text:
PASAT score was associated with regional volumes of the posterior cingulate/precuneus and several subcortical structures, specifically the caudate, putamen, and cerebellum. This emphasises the role of both cortical and subcortical structures in cognitive functioning and information processing speed in patients with MS.

Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12883-018-1223-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\Z5WHZD8I\\Matias-Guiu et al. - 2018 - Structural MRI correlates of PASAT performance in .pdf},
  journal = {BMC Neurology},
  keywords = {PASAT},
  pmcid = {PMC6300910},
  pmid = {30572821}
}

@article{minati2011,
  title = {Intra- and Extra-Cranial Effects of Transient Blood Pressure Changes on Brain near-Infrared Spectroscopy ({{NIRS}}) Measurements},
  author = {Minati, Ludovico and Kress, Inge U. and Visani, Elisa and Medford, Nick and Critchley, Hugo D.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  volume = {197},
  pages = {283--288},
  issn = {1872-678X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.02.029},
  abstract = {Brain near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an emerging neurophysiological tool that combines straightforward activity localization with cost-economy, portability and patient compatibility. NIRS is proving its empirical utility across specific cognitive and emotional paradigms. However, a potential limitation is that it is not only sensitive to haemodynamic changes taking place in the cortex, and task-related cardiovascular responses expressed in the perfusion of extracranial layers may be confounding. Existing literature reports correlations between brain NIRS and systemic blood pressure, yet it falls short of establishing whether in normal participants the blood pressure changes encountered in experimental settings can have confounding effects. Here, we tested this hypothesis by performing two experimental manipulations while recording from superficial occipital cortex, encompassing striate and extrastriate regions. Visual stimulation with reversing chequerboards evoked cortical haemodynamic responses. Simultaneously and independently, transient systemic blood pressure changes were generated through rapid arm-raising. Shallow-penetration NIRS recordings, probing only extra-cerebral tissues, highlighted close haemodynamic coupling with blood pressure. A different coupling pattern was observed in deep-penetration recordings directed at haemodynamic signals from visual cortex. In absence of blood-pressure changes, NIRS signals tracked differences in visual stimulus duration. However when blood pressure was actively manipulated, this effect was absent and replaced by a very large pressure-related response. Our observations demonstrate that blood pressure fluctuations can exert confounding effects on brain NIRS, through expression in extracranial tissues and within the brain itself. We highlight the necessity for continuous blood pressure monitoring alongside brain NIRS, and for further research on methods to correct for physiological confounds.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\NYY4M8Q7\\Minati et al. - 2011 - Intra- and extra-cranial effects of transient bloo.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods},
  keywords = {Adult,Blood Pressure,Blood Pressure Determination,Brain,Cerebral Arteries,Cerebrovascular Circulation,Female,Humans,Male,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  number = {2},
  pmcid = {PMC3089735},
  pmid = {21392529}
}

@article{muehlschlegel2009,
  title = {Feasibility of {{NIRS}} in the Neurointensive Care Unit: A Pilot Study in Stroke Using Physiological Oscillations},
  shorttitle = {Feasibility of {{NIRS}} in the Neurointensive Care Unit},
  author = {Muehlschlegel, Susanne and Selb, J. and Patel, M. and Diamond, S. G. and Franceschini, M. A. and Sorensen, A. G. and Boas, D. A. and Schwamm, L. H.},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {288--295},
  issn = {1541-6933},
  doi = {10.1007/s12028-009-9254-4},
  abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive, real-time bedside modality sensitive to changes in cerebral perfusion and oxygenation and is highly sensitive to physiological oscillations at different frequencies. However, the clinical feasibility of NIRS remains limited, partly due to concerns regarding NIRS signal quantification, which relies on mostly arbitrary assumptions on hemoglobin concentrations and tissue layers. In this pilot study comparing stroke patients to healthy controls, we explored the utility of the interhemispheric correlation coefficient (IHCC) during physiological oscillations in detecting asymmetry in hemispheric microvascular hemodynamics.
METHODS: Using bi-hemispheric continuous-wave NIRS, 12 patients with hemispheric strokes and 9 controls were measured prospectively. NIRS signal was band-pass filtered to isolate cardiac (0.7-3 Hz) and respiratory (0.15-0.7 Hz) oscillations. IHCCs were calculated in both oscillation frequency bands. Using Fisher's Z-transform for non-Gaussian distributions, the IHCC during cardiac and respiratory oscillations were compared between both groups.
RESULTS: Nine patients and nine controls had data of sufficient quality to be included in the analysis. The IHCCs during cardiac and respiratory oscillations were significantly different between patients versus controls (cardiac 0.79 +/- 0.18 vs. 0.94 +/- 0.07, P = 0.025; respiratory 0.24 +/- 0.28 vs. 0.59 +/- 0.3; P = 0.016).
CONCLUSIONS: Computing the IHCC during physiological cardiac and respiratory oscillations may be a new NIRS analysis technique to quantify asymmetric microvascular hemodynamics in stroke patients in the neurocritical care unit. It allows each subject to serve as their own control obviating the need for arbitrary assumptions on absolute hemoglobin concentration. Future clinical applications may include rapid identification of patients with ischemic brain injury in the pre-hospital setting. This promising new analysis technique warrants further validation.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\YR6EB9MH\\Muehlschlegel et al. - 2009 - Feasibility of NIRS in the neurointensive care uni.pdf},
  journal = {Neurocritical Care},
  keywords = {Aged,Aged; 80 and over,Brain,Equipment Design,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Heart,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Oscillometry,Pilot Projects,Respiration,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared,Stroke},
  language = {eng},
  number = {2},
  pmcid = {PMC2782535},
  pmid = {19649749}
}

@article{muller2003,
  title = {Detection of Very Low-Frequency Oscillations of Cerebral Haemodynamics Is Influenced by Data Detrending},
  author = {M{\"u}ller, T. and Reinhard, M. and Oehm, E. and Hetzel, A. and Timmer, J.},
  year = {2003},
  month = jan,
  volume = {41},
  pages = {69--74},
  issn = {0140-0118},
  doi = {10.1007/bf02343541},
  abstract = {Recent studies were investigated that report spontaneous oscillations of cerebral perfusion in the very low-frequency range (0.01-0.04 Hz), emphasising details of spectral estimation. The effects of different spectral estimation procedures were compared, using simulated and clinical data. It was shown that data detrending, as used in many studies, can lead to an artifactual peak in the very low-frequency region of estimated power spectra, indicating that the peak cannot be taken as evidence of physiological oscillations. A quantitative, reliable method is described that can be used to assess very low-frequency oscillations. Using the method, very low-frequency oscillations were found in ten out of 17 healthy adults measured with transcranial Doppler (average frequency, 0.021 +/- 0.007 Hz, mean +/- SD), confirming earlier findings based on visual inspection of data.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\JQWQUF2M\\Müller et al. - 2003 - Detection of very low-frequency oscillations of ce.pdf},
  journal = {Medical \& Biological Engineering \& Computing},
  keywords = {Adult,Artifacts,Blood Flow Velocity,Cerebrovascular Circulation,Female,Hemodynamics,Humans,Low frequency oscillation,Male,Signal Processing; Computer-Assisted,spectral,Ultrasonography; Doppler; Transcranial},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  pmid = {12572750}
}

@article{nayak2020,
  title = {Neural Mechanisms of Response-Preparation and Inhibition in Bilingual and Monolingual Children: {{Lateralized Readiness Potentials}} ({{LRPs}}) during a Nonverbal {{Stroop}} Task},
  shorttitle = {Neural Mechanisms of Response-Preparation and Inhibition in Bilingual and Monolingual Children},
  author = {Nayak, Srishti and Salem, Hiba Z. and Tarullo, Amanda R.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  volume = {41},
  pages = {100740},
  issn = {1878-9307},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100740},
  abstract = {Inhibitory control is a core executive function (EF) skill, thought to involve cognitive 'interference suppression' and motor 'response inhibition' sub-processes. A few studies have shown that early bilingualism shapes interference suppression but not response inhibition skills, however current behavioral measures do not fully allow us to disentangle these subcomponents. Lateralized Readiness Potentials (LRPs) are centroparietal event-related potentials (ERPs) that track motor response-preparations between stimulus-presentation and behavioral responses. We examine LRPs elicited during successful inhibitory control on a nonverbal Stroop task, in 6-8 year-old bilingual (n = 44) and monolingual (n = 48) children from comparable socio-economic backgrounds. Relative to monolinguals, bilinguals showed longer and stronger incorrect-response preparations, and a more mature pattern of correct-response preparation (shorter peak-latencies), underlying correct responses on Stroop-interference trials. Neural markers of response-inhibition were comparable between groups and no behavioral differences were found between-groups on the Stroop task. Results suggest group differences in underlying mechanisms of centroparietal motor-response preparation mechanisms in this age group, contrary to what has been shown using behavioral tasks previously. We discuss neural results in the context of speed-accuracy trade-offs. This is the first study to examine neural markers of motor-responses in bilingual children.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\ETQU8Z82\\Nayak et al. - 2020 - Neural mechanisms of response-preparation and inhi.pdf},
  journal = {Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience},
  keywords = {Bilingual children,Event-related potentials (ERP),Inhibitory control,Lateralized readiness potentials (LRP),Response inhibition,Stroop task},
  language = {eng},
  pmid = {31999562}
}

@article{newman2016,
  title = {Go/{{No Go Task Performance Predicts Cortical Thickness}} in the {{Caudal Inferior Frontal Gyrus}} in {{Young Adults}} with and without {{ADHD}}},
  author = {Newman, Erik and Jernigan, Terry L. and Lisdahl, Krista M. and Tamm, Leanne and Tapert, Susan F. and Potkin, Steven G. and Mathalon, Daniel and Molina, Brooke and Bjork, James and Castellanos, F. Xavier and Swanson, James and Kuperman, Joshua M. and Bartsch, Hauke and Chen, Chi-Hua and Dale, Anders M. and Epstein, Jeffery N.},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {880--892},
  issn = {1931-7557},
  doi = {10.1007/s11682-015-9453-x},
  abstract = {Response inhibition deficits are widely believed to be at the core of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Several studies have examined neural architectural correlates of ADHD, but research directly examining structural correlates of response inhibition is lacking. Here we examine the relationship between response inhibition as measured by a Go/No Go task, and cortical surface area and thickness of the caudal inferior frontal gyrus (cIFG), a region implicated in functional imaging studies of response inhibition, in a sample of 114 young adults with and without ADHD diagnosed initially during childhood. We used multiple linear regression models to test the hypothesis that Go/No Go performance would be associated with cIFG surface area or thickness. Results showed that poorer Go/No Go performance was associated with thicker cIFG cortex, and this effect was not mediated by ADHD status or history of substance use. However, independent of Go/No Go performance, persistence of ADHD symptoms and more frequent cannabis use were associated with thinner cIFG. Go/No Go performance was not associated with cortical surface area. The association between poor inhibitory functioning and thicker cIFG suggests that maturation of this region may differ in low performing participants. An independent association of persistent ADHD symptoms and frequent cannabis use with thinner cIFG cortex suggests that distinct neural mechanisms within this region may play a role in inhibitory function, broader ADHD symptomatology, and cannabis use. These results contribute to Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) by revealing novel associations between neural architectural phenotypes and basic neurobehavioral processes measured dimensionally.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\RTQZDP6W\\Newman et al. - 2016 - GoNo Go Task Performance Predicts Cortical Thickn.pdf},
  journal = {Brain imaging and behavior},
  keywords = {Go/no Go},
  number = {3},
  pmcid = {PMC4808505},
  pmid = {26404018}
}

@article{nikravesh2017,
  title = {The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test for Working Memory Assessment: {{Psychometric}} Properties},
  shorttitle = {The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test for Working Memory Assessment},
  author = {Nikravesh, Maryam and Jafari, Zahra and Mehrpour, Masoud and Kazemi, Roozbeh and Amiri Shavaki, Younes and Hossienifar, Shamim and Azizi, Mohamad Parsa},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  volume = {31},
  pages = {61},
  issn = {1016-1430},
  doi = {10.14196/mjiri.31.61},
  abstract = {Background: The paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT) was primarily developed to assess the effects of traumatic brain injury
on cognitive functioning. Working memory (WM) is one of the most important aspects of cognitive function, and WM impairment
is one of the clinically remarkable signs of aphasia. To develop the Persian version of PASAT, an initial version was used in individuals
with aphasia (IWA).
,
Methods: In this study, 25 individuals with aphasia (29-60 years) and 85 controls (18-60 years) were included. PASAT was presented
in the form of recorded 61 single-digit numbers (1 to 9). The participants repeatedly added the 2 recent digits. The psychometric
properties of PASAT including convergent validity (using the digit memory span tasks), divergent validity (using results in the control
group and IWA group), and face validity were investigated. Test-retest reliability was considered as well.
,
Results: The relationship between the PASAT and digit memory span tests was moderate to strong in the control group (forward
digit memory span test: r= 0.52, p{$<$} 0.0001; backward digit memory span test: r = 0.48, p{$<$} 0.0001). A strong relationship was found in
IWA (forward digit memory span test: r= 0.72, p{$<$} 0.0001; backward digit memory span test: r= 0.53, p= 0.006). Also, strong testretest
reliability (intraclass correlation= 0.95, p{$<$} 0.0001) was observed.
,
Conclusion: According to our results, the PASAT is a valid and reliable test to assess working memory, particularly in IWA. It
could be used as a feasible tool for clinical and research applications.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\J2UU8A58\\Nikravesh et al. - 2017 - The paced auditory serial addition test for workin.pdf},
  journal = {Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran},
  keywords = {PASAT},
  pmcid = {PMC5804453},
  pmid = {29445690}
}

@article{obrig2000,
  title = {Spontaneous {{Low Frequency Oscillations}} of {{Cerebral Hemodynamics}} and {{Metabolism}} in {{Human Adults}}},
  author = {Obrig, Hellmuth and Neufang, Markus and Wenzel, R{\"u}diger and Kohl, Matthias and Steinbrink, Jens and Einh{\"a}upl, Karl and Villringer, Arno},
  year = {2000},
  month = dec,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {623--639},
  issn = {1053-8119},
  doi = {10.1006/nimg.2000.0657},
  abstract = {We investigated slow spontaneous oscillations in cerebral oxygenation in the human adult's visual cortex. The rationale was (1) to demonstrate their detectability by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS); (2) to analyze the spectral power of as well as the phase relationship between the different NIRS parameters (oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and cytochrome-oxidase; oxy-Hb/deoxy-Hb/Cyt-ox). Also (3) influences of functional stimulation and hypercapnia on power and phase shifts were investigated. The results show that\textemdash{}in line with the literature\textemdash{}low frequency oscillations (LFO) centred around 0.1 s-1 and even slower oscillations at about 0.04 s-1 (very low frequency, VLFO) can be distinguished. Their respective power differs between oxy-Hb, deoxy-Hb, and Cyt-ox. Either frequency (LFO and VLFO) is altered in magnitude by functional stimulation of the cortical area examined. Also we find a change of the phase shift between the vascular parameters (oxy-Hb, tot-Hb) and the metabolic parameter (Cyt-ox) evoked by the stimulation. It is shown that hypercapnia attenuates the LFO in oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb. Conclusions: (1) spontaneous vascular and metabolic LFO and VLFO can be reproducibly detected by NIRS in the human adult. (2) Their spectral characteristics and their response to hypercapnia are in line with those described in exposed cortex (for review see (Hudetz et al., 1998)) and correspond to findings with transcranial doppler sonography (TCD) (Diehl et al., 1995) and fMRI (Biswal et al., 1997). (3) The magnitude of and phase relation between NIRS-parameters at the LFO may allow for a local noninvasive assessment of autoregulatory mechanisms in the adult brain.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\TQSENDAU\\Obrig et al. - 2000 - Spontaneous Low Frequency Oscillations of Cerebral.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\S3RVZ63F\\S1053811900906578.html},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  number = {6}
}

@article{owen2005,
  title = {N-Back Working Memory Paradigm: A Meta-Analysis of Normative Functional Neuroimaging Studies},
  shorttitle = {N-Back Working Memory Paradigm},
  author = {Owen, Adrian M. and McMillan, Kathryn M. and Laird, Angela R. and Bullmore, Ed},
  year = {2005},
  month = may,
  volume = {25},
  pages = {46--59},
  issn = {1065-9471},
  doi = {10.1002/hbm.20131},
  abstract = {One of the most popular experimental paradigms for functional neuroimaging studies of working memory has been the n-back task, in which subjects are asked to monitor the identity or location of a series of verbal or nonverbal stimuli and to indicate when the currently presented stimulus is the same as the one presented n trials previously. We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of 668 sets of activation coordinates in Talairach space reported in 24 primary studies of n-back task variants manipulating process (location vs. identity monitoring) and content (verbal or nonverbal) of working memory. We found the following cortical regions were activated robustly (voxelwise false discovery rate = 1\%): lateral premotor cortex; dorsal cingulate and medial premotor cortex; dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; frontal poles; and medial and lateral posterior parietal cortex. Subsidiary meta-analyses based on appropriate subsets of the primary data demonstrated broadly similar activation patterns for identity monitoring of verbal stimuli and both location and identity monitoring of nonverbal stimuli. There was also some evidence for distinct frontoparietal activation patterns in response to different task variants. The functional specializations of each of the major cortical components in the generic large-scale frontoparietal system are discussed. We conclude that quantitative meta-analysis can be a powerful tool for combining results of multiple primary studies reported in Talairach space. Here, it provides evidence both for broadly consistent activation of frontal and parietal cortical regions by various versions of the n-back working memory paradigm, and for process- and content-specific frontoparietal activation by working memory.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\MYGRR6YF\\Owen et al. - 2005 - N-back working memory paradigm a meta-analysis of.pdf},
  journal = {Human Brain Mapping},
  keywords = {Brain,Diagnostic Imaging,Humans,Memory,Meta-Analysis as Topic,N-back (Loc),Psychomotor Performance},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  pmid = {15846822}
}

@article{pinti2018,
  title = {The Present and Future Use of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy ({{fNIRS}}) for Cognitive Neuroscience},
  author = {Pinti, Paola and Tachtsidis, Ilias and Hamilton, Antonia and Hirsch, Joy and Aichelburg, Clarisse and Gilbert, Sam and Burgess, Paul W.},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  issn = {1749-6632},
  doi = {10.1111/nyas.13948},
  abstract = {The past few decades have seen a rapid increase in the use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in cognitive neuroscience. This fast growth is due to the several advances that fNIRS offers over the other neuroimaging modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography. In particular, fNIRS is harmless, tolerant to bodily movements, and highly portable, being suitable for all possible participant populations, from newborns to the elderly and experimental settings, both inside and outside the laboratory. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive and state-of-the-art review of fNIRS basics, technical developments, and applications. In particular, we discuss some of the open challenges and the potential of fNIRS for cognitive neuroscience research, with a particular focus on neuroimaging in naturalistic environments and social cognitive neuroscience.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\HJNTB3JG\\Pinti et al. - 2018 - The present and future use of functional near-infr.pdf},
  journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
  keywords = {basics of fNIRS,cognitive neuroscience,ecological,fNIRS,fnirs intro,social neuroscience},
  language = {eng},
  pmcid = {PMC6367070},
  pmid = {30085354}
}

@article{pinti2019,
  title = {Current {{Status}} and {{Issues Regarding Pre}}-Processing of {{fNIRS Neuroimaging Data}}: {{An Investigation}} of {{Diverse Signal Filtering Methods Within}} a {{General Linear Model Framework}}},
  shorttitle = {Current {{Status}} and {{Issues Regarding Pre}}-Processing of {{fNIRS Neuroimaging Data}}},
  author = {Pinti, Paola and Scholkmann, Felix and Hamilton, Antonia and Burgess, Paul and Tachtsidis, Ilias},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1662-5161},
  doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2018.00505},
  abstract = {Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) research articles show a large heterogeneity in the analysis approaches and pre-processing procedures. Additionally, there is often a lack of a complete description of the methods applied, necessary for study replication or for results comparison. The aims of this paper were (i) to review and investigate which information is generally included in published fNIRS papers, and (ii) to define a signal pre-processing procedure to set a common ground for standardization guidelines. To this goal, we have reviewed 110 fNIRS articles published in 2016 in the field of cognitive neuroscience, and performed a simulation analysis with synthetic fNIRS data, to optimize the signal filtering step before applying the GLM method for statistical inference. Our results highlight the fact that many papers lack important information, and there is a large variability in the filtering methods used. Our simulations demonstrated that the optimal approach to remove noise and recover the hemodynamic response from fNIRS data in a GLM framework is to use a 1000th order band-pass Finite Impulse Response filter. Based on these results, we give preliminary recommendations as to the first step towards improving the analysis of fNIRS data and dissemination of the results.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\LWGRRS6L\\Pinti et al. - 2019 - Current Status and Issues Regarding Pre-processing.pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
  keywords = {Beginner,Digital filter,fNIRS,functional data analysis,Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS),General Linear Model (GLM),Intro,Pre-processing guidelines,Pre-processing standardization},
  language = {English}
}

@article{plomgaard2017,
  title = {Early Biomarkers of Brain Injury and Cerebral Hypo- and Hyperoxia in the {{SafeBoosC II}} Trial},
  author = {Plomgaard, Anne M. and Alderliesten, Thomas and Austin, Topun and {van Bel}, Frank and Benders, Manon and Claris, Olivier and Dempsey, Eugene and Fumagalli, Monica and Gluud, Christian and Hagmann, Cornelia and {Hyttel-Sorensen}, Simon and Lemmers, Petra and {van Oeveren}, Wim and Pellicer, Adelina and Petersen, Tue H. and Pichler, Gerhard and Winkel, Per and Greisen, Gorm},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {e0173440},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0173440},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: The randomized clinical trial, SafeBoosC II, examined the effect of monitoring of cerebral oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy combined with a guideline on treatment when cerebral oxygenation was out of the target range. Data on cerebral oxygenation was collected in both the intervention and the control group. The primary outcome was the reduction in the burden of cerebral hypo- and hyperoxia between the two groups. In this study we describe the associations between the burden of cerebral hypo- and hyperoxia, regardless of allocation to intervention or control group, and the biomarkers of brain injury from birth till term equivalent age that was collected as secondary and explorative outcomes in the SafeBoosC II trial.
METHODS: Cerebral oxygenation was continuously monitored during the first 72h of life in 166 extremely preterm infants. Cranial ultrasound was performed at day 1,4,7,14, and 35 and at term. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded at 64h. Blood-samples taken at 6 and 64 hours were analysed for the brain injury biomarkers; S100beta, brain-fatty-acid-binding-protein, and neuroketal. All analyses were conducted post hoc.
RESULTS: Significantly more infants with a cerebral burden of hypoxia within the 4th quartile versus infants within quartile 1-3 were diagnosed with severe intracranial haemorrhage (11/39 versus 11/117, p = 0.003), had low burst rate on EEG (12/28 versus 21/103, p = 0.015), or died (14/41 versus 18/123, p = 0.006), whereas none of these events were significantly associated with cerebral hyperoxia. The blood biomarkers were not significantly associated with the burden of cerebral hypo- or hyperoxia.
CONCLUSIONS: The explorative analysis showed that early burden of cerebral hypoxia, but not hyperoxia was significantly associated with low brain electrical activity and severe intracranial haemorrhage while none of the three blood biomarkers were associated with the burden of either cerebral hypo- or hyperoxia.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\CWCUQI3A\\Plomgaard et al. - 2017 - Early biomarkers of brain injury and cerebral hypo.pdf},
  journal = {PloS One},
  keywords = {Biomarkers,Brain Injuries,Electroencephalography,Female,Gestational Age,Humans,Hyperoxia,Hypoxia; Brain,Infant; Extremely Premature,Infant; Newborn,Male,Monitoring; Physiologic,Oximetry,Oxygen,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared},
  language = {eng},
  number = {3},
  pmcid = {PMC5362210},
  pmid = {28328980}
}

@article{re2018,
  title = {Time {{Domain Near Infrared Spectroscopy Device}} for {{Monitoring Muscle Oxidative Metabolism}}: {{Custom Probe}} and {{In Vivo Applications}}},
  shorttitle = {Time {{Domain Near Infrared Spectroscopy Device}} for {{Monitoring Muscle Oxidative Metabolism}}},
  author = {Re, Rebecca and Pirovano, Ileana and Contini, Davide and Spinelli, Lorenzo and Torricelli, Alessandro},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  volume = {18},
  pages = {264},
  doi = {10.3390/s18010264},
  abstract = {Measurement of muscle oxidative metabolism is of interest for monitoring the training status in athletes and the rehabilitation process in patients. Time domain near infrared spectroscopy (TD NIRS) is an optical technique that allows the non-invasive measurement of the hemodynamic parameters in muscular tissue: concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, total hemoglobin content, and tissue oxygen saturation. In this paper, we present a novel TD NIRS medical device for muscle oxidative metabolism. A custom-printed 3D probe, able to host optical elements for signal acquisition from muscle, was develop for TD NIRS in vivo measurements. The system was widely characterized on solid phantoms and during in vivo protocols on healthy subjects. In particular, we tested the in vivo repeatability of the measurements to quantify the error that we can have by repositioning the probe. Furthermore, we considered a series of acquisitions on different muscles that were not yet previously performed with this custom probe: a venous-arterial cuff occlusion of the arm muscle, a cycling exercise, and an isometric contraction of the vastus lateralis.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\BAM6VUVY\\Re et al. - 2018 - Time Domain Near Infrared Spectroscopy Device for .pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\7Q7SPTRJ\\264.html},
  journal = {Sensors},
  keywords = {fNIRS,muscle oxidative metabolism,TD NIRS,time domain,time domain near infrared spectroscopy,tissue oxygen saturation,total hemoglobin},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{rosenbaum2017,
  title = {Aberrant Functional Connectivity in Depression as an Index of State and Trait Rumination},
  author = {Rosenbaum, David and Haipt, Alina and Fuhr, Kristina and Haeussinger, Florian B. and Metzger, Florian G. and Nuerk, Hans-Christoph and Fallgatter, Andreas J. and Batra, Anil and Ehlis, Ann-Christine},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {2174},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-02277-z},
  abstract = {Depression has been shown to be related to a variety of aberrant brain functions and structures. Particularly the investigation of alterations in functional connectivity (FC) in major depressive disorder (MDD) has been a promising endeavor, since a better understanding of pathological brain networks may foster our understanding of the disease. However, the underling mechanisms of aberrant FC in MDD are largely unclear. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) we investigated FC in the cortical parts of the default mode network (DMN) during resting-state in patients with current MDD. Additionally, we used qualitative and quantitative measures of psychological processes (e.g., state/trait rumination, mind-wandering) to investigate their contribution to differences in FC between depressed and non-depressed subjects. Our results indicate that 40\% of the patients report spontaneous rumination during resting-state. Depressed subjects showed reduced FC in parts of the DMN compared to healthy controls. This finding was linked to the process of state/trait rumination. While rumination was negatively correlated with FC in the cortical parts of the DMN, mind-wandering showed positive associations.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\QEI823AW\\Rosenbaum et al. - 2017 - Aberrant functional connectivity in depression as .pdf},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  keywords = {Adult,Brain,Brain Mapping,Connectome,Depression,Female,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,Quantitative Trait; Heritable,Rumination; Cognitive,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1},
  pmcid = {PMC5438394},
  pmid = {28526867}
}

@article{rozenkrants2008,
  title = {Affective {{ERP Processing}} in a {{Visual Oddball Task}}: {{Arousal}}, {{Valence}}, and {{Gender}}},
  shorttitle = {Affective {{ERP Processing}} in a {{Visual Oddball Task}}},
  author = {Rozenkrants, Bella and Polich, John},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  volume = {119},
  pages = {2260--2265},
  issn = {1388-2457},
  doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2008.07.213},
  abstract = {Objective
To assess affective event-related brain potentials (ERPs) using visual pictures that were highly distinct on arousal level/valence category ratings and a response task.

Methods
Images from the International Affective Pictures System (IAPS) were selected to obtain distinct affective arousal (low, high) and valence (negative, positive) rating levels. The pictures were used as target stimuli in an oddball paradigm, with a visual pattern as the standard stimulus. Participants were instructed to press a button whenever a picture occurred and to ignore the standard. Task performance and response time did not differ across conditions.

Results
High-arousal compared to low-arousal stimuli produced larger amplitudes for the N2, P3, early slow wave, and late slow wave components. Valence amplitude effects were weak overall and originated primarily from the later waveform components and interactions with electrode position. Gender differences were negligible.

Conclusion
The findings suggest that arousal level is the primary determinant of affective oddball processing, and valence minimally influences ERP amplitude.

Significance
Affective processing engages selective attentional mechanisms that are primarily sensitive to the arousal properties of emotional stimuli. The application and nature of task demands are important considerations for interpreting these effects.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\RCN4TF6S\\Rozenkrants and Polich - 2008 - Affective ERP Processing in a Visual Oddball Task.pdf},
  journal = {Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology},
  keywords = {Visual Oddball Task (Bella)},
  number = {10},
  pmcid = {PMC2605010},
  pmid = {18783987}
}

@article{saliasi2013,
  title = {The {{Relationship}} between {{P3 Amplitude}} and {{Working Memory Performance Differs}} in {{Young}} and {{Older Adults}}},
  author = {Saliasi, Emi and Geerligs, Linda and Lorist, Monicque M. and Maurits, Natasha M.},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {e63701},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0063701},
  abstract = {While some elderly show deteriorations in cognitive performance, others achieve performance levels comparable to young adults. To examine whether age-related changes in brain activity varied with working memory performance efficiency, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from young and older healthy adults during performance on an n-back task with two loads (0- and 1-back) and two versions (identity and integrated). Young adults showed a typical P3 amplitude pattern with a parietal-maximum. Compared to young adults, the P3 amplitude of older adults was characterized by frontal hyperactivity coupled with posterior hypoactivity. Moreover, P3 amplitude in young and older adults varied with working memory performance efficiency. Among young adults, more efficient performance correlated with a larger P3 amplitude at parietal sites. In contrast, a higher P3 amplitude at midline electrode sites in older adults correlated with less efficient performance. Particularly, the enhanced frontal midline EEG activity in older adults during working memory performance seems to reflect inefficient use of neural resources due to frontal lobe dysfunction.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\3IWWFZ4Z\\Saliasi et al. - 2013 - The Relationship between P3 Amplitude and Working .pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\5M9ERX2A\\article.html},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  keywords = {Elderly,Electroencephalography,ERP (N-back),Event-related potentials,Geriatrics,Neuropsychological testing,Vision,Working memory,Young adults},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@article{sato2016,
  title = {Reduction of Global Interference of Scalp-Hemodynamics in Functional near-Infrared Spectroscopy Using Short Distance Probes},
  author = {Sato, Takanori and Nambu, Isao and Takeda, Kotaro and Aihara, Takatsugu and Yamashita, Okito and Isogaya, Yuko and Inoue, Yoshihiro and Otaka, Yohei and Wada, Yasuhiro and Kawato, Mitsuo and Sato, Masa-aki and Osu, Rieko},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  volume = {141},
  pages = {120--132},
  issn = {1053-8119},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.054},
  abstract = {Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is used to measure cerebral activity because it is simple and portable. However, scalp-hemodynamics often contaminates fNIRS signals, leading to detection of cortical activity in regions that are actually inactive. Methods for removing these artifacts using standard source\textendash{}detector distance channels (Long-channel) tend to over-estimate the artifacts, while methods using additional short source\textendash{}detector distance channels (Short-channel) require numerous probes to cover broad cortical areas, which leads to a high cost and prolonged experimental time. Here, we propose a new method that effectively combines the existing techniques, preserving the accuracy of estimating cerebral activity and avoiding the disadvantages inherent when applying the techniques individually. Our new method accomplishes this by estimating a global scalp-hemodynamic component from a small number of Short-channels, and removing its influence from the Long-channels using a general linear model (GLM). To demonstrate the feasibility of this method, we collected fNIRS and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements during a motor task. First, we measured changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration ({$\increment$}Oxy-Hb) from 18 Short-channels placed over motor-related areas, and confirmed that the majority of scalp-hemodynamics was globally consistent and could be estimated from as few as four Short-channels using principal component analysis. We then measured {$\increment$}Oxy-Hb from 4 Short- and 43 Long-channels. The GLM identified cerebral activity comparable to that measured separately by fMRI, even when scalp-hemodynamics exhibited substantial task-related modulation. These results suggest that combining measurements from four Short-channels with a GLM provides robust estimation of cerebral activity at a low cost.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\46G2FIUL\\Sato et al. - 2016 - Reduction of global interference of scalp-hemodyna.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\S7H9WYHM\\S1053811916303032.html},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {Functional near-infrared spectroscopy,General linear model,Multidistance probe arrangement,Principal component analysis,Scalp blood flow,short distance fNIRS separation},
  language = {en}
}

@article{scarpina2017,
  title = {The {{Stroop Color}} and {{Word Test}}},
  author = {Scarpina, Federica and Tagini, Sofia},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557},
  abstract = {The Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) is a neuropsychological test extensively used to assess the ability to inhibit cognitive interference that occurs when the processing of a specific stimulus feature impedes the simultaneous processing of a second stimulus attribute, well-known as the Stroop Effect. The aim of the present work is to verify the theoretical adequacy of the various scoring methods used to measure the Stroop effect. We present a systematic review of studies that have provided normative data for the SCWT. We referred to both electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) and citations. Our findings show that while several scoring methods have been reported in literature, none of the reviewed methods enables us to fully assess the Stroop effect. Furthermore, we discuss several normative scoring methods from the Italian panorama as reported in literature. We claim for an alternative scoring method which takes into consideration both speed and accuracy of the response. Finally, we underline the importance of assessing the performance in all Stroop Test conditions (word reading, color naming, named color-word).},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\T9HNGMMI\\Scarpina and Tagini - 2017 - The Stroop Color and Word Test.pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  keywords = {Stoop},
  pmcid = {PMC5388755},
  pmid = {28446889}
}

@article{scharinger2017,
  title = {Comparison of the {{Working Memory Load}} in {{N}}-{{Back}} and {{Working Memory Span Tasks}} by {{Means}} of {{EEG Frequency Band Power}} and {{P300 Amplitude}}},
  author = {Scharinger, Christian and Soutschek, Alexander and Schubert, Torsten and Gerjets, Peter},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1662-5161},
  doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2017.00006},
  abstract = {According to theoretical accounts, both, N-back and complex span tasks mainly require working memory (WM) processing. In contrast, simple span tasks conceptually mainly require WM storage. Thus, conceptually, an N-back task and a complex span task share more commonalities as compared to a simple span task. In the current study, we compared an N-back task, a complex operation span task (Ospan), and a simple digit span task (Dspan) by means of typical WM load-related measures of the Electroencephalogram (EEG) like the parietal alpha and beta frequency band power, the frontal theta frequency band power, and the P300 amplitude, to examine whether these tasks would show commonalities or differences in WM processing-load. We expected that increasing WM-load would generally lead to a decreased alpha and beta frequency band power, an increased theta frequency band power, and a decreased P300 amplitude. Yet, based on the conceptual considerations, we hypothesized that the outcomes of these measures would be more comparable between the N-back and the Ospan as compared to the Dspan. Our hypotheses were partly confirmed. The N-back and the Ospan showed timely more prolonged alpha frequency band power effects as compared to the Dspan. This might indicate higher demands on WM processing in the former two tasks. The theta frequency band power and the P300 amplitude were most pronounced in the N-back task as compared to both span tasks. This might indicate specific demands on cognitive control in the N-back task. Additionally, we observed that behavioral performance measures correlated with changes in EEG alpha power of the N-back and the Ospan, yet not of the Dspan. Taken together, the hypothesized conceptual commonalities between the N-back task and the Ospan (and, for the Dspan, differences) were only partly confirmed by the electrophysiological WM load-related measures, indicating a potential need for reconsidering the theoretical accounts on WM tasks and the value of a closer link to electrophysiological research herein.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\SE42CIZL\\Scharinger et al. - 2017 - Comparison of the Working Memory Load in N-Back an.pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
  keywords = {ERP (N-back)},
  pmcid = {PMC5263141},
  pmid = {28179880}
}

@article{schneider2008,
  title = {Increased Brain Cortical Activity during Parabolic Flights Has No Influence on a Motor Tracking Task},
  author = {Schneider, Stefan and Br{\"u}mmer, Vera and Mierau, Andreas and Carnahan, Heather and Dubrowski, Adam and Str{\"u}der, Heiko K.},
  year = {2008},
  month = mar,
  volume = {185},
  pages = {571--579},
  issn = {1432-1106},
  doi = {10.1007/s00221-007-1187-6},
  abstract = {Previous studies showed that changing forces of gravity as they typically occur during parabolic flights might be responsible for adaptional processes of the CNS. However, until now it has not been differentiated between primary influences of weightlessness and secondary influences due to psycho-physiological factors (e.g., physical or mental strain). With the aim of detecting parabolic flight related changes in central cortical activity, a resting EEG was deduced in 16 subjects before, during and after parabolic flights. After subdividing EEG into alpha-, beta-,delta- and theta-wave bands, an increase in beta-power was noticeable inflight, whereas alpha(1)-power was increased postflight. No changes could be observed for the control group. To control possible effects of cortical activation, a manual tracking task with mirror inversion was performed during either the phase of weightlessness or during the normal gravity phase of a parabolic flight. No differences in performance nor in adaptation could be observed between both groups. A third group, performing under normal and stress-free conditions in a lab showed similar tracking values. We assume that the specific increase in brain activity is a sign of an increase in arousal inflight. This does support previous assumptions of non-specific stressors during parabolic flights and has to be considered as a relevant factor for experiments on central nerve adaptation. Although no influences of stress and/or weightlessness on motor performance and adaptation could be observed, we suggest that an "inflight" control group seems to be more adequate than a laboratory control group to investigate gravity-dependent changes in motor control.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\FRCJGNDP\\Schneider et al. - 2008 - Increased brain cortical activity during parabolic.pdf},
  journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
  keywords = {Adult,Brain,Cerebral Cortex,Electroencephalography,Female,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Photic Stimulation,Psychomotor Performance,Space Flight,Weightlessness},
  language = {eng},
  number = {4},
  pmid = {17973100}
}

@article{schneider2008a,
  title = {What Happens to the Brain in Weightlessness? {{A}} First Approach by {{EEG}} Tomography},
  shorttitle = {What Happens to the Brain in Weightlessness?},
  author = {Schneider, Stefan and Br{\"u}mmer, Vera and Carnahan, Heather and Dubrowski, Adam and Askew, Christopher D. and Str{\"u}der, Heiko K.},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  volume = {42},
  pages = {1316--1323},
  issn = {1095-9572},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.010},
  abstract = {Basic changes in environmental conditions are fundamental to understanding brain cortical mechanisms. Several studies have reported impairment of central nervous processes during weightlessness. There is ongoing debate as to whether these impairments are attributable to primary physiological effects or secondary psychological effects of the weightlessness environment. This study evaluates the physiological effects of changed gravity conditions on brain cortical activity. In a first experiment, EEG activity of seven participants was recorded at normal, increased and zero gravity during a parabolic flight. Additionally an EEG under normal gravity conditions preflight was recorded. In a second experiment, 24 participants were exposed to a supine, seated and 9 degree head-down tilt position while EEG was recorded. Data were analysed using low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Beta-2 EEG activity (18-35 Hz) was found to be increased in the right superior frontal gyrus under normal gravity conditions inflight. By exposure to weightlessness a distinct inhibition of this activity within the same areas could be noticed. As the tilt experiment showed changes in the left inferior temporal gyrus in supine and tilted positions we conclude that the observed changes under weightlessness are not explainable by hemodynamic changes but rather reflect emotional processes related to the experience of weightlessness. These findings suggest that weightlessness has a major impact on electro cortical activity and may affect central nervous and adaptation processes.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\DYKJ58W6\\Schneider et al. - 2008 - What happens to the brain in weightlessness A fir.pdf},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {Adaptation; Physiological,Adult,Brain,Brain Mapping,Electroencephalography,Female,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Pilot Projects,Tilt-Table Test,Weightlessness,Weightlessness Simulation,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  number = {4},
  pmid = {18606233}
}

@article{schneider2013,
  title = {Changes in Cerebral Oxygenation during Parabolic Flight},
  author = {Schneider, Stefan and Abeln, Vera and Askew, Christopher D. and Vogt, Tobias and Hoffmann, Uwe and Denise, Pierre and Str{\"u}der, Heiko K.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  volume = {113},
  pages = {1617--1623},
  issn = {1439-6319, 1439-6327},
  doi = {10.1007/s00421-013-2588-9},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\CHWRB9IM\\Schneider et al. - 2013 - Changes in cerebral oxygenation during parabolic f.pdf},
  journal = {European Journal of Applied Physiology},
  language = {en},
  number = {6}
}

@article{smith2004,
  title = {Inhibitory Processing during the {{Go}}/{{NoGo}} Task: An {{ERP}} Analysis of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder},
  shorttitle = {Inhibitory Processing during the {{Go}}/{{NoGo}} Task},
  author = {Smith, Janette L. and Johnstone, Stuart J. and Barry, Robert J.},
  year = {2004},
  month = jun,
  volume = {115},
  pages = {1320--1331},
  issn = {1388-2457},
  doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2003.12.027},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Previous event-related potential (ERP) research on inhibitory functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) has often failed to use tasks which optimally assess inhibition. We report on an improved measure of inhibitory function, involving inhibition of a prepotent response, in children with AD/HD.
METHODS: Twelve males with AD/HD and 12 control males, aged 7-12 years, completed a cued Go/NoGo task where Go stimuli were presented on 70\% of trials. ERP and behavioural measures were collected, together with reading, spelling and full-scale IQ scores.
RESULTS: The behavioural performance of children with AD/HD was not significantly different from normal controls, although children with AD/HD made faster responses and more errors. Group differences were apparent in the early processing components (P1, N1, P2) of responses to Warning, Go and NoGo stimuli. For the frontally maximal N2, a NoGo{$>$}Go effect was found, consistent with previous work linking this component with inhibitory processing. In control children this effect was particularly strong in the right frontal region, while children with AD/HD showed a much larger NoGo{$>$}Go effect, and an earlier N2 peak, than controls, with a focal shift to the left frontal region.
CONCLUSIONS: Compared with normal controls, children with AD/HD demonstrate early stimulus processing atypicalities, suggesting problems with sensory registration and identification of stimuli. Further, N2 results suggest that children with AD/HD must trigger the inhibition process earlier and more strongly than controls to perform at a comparable behavioural level.
SIGNIFICANCE: The results support the theory that behavioural inhibition is deficient in AD/HD, as children with AD/HD show abnormalities in inhibitory ERP components relating to the effort involved in inhibiting a prepotent response.},
  journal = {Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology},
  keywords = {Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity,Child,Electroencephalography,Evoked Potentials,Go/NoGo,Humans,Male,Neural Inhibition,Neuropsychological Tests,Psychomotor Performance},
  language = {eng},
  number = {6},
  pmid = {15134699}
}

@article{smith2013,
  title = {The Relationship between Brain Cortical Activity and Brain Oxygenation in the Prefrontal Cortex during Hypergravity Exposure},
  author = {Smith, Craig and Goswami, Nandu and Robinson, Ryan and {von der Wiesche}, Melanie and Schneider, Stefan},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  volume = {114},
  pages = {905--910},
  issn = {8750-7587, 1522-1601},
  doi = {10.1152/japplphysiol.01426.2012},
  abstract = {Artificial gravity has been proposed as a method to counteract the physiological deconditioning of long-duration spaceflight; however, the effects of hypergravity on the central nervous system has had little study. The study aims to investigate whether there is a relationship between prefrontal cortex brain activity and prefrontal cortex oxygenation during exposure to hypergravity. Twelve healthy participants were selected to undergo hypergravity exposure aboard a short-arm human centrifuge. Participants were exposed to hypergravity in the +Gz axis, starting from 0.6 +Gz for women, and 0.8 +Gz for men, and gradually increasing by 0.1 +Gz until the participant showed signs of syncope. Brain cortical activity was measured using electroencephalography (EEG) and localized to the prefrontal cortex using standard low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Prefrontal cortex oxygenation was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). A significant increase in prefrontal cortex activity ( P {$<$} 0.05) was observed during hypergravity exposure compared with baseline. Prefrontal cortex oxygenation was significantly decreased during hypergravity exposure, with a decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels ( P {$<$} 0.05) compared with baseline and an increase in deoxyhemoglobin levels ( P {$<$} 0.05) with increasing +Gz level. No significant correlation was found between prefrontal cortex activity and oxy-/deoxyhemoglobin. It is concluded that the increase in prefrontal cortex activity observed during hypergravity was most likely not the result of increased +Gz values resulting in a decreased oxygenation produced through hypergravity exposure. No significant relationship between prefrontal cortex activity and oxygenation measured by NIRS concludes that brain activity during exposure to hypergravity may be difficult to measure using NIRS. Instead, the increase in prefrontal cortex activity might be attributable to psychological stress, which could pose a problem for the use of a short-arm human centrifuge as a countermeasure.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\XHCFT6QW\\Smith et al. - 2013 - The relationship between brain cortical activity a.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Physiology},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{stavrinou2007,
  title = {Evaluation of {{Cortical Connectivity During Real}} and {{Imagined Rhythmic Finger Tapping}}},
  author = {Stavrinou, Maria L. and Moraru, Liviu and Cimponeriu, Laura and Della Penna, Stefania and Bezerianos, Anastasios},
  year = {2007},
  month = jul,
  volume = {19},
  pages = {137--145},
  issn = {0896-0267, 1573-6792},
  doi = {10.1007/s10548-007-0020-7},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\JMLVGQRM\\Stavrinou et al. - 2007 - Evaluation of Cortical Connectivity During Real an.pdf},
  journal = {Brain Topography},
  keywords = {Finger Tapping (auditory)},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{stefanovska1999,
  title = {Wavelet Analysis of Oscillations in the Peripheral Blood Circulation Measured by Laser {{Doppler}} Technique},
  author = {Stefanovska, A. and Bracic, M. and Kvernmo, H. D.},
  year = {1999},
  month = oct,
  volume = {46},
  pages = {1230--1239},
  doi = {10.1109/10.790500},
  abstract = {The wavelet transform technique, a time-frequency method with logarithmic frequency resolution, was used to analyze oscillations in human peripheral blood flow measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. The oscillations extended over a wide frequency state and their periods varied in time. Within the frequency range studied, 0.0095-1.6 Hz, five characteristic oscillations were revealed, arising from both local and central regulatory mechanisms. After the insertion of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilators the spectra of blood how markedly differed in the frequency interval 0.0095-0.02 Hz. In this way it was demonstrated that endothelial activity is a rhythmic process that contributes to oscillations in blood flow with a characteristic frequency of around 0.01 Hz. The study illustrates the potential of laser Doppler flowmetry combined with dynamical systems analysis for studies of both the micro- and macroscopic mechanisms of blood flow regulation in vivo.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\S34X3B93\\Stefanovska et al. - 1999 - Wavelet analysis of oscillations in the peripheral.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\THEHIEE7\\790500.html},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering},
  keywords = {0.0095 to 1.6 Hz,Acetylcholine,Biomedical measurements,Blood flow,blood flow measurement,blood flow regulation in vivo,characteristic oscillations,Doppler measurement,endothelial activity,Endothelium; Vascular,Fluid flow measurement,fluid oscillations,Frequency measurement,Humans,Iontophoresis,laser applications in medicine,laser Doppler flowmetry,laser Doppler technique,Laser-Doppler Flowmetry,Light scattering,logarithmic frequency resolution,macroscopic mechanisms,Male,Measurement by laser beam,medical signal processing,microscopic mechanisms,Nitroprusside,Oscillometry,peripheral blood circulation oscillations,Pulsatile Flow,Red blood cells,Regional Blood Flow,rhythmic process,Signal Processing; Computer-Assisted,Skin,time-frequency analysis,Vasodilation,Vasodilator Agents,Velocity measurement,wavelet analysis,Wavelet analysis,wavelet transforms,Wavelet transforms},
  number = {10}
}

@inproceedings{tachtsidis2008a,
  title = {Measurement of {{Frontal Lobe Functional Activation}} and {{Related Systemic Effects}}: {{A Near}}-{{Infrared Spectroscopy Investigation}}},
  shorttitle = {Measurement of {{Frontal Lobe Functional Activation}} and {{Related Systemic Effects}}},
  booktitle = {Oxygen {{Transport}} to {{Tissue XXIX}}},
  author = {Tachtsidis, Ilias and Leung, Terence S. and Devoto, Laurence and Delpy, David T. and Elwell, Clare E.},
  editor = {Kang, Kyung A. and Harrison, David K. and Bruley, Duane F.},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {397--403},
  publisher = {{Springer US}},
  abstract = {Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to measure changes in cerebral oxy- and deoxy- haemoglobin ({$\delta$}[HbO2], {$\delta$}[HHb]) in response to functional activation. It has been previously reported that during functional activation of the motor cortex heart rate increases. The aim of this study was to investigate systemic changes during functional activation of the frontal cortex. The responses to anagram presentations with varying difficulty (4-Letters and 7-Letters) over a 6 minute period were recorded. A Hamamatsu NIRO 200 NIRS system recorded {$\delta$}[HbO2] and {$\delta$}[HHb] using the modified Beer Lambert law (MBL) and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) employing spatial resolved spectroscopy (SRS) over the left and right frontal hemisphere. Mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously. Nine young healthy volunteers (mean age 23) were included in the analysis. Significant task related changes were observed in both the NIRS and systemic signals during the anagram solving with increases in [HbO2] and [HHb] accompanied by changes in MBP and HR. The [HbO2] and [HHb] signals measured over the frontal region were found to have a varying association with the MBP signal across different volunteers. The effect of these systemic changes on measured NIRS signals must be considered},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\ZFEVGYVT\\Tachtsidis et al. - 2008 - Measurement of Frontal Lobe Functional Activation .pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-387-74911-2},
  keywords = {Anagrams,Frontal lobe activation,Near-infrared spectroscopy},
  language = {en},
  series = {Advances {{In Experimental Medicine And Biology}}}
}

@incollection{tachtsidis2009,
  title = {False {{Positives In Functional Nearinfrared Topography}}},
  booktitle = {Oxygen {{Transport}} to {{Tissue XXX}}},
  author = {Tachtsidis, Ilias and Leung, Terence S. and Chopra, Anchal and Koh, Peck H. and Reid, Caroline B. and Elwell, Clare E.},
  editor = {Back, Nathan and Cohen, Irun R. and Lajtha, Abel N.S. and Lambris, John D. and Paoletti, Rodolfo and Liss, Per and Hansell, Peter and Bruley, Duane F. and Harrison, David K.},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {645},
  pages = {307--314},
  publisher = {{Springer US}},
  address = {{Boston, MA}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-85998-9_46},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\RXJHX798\\Tachtsidis et al. - 2009 - False Positives In Functional Nearinfrared Topogra.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-387-85997-2 978-0-387-85998-9},
  language = {en}
}

@article{tachtsidis2011,
  title = {Analysis of the Changes in the Oxidation of Brain Tissue Cytochrome-c-Oxidase in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients during Hypercapnoea: A Broadband {{NIRS}} Study},
  shorttitle = {Analysis of the Changes in the Oxidation of Brain Tissue Cytochrome-c-Oxidase in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients during Hypercapnoea},
  author = {Tachtsidis, Ilias and Tisdall, Martin M. and Pritchard, Caroline and Leung, Terence S. and Ghosh, Arnab and Elwell, Clare E. and Smith, Martin},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {701},
  pages = {9--14},
  issn = {0065-2598},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-7756-4_2},
  abstract = {Using broadband near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and cerebral microdialysis (MD),we investigated cerebral cellular metabolism and mitochondrial redox states, following hypercapnoea in 6 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). In all patients hypercapnoea increased intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity measured with transcranial Doppler. Despite the likely increase in cerebral oxygen delivery, we did not see an increase in the oxidation status of cytochrome-c-oxidase [oxCCO] in every patient. Analysis of the NIRS data demonstrated two patterns of the changes; Group A (n = 4) showed an increase in [oxCCO] of 0.34({$\pm$} 0.34)\textmu{}M and Group B (n = 2) a decrease of 0.40({$\pm$} 0.41)\textmu{}M. Although no obvious association was seen between the {$\Delta$}[oxCCO] and the MD, measured changes in lactate and pyruvate concentrations. Further work using model informed data interpretation may be helpful in understanding the multimodal signals acquired in this heterogeneous patient group.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\ZVZWS38S\\Tachtsidis et al. - 2011 - Analysis of the changes in the oxidation of brain .pdf},
  journal = {Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology},
  keywords = {Adult,Brain,Brain Injuries,Electron Transport Complex IV,Female,Humans,Hypercapnia,Lactic Acid,Male,Middle Aged,Mitochondria,Oxidation-Reduction,Pyruvic Acid,Ultrasonography; Doppler,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  pmcid = {PMC4038017},
  pmid = {21445763}
}

@article{tak2014a,
  title = {Statistical Analysis of {{fNIRS}} Data: {{A}} Comprehensive Review},
  shorttitle = {Statistical Analysis of {{fNIRS}} Data},
  author = {Tak, Sungho and Ye, Jong Chul},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  volume = {85},
  pages = {72--91},
  issn = {1053-8119},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.016},
  abstract = {Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive method to measure brain activities using the changes of optical absorption in the brain through the intact skull. fNIRS has many advantages over other neuroimaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), or magnetoencephalography (MEG), since it can directly measure blood oxygenation level changes related to neural activation with high temporal resolution. However, fNIRS signals are highly corrupted by measurement noises and physiology-based systemic interference. Careful statistical analyses are therefore required to extract neuronal activity-related signals from fNIRS data. In this paper, we provide an extensive review of historical developments of statistical analyses of fNIRS signal, which include motion artifact correction, short source-detector separation correction, principal component analysis (PCA)/independent component analysis (ICA), false discovery rate (FDR), serially-correlated errors, as well as inference techniques such as the standard t-test, F-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and statistical parameter mapping (SPM) framework. In addition, to provide a unified view of various existing inference techniques, we explain a linear mixed effect model with restricted maximum likelihood (ReML) variance estimation, and show that most of the existing inference methods for fNIRS analysis can be derived as special cases. Some of the open issues in statistical analysis are also described.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\XX8NEB37\\S1053811913006538.html},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {-Test,Correlation analysis,Data-driven analysis,fNIRS,GLM,Group analysis,mixed model,Multi-level analysis,Multiple comparison,Spectral analysis,Statistical parameter mapping,Statistics},
  language = {en},
  series = {Celebrating 20 {{Years}} of {{Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy}} ({{fNIRS}})}
}

@article{tong2012,
  title = {Low-Frequency Oscillations Measured in the Periphery with near-Infrared Spectroscopy Are Strongly Correlated with Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signals},
  author = {Tong, Yunjie and Hocke, Lia Maria and Licata, Stephanie C. and deB Frederick, Blaise},
  year = {2012},
  month = oct,
  volume = {17},
  pages = {106004},
  issn = {1083-3668, 1560-2281},
  doi = {10.1117/1.JBO.17.10.106004},
  abstract = {Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) in the range of 0.01-0.15 Hz are commonly observed in functional imaging studies, such as blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Some of these LFOs are nonneuronal and are closely related to autonomic physiological processes. In the current study, we conducted a concurrent resting-state fMRI and NIRS experiment with healthy volunteers. LFO data was collected simultaneously at peripheral sites (middle fingertip and big toes) by NIRS, and centrally in the brain by BOLD fMRI. The cross-correlations of the LFOs collected from the finger, toes, and brain were calculated. Our data show that the LFOs measured in the periphery (NIRS signals) and in the brain (BOLD fMRI) were strongly correlated with varying time delays. This demonstrates that some portion of the LFOs actually reflect systemic physiological circulatory effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NIRS is effective for measuring the peripheral LFOs, and that these LFOs and the temporal shifts between them are consistent in healthy participants and may serve as useful biomarkers for detecting and monitoring circulatory dysfunction.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\9XGC32QW\\Tong et al. - 2012 - Low-frequency oscillations measured in the periphe.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\6CA8FYQV\\1.JBO.17.10.106004.html},
  journal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},
  number = {10}
}

@article{tong2013,
  title = {Evaluating the Effects of Systemic Low Frequency Oscillations Measured in the Periphery on the Independent Component Analysis Results of Resting State Networks},
  author = {Tong, Yunjie and Hocke, Lia M. and Nickerson, Lisa D. and Licata, Stephanie C. and Lindsey, Kimberly P. and deB. Frederick, Blaise},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  volume = {76},
  pages = {202--215},
  issn = {1053-8119},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.019},
  abstract = {Independent component analysis (ICA) is widely used in resting state functional connectivity studies. ICA is a data-driven method, which uses no a priori anatomical or functional assumptions. However, as a result, it still relies on the user to distinguish the independent components (ICs) corresponding to neuronal activation, peripherally originating signals (without directly attributable neuronal origin, such as respiration, cardiac pulsation and Mayer wave), and acquisition artifacts. In this concurrent near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)/functional MRI (fMRI) resting state study, we developed a method to systematically and quantitatively identify the ICs that show strong contributions from signals originating in the periphery. We applied group ICA (MELODIC from FSL) to the resting state data of 10 healthy participants. The systemic low frequency oscillation (LFO) detected simultaneously at each participant's fingertip by NIRS was used as a regressor to correlate with every subject-specific IC time course. The ICs that had high correlation with the systemic LFO were those closely associated with previously described sensorimotor, visual, and auditory networks. The ICs associated with the default mode and frontoparietal networks were less affected by the peripheral signals. The consistency and reproducibility of the results were evaluated using bootstrapping. This result demonstrates that systemic, low frequency oscillations in hemodynamic properties overlay the time courses of many spatial patterns identified in ICA analyses, which complicates the detection and interpretation of connectivity in these regions of the brain.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\WL673C5R\\Tong et al. - 2013 - Evaluating the effects of systemic low frequency o.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\T9R3QYEA\\S1053811913002619.html},
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  keywords = {BOLD fMRI,Independent component analysis,Low frequency oscillation,Near infrared spectroscopy,Physiological noise,Resting state networks}
}

@article{tong2019,
  title = {Low {{Frequency Systemic Hemodynamic}} ``{{Noise}}'' in {{Resting State BOLD fMRI}}: {{Characteristics}}, {{Causes}}, {{Implications}}, {{Mitigation Strategies}}, and {{Applications}}},
  shorttitle = {Low {{Frequency Systemic Hemodynamic}} ``{{Noise}}'' in {{Resting State BOLD fMRI}}},
  author = {Tong, Yunjie and Hocke, Lia M. and Frederick, Blaise B.},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1662-4548},
  doi = {10.3389/fnins.2019.00787},
  abstract = {Advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisition have improved signal to noise to the point where the physiology of the subject is the dominant noise source in resting state fMRI data (rsfMRI). Among these systemic, non-neuronal physiological signals, respiration and to some degree cardiac fluctuations can be removed through modeling, or in the case of newer, faster acquisitions such as simultaneous multislice acquisition, simple spectral filtering. However, significant low frequency physiological oscillation ({$\sim$}0.01\textendash{}0.15 Hz) remains in the signal. This is problematic, as it is the precise frequency band occupied by the neuronally modulated hemodynamic responses used to study brain connectivity, precluding its removal by spectral filtering. The source of this signal, and its method of production and propagation in the body, have not been conclusively determined. Here, we summarize the defining characteristics of the systemic low frequency noise signal, and review some current theories about the signal source and the evidence supporting them. The strength and distribution of the systemic LFO signal make characterizing and removing it essential for accurate quantification, especially for resting state connectivity, when no stimulation can be compared with the signal. Widespread correlated non-neuronal signals obscure and distort the more localized patterns of neuronal correlations between interacting brain regions; they may even cause apparent connectivity between regions with no neuronal interaction. Here, we discuss a simple method we have developed to parse the global, moving, blood-borne signal from the stationary, neuronal connectivity signals, substantially reducing the negative correlations that result from global signal regression. Finally, we will discuss some of the uses to which the moving systemic low frequency oscillation can be put if we consider it a ``signal'' carrying information, rather than simply ``noise'' complicating the interpretation of resting state connectivity. Properly utilizing this signal may offer insights into subtle hemodynamic alterations that can be used as early indicators of circulatory dysfunction in a number of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as prodromal stroke, moyamoya, and Alzheimer's disease.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\Q27U8W2A\\Tong et al. - 2019 - Low Frequency Systemic Hemodynamic “Noise” in Rest.pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  pmcid = {PMC6702789},
  pmid = {31474815}
}

@article{vanombergen2017,
  title = {The Effect of Spaceflight and Microgravity on the Human Brain},
  author = {Van Ombergen, Angelique and Demertzi, Athena and Tomilovskaya, Elena and Jeurissen, Ben and Sijbers, Jan and Kozlovskaya, Inessa B. and Parizel, Paul M. and {Van de Heyning}, Paul H. and Sunaert, Stefan and Laureys, Steven and Wuyts, Floris L.},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  volume = {264},
  pages = {18--22},
  issn = {1432-1459},
  doi = {10.1007/s00415-017-8427-x},
  abstract = {Microgravity, confinement, isolation, and immobilization are just some of the features astronauts have to cope with during space missions. Consequently, long-duration space travel can have detrimental effects on human physiology. Although research has focused on the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system in particular, the exact impact of spaceflight on the human central nervous system remains to be determined. Previous studies have reported psychological problems, cephalic fluid shifts, neurovestibular problems, and cognitive alterations, but there is paucity in the knowledge of the underlying neural substrates. Previous space analogue studies and preliminary spaceflight studies have shown an involvement of the cerebellum, cortical sensorimotor, and somatosensory areas and the vestibular pathways. Extending this knowledge is crucial, especially in view of long-duration interplanetary missions (e.g., Mars missions) and space tourism. In addition, the acquired insight could be relevant for vestibular patients, patients with neurodegenerative disorders, as well as the elderly population, coping with multisensory deficit syndromes, immobilization, and inactivity.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\QE9937IG\\Van Ombergen et al. - 2017 - The effect of spaceflight and microgravity on the .pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Neurology},
  keywords = {Bed rest,Brain,Central nervous system,Dry immersion,EEG,Human spaceflight,Microgravity,MRI,Neuroplasticity,Parabolic flight},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{varshney2012,
  title = {Detection of Inter-Hemispheric Functional Connectivity in Motor Cortex with Coherence Analysis},
  author = {Varshney, V. P. and Liapounova, N. and Golestani, A.-M. and Goodyear, B. and Dunn, J. F.},
  year = {2012},
  month = nov,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {12047},
  issn = {1990-2573},
  doi = {10.2971/jeos.2012.12047},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\A48ZE4VB\\Varshney et al. - 2012 - Detection of inter-hemispheric functional connecti.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of the European Optical Society: Rapid Publications},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{walker2007,
  title = {A {{Neurologist}}'s {{Experience}} with {{QEEG Guided Neurofeedback Following Brain Injury}}},
  author = {Walker, Jonathan S.},
  year = {2007},
  doi = {10.1201/b14658-20},
  keywords = {concussion,eeg}
}

@article{whittaker2019a,
  title = {Cerebral {{Autoregulation Evidenced}} by {{Synchronized Low Frequency Oscillations}} in {{Blood Pressure}} and {{Resting}}-{{State fMRI}}},
  author = {Whittaker, Joseph R. and Driver, Ian D. and Venzi, Marcello and Bright, Molly G. and Murphy, Kevin},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1662-453X},
  doi = {10.3389/fnins.2019.00433},
  abstract = {Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a widely used technique for mapping the brain's functional architecture, so delineating the main sources of variance comprising the signal is crucial. Low frequency oscillations (LFO) that are not of neural origin, but which are driven by mechanisms related to cerebral autoregulation (CA), are present in the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal within the rs-fMRI frequency band. In this study we use a MR compatible device (Caretaker, Biopac) to obtain a non-invasive estimate of beat-to-beat mean arterial pressure (MAP) fluctuations concurrently with rs-fMRI at 3T. Healthy adult subjects (n=9; 5 male) completed two 20-minute rs-fMRI scans. MAP fluctuations were decomposed into different frequency scales using a discrete wavelet transform, and oscillations at approximately 0.1Hz show a high degree of spatially structured correlations with matched frequency fMRI fluctuations. On average across subjects, MAP fluctuations at this scale of the wavelet decomposition explain \textasciitilde{} 2.2\% of matched frequency fMRI signal variance. Additionally, a simultaneous multi-slice multi-echo acquisition was used to collect 10-minute rs-fMRI at three echo times at 7T in a separate group of healthy adults (n=5; 5 male). Multiple echo times were used to estimate the R2* decay at every time point, and MAP was shown to strongly correlate with this signal, which suggests a purely BOLD (i.e. blood flow related) origin. This study demonstrates that there is a significant component of the BOLD signal that has a systemic physiological origin, and highlights the fact that not all localized BOLD signal changes necessarily reflect blood flow supporting local neural activity. Instead, these data show that a proportion of BOLD signal fluctuations in rs-fMRI are due to localized control of blood flow that is independent of local neural activity, most likely reflecting more general systemic autoregulatory processes. Thus, fMRI is a promising tool for studying flow changes associated with cerebral autoregulation with high spatial resolution.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\K8RP63H9\\Whittaker et al. - 2019 - Cerebral Autoregulation Evidenced by Synchronized .pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  keywords = {Blood preasure,BOLD (blood oxygenation leveldependent) signal,CBF = cerebral blood flow,cerebral autoregulation,cerebral physiology,LFO (low-frequency oscillation),Resting-state fMR (RS-fMR)},
  language = {English}
}

@article{wollseiffen2016,
  title = {Neuro-Cognitive Performance Is Enhanced during Short Periods of Microgravity},
  author = {Wollseiffen, Petra and Vogt, Tobias and Abeln, Vera and Str{\"u}der, Heiko K. and Askew, Christopher D. and Schneider, Stefan},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  volume = {155},
  pages = {9--16},
  issn = {0031-9384},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.036},
  abstract = {There is increasing interest in the effects of microgravity on cognitive processing, particularly as it relates to the potential for human space travel. While findings to date are quite inconsistent, studies reporting a decrement in cognitive performance have generally not been able to distinguish between the direct influence of microgravity, and any associated influence of stress. Furthermore, the currently available findings are primarily based on behavioral observations, and there is a need to better understand the underlying neurophysiological responses. The current study aimed to determine the effects of microgravity on neurophysiological processing during a mental arithmetic task (executive function). During the normal- and microgravity phases of a parabolic flight, four levels of a mental arithmetic task were presented on a touchscreen tablet. The latency between the appearance of the problem and the participants' response was identified as reaction time. In addition visual evoked potentials N1 and P2 were determined using an active EEG system and analyzed using source localization algorithms. Results showed an increase in reaction time with increasing levels of task difficulty. During the most complex levels, reaction time was significantly reduced during microgravity. This observation was independent of previous parabolic flight experience as well as the use of anti-motion-sickness medication. P2 amplitude decrease during microgravity was concomitant to a related involvement of the superior frontal and medial frontal gyrus. It is concluded that cortical processes are enhanced during microgravity, and that previously reported impairments in cognitive performance are likely attributable to increased stress rather than weightlessness itself.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\3FJ96S9U\\Wollseiffen et al. - 2016 - Neuro-cognitive performance is enhanced during sho.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\NN8NA3D8\\Wollseiffen et al. - 2016 - Neuro-cognitive performance is enhanced during sho.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\46ATP3CR\\S0031938415301955.html},
  journal = {Physiology \& Behavior},
  keywords = {Cognitive processing,EEG,ERP,P2,Parabolic flight,Reaction time}
}

@article{wuest2018,
  title = {Electrophysiological Experiments in Microgravity: Lessons Learned and Future Challenges},
  shorttitle = {Electrophysiological Experiments in Microgravity},
  author = {Wuest, Simon L. and Gantenbein, Benjamin and Ille, Fabian and Egli, Marcel},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {1--7},
  issn = {2373-8065},
  doi = {10.1038/s41526-018-0042-3},
  abstract = {Advances in electrophysiological experiments have led to the discovery of mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) and the identification of the physiological function of specific MSCs. They are believed to play important roles in mechanosensitive pathways by allowing for cells to sense their mechanical environment. However, the physiological function of many MSCs has not been conclusively identified. Therefore, experiments have been developed that expose cells to various mechanical loads, such as shear flow, membrane indentation, osmotic challenges and hydrostatic pressure. In line with these experiments, mechanical unloading, as experienced in microgravity, represents an interesting alternative condition, since exposure to microgravity leads to a series of physiological adaption processes. As outlined in this review, electrophysiological experiments performed in microgravity have shown an influence of gravity on biological functions depending on ion channels at all hierarchical levels, from the cellular level to organs. In this context, calcium signaling represents an interesting cellular pathway, as it involves the direct action of calcium-permeable ion channels, and specific gravitatic cells have linked graviperception to this pathway. Multiple key proteins in the graviperception pathways have been identified. However, measurements on vertebrae cells have revealed controversial results. In conclusion, electrophysiological experiments in microgravity have shown that ion-channel-dependent physiological processes are altered in mechanically unloaded conditions. Future experiments may provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.},
  copyright = {2018 The Author(s)},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\5IGIVZKR\\Wuest et al. - 2018 - Electrophysiological experiments in microgravity .pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\8RYPPWEG\\s41526-018-0042-3.html},
  journal = {npj Microgravity},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{yoshiura1999,
  title = {Functional {{MRI}} Study of Auditory and Visual Oddball Tasks},
  author = {Yoshiura, T. and Zhong, J. and Shibata, D. K. and Kwok, W. E. and Shrier, D. A. and Numaguchi, Y.},
  year = {1999},
  month = jun,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {1683--1688},
  issn = {0959-4965},
  doi = {10.1097/00001756-199906030-00011},
  abstract = {To seek neural sources of endogenous event-related potentials, brain activations related to rare target stimuli detection in auditory and visual oddball tasks were imaged using a high temporal resolution functional MRI technique. There were multiple modality specific and modality non-specific activations. Auditory specific activations were seen in the bilateral transverse temporal gyri and posterior superior temporal planes while visual specific activations were seen in the bilateral occipital lobes and their junctions with the temporal lobes. Modality non-specific activations were seen in multiple areas including the bilateral parietal and temporal association areas, bilateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral premotor areas, bilateral supplementary motor areas and anterior cingulate gyrus. Results were consistent with previous intracranial evoked potential recording studies, and supported the multiple generator theory of the endogenous event-related potentials.},
  journal = {Neuroreport},
  keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation,Adult,Brain,Brain Mapping,Evoked Potentials; Auditory,Evoked Potentials; Visual,Female,Humans,Image Processing; Computer-Assisted,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Oddball (A\&V),Photic Stimulation},
  language = {eng},
  number = {8},
  pmid = {10501557}
}

@article{yuan2016,
  title = {The Effects of Long-Term Stress on Neural Dynamics of Working Memory Processing: {{An}} Investigation Using {{ERP}}},
  shorttitle = {The Effects of Long-Term Stress on Neural Dynamics of Working Memory Processing},
  author = {Yuan, Yiran and Leung, Ada W. S. and Duan, Hongxia and Zhang, Liang and Zhang, Kan and Wu, Jianhui and Qin, Shaozheng},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {1--10},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/srep23217},
  abstract = {This study examined the neural dynamics of working memory (WM) processing under long-term stress. Forty participants who had been exposed to a long period of major exam preparation (six months) and twenty-one control participants performed a numerical n-back task (n\,=\,1,\,2) while electroencephalograms were recorded. Psychological and endocrinal measurements confirmed significantly higher levels of long-term stress for participants in the exam group. The exam group showed significantly increased P2 amplitude in the frontal-central sites in the 1-back and 2-back conditions, whereas other ERP components, including the P1, N1 and P3 and behavioral performance, were unchanged. Notably, the P2 effect was most pronounced in participants in the exam group who reported perceiving high levels of stress. The perceived stress scores positively correlated with the P2 amplitude in the 1-back and 2-back conditions. These results suggest that long-term stress has an impact on attention and the initiation of the updating process in WM.},
  copyright = {2016 The Author(s)},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\MASFLB9Y\\Yuan et al. - 2016 - The effects of long-term stress on neural dynamics.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\RLERRF58\\srep23217.html},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  keywords = {ERP (N-back)},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{yurgil2013,
  title = {Cortical Potentials in an Auditory Oddball Task Reflect Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity},
  author = {Yurgil, Kate A. and Golob, Edward J.},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  volume = {50},
  pages = {1263--1274},
  issn = {0048-5772},
  doi = {10.1111/psyp.12140},
  abstract = {This study determined whether auditory cortical responses associated with mechanisms of attention vary with individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and perceptual load. The operation span test defined subjects with low vs. high WMC, who then discriminated target/nontarget tones while EEG was recorded. Infrequent white noise distracters were presented at midline or {$\pm$}90\textdegree{} locations, and perceptual load was manipulated by varying nontarget frequency. Amplitude of the N100 to distracters was negatively correlated with WMC. Relative to targets, only high WMC subjects showed attenuated N100 amplitudes to nontargets. In the higher WMC group, increased perceptual load was associated with decreased P3a amplitudes to distracters and longer-lasting negative slow wave to nontargets. Results show that auditory cortical processing is associated with multiple facets of attention control related to WMC and possibly higher-level cognition.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\DZQS3ZJY\\Yurgil and Golob - 2013 - Cortical potentials in an auditory oddball task re.pdf},
  journal = {Psychophysiology},
  keywords = {oddball},
  number = {12},
  pmcid = {PMC4082305},
  pmid = {24016201}
}

@article{zhang2015,
  title = {Multiregional Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals Globally Symmetrical and Frequency-Specific Patterns of Superficial Interference},
  author = {Zhang, Yujin and Tan, Fulun and Xu, Xu and Duan, Lian and Liu, Hanli and Tian, Fenghua and Zhu, Chao-Zhe},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {2786--2802},
  issn = {2156-7085},
  doi = {10.1364/BOE.6.002786},
  abstract = {Linear regression with short source-detector separation channels (S-channels) as references is an efficient way to overcome significant physiological interference from the superficial layer for functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). However, the co-located configuration of S-channels and long source-detector separation channels (L-channels) is difficult to achieve in practice. In this study, we recorded superficial interference with S-channels in multiple scalp regions. We found that superficial interference has overall frequency-specific and globally symmetrical patterns. The performance of linear regression is also dependent on these patterns, indicating the possibility of simplifying the S-channel configurations for multiregional fNIRS imaging.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\6U6SIC49\\Zhang et al. - 2015 - Multiregional functional near-infrared spectroscop.pdf},
  journal = {Biomedical Optics Express},
  keywords = {fnirs,signal composition},
  number = {8},
  pmcid = {PMC4541508},
  pmid = {26309744}
}

@article{zhao2017,
  title = {Review of Recent Progress toward a Fiberless, Whole-Scalp Diffuse Optical Tomography System},
  author = {Zhao, Hubin and Cooper, Robert J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {011012},
  issn = {2329-423X, 2329-4248},
  doi = {10.1117/1.NPh.5.1.011012},
  abstract = {The development of a whole-scalp, high sampling-density diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system is a critical next step in the evolution of the field of diffuse optics. To achieve this with optical fiber bundles is extremely challenging, simply because of the sheer number of bundles required, and the associated challenges of weight and ergonomics. Dispensing with optical fiber bundles and moving to head-mounted optoelectronics can potentially facilitate the advent of a new generation of wearable, whole-scalp technologies that will open up a range of new experimental and clinical applications for diffuse optical measurements. Here, we present a concise review of the significant progress that has been made toward achieving a wearable, fiberless, high-density, whole-scalp DOT system. We identify the key limitations of current technologies and discuss the possible opportunities for future development.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\NG6BRKNG\\Zhao and Cooper - 2017 - Review of recent progress toward a fiberless, whol.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\8CRTR87W\\1.NPh.5.1.011012.html},
  journal = {Neurophotonics},
  keywords = {fNIRS,intro,review},
  number = {1}
}

@article{zhu2017,
  title = {Decreased Functional Connectivity and Disrupted Neural Network in the Prefrontal Cortex of Affective Disorders: {{A}} Resting-State {{fNIRS}} Study},
  shorttitle = {Decreased Functional Connectivity and Disrupted Neural Network in the Prefrontal Cortex of Affective Disorders},
  author = {Zhu, Huilin and Xu, Jie and Li, Jiangxue and Peng, Hongjun and Cai, Tingting and Li, Xinge and Wu, Shijing and Cao, Wei and He, Sailing},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  volume = {221},
  pages = {132--144},
  issn = {1573-2517},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.024},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Affective disorders (AD) have been conceptualized as neural network-level diseases. In this study, we utilized functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate the spontaneous hemodynamic activities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the AD patients with or without medications.
METHODS: 42 optical channels were applied to cover the superior frontal gyrus (SFG), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), which constitute one of the most important affective networks of the brain. We performed resting-state measurements on 28 patients who were diagnosed as having AD and 30 healthy controls (HC). Raw fNIRS data were preprocessed with independent component analysis (ICA) and a band-pass filter to remove artifacts and physiological noise.
RESULTS: By systematically analyzing the intra-regional, intrahemispheric, and interhemispheric connectivities based on the spontaneous oscillations of {$\Delta$}[HbO], our results indicated that patients with AD exhibited significantly reduced intra-regional and symmetrically interhemispheric connectivities in the PFC when compared to HC. More specifically, relative to HC, AD patients showed significantly lower locally functional connectivity in the right IFG, and poor long-distance connectivity between bilateral IFG. In addition, AD patients without medication presented more disrupted cortical organizations in the PFC, and the severity of self-reported symptoms of depression was negatively correlated with the strength of intra-regional and symmetrically interhemispheric connectivity in the PFC.
LIMITATIONS: Regarding the measuring technique, fNIRS has restricted measurement depth and spatial resolution. During the study, the subgroups of AD, such as major depressive disorder, bipolar, comorbidity, or non-comorbidity, dosage of psychotropic drugs, as well as different types of pharmacological responses were not distinguished and systematically compared. Furthermore, due to the limitation of the research design, it was still not very clear how pharmacological treatment affected the resting state cortical organization of the prefrontal lobe, and the degree of the effect in patients with AD.
CONCLUSION: These results strongly supported that RSFC measured by fNIRS could be a useful and powerful way of delineating the neuropathology of AD.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\5KQ7NDLX\\Zhu et al. - 2017 - Decreased functional connectivity and disrupted ne.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Affective Disorders},
  keywords = {Adult,Affective disorders,Brain,Brain Mapping,Depression,Female,Functional near infrared spectroscopy,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Mood Disorders,Neural networks,Neural Pathways,Prefrontal Cortex,Rest,Resting-state functional connectivity,Spectroscopy; Near-Infrared,Young Adult},
  language = {eng},
  pmid = {28645025}
}

@misc{zotero-280,
  title = {The {{NIRS Cap}}: {{Key Part}} of {{Emerging Wearable Brain}}-{{Device Interfaces}} | {{IntechOpen}}},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\QGGT3V4N\\the-nirs-cap-key-part-of-emerging-wearable-brain-device-interfaces.html},
  howpublished = {https://www.intechopen.com/books/developments-in-near-infrared-spectroscopy/the-nirs-cap-key-part-of-emerging-wearable-brain-device-interfaces},
  keywords = {fNIRS,Intro}
}

@misc{zotero-307,
  title = {Revealing the {{Electrophysiological Correlates}} of {{Working Memory}}-{{Load Effects}} in {{Symmetry Span Task With HHT Method}}. - {{Abstract}} - {{Europe PMC}}},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Ateyeh\\Zotero\\storage\\EEC48NUR\\6499155.html},
  howpublished = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/6499155},
  keywords = {ERP (N-back)}
}

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/main

extension: bib


text:
package util

import (
	"fmt"
	"time"

	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/request"
	"github.com/cycloidio/terracognita/log"
)

const (
	timesDefault    = 3
	intervalDefault = 30 * time.Second
)

// RetryFn it's a type to represent the function wrapped for the
// Retry or RetryDefault methods
type RetryFn func() error

// Retry calls rfn and checks the errors, if it matches the error
// and if it does it tries 'times' withing the 'interval'
func Retry(rfn RetryFn, times int, interval time.Duration) error {
	err := rfn()
	times--
	if err != nil {
		if times == 0 {
			return err
		}
		// If the error is from the stdlib we just continue with them
		// This is a fix because 'request.IsErrorRetryable(err)' will always
		// retry normal errors "just in case" and we do not want to retry errors
		// that we return
		// *errors.errorString is the standar lib
		// *errors.fundamental is the github.com/pkg/errors
		// This way if it's an std error or one from us we skip the Retry
		errtype := fmt.Sprintf("%T", err)
		if errtype == "*errors.errorString" || errtype == "*errors.fundamental" || errtype == "*errors.withStack" || errtype == "*errors.withMessage" {
			return err
		}
		if request.IsErrorRetryable(err) || request.IsErrorThrottle(err) || request.IsErrorExpiredCreds(err) {
			log.Get().Log("func", "utils.Retry", "msg", "waiting for Throttling error", "err", fmt.Sprintf("%+v", err), "times-left", times)
			time.Sleep(interval)
			return Retry(rfn, times, interval)
		}
	}

	return err
}

// RetryDefault calls Retry with the default parameters
func RetryDefault(rfn RetryFn) error {
	return Retry(rfn, timesDefault, intervalDefault)
}

license: MIT

repository: cycloidio/terracognita

repo_name: cycloidio/terracognita

branch_name: refs/heads/master

gha_license_id: MIT

gha_language: Go

extension: go


text:
require gsoap_${PV}.bb
inherit native

do_stage() {
	autotools_stage_all
}

do_install() {
	:
}

repository: BackupTheBerlios/openslug-svn

repo_name: BackupTheBerlios/openslug-svn

extension: bb


text:
package datadog_test

import (
	"log"
	"net/http"

	"github.com/garukun/opencensus-go-exporter-datadog"
	"go.opencensus.io/plugin/ochttp"
	"go.opencensus.io/stats/view"
)

func Example() {
	exporter, err := datadog.NewExporter(datadog.Options{APIKey: "datadog-api-key"})
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}

	// Export to Datadog.
	view.RegisterExporter(exporter)

	// Subscribe views to see stats in Datadog.
	if err := view.Register(
		ochttp.ClientLatencyView,
		ochttp.ClientResponseCountByStatusCode,
	); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}

	instrumentedClient := &http.Client{
		Transport: &ochttp.Transport{},
	}

	// Use the instrumented client so that the metrics are collected.
	resp, err := instrumentedClient.Get("https://opencensus.io")
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	resp.Body.Close()

	resp, err = instrumentedClient.Get("https://datadog.com")
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	resp.Body.Close()

	// Invoke Flush to ensure metrics are uploaded to Datadog.
	exporter.Flush()
}

repository: garukun/opencensus-go-exporter-datadog

repo_name: garukun/opencensus-go-exporter-datadog