text:
@article{
   author = {Abdovic, S. and Mocic Pavic, A. and Milosevic, M. and Persic, M. and Senecic-Cala, I. and Kolacek, S.},
   title = {The IMPACT-III (HR) questionnaire: a valid measure of health-related quality of life in Croatian children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {7},
   number = {11},
   pages = {908-15},
   note = {1876-4479
Abdovic, Slaven
Mocic Pavic, Ana
Milosevic, Milan
Persic, Mladen
Senecic-Cala, Irena
Kolacek, Sanja
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Validation Studies
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Dec;7(11):908-15. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.12.010. Epub 2013 Jan 18.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To assess the reliability and validity of IMPACT-III (HR), a disease-specific, health-related quality of life instrument in Croatian children with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: In a multicenter study, 104 children participated in a validation study of IMPACT-III (HR) cross-culturally adapted for Croatia. Factor analysis was used to determine optimal domain structure for this cohort, analysis of Cronbach's alpha coefficients to test internal reliability, ANOVA to assess discriminant validity, and correlation with Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Version 4.0 (PedsQL) using Pearson correlation coefficients to assess concurrent validity. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha for the IMPACT-III (HR) total score was 0.92. The most robust factor solution was a 5-domain structure: Symptoms, Concerns, Socializing, Body Image, and Worry about Stool, all of which demonstrated good internal reliability (alpha=0.60-0.89), but two items were dropped to achieve this. Discriminant validity was demonstrated by significant differences (P<0.001) in mean IMPACT-III (HR) scores between quiescent and mild or moderate-severe disease activity groups for total (148 vs. 139 or 125) and following factor scores: Symptoms (84 vs. 71 or 61), Socializing (91 vs. 83 or 76), and Worry about Stool (significant only between quiescent and moderate-severe groups, 90 vs. 62, respectively). Concurrent validity of IMPACT-III (HR) with PedsQL showed significant correlation, which was strongest when similar domains were compared. CONCLUSION: IMPACT-III (HR) appears to be useful tool to measure health-related quality of life in Croatian children with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Body Image
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology/therapy
Croatia/epidemiology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology/therapy
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*psychology/therapy
Male
*Quality of Life
Risk Assessment
Severity of Illness Index
Sex Factors
Sickness Impact Profile
*Surveys and Questionnaires
Time Factors
Children
Crohn's disease
Health-related quality of life
Inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {23333037},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2012.12.010},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Adedokun, O. J. and Xu, Z. and Padgett, L. and Blank, M. and Johanns, J. and Griffiths, A. and Ford, J. and Zhou, H. and Guzzo, C. and Davis, H. M. and Hyams, J.},
   title = {Pharmacokinetics of infliximab in children with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis: results from a randomized, multicenter, open-label, phase 3 study},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {13},
   pages = {2753-62},
   note = {1536-4844
Adedokun, Omoniyi J
Xu, Zhenhua
Padgett, Lakshmi
Blank, Marion
Johanns, Jewel
Griffiths, Anne
Ford, Joyce
Zhou, Honghui
Guzzo, Cynthia
Davis, Hugh M
Hyams, Jeffrey
Clinical Trial, Phase III
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Dec;19(13):2753-62. doi: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000435438.84365.f7.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: To assess infliximab pharmacokinetics in pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: This phase 3, randomized, open-label multicenter study enrolled 60 children (6-17 yr) with moderate-to-severely active UC (Mayo score, 6-12; endoscopic subscore, >/=2), despite conventional therapy. Patients received infliximab 5-mg/kg induction infusions at weeks 0, 2, and 6. Week 8 clinical responders (n = 45) were randomized to infliximab 5 mg/kg given every 8 weeks (q8w) through week 46 or every 12 weeks (q12w) through week 42. Patients losing response during maintenance infliximab were eligible to increase the dose (5-->10 mg/kg) and/or shorten the dosing interval (q12w-->q8w). Blood samples were collected for infliximab concentration and pharmacokinetic determinations. RESULTS: Infliximab pharmacokinetics were not influenced by age (6-11 yr versus 12-17 yr), baseline immunomodulator use, or the extent of UC. At week 8, higher serum infliximab concentrations (>/=41.1 mug/mL) were associated with greater proportions of patients achieving efficacy endpoints (clinical response, 92.9%; mucosal healing, 92.9%; and clinical remission, 64.3%) versus those with lower serum concentrations (<18.1 mug/mL; 53.9%, 53.9%, and 30.8%, respectively). At week 30, higher median trough serum infliximab concentrations were observed with infliximab 5 mg/kg q8w (1.9 mug/mL) versus q12w (0.8 mug/mL) and with infliximab 10 mg/kg (2.9 mug/mL) versus 5 mg/kg (1.1 mug/mL) among patients who are regimen adjusted. CONCLUSIONS: Infliximab pharmacokinetics/exposure-response relationship in patients with UC aged 6 to 17 years were generally comparable with those observed in reference adult UC populations, supporting using infliximab 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, and 6 followed by maintenance dosing with 5 mg/kg q8w in these patients. A positive relationship was noted between serum infliximab level and clinical effect following induction therapy similar to adults.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*metabolism
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics
Humans
Infliximab
Male
Tissue Distribution
Treatment Outcome
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24193155},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.MIB.0000435438.84365.f7},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Al-Hassi, H. O. and Mann, E. R. and Sanchez, B. and English, N. R. and Peake, S. T. and Landy, J. and Man, R. and Urdaci, M. and Hart, A. L. and Fernandez-Salazar, L. and Lee, G. H. and Garrote, J. A. and Arranz, E. and Margolles, A. and Stagg, A. J. and Knight, S. C. and Bernardo, D.},
   title = {Altered human gut dendritic cell properties in ulcerative colitis are reversed by Lactobacillus plantarum extracellular encrypted peptide STp},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {58},
   number = {5},
   pages = {1132-43},
   note = {1613-4133
Al-Hassi, Hafid O
Mann, Elizabeth R
Sanchez, Borja
English, Nicholas R
Peake, Simon T C
Landy, Jonathan
Man, Ripple
Urdaci, Maria
Hart, Ailsa L
Fernandez-Salazar, Luis
Lee, Gui Han
Garrote, Jose A
Arranz, Eduardo
Margolles, Abelardo
Stagg, Andrew J
Knight, Stella C
Bernardo, David
12-0234/Worldwide Cancer Research/United Kingdom
BB/J004529/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014 May;58(5):1132-43. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201300596. Epub 2013 Dec 18.},
   abstract = {SCOPE: The human/microbiota cross-talk is partially mediated by bacteria-derived peptides like Serine-Threonine peptide (STp), which is resistant to gut proteolysis, is found in the human healthy colon and induces regulatory properties on gut dendritic cells (DCs); here we characterized human gut DC in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and studied the effect of STp on their properties. METHODS AND RESULTS: Human colonic DC from healthy controls and UC patients were isolated, conditioned for 24 h +/- STp and characterized by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Expression of immature DC markers DC-SIGN and ILT3, and Toll-like receptors were increased on gut UC-DC. Langerin (involved in phagocytosis), lymph node homing marker CCR7, and activation markers CD40/CD80/CD86 were decreased in UC. Gut DC had restricted stimulatory capacity for T-cells in UC. Conditioning of DC with STp in vitro reduced Toll-like receptor expression, increased CD40 and CD80 expression, and restored their stimulatory capacity. CONCLUSION: Colonic DCs display an abnormal immature phenotype in UC, which was partially restored following STp treatment. Bacteria-derived metabolites, like STp, seem to have a role in gut homeostasis that is missing in UC so they might lead a new era of probiotic products setting the basis for nondrug dietary therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Antigens, CD/genetics/metabolism
Antigens, CD40/genetics/metabolism
Antigens, CD80/genetics/metabolism
Case-Control Studies
Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics/metabolism
Cell Proliferation/drug effects
Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology/*therapy
Dendritic Cells/drug effects/*metabolism
Female
Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects/metabolism/microbiology
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology/therapy
Lactobacillus plantarum/*metabolism
Lectins, C-Type/genetics/metabolism
Male
Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics/metabolism
Middle Aged
Peptides/*pharmacology
Probiotics/administration & dosage
Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/metabolism
Serine/*pharmacology
T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
Threonine/*pharmacology
Toll-Like Receptors/genetics/metabolism
Dendritic Cells
Microbiota
Postbiotics
STp
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {24347371},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.201300596},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ali, T. and Madhoun, M. F. and Orr, W. C. and Rubin, D. T.},
   title = {Assessment of the relationship between quality of sleep and disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2440-3},
   note = {1536-4844
Ali, Tauseef
Madhoun, Mohammad F
Orr, William C
Rubin, David T
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Oct;19(11):2440-3. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a0ea54.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Poor sleep quality is associated with adverse health consequences. Sleep disturbances can impact the immune function and process of inflammation. The relationship between sleep quality and the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been well studied. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study was performed to assess the correlation of the quality of sleep and disease activity in IBD. We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to measure sleep quality. IBD disease activity was measured by using the Harvey-Bradshaw Index or Modified Mayo Score. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were enrolled with mean age of 37 +/- 15.4 years and 27 (66%) women. Abnormal PSQI was present in all 23 (100%) of the clinically active patients and in 13 (72%) of those with inactive disease (odds ratio = 2.8, P = 0.007). All 30 patients with histologic evidence of inflammation on recent ileocolonoscopy also had abnormal PSQI scores, which were independent of their clinical disease activity status. Only 6 of 11 patients with histologically quiescent disease had abnormal PSQI scores (odds ratio = 6.0, P < 0.0001). There was no difference in disease type, use of steroids, the presence of depression or anxiety, and body mass index between the patients with normal and abnormal sleep. An abnormal PSQI had a positive predictive value for histologic inflammatory activity of 83%. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show a strong association between clinically active IBD and poor sleep quality and demonstrate that patients in clinical remission with abnormal sleep have a high likelihood of subclinical disease activity.},
   keywords = {Adult
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Crohn Disease/*complications
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Prognosis
Prospective Studies
*Quality of Life
Severity of Illness Index
Sleep Wake Disorders/*etiology},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {23945186},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a0ea54},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Aloi, M. and Lionetti, P. and Barabino, A. and Guariso, G. and Costa, S. and Fontana, M. and Romano, C. and Lombardi, G. and Miele, E. and Alvisi, P. and Diaferia, P. and Baldi, M. and Romagnoli, V. and Gasparetto, M. and Di Paola, M. and Muraca, M. and Pellegrino, S. and Cucchiara, S. and Martelossi, S.},
   title = {Phenotype and disease course of early-onset pediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {4},
   pages = {597-605},
   note = {1536-4844
Aloi, Marina
Lionetti, Paolo
Barabino, Arrigo
Guariso, Graziella
Costa, Stefano
Fontana, Massimo
Romano, Claudio
Lombardi, Giuliano
Miele, Erasmo
Alvisi, Patrizia
Diaferia, Paolo
Baldi, Maurizio
Romagnoli, Vittorio
Gasparetto, Marco
Di Paola, Monica
Muraca, Monica
Pellegrino, Salvatore
Cucchiara, Salvatore
Martelossi, Stefano
SIGENP IBD Group
