text:
978-0-521-47386-6 978-0-521-47931-8},
  lccn = {JN96.A58 E57 1998},
  series = {Theories of Institutional Design}
}

@article{emamgholizadehFrameworkQuantifyingControversy2020,
  title = {A {{Framework}} for {{Quantifying Controversy}} of {{Social Network Debates Using Attributed Networks}}: {{Biased Random Walk}} ({{BRW}})},
  shorttitle = {A {{Framework}} for {{Quantifying Controversy}} of {{Social Network Debates Using Attributed Networks}}},
  author = {Emamgholizadeh, Hanif and Nourizade, Milad and Tajbakhsh, Saman and Hashminezhad, Mahdieh and Esfahani, Farzaneh Nasr},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  abstract = {All societies have been much more bipolar over the past few years, particularly after the emergence of online social networks and media. In fact, the gap between the two ends of social spectrum is going to be even deeper after the spread of new media. In this circumstance, social polarization has been a growing concern among socialists and computer science experts because of the detrimental impact which online social networks can have on societies by adding fuel to the fire of extremism. Several types of research were conducted for proposing measures to calculate the controversy level in social networks, afterward, to reduce controversy among contradicting viewpoints, for example, by exposing opinions of one side to other side's members. Most of the attempts for quantifying social networks' controversy have considered the networks in their most primary forms, without any attributes. Although these kinds of researches provide platform-free algorithms to be used in different social networks, they are not able to take into account a great deal of useful information provided by users (node attributes).To surmount this shortcoming, we propose a framework to be utilized in different networks with different attributes. We propelled some Biased Random Walks (BRW) to find their path from start point to an initially unknown endpoint with respect to initial energy of start node and energy loss of nodes on the path. We extracted structural attribute of networks, using node2vec, and compared it with state-of-the-art algorithms, and showed its accuracy. Then, we extracted some content attributes of user and analyze their effects on the results of our algorithm. BRW is compared with another state-of-the-art controversy measuring algorithm. Then, its changes in different level of controversy in Persian Twitter is considered to show how it works in different circumstance.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2008.11453},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/MMB5S7BF/Emamgholizadeh et al_2020_A Framework for Quantifying Controversy of Social Network Debates Using.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/393CW3PP/2008.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2008.11453 [physics]},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@article{emanueleExplainingImpactNew2019,
  title = {Explaining the Impact of New Parties in the {{Western European}} Party Systems},
  author = {Emanuele, Vincenzo and Chiaramonte, Alessandro},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  volume = {0},
  pages = {1--21},
  issn = {1745-7289},
  doi = {10.1080/17457289.2019.1666402},
  abstract = {In recent years, and particularly following the impact of the ``great recession'', Western European party systems have undergone profound change. New parties have emerged and been successful, thus radically changing the structure of inter-party competition. So far, research on new parties has been mainly conducted from party-level and election-centred perspectives. Here, instead, we focus on party system innovation (PSInn), meaning the impact of new parties on Western European party systems, and on the factors that explain such impact, by adopting a systemic perspective and taking into account all the arenas where inter-party competition takes place (i.e. elections, parliaments and governments). For this purpose, this article relies on an original dataset on the performances of new parties in terms of votes, seats, and ministerial posts, covering about 350 elections and 670 governments in 20 countries, over the period 1945\textendash 2017. The results of the analysis show a notable increase in PSInn over the last decade, in particular with regard to the electoral and parliamentary arenas. Moreover, data show that PSInn in the electoral and the parliamentary arenas is mainly predicted by turnout change, while in the governmental arena is instead driven by the country's economic performance.},
  journal = {Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties},
  number = {0}
}

@article{emanuelePartyCrashersModeling2020,
  title = {Party Crashers? {{Modeling}} Genuinely New Party Development Paths in {{Western Europe}}},
  shorttitle = {Party Crashers?},
  author = {Emanuele, Vincenzo and Sikk, Allan},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  pages = {135406882091135},
  issn = {1354-0688, 1460-3683},
  doi = {10.1177/1354068820911355},
  abstract = {Western Europe has recently experienced the emergence of successful new parties, but while single parties or countries have been extensively studied, insufficient attention has been devoted to this phenomenon from a comparative and longterm perspective. By relying on an original data set covering 20 countries and 344 parliamentary elections, this article presents the first analysis of West European `genuinely new parties' (GNPs) across time, countries and party families. We hypothesize that the parties differ not only in terms of their short- and long-term success but have a range of distinct development paths. Through a latent growth model, we provide a classification of GNPs in terms of their breakthrough and initial performance. According to the specific trajectory followed by new parties in the first five elections they contest, the model suggests five different classes of new parties in Western Europe: `explosive', `meteoric', `contender', `flat' and `flop'. The article discusses the implications of these findings also regarding the ability of the model to produce estimates and predictions about the future electoral performances of GNPs.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Emanuele_Sikk/Emanuele_Sikk_2020_Party crashers.pdf},
  journal = {Party Politics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{endersModelingSupportDonald,
  title = {On {{Modeling Support}} for {{Donald Trump}}},
  author = {Enders, Adam M and Uscinski, Joseph E},
  pages = {54},
  abstract = {Why do Americans support Donald Trump? Scholars have identified many factors correlated with support for Trump, but attempts at modeling these factors suffer from either multicollinearity, on the one hand, or omitted variable bias, on the other. Both obscure inferences. Using two national surveys, we demonstrate the perils of including or failing to include many of these factors in models. We then reconceptualize the sources of Trump support as components of perceived status threat; this ``profile'' of factors (e.g., attitudes towards women, minorities, and political correctness) strongly predicts Trump vote choice and general support, as well as attitudes about issues connected to Trump, controlling for other factors. Moreover, this profile outperforms partisanship and ideology as predictors of Trump support in most cases and is negatively related to support for mainstream Republican candidates. Our analyses suggest that Trump activated longstanding grievances that transcend traditional party cleavages.},
  language = {en}
}

@article{engelkeGraphicalModelsExtremes2019,
  title = {Graphical {{Models}} for {{Extremes}}},
  author = {Engelke, Sebastian and Hitz, Adrien S.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  abstract = {Conditional independence, graphical models and sparsity are key notions for parsimonious statistical models and for understanding the structural relationships in the data. The theory of multivariate and spatial extremes describes the risk of rare events through asymptotically justified limit models such as max-stable and multivariate Pareto distributions. Statistical modelling in this field has been limited to moderate dimensions so far, partly owing to complicated likelihoods and a lack of understanding of the underlying probabilistic structures. We introduce a general theory of conditional independence for multivariate Pareto distributions that allows the definition of graphical models and sparsity for extremes. A Hammersley-Clifford theorem links this new notion to the factorization of densities of extreme value models on graphs. For the popular class of H\textbackslash "usler-Reiss distributions we show that, similarly to the Gaussian case, the sparsity pattern of a general extremal graphical model can be read off from suitable inverse covariance matrices. New parametric models can be built in a modular way and statistical inference can be simplified to lower-dimensional marginals. We discuss learning of minimum spanning trees and model selection for extremal graph structures, and illustrate their use with an application to flood risk assessment on the Danube river.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {1812.01734},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  journal = {arXiv:1812.01734 [math, stat]},
  primaryClass = {math, stat}
}

@incollection{enyediPatternsPartyCompetition2011,
  title = {Patterns of Party Competition},
  booktitle = {Europeanising Party Politics? {{Comparative}} Perspectives on {{Central}} and {{Eastern Europe}}},
  author = {Enyedi, Zsolt and Casal Bertoa, Ferdinand},
  editor = {Lewis, P. and Markowski, R.},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{Manchester University Press}},
  address = {{Manchester}}
}

@incollection{enyediSurvivalFittestParty2006,
  title = {The Survival of the Fittest: {{Party}} System Concentration in {{Hungary}}},
  booktitle = {Parties and Party Systems},
  author = {Enyedi, Zsolt},
  editor = {{Jungerstam-Mulders}, Susanne},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {177--203},
  publisher = {{Ashgate}},
  address = {{Aldershot}}
}

@incollection{enyediVotersPartiesEastern2019,
  title = {Voters and {{Parties}} in {{Eastern Europe}}},
  author = {Enyedi, Zsolt and {Deegan-Krause}, Kevin},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {169--183}
}

@article{epperlyInstitutionsLegaciesElectoral2011,
  title = {Institutions and Legacies: {{Electoral}} Volatility in the Postcommunist World},
  shorttitle = {Institutions and {{Legacies}}},
  author = {Epperly, Brad},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  volume = {44},
  pages = {829--853},
  issn = {0010-4140, 1552-3829},
  doi = {10.1177/0010414011401226},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{epskampEstimatingPsychologicalNetworks2018,
  title = {Estimating Psychological Networks and Their Accuracy: {{A}} Tutorial Paper},
  shorttitle = {Estimating Psychological Networks and Their Accuracy},
  author = {Epskamp, Sacha and Borsboom, Denny and Fried, Eiko I.},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  volume = {50},
  pages = {195--212},
  issn = {1554-3528},
  doi = {10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1},
  abstract = {The usage of psychological networks that conceptualize behavior as a complex interplay of psychological and other components has gained increasing popularity in various research fields. While prior publications have tackled the topics of estimating and interpreting such networks, little work has been conducted to check how accurate (i.e., prone to sampling variation) networks are estimated, and how stable (i.e., interpretation remains similar with less observations) inferences from the network structure (such as centrality indices) are. In this tutorial paper, we aim to introduce the reader to this field and tackle the problem of accuracy under sampling variation. We first introduce the current state-of-the-art of network estimation. Second, we provide a rationale why researchers should investigate the accuracy of psychological networks. Third, we describe how bootstrap routines can be used to (A) assess the accuracy of estimated network connections, (B) investigate the stability of centrality indices, and (C) test whether network connections and centrality estimates for different variables differ from each other. We introduce two novel statistical methods: for (B) the correlation stability coefficient, and for (C) the bootstrapped difference test for edge-weights and centrality indices. We conducted and present simulation studies to assess the performance of both methods. Finally, we developed the free R-package bootnet that allows for estimating psychological networks in a generalized framework in addition to the proposed bootstrap methods. We showcase bootnet in a tutorial, accompanied by R syntax, in which we analyze a dataset of 359 women with posttraumatic stress disorder available online.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Epskamp et al/Epskamp et al_2018_Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy.pdf},
  journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{epskampEstimatingPsychologicalNetworks2018a,
  ids = {epskampEstimatingPsychologicalNetworks2017,epskampEstimatingPsychologicalNetworks2018},
  title = {Estimating Psychological Networks and Their Accuracy: {{A}} Tutorial Paper},
  shorttitle = {Estimating Psychological Networks and Their Accuracy},
  author = {Epskamp, Sacha and Borsboom, Denny and Fried, Eiko I.},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  volume = {50},
  pages = {195--212},
  issn = {1554-3528},
  doi = {10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1},
  journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{epskampGeneralizedNetworkPsychometrics2017a,
  ids = {epskampGeneralizedNetworkPsychometrics2017},
  title = {Generalized Network Psychometrics: Combining Network and Latent Variable Models},
  shorttitle = {Generalized {{Network Psychometrics}}},
  author = {Epskamp, Sacha and Rhemtulla, Mijke and Borsboom, Denny},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  volume = {82},
  pages = {904--927},
  issn = {0033-3123, 1860-0980},
  doi = {10.1007/s11336-017-9557-x},
  journal = {Psychometrika},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{epskampInvestigatingUtilityFixedmargin2018d,
  ids = {epskampInvestigatingUtilityFixedmargin2018,epskampInvestigatingUtilityFixedmargin2018a,epskampInvestigatingUtilityFixedmargin2018b,epskampInvestigatingUtilityFixedmargin2018c},
  title = {Investigating the {{Utility}} of {{Fixed}}-Margin {{Sampling}} in {{Network Psychometrics}}},
  author = {Epskamp, Sacha and Fried, Eiko I. and {van Borkulo}, Claudia D. and Robinaugh, Donald J. and Marsman, Maarten and Dalege, Jonas and Rhemtulla, Mijke and Cramer, Ang{\'e}lique O. J.},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  pages = {1--15},
  issn = {0027-3171, 1532-7906},
  doi = {10.1080/00273171.2018.1489771},
  journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research},
  language = {en}
}

