-3-662-53598-1},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-53598-1},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	editor = {Ouyang, Gangfeng and Jiang, Ruifen},
	urldate = {2017-08-04},
	date = {2017},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-53598-1},
	file = {10.1007_978-3-662-53598-1.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\HQFVNT3S\\10.1007_978-3-662-53598-1.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{alam_numerical_2015,
	title = {Numerical Modeling of Solid-Phase Microextraction: Binding Matrix Effect on Equilibrium Time},
	volume = {87},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02239},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02239},
	shorttitle = {Numerical Modeling of Solid-Phase Microextraction},
	abstract = {Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) is a well-known sampling and sample preparation technique used for a wide variety of analytical applications. As there are various complex processes taking place at the time of extraction that influence the parameters of optimum extraction, a mathematical model and computational simulation describing the {SPME} process is required for experimentalists to understand and implement the technique without performing multiple costly and time-consuming experiments in the laboratory. In this study, a mechanistic mathematical model for the processes occurring in {SPME} extraction of analyte(s) from an aqueous sample medium is presented. The proposed mechanistic model was validated with previously reported experimental data from three different sources. Several key factors that affect the extraction kinetics, such as sample agitation, fiber coating thickness, and presence of a binding matrix component, are discussed. More interestingly, for the first time, shorter or longer equilibrium times in the presence of a binding matrix component were explained with the help of an asymptotic analysis. Parameters that contribute to the variation of the equilibrium times are discussed, with the assumption that one binding matrix component is present in a static sample. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed model captures the phenomena occurring in {SPME}, leading to a clearer understanding of this process. Therefore, the currently presented model can be used to identify optimum experimental parameters without the need to perform a large number of experiments in the laboratory.},
	pages = {9846--9854},
	number = {19},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Alam, Md. Nazmul and Ricardez-Sandoval, Luis and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2015-10-06},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VHA8BPBV\\acs.analchem.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\RG6GSKVA\\Alam et al. - 2015 - Numerical Modeling of Solid-Phase Microextraction.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{alam_calibrant_2017,
	title = {Calibrant Free Sampling and Enrichment with Solid-Phase Microextraction: Computational Simulation and Experimental Verification},
	volume = {56},
	rights = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0888-5885},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00131},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00131},
	shorttitle = {Calibrant Free Sampling and Enrichment with Solid-Phase Microextraction},
	abstract = {Despite the benefits of diffusion-based calibrant-free sampling based on solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}), this quantification approach is often underestimated due to an inadequate understanding of how extraction parameters influence the extracted amount and quantification of analytes. Currently, application of this approach for complex samples with binding matrix components is very limited. This study presents the development of a computational model that is used to identify the critical parameters for the diffusion-based sampling. Simulations are conducted under simultaneous variations in mass transfer and adsorptive surface binding constants and the presence of a binding matrix component in the sample. The simulation results correlate well with previously reported experimental data and improve the predictions when compared to previously introduced semiempirical models. This work enhanced basic understanding of physical processes involved in analyte quantification with {SPME}, which is of benefit when performing experimental designs, particularly where traditional calibration methods are not suitable.},
	pages = {3679--3686},
	number = {13},
	journaltitle = {Industrial \& Engineering Chemistry Research},
	shortjournal = {Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.},
	author = {Alam, Md. Nazmul and Ricardez-Sandoval, Luis and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2017-04-05},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7KUJMVT2\\acs.iecr.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7E4RGDSA\\Alam et al. - 2017 - Calibrant Free Sampling and Enrichment with Solid-.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ouyang_nondestructive_2011-2,
	title = {Nondestructive Sampling of Living Systems Using \textit{in Vivo} Solid-Phase Microextraction},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0009-2665, 1520-6890},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr100203t},
	doi = {10.1021/cr100203t},
	pages = {2784--2814},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Chemical Reviews},
	author = {Ouyang, Gangfeng and Vuckovic, Dajana and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2011-04-13},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ouyang-2011-Nondistructive sampling of living system.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\AGT35AM9\\Ouyang-2011-Nondistructive sampling of living system.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{padron_microextraction_2014-1,
	title = {Microextraction Techniques Coupled to Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Organic Micropollutants in Environmental Water Samples},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1420-3049},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/7/10320/},
	doi = {10.3390/molecules190710320},
	pages = {10320--10349},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Molecules},
	author = {Padrón, Mª and Afonso-Olivares, Cristina and Sosa-Ferrera, Zoraida and Santana-Rodríguez, José},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2014-07-16},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Padron et al-2014.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\SM74SUWI\\Padron et al-2014.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pereira_re-exploring_2014-1,
	title = {Re-exploring the high-throughput potential of microextraction techniques, {SPME} and {MEPS}, as powerful strategies for medical diagnostic purposes. Innovative approaches, recent applications and future trends},
	volume = {406},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-013-7527-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-013-7527-4},
	pages = {2101--2122},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	author = {Pereira, Jorge and Silva, Catarina Luís and Perestrelo, Rosa and Gonçalves, João and Alves, Vera and Câmara, José S.},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2014-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Perira et al-2014-Anal bioanal chem.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\4QP5RGAT\\Perira et al-2014-Anal bioanal chem.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{souza-silva_critical_2015-3,
	title = {A critical review of the state of the art of solid-phase microextraction of complex matrices {II}. Food analysis},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165993615001648},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.018},
	pages = {236--248},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Souza-Silva, Érica A. and Gionfriddo, Emanuela and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2015-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Souza-Silva_2015_TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\DTGCE3QM\\Souza-Silva_2015_TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{spietelun_recent_2013-1,
	title = {Recent developments and future trends in solid phase microextraction techniques towards green analytical chemistry},
	volume = {1321},
	issn = {00219673},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967313016300},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.030},
	pages = {1--13},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Spietelun, Agata and Marcinkowski, Łukasz and de la Guardia, Miguel and Namieśnik, Jacek},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2013-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Spietelun_2013_Journal-of-Chromatography-A.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6FXEDI4M\\Spietelun_2013_Journal-of-Chromatography-A.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{spietelun_green_2014-1,
	title = {Green aspects, developments and perspectives of liquid phase microextraction techniques},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {00399140},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0039914013008497},
	doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.050},
	pages = {34--45},
	journaltitle = {Talanta},
	author = {Spietelun, Agata and Marcinkowski, Łukasz and de la Guardia, Miguel and Namieśnik, Jacek},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2014-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Spietelun_2014_Talanta.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XVZ8DNSK\\Spietelun_2014_Talanta.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{spietelun_recent_2013-2,
	title = {Recent developments and future trends in solid phase microextraction techniques towards green analytical chemistry},
	volume = {1321},
	issn = {00219673},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967313016300},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.030},
	pages = {1--13},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Spietelun, Agata and Marcinkowski, Łukasz and de la Guardia, Miguel and Namieśnik, Jacek},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2013-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Spietelun-2013-Recent development and future trends in SPME.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\5XN47PKT\\Spietelun-2013-Recent development and future trends in SPME.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{szultka_microextraction_2014-1,
	title = {Microextraction sample preparation techniques in biomedical analysis: Sample Preparation},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {16159306},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jssc.201400621},
	doi = {10.1002/jssc.201400621},
	shorttitle = {Microextraction sample preparation techniques in biomedical analysis},
	pages = {3094--3105},
	number = {21},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Separation Science},
	author = {Szultka, Malgorzata and Pomastowski, Pawel and Railean-Plugaru, Viorica and Buszewski, Boguslaw},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2014-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Szultka-2014-Microextractionsamplepreparationtechniquesinbiomed.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\T5BGI3F4\\Szultka-2014-Microextractionsamplepreparationtechniquesinbiomed.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{spietelun_understanding_2012,
	title = {Understanding solid-phase microextraction: key factors influencing the extraction process and trends in improving the technique},
	volume = {113},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr300148j},
	shorttitle = {Understanding solid-phase microextraction},
	pages = {1667--1685},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Chemical reviews},
	author = {Spietelun, Agata and Kloskowski, Adam and Chrzanowski, Wojciech and Namieśnik, Jacek},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2012},
	file = {Understanding SPME revieww.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\QR29ZC4B\\Understanding SPME revieww.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{plotka-wasylka_miniaturized_2015-1,
	title = {Miniaturized solid-phase extraction techniques},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165993615002010},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.026},
	pages = {19--38},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Płotka-Wasylka, Justyna and Szczepańska, Natalia and de la Guardia, Miguel and Namieśnik, Jacek},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2015-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Wasylka-2015-Miniaturized solidphase extraction techniques.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\8S9N2C5X\\Wasylka-2015-Miniaturized solidphase extraction techniques.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wen_recent_2014-1,
	title = {Recent advances in solid-phase sorbents for sample preparation prior to chromatographic analysis},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016599361400082X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2014.03.011},
	pages = {26--41},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Wen, Yingying and Chen, Ling and Li, Jinhua and Liu, Dongyan and Chen, Lingxin},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2014-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Wen_2014_TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XMIE35CN\\Wen_2014_TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wierucka_application_2014-1,
	title = {Application of magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic solid-phase extraction in preparing biological, environmental and food samples},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165993614001022},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2014.04.007},
	pages = {50--58},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Wierucka, Marta and Biziuk, Marek},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2014-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Wierucka_2014_TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\8PEZ9SCV\\Wierucka_2014_TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zaitsev_preconcentration_2014-2,
	title = {Preconcentration by solid-phase microextraction},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {1061-9348, 1608-3199},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S1061934814080139},
	doi = {10.1134/S1061934814080139},
	pages = {715--727},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Zaitsev, V. N. and Zui, M. F.},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2014-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Zaitsev-2014-_Preconcentrationbysolidphasemicroextraction[retrieved_2015-12-02].pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\SHWRFK34\\Zaitsev-2014-_Preconcentrationbysolidphasemicroextraction[retrieved_2015-12-02].pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{armenta_role_2015-2,
	title = {The role of green extraction techniques in Green Analytical Chemistry},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165993615001314},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2014.12.011},
	pages = {2--8},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Armenta, Sergio and Garrigues, Salvador and de la Guardia, Miguel},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2015-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Armenta-2015-TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6RCPZSD4\\Armenta-2015-TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bendicho_nanoparticle-enhanced_2015-1,
	title = {Nanoparticle-enhanced liquid-phase microextraction},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165993615000631},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.007},
	pages = {78--87},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Bendicho, Carlos and Costas-Mora, Isabel and Romero, Vanesa and Lavilla, Isela},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2015-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Bendicho_2015_TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\KSJDM53B\\Bendicho_2015_TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bojko_solid-phase_2014-1,
	title = {Solid-phase microextraction in metabolomics},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165993614001447},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.005},
	pages = {168--180},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Bojko, Barbara and Reyes-Garcés, Nathaly and Bessonneau, Vincent and Goryński, Krzysztof and Mousavi, Fatemeh and Souza Silva, Erica A. and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-02},
	date = {2014-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Bojko_2014_TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XPHIQ2RU\\Bojko_2014_TrAC---Trends-in-Analytical-Chemistry.pdf:application

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extension: bib