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Apr;20(4):597-605. doi: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000442921.77945.09.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Early-onset (EO) pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) seem to be more extensive than those with a later onset. To test this hypothesis, we examined the phenotype and disease course of patients with IBD diagnosis at 0 to 5 years, compared with the ranges 6 to 11 and 12 to 18 years. METHODS: Anatomic locations and behaviors were assessed according to Paris classification in 506 consecutive patients: 224 Crohn's disease, 245 ulcerative colitis, and 37 IBD-unclassified. RESULTS: Eleven percent of patients were in the range 0 to 5 years, 39% in 6 to 11 years, and 50% in 12 to 18 years. Ulcerative colitis was the most frequent diagnosis in EO-IBD and in 6- to 11-year-old group, whereas Crohn's disease was predominant in older children. A classification as IBD-unclassified was more common in the range 0 to 5 years compared with the other groups (P < 0.005). EO Crohn's disease showed a more frequent isolated colonic (P < 0.005) and upper gastrointestinal involvement than later-onset disease. Sixty-two percent of the patients in the 0 to 5 years range had pancolonic ulcerative colitis, compared with 38% of 6 to 11 years (P = 0.02) and 31% of 12-18 years (P = 0.002) range. No statistical difference for family history for IBD was found in the 3-year age groups. Therapies at the diagnosis were similar for all children. However, at latest follow-up, a significantly higher proportion of younger children were under steroids compared with older groups (P < 0.05). Surgical risk did not differ according to age. CONCLUSIONS: EO-IBD exhibits an extensive phenotype and benefit from aggressive treatment strategies, although surgical risk is similar to later-onset disease. A family history for IBD is not common in EO disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age of Onset
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/classification/diagnosis/*epidemiology/therapy
Crohn Disease/classification/diagnosis/*epidemiology/therapy
Disease Progression
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Male
*Phenotype
*Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24569242},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mib.0000442921.77945.09},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Aloi, M. and Nuti, F. and Stronati, L. and Cucchiara, S.},
   title = {Advances in the medical management of paediatric IBD},
   journal = {Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {11},
   number = {2},
   pages = {99-108},
   note = {1759-5053
Aloi, Marina
Nuti, Federica
Stronati, Laura
Cucchiara, Salvatore
Journal Article
Review
England
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Feb;11(2):99-108. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.158. Epub 2013 Aug 20.},
   abstract = {IBD includes two classic entities, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and a third undetermined form (IBD-U), characterized by a chronic relapsing course resulting in a high rate of morbidity and impaired quality of life. Children with IBD are vulnerable in terms of growth failure, malnutrition and emotional effects. The aims of therapy have now transitioned from symptomatic control to the achievement of mucosal healing and deep remission. This type of therapy has been made possible by the advent of disease-modifying drugs, such as biologic agents, which are capable of interrupting the inflammatory cascade underlying IBD. Biologic agents are generally administered in patients who are refractory to conventional therapies. However, there is growing support that such agents could be used in the initial phases of the disease, typically in paediatric patients, to interrupt and cease the inflammatory process. Until several years ago, most therapeutic programmes in paediatric patients with IBD were borrowed from adult trials, whereas paediatric studies were often retrospective and uncontrolled. However, guidelines on therapeutic management of paediatric IBD and controlled, prospective, randomized trials including children with IBD have now been published. Here, the current knowledge concerning treatment options for children with IBD are reported. We also highlight the effectiveness and safety of new therapeutic advances in these paediatric patients.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Biological Therapy/*trends
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
Crohn Disease/therapy
Humans
*Immunomodulation
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*therapy
Nutrition Therapy/*trends
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1759-5045},
   Accession Number = {23958601},
   DOI = {10.1038/nrgastro.2013.158},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Amir Shaghaghi, M. and Bernstein, C. N. and Serrano Leon, A. and El-Gabalawy, H. and Eck, P.},
   title = {Polymorphisms in the sodium-dependent ascorbate transporter gene SLC23A1 are associated with susceptibility to Crohn disease},
   journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {99},
   number = {2},
   pages = {378-83},
   note = {1938-3207
Amir Shaghaghi, Mandana
Bernstein, Charles N
Serrano Leon, Alejandra
El-Gabalawy, Hani
Eck, Peter
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Feb;99(2):378-83. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.068015. Epub 2013 Nov 27.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are 2 common inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) associated with intestinal inflammation and tissue damage. Oxidative stress is suggested to play a major role in the initiation and progression of IBD. Vitamin C (ascorbate, ascorbic acid) supplementation has reduced oxidative stress in persons with IBD. The role of ascorbate transporters in IBD remains to be determined. SLC23A1 is a major ascorbate transporter in the intestinal tract, and some of its genetic variants have been associated with severely decreased ascorbate transport and lower systemic concentrations. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether common genetic variants in the vitamin C transporter SLC23A1 are associated with the risk of IBD. DESIGN: Genomic DNA samples from patients with CD (n = 162) and UC (n = 149) from the Manitoba IBD Cohort Study and ethnically matched controls (n = 142) were genotyped for 3 SLC23A1 polymorphisms (rs6596473, rs33972313, and rs10063949) by using TaqMan assays. RESULTS: Variation at rs10063949 (G allele for heterozygote and homozygote) was associated with increased susceptibility to CD (OR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.38, 4.66; OR: 4.72; 95% CI: 2.53, 8.81; P < 0.0001; respectively). A strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed across the SLC23A1 region (variation rs6596473 with rs10063949) for CD and UC (D' = 0.94 and 0.96, respectively). The risk alleles confirmed a haplotype (CGG) that is carried more in CD patients (65.3%, P < 0.0001) than in controls (43.5%). CONCLUSIONS: A genetic variant (rs10063949-G) in the SLC23A1 ascorbate transporter locus was identified and is associated with an increased risk of CD in a white Canadian IBD cohort. The presented evidence that SLC23A1 variations can modulate the risk of CD has implications for understanding ascorbate transport in CD patients and provides a novel opportunity toward individualized nutritional therapy for patients carrying the disease-associated genotype.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Alleles
Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage
Canada
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
Crohn Disease/*genetics
Dietary Supplements
European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics
Female
Gene Frequency
Genetic Loci
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genome, Human
Haplotypes
Humans
Linkage Disequilibrium
Logistic Models
Male
Oxidative Stress/drug effects
Phenotype
*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters/*genetics/metabolism
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0002-9165},
   Accession Number = {24284447},
   DOI = {10.3945/ajcn.113.068015},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ananthakrishnan, A. N. and Khalili, H. and Konijeti, G. G. and Higuchi, L. M. and de Silva, P. and Fuchs, C. S. and Richter, J. M. and Schernhammer, E. S. and Chan, A. T.},
   title = {Sleep duration affects risk for ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {12},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1879-86},
   note = {1542-7714
Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N
Khalili, Hamed
Konijeti, Gauree G
Higuchi, Leslie M
de Silva, Punyanganie
Fuchs, Charles S
Richter, James M
Schernhammer, Eva S
Chan, Andrew T
P01 CA087969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
K23 DK091742/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
CA87969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
K23 DK097142/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
K24 DK098311/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
UM1 CA176276/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
K08 DK064256/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
K23 DK099681/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Nov;12(11):1879-86. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.021. Epub 2014 Apr 26.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Sleep deprivation is associated with production of inflammatory cytokines. Disturbed sleep quality has been associated with increased risk of disease flare in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the association between sleep and risk of incident CD and UC has not been previously examined. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of women who were enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) I since 1976 and NHS II since 1989 and followed through detailed biennial questionnaires with >90% follow-up. We examined the association of sleep duration reported in 1986 in NHS I and 2001 in NHS II with incident CD and UC, diagnosed through 2010, in NHS I and 2009 in NHS II. Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for potential confounders were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Among 151,871 women, we confirmed 191 cases of CD (incidence, 8/100,000 person-years) and 230 cases of UC (incidence, 10/100,000 person-years) over 2,292,849 person-years. Compared with women with reported usual sleep durations of 7-8 h/day (incidence, 8/100,000 person-years), women with reported sleep duration <6 h/day (11/100,000 person-years) or >9 h/day (20/100,000 person-years) had a higher incidence of UC (P < .05). The multivariate hazard ratios for UC were 1.51 (95% CI, 1.10-2.09) for sleep durations <6 h/day and 2.05 (95% CI, 1.44-2.92) for sleep durations >9 h/day, compared with sleep durations of 7-8 h/day. In contrast, sleep duration did not modify risk of CD. Duration of rotating night shift work was not associated with CD or UC. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of data from the NHS I and II, less than 6 hours sleep/day and more than 9 hours sleep/day are each associated with an increased risk of UC. Further studies are needed to evaluate sleep as a modifiable risk factor in the pathogenesis and progression of IBD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*epidemiology
Female
Humans
Incidence
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
Risk Assessment
*Sleep
Surveys and Questionnaires
Time Factors
Circadian Clock
Epidemiology
Inflammation
Population
Risk Factor},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {24780288},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.021},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ananthakrishnan, A. N. and Kwon, J. and Raffals, L. and Sands, B. and Stenson, W. F. and McGovern, D. and Kwon, J. H. and Rheaume, R. L. and Sandler, R. S.},
   title = {Variation in treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases at major referral centers in the United States},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {13},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1197-200},
   note = {1542-7714
Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N
Kwon, Jennifer
Raffals, Laura
Sands, Bruce
Stenson, William F
McGovern, Dermot
Kwon, John H
Rheaume, Robert L
Sandler, Robert S
UL1 TR000430/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK034987/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
K23 DK097142/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R37 DK033165/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK033165/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK084567/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Jun;13(6):1197-200. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.11.020. Epub 2014 Nov 21.},
   abstract = {We performed a prospective study of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases to examine variations in treatment among medical centers. In a prospective cohort study of 1659 patients with Crohn's disease and 946 patients with ulcerative colitis seen at 7 high-volume referral centers, we collected data on demographics, disease characteristics, and medical and surgical treatments. We used logistic regression to determine differences in treatment among centers, controlling for potential confounders. We found significant variations among centers in the treatment of Crohn's disease with immunomodulators (odds ratio [OR], 3.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.09-5.32) but not anti-tumor necrosis factor agents (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 0.97-2.77). There was less variation in the treatment of ulcerative colitis; we found no difference in use of immunomodulators (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.00-3.36) or anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.40-1.65). The development and implementation of evidence-based standards of care for inflammatory bowel disease may help reduce variation and improve outcomes.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/*surgery
Crohn Disease/*drug therapy/*surgery
Drug Therapy/*methods/*standards
Female
*Health Services Research
Humans
Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
Male
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
United States
Young Adult
Anti-TNF Agent
Ibd
Practice Variation
Sinai Helmsley Alliance for Research Excellence (SHARE) Consortium},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {25460565},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2014.11.020},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ananthakrishnan, A. N. and McGinley, E. L.},
   title = {Infection-related hospitalizations are associated with increased mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {7},
   number = {2},
   pages = {107-12},
   note = {1876-4479
Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N
McGinley, Emily L
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Mar;7(2):107-12. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.02.015. Epub 2012 Mar 21.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Serious infections are an important side effect of immunosuppressive therapy used to treat Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). There have been no nationally representative studies examining the spectrum of infection related hospitalizations in patients with IBD. METHODS: Our study consisted of all adult CD and UC related hospitalizations from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2007, a national hospitalization database in the United States. We then identified all infection-related hospitalizations through codes for either the specific infections or disease processes (sepsis, pneumonia, etc.). Predictors of infections as well as the excess morbidity associated with infections were determined using multivariate regression models. RESULTS: There were an estimated 67,221 hospitalizations related to infections in IBD patients, comprising 27.5% of all IBD hospitalizations. On multivariate analysis, infections were independently associated with age, co-morbidity, malnutrition, TPN, and bowel surgery. Infection-related hospitalizations had a four-fold greater mortality (OR 4.4, 95% CI 3.7-5.2). However, this varied by type of infection with the strongest effect seen for sepsis (OR 15.3, 95% CI 12.4-18.6), pneumonia (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.9-4.5) and C. difficile (OR 3.2, 95% CI 2.6-4.0), and weaker effects for urinary infections (OR 1.4, 95%CI 1.1-1.7). Infections were also associated with an estimated 2.3 days excess hospital stay (95% CI 2.2-2.5) and $12,482 in hospitalization charges. CONCLUSION: Infections account for significant morbidity and mortality in patients with IBD and disproportionately impact older IBD patients with greater co-morbidity. Pneumonia, sepsis and C difficile infection are associated with the greatest excess mortality risk.},
   keywords = {Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Clostridium Infections/complications/*mortality
Clostridium difficile
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/*mortality/therapy
Confidence Intervals
Crohn Disease/complications/*mortality/therapy
Female
*Hospital Mortality
Hospitalization/economics
Humans
Length of Stay
Male
Malnutrition/complications
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
Odds Ratio
Parenteral Nutrition, Total
Pneumonia/complications/*mortality
Risk Factors
Sepsis/complications/*mortality
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {22440891},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2012.02.015},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Arora, A. and Saluja, S. S. and Bhardwaj, V. and Singh, M. and Singh, A. and Puri, A. S.},
   title = {Malakoplakia masquerading as ulcerative colitis in an immunocompetent child},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {58},
   number = {5},
   pages = {e47-9},
   note = {1536-4801
Arora, Asit
Saluja, Sundeep S
Bhardwaj, Vaishali
Singh, Manju
Singh, Ankur
Puri, Amrender S
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 May;58(5):e47-9. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827911f1.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use
Colectomy
*Colitis, Ulcerative
Colonoscopy
Diagnosis, Differential
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology
Humans
*Immunocompetence
Malacoplakia/*diagnosis/pathology/therapy
Male},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23114470},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827911f1},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Assa, A. and Hartman, C. and Weiss, B. and Broide, E. and Rosenbach, Y. and Zevit, N. and Bujanover, Y. and Shamir, R.},
   title = {Long-term outcome of tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist's treatment in pediatric Crohn's disease},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {7},
   number = {5},
   pages = {369-76},
   note = {1876-4479
Assa, Amit
Hartman, Corina
Weiss, Batia
Broide, Efrat
Rosenbach, Yoram
Zevit, Noam
Bujanover, Yoram
Shamir, Raanan
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Jun;7(5):369-76. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.03.006. Epub 2012 Apr 5.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anti tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) agents have become widely used in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). So far, only few studies examined the long-term results of anti-TNFalpha treatment in children with IBD. METHODS: The long-term outcome of pediatric patients with IBD was assessed retrospectively in a multicenter cohort of children treated with anti-TNFalpha beyond induction treatment. Short- and long-term response rates, predictors for loss of response, data on growth and laboratory parameters were assessed. RESULTS: 120 patients [101 crohn's disease (CD), 19 ulcerative colitis (UC) or indeterminate colitis (IC)] received either infliximab or adalimumab. The mean age at initiation of anti-TNFalpha was 13.4 +/- 3.9 years and the median duration of anti-TNFalpha treatment was 15 months (range: 2-90). Overall, 89% of the cohort experienced short-term response following induction. Response was associated with improvement in weight and BMI Z-scores (p<0.001) but not with linear growth. Responders experienced a significant decrease in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C reactive protein (CRP) during treatment (p<0.001). Albumin and hemoglobin both improved but only albumin increased significantly (p<0.001). The cumulative probability of losing response to anti-TNFalpha treatment was 17%, 38%, and 49% after 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Responders had a significantly lower weight and BMI Z-scores at initiation of anti-TNFalpha treatment in compared to non-responders (p=0.04 and 0.02 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our long term cohort supports the current evidence on the effectiveness and safety of anti-TNFalpha treatment in children with IBD. Response to treatment was interestingly associated with lower weight and BMI.},
   keywords = {Adalimumab
Adolescent
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use
Blood Sedimentation
Body Mass Index
Body Weight
C-Reactive Protein/metabolism
Child
Child, Preschool
Crohn Disease/blood/*drug therapy
Female
Hemoglobins/metabolism
Humans
Induction Chemotherapy
Infant
Infliximab
Male
Retrospective Studies
Serum Albumin/metabolism
Time Factors
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*antagonists & inhibitors},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {22483567},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2012.03.006},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Banasiewicz, T. and Horbacka, K. and Karon, J. and Malinger, S. and Antos, F. and Rudzki, S. and Kala, Z. and Stojcev, Z. and Kossi, J. and Krokowicz, P.},
   title = {Preliminary study with SprayShield Adhesion Barrier System in the prevention of abdominal adhesions},
   journal = {Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne},
   volume = {8},
   number = {4},
   pages = {301-9},
   note = {Banasiewicz, Tomasz
Horbacka, Karolina
Karon, Jacek
Malinger, Stanislaw
Antos, Frantisek
Rudzki, Slawomir
Kala, Zdenek
Stojcev, Zoran
Kossi, Jyrki
Krokowicz, Piotr
Journal Article
Poland
Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne. 2013 Dec;8(4):301-9. doi: 10.5114/wiitm.2011.34884. Epub 2013 May 6.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Peritoneal adhesions, the fibrotic bands that form between the surfaces in the peritoneal cavity following surgery, still pose a difficult clinical challenge. AIM: To evaluate the SprayShield Adhesion Barrier System (PEG ester amine solution and a buffer solution) in reducing post-operative adhesion formation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective, multi-center, randomized, single blind study. A total of 11 subjects diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC) or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) were randomized: 8 to the SprayShield arm and 3 to the control arm. SprayShield was applied on the viscera directly under the midline peritoneal incision and at the site of ileostomy. During the follow-up surgery, the incidence, extent, and severity of post-operative adhesion formation were evaluated, as well as the time required to mobilize the ileal loop. RESULTS: In patients who received SprayShield the time required to mobilize the ileal loop at the ileostomy closure was slightly shorter and the incidence and severity of adhesions were somewhat lower vs. control subjects (NS). CONCLUSIONS: SprayShield was found to be easy to use, safe, and quick to apply, and performed well in adherence and conformity. The incidence and severity of adhesions were lower for SprayShield subjects vs. control subjects, but due to the limited number of patients there are not enough data to confirm the effectiveness of the SprayShield Adhesion Barrier System in prevention of adhesions.},
   keywords = {adhesion prevention
adhesions
ileostomy
laparotomy},
   ISSN = {1895-4588 (Print)
1895-4588},
   Accession Number = {24501599},
   DOI = {10.5114/wiitm.2011.34884},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Banaszkiewicz, A. and Kadzielska, J. and Gawronska, A. and Pituch, H. and Obuch-Woszczatynski, P. and Albrecht, P. and Mlynarczyk, G. and Radzikowski, A.},
   title = {Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens infection and pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {8},
   number = {4},
   pages = {276-81},
   note = {1876-4479
Banaszkiewicz, Aleksandra
Kadzielska, Joanna
Gawronska, Agnieszka
Pituch, Hanna
Obuch-Woszczatynski, Piotr
Albrecht, Piotr
Mlynarczyk, Grazyna
Radzikowski, Andrzej
Journal Article
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Apr;8(4):276-81. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.08.018. Epub 2013 Sep 21.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Clostridium difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is the most well known bacterial pathogen associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens has also been detected in up to 15% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases, and it has not been found in healthy people. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of C. perfringens infection in pediatric patients with IBD. METHODS: This was a prospective, controlled study evaluating pediatric IBD patients in the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Warsaw, Poland. All of the patients were diagnosed according to the Porto criteria. There were two control groups: (1) non-IBD patients that were suspected for bacterial diarrhea and (2) healthy children. Stool samples were collected on the day of admission. C. perfringens infection diagnosis was based on a positive stool enzyme immunoassay (C. perfringens enterotoxin test kit TechLab). RESULTS: 91 fecal specimens from patients with IBD were collected. The average patient age was 11.7 years in IBD group, 7.4 years in non-IBD patients with diarrhea, and 7.4 years in healthy children. The prevalence of C. perfringens infection was 9% (8/91; CI 95% 4.6-16.4). There were more Crohn's patients (6/8) in the C. perfringens positive group. There was no C. perfringens infection in the two control groups. CONCLUSION: Our pilot data add evidence to the hypothesis that Clostridia other than C. difficile may play a significant role in the clinical course of IBD. However, further studies are needed to confirm this.},
   keywords = {Case-Control Studies
Child
Clostridium Infections/*complications/microbiology
*Clostridium perfringens
Colitis, Ulcerative/etiology/microbiology
Crohn Disease/etiology/microbiology
Diarrhea/etiology/microbiology
Feces/microbiology
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology/microbiology
Male
Prospective Studies
Cpe
Children
Crohn's disease
Enterotoxin
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {24060617},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2013.08.018},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Banaszkiewicz, A. and Klincewicz, B. and Lazowska-Przeorek, I. and Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk, U. and Kakol, P. and Mytyk, A. and Kofla, A. and Radzikowski, A.},
   title = {Influenza vaccination coverage in children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Influenza Other Respir Viruses},
   volume = {8},
   number = {4},
   pages = {431-5},
   note = {1750-2659
Banaszkiewicz, Aleksandra
Klincewicz, Beata
Lazowska-Przeorek, Izabella
Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk, Urszula
Kakol, Paulina
Mytyk, Aleksandra
Kofla, Anna
Radzikowski, Andrzej
Journal Article
England
Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014 Jul;8(4):431-5. doi: 10.1111/irv.12236. Epub 2014 Feb 3.},
   abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the influenza vaccination status among paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Poland. This was a questionnaire-based study. 242 patients with IBD and 142 controls were enrolled in the study. Of patients with IBD, 7.8% received an influenza vaccine, compared to 18.3% of controls (P = 0.0013). There were no statistically significant differences in time from IBD diagnosis, disease activity and in drugs, between vaccinated and non-vaccinated IBD children. In conclusion, the data of our study demonstrate an alarmingly poor influenza vaccination status in the majority of children with IBD. Therefore, there is an unmet need to implement better influenza vaccination strategies for this group of patients.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications
Influenza Vaccines/*administration & dosage
Influenza, Human/*prevention & control
Male
Poland
Prospective Studies
Surveys and Questionnaires
Vaccination/*utilization
Crohn's disease
Immunocompromised
Influenza
ulcerative colitis
vaccine},
   ISSN = {1750-2640},