@techreport{epskampMetaanalyticGaussianNetwork2020,
  title = {Meta-Analytic {{Gaussian Network Aggregation}}},
  author = {Epskamp, Sacha and Isvoranu, Adela-Maria and Cheung, Mike W.-L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/236w8},
  abstract = {A growing number of publications focuses on estimating Gaussian graphical models (GGMs, networks of partial correlation coefficients). At the same time, generalizibility and replicability of these highly parameterized models are debated, and sample sizes typically found in datasets may not be sufficient for estimating the underlying network structure. In addition, while recent work emerged that aims to compare networks based on different samples, these studies do not take potential cross-study heterogeneity into account. To this end, this paper introduces methods for estimating GGMs through aggregating over multiple datasets. We first introduce a general maximum likelihood estimation modeling framework in which all discussed models are embedded. This modeling framework is subsequently used to introduce meta-analytic Gaussian network aggregation (MAGNA). We discuss two variants: fixed-effects MAGNA, in which heterogeneity across studies is not taken into account, and random-effects MAGNA, which models sample correlations and takes heterogeneity into account. We exemplify the method using four datasets of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (Fried et al., 2017), as well as one large dataset of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms (Lovibond \& Lovibond, 1995). Finally, we assess the performance of MAGNA in large-scale simulation studies.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Epskamp et al/Epskamp et al_2020_Meta-analytic Gaussian Network Aggregation.pdf},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{epskampNetworkPsychometrics2016,
  title = {Network {{Psychometrics}}},
  author = {Epskamp, Sacha and Maris, Gunter K. J. and Waldorp, Lourens J. and Borsboom, Denny},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  abstract = {This chapter provides a general introduction of network modeling in psychometrics. The chapter starts with an introduction to the statistical model formulation of pairwise Markov random fields (PMRF), followed by an introduction of the PMRF suitable for binary data: the Ising model. The Ising model is a model used in ferromagnetism to explain phase transitions in a field of particles. Following the description of the Ising model in statistical physics, the chapter continues to show that the Ising model is closely related to models used in psychometrics. The Ising model can be shown to be equivalent to certain kinds of logistic regression models, loglinear models and multi-dimensional item response theory (MIRT) models. The equivalence between the Ising model and the MIRT model puts standard psychometrics in a new light and leads to a strikingly different interpretation of well-known latent variable models. The chapter gives an overview of methods that can be used to estimate the Ising model, and concludes with a discussion on the interpretation of latent variables given the equivalence between the Ising model and MIRT.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {1609.02818},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/68DN2D5V/1609.html},
  journal = {arXiv:1609.02818 [stat]},
  primaryClass = {stat}
}

@phdthesis{epskampNetworkPsychometrics2017,
  title = {Network {{Psychometrics}}},
  author = {Epskamp, Sacha},
  year = {2017},
  school = {University of Amsterdam}
}

@article{epskampPsychometricNetworkModels,
  ids = {epskampPsychometricNetworkModels2020},
  title = {Psychometric Network Models from Time-Series and Panel Data},
  author = {Epskamp, Sacha},
  doi = {10.1007/s11336-020-09697-3},
  abstract = {Researchers in the field of network psychometrics often focus on the estimation of Gaussian graphical models (GGMs)\textemdash an undirected network model of partial correlations\textemdash between observed variables of cross-sectional data or single-subject time-series data. This assumes that all variables are measured without measurement error, which may be implausible. In addition, cross-sectional data cannot distinguish between within-subject and between-subject effects. This paper provides a general framework that extends GGM modeling with latent variables, including relationships over time. These relationships can be estimated from time-series data or panel data featuring at least three waves of measurement. The model takes the form of a graphical vector-autoregression model between latent variables and is termed the \emph{ts-lvgvar} when estimated from time-series data and the \emph{panel-lvgvar} when estimated from panel data. These methods have been implemented in the software package \emph{psychonetrics}, which is exemplified in two empirical examples, one using time-series data and one using panel data, and evaluated in two large-scale simulation studies. The paper concludes with a discussion on ergodicity and generalizability. Although within-subject effects may in principle be separated from between-subject effects, the interpretation of these results rests on the intensity and the time interval of measurement and on the plausibility of the assumption of stationarity.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Epskamp/Epskamp_2020_Psychometric network models from time-series and panel data.pdf},
  journal = {Psychometrika}
}

@article{epskampQgraphNetworkVisualizations2012a,
  ids = {epskampQgraphNetworkVisualizations2012},
  title = {Qgraph: Network Visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data},
  author = {Epskamp, Sacha and Cramer, Ang{\'e}lique O. J. and Waldorp, Lourens J. and Schmittmann, Verena D. and Borsboom, Denny},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {1--18},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  number = {4}
}

@article{epskampTutorialRegularizedPartial2018a,
  ids = {epskampTutorialRegularizedPartial2016,epskampTutorialRegularizedPartial2018,epskampTutorialRegularizedPartial2018b},
  title = {A Tutorial on Regularized Partial Correlation Networks},
  author = {Epskamp, Sacha and Fried, Eiko I.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  issn = {1939-1463, 1082-989X},
  doi = {10.1037/met0000167},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {1607.01367},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/7DPV95PN/1607.html;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/YBICH3LB/1607.html},
  journal = {Psychological Methods},
  language = {en}
}

@article{erdosEvolutionRandomGraphs1960,
  title = {On the Evolution of Random Graphs},
  author = {Erdos, Paul and R{\'e}nyi, Alfr{\'e}d},
  year = {1960},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {17--60},
  journal = {Publ. Math. Inst. Hung. Acad. Sci},
  number = {1}
}

@article{eriksonPandemicsShowUs2020,
  title = {Pandemics Show Us What Government Is For},
  author = {Erikson, Susan},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  pages = {1--2},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2397-3374},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-020-0871-4},
  abstract = {Growth-at-any-cost economics has health costs, a reality the COVID-19 pandemic brings into sharp relief. Governments must manage the tension between economics and health, but they should not stray from their original mandate to protect people. Too much dependence on the private sector weakened pandemic response, argues Susan Erikson.},
  copyright = {2020 Springer Nature Limited},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/LSXGB6E5/s41562-020-0871-4.html},
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  language = {en}
}

@article{erssonEcologyPartyStrength1985,
  title = {Ecology of Party Strength in {{Western Europe}}: A Regional Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Ecology of {{Party Strength}} in {{Western Europe}}},
  author = {Ersson, Svante and Janda, Kenneth and Lane, Jan-Erik},
  year = {1985},
  month = jul,
  volume = {18},
  pages = {170--205},
  issn = {0010-4140, 1552-3829},
  doi = {10.1177/0010414085018002002},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@incollection{erssonElectoralInstabilityParty2003,
  title = {Electoral Instability and Party System Change in {{Western Europe}}},
  booktitle = {Comparing Party System Change},
  author = {Ersson, Svante and Lane, Jan-Erik},
  editor = {Lane, Jan-Erik and Pennings, Paul},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {34--49},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  address = {{London}}
}

@article{ettaInformationConsumptionSocial2020,
  title = {Information {{Consumption}} and {{Social Response}} in a {{Segregated Environment}}: The {{Case}} of {{Gab}}},
  shorttitle = {Information {{Consumption}} and {{Social Response}} in a {{Segregated Environment}}},
  author = {Etta, Gabriele and Galeazzi, Alessandro and Cinelli, Matteo and Conti, Mauro and Quattrociocchi, Walter},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  abstract = {Most of the information operations involve users who may foster polarization and distrust toward science and mainstream journalism, without these users being conscious of their role. Gab is well known to be an extremist-friendly platform that performs little control on the posted content. Thus it represents an ideal benchmark for studying phenomena potentially related to polarization such as misinformation spreading. The combination of these factors may lead to hate as well as to episodes of harm in the real world. In this work we provide a characterization of the interaction patterns within Gab around the COVID-19 topic. To assess the spreading of different content type, we analyze consumption patterns based on both interaction type and source reliability. Overall we find that there are no strong statistical differences in the social response to questionable and reliable content, both following a power law distribution. However, questionable and reliable sources display structural and topical differences in the use of hashtags. The commenting behaviour of users in terms of both lifetime and sentiment reveals that questionable and reliable posts are perceived in the same manner. We can conclude that despite evident differences between questionable and reliable posts Gab users do not perform such a differentiation thus treating them as a whole. Our results provide insights toward the understanding of coordinated inauthentic behavior and on the early-warning of information operation.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2006.02181},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Etta et al/Etta et al_2020_Information Consumption and Social Response in a Segregated Environment2.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/research/papers/ettaInformationConsumptionSocial2020.md},
  journal = {arXiv:2006.02181 [cs]},
  primaryClass = {cs}
}

@article{evansComparingEffectsHypothetical2019,
  title = {Comparing the {{Effects}} of {{Hypothetical Moral Preferences}} on {{Real}}-{{Life}} and {{Hypothetical Behavior}}: {{Commentary}} on {{Bostyn}}, {{Sevenhant}}, and {{Roets}} (2018)},
  shorttitle = {Comparing the {{Effects}} of {{Hypothetical Moral Preferences}} on {{Real}}-{{Life}} and {{Hypothetical Behavior}}},
  author = {Evans, Anthony M. and Brandt, Mark J.},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1380--1382},
  issn = {0956-7976},
  doi = {10.1177/0956797618815482},
  journal = {Psychological Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {9}
}

@article{evansExplainingEthnicPolarization2002,
  title = {Explaining Ethnic Polarization over Attitudes towards Minority Rights in {{Eastern Europe}}: {{A}} Multilevel Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Explaining Ethnic Polarization over Attitudes towards Minority Rights in {{Eastern Europe}}},
  author = {Evans, Geoffrey and Need, Ariana},
  year = {2002},
  month = dec,
  volume = {31},
  pages = {653--680},
  issn = {0049089X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00018-2},
  journal = {Social Science Research},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{eyermanJeffreyAlexanderCultural2004,
  title = {Jeffrey {{Alexander}} and the {{Cultural Turn}} in {{Social Theory}}},
  author = {Eyerman, Ron},
  year = {2004},
  month = nov,
  volume = {79},
  pages = {25--30},
  issn = {0725-5136, 1461-7455},
  doi = {10.1177/0725513604046953},
  journal = {Thesis Eleven},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{falkenbergIdentifyingTimeDependence2020,
  title = {Identifying Time Dependence in Network Growth},
  author = {Falkenberg, Max and Lee, Jong-Hyeok and Amano, Shun-ichi and Ogawa, Ken-ichiro and Yano, Kazuo and Miyake, Yoshihiro and Evans, Tim S. and Christensen, Kim},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  volume = {2},
  pages = {023352},
  issn = {2643-1564},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023352},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Falkenberg et al/Falkenberg et al_2020_Identifying time dependence in network growth.pdf},
  journal = {Physical Review Research},
  keywords = {DONE},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@misc{FallingLovePrincipled,
  title = {Falling ({{In Love With Principled Modeling}})},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/K236IXG4/falling.html},
  howpublished = {https://betanalpha.github.io/assets/case\_studies/falling.html}
}

@article{fangCommunityDetectionVectorlabel2020,
  title = {Community {{Detection}} through {{Vector}}-Label {{Propagation Algorithms}}},
  author = {Fang, Wenyi and Wang, Xin and Liu, Longzhao and Wu, Zhaole and Tang, Shaoting and Zheng, Zhiming},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  abstract = {Community detection is a fundamental and important problem in network science, as community structures often reveal both topological and functional relationships between different components of the complex system. In this paper, we first propose a gradient descent framework of modularity optimization called vector-label propagation algorithm (VLPA), where a node is associated with a vector of continuous community labels instead of one label. Retaining weak structural information in vector-label, VLPA outperforms some well-known community detection methods, and particularly improves the performance in networks with weak community structures. Further, we incorporate stochastic gradient strategies into VLPA to avoid stuck in the local optima, leading to the stochastic vector-label propagation algorithm (sVLPA). We show that sVLPA performs better than Louvain Method, a widely used community detection algorithm, on both artificial benchmarks and real-world networks. Our theoretical scheme based on vector-label propagation can be directly applied to high-dimensional networks where each node has multiple features, and can also be used for optimizing other partition measures such as modularity with resolution parameters.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2011.08342},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/RNKKVSWI/Fang et al. - 2020 - Community Detection through Vector-label Propagati.pdf},
  journal = {arXiv:2011.08342 [physics]},
  keywords = {Physics - Physics and Society},
  language = {en},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@article{fangSocialLearningMultiple,
  title = {Social Learning with Multiple True States},
  author = {Fang, Aili and Wang, Lin and Wei, Xinjiang},
  doi = {S037843711930086X},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$>$}Publication date: Available online 24 January 2019{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}\textbf{Source:} Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}Author(s): Aili Fang, Lin Wang, Xinjiang Wei{$<$}/p{$><$}h5{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h5{$><$}div{$><$}p{$>$}In order to investigate social learning with multiple true states, a social learning model with time-varying topology and reliance weight is proposed. In this model, a time-varying topology mechanism for social networks is constructed since people always tend to communicate with those who have similar opinions with them. Simultaneously, the adaptive time-varying reliance weight mechanism is designed according to the closeness degree of agents' neighbors. The simulation results show that asymptotic learning can be achieved and communities emerge under certain parameter values. Finally, how the parameters influence the belief evolution is analyzed, and a first order phase transition phenomenon is discovered.{$<$}/p{$><$}/div{$>$}},
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}
}

