text:
@inproceedings{10.1145/3247731,
author = {Davis-Brown, Beth},
title = {Session Details: Building and Using Cultural Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247731},
doi = {10.1145/3247731},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544222,
author = {Tibbo, Helen R.},
title = {Primarily History: Historians and the Search for Primary Source Materials},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544222},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544222},
abstract = {This paper describes the first phase of an international project that is exploring how historians locate primary resource materials in the digital age, what they are teaching their Ph.D. students about finding research materials, and what archivists are doing to facilitate access to these materials. Preliminary findings are presented from a survey of 300 historians studying American History from leading institutions of higher education in the U.S. Tentative conclusions indicate the need to provide multiple pathways of access to historical research materials including paper-based approaches and newer digital ones. The need for user education, especially in regard to electronic search methodologies is indicated.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {1–10},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {historians, manuscript repositories, primary resources, historical research, information-seeking behavior, users, archives},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544223,
author = {Droettboom, Michael and Fujinaga, Ichiro and MacMillan, Karl and Chouhury, G. Sayeed and DiLauro, Tim and Patton, Mark and Anderson, Teal},
title = {Using the Gamera Framework for the Recognition of Cultural Heritage Materials},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544223},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544223},
abstract = {This paper presents a new toolkit for the creation of customized structured document recognition applications by domain experts. This open-source system, called Gamera, allows a user, with particular knowledge of the documents to be recognized, to combine image processing and recognition tools in an easy-to-use, interactive, graphical scripting environment. Gamera is one of the key technology components in a proposed international project for the digitization of diverse types of humanities documents.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {11–17},
numpages = {7},
keywords = {development tools, document recognition},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544224,
author = {Gustman, Samuel and Soergel, Dagobert and Oard, Douglas and Byrne, William and Picheny, Michael and Ramabhadran, Bhuvana and Greenberg, Douglas},
title = {Supporting Access to Large Digital Oral History Archives},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544224},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544224},
abstract = {This paper describes our experience with the creation, indexing, and provision of access to a very large archive of videotaped oral histories - 116,000 hours of digitized interviews in 32 languages from 52,000 survivors, liberators, rescuers, and witnesses of the Nazi Holocaust. It goes on to identify a set of critical research issues that must be addressed if we are to provide full and detailed access to collections of this size: issues in user requirement studies, automatic speech recognition, automatic classification, segmentation, summarization, retrieval, and user interfaces. The paper ends by inviting others to discuss use of these materials in their own research.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {18–27},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {oral history, research agenda, cataloging},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247732,
author = {Rasmussen, Edie},
title = {Session Details: Summarization and Question Answering},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247732},
doi = {10.1145/3247732},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544226,
author = {McDonald, Daniel and Chen, Hsinchun},
title = {Using Sentence-Selection Heuristics to Rank Text Segments in TXTRACTOR},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544226},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544226},
abstract = {TXTRACTOR is a tool that uses established sentence-selection heuristics to rank text segments, producing summaries that contain a user-defined number of sentences. The purpose of identifying text segments is to maximize topic diversity, which is an adaptation of the Maximal Marginal Relevance criterion used by Carbonell and Goldstein [5]. Sentence selection heuristics are then used to rank the segments. We hypothesize that ranking text segments via traditional sentence-selection heuristics produces a balanced summary with more useful information than one produced by using segmentation alone. The proposed summary is created in a three-step process, which includes 1) sentence evaluation 2) segment identification and 3) segment ranking. As the required length of the summary changes, low-ranking segments can then be dropped from (or higher ranking segments added to) the summary. We compare the output of TXTRACTOR to the output of a segmentation tool based on the TextTiling algorithm to validate the approach.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {28–35},
numpages = {8},
keywords = {information retrieval, text extraction, text segmentation, text summarization},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544227,
author = {Kan, Min-Yen and Klavans, Judith L.},
title = {Using Librarian Techniques in Automatic Text Summarization for Information Retrieval},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544227},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544227},
abstract = {A current application of automatic text summarization is to provide an overview of relevant documents coming from an information retrieval (IR) system. This paper examines how Centrifuser, one such summarization system, was designed with respect to methods used in the library community. We have reviewed these librarian expert techniques to assist information seekers and codified them into eight distinct strategies. We detail how we have operationalized six of these strategies in Centrifuser by computing an informative extract, indicative differences between documents, as well as navigational links to narrow or broaden a user's query. We conclude the paper with results from a preliminary evaluation.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {36–45},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {information retrieval user interfaces, automatic text summarization, reference librarian techniques},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544228,
author = {Pinto, David and Branstein, Michael and Coleman, Ryan and Croft, W. Bruce and King, Matthew and Li, Wei and Wei, Xing},
title = {QuASM: A System for Question Answering Using Semi-Structured Data},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544228},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544228},
abstract = {This paper describes a system for question answering using semi-structured metadata, QuASM (pronounced "chasm"). Question answering systems aim to improve search performance by providing users with specific answers, rather than having users scan retrieved documents for these answers. Our goal is to answer factual questions by exploiting the structure inherent in documents found on the World Wide Web (WWW). Based on this structure, documents are indexed into smaller units and associated with metadata. Transforming table cells into smaller units associated with metadata is an important part of this task. In addition, we report on work to improve question classification using language models. The domain used to develop this system is documents retrieved from a crawl of www.fedstats.gov.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {46–55},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {semi-structured, metadata, tables, question answering, content documents, language model, question classification},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247733,
author = {McKnight, Cliff},
title = {Session Details: Studying Users},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247733},
doi = {10.1145/3247733},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544230,
author = {Marshall, Catherine C. and Ruotolo, Christine},
title = {Reading-in-the-Small: A Study of Reading on Small Form Factor Devices},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544230},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544230},
abstract = {The growing ubiquity of small form factor devices such as Palm Pilots and Pocket PCs, coupled with widespread availability of digital library materials and users' increasing willingness to read on the screen, raises the question of whether people can and will read digital library materials on handhelds. We investigated this question by performing a field study based on a university library's technology deployment: two classes were conducted using materials that were available in e-book format on Pocket PCs in addition to other electronic and paper formats. The handheld devices, the course materials, and technical support were all provided to students in the courses to use as they saw fit. We found that the handhelds were a good platform for reading secondary materials, excerpts, and shorter readings; they were used in a variety of circumstances where portability is important, including collaborative situations such as the classroom. We also discuss the effectiveness of annotation, search, and navigation functionality on the small form factor devices. We conclude by defining a set of focal areas and issues for digital library efforts designed for access by handheld computers.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {56–64},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {E-books, reading, field study, digital libraries, handheld computers, education, annotation, collaboration},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544231,
author = {Huang, Zan and Chung, Wingyan and Ong, Thian-Huat and Chen, Hsinchun},
title = {A Graph-Based Recommender System for Digital Library},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544231},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544231},
abstract = {Research shows that recommendations comprise a valuable service for users of a digital library [11]. While most existing recommender systems rely either on a content-based approach or a collaborative approach to make recommendations, there is potential to improve recommendation quality by using a combination of both approaches (a hybrid approach). In this paper, we report how we tested the idea of using a graph-based recommender system that naturally combines the content-based and collaborative approaches. Due to the similarity between our problem and a concept retrieval task, a Hopfield net algorithm was used to exploit high-degree book-book, user-user and book-user associations. Sample hold-out testing and preliminary subject testing were conducted to evaluate the system, by which it was found that the system gained improvement with respect to both precision and recall by combining content-based and collaborative approaches. However, no significant improvement was observed by exploiting high-degree associations.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {65–73},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {content-based filtering, Hopfield net algorithm, graph-based model, mutual information algorithm, chinese phrase extraction, collaborative filtering, recommender system},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544232,
author = {Kelly, Diane and Cool, Colleen},
title = {The Effects of Topic Familiarity on Information Search Behavior},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544232},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544232},
abstract = {We describe results from a preliminary investigation of the relationship between topic familiarity and information search behavior. Two types of information search behaviors are considered: reading time and efficacy. Our results indicate that as one's familiarity with a topic increases, one's searching efficacy increases and one's reading time decreases. These results suggest that it may be possible to infer topic familiarity from information search behavior.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {74–75},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {topic familiarity, personalization, information seeking behavior, user modeling},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247734,
author = {Soergel, Dagobert},
title = {Session Details: Classification and Browsing},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247734},
doi = {10.1145/3247734},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544234,
author = {Harper, David J. and Coulthard, Sara and Yixing, Sun},
title = {A Language Modelling Approach to Relevance Profiling for Document Browsing},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544234},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544234},
abstract = {This paper describes a novel tool, SmartSkim, for content-based browsing or skimming of documents. The tool integrates concepts from passage retrieval and from interfaces, such as TileBars, which provide a compact overview of query term hits within a document. We base our tool on the concept of relevance profiling, in which a plot of retrieval status values at each word position of a document is generated. A major contribution of this paper is applying language modelling to the task of relevance profiling. We describe in detail the design of the SmartSkim tool, and provide a critique of the design. Possible applications of the tool are described, and we consider how an operational version of SmartSkim might be designed.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {76–83},
numpages = {8},
keywords = {visualization, language modeling, e-books, browsing and reading appliances, user interfaces, information retrieval},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544235,
author = {Tudhope, Douglas and Binding, Ceri and Blocks, Dorothee and Cunliffe, Daniel},
title = {Compound Descriptors in Context: A Matching Function for Classifications and Thesauri},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544235},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544235},
abstract = {There are many advantages for Digital Libraries in indexing with classifications or thesauri, but some current disincentive in the lack of flexible retrieval tools that deal with compound descriptors. This paper discusses a matching function for compound descriptors, or multi-concept subject headings, that does not rely on exact matching but incorporates term expansion via thesaurus semantic relationships to produce ranked results that take account of missing and partially matching terms. The matching function is based on a measure of semantic closeness between terms, which has the potential to help with recall problems. The work reported is part of the ongoing FACET project in collaboration with the National Museum of Science and Industry and its collections database. The architecture of the prototype system and its interface are outlined. The matching problem for compound descriptors is reviewed and the FACET implementation described. Results are discussed from scenarios using the faceted Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus. We argue that automatic traversal of thesaurus relationships can augment the user's browsing possibilities. The techniques can be applied both to unstructured multi-concept subject headings and potentially to more syntactically structured strings. The notion of a focus term is used by the matching function to model AAT modified descriptors (noun phrases). The relevance of the approach to precoordinated indexing and matching faceted strings is discussed.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {84–93},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {semantic distance measures, precoordination, term expansion, similarity coefficients, postcoordination, matching functions, compound descriptors, knowledge organization systems, faceted classification},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544236,
author = {Vieira, Rodrigo C. and Calado, Pavel and da Silva, Altigran S. and Laender, Alberto H. F. and Ribeiro-Neto, Berthier A.},
title = {Structuring Keyword-Based Queries for Web Databases},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544236},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544236},
abstract = {This paper describes a framework, based on Bayesian belief networks, for querying Web databases using keywords only. According to this framework, the user inputs a query through a simple search-box. From the input query, one or more plausible structured queries are derived and submitted to Web databases. The results are then retrieved and presented to the user as ranked answers. To evaluate our framework, an experiment using 38 example queries was carried out. We found out that 97% of the time, one of the top three resulting structured queries is the proper one. Further, when the user selects one of these three top queries for processing, the ranked answers present average precision figures of 92%.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {94–95},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {bayesian belief networks, web databases, web query},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544237,
author = {Cui, Hong and Heidorn, P. Bryan and Zhang, Hong},
title = {An Approach to Automatic Classification of Text for Information Retrieval},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544237},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544237},
abstract = {In this paper, we explore an approach to make better use of semi-structured documents in information retrieval in the domain of biology. Using machine learning techniques, we make those inherent structures explicit by XML markups. This marking up has great potentials in improving task performance in specimen identification and the usability of online flora and fauna.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {96–97},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {automatic classification, machine learning, Flora of North America, XML},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247735,
author = {Fulker, Dave},
title = {Session Details: A Digital Libraries for Education},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247735},
doi = {10.1145/3247735},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544239,
author = {Abbas, June and Norris, Cathleen and Soloway, Elliott},
title = {Middle School Children's Use of the ARTEMIS Digital Library},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544239},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544239},
abstract = {A case study of middle school student's interaction within a digital library, the differential use of interface features by students, and the issues of representation and retrieval obstacles are examined. A mechanism for evaluating user's search terms and questions is explained. Findings of a current case study indicate that student's interaction with the system varied between individual classes and between different achievement levels. Terms used by the system to represent the resources do not adequately represent the user groups' information needs.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {98–105},
numpages = {8},
keywords = {information retrieval, information seeking, scaffolds, children, representation},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544240,
author = {Weatherley, John and Sumner, Tamara and Khoo, Michael and Wright, Michael and Hoffmann, Marcel},
title = {Partnership Reviewing: A Cooperative Approach for Peer Review of Complex Educational Resources},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544240},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544240},
abstract = {Review of digital educational resources, such as course modules, simulations, and data analysis tools, can differ from review of scholarly articles, in the heterogeneity and complexity of the resources themselves. The Partnership Review Model, as demonstrated in two cases, appears to promote cooperative interactions between distributed resource reviewers, enabling reviewers to effectively divide up the task of reviewing complex resources with little explicit coordination. The shared structural outline of the resource made visible in the review environment enables participants to monitor other reviewers' actions and to thus target their efforts accordingly. This reviewing approach may be effective in educational digital libraries that depend on community volunteers for most of their reviewing.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {106–114},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {distributed cognition, computer-mediated communication, peer review, second order interactional effects, educational digital libraries, scholarly publishing},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544241,
author = {Chua, Lian-Heong and Goh, Dion Hoe-Lian and Lim, Ee-Peng and Liu, Zehua and Ang, Rebecca Pei-Hui},
title = {A Digital Library for Geography Examination Resources},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544241},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544241},
abstract = {We describe a Web-based application developed above a digital library of geographical resources for Singapore students preparing to take a national examination in geography. The application provides an interactive, non-sequential approach to learning that supplements textbooks.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {115–116},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {examination, digital libraries, geography, education},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544242,
author = {McMartin, Flora and Terada, Youki},
title = {Digital Library Services for Authors of Learning Materials},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544242},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544242},
abstract = {Digital libraries, particularly those designed to meet the needs of educators and students, focus their primary services on the needs of their end users [1]. In this paper, we introduce and discuss the types of services authors of the materials cataloged within this type of digital library expect, or may find useful. Results from a study of authors cataloged in NEEDS - a national engineering education digital library guide this discussion.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {117–118},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {authors, educational technology, user studies},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247736,
author = {Wesley, Rebecca},
title = {Session Details: Novel Search Environments},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247736},
doi = {10.1145/3247736},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544244,
author = {Mischo, William H. and Habing, Thomas G. and Cole, Timothy W.},
title = {Integration of Simultaneous Searching and Reference Linking across Bibliographic Resources on the Web},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544244},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544244},
abstract = {Libraries and information providers are actively developing customized portals and gateway software designed to integrate secondary information resources such as A & I services, online catalogs, and publishers full-text repositories. This paper reports on a project carried out at the Grainger Engineering Library at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to provide web-based asynchronous simultaneous searching of multiple secondary information resources and integrated reference linking between bibliographic resources.The project has tested two different approaches to simultaneous broadcast searching. One approach utilizes custom distributed searchbots and shared blackboard databases. The other approach uses event-driven asynchronous HTTP queries within a single web script.The reference linking implementation is built around the application of OpenURL and Digital Object Identifier (DOI) technologies and the CrossRef metadata database within a proxy server environment.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {119–125},
numpages = {7},
keywords = {reference linking, searchbots, digital library, asynchronous simultaneous search, openURL},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544245,
author = {Newman, Paula S.},
title = {Exploring Discussion Lists: Steps and Directions},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544245},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544245},
abstract = {This paper describes some new facilities for exploring archived email-based discussion lists. The facilities exploit some specific properties of email messages to obtain improved archive overviews, and then use new tree visualizations, developed for the purpose, to obtain thread overviews and mechanisms to aid in the coherent reading of threads. We consider these approaches to be limited, but useful, approximations to more ideal facilities; a final section suggests directions for further work in this area.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {126–134},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {narrowtree, treetable, on-line forum, email archive, persistent conversation, discussion list, email, thread},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544246,
author = {Chau, Michael and Chen, Hsinchun and Qin, Jialun and Zhou, Yilu and Qin, Yi and Sung, Wai-Ki and McDonald, Daniel},
title = {Comparison of Two Approaches to Building a Vertical Search Tool: A Case Study in the Nanotechnology Domain},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544246},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544246},
abstract = {As the Web has been growing exponentially, it has become increasingly difficult to search for desired information. In recent years, many domain-specific (vertical) search tools have been developed to serve the information needs of specific fields. This paper describes two approaches to building a domain-specific search tool. We report our experience in building two different tools in the nanotechnology domain -- (1) a server-side search engine, and (2) a client-side search agent. The designs of the two search systems are presented and discussed, and their strengths and weaknesses are compared. Some future research directions are also discussed.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {135–144},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {post-retrieval analysis, personalization, noun-phrasing, web search engine, vertical search engine, summarization, internet spider, internet searching and browsing, information retrieval, indexing, self-organizing map},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247737,
author = {Christel, Mike},
title = {Session Details: Video and Multimedia Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247737},
doi = {10.1145/3247737},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544248,
author = {Lyu, Michael R. and Yau, Edward and Sze, Sam},
title = {A Multilingual, Multimodal Digital Video Library System},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544248},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544248},
abstract = {This paper presents the iVIEW system, a multi-lingual, multi-modal digital video content management system for intelligent searching and access of English and Chinese video contents. iVIEW allows full content indexing, searching and retrieval of multi-lingual text, audio and video material. It consists image processing techniques for scenes and scene changes analyses, speech processing techniques for audio signal transcriptions, and multi-lingual natural language processing techniques for word relevance determination. iVIEW can host multi-lingual contents and allow multi-modal search. It facilitate content developers to perform multi-modal information processing of rich video media and to construct XML-based multimedia representation in enhancing multi-modal indexing and searching capabilities, so that the end users can enjoy viewing flexible and seamless delivery of multimedia contents in various browsing tools and devices.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {145–153},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {multimedia management and support, applications, browser on mobile devices, middleware and browser interactions, multi-modal interactions},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544249,
author = {Minibayeva, Natalia and Dunn, Jon W.},
title = {A Digital Library Data Model for Music},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544249},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544249},
abstract = {In this paper, we introduce a data and metadata model being developed for use in a music digital library system to support search and navigation of music content in multiple formats.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {154–155},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {metadata, music, digital libraries, data models},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544250,
author = {Hauptmann, Alexander G. and Papernick, Norman D.},
title = {Video-Cuebik: Adapting Image Search to Video Shots},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544250},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544250},
abstract = {We propose a new analysis for searching images in video libraries that goes beyond simple image search, which compares one still image frame to another. The key idea is to expand the definition of an image to account for the variability in the sequence of video frames that comprise a shot. A first implementation of this method for a QBIC-like image search engine shows a clear improvement over still image search. A combination of the traditional still image search and the new video image search provided the overall best results on the TREC video retrieval evaluation data.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {156–157},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {image retrieval, video search, query by image content},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544251,
author = {Rowe, Neil C.},
title = {Virtual Multimedia Libraries Built from the Web},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544251},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544251},
abstract = {We have developed a tool MARIE-4 for building virtual libraries of multimedia (images, video, and audio) by automatically exploring (crawling) a specified subdomain of the World Wide Web to create an index based on caption keywords. Our approach uses carefully-researched criteria to identify and rate caption text, and employs both an expert system and a neural network. We have used it to create a keyword-based interface to nearly all nontrivial captioned publicly-accessible U.S. Navy images (667,573), video (8,290), and audio (2,499), called the Navy Virtual Multimedia Library (NAVMULIB).},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {158–159},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {libraries, captions, World Wide Web, information retrieval, video, audio, multimedia, images},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544252,
author = {Hauptmann, Alexander G. and Jin, Rong and Ng, Tobun Dorbin},
title = {Multi-Modal Information Retrieval from Broadcast Video Using OCR and Speech Recognition},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544252},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544252},
abstract = {We examine multi-modal information retrieval from broadcast video where text can be read on the screen through OCR and speech recognition can be performed on the audio track. OCR and speech recognition are compared on the 2001 TREC Video Retrieval evaluation corpus. Results show that OCR is more important that speech recognition for video retrieval. OCR retrieval can further improve through dictionary-based post-processing. We demonstrate how to utilize imperfect multi-modal metadata results to benefit multi-modal information retrieval.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {160–161},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {speech recognition, optical character recognition OCR, multi-modal video information retrieval},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247738,
author = {Lagose, Carl},
title = {Session Details: OAI Application},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247738},
doi = {10.1145/3247738},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544254,
author = {Ipeirotis, Panagiotis G. and Barry, Tom and Gravano, Luis},
title = {Extending SDARTS: Extracting Metadata from Web Databases and Interfacing with the Open Archives Initiative},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544254},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544254},
abstract = {SDARTS is a protocol and toolkit designed to facilitate metasearching. SDARTS combines two complementary existing protocols, SDLIP and STARTS, to define a uniform interface that collections should support for searching and exporting metasearch-related metadata. SDARTS also includes a toolkit with wrappers that are easily customized to make both local and remote document collections SDARTS-compliant. This paper describes two significant ways in which we have extended the SDARTS toolkit. First, we have added a tool that automatically builds rich content summaries for remote web collections bym probing the collections with appropriate queries. These content summaries can then be used by a metasearcher to select over which collections to evaluate a given query. Second, we have enhanced the SDARTS toolkit so that all SDARTS-compliant collections export their metadata under the emerging Open Archives Initiative (OAI) protocol. Conversely, the SDARTS toolkit now also allows all OAI-compliant collections to be made SDARTS-compliant with minimal effort. As a result, we implemented a bridge between SDARTS and OAI, which will facilitate easy interoperability among a potentially large number of collections. The SDARTS toolkit, with all related documentation and source code, is publicly available at http://sdarts.cs.columbia.edu.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {162–170},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {metasearching, wrapper construction, distributed searching, metadata, web databases, SDLIP},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544255,
author = {Prom, Christopher J. and Habing, Thomas G.},
title = {Using the Open Archives Initiative Protocols with EAD},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544255},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544255},
abstract = {The Open Archives Initiative Protocols present a promising opportunity to make metadata about archives, manuscript collections, and cultural heritage resources easier to locate and search. However, several technical barriers must be overcome before useful OAI records can be produced from the disparate metadata formats used to describe these resources. This paper examines Encoded Archival Description (EAD) as a test case of the issues to be addressed in transforming cultural heritage metadata to OAI. While EAD and OAI may appear to be incompatible, a mapping would be both useful and technically feasible. The authors suggest that it will be necessary to create numerous OAI records from one EAD file. In addition, the findings indicate that further standardization of EAD markup practices would enhance interoperability.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {171–180},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {interoperability, encoded archival description, open archives initiative},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544256,
author = {Anan, H. and Liu, X. and Maly, K. and Nelson, M. and Zubair, M. and French, J. C. and Fox, E. and Shivakumar, P.},
title = {Preservation and Transition of NCSTRL Using an OAI-Based Architecture},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544256},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544256},
abstract = {NCSTRL (Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library) is a federation of digital libraries providing computer science materials. The architecture of the original NCSTRL was based largely on the Dienst software. It was implemented and maintained by the digital library group at Cornell University until September 2001. At that time, we had an immediate goal of preserving the existing NCSTRL collection and a long-term goal of providing a framework where participating organizations could continue to disseminate technical publications. Moreover, we wanted the new NCSTRL to be based on OAI (Open Archives Initiative) principles that provide a framework to facilitate the discovery of content in distributed archives. In this paper, we describe our experience in moving towards an OAI-based NCSTRL.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {181–182},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {digital libraries, open archive initiative (OAI)},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544257,
author = {Smith, David A. and Mahoney, Anne and Crane, Gregory},
title = {Integrating Harvesting into Digital Library Content},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544257},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544257},
abstract = {The Open Archives Initiative has gained success by aiming between complex federation schemes and low functionality web crawling. Much information still remains hidden inside documents catalogued by OAI metadata. We discuss how subdocument information can be exposed by data providers and exploited by service providers. We discuss services for citation reversal and name and term linking with harvested data in the Perseus Project's document management system and a proxy service for automatically adding these links to OAI documents outside Perseus.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {183–184},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {automatic linking, open archives initiative},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247739,
author = {Tibbo, Helen},
title = {Session Details: Searching across Language, Time, and Space},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247739},
doi = {10.1145/3247739},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544259,
author = {Larson, Ray R. and Gey, Fredric and Chen, Aitao},
title = {Harvesting Translingual Vocabulary Mappings for Multilingual Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544259},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544259},
abstract = {This paper presents a method of information harvesting and consolidation to support the multilingual information requirements for cross-language information retrieval within digital library systems. We describe a way to create both customized bilingual dictionaries and multilingual query mappings from a source language to many target languages. We will describe a multilingual conceptual mapping resource with broad coverage (over 100 written languages can be supported) that is truly multilingual as opposed to bilingual parings usually derived from machine translation. This resource is derived from the 10+ million title online library catalog of the University of California. It is created statistically via maximum likelihood associations from word and phrases in book titles of many languages to human assigned subject headings in English. The 150,000 subject headings can form interlingua mappings between pairs of languages or from one language to several languages. While our current demonstration prototype maps between ten languages (English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish), extensions to additional languages are straightforward. We also describe how this resource is being expanded for languages where linguistic coverage is limited in our initial database, by automatically harvesting new information from international online library catalogs using the Z39.50 networked library search protocol.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {185–190},
numpages = {6},
keywords = {entry vocabulary indexes, cross-lingual information retrieval, controlled vocabularies},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544260,
author = {Smith, David A.},
title = {Detecting Events with Date and Place Information in Unstructured Text},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544260},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544260},
abstract = {Digital libraries of historical documents provide a wealth of information about past events, often in unstructured form. Once dates and place names are identified and disambiguated, using methods that can differ by genre, we examine collocations to detect events. Collocations can be ranked by several measures, which vary in effectiveness according to type of events, but the log-likelihood measure (-2 log λ) offers a reasonable balance between frequently and infrequently mentioned events and between larger and smaller spatial and temporal ranges. Significant date-place collocations can be displayed on timelines and maps as an interface to digital libraries. More detailed displays can highlight key names and phrases associated with a given event.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {191–196},
numpages = {6},
keywords = {event detection, geographic visualization, phrase browsing},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544261,
author = {Soo, Von-Wun and Lee, Chen-Yu and Yeh, Jaw Jium and Chen, Ching-chih},
title = {Using Sharable Ontology to Retrieve Historical Images},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544261},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544261},
abstract = {We present a framework of utilizing sharable domain ontology and thesaurus to help the retrieval of historical images of the First Emperor of China's terracotta warriors and horses. Incorporating the sharable domain ontology in RDF and RDF schemas of semantic web and a thesaurus, we implement methods to allow easily annotating images into RDF instances and parsing natural language like queries into the query schema in XML format. We also implement a partial structural matching algorithm to match the query schema with images at the level of semantic schemas. Therefore the historical images can be retrieved by na\"{\i}ve users of domain specific history in terms of natural language like queries.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {197–198},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {XML, RDF schemas, semantic web, multi-agent systems, sharable ontology, historical image retrieval},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544262,
author = {Kochumman, Rajiv and Monroy, Carlos and Furuta, Richard and Goenka, Arpita and Urbina, Eduardo and Melgoza, Erendira},
title = {Towards an Electronic Variorum Edition of Cervantes' <i>Don Quixote</i>: Visualizations That Support Preparation},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544262},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544262},
abstract = {The Cervantes Project is creating an Electronic Variorum Edition (EVE) of Cervantes' well-known Don Quixote de la Mancha, published beginning in 1605. In this paper, we report on visualizations of features of a text collection that help us validate our text transcriptions and understand the relationships among the different printings of an edition.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {199–200},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {EVE, variance visualization, MVED, Cervantes Project},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247740,
author = {Fox, Ed},
title = {Session Details: NSDL},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247740},
doi = {10.1145/3247740},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544264,
author = {Lagoze, Carl and Arms, William and Gan, Stoney and Hillmann, Diane and Ingram, Christopher and Krafft, Dean and Marisa, Richard and Phipps, Jon and Saylor, John and Terrizzi, Carol and Hoehn, Walter and Millman, David and Allan, James and Guzman-Lara, Sergio and Kalt, Tom},
title = {Core Services in the Architecture of the National Science Digital Library (NSDL)},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544264},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544264},
abstract = {We describe the core components of the architecture for the National Science Digital Library (NSDL). Over time the NSDL will include heterogeneous users, content, and services. To accommodate this, a design for a technical and organization infrastructure has been formulated based on the notion of a spectrum of interoperability. This paper describes the first phase of the interoperability infrastructure including the metadata repository, search and discovery services, rights management services, and user interface portal facilities.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {201–209},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {interoperability, architecture, testbeds, metadata},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544265,
author = {Geisler, Gary and Giersch, Sarah and McArthur, David and McClelland, Marty},
title = {Creating Virtual Collections in Digital Libraries: Benefits and Implementation Issues},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544265},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544265},
abstract = {Digital libraries have the potential to not only duplicate many of the services provided by traditional libraries but to extend them. Basic finding aids such as search and browse are common in most of today's digital libraries. But just as a traditional library provides more than a card catalog and browseable shelves of books, an effective digital library should offer a wider range of services. Using the traditional library concept of special collections as a model, in this paper we propose that explicitly defining sub-collections in the digital library-virtual collections-can benefit both the library's users and contributors and increase its viability. We first introduce the concept of a virtual collection, outline the costs and benefits for defining such collections, and describe an implementation of collection-level metadata to create virtual collections for two different digital libraries. We conclude by discussing the implications of virtual collections for enhancing interoperability and sharing across digital libraries, such as those that are part of the National SMETE Digital Library.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {210–218},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {collection, metadata, digital library, user services},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544266,
author = {Gupta, Amarnath and Lud\"{a}scher, Bertram and Moore, Reagan W.},
title = {Ontology Services for Curriculum Development in NSDL},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544266},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544266},
abstract = {We describe our effort to develop an ontology service on top of an educational digital library. The ontology is developed by relating library holdings to the educational concepts they refer to. The ontology system supports basic services like ontology-based search and complex services such as comparison of multiple curricula.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {219–220},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {NSDL, information integration, concept navigation, knowledge representation, ontology, science education},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544267,
author = {Kassim, Ahmad Rafee Che and Kochtanek, Thomas R.},
title = {Interactive Digital Library Resource Information System: A Web Portal for Digital Library Education},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544267},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544267},
abstract = {This paper describes a collaborative database project that focuses on access to materials on topics relating to digital libraries that are organized within an educational framework.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {221–222},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {web portal, project i-DLR, education for digital libraries},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247741,
author = {Levy, David},
title = {Session Details: Digital Library Communities and Change},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247741},
doi = {10.1145/3247741},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544269,
author = {Duncker, Elke},
title = {Cross-Cultural Usability of the Library Metaphor},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544269},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544269},
abstract = {Computing metaphors have become an integral part of information systems design, yet they are deeply rooted in cultural practices. This paper presents an investigation of the cross-cultural use and usability of such metaphors by studying the library metaphor of digital libraries in the cultural context of the Maori, the indigenous population of New Zealand. The ethnographic study examines relevant features of the Maori culture, their form of knowledge transfer and their use of physical and digital libraries. On this basis, the paper points out why and when the library metaphor fails Maori and other indigenous users, and indicates how this knowledge can contribute to the improvement of future designs.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {223–230},
numpages = {8},
keywords = {indigenous culture, cross-cultural usability, computing metaphor, globalization, localization, digital library},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544270,
author = {Van House, Nancy A.},
title = {Trust and Epistemic Communities in Biodiversity Data Sharing},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544270},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544270},
abstract = {Trust is a key element of knowledge work: what we know depends largely on others. This paper discusses the concepts of communities of practice and epistemic cultures, and their implication for design of digital libraries that support data sharing, with particular reference to practices of trust and credibility. It uses an empirical study of a biodiversity digital library of data from a variety of sources to illustrate implications digital library design and operation. It concludes that diversity and uncomfortable boundary areas typify, not only digital library user groups, but the design and operation of digital libraries.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {231–239},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {credibility, trust, biodiversity, epistemic cultures, users, communities of practice},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544271,
author = {Unruh, K. T. and Pettigrew, K. E. and Durrance, J. C.},
title = {Evaluation of Digital Community Information Systems},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544271},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544271},
abstract = {Community information systems provide a critical link between local resources and residents. While online versions of these systems have potential benefits, a systematic evaluation framework is needed to analyze and document realized impacts. Based on data from a nation-wide study of digital community information systems, an evaluation framework is proposed.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {240–241},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {evaluation, community information, information retrieval},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544272,
author = {Barkstrom, Bruce R. and Finch, Melinda and Ferebee, Michelle and Mackey, Calvin},
title = {Adapting Digital Libraries to Continual Evolution},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544272},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544272},
abstract = {In this paper, we describe five investment streams (data storage infrastructure, knowledge management, data production control, data transport and security, and personnel skill mix) that need to be balanced against short-term operating demands in order to maximize the probability of long-term viability of a digital library. Because of the rapid pace of information technology change, a digital library cannot be a static institution. Rather, it has to become a flexible organization adapted to continuous evolution of its infrastructure.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {242–243},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {data production control, personnel skill mix, IT evolution, data transport and security, data archival, knowledge management, investment streams},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247742,
author = {Neuhold, Erich},
title = {Session Details: Models and Tools for Generating Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247742},
doi = {10.1145/3247742},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544274,
author = {Dushay, Naomi},
title = {Localizing Experience of Digital Content via Structural Metadata},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544274},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544274},
abstract = {With the increasing technical sophistication of both information consumers and providers, there is increasing demand for more meaningful experiences of digital information. We present a framework that separates digital object experience, or rendering, from digital object storage and manipulation, so the rendering can be tailored to particular communities of users. Our framework also accommodates extensible digital object behaviors and interoperability. The two key components of our approach are 1) exposing structural metadata associated with digital objects - metadata about labeled access points within a digital object and 2) information intermediaries called context brokers that match structural characteristics of digital objects with mechanisms that produce behaviors. These context brokers allow for localized rendering of digital information stored externally.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {244–252},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {interoperability, metadata, information behavior, system architecture, information intermediaries},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544275,
author = {Bergmark, Donna},
title = {Collection Synthesis},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544275},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544275},
abstract = {The invention of the hyperlink and the HTTP transmission protocol caused an amazing new structure to appear on the Internet -- the World Wide Web. With the Web, there came spiders, robots, and Web crawlers, which go from one link to the next checking Web health, ferreting out information and resources, and imposing organization on the huge collection of information (and dross) residing on the net. This paper reports on the use of one such crawler to synthesize document collections on various topics in science, mathematics, engineering and technology. Such collections could be part of a digital library.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {253–262},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {crawling, NSDL, mercator, World Wide Web, topic management, information retrieval clustering},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544276,
author = {Gon\c{c}alves, Marcos Andr\'{e} and Fox, Edward A.},
title = {5SL: A Language for Declarative Specification and Generation of Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544276},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544276},
abstract = {Digital libraries (DLs) are among the most complex kinds of information systems, due in part to their intrinsic multi disciplinary nature. Nowadays DLs are built within monolithic, tightly integrated, and generally inflexible systems -- or by assembling disparate components together in an ad-hoc way, with resulting problems in interoperability and adaptability. More importantly, conceptual modeling, requirements analysis, and software engineering approaches are rarely supported, making it extremely difficult to tailor DL content and behavior to the interests, needs, and preferences of particular communities. In this paper, we address these problems. In particular, we present 5SL, a declarative language for specifying and generating domain-specific digital libraries. 5SL is based on the 5S formal theory for digital libraries and enables high-level specification of DLs in five complementary dimensions, including: the kinds of multimedia information the DL supports (Stream Model); how that information is structured and organized (Structural Model); different logical and presentational properties and operations of DL components (Spatial Model); the behavior of the DL (Scenario Model); and the different societies of actors and managers of services that act together to carry out the DL behavior (Societal Model). The practical feasibility of the approach is demonstrated by the presentation of a 5SL digital library generator for the MARIAN digital library system.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {263–272},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {5SL, 5S, generators, languages, models, design tools},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247743,
author = {Larson, Ray},
title = {Session Details: Novel User Interfaces},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247743},
doi = {10.1145/3247743},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544278,
author = {Dunlop, Hayley and Cunningham, Sally Jo and Jones, Matt},
title = {A Digital Library of Conversational Expressions: Helping Profoundly Disabled Users Communicate},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544278},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544278},
abstract = {Digital libraries are for everyone. This paper describes the development of a digital library for a user who has a profound physical disability that means she cannot communicate verbally, and cannot use conventional communication tools.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {273–274},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {case study, user centered design, HCI, physical disabilities, communication aids},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544279,
author = {Wang, Jun and Agrawal, Abhishek and Bazaza, Anil and Angle, Supriya and Fox, Edward A. and North, Chris},
title = {Enhancing the ENVISION Interface for Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544279},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544279},
abstract = {To enhance the ENVISION interface and facilitate user interaction, various techniques were considered for better rendering of search results with improved scalability. In this paper we discuss the challenges we encountered and our solutions to those problems.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {275–276},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {aggregation, information visualization, ENVISION, variable width, digital library},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544280,
author = {Lin, Wei-hao and Hauptmann, Alexander G.},
title = {A Wearable Digital Library of Personal Conversations},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544280},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544280},
abstract = {We have developed a wearable, personalized digital library system, which unobtrusively records the wearer's part of a conversation, recognizes the face of the current dialog partner and remembers his/her voice. The next time the system sees the same person and hears the same voice, it can replay parts of the last conversation in compressed form. Results from a prototype system show the effectiveness of combining of face recognition and speaker identification for retrieving conversations.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {277–278},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {conversation capture, face recognition, personal digital library, augmented human memory, speaker identification},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544281,
author = {B\"{o}rner, Katy and Feng, Ying and McMahon, Tamara},
title = {Collaborative Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544281},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544281},
abstract = {This paper argues for the design of collaborative visual interfaces to digital libraries that support social navigation. As an illustrative example we present work in progress on the design of a three-dimensional document space for a scholarly community - namely faculty, staff, and students at the School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {279–280},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {social navigation, information visualization, digital libraries, three-dimensional interfaces, collaboration},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544282,
author = {Cubaud, Pierre and Stokowski, Pascal and Topol, Alexandre},
title = {Binding Browsing and Reading Activities in a 3D Digital Library},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544282},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544282},
abstract = {Browsing through digitalized books collections and reading activities are separated in most present WWW-based user's interfaces of digital libraries. This context break induces longer apprenticeship and navigation time within the interface. We study in this paper how 3D interaction metaphors provide a continuous navigation space for these two tasks.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {281–282},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {3D interaction, virtual reality, digital library},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247744,
author = {Nelson, Michael},
title = {Session Details: Federating and Harvesting Metadata},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247744},
doi = {10.1145/3247744},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544284,
author = {Liu, Xiaoming and Maly, Kurt and Zubair, Mohammad and Nelson, Michael L.},
title = {DP9: An OAI Gateway Service for Web Crawlers},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544284},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544284},
abstract = {Many libraries and databases are closed to general-purpose Web crawlers, and they expose their content only through their own search engines. At the same time many researchers attempt to locate technical papers through general-purpose Web search engines. DP9 is an open source gateway service that allows general search engines, (e.g. Google, Inktomi) to index OAI-compliant archives. DP9 does this by providing consistent URLs for repository records, and converting them to OAI queries against the appropriate repository when the URL is requested. This allows search engines that do not support the OAI protocol to index the "deep Web" contained within OAI compliant repositories.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {283–284},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {gateway service, deep web, open archives initiative},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544285,
author = {Witten, Ian H. and Bainbridge, David and Paynter, Gordon and Boddie, Stefan},
title = {The Greenstone Plugin Architecture},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544285},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544285},
abstract = {This note describes how the Greenstone digital library system uses "plugins" to import documents and metadata in different formats, and associate metadata with the appropriate documents. Plugins that import documents can perform their own format conversion internally, or take advantage of existing conversion programs. Metadata can be read from the input documents, or from separate metadata files, or are computed from the documents themselves. New plugins can be written for novel situations.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {285–286},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {DL architecture, metadata, Greenstone software},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544286,
author = {Gold, Anna Keller and Baker, Karen S. and LeMeur, Jean-Yves and Baldridge, Kim},
title = {Building FLOW: Federating Libraries on the Web},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544286},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544286},
abstract = {Individuals, teams, organizations, and networks can be thought of as tiers or classes within the complex grid of technology and practice in which research documentation is both consumed and generated. The panoply of possible classes share with the others a common need for document management tools and practices. The distinctive document management tools and practices used within each represent boundaries across which information could flow openly if technology and metadata standards were to provide an accessible digital framework. The CERN Document Server (CDS), implemented by a research partnership at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC), establishes a prototype tiered repository system for such a panoply. Research suggests modifications to enable cross-domain information flow and is represented as a metadata grid.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {287–288},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {tier, domain, document management system, class, open archives, metadata grid, bibliographic citations, eprint repository},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544287,
author = {Corfield, Antony and Dovey, Matthew and Mawby, Richard and Tatham, Colin},
title = {JAFER ToolKit Project: Interfacing Z39.50 and XML},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544287},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544287},
abstract = {In this paper, we describe the JAFER ToolKit project which is developing a simplified XML based API above the Z39.50 protocol[1]. The ToolKit allows the development of both Z39.50 based applications (both clients and servers) without detailed knowledge of the complexities of the protocol.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {289–290},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {Java, XSLT, programming, XML, Z39.50},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544288,
author = {Chidlovskii, Boris},
title = {Schema Extraction from XML Collections},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544288},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544288},
abstract = {XML Schema language has been proposed to replace Document Type Definitions (DTDs) as schema mechanism for XML data. This language consistently extends grammar-based constructions with constraint- and pattern-based ones and have a higher expressive power than DTDs. As schemas remain optional for XML, we address the problem of XML Schema extraction. We model the XML schema as extended context-free grammars and develop a novel extraction algorithm inspired by methods of grammatical inference. The algorithm copes also with the schema determinism requirement imposed by XML DTDs and XML Schema languages.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {291–292},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {context-free grammars, XML schemas, schema extarction},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544289,
author = {Pande, Ashwini and Kothapalli, Malini and Richardson, Ryan and Fox, Edward A.},
title = {Mirroring an OAI Archive on the I2-DSI Channel},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544289},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544289},
abstract = {The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) promotes interoperability among digital libraries and has created a protocol for data providers to easily export their metadata. One problem with this approach is that some of the more popular servers quickly become heavily loaded. The obvious solution is replication. Fortunately, the Internet-2 Distributed Storage Infrastructure (I2-DSI) has begun to develop technology for highly distributed transparent replication of servers. This paper presents our solution for transparent mirroring of OAI repositories within the I2-DSI.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {293–294},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {harvesting, mirroring, I2-DSI, OAI, resumption token},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247745,
author = {Abdula, Ghaleb},
title = {Session Details: Music Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247745},
doi = {10.1145/3247745},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544291,
author = {Shifrin, Jonah and Pardo, Bryan and Meek, Colin and Birmingham, William},
title = {HMM-Based Musical Query Retrieval},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544291},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544291},
abstract = {We have created a system for music search and retrieval. A user sings a theme from the desired piece of music. Pieces in the database are represented as hidden Markov models (HMMs). The query is treated as an observation sequence and a piece is judged similar to the query if its HMM has a high likelihood of generating the query. The top pieces are returned to the user in rank-order. This paper reports the basic approach for the construction of the target database of themes, encoding and transcription of user queries, and the results of initial experimentation with a small set of sung queries.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {295–300},
numpages = {6},
keywords = {music, database, forward algorithm, melody, hidden Markov model},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544292,
author = {Hu, Ning and Dannenberg, Roger B.},
title = {A Comparison of Melodic Database Retrieval Techniques Using Sung Queries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544292},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544292},
abstract = {Query-by-humming systems search a database of music for good matches to a sung, hummed, or whistled melody. Errors in transcription and variations in pitch and tempo can cause substantial mismatch between queries and targets. Thus, algorithms for measuring melodic similarity in query-by-humming systems should be robust. We compare several variations of search algorithms in an effort to improve search precision. In particular, we describe a new frame-based algorithm that significantly outperforms note-by-note algorithms in tests using sung queries and a database of MIDI-encoded music.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {301–307},
numpages = {7},
keywords = {sung query, music information retrieval (MIR), melodic search, dynamic programming, melodic comparison},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544293,
author = {Wingenroth, Brian and Patton, Mark and DiLauro, Tim},
title = {Enhancing Access to the Levy Sheet Music Collection: Reconstructing Full-Text Lyrics from Syllables},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544293},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544293},
abstract = {The goal of the Lester S. Levy Sheet Music Collection, Phase Two project is to develop tools, processes, and systems that facilitate collection ingestion through automated processes that reduce, but not necessarily eliminate human intervention[1]. One of the major components of this project is an optical music recognition (OMR) system[2] that extracts musical information and lyric text from the page images that comprise each piece in a collection. It is often the case, as it is with the Levy Collection, that lyrics embedded in music notation are written in a syllabicated form so that each syllable lines up with the note or notes to which it corresponds. Searching the syllabicated form of words, however, would be counterintuitive and cumbersome for end-users. This paper describes the evolution of a tool that, using a simple algorithm, rebuilds complete words from lyric syllables and, in ambiguous cases, provides feedback to the collection builder. This system will be integrated into the workflow of the Levy Sheet Music Collection, but has broad applicability for any project ingesting musical scores with lyrics.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {308–309},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {text segmentation, music information retrieval},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544294,
author = {Melucci, Massimo and Orio, Nicola},
title = {Evaluating Automatic Melody Segmentation Aimed at Music Information Retrieval},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544294},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544294},
abstract = {In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of a melody segmentation algorithm based on melodic feature. The segmentation produced by experienced music scholars have been compared with the algorithm, a random segmenter and a n-gram-based segmenter. Results showed that the algorithm is closer to manual segmentation than the other segmenters.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {310–311},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {user centred evaluation},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247746,
author = {Arms, Bill},
title = {Session Details: Preserving, Securing, and Assessing Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247746},
doi = {10.1145/3247746},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544296,
author = {Lorie, Raymond A.},
title = {A Methodology and System for Preserving Digital Data},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544296},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544296},
abstract = {This paper refers to a previous proposal made at the 1st Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, on a novel approach to the problem of the long-term archiving of digital data. It reports on ongoing work in refining the methodology and building an initial prototype. The method is based on the use of a Universal Virtual Computer (UVC) to specify the process that needs to be applied to the archived data in order to make it understandable for a future client. There is a certain amount of information (a Convention) that must be preserved for an indefinite time, to make sure that the client will be able to recover the information. A first version of this Convention is given here; it includes the architecture of the UVC. The paper also briefly mentions our current activities in implementation and evaluation.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {312–319},
numpages = {8},
keywords = {emulation, virtual machine, archiving, digital library, digital information, preservation, digital documents},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544297,
author = {French, James C.},
title = {Modeling Web Data},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544297},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544297},
abstract = {We have created three testbeds of web data for use in controlled experiments in collection modeling. This short paper examines the applicability of Ziff's and Heaps' laws as applied to web data. We find extremely close agreement between observed vocabulary growth and Heaps' law. We find reasonable agreement with Ziff's law for medium to low frequency terms. Ziff's law is a poor predictor for high frequency terms. These findings hold for all three testbeds although we restrict ourselves to one here due to space limitations.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {320–321},
numpages = {2},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544298,
author = {Dorward, Jim and Reinke, Derek and Recker, Mimi},
title = {An Evaluation Model for a Digital Library Services Tool},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544298},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544298},
abstract = {This paper describes an evaluation model for a digital library tool, the Instructional Architect, which enables users to discover, select, reuse, sequence, and annotate digital library learning objects. By documenting our rapid-prototyping, iterative, and user-centered approach for evaluating a digital library service, we provide a model and set of methods that other developers may wish to employ. In addition, we provide preliminary results from our studies.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {322–323},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {educational applications, evaluation, user studies},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544299,
author = {Seadle, Michael and Deller, J. R. and Gurijala, Aparna},
title = {Why Watermark? The Copyright Need for an Engineering Solution},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544299},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544299},
abstract = {An important research component in the creation of the National Gallery of the Spoken Word (NGSW) is the development of watermarking technologies for the audio library. In this paper we argue that audio watermarking is a particularly desirable means of intellectual property protection. There is evidence that the courts consider watermarks to be a legitimate form of copyright protection. Watermarking facilitates redress, and represents a form of copyright protection that universities can use without being inconsistent in their mission to disseminate knowledge.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {324–325},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {DMCA, copyright, watermarking},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247747,
author = {Rowe, Neil},
title = {Session Details: Image and Cultural Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247747},
doi = {10.1145/3247747},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544301,
author = {Graham, Adrian and Garcia-Molina, Hector and Paepcke, Andreas and Winograd, Terry},
title = {Time as Essence for Photo Browsing through Personal Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544301},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544301},
abstract = {We developed two photo browsers for collections with thousands of time-stamped digital images. Modern digital cameras record photo shoot times, and semantically related photos tend to occur in bursts. Our browsers exploit the timing information to structure the collections and to automatically generate meaningful summaries. The browsers differ in how users navigate and view the structured collections. We conducted user studies to compare the two browsers and an un-summarized image browser. Our results show that exploiting the time dimension and appropriately summarizing collections can lead to significant improvements. For example, for one task category, one of our browsers enabled a 33% improvement in speed of finding given images compared to the commercial browser. Similarly, users were able to complete 29% more tasks when using this same browser.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {326–335},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {time-based navigation, image browser, summarization, burst identification, personal digital library, photo browser, ACDSee, time-based clustering},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544302,
author = {Liu, Bin and Gao, Wen and Zhang, Ling and Huang, Tie-jun and Zhang, Xiao-ming and Cheng, Jun},
title = {Toward a Distributed Terabyte Text Retrieval System in China-US Million Book Digital Library},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544302},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544302},
abstract = {In China-US Million Book Digital Library, output of the digitalization process is more than one terabyte of text in OEB and PDF format. To access these data quickly and accurately, we are developing a distributed terabyte text retrieval system. With the query cache, system can search less data while maintaining acceptable retrieval accuracy. From the OEB package, we get its metadata and structural information to implement multi-scale indexing and retrieval. We are to explore some new retrieval models and text clustering approaches in the Digital Library.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {336–337},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {open eBook, query caching, terabyte text retrieval},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544303,
author = {Wactlar, Howard D. and Chen, Ching-chih},
title = {Enhanced Perspectives for Historical and Cultural Documentaries Using Informedia Technologies},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544303},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544303},
abstract = {Speech recognition, image processing, and language understanding technologies have successfully been applied to broadcast news corpora to automate the extraction of metadata and make use of it in building effective video news retrieval interfaces. This paper discusses how these technologies can be adapted to cultural documentaries as represented by the award-winning First Emperor of China videodisc and multimedia CD. Through automated means, efficient interfaces into documentary contents can be built dynamically based on user needs. Such interfaces enable the assemblage of large video documentary libraries from component videodisc, CD, and videotape projects, with alternate views into the material complementing the original sequences authored by the materials' producers.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {338–339},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {summarization, historical and cultural materials, digital video library, named-entity extraction},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544304,
author = {Derthick, Mark},
title = {Interfaces for Palmtop Image Search},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544304},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544304},
abstract = {Will current technology support search for video news or entertainment on mobile platforms? An Ipaq palmtop version of the Informedia Digital Video Library interface has already been developed at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. For these displays, the desktop technique of showing a large grid of images in parallel is not feasible. Perceptual psychology experiments suggest that time-multiplexing may be as effective as space-multiplexing for this kind of primed recognition task. In fact, it has been specifically suggested that image retrieval interfaces using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) may perform significantly better than parallel presentation even on a desktop computer [2]. In our experiments, we did not find this to be true. An important difference between previous RSVP experiments and our own is that image search engines rank retrievals, and correct answers are more likely to occur early in the list of results. Thus we found that scrolling (and low RSVP presentation rates) led to better recognition of answers that occur early, but worse for answers that occur far down the list. This split confounded the global effects that we hypothesized, yet in itself is an important consideration for future interface designs, which must adapt as search technology improves.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {340–341},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {image retrieval},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3247748,
author = {Hill, Linda},
title = {Session Details: Digital Libraries for Spatial Data},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3247748},
doi = {10.1145/3247748},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544306,
author = {Jan\'{e}e, Greg and Frew, James},
title = {The ADEPT Digital Library Architecture},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544306},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544306},
abstract = {The Alexandria Digital Earth ProtoType (ADEPT) architecture is a framework for building distributed digital libraries of georeferenced information. An ADEPT system comprises one or more autonomous libraries, each of which provides a uniform interface to one or more collections, each of which manages metadata for one or more items. The primary standard on which the architecture is based is the ADEPT bucket framework, which defines uniform client-level metadata query services that are compatible with heterogeneous underlying collections. ADEPT functionality strikes a balance between the simplicity of Web document delivery and the richness of Z39.50. The current ADEPT implementation runs as servlet-based middleware and supports collections housed in arbitrary relational databases.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {342–350},
numpages = {9},
keywords = {metadata, distribution, bucket framework, interoperability, collection discovery},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544307,
author = {Lim, Ee-Peng and Goh, Dion Hoe-Lian and Liu, Zehua and Ng, Wee-Keong and Khoo, Christopher Soo-Guan and Higgins, Susan Ellen},
title = {G-Portal: A Map-Based Digital Library for Distributed Geospatial and Georeferenced Resources},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544307},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544307},
abstract = {As the World Wide Web evolves into an immense information network, it is tempting to build new digital library services and expand existing digital library services to make use of web content. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of G-Portal, a web portal that aims to provide digital library services over geospatial and georeferenced content found on the World Wide Web. G-Portal adopts a map-based user interface to visualize and manipulate the distributed geospatial and georeferenced content. Annotation capabilities are supported, allowing users to contribute geospatial and georeferenced objects as well as their associated metadata. The other features included in G-Portal's design are query support, content classification, and content maintenance. This paper will mainly focus on the architecture design, visualization and annotation capabilities of G-Portal.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {351–358},
numpages = {8},
keywords = {geography, digital libraries, world wide web, education},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544309,
author = {Allen, Nancy and Bishoff, Liz and Chandler, Robin and Cherry, Kevin},
title = {You Mean I Have to Do What with Whom: Statewide Museum/Library DIGI Collaborative Digitization Projects---the Experiences of California, Colorado & North Carolina},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544309},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544309},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {359},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544310,
author = {Hersh, William and Velterop, Jan and McCray, Alexa and Eynsenbach, Gunther and Boguski, Mark},
title = {Overcoming Impediments to Effective Health and Biomedical Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544310},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544310},
abstract = {Digital libraries have great promise in the health and biomedical domains. Yet a variety of impediments exist to their more effective use. A series of panelists from a variety of backgrounds in health and biomedicine will explore these impediments and describe how they might be overcome.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {360},
numpages = {1},
keywords = {health and biomedical digital libraries},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544311,
author = {Dippo, Cathryn and Cruse, Patricia and Green, Ann and Hert, Carol},
title = {The Challenges of Statistical Digital Libraries},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544311},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544311},
abstract = {What are statistical digital libraries? Who uses them? For what purpose? How do they differ from or resemble text-focused digital libraries? What are the research issues associated with their use and the implications for interface design?These are just some of the issues the panelists have been grappling with over the last few years as government agencies and academic libraries rush to make their holdings web-accessible to both the users they have always served and all kinds of new users with varying statistical and computing skills.The panelists represent a variety of user-oriented perspectives-some are developers, some are intermediaries, some are users themselves. Their primary user focus varies from university students and faculty to government policy analysts, but the casual or first-time user must also be served.The panelist will focus their remarks on the challenges of statistical libraries on a multitude of dimensions, including technical, social, behavioral, economic, organizational, etc. The discussion should both inform and entice the audience to pursue some difficult and interesting problems in digital library research.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {361},
numpages = {1},
keywords = {metadata, uiser-focused, numeric data, statistical literacy},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544312,
author = {Heidorn, P. Bryan},
title = {Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Informatics: Policy and Implementation Science versus Citizen Science},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544312},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544312},
abstract = {Biological science is one of the top ten social trends and the twenty-first Century has been defined as "The Age of Biology" [1]. One of the central themes of this age is biodiversity. Biodiversity is the richness of life. Biodiversity includes the variety of genes within one species through the complex interconnection of all life within an environment. One of the grand challenges of the twenty-first century is to document and understand the world's natural heritage. The management of the many kinds of information associated with this endeavor is "Biodiversity Informatics." There are many efforts developing worldwide to collect and distribute this information in digital collections. Some of these efforts are complementary; some efforts are in conflict and are just independent. There is a great need to integrate this information to increate its usefulness and value. Unfortunately, this integration is extremely difficult because of the diversity of the use and users of the information and the diversity of the information itself. The panelists will discuss different perspectives on the construction of global biodiversity digital libraries from the perspective of different goals and uses.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {362–364},
numpages = {3},
keywords = {biodiversity informatics, information policy, standardization},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544313,
author = {Ray, Joyce and Dale, Robin and Moore, Reagan and Reich, Vicky and Underwood, William and McCray, Alexa T.},
title = {Panel on Digital Preservation},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544313},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544313},
abstract = {Digital information in any form is at risk. Software and hardware become obsolete, and versions and file formats change, making data inaccessible. Data stored in even the simplest form are in danger due to computer media degradation and obsolescence. On-line information such as e-journals and databases are susceptible. They may become partially or entirely unreadable, and may not be recoverable by the time the problem is detected. Preservation strategies such as emulation (keeping alive the software and hardware needed to access a digital object), migration (converting the digital object to new versions and formats), and other long-term archival methods have been proposed [1-7]. Models such as the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) provide an architecture for conducting digital preservation research and experimentation [8-10]. The importance of preservation metadata has been recognized by a number of groups and efforts to develop and deploy metadata standards are underway [11-14].As more and more digital information is created, attention must be paid to what information should be preserved and how it can be preserved most economically and effectively. It is clear that for preservation to be successful, we need to pay attention not only to the format of digital objects, but also to the commitment we make to providing long-term access to the information. Thus, decisions about digital preservation will involve technical issues as well as economic, legal, social, and organizational ones. Is it possible or feasible to preserve all digital data automatically and in a cost effective way? How much functionality can or must be preserved? What type of metadata will be needed to ensure both access and preservation? What metrics do we use to evaluate whether our methods will be successful.Panelists will make short presentations about work in which they have been involved and which reflect a variety of aspects of digital preservation. Reagan Moore will discuss the levels of abstraction that are needed to create infrastructure independent representations for data, information, and knowledge, and he will discuss a prototype persistent digital archive. The persistent archive infrastructure has been developed for use by the National Archives and Records Administration and other Federal agencies. William Underwood will report on lessons learned in preserving digital records created on personal computers. The records being examined are the digital records created on personal computers during the administration of President George Bush (1988-1992). Vicky Reich will present work on the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) project, which is a permanent web publishing and access system. LOCKSS software allows libraries to retain local collection control of materials delivered through the web while preserving the functionality of the original web based content. Robin Dale will report on activities of the preservation program of the Research Libraries Group (RLG). She will focus on the joint work of RLG and OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) on preservation metadata. Following the presentations by the four panelists, Alexa McCray will provide brief comments and then open the discussion for audience participation.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {365–367},
numpages = {3},
keywords = {digital preservation, digital libraries, metadata, archival systems},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544314,
author = {Arms, William Y. and Fox, Edward and Narum, Jeanne and Hoffman, Ellen},
title = {NSDL: From Prototype to Production to Transformational National Resource},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544314},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544314},
abstract = {This panel will discuss the first release of the National Science Digital Library and plans for growing it into a very large, comprehensive library of digital materials relevant to science education.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {368},
numpages = {1},
keywords = {education, national science digital library},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544315,
author = {Garcia-Molina, Hector and Hillmann, Diane and Lagoze, Carl and Liddy, Elizabeth and Weibel, Stuart},
title = {How Important is Metadata?},
year = {2002},
isbn = {1581135130},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/544220.544315},
doi = {10.1145/544220.544315},
abstract = {Metadata is expensive. Information services and digital library researchers spend considerable time, effort, and money on metadata. It is time to ask a number of important questions: How much metadata is really necessary and for what reason?What are the right metrics for metadata; its correctness, appropriateness, and return on investment?Is metadata harvesting really useful for the creation of digital library services?Are the assumptions about the utility, or even necessity, of metadata a legacy of years of library science and practice?Do these assumptions make sense in the current context of massive computing power and automatic analysis?.Clearly there is no one "correct' answer to these questions. The panel will provide the forum for practitioners and researchers from a number of areas to express their views and, hopefully, provoke stimulating discussions from the audience.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
pages = {369},
numpages = {1},
location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
series = {JCDL '02}
}

@inproceedings{10.1145/544220.544316,
author = {Griffin, Stephen M.},
title = {Planning for Future Digital Libraries Programs},
year =

license: Unlicense

repository: goyalkaraniit/acm-cr

repo_name: goyalkaraniit/acm-cr

branch_name: refs/heads/main