   Accession Number = {24490714},
   DOI = {10.1111/irv.12236},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Banaszkiewicz, A. and Radzikowski, A. and Albrecht, P.},
   title = {Immunisation in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Adv Med Sci},
   volume = {60},
   number = {1},
   pages = {144-7},
   note = {1898-4002
Banaszkiewicz, Aleksandra
Radzikowski, Andrzej
Albrecht, Piotr
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Adv Med Sci. 2015 Mar;60(1):144-7. doi: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.11.003. Epub 2014 Dec 9.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients may be at a higher risk for developing infections due to underlying disease, malnutrition, surgery, or immunosuppressive therapy. Therefore, protecting this group against infections is of particular importance. Immunisation against vaccine-preventable diseases is strongly recommended. This article for the first time summarises data on immunogenicity and safety of vaccines in IBD children and provides an update on some important issues regarding immunisation in these group of children.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology/prevention & control
Crohn Disease/immunology/prevention & control
Female
Humans
Immunization
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*immunology/*prevention & control
Male
Crohn's disease
Immunocompromised
Ulcerative colitis
Vaccine},
   ISSN = {1896-1126},
   Accession Number = {25689276},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.advms.2014.11.003},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Barrie, A. and Mourabet, M. E. and Weyant, K. and Clarke, K. and Gajendran, M. and Rivers, C. and Park, S. Y. and Hartman, D. and Saul, M. and Regueiro, M. and Yadav, D. and Binion, D. G.},
   title = {Recurrent blood eosinophilia in ulcerative colitis is associated with severe disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {58},
   number = {1},
   pages = {222-8},
   note = {1573-2568
Barrie, Arthur
Mourabet, Marwa El
Weyant, Katherine
Clarke, Kofi
Gajendran, Mahesh
Rivers, Claudia
Park, Seo Young
Hartman, Douglas
Saul, Melissa
Regueiro, Miguel
Yadav, Dhiraj
Binion, David G
KL2 RR024154/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
KL2 TR000146/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
UL1 RR024153/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
UL1 TR000005/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2013 Jan;58(1):222-8. doi: 10.1007/s10620-012-2329-7. Epub 2012 Aug 2.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Eosinophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A subset of IBD patients develops blood eosinophilia, and the clinical profile of these patients is undefined. We sought to characterize IBD patients with and without eosinophilia. METHODS: We studied a prospective registry of 1,176 IBD patients followed in a tertiary referral center. Patients who developed eosinophilia at any time were identified by electronic medical record query. We performed a chart review case-control study comparing patients with recurrent eosinophilia versus randomly selected disease-matched patients with no history of eosinophilia. Histological analysis was performed on selected cases and controls. RESULTS: Eosinophilia at any time was more prevalent in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients than Crohn's disease patients (22.2 versus 12.7%), as was recurrent eosinophilia (3.4 versus 0.7%). UC patients with recurrent eosinophilia were predominantly male compared with the control UC population (81.3 versus 46.9%) and had higher rates of colectomy for either medically refractory disease or dysplasia/cancer than control UC patients (56.3 versus 15.6%). Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) occurred in 37.5% of UC patients with recurrent eosinophilia compared with only 3.1% in the UC controls. Histological analysis of random diagnostic samples from UC patients with recurrent eosinophilia demonstrated a normal eosinophil pattern as seen in the control UC population. CONCLUSIONS: Eosinophilia-associated UC is a subgroup of IBD associated with severe colitis and PSC. Further studies are warranted to characterize molecular mechanisms underlying eosinophilia-associated UC and to determine optimal approaches for therapy.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Cholangitis, Sclerosing/*complications/*pathology
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/*pathology
Eosinophilia/*complications/*pathology
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Risk Factors
Sex Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {22855293},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-012-2329-7},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Benchimol, E. I. and Cook, S. F. and Erichsen, R. and Long, M. D. and Bernstein, C. N. and Wong, J. and Carroll, C. F. and Froslev, T. and Sampson, T. and Kappelman, M. D.},
   title = {International variation in medication prescription rates among elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {7},
   number = {11},
   pages = {878-89},
   note = {1876-4479
Benchimol, Eric I
Cook, Suzanne F
Erichsen, Rune
Long, Millie D
Bernstein, Charles N
Wong, Jenna
Carroll, Charlotte F
Froslev, Trine
Sampson, Tim
Kappelman, Michael D
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Dec;7(11):878-89. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.09.001. Epub 2012 Sep 25.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The elderly represent a growing demographic of patients with IBD. No study has previously described variations in care or medication prescriptions in senior patients with IBD. We compared prescription rates among elderly patients with IBD in four countries using health administrative data. METHODS: Databases from the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), Denmark and Canada were queried. Variation in prescription rates between countries was assessed in patients >/=65y with prevalent IBD who had >/=1 prescription for an IBD-related medication in a given quarter between 2004 and 2009. Patients were identified using previously-reported, validated algorithms. Country-specific rates were compared in each quarter using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: In patients with Crohn's disease, Canada and US had higher prescription rates for oral 5-ASA (P<0.0001 in all quarters) and infliximab (P<0.05 in 22/24 quarters), while the US had higher rates of thiopurine usage (P<0.05 in 23/24 quarters). Canada had greater rates of methotrexate prescriptions (P<0.05 in 21/24 quarters analyzed). In patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), rates of oral steroid usage was lowest in the US (P<0.05 in 22/24 quarters) and oral 5-ASA use was highest in the US and Canada (P<0.0001 in all quarters). Canada and Denmark used more rectal therapy than the US. Infliximab usage in UC was significantly higher in the US and Canada after 2006. CONCLUSIONS: Significant variation in medication prescription rates exists among countries. Future research should assess whether these differences were associated with disparities in outcomes and health care costs.},
   keywords = {Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*administration & dosage
Canada
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology
Databases, Factual
Denmark
Drug Prescriptions/*statistics & numerical data
Drug Utilization/*trends
Female
Health Services Research
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*administration & dosage
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*drug therapy/epidemiology
Male
United Kingdom
United States
Asa
Cd
Crohn's disease
Din
Drug Identification Number
Drug prescriptions
Gprd
General Practice Research Database
Health administrative data
Ibd
Inflammatory bowel disease
Mp
Odb
Ontario Drug Database
Sasp
Tr
Thompson Reuters
Uc
Uk
Us
Ulcerative colitis
aminosalicylates
mercaptopurine
sulfasalazine},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {23018106},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2012.09.001},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Benchimol, E. I. and Guttmann, A. and Mack, D. R. and Nguyen, G. C. and Marshall, J. K. and Gregor, J. C. and Wong, J. and Forster, A. J. and Manuel, D. G.},
   title = {Validation of international algorithms to identify adults with inflammatory bowel disease in health administrative data from Ontario, Canada},
   journal = {J Clin Epidemiol},
   volume = {67},
   number = {8},
   pages = {887-96},
   note = {1878-5921
Benchimol, Eric I
Guttmann, Astrid
Mack, David R
Nguyen, Geoffrey C
Marshall, John K
Gregor, James C
Wong, Jenna
Forster, Alan J
Manuel, Douglas G
Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Clin Epidemiol. 2014 Aug;67(8):887-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.02.019. Epub 2014 Apr 26.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Health administrative databases can be used to track disease incidence, outcomes, and care quality. Case validation is necessary to ensure accurate disease ascertainment using these databases. In this study, we aimed to validate adult-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) identification algorithms. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We used two large cohorts of incident patients from Ontario, Canada to validate algorithms. We linked information extracted from charts to health administrative data and compared the accuracy of various algorithms. In addition, we validated an algorithm to distinguish patients with Crohn's from those with ulcerative colitis and assessed the adequate look-back period to distinguish incident from prevalent cases. RESULTS: Over 5,000 algorithms were tested. The most accurate algorithm to identify patients 18 to 64 years at diagnosis was five physician contacts or hospitalizations within 4 years (sensitivity, 76.8%; specificity, 96.2%; positive predictive value (PPV), 81.4%; negative predictive value (NPV), 95.0%). In patients >/=65 years at diagnosis, adding a pharmacy claim for an IBD-related medication improved accuracy. CONCLUSION: Patients with adult-onset incident IBD can be accurately identified from within health administrative data. The validated algorithms will be applied to administrative data to expand the Ontario Crohn's and Colitis Cohort to all patients with IBD in the province of Ontario.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
*Algorithms
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Data Mining
Databases, Factual
Diagnosis, Differential
Female
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
Humans
Incidence
Medical Records Systems, Computerized
Middle Aged
Ontario/epidemiology
Prevalence
Reproducibility of Results
Young Adult
Crohn's
Epidemiology
Health administrative data
Inflammatory bowel disease
Routinely collected health data
Ulcerative colitis
Validation},
   ISSN = {0895-4356},
   Accession Number = {24774473},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.02.019},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Benchimol, E. I. and Mack, D. R. and Nguyen, G. C. and Snapper, S. B. and Li, W. and Mojaverian, N. and Quach, P. and Muise, A. M.},
   title = {Incidence, outcomes, and health services burden of very early onset inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {147},
   number = {4},
   pages = {803-813.e7; quiz e14-5},
   note = {1528-0012
Benchimol, Eric I
Mack, David R
Nguyen, Geoffrey C
Snapper, Scott B
Li, Wenbin
Mojaverian, Nassim
Quach, Pauline
Muise, Aleixo M
AI50950/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
DK034854/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
HL59561/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
MOP119457/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Video-Audio Media
United States
Gastroenterology. 2014 Oct;147(4):803-813.e7; quiz e14-5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.06.023. Epub 2014 Jun 18.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: The Paris pediatric modification of the Montreal classification defines very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) as a form of IBD distinct from that of older children. We compared the incidence and outcomes of VEO-IBD with those of IBD in older children. METHODS: We performed a population-based retrospective cohort study of all children diagnosed with IBD in Ontario, Canada, from 1994 through 2009. Trends in standardized incidence were calculated using Poisson regression. We compared outpatient and emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and surgeries among children diagnosed with IBD when they were younger than age 6, ages 6-9.9, and older than age 10 years. Multivariable models were adjusted for income and stratified by sex. RESULTS: The incidence of IBD increased from 9.4 per 100,000 children (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.2-10.8/100,000 children) in 1994 to 13.2 per 100,000 children (95% CI, 11.9-14.6/100,000 children) in 2009 (P < .0001). The incidence increased by 7.4% per year among children younger than 6 years old and 6-9.9 years old, and by 2.2% per year among children >/=10 years old. IBD-related outpatient visits were less frequent among children <6 years old than >/=10 years old (odds ratio for female patients, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.58-0.78; odds ratio for male patients, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.98). Hazard ratios [HRs] for hospitalization were lower for children <6 years old (female HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56-0.87; male HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.94-1.33) than for older children. HRs for surgery among children <6 years old with Crohn's disease were 0.35 for female patients (95% CI, 0.16-0.78) and 0.59 for male patients (95% CI, 0.34-0.99). HRs for children <6 years old with ulcerative colitis were 0.88 for female patients (95% CI, 0.47-1.63) and 0.42 for male patients (95% CI, 0.21-0.85). There was no difference in hospitalization or surgery rates among children 6-9.9 years old vs those >/=10 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a retrospective cohort study, the incidence of VEO-IBD increased from 1994 through 2009. Children diagnosed with IBD before they were 6 years old used fewer health services and had lower rates of surgery than children diagnosed when they were 10 years or older.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age of Onset