@article{fangSocialLearningMultiplea,
  title = {Social Learning with Multiple True States},
  author = {Fang, Aili and Wang, Lin and Wei, Xinjiang},
  doi = {S037843711930086X},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$>$}Publication date: Available online 24 January 2019{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}\textbf{Source:} Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}Author(s): Aili Fang, Lin Wang, Xinjiang Wei{$<$}/p{$><$}h5{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h5{$><$}div{$><$}p{$>$}In order to investigate social learning with multiple true states, a social learning model with time-varying topology and reliance weight is proposed. In this model, a time-varying topology mechanism for social networks is constructed since people always tend to communicate with those who have similar opinions with them. Simultaneously, the adaptive time-varying reliance weight mechanism is designed according to the closeness degree of agents' neighbors. The simulation results show that asymptotic learning can be achieved and communities emerge under certain parameter values. Finally, how the parameters influence the belief evolution is analyzed, and a first order phase transition phenomenon is discovered.{$<$}/p{$><$}/div{$>$}},
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}
}

@article{fanPrecisionMatrixEstimation2019,
  title = {Precision {{Matrix Estimation}} with {{Noisy}} and {{Missing Data}}},
  author = {Fan, Roger and Jang, Byoungwook and Sun, Yuekai and Zhou, Shuheng},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  abstract = {Estimating conditional dependence graphs and precision matrices are some of the most common problems in modern statistics and machine learning. When data are fully observed, penalized maximum likelihood-type estimators have become standard tools for estimating graphical models under sparsity conditions. Extensions of these methods to more complex settings where data are contaminated with additive or multiplicative noise have been developed in recent years. In these settings, however, the relative performance of different methods is not well understood and algorithmic gaps still exist. In particular, in high-dimensional settings these methods require using non-positive semidefinite matrices as inputs, presenting novel optimization challenges. We develop an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm for these problems, providing a feasible algorithm to estimate precision matrices with indefinite input and potentially nonconvex penalties. We compare this method with existing alternative solutions and empirically characterize the tradeoffs between them. Finally, we use this method to explore the networks among US senators estimated from voting records data.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {1904.03548},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/ULV7VNEN/1904.html},
  journal = {arXiv:1904.03548 [cs, stat]},
  primaryClass = {cs, stat}
}

@article{farjamBandwagonEffectOnline,
  title = {The {{Bandwagon Effect}} in an {{Online Voting Experiment With Real Political Organizations}}},
  author = {Farjam, Mike},
  doi = {10.1093/ijpor/edaa008},
  abstract = {Since the 1980s, the number of political polls has increased 10-fold, and starting in the last decade, an increasing number of Internet polls have come to be ba},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Farjam/Farjam_The Bandwagon Effect in an Online Voting Experiment With Real Political.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/R6XSE5EF/5857291.html},
  journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{fazzolariEmotionsInterestsEvolving2020,
  title = {Emotions and {{Interests}} of {{Evolving Twitter Bots}}},
  booktitle = {2020 {{IEEE Conference}} on {{Evolving}} and {{Adaptive Intelligent Systems}} ({{EAIS}})},
  author = {Fazzolari, Michela and Pratelli, Manuel and Martinelli, Fabio and Petrocchi, Marinella},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  pages = {1--8},
  issn = {2473-4691},
  doi = {10.1109/EAIS48028.2020.9122703},
  abstract = {Bot accounts are computer algorithms populating our online ecosystem. They often feature goals that are far from being benign: distribution of spam, inflated sponsorship of public characters, biased influence on the audience's judgements. The endless game of cat and mouse between Academia and bot developers proves that bots evolve over time, imitating human online behaviour and making themselves undetectable even by state-of-art detection tools. This peculiarity inspires the current work: the adoption of text mining tools to evaluate if it is possible to infer typology and purpose of bots from the feelings and interests expressed in their posts. The experiments, carried out on a large corpus of Twitter data, show a connection between the two considered dimensions (feeling and interest) and the characteristics of the evolutionary waves of accounts.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/XQU2KKHC/9122703.html}
}

@book{feldmanChaosFractalsElementary2012,
  title = {Chaos and Fractals: An Elementary Introduction},
  shorttitle = {Chaos and Fractals},
  author = {Feldman, David P.},
  year = {2012},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  address = {{Oxford}},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocn792747080},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Feldman/Feldman_2012_Chaos and fractals.pdf},
  isbn = {978-0-19-956643-3 978-0-19-956644-0},
  lccn = {QA614.86 .F45 2012}
}

@article{fengIncorporatingAffiliationPreference2021,
  title = {Incorporating Affiliation Preference into Overlapping Community Detection},
  author = {Feng, Liang and Zhao, Qianchuan and Zhou, Cangqi},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  volume = {563},
  pages = {125429},
  issn = {0378-4371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2020.125429},
  abstract = {Community detection is an important way to understand structures of complex networks. Many conventional methods assume that each node only belongs to one community. However, nodes may have multiple memberships in real-world networks. Recently, overlapping community detection has attracted lots of attention. With the good interpretability of latent vectors, in this paper, we improve non-negative matrix factorization method by incorporating affiliation preference. Other than directly approximating original adjacent matrix of network, our proposed Bayesian Affiliation Preference based Non-negative Matrix Factorization (BAPNMF) method maximizes the likelihood of affiliation preferences for all nodes. The intuition is that nodes prefer their neighbors than non-neighbors. We define the edge preference possibility which satisfies the totality based on generative affiliation model. In the learning phase, stochastic gradient descent with bootstrap sampling is adopted. We evaluated on both synthetic and real-world networks, and results show our method outperforms state-of-art algorithms and is scalable for large-scale networks.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/NAPK95LC/S0378437120307585.html},
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
  language = {en}
}

@inproceedings{ferdowsiGeneratingHighqualitySynthetic2020,
  title = {Generating High-Quality Synthetic Graphs for Community Detection in Social Networks},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 {{Spring Simulation Conference}}},
  author = {Ferdowsi, Arman and Abhari, Abdolreza},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  pages = {1--10},
  publisher = {{Society for Computer Simulation International}},
  address = {{Fairfax, Virginia}},
  abstract = {One of the most significant attributes of networks is their community structure. One can define a quality criterion for a community of a network in such a way that a high-quality community refers to a group of vertices that contains more highly-connected edges between its members than between its members and the rest of the network. Various algorithms have been developed to discover communities of networks, although there is not a straightforward solution to see which algorithms are good and how they are good. However, generating synthetic graphs, which are similar to real-world networks and also have a built-in community structure (known community structure), can be used in evaluating accurately different community detection algorithms. This paper presents and programs two very important categories of synthetic networks with known community structures. Afterward, it challenges several well-known community detection algorithms to discover communities in these networks.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/UTW4MDIB/Ferdowsi_Abhari_2020_Generating high-quality synthetic graphs for community detection in social.pdf},
  isbn = {978-1-71381-288-3},
  keywords = {TODO},
  series = {{{SpringSim}} '20}
}

@article{ferlandElectoralSystemsPolicy2020,
  title = {Electoral {{Systems}} and {{Policy Congruence}}},
  author = {Ferland, Benjamin},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  pages = {0032321719895428},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Ltd}},
  issn = {0032-3217},
  doi = {10.1177/0032321719895428},
  abstract = {Many studies examined the state of citizen-elite congruence at the party system, legislative and government stages of representation. Few scholars examined, however, whether citizen preferences are adequately represented in enacted policies. The article addresses this gap in the literature and examines the role of electoral systems in fostering citizens-policy congruence. Building on studies of government congruence and responsiveness, we expect levels of policy congruence to be greater under majoritarian electoral systems than under proportional representation electoral systems and as the number of parties in government decreases. In order to test these expectations, we make use of data from the International Social Survey Programme and examine the proportions of respondents whose preferences are congruent with government levels of spending in eight major policy domains. Overall, the results do not support our expectations and indicate that levels of policy congruence are similar across electoral systems and government types. In line with recent works on electoral systems and representation, our findings support the claim that majoritarian and proportional representation electoral systems both have mechanisms which allow governments to represent their citizens similarly.},
  journal = {Political Studies},
  language = {en}
}

@article{ferlandShiftingPartiesRational2019,
  title = {Shifting Parties, Rational Switchers: {{Are}} Voters Responding to Ideological Shifts by Political Parties?},
  shorttitle = {Shifting Parties, Rational Switchers},
  author = {Ferland, Benjamin and Dassonneville, Ruth},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  pages = {135406881982920},
  issn = {1354-0688, 1460-3683},
  doi = {10.1177/1354068819829207},
  journal = {Party Politics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{ferreeContextElectoralRules2014,
  title = {Context, {{Electoral Rules}}, and {{Party Systems}}},
  author = {Ferree, Karen E. and Powell, G. Bingham and Scheiner, Ethan},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  volume = {17},
  pages = {421--439},
  issn = {1094-2939, 1545-1577},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-195419},
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{finerStatebuildingStateBoundaries1974,
  title = {State-Building, State Boundaries and Border Control},
  author = {Finer, Samuel E.},
  year = {1974},
  month = aug,
  volume = {13},
  pages = {79--126},
  issn = {0539-0184, 1461-7412},
  doi = {10.1177/053901847401300407},
  journal = {Social Science Information},
  language = {en},
  number = {4-5}
}

@article{fink-hafnerSloveniaSlovenia2012,
  title = {Slovenia: {{Slovenia}}},
  shorttitle = {Slovenia},
  author = {{Fink-Hafner}, Danica},
  year = {2012},
  month = dec,
  volume = {51},
  pages = {288--296},
  issn = {20478844},
  doi = {10.1111/j.2047-8852.2012.00031.x},
  journal = {European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{fink-hafnerSTABILITYSLOVENIANPARTY,
  title = {{{THE STABILITY OF THE SLOVENIAN PARTY SYSTEM}}: {{REASONS FOR THE SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF NEW PARTIES}}},
  author = {{Fink-Hafner}, Danica and Kra{\v s}ovec, Alenka},
  pages = {27},
  language = {en}
}

@book{fiorinaCultureWarMyth2011,
  title = {Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized {{America}}},
  shorttitle = {Culture War?},
  author = {Fiorina, Morris P. and Abrams, Samuel J. and Pope, Jeremy},
  year = {2011},
  edition = {3rd ed},
  publisher = {{Longman}},
  address = {{Boston, MA}},
  isbn = {978-0-205-77988-8},
  keywords = {2001-2009,Culture conflict,Politics and culture,Politics and government,United States},
  lccn = {HN59.2 .F564 2011},
  series = {Great Questions in Politics}
}

@article{fischerImpactInterviewerEffects2019,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Interviewer Effects}} on {{Regression Coefficients}}},
  author = {Fischer, Micha and West, Brady T. and Elliott, Michael R. and Kreuter, Frauke},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {250--274},
  issn = {2325-0984},
  doi = {10.1093/jssam/smy007},
  abstract = {Abstract.  This article examines the influence of interviewers on the estimation of regression coefficients from survey data. First, we present theoretical cons},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/NR77H9LF/4994490.html},
  journal = {Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{fischerPrimerCrossCulturalMultiGroup2019,
  title = {A {{Primer}} to ({{Cross}}-{{Cultural}}) {{Multi}}-{{Group Invariance Testing Possibilities}} in {{R}}},
  author = {Fischer, Ronald and Karl, Johannes A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {1507},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01507},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}
}