Ambulatory Care/utilization
Child
Child, Preschool
Colectomy/utilization
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*therapy
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*therapy
Emergency Service, Hospital/utilization
Female
Health Services/*utilization
Hospitalization
Humans
Incidence
Infant
Kaplan-Meier Estimate
Logistic Models
Male
Multivariate Analysis
Odds Ratio
Ontario/epidemiology
Prevalence
Proportional Hazards Models
Retrospective Studies
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome
Disease Progression
Epidemiology
Health Administrative Data
Pediatrics},
   ISSN = {0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {24951840},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2014.06.023},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Benchimol, E. I. and Manuel, D. G. and Guttmann, A. and Nguyen, G. C. and Mojaverian, N. and Quach, P. and Mack, D. R.},
   title = {Changing age demographics of inflammatory bowel disease in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study of epidemiology trends},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1761-9},
   note = {1536-4844
Benchimol, Eric I
Manuel, Douglas G
Guttmann, Astrid
Nguyen, Geoffrey C
Mojaverian, Nassim
Quach, Pauline
Mack, David R
Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Oct;20(10):1761-9. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000103.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: International cohort studies have reported increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in recent years, and Canada has among the highest rates of IBD in the world. This study assessed incidence and prevalence of IBD in Ontario, the most populous province of Canada, to determine changing trends in age of onset. METHODS: We used a population-based cohort derived from validated health administrative data consisting of all Ontario residents living with IBD from 1999 to 2008. We determined trends over time using Poisson regression analysis, assessing rates in 10-year age groups, children, adults, and the elderly. RESULTS: In 2008, 68,071 people were living with IBD among 12,738,350 people (standardized prevalence 534.3 per 100,000 people). Between 1999 and 2008, standardized IBD incidence increased from 21.3 to 26.2 per 100,000 (2.3% per yr, P < 0.0001). Incidence of Crohn's increased from 9.6 to 12.1 per 100,000 (1.9% per yr, P < 0.0001). Ulcerative colitis incidence increased from 10.7 to 12.1 per 100,000 (2.0% per yr, P < 0.0001). For IBD, incidence increased significantly in people younger than 10 years of age (9.7% per yr, P < 0.0001), 10 to 19 years of age (3.8% per yr, P < 0.0001), 30 to 39 years of age (1.8% per yr, P = 0.0006), 40 to 49 years of age (2.8% per yr, P = 0.0001), and 50 to 59 years of age (2.8% per yr, P < 0.0001). Incidence was stable in patients older than 65 years of age at diagnosis (-0.1% per yr, P = 0.73). Although incidence did not change significantly over time in adults 20 to 29 years, IBD incidence peaked in this age group. CONCLUSIONS: Ontario has among the highest prevalence of IBD in the world. Incidence of IBD increased between 1999 and 2008, owing to increased incidence in children and adults, with stable rates in elderly people. These findings demonstrate the changing age demographics and growing burden of IBD in Ontario, Canada.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Child
Child, Preschool
Demography
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Incidence
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
Ontario/epidemiology
Prognosis
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {25159453},
   DOI = {10.1097/mib.0000000000000103},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Benkov, K. and Lu, Y. and Patel, A. and Rahhal, R. and Russell, G. and Teitelbaum, J.},
   title = {Role of thiopurine metabolite testing and thiopurine methyltransferase determination in pediatric IBD},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {3},
   pages = {333-40},
   note = {1536-4801
Benkov, Keith
Lu, Ying
Patel, Ashish
Rahhal, Riad
Russell, Gary
Teitelbaum, Jonathan
NASPGHAN Committee on Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Mar;56(3):333-40. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182844705.},
   abstract = {Thiopurines have been used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) for >30 years, and measurements of both thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and thiopurine (TP) metabolites, 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN) and 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP), have been readily available. The North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) Committee on Inflammatory Bowel Disease thought it appropriate to review the present indications for use of TPMT and TP metabolite testing. Substantial evidence demonstrates that TP therapy is useful for both Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Review of the existing data yielded the following recommendations. TPMT testing is recommended before initiation of TPs to identify individuals who are homozygote recessive or have extremely low TPMT activity, with the latter having more reliability than the former. Individuals who are homozygous recessive or have extremely low TPMT activity should avoid the use of TPs because of concerns for significant leukopenia. TMPT testing does not predict all cases of leukopenia and has no value to predict hypersensitivity adverse effects such as pancreatitis. Any potential value to reduce the risk of malignancy has not been studied. All individuals taking TPs should have routine monitoring with complete blood cell count and white blood cell count differential to evaluate for leukopenia regardless of TPMT testing results. Metabolite testing can be used to determine adherence with TP therapy. Metabolite testing can be used to guide dose increases or modifications in patients with active disease. Consideration would include either increasing the dose, changing therapy or for those with elevated transaminases or an elevated 6-MMP, using adjunctive allopurinol to help raise 6-thioguanine metabolites and suppress formation of 6-MMP. Routine and repetitive metabolite testing has little or no role in patients who are doing well and taking an acceptable dose of a TP.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse
effects/blood/*pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use
Biotransformation
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/*drug therapy/metabolism
Consensus
Crohn Disease/blood/*drug therapy/metabolism
Drug Interactions
Drug Monitoring
Evidence-Based Medicine
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/drug therapy/metabolism
Methyltransferases/blood/*metabolism
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Purines/adverse effects/blood/*pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use
Societies, Scientific
Sulfhydryl Compounds/adverse effects/blood/*pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use
Thionucleosides/adverse effects/blood/*pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23287804},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182844705},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bernstein, C. N.},
   title = {Antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics in IBD},
   journal = {Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser},
   volume = {79},
   pages = {83-100},
   note = {1664-2155
Bernstein, Charles N
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Switzerland
Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2014;79:83-100. doi: 10.1159/000360713. Epub 2014 Sep 5.},
   abstract = {The dysbiosis theory of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) posits that there is an alteration in the gut microbiome as an important underpinning of disease etiology. It stands to reason then, that administering agents that could impact on the balance of microbes on the gut could be impactful on the course of IBD. Herein is a review of the controlled trials undertaken to assess the use of antibiotics that would kill or suppress potentially injurious microbes, probiotics that would overpopulate the gut with potentially beneficial microbes or prebiotics that provide a metabolic substrate that enhances the growth of potentially beneficial microbes. With regard to antibiotics, the best data are for the use of nitroimadoles postoperatively in Crohn's disease (CD) to prevent disease recurrence. Otherwise, the data are limited with the regard to any lasting benefit of antibiotics sustaining remission in either CD or ulcerative colitis (UC). A recent meta-analysis concluded that antibiotics are superior to placebo at inducing remission in CD or UC, although the meta-analysis grouped a variety of antibiotics with different spectra of activity. Despite the absence of robust clinical trial data, antibiotics are widely used to treat perineal fistulizing CD and acute and chronic pouchitis. Probiotics have not been shown to have a beneficial role in CD. However, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 has comparable effects to low doses of mesalamine in maintaining remission in UC. VSL#3, a combination of 8 microbes, has been shown to have an effect in inducing remission in UC and preventing pouchitis. Prebiotics have yet to be shown to have an effect in any form of IBD, but to date controlled trials have been small. The use of antibiotics should be balanced against the risks they pose. Even probiotics may pose some risk and should not be assumed to be innocuous especially when ingested by persons with a compromised epithelial barrier. Prebiotics may not be harmful but may cause gastrointestinal side effects. Finally, the timing of ingestion of antibiotics and other dietary factors that may function as prebiotics, especially in early childhood, may be critical in shaping the gut microbiome and ultimately predisposing to or preventing IBD. Finding ways to impact on the gut microbiome to alter the course of IBD makes good sense, but should be undertaken in the setting of rigorously performed controlled trials to ensure that the interventions are truly effective and well tolerated.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage
Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects/microbiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/*drug therapy/*prevention & control
Microbiota
*Prebiotics
Probiotics/*administration & dosage
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Remission Induction},
   ISSN = {1664-2147},
   Accession Number = {25227297},
   DOI = {10.1159/000360713},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Beser, O. F. and Cokugras, F. C. and Kutlu, T. and Erginoz, E. and Gulcu, D. and Kasapcopur, O. and Erkan, T.},
   title = {Association of familial Mediterranean fever in Turkish children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Turk Pediatri Ars},
   volume = {49},
   number = {3},
   pages = {198-202},
   note = {Beser, Omer Faruk
Cokugras, Fugen Cullu
Kutlu, Tufan
Erginoz, Ethem
Gulcu, Didem
Kasapcopur, Ozgur
Erkan, Tulay
Journal Article
Turkey
Turk Pediatri Ars. 2014 Sep 1;49(3):198-202. doi: 10.5152/tpa.2014.1998. eCollection 2014 Sep.},
   abstract = {AIM: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) carry similar clinical and biological properties. Both are characterized with chronic inflammation attacks and neutrophil migration and impaired apoptosis mechanism are present in the areas of damage in both conditions. In our study, we aimed to determine the frequency of association of FMF in patients with IBD, to compare the demographic, clinical, laboratory and treatment response properties in these patients with the ones in other IBD patients and to determine association of FMF especially in treatment-resistant patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-three patients who were being followed up with a diagnosis of IBD aged between 0 and 18 years were included in the study. The patient group included the patients who were diagnosed with IBD according to clinical, serological, endoscopic and histopathological criteria, who were being followed up and whose therapies were continuing. Genetic analysis in terms of MEFV gene mutations was performed in all patients with a diagnosis of IBD. Acute phase reactants, complete blood count, immunoglobulin levels, stool analysis, "perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies" (pANCA) and "anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies" (ASCA) were studied at the time of diagnosis. The diagnosis of FMF was made according to detailed history, physical examination findings, laboratory tests and the results of genetic analyses in terms of MEFV gene mutations in accordance with the criteria defined in 2009. RESULTS: We found that FMF accompanied in 14 (26.4%) of the patients who had a diagnosis of IBD. 3 of these 14 patients in whom FMF accompanied were being followed up with a diagnosis of Crohn disease and 11 were being followed up with a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. All of these patients had MEFV gene mutation. These mutations included M694V (50%), K695R (21.4%), M680I (14.3%) and R202Q (14.3%) in order of frequency. When the laboratory data were compared between the patients who had a diagnosis of IBD alone and who had a diagnosis of IBD plus FMF, it was observed that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) values were statistically significantly higher in the IBD+FMF group. CONCLUSIONS: FMF is a common condition in the Turkish population and M694V mutation is found most commonly. In our study, this status did not change in cases where FMF accompanied IBD, but K695R mutation was found more frequently compared to FMF alone. We think that it should be kept in mind that other inflammatory conditions including mainly FMF may accompany IBD, if a case of IBD does not have an expected course or is resistant to treatment.},
   keywords = {Familial Mediterranean fever
Mefv
inflammatory bowel disease},
   ISSN = {1306-0015 (Print)},
   Accession Number = {26078663},
   DOI = {10.5152/tpa.2014.1998},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Biedermann, L. and Brulisauer, K. and Zeitz, J. and Frei, P. and Scharl, M. and Vavricka, S. R. and Fried, M. and Loessner, M. J. and Rogler, G. and Schuppler, M.},
   title = {Smoking cessation alters intestinal microbiota: insights from quantitative investigations on human fecal samples using FISH},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1496-501},
   note = {1536-4844
Biedermann, Luc
Brulisauer, Karin
Zeitz, Jonas
Frei, Pascal
Scharl, Michael
Vavricka, Stephan R
Fried, Michael
Loessner, Martin J
Rogler, Gerhard
Schuppler, Markus
Journal Article
Observational Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Sep;20(9):1496-501. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000129.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: There has been a dramatic increase in investigations on the potential mechanistic role of the intestinal microbiota in various diseases and factors modulating intestinal microbial composition. We recently reported on intestinal microbial shifts after smoking cessation in humans. In this study, we aimed to conduct further microbial analyses and verify our previous results obtained by pyrosequencing using a direct quantitative microbial approach. METHODS: Stool samples of healthy smoking human subjects undergoing controlled smoking cessation during a 9-week observational period were analyzed and compared with 2 control groups, ongoing smoking and nonsmoking subjects. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was applied to quantify specific bacterial groups. RESULTS: Intestinal microbiota composition was substantially altered after smoking cessation as characterized by an increase in key representatives from the phyla of Firmicutes (Clostridium coccoides, Eubacterium rectale, and Clostridium leptum subgroup) and Actinobacteria (HGC bacteria and Bifidobacteria) as well as a decrease in Bacteroidetes (Prevotella spp. and Bacteroides spp.) and Proteobacteria (beta- and gamma-subgroup of Proteobacteria). CONCLUSIONS: As determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization, an independent direct quantitative microbial approach, we could confirm that intestinal microbiota composition in humans is influenced by smoking. The characteristics of observed microbial shifts suggest a potential mechanistic association to alterations in body weight subsequent to smoking cessation. More importantly, regarding previously described microbial hallmarks of dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel diseases, a variety of observed microbial alterations after smoking cessation deserve further consideration in view of the divergent effect of smoking on the clinical course of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Colony Count, Microbial
DNA, Bacterial/*genetics
Feces/*microbiology
Humans
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/*methods
Intestines/*microbiology
*Microbiota
Oligonucleotide Probes
*Smoking Cessation},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {25072500},
   DOI = {10.1097/mib.0000000000000129},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bilski, J. and Mazur-Bialy, A. I. and Wierdak, M. and Brzozowski, T.},
   title = {The impact of physical activity and nutrition on inflammatory bowel disease: the potential role of cross talk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle},
   journal = {J Physiol Pharmacol},
   volume = {64},
   number = {2},
   pages = {143-55},
   note = {1899-1505
Bilski, J
Mazur-Bialy, A I
Wierdak, M
Brzozowski, T
Journal Article
Review
Poland
J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013 Apr;64(2):143-55.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are both chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) characterized by a cyclical nature, which alternates between active and quiescent states, ultimately impairing a patients' quality of life. The etiology of IBD is not known but it likely involves a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors. Physical exercise has been suggested to provide protection against the onset of IBD, but there are inconsistencies in the findings of the published literature. Current research recommends exercise to help counteract some IBD-specific complications and preliminary studies suggest that physical activity may be beneficial in reducing the symptoms of IBD. Obesity is becoming more prevalent in patients diagnosed with IBD and may be associated with higher disease activity. There is evidence that adipokines are involved in the inflammatory and metabolic pathways. Hypertrophy of the mesenteric white adipose tissue has been long recognized as a characteristic feature of Crohn's disease; however its importance is unknown. Recent data suggest that dysregulation of adipokine secretion by white adipose tissue is involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Skeletal muscle was shown to produce biologically active myokines, which could be a important contributor to the beneficial effects of exercise. There is mounting evidence for the bi-directional endocrine cross talk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. The objective of the present review is to explore the role of exercise and its impact on IBD. Also, we discuss how current discoveries regarding the importance of adipokines and myokines and their cross talk expand our view of the pathological changes and the therapeutic options for IBD.},
   keywords = {Adipokines/metabolism
Adipose Tissue/physiology
Animals
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology/metabolism
*Motor Activity
Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
*Nutritional Status
Obesity/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0867-5910},
   Accession Number = {23756389},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Blaut, M.},
   title = {Ecology and physiology of the intestinal tract},
   journal = {Curr Top Microbiol Immunol},
   volume = {358},
   pages = {247-72},
   note = {Blaut, Michael
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2013;358:247-72. doi: 10.1007/82_2011_192.},
   abstract = {The number of microorganisms inhabiting the human digestive tract exceeds the number of body cells by a factor of ten. This microbial community affects host physiology and host health. The metabolic potential of the gut microbiota is immense affording the extraction of energy from otherwise indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber) and the conversion of host-derived substances, non-nutritive dietary components and drugs. Recognized functions of the gut microbiota include provision of colonization resistance against pathogens and priming of both the innate and the acquired immune systems. However, the intestinal microbiota may also contribute to the development of diseases such as ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. Culture-dependent studies provided basic knowledge on the gut microbiota, but only the advent of culture-independent molecular methods led to a better understanding of host-microbe interactions. The application of metagenomics to the gut microbial ecosystem revealed truly remarkable correlations between certain diseases and the gut microbiome. It also led to the suggestion of the existence of a 'core microbiome' that encompasses key functions shared by each individual. However, the mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions have not yet been unraveled.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bacteria/metabolism
Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
Ecosystem
Humans
Intestines/metabolism/*microbiology
*Metagenome},
   ISSN = {0070-217X (Print)
0070-217x},
   Accession Number = {22120885},
   DOI = {10.1007/82_2011_192},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bodelier, A. G. and Pierik, M. J. and van den Heuvel, T. and Bovee-Oudenhoven, I. M. and de Boer, E. and Hameeteman, W. and Masclee, A. A. and Jonkers, D.},
   title = {Pancreatitis-associated protein has no additional value as a marker of disease activity in a real-life cohort of IBD patients},
   journal = {Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {26},
   number = {8},
   pages = {902-9},
   note = {1473-5687
Bodelier, Alexander G L
Pierik, Marieke J
van den Heuvel, Tim
Bovee-Oudenhoven, Ingeborg M J
de Boer, Evelien
Hameeteman, Wim
Masclee, Ad A M
Jonkers, Daisy
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
England
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Aug;26(8):902-9. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000141.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: Monitoring of mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is of major importance. New noninvasive markers for intestinal inflammation are needed. Previous studies have reported that pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) correlates with clinical activity in IBD subgroups. Our aim was to investigate the correlation of serum and fecal PAP with clinical and biochemical parameters of disease activity in a real-life IBD cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and five consecutive IBD patients were enrolled. Clinical disease activity was scored by the Harvey-Bradshaw Index or the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index; also, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and fecal calprotectin were determined. As surrogate for endoscopy, a combination score of clinical indices with CRP or calprotectin was used to define active disease. Fecal and serum PAP were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: The median serum and fecal PAP did not differ in Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with active compared with inactive disease according to clinical activity indices. Defining active disease by a combination score of Harvey-Bradshaw Index of more than 4 and CRP of more than 5 mg/l or calprotectin more than 250 microg/g, serum PAP (P=0.01), but not fecal PAP (P=0.32), was significantly higher in active than inactive CD patients. Area under the curve of the corresponding receiver operating curve (ROC) was 0.64. No differences were found in serum or fecal PAP levels using the combination score for active disease in UC. CONCLUSION: Serum but not fecal PAP was higher in active compared with nonactive CD and may reflect mucosal inflammation in CD, but not in UC. However, the accuracy of serum PAP for the diagnosis of active disease was poor, and therefore, serum PAP does not seem to have additional value compared with the current noninvasive markers.},
   keywords = {Adult
Antigens, Neoplasm/blood/*metabolism
Biomarkers/blood/metabolism
Biomarkers, Tumor/blood/*metabolism
C-Reactive Protein/metabolism
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
Crohn Disease/diagnosis
Feces/chemistry
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology
Lectins, C-Type/blood/*metabolism
Male
Middle Aged
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0954-691x},
   Accession Number = {24915490},
   DOI = {10.1097/meg.0000000000000141},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bouguen, G. and Langlois, A. and Djouina, M. and Branche, J. and Koriche, D. and Dewaeles, E. and Mongy, A. and Auwerx, J. and Colombel, J. F. and Desreumaux, P. and Dubuquoy, L. and Bertin, B.},
   title = {Intestinal steroidogenesis controls PPARgamma expression in the colon and is impaired during ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {64},
   number = {6},
   pages = {901-10},
   note = {1468-3288
Bouguen, Guillaume
Langlois, Audrey
Djouina, Madjid
Branche, Julien
Koriche, Dine
Dewaeles, Edmone
Mongy, Alice
Auwerx, Johan
Colombel, Jean-Frederic
Desreumaux, Pierre
Dubuquoy, Laurent
Bertin, Benjamin
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Gut. 2015 Jun;64(6):901-10. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307618. Epub 2014 Jul 22.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Immune tolerance breakdown during UC involves the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), a key factor in mucosal homoeostasis and the therapeutic target of 5-aminosalycilates, which expression is impaired during UC. Here we assess the impact of glucocorticoids (GCs) on PPARgamma expression, focusing especially on extra-adrenal cortisol production by colonic epithelial cells (CECs). METHODS: Activation of PPARgamma in the colon was evaluated using transgenic mice for the luciferase gene under PPAR control (peroxisome proliferator response element-luciferase mice). Protein and mRNA expression of PPARgamma were evaluated with colon fragments and purified CEC from mice. Cortisol production and steroidogenic factor expression were quantified in human CEC of patients with UC and those of controls. Gene expression knockdown by short hairpin RNA in Caco-2 cells was used for functional studies. RESULTS: GCs were able to raise luciferase activity in peroxisome proliferator response element-luciferase mice. In the mice colons and Caco-2 cells, PPARgamma expression was increased either with GCs or with an inducer of steroidogenesis and then decreased after treatment with a steroidogenesis inhibitor. Cortisol production and steroidogenic factor expression, such as liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1), were decreased in CEC isolated from patients with UC, directly correlating with PPARgamma impairment. Experiments on Caco-2 cells lacking LRH-1 expression confirmed that LRH-1 controls PPARgamma expression by regulating GC synthesis in CEC. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate cortisol control of PPARgamma expression in CEC, highlighting cortisol production deficiency in colonocytes as a key molecular event in the pathophysiology of UC.},