@article{fischerStructureTeachingPractices2020,
  title = {The Structure of Teaching Practices across Countries: {{A}} Combination of Factor Analysis and Network Analysis},
  shorttitle = {The Structure of Teaching Practices across Countries},
  author = {Fischer, Jessica and He, Jia and Klieme, Eckhard},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  volume = {65},
  pages = {100861},
  issn = {0191-491X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100861},
  abstract = {Teaching practices are pivotal for student learning. Due to pedagogical traditions and national cultures, the structure of teaching practices may differ across countries. This study investigates the structure of teaching practices across 12 countries grouped into four major linguistic/cultural clusters. First, factor analysis is applied to investigate if the theoretical distinction between teacher-directed and student-centred practices is generalizable across countries. Then, network analysis is used to explore how individual classroom assessment practices relate to either teacher-directed or student-centred practices. Main findings include that: (1) teacher-directed and student-centred practices are two distinct factors across countries; (2) the overall structure and connectivity of teaching practices differs across countries, with smaller differences within linguistic/cultural clusters; and (3) assessment practices with the aim to structure and guide learning strongly relate to teacher-directed practices, whereas assessment practices with the aim to individualize instruction more relate to student-centred practices. We discuss the global patterning and implications.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/3B4C3D2Y/S0191491X20301097.html},
  journal = {Studies in Educational Evaluation},
  language = {en}
}

@article{fishmanChangeWeCan2019,
  title = {Change We Can Believe in: {{Structural}} and Content Dynamics within Belief Networks},
  shorttitle = {Change We Can Believe In},
  author = {Fishman, Nic and Davis, Nicholas T.},
  year = {2019},
  publisher = {{SocArXiv}}
}

@incollection{fishWhatHasQuarter2017,
  title = {What Has a Quarter Century of Post-Communism  Taught Us about the Correlates of Democracy?},
  booktitle = {A Quarter Century of Post-Communism Assessed},
  author = {Fish, S.M.},
  editor = {Fish, S.M. and Gill, G. and Petrovic, M.},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {11--40},
  publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan}},
  address = {{Cham, Switzerland}}
}

@article{fitzmaiiiuceHungarianElectionMay,
  title = {The {{Hungarian Election}} of {{May}} 1994},
  author = {FITZMAIIIUCE, JOHN},
  pages = {4},
  doi = {10.1016/0261-3794(95)95772-3},
  language = {en}
}

@article{fitzmauriceHungarianElectionMay1995,
  title = {The {{Hungarian}} Election of {{May}} 1994},
  author = {Fitzmaurice, John},
  year = {1995},
  month = mar,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {77--80},
  issn = {02613794},
  doi = {10.1016/0261-3794(95)95772-3},
  journal = {Electoral Studies},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{fitzmauriceSlovenianParliamentaryElections1997,
  title = {The {{Slovenian}} Parliamentary Elections of 10 {{November}} 1996},
  author = {Fitzmaurice, J},
  year = {1997},
  month = sep,
  volume = {16},
  pages = {403--407},
  issn = {02613794},
  doi = {10.1016/S0261-3794(97)84377-6},
  journal = {Electoral Studies},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{flacheModelsSocialInfluence2017,
  title = {Models of {{Social Influence}}: {{Towards}} the {{Next Frontiers}}},
  shorttitle = {Models of {{Social Influence}}},
  author = {Flache, A. and Maes, M. and Feliciani, Thomas and {Chattoe-Brown}, E. and Deffuant, G. and Huet, S. and Lorenz, J.},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.18564/jasss.3521},
  abstract = {In 1997, Robert Axelrod wondered in a highly influential paper "If people tend to become more alike in their beliefs, attitudes, and behavior when they interact, why do not all such differences eventually disappear?" Axelrod\^a\texteuro\texttrademark s question highlighted an ongoing quest for formal theoretical answers joined by researchers from a wide range of disciplines. Numerous models have been developed to understand why and under what conditions diversity in beliefs, attitudes and behavior can co-exist with the fact that very often in interactions, social influence reduces differences between people. Reviewing three prominent approaches, we discuss the theoretical ingredients that researchers added to classic models of social influence as well as their implications. Then, we propose two main frontiers for future research. First, there is urgent need for more theoretical work comparing, relating and integrating alternative models. Second, the field suffers from a strong imbalance between a proliferation of theoretical studies and a dearth of empirical work. More empirical work is needed testing and underpinning micro-level assumptions about social influence as well as macro-level predictions. In conclusion, we discuss major roadblocks that need to be overcome to achieve progress on each frontier. We also propose that a new generation of empirically-based computational social influence models can make unique contributions for understanding key societal challenges, like the possible effects of social media on societal polarization.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Flache et al/Flache et al_2017_Models of Social Influence.pdf},
  journal = {J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul.}
}

@article{flakeConstructValidationSocial2017,
  title = {Construct {{Validation}} in {{Social}} and {{Personality Research}}: {{Current Practice}} and {{Recommendations}}},
  shorttitle = {Construct {{Validation}} in {{Social}} and {{Personality Research}}},
  author = {Flake, Jessica K. and Pek, Jolynn and Hehman, Eric},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {370--378},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {1948-5506},
  doi = {10.1177/1948550617693063},
  abstract = {The verity of results about a psychological construct hinges on the validity of its measurement, making construct validation a fundamental methodology to the scientific process. We reviewed a representative sample of articles published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology for construct validity evidence. We report that latent variable measurement, in which responses to items are used to represent a construct, is pervasive in social and personality research. However, the field does not appear to be engaged in best practices for ongoing construct validation. We found that validity evidence of existing and author-developed scales was lacking, with coefficient {$\alpha$} often being the only psychometric evidence reported. We provide a discussion of why the construct validation framework is important for social and personality researchers and recommendations for improving practice.},
  journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
  keywords = {applied social psychology,measurement,personality,research methods},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{fleussMeasuringNationStates2020,
  title = {Measuring {{Nation States}}' {{Deliberativeness}}: {{Systematic Challenges}}, {{Methodological Pitfalls}}, and {{Strategies}} for {{Upscaling}} the {{Measurement}} of {{Deliberation}}},
  shorttitle = {Measuring {{Nation States}}' {{Deliberativeness}}},
  author = {Fleu{\ss}, Dannica and Helbig, Karoline},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  pages = {0032321719890817},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Ltd}},
  issn = {0032-3217},
  doi = {10.1177/0032321719890817},
  abstract = {A theoretically reflected and empirically valid measurement of nation states' democratic quality must include an assessment of polities' deliberativeness. This article examines the assessment of deliberativeness suggested by two sophisticated contemporary measurements of democratic quality, that is, the Democracy Barometer and the Varieties of Democracy-project. We feature two sets of challenges, each measurement of deliberativeness must meet: First, it must address the methodological challenges arising in the course of conceptualizing, operationalizing, and aggregating complex concepts (see Munck and Verkuilen, 2002). Second, attempts to measure nation states' deliberativeness are confronted with specific conceptual and systematic challenges which we derive from recent deliberative democracy scholarship. We argue that both Democracy Barometer and Varieties of Democracy-project provide highly sophisticated assessments of democratic quality, but ultimately fail to capture nation states ``deliberativeness'' in a theoretically reflected and methodologically sound manner. We examine the methodological, pragmatic, and systematic reasons for these shortcomings. The crucial task for measurements of nation states' deliberativeness consists in providing a conceptual approach and methodological framework for ``upscaling'' existing meso-level measurements (such as the DQI). The concluding section presents conceptual and methodological strategies that can enable researchers to meet these challenges and to provide a theoretically grounded and empirically valid measurement of nation states' deliberativeness.},
  journal = {Political Studies},
  language = {en}
}

@article{florentinoEdgeCreationHistory2020,
  title = {An Edge Creation History Retrieval Based Method to Predict Links in Social Networks},
  author = {Florentino, {\'E}rick S. and Cavalcante, Argus A. B. and Goldschmidt, Ronaldo R.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  pages = {106268},
  issn = {0950-7051},
  doi = {10.1016/j.knosys.2020.106268},
  abstract = {Link prediction is a graph mining task that aims to foretell whether pairs of non-linked nodes will connect in the future. It has many useful applications in social networks such as friend recommendation, identification of future collaborations between authors in co-authorship networks, discovery of hidden groups of terrorists and criminals, among others. In general, the state-of-the-art link prediction methods consider topological data extracted from the current state (i.e., the most recent and available snapshot) of a network. They do not take into account information that describes how the network's topology was at the moments when the existing edges were created. Hence, those methods take the chance to disregard information about the circumstances that may have influenced the appearance of old edges, and that could be useful to predict the creation of new ones. Thus, this study raises and evaluates the hypothesis that recovering such data may contribute to improving link prediction. This hypothesis is justified since those data enrich the description of the application's context with examples that represent exactly the kind of event to be foreseen: the creation of new connections. To this end, this paper proposes a new link prediction method that is based on edge creation history retrieval. Results from experiments with twenty scenarios of four real co-authorship social networks presented statistical evidence that indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method and confirms the raised hypothesis.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/23C48FWG/S0950705120304561.html},
  journal = {Knowledge-Based Systems},
  language = {en}
}

@article{folkeWhoWinsPreference2020,
  title = {Who Wins Preference Votes? {{An}} Analysis of Party Loyalty, Ideology, and Accountability to Voters},
  shorttitle = {Who Wins Preference Votes?},
  author = {Folke, Olle and Rickne, Johanna},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  volume = {32},
  pages = {11--35},
  issn = {0951-6298},
  doi = {10.1177/0951629819893028},
  abstract = {We study the distribution of preference votes across politicians with different behaviors and attitudes. There are two main findings. First, preference votes are concentrated to politicians who are more active in communicating their policy proposals and policy priorities. This suggests that preference voting may incentivize more transparency and communication among politicians, and, hence, be positive for accountability. Second, preference votes are concentrated to politicians who are more\textemdash not less\textemdash loyal to the party in their voting decisions, and to politicians who's ideological and policy positions are mainstream\textemdash rather than extreme\textemdash compared to their party colleagues. Together with the first finding, this suggests that preference voting can strengthen the bond of accountability between voters and politicians without undercutting parties' ideological cohesion.},
  journal = {Journal of Theoretical Politics},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{fontanellaVaryingLevelsAnomie,
  title = {Varying Levels of Anomie in {{Europe}}: A Multilevel Analysis Based on Multidimensional {{IRT}} Models},
  author = {Fontanella, Lara and Sarra, Annalina and Valentini, Pasquale and Di Zio, Simone and Fontanella, Sara},
  doi = {10.1007/s10182-018-0320-0},
  abstract = {{$<$}h3 class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$>$}                     {$<$}p class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Recent years have seen increased attention paid to monitoring social anomie and its dependency on micro- and macro-factors. In this paper, we endorse the theorisation of social anomie as a complex, multidimensional and multilevel phenomenon. To ensure a rigorous measurement of the varying levels of social anomie in the European countries, the current study relies on a multilevel multidimensional item response theory model which explicitly accounts for the presence of a non-ignorable missing data mechanism. This unified approach makes it possible to specify an analytical model of links between anomie features and their determinants and to explore how the latent traits of interest are influenced by individual-level factors, as well as by country-level indicators. Additionally, to avoid misleading inferential conclusions, the proposed model takes into account the respondent's omitting behaviour, assuming that the missingness mechanism is driven by a latent propensity to respond. Data used in this study have been collected in the 2010 wave of the European Social Survey. To reduce the computational complexities, a Bayesian specification of the MIRT model is provided and the parameter model estimates are obtained through MCMC algorithms.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis}
}

@article{fontanellaVaryingLevelsAnomiea,
  title = {Varying Levels of Anomie in {{Europe}}: A Multilevel Analysis Based on Multidimensional {{IRT}} Models},
  author = {Fontanella, Lara and Sarra, Annalina and Valentini, Pasquale and Di Zio, Simone and Fontanella, Sara},
  doi = {10.1007/s10182-018-0320-0},
  abstract = {{$<$}h3 class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$>$}                     {$<$}p class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Recent years have seen increased attention paid to monitoring social anomie and its dependency on micro- and macro-factors. In this paper, we endorse the theorisation of social anomie as a complex, multidimensional and multilevel phenomenon. To ensure a rigorous measurement of the varying levels of social anomie in the European countries, the current study relies on a multilevel multidimensional item response theory model which explicitly accounts for the presence of a non-ignorable missing data mechanism. This unified approach makes it possible to specify an analytical model of links between anomie features and their determinants and to explore how the latent traits of interest are influenced by individual-level factors, as well as by country-level indicators. Additionally, to avoid misleading inferential conclusions, the proposed model takes into account the respondent's omitting behaviour, assuming that the missingness mechanism is driven by a latent propensity to respond. Data used in this study have been collected in the 2010 wave of the European Social Survey. To reduce the computational complexities, a Bayesian specification of the MIRT model is provided and the parameter model estimates are obtained through MCMC algorithms.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis}
}

@article{forbesEvidenceThatPsychopathology2017a,
  ids = {forbesEvidenceThatPsychopathology2017},
  title = {Evidence That Psychopathology Symptom Networks Have Limited Replicability.},
  author = {Forbes, Miriam K. and Wright, Aidan G. C. and Markon, Kristian E. and Krueger, Robert F.},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  volume = {126},
  pages = {969--988},
  issn = {1939-1846, 0021-843X},
  doi = {10.1037/abn0000276},
  journal = {Journal of Abnormal Psychology},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{forbesFurtherEvidenceThat2017a,
  ids = {forbesFurtherEvidenceThat2017},
  title = {Further Evidence That Psychopathology Networks Have Limited Replicability and Utility: {{Response}} to {{Borsboom}} et al. (2017) and {{Steinley}} et al. (2017).},
  shorttitle = {Further Evidence That Psychopathology Networks Have Limited Replicability and Utility},
  author = {Forbes, Miriam K. and Wright, Aidan G. C. and Markon, Kristian E. and Krueger, Robert F.},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  volume = {126},
  pages = {1011--1016},
  issn = {1939-1846, 0021-843X},
  doi = {10.1037/abn0000313},
  journal = {Journal of Abnormal Psychology},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{forbesQuantifyingReliabilityReplicability,
  title = {Quantifying the {{Reliability}} and {{Replicability}} of {{Psychopathology Network Characteristics}}},
  author = {Forbes, Miriam K. and Wright, Aidan G. C. and Markon, Kristian E. and Krueger, Robert F.},
  doi = {10.1080/00273171.2019.1616526},
  abstract = {Pairwise Markov random field networks\textemdash including Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) and Ising models\textemdash have become the "state-of-the-art" method for psychopathology network analyses. Recent research has focused on the reliability and replicability of these networks. In the present study, we compared the existing suite of methods for maximizing and quantifying the stability and consistency of PMRF networks (i.e., lasso regularization, plus the \emph{bootnet} and \emph{NetworkComparisonTest} packages in \emph{R}) with a set of metrics for directly comparing the detailed network characteristics interpreted in the literature (e.g., the presence, absence, sign, and strength of each individual edge). We compared GGMs of depression and anxiety symptoms in two waves of data from an observational study (\emph{n}\,=\,403) and reanalyzed four posttraumatic stress disorder GGMs from a recent study of network replicability. Taken on face value, the existing suite of methods indicated that overall the network edges were stable, interpretable, and consistent between networks, but the direct metrics of replication indicated that this was not the case (e.g., 39\textendash 49\% of the edges in each network were unreplicated across the pairwise comparisons). We discuss reasons for these apparently contradictory results (e.g., relying on global summary statistics versus examining the detailed characteristics interpreted in the literature) and conclude that the limited reliability of the detailed characteristics of networks observed here is likely to be common in practice, but overlooked by current methods. Poor replicability underpins our concern surrounding the use of these methods, given that generalizable conclusions are fundamental to the utility of their results.},
  journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research}
}

@article{forbesQuantifyingReliabilityReplicabilitya,
  title = {Quantifying the {{Reliability}} and {{Replicability}} of {{Psychopathology Network Characteristics}}},
  author = {Forbes, Miriam K. and Wright, Aidan G. C. and Markon, Kristian E. and Krueger, Robert F.},
  doi = {10.1080/00273171.2019.1616526},
  abstract = {Pairwise Markov random field networks\textemdash including Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) and Ising models\textemdash have become the "state-of-the-art" method for psychopathology network analyses. Recent research has focused on the reliability and replicability of these networks. In the present study, we compared the existing suite of methods for maximizing and quantifying the stability and consistency of PMRF networks (i.e., lasso regularization, plus the \emph{bootnet} and \emph{NetworkComparisonTest} packages in \emph{R}) with a set of metrics for directly comparing the detailed network characteristics interpreted in the literature (e.g., the presence, absence, sign, and strength of each individual edge). We compared GGMs of depression and anxiety symptoms in two waves of data from an observational study (\emph{n}\,=\,403) and reanalyzed four posttraumatic stress disorder GGMs from a recent study of network replicability. Taken on face value, the existing suite of methods indicated that overall the network edges were stable, interpretable, and consistent between networks, but the direct metrics of replication indicated that this was not the case (e.g., 39\textendash 49\% of the edges in each network were unreplicated across the pairwise comparisons). We discuss reasons for these apparently contradictory results (e.g., relying on global summary statistics versus examining the detailed characteristics interpreted in the literature) and conclude that the limited reliability of the detailed characteristics of networks observed here is likely to be common in practice, but overlooked by current methods. Poor replicability underpins our concern surrounding the use of these methods, given that generalizable conclusions are fundamental to the utility of their results.},
  journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research}
}

@article{forcadell-diezSocialInequalitiesFertility2020,
  title = {Social {{Inequalities}} in {{Fertility}} in {{Women Residing}} in {{Urban Neighbourhoods}} in {{Spain}}: {{A Multilevel Approach}}},
  shorttitle = {Social {{Inequalities}} in {{Fertility}} in {{Women Residing}} in {{Urban Neighbourhoods}} in {{Spain}}},
  author = {{Forcadell-D{\'i}ez}, Llu{\'i}s and Gotsens, Merc{\`e} and {Leon-Gomez}, Brenda Biaani and P{\'e}rez, Gloria},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  issn = {1573-6628},
  doi = {10.1007/s10995-020-02875-w},
  abstract = {BackgroundReproductive health inequalities tend to be more marked in large cities because they include neighbourhoods with unequal social and community networks, resources and opportunities. The aim was to describe social inequalities in fertility patterns among women who gave birth between 2007 and 2016 in the city of Barcelona (Spain) by jointly evaluating the effect of individual and socioeconomic neighbourhood characteristics.MethodsWe conducted a multilevel study of women's individual characteristics (age, educational attainment, and country of origin) and neighbourhood characteristics (disposable household income, percentage of unemployment and percentage of foreigners).ResultsMultilevel modelling revealed significant variability in fertility across neighbourhoods after adjustment for individual explanatory variables. The fertility rate (FR) was higher in better educated women (adjusted relative risk: aRR 2.76), those aged 30\textendash 39 years (aRR 2.13), and in those born in Spain in relation to their respective reference groups. The FR was lowest in women with upper to post-secondary, non-tertiary education (aRR 0.86) who were born in high income countries (aRR 0.57). Women living in neighbourhoods with a low income (aRR 1.46) and with a higher unemployment (aRR 1.33) were more likely to have children. In contrast, women living in neighbourhoods with a lower percentage of foreigners had the lowest FR (aRR 0.81).ConclusionsThe neighbourhood's characteristics played an important role in fertility patterns, independently of women's individual characteristics. At the contextual level, the highest FR was found in the poorest settings, highlighting inequalities. At the individual level, the FR was highest among women with higher education and in their thirties.},
  journal = {Maternal and Child Health Journal},
  language = {en}
}

@article{fordChangingCleavagePolitics2020,
  title = {The {{Changing Cleavage Politics}} of {{Western Europe}}},
  author = {Ford, Robert and Jennings, Will},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {null},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-052217-104957},
  abstract = {How are the contours of Western European politics shifting? To what extent do these shifts reflect changes in the underlying social and economic structure of European polities? In this article, we reflect on insights from the classic literature on how cleavages structure party systems and consider how the emergence and persistence of new parties and new ideological conflicts are leading to both shifts of dividing lines of party competition and the fragmentation of party systems. While increasing attention has been given to the so-called second dimension of European electoral politics, we highlight the relatively limited focus on structural changes that are helping to drive this transformation. We identify some socio-demographic developments that are potentially generating new cleavages in Western European democracies: the expansion of higher education; mass migration and the growing ethnic diversity of electorates; the aging of societies and sharpening of generational divides; and increased geographical segregation of populations between prospering, globalized major cities and declining hinterlands. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 23 is May 11, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.},
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  number = {1}
}

@article{fordChangingCleavagePolitics2020a,
  title = {The {{Changing Cleavage Politics}} of {{Western Europe}}},
  author = {Ford, Robert and Jennings, Will},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  volume = {23},
  pages = {295--314},
  issn = {1094-2939, 1545-1577},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-052217-104957},
  abstract = {How are the contours of Western European politics shifting? To what extent do these shifts reflect changes in the underlying social and economic structure of European polities? In this article, we reflect on insights from the classic literature on how cleavages structure party systems and consider how the emergence and persistence of new parties and new ideological conflicts are leading to both shifts of dividing lines of party competition and the fragmentation of party systems. While increasing attention has been given to the so-called second dimension of European electoral politics, we highlight the relatively limited focus on structural changes that are helping to drive this transformation. We identify some socio-demographic developments that are potentially generating new cleavages in Western European democracies: the expansion of higher education; mass migration and the growing ethnic diversity of electorates; the aging of societies and sharpening of generational divides; and increased geographical segregation of populations between prospering, globalized major cities and declining hinterlands.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Ford_Jennings/Ford_Jennings_2020_The Changing Cleavage Politics of Western Europe.pdf},
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@misc{FoundationsMeasurementVol,
  title = {Foundations of Measurement, Vol.1 {{Additive}} and Polynomial Representations by {{Krantz D}}.{{H}}., et al. (z-Lib.Org).Djvu}
}

@article{fowlerParliamentaryElectionsHungary2003,
  title = {The Parliamentary Elections in {{Hungary}}, {{April}} 2002},
  author = {Fowler, B},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {799--807},
  doi = {10.1016/S0261-3794(03)00004-0},
  journal = {Electoral Studies},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{frahmIsingPageRankModelOpinion,
  title = {Ising-{{PageRank}} Model of Opinion Formation on Social Networks},
  author = {Frahm, Klaus M. and Shepelyansky, Dima L.},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2019.121069},
  abstract = {{$<$}h2{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h2{$><$}p{$>$}We propose a new Ising-PageRank model of opinion formation on a social network by introducing an Ising- or spin-like structure of the corresponding Google matrix. Each elector or node of the network has two components corresponding to a red or blue opinion in the society. Also each elector propagates either the red or the blue opinion on the network so that the links between electors are described by two by two matrices favoring one or the other of the two opinions. An elector votes for red or blue depending on the dominance of its red or blue PageRank vector components. We determine the dependence of the final society vote on the fraction of nodes with red (or blue) influence allowing to determine the transition for the election outcome border between the red or blue option. We show that this transition border is significantly affected by the opinion of society elite electors composed of the top PageRank, CheiRank or 2DRank nodes of the network even if the elite fraction is very small. The analytical and numerical studies are preformed for the networks of English Wikipedia 2017 and Oxford University 2006.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}
}

@article{frahmIsingPageRankModelOpiniona,
  title = {Ising-{{PageRank}} Model of Opinion Formation on Social Networks},
  author = {Frahm, Klaus M. and Shepelyansky, Dima L.},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2019.121069},
  abstract = {{$<$}h2{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h2{$><$}p{$>$}We propose a new Ising-PageRank model of opinion formation on a social network by introducing an Ising- or spin-like structure of the corresponding Google matrix. Each elector or node of the network has two components corresponding to a red or blue opinion in the society. Also each elector propagates either the red or the blue opinion on the network so that the links between electors are described by two by two matrices favoring one or the other of the two opinions. An elector votes for red or blue depending on the dominance of its red or blue PageRank vector components. We determine the dependence of the final society vote on the fraction of nodes with red (or blue) influence allowing to determine the transition for the election outcome border between the red or blue option. We show that this transition border is significantly affected by the opinion of society elite electors composed of the top PageRank, CheiRank or 2DRank nodes of the network even if the elite fraction is very small. The analytical and numerical studies are preformed for the networks of English Wikipedia 2017 and Oxford University 2006.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}
}

@article{fraimanStochasticRecursionsDirected2020,
  title = {Stochastic Recursions on Directed Random Graphs},
  author = {Fraiman, Nicolas and Lin, Tzu-Chi and {Olvera-Cravioto}, Mariana},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  abstract = {For a directed graph \$G(V\_n, E\_n)\$ on the vertices \$V\_n = \textbackslash\{1,2, \textbackslash dots, n\textbackslash\}\$, we study the distribution of a Markov chain \$\textbackslash\{ \{\textbackslash bf R\}\^\{(k)\}: k \textbackslash geq 0\textbackslash\}\$ on \$\textbackslash mathbb\{R\}\^n\$ such that the \$i\$th component of \$\{\textbackslash bf R\}\^\{(k)\}\$, denoted \$R\_i\^\{(k)\}\$, corresponds to the value of the process on vertex \$i\$ at time \$k\$. We focus on processes \$\textbackslash\{ \{\textbackslash bf R\}\^\{(k)\}: k \textbackslash geq 0\textbackslash\}\$ where the value of \$R\_i\^\{(k+1)\}\$ depends only on the values \$\textbackslash\{ R\_j\^\{(k)\}: j \textbackslash to i\textbackslash\}\$ of its inbound neighbors, and possibly on vertex attributes. We then show that, provided \$G(V\_n, E\_n)\$ converges in the local weak sense to a marked Galton-Watson process, the dynamics of the process for a uniformly chosen vertex in \$V\_n\$ can be coupled, for any fixed \$k\$, to a process \$\textbackslash\{ \textbackslash mathcal\{R\}\_\textbackslash emptyset\^\{(r)\}: 0 \textbackslash leq r \textbackslash leq k\textbackslash\}\$ constructed on the limiting marked Galton-Watson process. Moreover, we derive sufficient conditions under which \$\textbackslash mathcal\{R\}\^\{(k)\}\_\textbackslash emptyset\$ converges, as \$k \textbackslash to \textbackslash infty\$, to a random variable \$\textbackslash mathcal\{R\}\^*\$ that can be characterized in terms of the so-called special endogenous solution to a branching distributional fixed-point equation. Our framework can be applied also to processes \$\textbackslash\{ \{\textbackslash bf R\}\^\{(k)\}: k \textbackslash geq 0\textbackslash\}\$ whose only source of randomness comes from the realization of the graph \$G(V\_n, E\_n)\$.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2010.09596},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Fraiman et al/Fraiman et al_2020_Stochastic recursions on directed random graphs.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/NBQZZBSU/2010.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2010.09596 [math]},
  primaryClass = {math}
}

@article{francoComparativeStudyConfidence2019,
  title = {Comparative {{Study}} of {{Confidence Intervals}} for {{Proportions}} in {{Complex Sample Surveys}}},
  author = {Franco, Carolina and Little, Roderick J. A. and Louis, Thomas A. and Slud, Eric V.},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  volume = {7},
  pages = {334--364},
  issn = {2325-0984},
  doi = {10.1093/jssam/smy019},
  abstract = {Abstract.  The most widespread method of computing confidence intervals (CIs) in complex surveys is to add and subtract the margin of error (MOE) from the point},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/LQZ3449A/5280146.html},
  journal = {Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@book{freemanDevelopmentSocialNetwork2004,
  title = {The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science},
  shorttitle = {The Development of Social Network Analysis},
  author = {Freeman, Linton C.},
  year = {2004},
  publisher = {{Empirical Press ; BookSurge}},
  address = {{Vancouver, BC : North Charleston, S.C}},
  isbn = {978-1-59457-714-7},
  lccn = {HM741 .F74 2004}
}

@article{freireRandomVotesCompulsory2020,
  title = {Random Votes under Compulsory Voting: {{Evidence}} from {{Brazil}}},
  shorttitle = {Random Votes under Compulsory Voting},
  author = {Freire, Alessandro and Turgeon, Mathieu},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  volume = {66},
  pages = {102168},
  issn = {0261-3794},
  doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102168},
  abstract = {Compulsory voting is known for boosting electoral turnout, even when sanctions for abstaining are small or loosely enforced. Much less is known, however, about the consequences of compulsory voting on vote choice, and, in particular, about the quality of electoral decisions. In this paper, we explore the extent to which voters meaningfully engage in the electoral process or simply vote randomly because voting is required by law. We conducted a large online survey in Brazil during the 2018 national elections to assess if voters engage in random voting. We evaluate random voting for low-profile, low-information elected offices (state and federal legislators) and others that receive greater media coverage (governor and president) and evaluate the determinants of random voting for each of them. We find that: 1) random voting does not appear to be affected by social desirability bias; 2) there is substantial random voting under compulsory voting; 3) more voters tend to engage in random voting in low-profile, low-information elections, as compared to elections that receive greater media coverage; and, 4) interest in politics, education, and disposition to vote if voting were to be voluntary reduce random voting. Our findings carry important implications for the study of citizen participation and civic competence under compulsory voting and for democratic representation, more broadly.},
  journal = {Electoral Studies},
  language = {en}
}

@article{friedImportanceEstimatingParameter2020,
  title = {On the {{Importance}} of {{Estimating Parameter Uncertainty}} in {{Network Psychometrics}}: {{A Response}} to {{Forbes}} et al. (2019)},
  shorttitle = {On the {{Importance}} of {{Estimating Parameter Uncertainty}} in {{Network Psychometrics}}},
  author = {Fried, Eiko I. and {van Borkulo}, Claudia D. and Epskamp, Sacha},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  pages = {1--6},
  issn = {0027-3171, 1532-7906},
  doi = {10.1080/00273171.2020.1746903},
  abstract = {In their recent paper, Forbes et al. (2019; FWMK) evaluate the replicability of network models in two studies. They identify considerable replicability issues, concluding that ``current `state-of-the-art' methods in the psychopathology network literature [\ldots ] are not well-suited to analyzing the structure of the relationships between individual symptoms''. Such strong claims require strong evidence, which the authors do not provide. FWMK identify low replicability by analyzing point estimates of networks; contrast low replicability with results of two statistical tests that indicate higher replicability, and conclude that these tests are problematic. We make four points. First, statistical tests are superior to the visual inspection of point estimates, because tests take into account sampling variability. Second, FWMK misinterpret the statistical tests in several important ways. Third, FWMK did not follow established recommendations when estimating networks in their first study, underestimating replicability. Fourth, FWMK draw conclusions about methodology, which does not follow from investigations of data, and requires investigations of methodology. Overall, we show that the ``poor replicability`` observed by FWMK occurs due to sampling variability and use of suboptimal methods. We conclude by discussing important recent simulation work that guides researchers to use models appropriate for their data, such as nonregularized estimation routines.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Fried et al/Fried et al_2020_On the Importance of Estimating Parameter Uncertainty in Network Psychometrics.pdf},
  journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research},
  language = {en}
}

@article{friedkinGeneralizedMarkovianQuantity2020,
  title = {Generalized {{Markovian Quantity Distribution Systems}}: {{Social Science Applications}}},
  shorttitle = {Generalized {{Markovian Quantity Distribution Systems}}},
  author = {Friedkin, Noah and Proskurnikov, Anton},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {487--503},
  issn = {23306696},
  doi = {10.15195/v7.a20},
  abstract = {We propose a model of Markovian quantity flows on connected networks that relaxes several properties of the standard compartmental Markov process. The motivation of our generalization are social science applications of the standard model that do not comport with its steady state predictions. The proposed generalization relaxes the predictions that every node belonging to the same nontrivial strong component of a network must acquire the same fraction of its members' initial quantities and that the sink component(s) of the network must absorb all of the system's available initial quantity. For example, when applied to refugee flows from a nation in chaos to other nations on a network with one or more sink nations, the standard model predicts that all the refugees will be eventually located in the sink(s) of the network and none that will permanently locate themselves in the nations along the paths to the sink(s). We illustrate this and several other social science applications to which our proposed model is applicable.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/7GKH8FKY/Friedkin and Proskurnikov - 2020 - Generalized Markovian Quantity Distribution System.pdf},
  journal = {Sociological Science},
  language = {en}
}

@article{friedkinNetworkScienceBelief2016,
  title = {Network Science on Belief System Dynamics under Logic Constraints},
  author = {Friedkin, Noah E. and Proskurnikov, Anton V. and Tempo, Roberto and Parsegov, Sergey E.},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {354},
  pages = {321--326},
  publisher = {{American Association for the Advancement of Science}},
  journal = {Science},
  number = {6310}
}

@techreport{friedLackTheoryBuilding2020,
  ids = {friedLackTheoryBuilding2020a},
  title = {Lack of Theory Building and Testing Impedes Progress in the Factor and Network Literature},
  author = {Fried, Eiko I},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/zg84s},
  abstract = {The last decade has brought reforms to improve methodological practices, with the goal to increase the reliability and replicability of effects. However, explanations of effects remain scarce, and a growing chorus of scholars argues that the replicability crisis has distracted from a crisis of theory. In the same decade, the empirical literature using factor and network models has grown rapidly. I discuss three ways in which this literature falls short of theory building and testing. First, statistical and theoretical models are conflated, leading to invalid inferences such as the existence of psychological constructs based on factor models, or recommendations for clinical interventions based on network models. I demonstrate this inferential gap in a simulation study on statistical equivalence: excellent model fit does little to corroborate a theory, regardless of quality or quantity of data. Second, researchers fail to explicate theories about psychological constructs, but use implicit causal beliefs to guide inferences. These latent theories have led to problematic best practices in psychological research where inferences are drawn based on one specific causal model that is assumed, but not explicated. Third, explicated theories are often weak theories: narrative and imprecise descriptions vulnerable to hidden assumptions and unknowns. They fail to make clear predictions, and it remains unclear whether statistical effects corroborate such theories or not. Weak theories are immune to refutation or revision. I argue that these three challenges to theory building and testing are common and harmful, and impede theory formation, failure, and reform. A renewed focus on theoretical psychology and formal models offers a way forward.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Fried/Fried_2020_Lack of theory building and testing impedes progress in the factor and network2.pdf},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{friedmanPopulistsTechnocrats2020,
  title = {Populists as {{Technocrats}}},
  author = {Friedman, Jeffrey},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  volume = {0},
  pages = {1--62},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {0891-3811},
  doi = {10.1080/08913811.2019.1788804},
  abstract = {An intellectually charitable understanding of populism might begin by recognizing that, since populist citizens tend to be politically uninformed and lacking in higher education, populist ideas are likely to be inarticulate reproductions of the tacit assumptions undergirding non-populist or ``mainstream'' culture rather than stemming from explicit theoretical constructs, such as an apotheosis of the unity or the will of ``the people.'' What features of our ambient culture, then, could explain the simplistic and combative approach that populists seem to take to politics and policy, their impatience with political debate and deliberation, their willingness to set aside democratic legal forms and political norms, their nationalism, their personalization of politics, their inclination toward conspiracy theorizing, their fondness for fringe sources of information, and their suspicion of political, scientific, and media elites? Using focus group and survey data, we can understand these populist traits as reflections of the culture of ``democratic technocracy'': a regime in which we, the people, are assumed capable of rendering sound judgments about how to solve our social and economic problems. Whether or not this assumption is warranted, its cultural dominance seems likely to generate the ideas that populist citizens apparently take for granted.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2019.1788804},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Friedman/Friedman_2020_Populists as Technocrats.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/Z8FGK4BG/08913811.2019.html},
  journal = {Critical Review},
  number = {0}
}

@article{friedmanSparseInverseCovariance2008,
  title = {Sparse Inverse Covariance Estimation with the Graphical Lasso},
  author = {Friedman, J. and Hastie, T. and Tibshirani, R.},
  year = {2008},
  month = jul,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {432--441},
  issn = {1465-4644, 1468-4357},
  doi = {10.1093/biostatistics/kxm045},
  journal = {Biostatistics},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{friedReconceptualizingAdultAttachment,
  title = {Reconceptualizing Adult Attachment Relationships: {{A}} Network Perspective},
  author = {Fried, Eiko I. and Mcwilliams, Lachlan A.},
  doi = {10.1111/pere.12263},
  abstract = {{$<$}div class="abstract-group"{$>$}    {$<$}section class="article-section article-section\_\_abstract" lang="en" data-lang="en" id="section-1-en"{$>$}       {$<$}h3 class="article-section\_\_header main abstractlang\_en main"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$>$}       {$<$}div class="article-section\_\_content en main"{$>$}          {$<$}p{$>$}This article explores attachment relationships from a network theory perspective: Correlations among behaviors, beliefs, and feelings related to attachment are hypothesized to stem from causal relations. The authors used two data sets that assessed relationships with four attachment figures (mother, father, romantic partner, and best friend) using the Relationship Structures Questionnaire. Separate networks (Gaussian Graphical Models) were estimated based on 10 items for each attachment figure. Across networks in Study 1 (\emph{N}\,=\,310), items related to anxiety, seeking support, and discomfort disclosing feelings clustered with other items from their respective domains; a trust-related item bridged the clusters. Study 2 replicated these findings in a larger and more diverse sample (\emph{N}\,=\,3,710). The potential of network analysis for advancing the study of attachment is discussed.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {Personal Relationships}
}

@article{friedReconceptualizingAdultAttachmenta,
  title = {Reconceptualizing Adult Attachment Relationships: {{A}} Network Perspective},
  author = {Fried, Eiko I. and Mcwilliams, Lachlan A.},
  doi = {10.1111/pere.12263},
  abstract = {{$<$}div class="abstract-group"{$>$}    {$<$}section class="article-section article-section\_\_abstract" lang="en" data-lang="en" id="section-1-en"{$>$}       {$<$}h3 class="article-section\_\_header main abstractlang\_en main"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$>$}       {$<$}div class="article-section\_\_content en main"{$>$}          {$<$}p{$>$}This article explores attachment relationships from a network theory perspective: Correlations among behaviors, beliefs, and feelings related to attachment are hypothesized to stem from causal relations. The authors used two data sets that assessed relationships with four attachment figures (mother, father, romantic partner, and best friend) using the Relationship Structures Questionnaire. Separate networks (Gaussian Graphical Models) were estimated based on 10 items for each attachment figure. Across networks in Study 1 (\emph{N}\,=\,310), items related to anxiety, seeking support, and discomfort disclosing feelings clustered with other items from their respective domains; a trust-related item bridged the clusters. Study 2 replicated these findings in a larger and more diverse sample (\emph{N}\,=\,3,710). The potential of network analysis for advancing the study of attachment is discussed.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {Personal Relationships}
}

@article{fristonActionBehaviorFreeenergy2010,
  title = {Action and Behavior: A Free-Energy Formulation},
  shorttitle = {Action and Behavior},
  author = {Friston, Karl J. and Daunizeau, Jean and Kilner, James and Kiebel, Stefan J.},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  volume = {102},
  pages = {227--260},
  issn = {0340-1200, 1432-0770},
  doi = {10.1007/s00422-010-0364-z},
  journal = {Biological Cybernetics},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{fristonFreeenergyPrincipleRough2009,
  title = {The Free-Energy Principle: A Rough Guide to the Brain?},
  shorttitle = {The Free-Energy Principle},
  author = {Friston, Karl},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  volume = {13},
  pages = {293--301},
  issn = {13646613},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2009.04.005},
  journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{fritschRegressionTreesRandom,
  title = {Regression Trees and Random Forests as Alternatives to Classical Regression Modeling: {{Investigating}} the Risk Factors for Corporal Punishment},
  author = {Fritsch, Markus and Haupt, Harry and L{\"o}sel, Friedrich and Stemmler, Mark},
  pages = {29},
  abstract = {Examining the behavior of individuals is a challenging task due to complex patterns underlying the observable outcome. Even if all predictors contributing to the behavior are known in a particular context, the functional form and potential multi-level interactions between the predictors are difficult to grasp. Any modeling decisions involved in specifying a functional form should withstand comparisons with data-driven techniques. Decision trees and random forests enable data-driven modeling and are valuable tools to overcome limitations of least square regressions and validate existing results. We illustrate the relevant modeling steps required to carry out the two techniques by investigating the complex patterns of aggressiveness, dysfunctional parent-child interactions, and other risk factors for corporal punishment of children by their fathers. We replicate existing results on the corresponding risk factors, interpret the modeling outcomes, and describe the setting of relevant meta parameters in empirical practice.},
  language = {en}
}

@article{frotRobustCausalStructure2019,
  ids = {frotRobustCausalStructure,frotRobustCausalStructurea},
  title = {Robust Causal Structure Learning with Some Hidden Variables},
  author = {Frot, Benjamin and Nandy, Preetam and Maathuis, Marloes H.},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  issn = {13697412},
  doi = {10.1111/rssb.12315},
  journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)},
  language = {en}
}

@article{fuentesRoughNetApproach2020,
  title = {Rough {{Net Approach}} for {{Community Detection Analysis}} in {{Complex Networks}}},
  author = {Fuentes, Ivett and Pina, Arian and N{\'a}poles, Gonzalo and Arco, Leticia and Vanhoof, Koen},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  volume = {12179},
  pages = {401--415},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-52705-1_30},
  abstract = {Rough set theory has many interesting applications in circumstances characterized by vagueness. In this paper, the applications of rough set theory in community detection analysis are discussed based on the Rough Net definition. We will focus the application of Rough Net on community detection validity in both monoplex and multiplex networks. Also, the topological evolution estimation between adjacent layers in dynamic networks is discussed and a new community interaction visualization approach combining both complex network representation and Rough Net definition is adopted to interpret the community structure. We provide some examples that illustrate how the Rough Net definition can be used to analyze the properties of the community structure in real-world networks, including dynamic networks.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Fuentes et al/Fuentes et al_2020_Rough Net Approach for Community Detection Analysis in Complex Networks.pdf},
  journal = {Rough Sets},
  pmcid = {PMC7338191},
  pmid = {null}
}

@article{fujikiFractalityDegreeCorrelations2017,
  title = {Fractality and Degree Correlations in Scale-Free Networks},
  author = {Fujiki, Yuka and Mizutaka, Shogo and Yakubo, Kousuke},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  volume = {90},
  pages = {126},
  issn = {1434-6036},
  doi = {10.1140/epjb/e2017-80031-x},
  abstract = {Fractal scale-free networks are empirically known to exhibit disassortative degree mixing. It is, however, not obvious whether a negative degree correlation between nearest neighbor nodes makes a scale-free network fractal. Here we examine the possibility that disassortativity in complex networks is the origin of fractality. To this end, maximally disassortative (MD) networks are prepared by rewiring edges while keeping the degree sequence of an initial uncorrelated scale-free network. We show that there are many MD networks with different topologies if the degree sequence is the same with that of the (u,v)-flower but most of them are not fractal. These results demonstrate that disassortativity does not cause the fractal property of networks. In addition, we suggest that fractality of scale-free networks requires a long-range repulsive correlation, in the sense of the shortest path distance, in similar degrees.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Fujiki et al/Fujiki et al_2017_Fractality and degree correlations in scale-free networks.pdf},
  journal = {The European Physical Journal B},
  keywords = {DONE},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{fujikiGeneralFormulationLongrange2018,
  title = {General Formulation of Long-Range Degree Correlations in Complex Networks},
  author = {Fujiki, Yuka and Takaguchi, Taro and Yakubo, Kousuke},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  volume = {97},
  pages = {062308},
  publisher = {{American Physical Society}},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.062308},
  abstract = {We provide a general framework for analyzing degree correlations between nodes separated by more than one step (i.e., beyond nearest neighbors) in complex networks. One joint and four conditional probability distributions are introduced to fully describe long-range degree correlations with respect to degrees k and k{${'}$} of two nodes and shortest path length l between them. We present general relations among these probability distributions and clarify the relevance to nearest-neighbor degree correlations. Unlike nearest-neighbor correlations, some of these probability distributions are meaningful only in finite-size networks. Furthermore, as a baseline to determine the existence of intrinsic long-range degree correlations in a network other than inevitable correlations caused by the finite-size effect, the functional forms of these probability distributions for random networks are analytically evaluated within a mean-field approximation. The utility of our argument is demonstrated by applying it to real-world networks.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Fujiki et al/Fujiki et al_2018_General formulation of long-range degree correlations in complex networks.pdf},
  journal = {Physical Review E},
  number = {6}
}

@article{fukudaComparisonGraphGeneration2020,
  title = {Comparison of {{Graph Generation Models}} Focusing on {{Accuracy}} and {{Variation}}},
  author = {Fukuda, Mei and Nakajima, Kazuki and Shudo, Kazuyuki},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {7},
  abstract = {Generation models of graphs have been used to compare and analyze the properties of graph structures and to produce graphs that resemble real-world networks. When using a generation model to mimic a real-world network, it is desirable for the error in the properties between the target graph and the generated graph and the variation of the errors between generated graphs are small. However, since many existing generation models generate graphs by adding edges at random, the extent of the error and its variation for each generated graph is unclear.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/YCVY5LVD/Fukuda et al. - 2020 - Comparison of Graph Generation Models focusing on .pdf},
  journal = {San Diego},
  language = {en}
}

@article{fumarolaSanctionpolicyLinkagePerspective2020,
  title = {The `Sanction-Policy' Linkage from the Perspective of Citizens and the Role of the Party System},
  author = {Fumarola, Andrea},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  issn = {0001-6810, 1741-1416},
  doi = {10.1057/s41269-020-00155-7},
  abstract = {Research on dynamic representation stresses the effect of electoral incentives on politicians' motivation to pursue policies in line with the preferences of the majority of the citizens. However, comparative research on the so-called sanction-policy link is still limited. The present article assesses the anticipatory effect of electoral accountability on government responsiveness from the perspective of citizens across 25 European countries. Results confirm the strong positive relationship between perceptions of electoral accountability and assessments of government responsiveness. Finally, the article examines the potential moderating effect of specific party system characteristics on people's attitudes. Using multilevel models to analyse survey data from the sixth round of the European Social Survey, the study shows that the link between perceived accountability and responsiveness is conditional upon specific characteristics of the party system, namely fragmentation and volatility.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Fumarola/Fumarola_2020_The ‘sanction-policy’ linkage from the perspective of citizens and the role of.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Fumarola/Fumarola_2020_The ‘sanction-policy’ linkage from the perspective of citizens and the role of2.pdf},
  journal = {Acta Politica},
  language = {en}
}

@article{gaivoronskyDualLogicRussia2019,
  title = {The Dual Logic of {{Russia}}'s Party System Nationalization},
  author = {Gaivoronsky, Yuriy},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  issn = {0967-067X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.postcomstud.2019.10.003},
  abstract = {The article attempts to identify major factors of the nationalization of the vote in contemporary Russia using the two level approach: the between- and within-region. The former compares regions as units of analysis while the latter additionally takes into account voting in municipalities to obtain levels of voting homogeneity within the regions. The study uses data from the last 2012\textendash 2016 national-regional electoral cycle investigating both federal and regional election results. Following Ishiyama (2002) for the between-region level of analysis the Regional Party Vote Inequality index has been utilized. The Party Nationalization Score proposed by Jones and Mainwaring (2003) has been applied to the measurement of voting territorial diversity at the within-region level. The results show that regional political factors may be still considered as major drivers of the nationalization of the vote as it did in the 1990s. The difference is that in politically recentralized Russia non-competitive regions headed by politically strong governors provides between-region inequality rather than contributing to nationalization. At the same time, the similarity continues in the ability of governors' ``political machines'' to contribute homogeneity of the vote, but only within their regions.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/EM5GCN4V/S0967067X19300509.html},
  journal = {Communist and Post-Communist Studies},
  language = {en}
}

@article{galamStubbornnessUnfortunateKey,
  title = {Stubbornness as an Unfortunate Key to Win a Public Debate: An Illustration from Sociophysics},
  author = {Galam, Serge},
  doi = {10.1007/s11299-015-0175-y},
  abstract = {{$<$}h3 class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$>$}                     {$<$}p class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Most models of opinion dynamics are threshold-like. For two competing opinions the dynamics is one-dimensional and the associated opinion flow is shaped by at least two attractors separated by a tipping threshold, not necessarily located at 50~\%. Initial supports are thus instrumental to determine the final debate outcome. In contrast, the absence of a tipping threshold implies a unique attractor making the initial conditions irrelevant. One of the opinions is predetermined to become the majority whatever initial support it has. Accordingly, to make a threshold dynamics non threshold appears to be an instrumental strategic option. An illustration of the possibility of such a reshaping of the opinion dynamics geometry is given using the Galam sequential opinion dynamics model. The key parameters are pair interactions and inflexible or stubborn agents. A new and counter intuitive light is shed on the design of winning strategies in public issues. However the findings pose ethical issues. The case of global warming is discussed.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {Mind and Society}
}

@article{galamStubbornnessUnfortunateKeya,
  title = {Stubbornness as an Unfortunate Key to Win a Public Debate: An Illustration from Sociophysics},
  author = {Galam, Serge},
  doi = {10.1007/s11299-015-0175-y},
  abstract = {{$<$}h3 class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$>$}                     {$<$}p class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Most models of opinion dynamics are threshold-like. For two competing opinions the dynamics is one-dimensional and the associated opinion flow is shaped by at least two attractors separated by a tipping threshold, not necessarily located at 50~\%. Initial supports are thus instrumental to determine the final debate outcome. In contrast, the absence of a tipping threshold implies a unique attractor making the initial conditions irrelevant. One of the opinions is predetermined to become the majority whatever initial support it has. Accordingly, to make a threshold dynamics non threshold appears to be an instrumental strategic option. An illustration of the possibility of such a reshaping of the opinion dynamics geometry is given using the Galam sequential opinion dynamics model. The key parameters are pair interactions and inflexible or stubborn agents. A new and counter intuitive light is shed on the design of winning strategies in public issues. However the findings pose ethical issues. The case of global warming is discussed.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {Mind and Society}
}

@techreport{galesicIntegratingSocialCognitive2020,
  title = {Integrating Social and Cognitive Aspects of Belief Dynamics: {{Towards}} a Unifying Framework},
  shorttitle = {Integrating Social and Cognitive Aspects of Belief Dynamics},
  author = {Galesic, Mirta and Olsson, Henrik and Dalege, Jonas and {van der Does}, Tamara and Stein, Daniel L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/gz3sk},
  abstract = {Belief change and spread have been studied in many disciplines-- from psychology, sociology, economics and philosophy, to computer science and statistical physics-- but we still do not have a firm grasp on why some beliefs change and spread easier than others. To fully capture the complex social-cognitive system that give rise to belief dynamics, we need to integrate the findings of these disciplines into a single framework. Communication between disciplines is limited, and there is a lack of theoretical comparisons and empirical tests of the many different models of belief dynamics. Here we first review insights about structural components and processes of belief dynamics studied in different disciplines, focusing particularly on previously neglected but important areas such as cognitive representations and strategies used to integrate information. We then outline a unifying framework that enables theoretical and empirical comparisons of different belief dynamic models. The framework is quantified using a statistical physics formalism, grounded in cognitive and social theory as well as empirical observations. We show how the framework can be used to integrate numerous previous models and develop a more comprehensive science of belief dynamics.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/28SHW6QD/Galesic et al. - 2020 - Integrating social and cognitive aspects of belief.pdf},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@book{gallagherPoliticsElectoralSystems2008,
  title = {The Politics of Electoral Systems},
  editor = {Gallagher, Michael and Mitchell, Paul},
  year = {2008},
  edition = {Pbk. ed},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  address = {{Oxford ; New York}},
  isbn = {978-0-19-923867-5},
  language = {en},
  lccn = {JF1001 .P65 2008}
}

@article{galloSocialNetworksConfirmation2020,
  title = {Social Networks, Confirmation Bias and Shock Elections},
  author = {Gallo, Edoardo and Langtry, Alastair},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  abstract = {In recent years online social networks have become increasingly prominent in political campaigns and, concurrently, several countries have experienced shock election outcomes. This paper proposes a model that links these two phenomena. In our set-up, the process of learning from others on a network is influenced by confirmation bias, i.e. the tendency to ignore contrary evidence and interpret it as consistent with one's own belief. When agents pay enough attention to themselves, confirmation bias leads to slower learning in any symmetric network, and it increases polarization in society. We identify a subset of agents that become more/less influential with confirmation bias. The socially optimal network structure depends critically on the information available to the social planner. When she cannot observe agents' beliefs, the optimal network is symmetric, vertex-transitive and has no self-loops. We explore the implications of these results for electoral outcomes and media markets. Confirmation bias increases the likelihood of shock elections, and it pushes fringe media to take a more extreme ideology.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2011.00520},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Gallo_Langtry/Gallo_Langtry_2020_Social networks, confirmation bias and shock elections.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/QU5PFMEQ/2011.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2011.00520 [econ, q-fin]},
  keywords = {Economics - General Economics,Economics - Theoretical Economics},
  primaryClass = {econ, q-fin}
}

@article{gandhiElectionsAuthoritarianism2009,
  title = {Elections {{Under Authoritarianism}}},
  author = {Gandhi, Jennifer and {Lust-Okar}, Ellen},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {403--422},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434},
  abstract = {Current scholarship on elections in authoritarian regimes has focused on exploring the relationship between elections and democratization, and it has generally used analytical frameworks and methods imported from the study of genuinely democratic elections to do so. These tendencies have kept scholars from asking a wide range of questions about the micro-level dynamics of authoritarian elections and the systematic differences among them. With these issues in mind, this review examines literature that investigates the purpose of elections in dictatorships; the electoral behavior of voters, candidates, and incumbents in these elections; and the link between elections and democratization. The review ends with a call to redirect the study of authoritarian elections toward uncovering and explaining the important differences among them.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434},
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  number = {1}
}

@article{ganzachIntelligencePoliticalIdeology2020,
  title = {From Intelligence to Political Ideology: {{Socioeconomic}} Paths},
  shorttitle = {From Intelligence to Political Ideology},
  author = {Ganzach, Yoav},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  volume = {164},
  pages = {110095},
  issn = {0191-8869},
  doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2020.110095},
  abstract = {We study the role of socioeconomic status as a mediator of the effect of cognitive ability on ideology based on two large representative database (n~=~25,203 and n~=~7668). Rather than treating socioeconomic status as an aggregate concept, we examine the different roles of its two components \textendash{} income and education \textendash{} in mediating the effect of cognitive ability on ideology. We find that the education-mediated effect of cognitive ability is on liberal ideology is positive whereas the income-mediated effect is negative. The implications of these results for the processes that shape political ideology are discussed.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/FBT8GTJX/S0191886920302841.html},
  journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
  language = {en}
}

@article{garcia-garzonImprovingBiFactorExploratory2019,
  title = {Improving {{Bi}}-{{Factor Exploratory Modeling}}},
  author = {{Garcia-Garzon}, Eduardo and Abad, Francisco Jos{\'e} and Garrido, Luis Eduardo},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {15},
  pages = {45--55},
  publisher = {{Hogrefe Publishing}},
  issn = {1614-1881},
  doi = {10.1027/1614-2241/a000163},
  abstract = {. Bi-factor exploratory modeling has recently emerged as a 					promising approach to multidimensional psychological measurement. However, 					state-of-the-art methods relying on target rotation require researchers to 					select an arbitrary cut-off for defining the target matrix. Unfortunately, the 					consequences of such choice on factor recovery remain uninvestigated under 					realistic conditions (e.g., factors differing in their average loadings). Built 					upon the iterative target rotation based on Schmid-Leiman algorithm (SLi), a 					novel method is here introduced (SLiD). SLiD settles an empirical, 					factor-specific cut-off based on the first prominent one-lagged difference of 					sorted squared normalized factor loadings. SLiD and SLi with arbitrary cut-off 					(ranging from .05 to .20) performance were evaluated via Monte Carlo simulation 					manipulating sample size, number of specific factors, number of indicators, and 					cross-loading magnitude. Results indicate that SLiD performed the best for all 					conditions. For SLi, and due to the presence of minor factors, smaller cut-offs 					(i.e., .05) outperformed higher ones (i.e., .20).},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/6PSHVX53/a000163.html},
  journal = {Methodology},
  number = {2}
}

@article{garlandCounteringHateSocial2020,
  title = {Countering Hate on Social Media: {{Large}} Scale Classification of Hate and Counter Speech},
  shorttitle = {Countering Hate on Social Media},
  author = {Garland, Joshua and {Ghazi-Zahedi}, Keyan and Young, Jean-Gabriel and {H{\'e}bert-Dufresne}, Laurent and Galesic, Mirta},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  abstract = {Hateful rhetoric is plaguing online discourse, fostering extreme societal movements and possibly giving rise to real-world violence. A potential solution to this growing global problem is citizen-generated counter speech where citizens actively engage in hate-filled conversations to attempt to restore civil non-polarized discourse. However, its actual effectiveness in curbing the spread of hatred is unknown and hard to quantify. One major obstacle to researching this question is a lack of large labeled data sets for training automated classifiers to identify counter speech. Here we made use of a unique situation in Germany where self-labeling groups engaged in organized online hate and counter speech. We used an ensemble learning algorithm which pairs a variety of paragraph embeddings with regularized logistic regression functions to classify both hate and counter speech in a corpus of millions of relevant tweets from these two groups. Our pipeline achieved macro F1 scores on out of sample balanced test sets ranging from 0.76 to 0.97---accuracy in line and even exceeding the state of the art. On thousands of tweets, we used crowdsourcing to verify that the judgments made by the classifier are in close alignment with human judgment. We then used the classifier to discover hate and counter speech in more than 135,000 fully-resolved Twitter conversations occurring from 2013 to 2018 and study their frequency and interaction. Altogether, our results highlight the potential of automated methods to evaluate the impact of coordinated counter speech in stabilizing conversations on social media.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2006.01974},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Garland et al/Garland et al_2020_Countering hate on social media.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/JBZQ23DF/2006.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2006.01974 [cs]},
  primaryClass = {cs}
}

@article{garridoSmallStillBeautiful2020,
  title = {Is {{Small Still Beautiful}} for the {{Strengths}} and {{Difficulties Questionnaire}}? {{Novel Findings Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling}}},
  shorttitle = {Is {{Small Still Beautiful}} for the {{Strengths}} and {{Difficulties Questionnaire}}?},
  author = {Garrido, Luis Eduardo and Barrada, Juan Ram{\'o}n and Aguasvivas, Jos{\'e} Armando and {Mart{\'i}nez-Molina}, Agust{\'i}n and Arias, V{\'i}ctor B. and Golino, Hudson F. and Legaz, Eva and Ferr{\'i}s, Gloria and {Rojo-Moreno}, Luis},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  volume = {27},
  pages = {1349--1367},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {1073-1911},
  doi = {10.1177/1073191118780461},
  abstract = {During the present decade a large body of research has employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the factor structure of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) across multiple languages and cultures. However, because CFA can produce strongly biased estimations when the population cross-loadings differ meaningfully from zero, it may not be the most appropriate framework to model the SDQ responses. With this in mind, the current study sought to assess the factorial structure of the SDQ using the more flexible exploratory structural equation modeling approach. Using a large-scale Spanish sample composed of 67,253 youths aged between 10 and 18 years (M = 14.16, SD = 1.07), the results showed that CFA provided a severely biased and overly optimistic assessment of the underlying structure of the SDQ. In contrast, exploratory structural equation modeling revealed a generally weak factorial structure, including questionable indicators with large cross-loadings, multiple error correlations, and significant wording variance. A subsequent Monte Carlo study showed that sample sizes greater than 4,000 would be needed to adequately recover the SDQ loading structure. The findings from this study prevent recommending the SDQ as a screening tool and suggest caution when interpreting previous results in the literature based on CFA modeling.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/SRBL82RD/Garrido et al_2020_Is Small Still Beautiful for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.pdf},
  journal = {Assessment},
  keywords = {adolescents,behavioral problems,CFA,dimensionality,ESEM,factor structure,SDQ},
  language = {en},
  number = {6}
}

@article{gatesAssessingRobustnessCluster2019,
  title = {Assessing the Robustness of Cluster Solutions Obtained from Sparse Count Matrices.},
  author = {Gates, Kathleen M. and Fisher, Zachary F. and Arizmendi, Cara and Henry, Teague R. and Duffy, Kelly A. and Mucha, Peter J.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  issn = {1939-1463, 1082-989X},
  doi = {10.1037/met0000204},
  journal = {Psychological Methods},
  language = {en}
}

@article{gaudianoSpontaneousEmergenceThird,
  title = {Spontaneous Emergence of a Third Position in an Opinion Formation Model},
  author = {Gaudiano, Marcos E. and Revelli, Jorge A.},
  doi = {S0378437119300792},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$>$}Publication date: Available online 22 January 2019{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}\textbf{Source:} Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}Author(s): Marcos E. Gaudiano, Jorge A. Revelli{$<$}/p{$><$}h5{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h5{$><$}div{$><$}p{$>$}Opinion dynamics is one of the most studied problems in sociophysics. Many easy-to-analyze dynamical systems are modelled in a language of agent-based numerical procedures in order to provide new insights for understanding collective phenomena.{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}The present work is devoted to analyze the effects of spatial heterogeneties in the initial topological map of agent ideas. In the spirit of the statistical physics of social impact, we study the consequences of running a Sznajd model into a structured opinion formation dynamics of a given social community. We carry out a spatio-temporal fractal analysis of the ideological configuration map, showing novel features belonging to different initial conditions. By performing numerical simulations, we mainly show how the evolution of ideas can lead to a spontaneous emergence of a third ideological position. This emergence is just characterized by few parameters: the dimensionality of the initial ideological structures and the interaction dynamics. No additional external constraints are assumed. Moreover, different emergent behaviors in the limit of high participation apathy are observed.{$<$}/p{$><$}/div{$>$}},
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}
}

@article{gaudianoSpontaneousEmergenceThirda,
  title = {Spontaneous Emergence of a Third Position in an Opinion Formation Model},
  author = {Gaudiano, Marcos E. and Revelli, Jorge A.},
  doi = {S0378437119300792},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$>$}Publication date: Available online 22 January 2019{$<$}/p{$><$}p{$>$}\textbf{Source:} Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and