   keywords = {Animals
Caco-2 Cells
Colitis, Ulcerative/*metabolism/pathology
Colon/*metabolism/pathology
Epithelial Cells/metabolism
Gene Knockdown Techniques
Glucocorticoids/*biosynthesis
Humans
Immune Tolerance
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism/pathology
Male
Mice
Mice, Transgenic
PPAR gamma/genetics/*metabolism
RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*metabolism
Basic sciences
Intestinal epithelium
Molecular biology
Signaling
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {25053717},
   DOI = {10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307618},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brasil Lopes, M. and Rocha, R. and Castro Lyra, A. and Rosa Oliveira, V. and Gomes Coqueiro, F. and Silveira Almeida, N. and Santos Valois, S. and Oliveira Santana, G.},
   title = {Restriction of dairy products; a reality in inflammatory bowel disease patients},
   journal = {Nutr Hosp},
   volume = {29},
   number = {3},
   pages = {575-81},
   note = {1699-5198
Brasil Lopes, Mirella
Rocha, Raquel
Castro Lyra, Andre
Rosa Oliveira, Vanessa
Gomes Coqueiro, Fernanda
Silveira Almeida, Naiade
Santos Valois, Sandra
Oliveira Santana, Genoile
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Spain
Nutr Hosp. 2014 Mar 1;29(3):575-81. doi: 10.3305/nh.2014.29.3.7124.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Calcium deficiency is considered a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Various dietary restrictions, including milk products are reported by these patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dairy product and dietary calcium intake by IBD patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 65 outpatients with IBD recruited from one reference center for IBD. A semi-structured questionnaire (to collect demographic, socioeconomic and clinical data) and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire were administered. With regard to clinical data, we evaluated the anthropometric nutritional status, the disease classification, the disease activity index and the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Self-reported modifications in the use of dairy products were evaluated. RESULTS: The IBD patients' ages ranged from 20-75 years and 67.0% were diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. The majority (64.7%) reported restricting dairy products. The frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms was higher among the Crohn's disease patients who restricted dairy products than among those with no restrictions (100% vs 42.9%; p = 0.013); this result was not observed among the UC (ulcerative colitis) patients. Disease activity was also more frequent in the IBD patients who restricted dairy products than in those with no restrictions (23.8% vs 4.5%; p = 0.031), and among the UC patients, extensive disease was more common in the patients who restricted dairy products than in those with no restrictions (42.9% vs 20.0%; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Restricting dairy products is common among IBD patients, possibly due to disease activity, the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms and the extension of the disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Dairy Products
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy
Male
Middle Aged
Milk Proteins/adverse effects
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0212-1611},
   Accession Number = {24559002},
   DOI = {10.3305/nh.2014.29.3.7124},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bressenot, A. and Salleron, J. and Bastien, C. and Danese, S. and Boulagnon-Rombi, C. and Peyrin-Biroulet, L.},
   title = {Comparing histological activity indexes in UC},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {64},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1412-8},
   note = {1468-3288
Bressenot, Aude
Salleron, Julia
Bastien, Claire
Danese, Silvio
Boulagnon-Rombi, Camille
Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent
Comparative Study
Journal Article
England
Gut. 2015 Sep;64(9):1412-8. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307477. Epub 2014 Sep 22.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Assessment of disease activity in UC is important for designing an optimal therapeutic strategy. No single histology score is considered optimum. The aim of this study was to compare intraobserver reproducibility and the interobserver agreement of available histological UC activity indexes. METHODS: One hundred and two biopsy specimens (collected between 2003 and 2014) were scored blindly by three pathologists by determining Geboes, Riley, Gramlich and Gupta indexes and global visual evaluation (GVE). Intraobserver reproducibility and interobserver agreements for index and items of index were studied by intraclass correlation coefficient for quantitative parameter and by kappa values and Krippendorff index for qualitative parameters. Relationship between indexes was studied by computation of Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Geboes, Riley, Gramlich and Gupta indexes and GVE showed good intraobserver reproducibility and a good interobserver agreement. Histological items that showed the best interobserver agreement were 'erosion/ulceration or surface epithelial integrity' and 'acute inflammatory cells infiltrate/neutrophils in lamina propria'. The five scores were strongly correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Correlation between indexes is strong. Intraobserver reproducibility and interobserver agreement for all indexes is very good. Histological items that showed the best interobserver agreement are 'erosion/ulceration' and 'acute inflammatory cells infiltrate/neutrophils in lamina propria'.},
   keywords = {Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Biopsy, Needle
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*pathology/*physiopathology
Colonoscopy/methods
Disease Progression
Female
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Observer Variation
Prognosis
Reproducibility of Results
Retrospective Studies
Risk Assessment
Sensitivity and Specificity
Severity of Illness Index
Sex Factors
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {25246423},
   DOI = {10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307477},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bringiotti, R. and Ierardi, E. and Lovero, R. and Losurdo, G. and Di Leo, A. and Principi, M.},
   title = {Intestinal microbiota: The explosive mixture at the origin of inflammatory bowel disease?},
   journal = {World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {4},
   pages = {550-9},
   note = {Bringiotti, Roberto
Ierardi, Enzo
Lovero, Rosa
Losurdo, Giuseppe
Di Leo, Alfredo
Principi, Mariabeatrice
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014 Nov 15;5(4):550-9. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.550.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), namely Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are lifelong chronic disorders arising from interactions among genetic, immunological and environmental factors. Although the origin of IBDs is closely linked to immune response alterations, which governs most medical decision-making, recent findings suggest that gut microbiota may be involved in IBD pathogenesis. Epidemiologic evidence and several studies have shown that a dysregulation of gut microbiota (i.e., dysbiosis) may trigger the onset of intestinal disorders such as IBDs. Animal and human investigations focusing on the microbiota-IBD relationship have suggested an altered balance of the intestinal microbial population in the active phase of IBD. Rigorous microbiota typing could, therefore, soon become part of a complete phenotypic analysis of IBD patients. Moreover, individual susceptibility and environmental triggers such as nutrition, medications, age or smoking could modify bacterial strains in the bowel habitat. Pharmacological manipulation of bowel microbiota is somewhat controversial. The employment of antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics has been widely addressed in the literature worldwide, with the aim of obtaining positive results in a number of IBD patient settings, and determining the appropriate timing and modality of this intervention. Recently, novel treatments for IBDs, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, when accepted by patients, have shown promising results. Controlled studies are being designed. In the near future, new therapeutic strategies can be expected, with non-pathogenic or modified food organisms that can be genetically modified to exert anti-inflammatory properties.},
   keywords = {Inflammatory bowel diseases
Intestinal microbiota
Prebiotics
Probiotics
Symbiotics},
   ISSN = {2150-5330 (Print)
2150-5330},
   Accession Number = {25400998},
   DOI = {10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.550},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Buhr, H. J. and Kroesen, A. J.},
   title = {[Refractory inflammatory bowel disease: surgical challenges]},
   journal = {Chirurg},
   volume = {84},
   number = {11},
   pages = {945-50},
   note = {1433-0385
Buhr, H J
Kroesen, A J
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Chirurg. 2013 Nov;84(11):945-50. doi: 10.1007/s00104-013-2516-x.},
   abstract = {Surgery for inflammatory bowel disease under immunosuppressant drugs is a widely discussed topic. Because therapeutic concepts have significantly changed, almost no patient is currently without an immunosuppressant or biologic agent prior to surgery. However, the data whether biological agents and immunosuppressant are a risk factor are very inconsistent. Concerning Crohn's disease, monotherapy with immunosuppressants or biological agents seems to have no negative influence on the postoperative results. In contrast, however, for ulcerative colitis more publications recognise biologic agents and immunosuppressants as a single therapy as a risk factor for infections. To reduce the general risk, all risk factors have to be reduced. In Crohn's disease, nutritional status must be optimised, corticoids should be reduced, biological agents and immunosuppressant drugs should be stopped, protection of an eventual anastomosis by a stoma. For ulcerative colitis in high-risk patients, a three-stage restaurative proctocolectomy is favoured to a one- or two-staged proctocolectomy.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/mortality/*surgery
Combined Modality Therapy
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/mortality/*surgery
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use
Nutritional Status
Opportunistic Infections/chemically induced/mortality
Postoperative Complications/*chemically induced/mortality
Risk Factors
Surgical Wound Infection/chemically induced/mortality
Survival Rate
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/adverse effects},
   ISSN = {0009-4722},
   Accession Number = {24170117},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00104-013-2516-x},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cameron, F. L. and Armstrong, L. and Stenhouse, E. and Davis, C. and Russell, R. K.},
   title = {Acute abdominal pain in a child with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Bmj},
   volume = {346},
   pages = {f563},
   note = {1756-1833
Cameron, F L
Armstrong, L
Stenhouse, E
Davis, C
Russell, R K
Case Reports
Journal Article
England
BMJ. 2013 Feb 14;346:f563. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f563.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/*etiology
Acute Disease
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Child
Clostridium Infections/prevention & control
Clostridium difficile
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy
Female
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
Humans
Infusions, Intravenous
Megacolon, Toxic/*complications/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy
Prognosis
Radiography
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {0959-535x},
   Accession Number = {23412439},
   DOI = {10.1136/bmj.f563},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cardinale, C. J. and Wei, Z. and Li, J. and Zhu, J. and Gu, M. and Baldassano, R. N. and Grant, S. F. and Hakonarson, H.},
   title = {Transcriptome profiling of human ulcerative colitis mucosa reveals altered expression of pathways enriched in genetic susceptibility loci},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {9},
   number = {5},
   pages = {e96153},
   note = {1932-6203
Cardinale, Christopher J
Wei, Zhi
Li, Jin
Zhu, Junfei
Gu, Mengnan
Baldassano, Robert N
Grant, Struan F A
Hakonarson, Hakon
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2014 May 1;9(5):e96153. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096153. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {Human colonic mucosa altered by inflammation due to ulcerative colitis (UC) displays a drastically altered pattern of gene expression compared with healthy tissue. We aimed to understand the underlying molecular pathways influencing these differences by analyzing three publically-available, independently-generated microarray datasets of gene expression from endoscopic biopsies of the colon. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that all three datasets share 87 gene sets upregulated in UC lesions and 8 gene sets downregulated (false discovery rate <0.05). The upregulated pathways were dominated by gene sets involved in immune function and signaling, as well as the control of mitosis. We applied pathway analysis to genotype data derived from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of UC, consisting of 5,584 cases and 11,587 controls assembled from eight European-ancestry cohorts. The upregulated pathways derived from the gene expression data showed a highly significant overlap with pathways derived from the genotype data (33 of 56 gene sets, hypergeometric P = 1.49 x 10(-19)). This study supports the hypothesis that heritable variation in gene expression as measured by GWAS signals can influence key pathways in the development of disease, and that comparison of genetic susceptibility loci with gene expression signatures can differentiate key drivers of inflammation from secondary effects on gene expression of the inflammatory process.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*genetics/pathology/surgery
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Gene Expression Profiling/*methods
Gene Expression Regulation
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genome-Wide Association Study/*methods
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/*pathology
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Principal Component Analysis
Signal Transduction},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24788701},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0096153},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cazarin, C. B. and da Silva, J. K. and Colomeu, T. C. and Batista, A. G. and Vilella, C. A. and Ferreira, A. L. and Junior, S. B. and Fukuda, K. and Augusto, F. and de Meirelles, L. R. and Zollner Rde, L. and Junior, M. R.},
   title = {Passiflora edulis peel intake and ulcerative colitis: approaches for prevention and treatment},
   journal = {Exp Biol Med (Maywood)},
   volume = {239},
   number = {5},
   pages = {542-51},
   note = {1535-3699
Cazarin, Cinthia Bb
da Silva, Juliana K
Colomeu, Talita C
Batista, Angela G
Vilella, Conceicao A
Ferreira, Anderson L
Junior, Stanislau Bogusz
Fukuda, Karina
Augusto, Fabio
de Meirelles, Luciana R
Zollner, Ricardo de L
Junior, Mario R Marostica
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2014 May;239(5):542-51. doi: 10.1177/1535370214525306. Epub 2014 Mar 12.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic relapsing disease that affects millions of people worldwide; its pathogenesis is influenced by genetic, environmental, microbiological, and immunological factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short- and long-term Passiflora edulis peel intake on the antioxidant status, microbiota, and short-chain fatty acids formation in rats with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid-induced colitis using two "in vivo" experiments: chronic (prevention) and acute (treatment). The colitis damage score was determined using macroscopic and microscopic analyses. In addition, the antioxidant activity in serum and other tissues (liver and colon) was evaluated. Bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, aerobic bacteria and enterobacteria, and the amount of short-chain fatty acids (acetic, butyric, and propionic acids) in cecum content were counted. Differences in the colon damage scores were observed; P. edulis peel intake improved serum antioxidant status. In the treatment protocol, decreased colon lipid peroxidation, a decreased number of aerobic bacteria and enterobacteria, and an improvement in acetic and butyric acid levels in the feces were observed. An improvement in the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli was observed in the prevention protocol. These results suggested that P. edulis peel can modulate microbiota and could be used as source of fiber and polyphenols in the prevention of oxidative stress through the improvement of serum and tissue antioxidant status.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antioxidants/*administration & dosage
Bacteria/classification/isolation & purification
Bacterial Load
Cecum/chemistry/microbiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology/*prevention & control/*therapy
Diet/*methods
Disease Models, Animal
Fatty Acids, Volatile/analysis
Histocytochemistry
Male
Passiflora/*chemistry
Polyphenols/*administration & dosage
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Treatment Outcome
Passiflora edulis peel
antioxidant status
microbiota
short-chain fatty acids
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1535-3699},
   Accession Number = {24623393},
   DOI = {10.1177/1535370214525306},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cervesi, C. and Battistutta, S. and Martelossi, S. and Ronfani, L. and Ventura, A.},
   title = {Health priorities in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: physicians' versus patients' perspectives},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {57},
   number = {1},
   pages = {39-42},
   note = {1536-4801
Cervesi, Chiara
Battistutta, Sara
Martelossi, Stefano
Ronfani, Luca
Ventura, Alessandro
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jul;57(1):39-42. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828b5fd4.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Adolescence is a tough age for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) because they transition from child to adult medicine. Although a better understanding of the experience of illness and therefore a better response to the patient's needs have often been stressed, no studies have yet investigated the paediatricians' insight into their IBD adolescent patients. METHODS: A group of adolescents (ages 12-19) diagnosed as having IBD was administered a questionnaire listing 22 items of concern. They were asked to rank each item on a 5-point scale according to the degree of effect on the quality of their everyday life. The same questionnaire was administered to a group of paediatricians experienced in treating IBD and to a group of paediatric residents. Paediatricians and residents were asked to estimate how much each item would affect the quality of an average patient's life, according to the same scale. The questionnaire was also used in a face-to-face approach, asking a paediatrician to apply the estimation to an individual patient, instead of an average imaginary one. RESULTS: Fifteen paediatric gastroenterologists, 11 paediatric residents, and 28 patients (female:male = 16:12; median age 16.3 years) took part in the study. The majority of patients experienced Crohn disease (17 vs 11 with ulcerative colitis). We found only 6 items overlapping when comparing the top 10 items ranked by patients and paediatricians. The patients' number 1 concern occupies the ninth position in the paediatricians' list. The number 1 item for paediatricians is not even mentioned in the patients' top 10 list. Overall, both paediatricians' and residents' rankings were significantly higher than those given by patients. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant misalignment in the estimation of health concerns between IBD adolescent patients and their paediatricians. A better insight into IBD patients' worries and concerns is crucial for the improvement of the patient's quality of life and disease outcome.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adolescent Medicine/manpower/*trends
Adult
Allergy and Immunology/manpower/*trends
Attitude of Health Personnel
Attitude to Health
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/physiopathology/therapy
Crohn Disease/physiopathology/therapy
Female
Gastroenterology/manpower/*trends
*Health Priorities
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/physiopathology/*therapy
Internship and Residency/manpower
Italy
Male
Pediatrics/manpower/trends
Physicians
*Quality of Life
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23403446},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828b5fd4},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chan, K. S. and Yang, C. C. and Chen, C. M. and Yang, H. H. and Lee, C. C. and Chuang, Y. C. and Yu, W. L.},
   title = {Cytomegalovirus colitis in intensive care unit patients: difficulties in clinical diagnosis},
   journal = {J Crit Care},
   volume = {29},
   number = {3},
   pages = {474.e1-6},
   note = {1557-8615
Chan, Khee-Siang
Yang, Chun-Chieh
Chen, Chin-Ming
Yang, His-Hsing
Lee, Ching-Chien
Chuang, Yin-Ching
Yu, Wen-Liang
Journal Article
United States
J Crit Care. 2014 Jun;29(3):474.e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.01.003. Epub 2014 Jan 13.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs increasingly in critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs). We reported CMV colitis which has rarely been recognized in the ICU patients. METHODS: CMV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for blood and/or stool samples. Definite diagnosis of CMV colitis required histopathology or CMV immunohistochemical staining of colorectal biopsies. We reviewed ICU patients characterized by positive blood or stool CMV-PCR with colorectal bleeding or water diarrhea. RESULTS: We identified 18 patients (biopsy-proved, n=8; probable cases, n=10). The most common comorbidities were chronic renal disease, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. Stool CMV-PCR was positive in 7 of 10 patients (2 of 3 biopsy-proved and 5 of 7 probable cases). Colonoscopy was performed for 15 patients, revealing ulcerative or polypoid lesions. The endoscopists obtained colonic biopsies from 9 patients. Yet, the pathologists reported CMV colitis for 4 patients. Additional 4 patients were confirmed using immunohistochemical stain by the request of clinical physicians. Pseudomembranous colitis was found in 4 patients. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of CMV colitis seems difficult in clinical practice and need persistent communication between clinicians. The positive stool CMV-PCR result was a useful hint for adding immunohistochemical stain in mucosal biopsies to make a definite diagnosis of CMV colitis.},
   keywords = {Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Biopsy
Colitis/diagnosis/pathology/*virology
Colon/*pathology
Colonoscopy
Cytomegalovirus/*genetics
Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis/*pathology
DNA, Viral/blood/*isolation & purification
Feces/virology
Female
Humans
Intensive Care Units
Male
Middle Aged
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Retrospective Studies
Acute hemorrhagic rectal ulcer
Cytomegalovirus colitis
Immunohistochemical stain
Pseudomembranous colitis},
   ISSN = {0883-9441},
   Accession Number = {24556151},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.01.003},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chan, S. S. and Luben, R. and Olsen, A. and Tjonneland, A. and Kaaks, R. and Teucher, B. and Lindgren, S. and Grip, O. and Key, T. and Crowe, F. L. and Bergmann, M. M. and Boeing, H. and Hallmans, G. and Karling, P. and Overvad, K. and Palli, D. and Masala, G. and Kennedy, H. and vanSchaik, F. and Bueno-de-Mesquita, B. and Oldenburg, B. and Khaw, K. T. and Riboli, E. and Hart, A. R.},
   title = {Body mass index and the risk for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: data from a European Prospective Cohort Study (The IBD in EPIC Study)},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {4},
   pages = {575-82},
   note = {1572-0241
Chan, Simon S M
Luben, Robert
Olsen, Anja
Tjonneland, Anne
Kaaks, Rudolf
Teucher, Birgit
Lindgren, Stefan
Grip, Olof
Key, Timothy
Crowe, Francesca L
Bergmann, Manuela M
Boeing, Heiner
Hallmans, Goran
Karling, Pontus
Overvad, Kim
Palli, Domenico
Masala, Giovanna
Kennedy, Hugh
vanSchaik, Fiona
Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas
Oldenburg, Bas
Khaw, Kay-Tee
Riboli, Elio
Hart, Andrew R
Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
14136/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom
Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom
G0401527/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Apr;108(4):575-82. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.453. Epub 2013 Jan 15.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Obesity is associated with a proinflammatory state that may be involved in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), for which there are plausible biological mechanisms. Our aim was to perform the first prospective cohort study investigating if there is an association between obesity and the development of incident IBD. METHODS: A total of 300,724 participants were recruited into the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. At recruitment, anthropometric measurements of height and weight plus physical activity and total energy intake from validated questionnaires were recorded. The cohort was monitored identifying participants who developed either Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). Each case was matched with four controls and conditional logistic regression used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for body mass index (BMI) adjusted for smoking, energy intake, and physical activity. RESULTS: In the cohort, 177 participants developed incident UC and 75 participants developed incident CD. There were no associations with the four higher categories of BMI compared with a normal BMI for UC (Ptrend=0.36) or CD (Ptrend=0.83). The lack of associations was consistent when BMI was analyzed as a continuous or binary variable (BMI 18.5<25.0 vs. >/=25 kg/m(2)). Physical activity and total energy intake, factors that influence BMI, did not show any association with UC (physical activity, Ptrend=0.79; total energy intake, Ptrend=0.18) or CD (physical activity, Ptrend=0.42; total energy, Ptrend=0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity as measured by BMI is not associated with the development of incident UC or CD. Alternative measures of obesity are required to further investigate the role of obesity in the development of incident IBD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
*Body Mass Index
Case-Control Studies
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology/*etiology
Crohn Disease/epidemiology/*etiology
Energy Intake
Europe
Exercise
Female
Humans
Incidence
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Obesity/*complications
Odds Ratio
Prospective Studies
Risk Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {23318483},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2012.453},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chan, S. S. and Luben, R. and van Schaik, F. and Oldenburg, B. and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B. and Hallmans, G. and Karling, P. and Lindgren, S. and Grip, O. and Key, T. and Crowe,

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag