text:
number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Toxicon},
	author = {Deblois, Charles P. and Aranda-Rodriguez, Rocio and Giani, Alessandra and Bird, David F.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2008-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Deblois et al. - 2008 - Microcystin accumulation in liver and muscle of ti.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\I3ZA74EH\\Deblois et al. - 2008 - Microcystin accumulation in liver and muscle of ti.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{drobac_cyanobacteria_2016,
	title = {Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in fishponds and their effects on fish tissue},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {15689883},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1568988315300706},
	doi = {10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.007},
	abstract = {Cyanobacteria can produce toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins. Common and frequently investigated cyanotoxins include microcystins ({MCs}), nodularin ({NOD}) and saxitoxins ({STXs}). During the summer of 2011 extensive cyanobacterial growth was found in several ﬁshponds in Serbia. Sampling of the water and ﬁsh (common carp, Cyprinus carpio) was performed. Water samples from 13 ﬁshponds were found to contain saxitoxin, microcystin, and/or nodularin. {LC}–{MS}/{MS} showed that {MC}-{RR} was present in samples of ﬁsh muscle tissue. Histopathological analyses of ﬁsh grown in ﬁshponds with cyanotoxin production showed histopathological damage to liver, kidney, gills, intestines and muscle tissues. This study is among the ﬁrst so far to report severe hyperplasia of intestinal epithelium and severe degeneration of muscle tissue of ﬁsh after cyanobacterial exposure. These ﬁndings emphasize the importance of cyanobacterial and cyanotoxin monitoring in ﬁshponds in order to recognize cyanotoxins and their potential effects on ﬁsh used for human consumption and, further, on human health.},
	pages = {66--76},
	journaltitle = {Harmful Algae},
	author = {Drobac, Damjana and Tokodi, Nada and Lujić, Jelena and Marinović, Zoran and Subakov-Simić, Gordana and Dulić, Tamara and Važić, Tamara and Nybom, Sonja and Meriluoto, Jussi and Codd, Geoffrey A. and Svirčev, Zorica},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2016-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Drobac et al. - 2016 - Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in fishponds and the.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\YCWPB6JP\\Drobac et al. - 2016 - Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in fishponds and the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{drobac_cyanobacteria_2016-1,
	title = {Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in fishponds and their effects on fish tissue},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {15689883},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1568988315300706},
	doi = {10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.007},
	abstract = {Cyanobacteria can produce toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins. Common and frequently investigated cyanotoxins include microcystins ({MCs}), nodularin ({NOD}) and saxitoxins ({STXs}). During the summer of 2011 extensive cyanobacterial growth was found in several ﬁshponds in Serbia. Sampling of the water and ﬁsh (common carp, Cyprinus carpio) was performed. Water samples from 13 ﬁshponds were found to contain saxitoxin, microcystin, and/or nodularin. {LC}–{MS}/{MS} showed that {MC}-{RR} was present in samples of ﬁsh muscle tissue. Histopathological analyses of ﬁsh grown in ﬁshponds with cyanotoxin production showed histopathological damage to liver, kidney, gills, intestines and muscle tissues. This study is among the ﬁrst so far to report severe hyperplasia of intestinal epithelium and severe degeneration of muscle tissue of ﬁsh after cyanobacterial exposure. These ﬁndings emphasize the importance of cyanobacterial and cyanotoxin monitoring in ﬁshponds in order to recognize cyanotoxins and their potential effects on ﬁsh used for human consumption and, further, on human health.},
	pages = {66--76},
	journaltitle = {Harmful Algae},
	author = {Drobac, Damjana and Tokodi, Nada and Lujić, Jelena and Marinović, Zoran and Subakov-Simić, Gordana and Dulić, Tamara and Važić, Tamara and Nybom, Sonja and Meriluoto, Jussi and Codd, Geoffrey A. and Svirčev, Zorica},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2016-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Drobac et al. - 2016 - Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in fishponds and the.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\EPBIVR2J\\Drobac et al. - 2016 - Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in fishponds and the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zervou_new_2017,
	title = {New {SPE}-{LC}-{MS}/{MS} method for simultaneous determination of multi-class cyanobacterial and algal toxins},
	volume = {323},
	issn = {03043894},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304389416306410},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.020},
	abstract = {Cyanobacterial and algal toxins comprise a large group of harmful metabolites, belonging to different chemical classes, with a variety of chemical structures, physicochemical properties and toxic activities. In this study, a fast, simple and sensitive analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of multi-class cyanobacterial and algal toxins in water. The target compounds were: Cylindrospermopsin, Anatoxin-a, Nodularin, 12 Microcystins ([D-Asp3]{MC}-{RR}, {MC}-{RR}, {MC}-{YR}, {MC}-{HtyR}, [D-Asp3]{MC}-{LR}, {MC}-{LR}, {MC}-{HilR}, {MC}-{WR}, {MC}-{LA}, {MC}-{LY}, {MC}-{LW} and {MC}-{LF}), Okadaic acid and Domoic acid. Analytes were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}–{MS}/{MS}). A dual Solid Phase Extraction ({SPE}) cartridge assembly was applied for the extraction of target compounds from water. Optimized {SPE} parameters included cartridge material, initial sample {pH}, sequence of the cartridges in the {SPE} assembly as well as composition and volume of the elution solvent. The method was validated, providing acceptable mean recoveries and reproducibility for most analytes.},
	pages = {56--66},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
	author = {Zervou, Sevasti-Kiriaki and Christophoridis, Christophoros and Kaloudis, Triantafyllos and Triantis, Theodoros M. and Hiskia, Anastasia},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2017-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Zervou et al. - 2017 - New SPE-LC-MSMS method for simultaneous determina.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6TZNQ6MD\\Zervou et al. - 2017 - New SPE-LC-MSMS method for simultaneous determina.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ortiz_high_2017,
	title = {A high throughput targeted and non-targeted method for the analysis of microcystins and anatoxin-A using on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-017-0437-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-017-0437-0},
	abstract = {Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in freshwater. Sample preparation for the analysis of these cyanotoxins in water from algal blooms can take up to several days due to the matrix complexity and the low detection limits required to comply with current legislation. Moreover, there is a large number of unknown microcystins that could potentially exist in the environment resulting from different amino acid substitutions into the microcystin skeletal structure. To tackle these problems, the present study involved the development of a high throughput method based on on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography that could provide quantitative results for 12 microcystin variants ({LR}, {YR}, {RR}, {HtyR}, {HilR}, {WR}, {LW}, {LA}, {LF}, {LY}, Dha7-{LR}, and Dha7-{RR}) and anatoxin-A in less than 3 h with detection limits between 0.004 and 0.01 μg L−1 and expanded uncertainty between 4 and 14\%. Datadependent acquisition was employed for the non-targeted analysis of these cyanotoxins. Filtering the data based on structure diagnostic fragments, two unknown microcystin variants not previously reported in the literature were detected. The structures Leu1-microcystin-Met(O)R and Leu1microcystin-{LY} were fully characterized by accurate mass measurement, collision-induced dissociation, and fragmentation prediction software.},
	pages = {4959--4969},
	number = {21},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	author = {Ortiz, Xavier and Korenkova, Eva and Jobst, Karl J. and {MacPherson}, Karen A. and Reiner, Eric J.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2017-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ortiz et al. - 2017 - A high throughput targeted and non-targeted method.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\BCXFDP54\\Ortiz et al. - 2017 - A high throughput targeted and non-targeted method.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ernst_recovery_2005,
	title = {Recovery of {MC}-{LR} in fish liver tissue},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1520-4081, 1522-7278},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tox.20131},
	doi = {10.1002/tox.20131},
	abstract = {Cyanotoxins, particularly microcystins ({MCs}), have been shown to be a hazard to human health. {MCs} accumulate in aquatic organisms probably as a result of irreversible binding to liver protein phosphatases. The aim of this study was to describe the recovery of {MC} from ﬁsh liver using various detection methods, with {MC}-{LR} as the representative congener. These ﬁndings are discussed in conjunction with the current procedures and limit values used for human risk assessment. Following incubation of liver homogenates with various {MC}-{LR} concentrations, the homogenates were extracted by a water/ methanol/butanol mixture via different treatments and subsequently analyzed via the colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay ({cPPA}), {HPLC}, and anti-Adda {ELISA}. Detection via {cPPA} appeared to yield the highest recovery of {MC}-{LR}, although the presence of unspeciﬁc background may have resulted in overestimation of the true recovery. The recoveries determined via {HPLC} and anti-Adda {ELISA} were comparable to each other. The limits of detection were 0.01–2.4  g {MC}-{LR}/g liver tissue, depending on the method used. Maximum {MC}-{LR} recovery from samples incubated with 10 and 100  g {MC}-{LR}/g ranged between 44\% and 101\%. Recovery from samples incubated with 1  g {MC}-{LR}/g liver tissue was below 3\%. Lower recovery is assumed to result from irreversible, covalent {MC} protein binding, as conﬁrmed by Western blotting of liver homogenates with anti-Adda immunoprobing. The results demonstrate that further investigation of and improvement in routinely applied {MC} methods for ﬁsh tissue and/or food analyses are needed for a reliable risk assessment. ' 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 449–458, 2005.},
	pages = {449--458},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Toxicology},
	author = {Ernst, Bernhard and Dietz, Lisa and Hoeger, Stefan J. and Dietrich, Daniel R.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2005-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ernst et al. - 2005 - Recovery of MC-LR in fish liver tissue.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\EB7I3JQR\\Ernst et al. - 2005 - Recovery of MC-LR in fish liver tissue.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{flores_global_2018,
	title = {A Global Analysis of the Relationship between Concentrations of Microcystins in Water and Fish},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2018.00030/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2018.00030},
	abstract = {Cyanobacteria, the primary bloom-forming organisms in fresh water, elicit a spectrum of problems in lentic systems. The most immediate concern for people and animals are cyanobacterial toxins, which have been detected at variable concentrations in water and ﬁsh around the world. Cyanotoxins can transfer through food webs, potentially increasing the risk of exposure to people who eat ﬁsh from affected waters, yet little is known about how cyanotoxins ﬂuctuate in wild ﬁsh tissues. We collated existing studies on cyanotoxins in ﬁsh and fresh water from lakes around the world into a global dataset to test the hypothesis that cyanotoxin concentrations in ﬁsh increase with water toxin concentrations. We limited our quantitative analysis to microcystins because data on other cyanotoxins in ﬁsh were sparse, but we provided a qualitative summary of other cyanotoxins reported in wild, freshwater ﬁsh tissues. We found a positive relationship between intracellular microcystin in water samples and microcystin in ﬁsh tissues that had been analyzed by assay methods (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and protein phosphatase inhibition assay). We expected microcystin to be found in increasingly higher concentrations from carnivorous to omnivorous to planktivorous ﬁshes. We found, however, that omnivores generally had the highest tissue microcystin concentrations. Additionally, we found contrasting results for the level of microcystin in different tissue types depending on the toxin analysis method. Because microcystin and other cyanotoxins have the potential to impact public health, our results underline the current need for comprehensive and uniform detection methods for the analysis of cyanotoxins in complex matrices.},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	author = {Flores, Natalie M. and Miller, Todd R. and Stockwell, Jason D.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2018-02-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Flores et al. - 2018 - A Global Analysis of the Relationship between Conc.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\LYULYFP3\\Flores et al. - 2018 - A Global Analysis of the Relationship between Conc.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gurbuz_occurrence_2016,
	title = {Occurrence of microcystins in water, bloom, sediment and fish from a public water supply},
	volume = {562},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969716307070},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.027},
	abstract = {Microcystin ({MC}) accumulation was determined in the liver and muscle of two omnivorous ﬁsh species which are consumed and are economically important, and in a planktivorous–carnivorous ﬁsh from Lake Eğirdir, Turkey. Free extractable {MCs} in ﬁsh tissue samples were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ({ELISA}) with conﬁrmation by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection ({HPLC}-{PDA}). {MC}-{LA} and -{YR}, were detected in both liver and muscle, followed by {MCs} -{LY}, -{LF}, -{RR} and -{LR} respectively. The {MC} concentrations varied between 0.043 and 1.72 μg/g dry weight in liver and muscle tissues. {MCs} were also determined in samples of water, sediment and a bloom sample of Microcystis aeruginosa from the lake by {HPLC}-{PDA}. {MC}-{LY} and -{YR} were most commonly identiﬁed in water samples, with total {MC} concentrations ranging from 2.9 ± 0.05 to 13.5 ± 2.3 μg/L. Sediment analyses, showed that {MC}-{YR} was present in samples between 7.0 and 17.6 μg/g dw, especially in October, November and December when no {MC}-{YR} was recorded in water, followed by {MC}-{LW}. The ﬁndings indicate that water and sediment contained {MCs}, and more importantly that ﬁsh were contaminated with {MCs} that may pose an {MC}-associated human health risk.},
	pages = {860--868},
	journaltitle = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Gurbuz, Fatma and Uzunmehmetoğlu, Oğuz Y. and Diler, Öznur and Metcalf, James S. and Codd, Geoffrey A.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2016-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Gurbuz et al. - 2016 - Occurrence of microcystins in water, bloom, sedime.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\KBWSMG5L\\Gurbuz et al. - 2016 - Occurrence of microcystins in water, bloom, sedime.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hardy_cyanotoxin_2015,
	title = {Cyanotoxin bioaccumulation in freshwater fish, Washington State, {USA}},
	volume = {187},
	issn = {0167-6369, 1573-2959},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-015-4875-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10661-015-4875-x},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
	author = {Hardy, F. Joan and Johnson, Art and Hamel, Kathy and Preece, Ellen},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2015-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Hardy et al. - 2015 - Cyanotoxin bioaccumulation in freshwater fish, Was.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VSBUBZFD\\Hardy et al. - 2015 - Cyanotoxin bioaccumulation in freshwater fish, Was.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hu_monitoring_2018,
	title = {Monitoring and research of microcystins and environmental factors in a typical artificial freshwater aquaculture pond},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0944-1344, 1614-7499},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-017-0956-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-017-0956-4},
	abstract = {Freshwater aquaculture ponds are important artificially regulated aquatic ecosystems which provide a large number of freshwater fish products in China. The cyanobacteria bloom and microcystin ({MC}) pollution caused by anthropogenic eutrophication have attracted much attention due to their toxic effects. To provide an insight into the cyanobacterial problem in the ponds, the environmental parameters and {MCs} of a typical artificial pond in the Yangtze River Delta region of China were monitored and studied from May to December 2015. During the monitoring period, the ponds were in serious eutrophication with total phosphorus ({TP}) concentrations between 0.95 and 1.80 μg/L, and total nitrogen ({TN}) concentrations between 1.1 and 4.86 μg/L. High feed coefficient and high fish stock were the main reasons for the eutrophication. The results showed that the water temperature was the key factor that affected the cyanobacteria blooming in the pond. The chlorophyll a concentration was significantly positively correlated with the cyanobacteria density during the blooming season. {MC}-{LR} and {MC}-{RR} existed simultaneously and showed a significant positive correlation. The peak concentrations of dissolved {MC}-{LR} and {MC}-{RR} in the pond water were 40.6 and 4.7 μg/L, respectively, which is considered highly toxic. Free {MC}-{LR} and {MC}-{RR} were also found in the aquaculture products. {MC}-{LR} concentrations in the bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) liver and shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) muscle were up to 2.64 and 4.17 μg/kg, respectively. {MC}-{RR} concentration was up to 1.89 μg/kg in the black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) liver. The results implied the potential health risks for citizens and pets caused by current artificial freshwater aquaculture pond systems.},
	pages = {5921--5933},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
	author = {Hu, Xiaobin and Zhang, Rongfei and Ye, Jinyun and Wu, Xiang and Zhang, Yixiang and Wu, Chenglong},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2018-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Hu et al. - 2018 - Monitoring and research of microcystins and enviro.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZABFQYHJ\\Hu et al. - 2018 - Monitoring and research of microcystins and enviro.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hu_detection_2017,
	title = {Detection of free microcystins in the liver and muscle of freshwater fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0360-1234, 1532-4109},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601234.2017.1356670},
	doi = {10.1080/03601234.2017.1356670},
	abstract = {{MC} analysis of biological tissue is considered to be very difﬁcult due to the lack of validated methods. This is the primary limiting factor for monitoring potential risks in both the ﬂesh of aquatic organisms and the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, an effective method to determine free {MCs} ({MC}-{LR} and {MC}-{RR}) in the muscle and liver tissues of freshwater cultured ﬁsh was developed using solid-phase extraction ({SPE}) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}/{MS}-{MS}). The extraction solvent, time of extraction, eluent and puriﬁcation of the extract were optimized. Various {SPE} cartridges were also investigated. In this optimized analytical procedure, an 85\% methanol/water solution (v/v) was selected as the extraction solvent, after which the extracts were puriﬁed by removing fats and proteins; a {HLB} cartridge was chosen for {MCs} enrichment; and 90\% methanol containing 0.02\% formic acid/water solution (v/v) was used as the eluent. Under the optimized pretreatment conditions and instrument parameters, good recoveries of {MCLR} and {MC}-{RR} were obtained at three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg g¡1 dry weight ({DW})), with values ranging from 92.5 to 98.3\% and 92.1 to 98.6\%, respectively. The method detection limit ({MDL}) for muscle samples was 0.5 mg kg¡1 and 0.4 mg kg¡1 ({DW}) for {MC}-{LR} and {MC}-{RR}, respectively. The {MDL} for the liver samples was 0.8 mg kg¡1 ({DW}) for both {MC}-{LR} and {MC}-{RR}. The developed procedure was successfully applied to analyze {MCs} in the muscle and liver of ﬁsh samples collected from a Chinese freshwater aquaculture pond during bloom seasons. The {MC}-{LR} concentrations ranged from below the {MDL} to 4.17 mg kg¡1 and the {MC}-{RR} concentrations ranged from below the {MDL} to 2.64 mg kg¡1.},
	pages = {770--776},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B},
	author = {Hu, Xiaobin and Ye, Jinyun and Zhang, Rongfei and Wu, Xiang and Zhang, Yixiang and Wu, Chenglong},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2017-10-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Hu et al. - 2017 - Detection of free microcystins in the liver and mu.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ICP4IVSJ\\Hu et al. - 2017 - Detection of free microcystins in the liver and mu.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ibelings_distribution_2005,
	title = {Distribution of Microcystins in a Lake Foodweb: No Evidence for Biomagnification},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0095-3628, 1432-184X},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00248-004-0014-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-004-0014-x},
	shorttitle = {Distribution of Microcystins in a Lake Foodweb},
	abstract = {Microcystins, toxins produced by cyanobacteria, may play a role in ﬁsh kills, although their speciﬁc contribution remains unclear. A better understanding of the ecotoxicological effects of microcystins is hampered by a lack of analyses at different trophic levels in lake foodwebs. We present 3 years of monitoring data, and directly compare the transfer of microcystin in the foodweb starting with the uptake of (toxic) cyanobacteria by two different ﬁlter feeders: the cladoceran Daphnia galeata and the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Furthermore foodwebs are compared in years in which the colonial cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa or the ﬁlamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii dominated; there are implications in terms of the types and amount of microcystins produced and in the ingestion of cyanobacteria. Microcystin concentrations in the seston commonly reached levels where harmful effects on zooplankton are to be expected. Likewise, concentrations in zooplankton reached levels where intoxication of ﬁsh is likely. The food chain starting with Dreissena (consumed by roach and diving ducks) remained relatively free from microcystins. Liver damage, typical for exposure to microcystins, was observed in a large fraction of the populations of different ﬁsh species, although no relation with the amount of microcystin could be established. Microcystin levels were especially high in the livers of planktivorous ﬁsh, mainly smelt. This puts piscivorous birds at risk. We found no evidence for biomagniﬁcation of microcystins. Concentrations in ﬁlter feeders were always much below those in the seston, and yet vectorial transport to higher trophic levels took place.},
	pages = {487--500},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Microbial Ecology},
	author = {Ibelings, B.W. and Bruning, K. and de Jonge, J. and Wolfstein, K. and Pires, L.M. Dionisio and Postma, J. and Burger, T.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2005-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ibelings et al. - 2005 - Distribution of Microcystins in a Lake Foodweb No.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\K6DM4B3B\\Ibelings et al. - 2005 - Distribution of Microcystins in a Lake Foodweb No.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bartosinska_gcms_2016,
	title = {{GC}–{MS} and {LC}–{MS} approaches for determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in biological and food matrices},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0731-7085},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0731708516301133},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.051},
	series = {Current trends in bioanalysis - In Honour of Professor Roman Kaliszan},
	abstract = {Tocopherols and tocotrienols, widely described as vitamin E derivatives, have been proven to take part in a number of important biological functions. Among them, antioxidant properties had been investigated and documented in the literature. Since tocochromanols have revealed their plausible beneficial impact on several pathological processes, such as cancerogenesis or cognitive impairment diseases, there is a growing interest in quantitative determination of these compounds in biological fluids, tissues and plant organs. However, due to vitamin E chemical features, such as lipophilic and non-polar characteristics, quantitative determination of the compounds seems to be problematic. In this paper we present current analytical approaches in tocopherols and tocotrienols determination in biological and food matrices with the use of chromatographic techniques, especially gas chromatography ({GC}) and high performance liquid chromatography ({HPLC}) coupled with mass spectrometry. Derivatization techniques applied for {GC}–{MS} analysis in the case of tocol derivatives, especially silylation and acylation, are described. Significant attention is paid to ionization process of tocopherols and tocotrienols.},
	pages = {156--169},
	issue = {Supplement C},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis},
	author = {Bartosińska, E. and Buszewska-Forajta, M. and Siluk, D.},
	urldate = {2017-12-13},
	date = {2016-08-05},
	keywords = {Mass spectrometry, {GC}–{MS}, {LC}–{MS}, Tocopherols, Tocotrienols, Vitamin E}
}

@article{bartosinska_gcms_2016-1,
	title = {{GC}–{MS} and {LC}–{MS} approaches for determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in biological and food matrices},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0731-7085},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0731708516301133},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.051},
	series = {Current trends in bioanalysis - In Honour of Professor Roman Kaliszan},
	abstract = {Tocopherols and tocotrienols, widely described as vitamin E derivatives, have been proven to take part in a number of important biological functions. Among them, antioxidant properties had been investigated and documented in the literature. Since tocochromanols have revealed their plausible beneficial impact on several pathological processes, such as cancerogenesis or cognitive impairment diseases, there is a growing interest in quantitative determination of these compounds in biological fluids, tissues and plant organs. However, due to vitamin E chemical features, such as lipophilic and non-polar characteristics, quantitative determination of the compounds seems to be problematic. In this paper we present current analytical approaches in tocopherols and tocotrienols determination in biological and food matrices with the use of chromatographic techniques, especially gas chromatography ({GC}) and high performance liquid chromatography ({HPLC}) coupled with mass spectrometry. Derivatization techniques applied for {GC}–{MS} analysis in the case of tocol derivatives, especially silylation and acylation, are described. Significant attention is paid to ionization process of tocopherols and tocotrienols.},
	pages = {156--169},
	issue = {Supplement C},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis},
	author = {Bartosińska, E. and Buszewska-Forajta, M. and Siluk, D.},
	urldate = {2017-12-13},
	date = {2016-08-05},
	keywords = {Mass spectrometry, {GC}–{MS}, {LC}–{MS}, Tocopherols, Tocotrienols, Vitamin E}
}

@article{bartosinska_gcms_2016-2,
	title = {{GC}–{MS} and {LC}–{MS} approaches for determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in biological and food matrices},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0731-7085},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0731708516301133},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.051},
	series = {Current trends in bioanalysis - In Honour of Professor Roman Kaliszan},
	abstract = {Tocopherols and tocotrienols, widely described as vitamin E derivatives, have been proven to take part in a number of important biological functions. Among them, antioxidant properties had been investigated and documented in the literature. Since tocochromanols have revealed their plausible beneficial impact on several pathological processes, such as cancerogenesis or cognitive impairment diseases, there is a growing interest in quantitative determination of these compounds in biological fluids, tissues and plant organs. However, due to vitamin E chemical features, such as lipophilic and non-polar characteristics, quantitative determination of the compounds seems to be problematic. In this paper we present current analytical approaches in tocopherols and tocotrienols determination in biological and food matrices with the use of chromatographic techniques, especially gas chromatography ({GC}) and high performance liquid chromatography ({HPLC}) coupled with mass spectrometry. Derivatization techniques applied for {GC}–{MS} analysis in the case of tocol derivatives, especially silylation and acylation, are described. Significant attention is paid to ionization process of tocopherols and tocotrienols.},
	pages = {156--169},
	issue = {Supplement C},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis},
	author = {Bartosińska, E. and Buszewska-Forajta, M. and Siluk, D.},
	urldate = {2017-12-13},
	date = {2016-08-05},
	keywords = {Mass spectrometry, {GC}–{MS}, {LC}–{MS}, Tocopherols, Tocotrienols, Vitamin E}
}

@article{bartosinska_gcms_2016-3,
	title = {{GC}–{MS} and {LC}–{MS} approaches for determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in biological and food matrices},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0731-7085},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0731708516301133},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.051},
	series = {Current trends in bioanalysis - In Honour of Professor Roman Kaliszan},
	abstract = {Tocopherols and tocotrienols, widely described as vitamin E derivatives, have been proven to take part in a number of important biological functions. Among them, antioxidant properties had been investigated and documented in the literature. Since tocochromanols have revealed their plausible beneficial impact on several pathological processes, such as cancerogenesis or cognitive impairment diseases, there is a growing interest in quantitative determination of these compounds in biological fluids, tissues and plant organs. However, due to vitamin E chemical features, such as lipophilic and non-polar characteristics, quantitative determination of the compounds seems to be problematic. In this paper we present current analytical approaches in tocopherols and tocotrienols determination in biological and food matrices with the use of chromatographic techniques, especially gas chromatography ({GC}) and high performance liquid chromatography ({HPLC}) coupled with mass spectrometry. Derivatization techniques applied for {GC}–{MS} analysis in the case of tocol derivatives, especially silylation and acylation, are described. Significant attention is paid to ionization process of tocopherols and tocotrienols.},
	pages = {156--169},
	issue = {Supplement C},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis},
	author = {Bartosińska, E. and Buszewska-Forajta, M. and Siluk, D.},
	urldate = {2017-12-13},
	date = {2016-08-05},
	keywords = {Mass spectrometry, {GC}–{MS}, {LC}–{MS}, Tocopherols, Tocotrienols, Vitamin E}
}

@article{rodriguez-lafuente_determination_2013,
	title = {Determination of cocaine and methadone in urine samples by thin-film solid-phase microextraction and direct analysis in real time ({DART}) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry},
	volume = {405},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-013-6993-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-013-6993-z},
	abstract = {The use of thin-film solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) as the sampling preparation step before direct analysis in real time ({DART}) was evaluated for the determination of two prohibited doping substances, cocaine and methadone, in urine samples. Results showed that thin-film {SPME} improves the detectability of these compounds: signal-to-blank ratios of 5 (cocaine) and 13 (methadone) were obtained in the analysis of 0.5 ng/ml in human urine. Thin-film {SPME} also provides efficient sample cleanup, avoiding contamination of the ion source by salt residues from the urine samples. Extraction time was established in 10 min, thus providing relatively short analysis time and high throughput when combined with a 96-well shaker and coupled with {DART} technique.Open image in new {windowFigureSchematic} protocol for determination of cocaine and methadone in urine by thin-film {SPME} and {DART}-{MS} analysis},
	pages = {9723--9727},
	number = {30},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
	author = {Rodriguez-Lafuente, Angel and Mirnaghi, Fatemeh S. and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-10-01},
	date = {2013-12-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\4KGZMY9V\\s00216-013-6993-z.html:text/html}
}

@article{mousavi_coupling_2016,
	title = {Coupling solid phase microextraction to complementary separation platforms for metabotyping of E. coli metabolome in response to natural antibacterial agents},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1573-3882, 1573-3890},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11306-016-1111-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s11306-016-1111-9},
	abstract = {{IntroductionEssential} oils are known to possess antimicrobial activity; thus, their use has played an important role over the years in medicine and for food preservation purposes.{ObjectiveThe} effect of clove oil and its major constituents as bactericidal agents on the global metabolic profiling of E. coli bacteria was assessed by means of metabolic alterations, using solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) as a sample preparation method coupled to complementary analytical platforms.{MethodE}. Coli cultures treated with clove oil and its major individual components were sampled by {HS}-{SPME}-{GCxGC}-{ToF}/{MS} and {SPME}-{UPLC}–{MS}. Full factorial design was applied in order to estimate the most effective antibacterial agent towards E. coli. Central composite design and factorial design were applied to investigate parameters influencing metabolite coverage and efficiency by {SPME}.{ResultsThe} metabolic profile, including 500 metabolites identified by {LC}–{MS} and 789 components detected by {GCxGC}-{ToF}/{MS}, 125 of which were identified as dysregulated metabolites, revealed changes in the metabolome provoked by the antibacterial activity of clove oil, and in particular its major constituent eugenol. Analyses of individual components selected using orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis showed a neat differentiation between control samples in comparison to treated samples in various sets of metabolic pathways.{ConclusionsThe} combination of a sample preparation method capable of providing cleaner extracts coupled to different analytical platforms was successful in uncovering changes in metabolic pathways associated with lipids biodegradation, changes in the {TCA} cycle, amino acids, and enzyme inhibitors in response to antibacterial treatment.},
	pages = {169},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Metabolomics},
	shortjournal = {Metabolomics},
	author = {Mousavi, Fatemeh and Gionfriddo, Emanuela and Carasek, Eduardo and Souza-Silva, Erica A. and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-10-01},
	date = {2016-11-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\PMVU42WS\\s11306-016-1111-9.html:text/html}
}

@book{john_extraction_2009,
	location = {United Kingdom},
	edition = {First},
	title = {Extraction techniques in analytical sciences},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	author = {John, R. Dean},
	date = {2009},
	file = {Extraction techniques in analytical sciences:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\3SNXVKWN\\extraction techniques in analytical science（英文）_0.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@collection{wild_immunoassay_2013-1,
	location = {Oxford ; Waltham, {MA}},
	edition = {4th ed},
	title = {The immunoassay handbook: theory and applications of ligand binding, {ELISA}, and related techniques},
	isbn = {978-0-08-097037-0},
	shorttitle = {The immunoassay handbook},
	pagetotal = {1013},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	editor = {Wild, David},
	date = {2013},
	note = {{OCLC}: ocn813855389},
	keywords = {Immunoassay, methods, standards},
	file = {The-Immunoassay-Handbook-.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\M97RHLM6\\The-Immunoassay-Handbook-.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{de_angelis_breaking_2011-1,
	title = {Breaking the diffusion limit with super-hydrophobic delivery of molecules to plasmonic nanofocusing {SERS} structures},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1749-4885, 1749-4893},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nphoton.2011.222},
	doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2011.222},
	pages = {682--687},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Nature Photonics},
	author = {De Angelis, F. and Gentile, F. and Mecarini, F. and Das, G. and Moretti, M. and Candeloro, P. and Coluccio, M. L. and Cojoc, G. and Accardo, A. and Liberale, C. and Zaccaria, R. P. and Perozziello, G. and Tirinato, L. and Toma, A. and Cuda, G. and Cingolani, R. and Di Fabrizio, E.},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2011-09-18},
	file = {nphoton.2011.222.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\T3PQETDP\\nphoton.2011.222.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{melli_fast_2011-1,
	title = {Fast Detection of Biomolecules in Diffusion-Limited Regime Using Micromechanical Pillars},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1936-0851, 1936-086X},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn202224g},
	doi = {10.1021/nn202224g},
	pages = {7928--7935},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {{ACS} Nano},
	author = {Melli, Mauro and Scoles, Giacinto and Lazzarino, Marco},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2011-10-25},
	langid = {english},
	file = {nn202224g.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6FFFF5KN\\nn202224g.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kusnezow_optimal_2006-1,
	title = {Optimal design of microarray immunoassays to compensate for kinetic limitations theory and experiment},
	volume = {5},
	url = {http://www.mcponline.org/content/5/9/1681.short},
	pages = {1681--1696},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Molecular \& Cellular Proteomics},
	author = {Kusnezow, Wlad and Syagailo, Yana V. and Rüffer, Sven and Baudenstiel, Nina and Gauer, Christoph and Hoheisel, Jörg D. and Wild, David and Goychuk, Igor},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2006},
	file = {Mol Cell Proteomics-2006-Kusnezow-1681-96.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6IP6SPEL\\Mol Cell Proteomics-2006-Kusnezow-1681-96.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kusnezow_kinetics_2006-2,
	title = {Kinetics of antigen binding to antibody microspots: Strong limitation by mass transport to the surface},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1615-9853, 1615-9861},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/pmic.200500149},
	doi = {10.1002/pmic.200500149},
	shorttitle = {Kinetics of antigen binding to antibody microspots},
	pages = {794--803},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {{PROTEOMICS}},
	author = {Kusnezow, Wlad and Syagailo, Yana V. and Rüffer, Sven and Klenin, Konstantin and Sebald, Walter and Hoheisel, Jörg D. and Gauer, Christoph and Goychuk, Igor},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2006-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Kusnezow_et_al-2006-PROTEOMICS.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\BDNEUENF\\Kusnezow_et_al-2006-PROTEOMICS.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zhang_mass_1996-2,
	title = {Mass transfer at a microelectrode in channel flow},
	volume = {100},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp960027y},
	pages = {9462--9464},
	number = {22},
	journaltitle = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry},
	author = {Zhang, Wendy and Stone, H. A. and Sherwood, J. D.},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {1996},
	file = {jp960027y.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\UTMI46MK\\jp960027y.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@incollection{ekins_immunoassay_1991-1,
	title = {Immunoassay design and optimization},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-11234-0_5},
	pages = {96--153},
	booktitle = {Principles and practice of immunoassay},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Ekins, Roger},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {1991},
	file = {chp%3A10.1007%2F978-1-349-11234-0_5.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\WHGDK47T\\chp%3A10.1007%2F978-1-349-11234-0_5.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{li_monolith_2016-1,
	title = {Monolith dip-it: a bifunctional device for improving the sensitivity of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {0003-2654, 1364-5528},
	url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C6AN00839A},
	doi = {10.1039/C6AN00839A},
	shorttitle = {Monolith dip-it},
	pages = {4947--4952},
	number = {16},
	journaltitle = {The Analyst},
	author = {Li, Xianjiang and Li, Ze and Wang, Xin and Nie, Honggang and Zhang, Yiding and Bai, Yu and Liu, Huwei},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2016},
	langid = {english},
	file = {C6AN00839A.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\5PTGHSN3\\C6AN00839A.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{chen_magnetic_2015-1,
	title = {Magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with desorption corona beam ionization-mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of antidepressants in human body fluids},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {0003-2654, 1364-5528},
	url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C5AN00992H},
	doi = {10.1039/C5AN00992H},
	pages = {5662--5670},
	number = {16},
	journaltitle = {The Analyst},
	author = {Chen, Di and Zheng, Hao-Bo and Huang, Yun-Qing and Hu, Yu-Ning and Yu, Qiong-Wei and Yuan, Bi-Feng and Feng, Yu-Qi},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	file = {C5AN00992H.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\WFCK4KLZ\\C5AN00992H.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gomez-rios_solid_2014-1,
	title = {Solid phase microextraction ({SPME})-transmission mode ({TM}) pushes down detection limits in direct analysis in real time ({DART})},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {1359-7345, 1364-548X},
	url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4CC05301J},
	doi = {10.1039/C4CC05301J},
	pages = {12937--12940},
	number = {85},
	journaltitle = {Chem. Commun.},
	author = {Gómez-Ríos, Germán Augusto and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2014},
	langid = {english},
	file = {C4CC05301J.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\C9GPUP9L\\C4CC05301J.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{yalcin_optical_2006-1,
	title = {Optical sensing of biomolecules using microring resonators},
	volume = {12},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1588894/},
	pages = {148--155},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	author = {Yalcin, Ayca and Popat, Ketul C. and Aldridge, John C. and Desai, Tejal A. and Hryniewicz, John and Chbouki, Nabil and Little, Brent E. and King, Oliver and Van, Vien and Chu, Sai and {others}},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2006},
	file = {boe-1-3-983.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\R49667X7\\boe-1-3-983.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lynn_biosensing_2016-1,
	title = {(Bio)Sensing Using Nanoparticle Arrays: On the Effect of Analyte Transport on Sensitivity},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0003-2700, 1520-6882},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03002},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03002},
	shorttitle = {(Bio)Sensing Using Nanoparticle Arrays},
	pages = {12145--12151},
	number = {24},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Lynn, N. Scott and Homola, Jiří},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2016-12-20},
	langid = {english},
	file = {acs%2Eanalchem%2E6b03002.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\LFBK7INL\\acs%2Eanalchem%2E6b03002.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mirabelli_direct_2016-1,
	title = {Direct Coupling of Solid-Phase Microextraction with Mass Spectrometry: Sub-pg/g Sensitivity Achieved Using a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Source},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0003-2700, 1520-6882},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01507},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01507},
	shorttitle = {Direct Coupling of Solid-Phase Microextraction with Mass Spectrometry},
	pages = {7252--7258},
	number = {14},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Mirabelli, Mario F. and Wolf, Jan-Christoph and Zenobi, Renato},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2016-07-19},
	langid = {english},
	file = {acs%2Eanalchem%2E6b01507.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\LEV79IL8\\acs%2Eanalchem%2E6b01507.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{fu_modeling_2009-1,
	title = {Modeling of a Competitive Microfluidic Heterogeneous Immunoassay: Sensitivity of the Assay Response to Varying System Parameters},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0003-2700, 1520-6882},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac802672v},
	doi = {10.1021/ac802672v},
	shorttitle = {Modeling of a Competitive Microfluidic Heterogeneous Immunoassay},
	pages = {3407--3413},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Fu, Elain and Nelson, Kjell E. and Ramsey, Stephen A. and Foley, Jennifer O. and Helton, Kristen and Yager, Paul},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2009-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {ac802672v.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\QN92RER6\\ac802672v.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sun_kinetic_2015-2,
	title = {Kinetic Analysis of Biomolecular Interactions Using Label-Free Biosensors},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1073-9149, 1525-6030},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10739149.2014.976830},
	doi = {10.1080/10739149.2014.976830},
	pages = {255--267},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Instrumentation Science \& Technology},
	author = {Sun, Yung-Shin and Zhu, X. D.},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2015-03-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {10739149%2E2014%2E976830.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\Z3G2J5RT\\10739149%2E2014%2E976830.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tigli_biosensors_2013-1,
	title = {Biosensors in the small scale: methods and technology trends},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1751-8741, 1751-875X},
	url = {http://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-nbt.2012.0005},
	doi = {10.1049/iet-nbt.2012.0005},
	shorttitle = {Biosensors in the small scale},
	pages = {7--21},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{IET} Nanobiotechnology},
	author = {Tigli, Onur and Senveli, Sukru U.},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2013-03-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {06488933.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\Q9V6TX8R\\06488933.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{leary_mass_2015-2,
	title = {Mass transfer in the biomolecular binding of a target against probe molecules on the surface of microbeads sequestered in wells in a microfluidic cell},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1473-0197, 1473-0189},
	url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4LC01185F},
	doi = {10.1039/C4LC01185F},
	pages = {459--477},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Lab Chip},
	author = {Leary, Thomas F. and Manafirasi, Setareh and Maldarelli, Charles},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	file = {2014_-_Thomas_F_Leary_-_Masstransferinthebiomolecularbindingofatargetagain[retrieved_2016-02-04].pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\SC5FX73S\\2014_-_Thomas_F_Leary_-_Masstransferinthebiomolecularbindingofatargetagain[retrieved_2016-02-04].pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sheehan_detection_2005-1,
	title = {Detection Limits for Nanoscale Biosensors},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1530-6984, 1530-6992},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl050298x},
	doi = {10.1021/nl050298x},
	pages = {803--807},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Nano Letters},
	author = {Sheehan, Paul E. and Whitman, Lloyd J.},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2005-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {10.1.1.1025.6415.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\A22HFRNF\\10.1.1.1025.6415.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wang_nanoscale_2017-1,
	title = {Nanoscale sensors for assuring the safety of food products},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {09581669},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0958166916302324},
	doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2016.10.005},
	pages = {74--86},
	journaltitle = {Current Opinion in Biotechnology},
	author = {Wang, Yun and Duncan, Timothy V},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2017-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {1-s2.0-S0958166916302324-main.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\SQ6YXW8A\\1-s2.0-S0958166916302324-main.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tascon_ultra-fast_2017-1,
	title = {Ultra-fast quantitation of voriconazole in human plasma by coated blade spray mass spectrometry},
	volume = {144},
	issn = {07317085},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0731708517305873},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.009},
	pages = {106--111},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis},
	author = {Tascon, Marcos and Gómez-Ríos, Germán Augusto and Reyes-Garcés, Nathaly and Poole, Justen and Boyacı, Ezel and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2017-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {1-s2.0-S0731708517305873-main.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\K89CRHH3\\1-s2.0-S0731708517305873-main.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vasconcelos_magnetic_2017-2,
	title = {Magnetic solid phase extraction for determination of drugs in biological matrices},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165993616302795},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2016.11.011},
	pages = {41--52},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Vasconcelos, Ingrid and Fernandes, Christian},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {2017-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {1-s2.0-S0165993616302795-main.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\DKKRBW2B\\1-s2.0-S0165993616302795-main.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ekins_development_1989-1,
	title = {Development of microspot multi-analyte ratiometric immunoassay using dual fluorescent-labelled antibodies},
	volume = {227},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267000826471},
	pages = {73--96},
	journaltitle = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	author = {Ekins, Roger and Chu, Frederick and Biggart, Elizabeth},
	urldate = {2017-09-08},
	date = {1989},
	file = {1-s2.0-S0003267000826471-main.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\MLPSWKJ7\\1-s2.0-S0003267000826471-main.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{piri-moghadam_review_2017,
	title = {Review of geometries and coating materials in solid phase microextraction: Opportunities, limitations, and future perspectives},
	volume = {984},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{NonCommercial}-{NoDerivatives} 4.0 International License ({CC}-{BY}-{NC}-{ND})},
	issn = {0003-2670},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267017307110},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.035},
	shorttitle = {Review of geometries and coating materials in solid phase microextraction},
	abstract = {The development of new support and geometries of solid phase microextraction ({SPME}), including metal fiber assemblies, coated-tip, and thin film microextraction ({TFME}) (i.e. self-supported, fabric and blade supported), as well as their effects on diffusion and extraction rate of analytes were discussed in the current review. Application of main techniques widely used for preparation of a variety of coating materials of {SPME}, including sol-gel technique, electrochemical and electrospinning methods as well as the available commercial coatings, were presented. Advantages and limitations of each technique from several aspects, such as range of application, biocompatibility, availability in different geometrical configurations, method of preparation, incorporation of various materials to tune the coating properties, and thermal and physical stability, were also investigated. Future perspectives of each technique to improve the efficiency and stability of the coatings were also summarized. Some interesting materials including ionic liquids ({ILs}), metal organic frameworks ({MOFs}) and particle loaded coatings were briefly presented.},
	pages = {42--65},
	journaltitle = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	shortjournal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	author = {Piri-Moghadam, Hamed and Alam, Md. Nazmul and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-31},
	date = {2017-09-01},
	keywords = {Solid phase microextraction, Coating chemistry, Commercial coatings, Electrochemical and electrospinning techniques, Sol-gel method, Support geometries},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\GA6JDY8E\\Piri-Moghadam et al. - 2017 - Review of geometries and coating materials in soli.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\EV4ZS7AJ\\S0003267017307110.html:text/html}
}

@article{raynie_modern_2006,
	title = {Modern Extraction Techniques},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac060641y},
	doi = {10.1021/ac060641y},
	pages = {3997--4004},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Raynie, Douglas E.},
	urldate = {2017-08-28},
	date = {2006-06-01},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\99GUB5F3\\ac060641y.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\BKEVDM3M\\Raynie - 2006 - Modern Extraction Techniques.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pena-pereira_miniaturized_2009,
	title = {Miniaturized preconcentration methods based on liquid–liquid extraction and their application in inorganic ultratrace analysis and speciation: A review},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0584-8547},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0584854708003431},
	doi = {10.1016/j.sab.2008.10.042},
	shorttitle = {Miniaturized preconcentration methods based on liquid–liquid extraction and their application in inorganic ultratrace analysis and speciation},
	abstract = {Liquid–liquid extraction ({LLE}) is widely used as a pre-treatment technique for separation and preconcentration of both organic and inorganic analytes from aqueous samples. Nevertheless, it has several drawbacks, such as emulsion formation or the use of large volumes of solvents, which makes {LLE} expensive and labour intensive. Therefore, miniaturization of conventional liquid–liquid extraction is needed. The search for alternatives to the conventional {LLE} using negligible volumes of extractant and the minimum number of steps has driven the development of three new miniaturized methodologies, i.e. single-drop microextraction ({SDME}), hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction ({HF}-{LPME}) and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction ({DLLME}). The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of these novel preconcentration approaches and their potential use in analytical labs involved in inorganic (ultra)trace analysis and speciation. Relevant applications to the determination of metal ions, metalloids, organometals and non-metals are included.},
	pages = {1--15},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy},
	shortjournal = {Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy},
	author = {Pena-Pereira, Francisco and Lavilla, Isela and Bendicho, Carlos},
	urldate = {2017-08-28},
	date = {2009-01-01},
	keywords = {Sample preparation, Liquid-liquid microextraction, miniaturization, Speciation, Ultratrace elemental analysis},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\NPM9C482\\S0584854708003431.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\82XP6KI6\\Pena-Pereira et al. - 2009 - Miniaturized preconcentration methods based on liq.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{poole_new_2003,
	title = {New trends in solid-phase extraction},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993603006058},
	doi = {10.1016/S0165-9936(03)00605-8},
	abstract = {Solid-phase extraction using cartridge and disc devices is a widely used sample-preparation technique for isolation, concentration, clean-up and medium exchange. To meet the varied needs of contemporary applications, there is available an ever-increasing range of sorbent chemistries based on inorganic oxides, low-specificity (chemically bonded, porous polymer and carbon) and compound and group-selective (ion exchange, mixed mode, macrocyclic, restricted access, immunoaffinity and molecularly imprinted polymer) materials. Advanced device formats facilitate processing of problem samples combined with a high level of automation. Approaches to computer-aided method development promise to replace tedious trial-and-error procedures with fast simulations based on suitable kinetic and retention models.},
	pages = {362--373},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Poole, Colin F.},
	urldate = {2017-08-28},
	date = {2003-06-01},
	keywords = {Solid-phase extraction, Method development, Solvation-parameter model, Sorbent technology},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\5AFZEC6M\\S0165993603006058.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\CFJZ7AUD\\Poole - 2003 - New trends in solid-phase extraction.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{smith_before_2003,
	title = {Before the injection—modern methods of sample preparation for separation techniques},
	volume = {1000},
	issn = {0021-9673},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967303005119},
	doi = {10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00511-9},
	series = {A Century of Chromatography 1903-2003},
	abstract = {The importance of sample preparation methods as the first stage in an analytical procedure is emphasised and examined. Examples are given of the extraction and concentration of analytes from solid, liquid and gas phase matrices, including solvent phase extractions, such as supercritical fluids and superheated water extraction, solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction, headspace analysis and vapour trapping. The potential role of selective extraction methods, including molecular imprinted phases and affinity columns, are considered. For problem samples alternative approaches, such as derivatisation are discussed, and potential new approaches minimising sample preparation are noted.},
	pages = {3--27},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Smith, Roger M},
	urldate = {2017-08-28},
	date = {2003-06-06},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZVP538QJ\\S0021967303005119.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7SHNVV8Z\\Smith - 2003 - Before the injection—modern methods of sample prep.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{potyrailo_multivariable_2016,
	title = {Multivariable Sensors for Ubiquitous Monitoring of Gases in the Era of Internet of Things and Industrial Internet},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0009-2665},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00187},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00187},
	abstract = {Modern gas monitoring scenarios for medical diagnostics, environmental surveillance, industrial safety, and other applications demand new sensing capabilities. This Review provides analysis of development of new generation of gas sensors based on the multivariable response principles. Design criteria of these individual sensors involve a sensing material with multiresponse mechanisms to different gases and a multivariable transducer with independent outputs to recognize these different gas responses. These new sensors quantify individual components in mixtures, reject interferences, and offer more stable response over sensor arrays. Such performance is attractive when selectivity advantages of classic gas chromatography, ion mobility, and mass spectrometry instruments are canceled by requirements for no consumables, low power, low cost, and unobtrusive form factors for Internet of Things, Industrial Internet, and other applications. This Review is concluded with a perspective for future needs in fundamental and applied aspects of gas sensing and with the 2025 roadmap for ubiquitous gas monitoring.},
	pages = {11877--11923},
	number = {19},
	journaltitle = {Chemical Reviews},
	shortjournal = {Chem. Rev.},
	author = {Potyrailo, Radislav A.},
	urldate = {2017-08-28},
	date = {2016-10-12},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\QZAUR9FG\\acs.chemrev.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\UHPFZTEA\\Potyrailo - 2016 - Multivariable Sensors for Ubiquitous Monitoring of.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{rock_electronic_2008,
	title = {Electronic Nose:  Current Status and Future Trends},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0009-2665},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr068121q},
	doi = {10.1021/cr068121q},
	shorttitle = {Electronic Nose},
	pages = {705--725},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Chemical Reviews},
	shortjournal = {Chem. Rev.},
	author = {Röck, Frank and Barsan, Nicolae and Weimar, Udo},
	urldate = {2017-08-28},
	date = {2008-02-01},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\RAFQST8A\\cr068121q.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\UNA2NI45\\Röck et al. - 2008 - Electronic Nose  Current Status and Future Trends.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{baltussen_sorptive_2002-1,
	title = {Sorptive sample preparation – a review},
	volume = {373},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-002-1266-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-002-1266-2},
	abstract = {. Most sample-enrichment procedures currently available rely on adsorption of the analytes of interest by a suitable adsorbent material. Although good performance can be obtained for many practical problems, in some cases the applicability of adsorptive sample preparation falls short, particularly for the enrichment of polar and/or high-molecular-weight compounds, especially in combination with thermal desorption. Because of the very strong retention of adsorbent materials, undesired effects such as incomplete desorption and artifact formation are observed. Polar solutes are easily adsorbed but readily undergo surface-catalyzed reactions and on desorption yield compounds different than those originally sampled. High-molecular-weight compounds cannot be desorbed because of extremely strong interactions with the adsorbent and their low volatility.To overcome some of these problems sample-preparation techniques based on polydimethylsiloxane sorption have been developed over the past 15 years. In contrast with adsorptive trapping, sorption is based on dissolution of the analytes in a liquid polymeric material. This is a much more inert means of solute retention which overcomes some of the limitations encountered when working with adsorbents. In this contribution, the basic principles of sorption, the different instrumentation used, and applications of the technique will be reviewed. The review covers the sorptive sample-preparation techniques, open-tubular trapping ({OTT}), solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}), gum-phase extraction ({GPE}), equilibrium gum-phase extraction ({EGPE}), and stir-bar-sorptive extraction ({SBSE}). Because of the nature of sorptive sample-preparation techniques, which perform particularly well in combination with thermal desorption, this review focuses strongly on gas chromatography as the means of chemical analysis.},
	pages = {3--22},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
	author = {Baltussen, E. and Cramers, C. and Sandra, P.},
	urldate = {2017-08-28},
	date = {2002-05-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VHHMNX9S\\s00216-002-1266-2.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\PNDXJRMT\\Baltussen et al. - 2002 - Sorptive sample preparation – a review.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{baltussen_sorptive_2002-2,
	title = {Sorptive sample preparation – a review},
	volume = {373},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-002-1266-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-002-1266-2},
	abstract = {. Most sample-enrichment procedures currently available rely on adsorption of the analytes of interest by a suitable adsorbent material. Although good performance can be obtained for many practical problems, in some cases the applicability of adsorptive sample preparation falls short, particularly for the enrichment of polar and/or high-molecular-weight compounds, especially in combination with thermal desorption. Because of the very strong retention of adsorbent materials, undesired effects such as incomplete desorption and artifact formation are observed. Polar solutes are easily adsorbed but readily undergo surface-catalyzed reactions and on desorption yield compounds different than those originally sampled. High-molecular-weight compounds cannot be desorbed because of extremely strong interactions with the adsorbent and their low volatility.To overcome some of these problems sample-preparation techniques based on polydimethylsiloxane sorption have been developed over the past 15 years. In contrast with adsorptive trapping, sorption is based on dissolution of the analytes in a liquid polymeric material. This is a much more inert means of solute retention which overcomes some of the limitations encountered when working with adsorbents. In this contribution, the basic principles of sorption, the different instrumentation used, and applications of the technique will be reviewed. The review covers the sorptive sample-preparation techniques, open-tubular trapping ({OTT}), solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}), gum-phase extraction ({GPE}), equilibrium gum-phase extraction ({EGPE}), and stir-bar-sorptive extraction ({SBSE}). Because of the nature of sorptive sample-preparation techniques, which perform particularly well in combination with thermal desorption, this review focuses strongly on gas chromatography as the means of chemical analysis.},
	pages = {3--22},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
	author = {Baltussen, E. and Cramers, C. and Sandra, P.},
	urldate = {2017-08-25},
	date = {2002-05-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\F8A4FRHB\\10.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\CKI4IZZZ\\Baltussen et al. - 2002 - Sorptive sample preparation – a review.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tena_multiple_2007,
	title = {Multiple solid-phase microextraction: Theory and applications},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993607000106},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2007.01.008},
	shorttitle = {Multiple solid-phase microextraction},
	abstract = {Multiple solid-phase microextraction ({MSPME}) is a stepped procedure suitable for avoiding matrix-effect errors in quantitative analyses of complex matrix samples by {SPME}. It is based on calculating the amount of analyte corresponding to complete extraction using the peak areas of a few consecutive extractions from the same sample. This article reviews the state of the art in {MSPME}, including theory and applications. It also includes a debate on calculating the limits of detection and quantification, and the use of this methodology to determine fiber-sample distribution constant.},
	pages = {206--214},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Tena, María Teresa and Carrillo, José David},
	urldate = {2017-08-25},
	date = {2007-03-01},
	keywords = {Complex-matrix sample, Fiber-sample distribution constant, {MSPME}, Multiple solid-phase microextraction, Solid sample},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\TJHMMAAW\\S0165993607000106.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\4WNWIPHS\\Tena and Carrillo - 2007 - Multiple solid-phase microextraction Theory and a.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{spietelun_current_2010,
	title = {Current trends in solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) fibre coatings},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1460-4744},
	url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/cs/c003335a},
	doi = {10.1039/C003335A},
	abstract = {This critical review presents information on known and innovative approaches to the manufacture of fibre coatings used in solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}). The properties, advantages and drawbacks of the different types of commercially available {SPME} fibre coatings are discussed in detail, as are those of novel types of coatings and the methodologies of their preparation. The applications of fibre coatings in the solid-phase microextraction of a broad spectrum of analytes are analysed, with particular emphasis on the sampling of polar analytes from polar matrices (174 references).},
	pages = {4524--4537},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Chemical Society Reviews},
	shortjournal = {Chem. Soc. Rev.},
	author = {Spietelun, Agata and Pilarczyk, Michał and Kloskowski, Adam and Namieśnik, Jacek},
	urldate = {2017-08-25},
	date = {2010-10-19},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\T5SXBIUS\\Spietelun et al. - 2010 - Current trends in solid-phase microextraction (SPM.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\DEJ64ZXM\\c003335a.html:text/html}
}

@article{kenessov_perspectives_2016,
	title = {Perspectives and challenges of on-site quantification of organic pollutants in soils using solid-phase microextraction},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016599361630019X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2016.04.007},
	series = {On-site and In-vivo Instrumentation and Applications},
	abstract = {This study explores the current state-of-the-art progress toward on-site quantification of organic pollutants in soils with solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}). In spite of many available methods, only few publications report on-site analyses of soil samples by {SPME}. To date, the only application of {SPME} for the on-site quantification of organic pollutants in soil has been devoted to trichloroethylene. The problem of matrix effects limiting quantification by external standard calibration is discussed. Efficiencies of available approaches for decreasing and controlling matrix effects are evaluated and compared. {SPME} from a soil sample headspace with internal standard calibration was identified as one of the promising approaches to achieve fast, simple, precise, and accurate on-site quantification of a wide range of organic pollutants in soil. Cold-fiber {SPME} has a significant development potential, because it is capable of providing lowest detection limits together with a minimum matrix effect. Perspectives for future development of the field are outlined.},
	pages = {111--122},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Kenessov, Bulat and Koziel, Jacek A. and Bakaikina, Nadezhda V. and Orazbayeva, Dina},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2016-12-01},
	keywords = {Solid-phase microextraction, Organic pollutants, Exhaustive extraction, Internal standard, Matrix effect control, On-site soil analysis},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\9K8EEID9\\S016599361630019X.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\PAJEFZVJ\\Kenessov et al. - 2016 - Perspectives and challenges of on-site quantificat.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{boyaci_sample_2015-1,
	title = {Sample preparation with solid phase microextraction and exhaustive extraction approaches: Comparison for challenging cases},
	volume = {873},
	issn = {0003-2670},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267014014895},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.051},
	shorttitle = {Sample preparation with solid phase microextraction and exhaustive extraction approaches},
	abstract = {In chemical analysis, sample preparation is frequently considered the bottleneck of the entire analytical method. The success of the final method strongly depends on understanding the entire process of analysis of a particular type of analyte in a sample, namely: the physicochemical properties of the analytes (solubility, volatility, polarity etc.), the environmental conditions, and the matrix components of the sample. Various sample preparation strategies have been developed based on exhaustive or non-exhaustive extraction of analytes from matrices. Undoubtedly, amongst all sample preparation approaches, liquid extraction, including liquid–liquid ({LLE}) and solid phase extraction ({SPE}), are the most well-known, widely used, and commonly accepted methods by many international organizations and accredited laboratories. Both methods are well documented and there are many well defined procedures, which make them, at first sight, the methods of choice. However, many challenging tasks, such as complex matrix applications, on-site and in vivo applications, and determination of matrix-bound and free concentrations of analytes, are not easily attainable with these classical approaches for sample preparation. In the last two decades, the introduction of solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) has brought significant progress in the sample preparation area by facilitating on-site and in vivo applications, time weighted average ({TWA}) and instantaneous concentration determinations. Recently introduced matrix compatible coatings for {SPME} facilitate direct extraction from complex matrices and fill the gap in direct sampling from challenging matrices. Following introduction of {SPME}, numerous other microextraction approaches evolved to address limitations of the above mentioned techniques. There is not a single method that can be considered as a universal solution for sample preparation. This review aims to show the main advantages and limitations of the above mentioned sample preparation approaches and the applicability and capability of each technique for challenging cases such as complex matrices, on-site applications and automation.},
	pages = {14--30},
	journaltitle = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	shortjournal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	author = {Boyacı, Ezel and Rodríguez-Lafuente, Ángel and Gorynski, Krzysztof and Mirnaghi, Fatemeh and Souza-Silva, Érica A. and Hein, Dietmar and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2015-05-11},
	keywords = {Solid phase microextraction, Sample preparation, Solid phase extraction, Complex matrices/challenging compounds, Liquid–liquid extraction, On-site/in vivo analysis},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\IT7C8QK8\\S0003267014014895.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\S8CEDX34\\Boyacı et al. - 2015 - Sample preparation with solid phase microextractio.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mirnaghi_microextraction_2013-1,
	title = {Microextraction versus exhaustive extraction approaches for simultaneous analysis of compounds in wide range of polarity},
	volume = {1316},
	issn = {0021-9673},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967313015781},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.084},
	abstract = {This article discusses comparison of microextraction versus exhaustive extraction approaches for simultaneous extraction of compounds in wide range of polarity at low and high volumes of sample by comparing solid phase extraction ({SPE}) and solid phase microextraction ({SPME}). Here, both systems are discussed theoretically and evaluated based on experimental data. Experimental comparisons were conducted in terms of extraction recovery, sensitivity, and selectivity for the extraction of doping agent compounds ({logP}: 0.14–4.98), using C18 as the extraction phase. The extraction recovery of both systems was studied at different volumes of phosphate buffered saline ({PBS}). The distribution constant of {SPME} in thin-film geometry (i.e., thin-film microextraction/{TFME}) as well as the retention factor and breakthrough volume for the {SPE} system were evaluated for the simultaneous extraction of polar and non-polar compounds. Using 1mL of sample, the extraction recovery and sensitivity of the {SPE} system (100mg sorbent) was comparable with that of {TFME} format of {SPME} (15mg sorbent) for all analytes, with the exception of most polar compounds, due to the smaller amount of the extraction phase in {SPME}. Breakthrough in the {SPE} system was observed for more polar compounds in a 25mL sample; however, this situation did not affect the quantitation of {TFME}, as this technique operates in equilibrium mode. Experimental values for breakthrough volume were in good match with the calculated theoretical values. Results indicate that the microextraction approach is more suitable for untargeted determinations, where the breakthrough volume cannot be determined prior to the experiment. In addition, when both methods are at optimum conditions, findings suggest that, despite the smaller volume of the extraction phase in {TFME}, the sensitivity of {TFME} can exceed that of {SPE} for samples where the target analytes vary substantially in polarity.},
	pages = {37--43},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Mirnaghi, Fatemeh S. and Goryński, Krzysztof and Rodriguez-Lafuente, Angel and Boyacı, Ezel and Bojko, Barbara and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2013-11-05},
	keywords = {Solid phase microextraction, Breakthrough volume, Exhaustive extraction, Microextraction, Solid phase extraction},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\QAB32KWG\\S0021967313015781.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VCGNSIKA\\Mirnaghi et al. - 2013 - Microextraction versus exhaustive extraction appro.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tang_advances_2016-1,
	title = {Advances in Sample Extraction},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04040},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04040},
	pages = {228--249},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Tang, Sheng and Zhang, Hong and Lee, Hian Kee},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2016-01-05},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VWI58PD8\\acs.analchem.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\H4VGSW6X\\Tang et al. - 2016 - Advances in Sample Extraction.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{poole_extraction_2016-1,
	title = {Extraction for analytical scale sample preparation ({IUPAC} Technical Report)},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1365-3075, 0033-4545},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/pac.2016.88.issue-7/pac-2015-0705/pac-2015-0705.xml},
	doi = {10.1515/pac-2015-0705},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Pure and Applied Chemistry},
	author = {Poole, Colin and Mester, Zoltan and Miró, Manuel and Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2016-01-01},
	file = {[Pure and Applied Chemistry] Extraction for analytical scale sample preparation (IUPAC Technical Report).pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\IUTTBND7\\[Pure and Applied Chemistry] Extraction for analytical scale sample preparation (IUPAC Technical Report).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{poole_glossary_2016-1,
	title = {Glossary of terms used in extraction ({IUPAC} Recommendations 2016)},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1365-3075, 0033-4545},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/pac.2016.88.issue-5/pac-2015-0903/pac-2015-0903.xml},
	doi = {10.1515/pac-2015-0903},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Pure and Applied Chemistry},
	author = {Poole, Colin and Mester, Zoltan and Miró, Manuel and Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2016-01-01},
	file = {[Pure and Applied Chemistry] Glossary of terms used in extraction (IUPAC Recommendations 2016).pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\48T9NZAU\\[Pure and Applied Chemistry] Glossary of terms used in extraction (IUPAC Recommendations 2016).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@online{noauthor_extraction_2016,
	title = {Extraction for analytical scale sample preparation ({IUPAC} Technical Report) : Pure and Applied Chemistry},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/pac.2016.88.issue-7/pac-2015-0705/pac-2015-0705.xml},
	shorttitle = {Extraction for analytical scale sample preparation ({IUPAC} Technical Report)},
	abstract = {{AbstractApproaches} for sample preparation are developing rapidly as new strategies are implemented to improve sample throughput and to minimize material and solvent use in laboratory methods and to develop on-site capabilities. In majority of cases the key step in sample preparation is extraction, typically used to separate and enrich compounds of interests from the matrix in the extraction phase. In this contribution, the topic of analytical scale extraction is put in perspective emphasising the fundamental aspects of the underlying processes discussing the similarities and differences between different approaches. Classification of extraction techniques according to the mass transfer principles is provided.},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2016-07-01},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\RJEPE77E\\pac-2015-0705.html:text/html}
}

@article{raynie_modern_2006-1,
	title = {Modern Extraction Techniques},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0003-2700, 1520-6882},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac060641y},
	doi = {10.1021/ac060641y},
	pages = {3997--4004},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Raynie, Douglas E.},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2006-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {ac060641y.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6HFZTUTF\\ac060641y.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{laaks_solvent-free_2012-1,
	title = {Solvent-free microextraction techniques in gas chromatography},
	volume = {402},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-011-5511-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-011-5511-4},
	abstract = {Microextraction techniques represent a major part of modern sample preparation in the analysis of organic micropollutants. This article provides a short overview of recent developments in solvent-free microextraction techniques. From the first open-tubular trap techniques in the mid-1980s to recent packed-needle devices, different implementations of in-needle packings for microextraction are discussed with their characteristic benefits, shortcomings and possible sampling modes. Special emphasis is placed on methods providing full automation and solvent exclusion. In this context, in-tube extraction and the needle trap are discussed, with an overview of current research on new sorbent materials, together with the requirements for more efficient method development.},
	pages = {565--571},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
	author = {Laaks, Jens and Jochmann, Maik A. and Schmidt, Torsten C.},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2012-01-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\FX8SSWP4\\s00216-011-5511-4.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\SGMZDTA9\\Laaks et al. - 2012 - Solvent-free microextraction techniques in gas chr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ramos_critical_2012,
	title = {Critical overview of selected contemporary sample preparation techniques},
	volume = {1221},
	issn = {0021-9673},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967311016773},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.011},
	series = {Editors' Choice {VI}},
	abstract = {Sample preparation procedures in use in many application areas are still tedious and manually intensive protocols. These characteristics mean that sample treatment is considered the most time-consuming and error-prone part of the analytical scheme. The increasing demand for faster, more cost-effective and environmental friendly analytical methods is a major incentive to improve these conventional procedures and has spurred research in this field during the last decades. This review provides an overview of the most relevant developments and successful approaches proposed in recent years concerning sample preparation. The current state-of-the-art is discussed on the basis of examples selected from representative application areas and involving conventional instrumental techniques for the final determination of the target compounds. Emphasis will be on those techniques and approaches that have already demonstrated their practicality by the analysis of real-life samples, and in particular on those dealing with the determination of minor organic components. The potential of the latest developments in this field for sample treatment simplification and complete hyphenation and integration of analytical process is discussed and the most pressing remaining limitations evaluated.},
	pages = {84--98},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Ramos, Lourdes},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2012-01-20},
	keywords = {Sample preparation, Enhanced fluid extraction techniques, Hyphenation, Miniaturisation, Solventless sample preparation techniques, Sorptive techniques},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\98SKM296\\S0021967311016773.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\N2KTSKTS\\Ramos - 2012 - Critical overview of selected contemporary sample .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{david_stir_2007,
	title = {Stir bar sorptive extraction for trace analysis},
	volume = {1152},
	issn = {0021-9673},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967307000751},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.032},
	series = {Advances in Sample Preparation},
	abstract = {Stir bar sorptive extraction ({SBSE}) was introduced in 1999 as a solventless sample preparation method for the extraction and enrichment of organic compounds from aqueous matrices. The method is based on sorptive extraction, whereby the solutes are extracted into a polymer coating on a magnetic stirring rod. The extraction is controlled by the partitioning coefficient of the solutes between the polymer coating and the sample matrix and by the phase ratio between the polymer coating and the sample volume. For a polydimethylsiloxane coating and aqueous samples, this partitioning coefficient resembles the octanol–water partitioning coefficient. In comparison to solid phase micro-extraction, a larger amount of sorptive extraction phase is used and consequently extremely high sensitivities can be obtained as illustrated by several successful applications in trace analysis in environmental, food and biomedical fields. Initially {SBSE} was mostly used for the extraction of compounds from aqueous matrices. The technique has also been applied in headspace mode for liquid and solid samples and in passive air sampling mode. In this review article, the principles of stir bar sorptive extraction are described and an overview of {SBSE} applications is given.},
	pages = {54--69},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {David, Frank and Sandra, Pat},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2007-06-08},
	keywords = {Food, Environmental analysis, Biomedical, Stir bar sorptive extraction, Trace analysis},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\J8N5ISW7\\S0021967307000751.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\TE8JQIDZ\\David and Sandra - 2007 - Stir bar sorptive extraction for trace analysis.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{koning_modern_2009,
	title = {Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for {GC} Analysis},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0009-5893, 1612-1112},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1365/s10337-008-0937-3},
	doi = {10.1365/s10337-008-0937-3},
	abstract = {Today, a wide variety of techniques is available for the preparation of (semi-) solid, liquid and gaseous samples, prior to their instrumental analysis by means of capillary gas chromatography ({GC}) or, increasingly, comprehensive two-dimensional {GC} ({GC} × {GC}). In the past two decades, a large number of ‘modern’ sample-preparation techniques has been introduced, which have partly superseded their ‘classical’ counterparts. These novel techniques include off-line and on-line (sometimes semi- or fully automated) procedures, and exhaustive extraction as well as equilibrium techniques. In order to improve overall performance, aspects such as essentially organic solvent-less approaches, large-volume injection and miniaturization receive increasing attention. In most recent applications, mass spectrometric or element-selective detection have been used. The present review discusses the advantages and disadvantages, and relative performance, of most of the modern sample-preparation techniques and cites a number of illustrative applications for each of them.},
	pages = {33},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Chromatographia},
	shortjournal = {Chroma},
	author = {Koning, Sjaak de and Janssen, Hans-Gerd and Brinkman, Udo A. Th},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2009-05-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7ZVV828R\\s10337-008-0937-3.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\8DZ2HBTV\\Koning et al. - 2009 - Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analys.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{verbruggen_polyacrylate-coated_2000,
	title = {Polyacrylate-Coated {SPME} Fibers as a Tool To Simulate Body Residues and Target Concentrations of Complex Organic Mixtures for Estimation of Baseline Toxicity},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990616s},
	doi = {10.1021/es990616s},
	abstract = {The acute toxicity of narcotic organic chemical mixtures is related to the total molar concentration within organisms. In this study, the use of polyacrylate {SPME} fibers is investigated for the purpose of biomimetic extractions, a procedure used to simulate bioconcentration and to estimate total concentrations in aquatic organisms. Experimental {SPME}−water partition coefficients correlate well with octanol−water and membrane−water partition coefficients, indicating that these passive sampling devices provide a good surrogate for lipid partitioning. On the basis of these relationships, the total internal concentration resulting from exposure to an aqueous sample can be estimated from the total moles of chemicals that sorb to the fiber. The aquatic toxicity of the sample is then predicted by comparison to critical internal concentrations that elicit adverse effects. This procedure offers a number of practical advantages over previous biomimetic extraction techniques (e.g., Empore disk) due to faster sorption kinetics, smaller sample volumes, and applicability to volatile compounds.},
	pages = {324--331},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.},
	author = {Verbruggen, Eric M. J. and Vaes, Wouter H. J. and Parkerton, Thomas F. and Hermens, Joop L. M.},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2000-01-01},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\KJ7TNWA5\\es990616s.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\CCK3DPFI\\Verbruggen et al. - 2000 - Polyacrylate-Coated SPME Fibers as a Tool To Simul.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vaes_understanding_1998,
	title = {Understanding and Estimating Membrane/Water Partition Coefficients:  Approaches To Derive Quantitative Structure Property Relationships},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0893-228X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx970210y},
	doi = {10.1021/tx970210y},
	shorttitle = {Understanding and Estimating Membrane/Water Partition Coefficients},
	abstract = {In the current study we describe three approaches to derive quantitative structure property relationships ({QSPRs}) that give insight in the interactions that are important in membrane/water partitioning. In the first model only semiempirically ({AM}1) calculated descriptors are used to model membrane/water partition coefficients. Additionally, differences between the n-octanol/water and membrane/water partition coefficients are explored using a small selection of calculated descriptors. The results from both these models show that besides the partitioning between an organic phase and water, additional hydrogen-bonding parameters (ε{LUMO}, Q-, and Q+) should be taken into account. Finally, using structural fragment values, a {QSPR} was derived to correct the n-octanol/water partition coefficient to obtain membrane/water partition coefficients, in case that obtaining {AM}1 descriptors is not feasible. The {QSPRs} that are presented here include only alcohols, benzenes, anilines, phenols, nitrobenzenes, quinoline, esters, and amines. Due to the data limitation, the models should be regarded preliminary for other structures, and caution is necessary when modeling charged species.},
	pages = {847--854},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Chemical Research in Toxicology},
	shortjournal = {Chem. Res. Toxicol.},
	author = {Vaes, Wouter H. J. and Urrestarazu Ramos, Eñaut and Verhaar, Henk J. M. and Cramer, Christopher J. and Hermens, Joop L. M.},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {1998-08-01},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\5IK6NE8X\\tx970210y.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\NQSBANPM\\Vaes et al. - 1998 - Understanding and Estimating MembraneWater Partit.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vaes_partitioning_1996,
	title = {Partitioning of Organic Chemicals to Polyacrylate-Coated Solid Phase Microextraction Fibers:  Kinetic Behavior and Quantitative Structure−Property Relationships},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac9607471},
	doi = {10.1021/ac9607471},
	shorttitle = {Partitioning of Organic Chemicals to Polyacrylate-Coated Solid Phase Microextraction Fibers},
	abstract = {The solid phase microextraction technique uses polymer-coated fused-silica fibers to extract organic chemicals from an aqueous or gaseous phase. In the current paper, the partitioning behavior of organic chemicals from water to polyacrylate coating is described in terms of a two-compartment model and first-order kinetics. Experimental results show that, through agitation, it is possible to achieve a sufficiently small aqueous diffusion layer around the fiber to prevent aqueous diffusion from being the limiting factor in the absorption process. This then implies that the equilibration time is completely determined by the polyacrylate phase. In addition, the kinetic rate constants derived from the experimental results, viz. the uptake rate constant and polyacrylate−water partition coefficient, are modeled by multivariate techniques, using physicochemical and quantum chemical descriptors. These models clearly show that, besides hydrophobicity expressed as the octanol−water partition coefficient, the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (and related properties) and the most positive charge on any hydrogen atom in the molecule are important descriptors. This indicates that hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in polyacrylate−water partitioning. The models that are presented can be used to predict absorption profiles of organic chemicals to polyacrylate-coated fibers, thereby giving the opportunity to predict the kinetics (including equilibration times) by computations alone.},
	pages = {4458--4462},
	number = {24},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Vaes, Wouter H. J. and Hamwijk, Casper and Urrestarazu Ramos, Eñaut and Verhaar, Henk J. M. and Hermens, Joop L. M.},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {1996-01-01},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\PVH8Q7QM\\ac9607471.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\K9B4MIXP\\Vaes et al. - 1996 - Partitioning of Organic Chemicals to Polyacrylate-.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vaes_measurement_1996-1,
	title = {Measurement of the Free Concentration Using Solid-Phase Microextraction:  Binding to Protein},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac960337c},
	doi = {10.1021/ac960337c},
	shorttitle = {Measurement of the Free Concentration Using Solid-Phase Microextraction},
	abstract = {A method is described to measure freely dissolved compounds, using solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) as sampling technique. Currently applied techniques, like solvent extraction, have the disadvantage of extracting the total amount of a compound that is present in a sample. For many applications, though, the freely dissolved fraction of a compound is of more interest than the overall amount. The procedure described in this work is based on the principle that only the freely dissolved compound is available for partitioning to the {SPME} fiber. By extracting only a small amount of the freely dissolved fraction, the equilibrium between the fraction of a compound bound to a matrix and the fraction dissolved in the aqueous phase is not perturbed. The procedure was applied to study the binding of four polar compounds, i.e., aniline, nitrobenzene, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, and 4-n-pentylphenol, to bovine serum albumin to illustrate the possibilities of the method.},
	pages = {4463--4467},
	number = {24},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Vaes, Wouter H. J. and Urrestarazu Ramos, Eñaut and Verhaar, Henk J. M. and Seinen, Willem and Hermens, Joop L. M.},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {1996-01-01},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\A4CEJ57H\\ac960337c.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\TVRRH5N8\\Vaes et al. - 1996 - Measurement of the Free Concentration Using Solid-.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gomez_alvarez_characterisation_2012,
	title = {Characterisation and calibration of active sampling Solid Phase Microextraction applied to sensitive determination of gaseous carbonyls},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0039-9140},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914011009428},
	doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.039},
	abstract = {A characterisation of a system designed for active sampling of gaseous compounds with Solid Phase Microextraction ({SPME}) fibres is described. This form of sampling is useful to automate sampling while considerably reducing the sampling times. However, the efficiency of this form of sampling is also prone to be affected by certain undesirable effects such as fibre saturation, competition or displacement effects between analytes, to which particular attention should be paid especially at high flow rates. Yet, the effect of different parameters on the quantitivity of the results has not been evaluated. For this reason, in this study a careful characterisation of the influence of the parameters involved in active sampling {SPME} has been performed. A versatile experimental set-up has been designed to test the influence of air velocities and fluid regime on the quantitivity and reproducibility of the results. The mathematical model applied to the calculation of physical parameters at the sampling points takes into consideration the inherent characteristics of gases, distinctive from liquids and makes use of easily determined experimental variables as initial/boundary conditions to get the model started. The studies were carried out in the high-volume outdoor environmental chambers, {EUPHORE}. The sample subjected to study was a mixture of three aldehydes: pentanal, hexanal and heptanal and the determination methodology was O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine hydrochloride ({PFBHA}) on-fibre derivatisation. The present work proves that the determination procedure is quantitative and sensitive, independent from experimental conditions: temperature, relative humidity or ozone levels. With our methodology, the influence on adsorption of three inter-related variables, i.e., air velocity, flow rate and Reynolds numbers can be separated, since a change can be exerted in one of them while keeping the others constant.},
	pages = {252--258},
	journaltitle = {Talanta},
	shortjournal = {Talanta},
	author = {Gómez Alvarez, Elena and Moreno, Mónica Vázquez and Gligorovski, Sasho and Wortham, Henri and Cases, Miguel Valcárcel},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2012-01-15},
	keywords = {Automation, Field sampling of gaseous carbonylic compounds, {PFBHA} on-fibre derivatisation {SPME}},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\99B6VVAJ\\S0039914011009428.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\KT6HFJGA\\Gómez Alvarez et al. - 2012 - Characterisation and calibration of active samplin.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ouyang_standard-free_2008-1,
	title = {Standard-free kinetic calibration for rapid on-site analysis by solid-phase microextraction},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1615-9314},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jssc.200700495/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jssc.200700495},
	abstract = {In this study, a new calibration method, standard-free kinetic calibration, is proposed for rapid on-site analysis by solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}), based on the diffusion-controlled mass transfer model and equilibrium extraction. With this calibration method, all analytes can be directly calibrated with only two samplings. The feasibility of this calibration method was validated in a standard aqueous solution flow-through system and a standard gas flow-through system. The distribution coefficients of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ({PAHs}), including naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, and pyrene, between water and the {PDMS} fiber coating were determined and the concentrations of the {PAHs} in the flow-through system were successfully calibrated with the proposed standard-free calibration method. The extracted amounts of {BTEX} (benzene, toluene, ethylbezene, o-xylene) at equilibrium were also successfully calibrated with this method with two rapid sampling periods at 5 and 10 s. Compared with the previous calibration methods for rapid on-site analysis by {SPME}, this method does not require a standard to calibrate the extraction, nor does it require additional equipment to control or measure the flow velocity of the sample matrix. In addition, all of the extracted analytes can be quantified without considering whether the system reached equilibrium. The newly proposed standard-free kinetic calibration approach enriched the calibration methods available for on-site analysis by {SPME}.},
	pages = {1167--1172},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Separation Science},
	shortjournal = {J. Sep. Science},
	author = {Ouyang, Gangfeng and Cai, Jibao and Zhang, Xu and Li, Hui and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-24},
	date = {2008-04-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Calibration, Solid-phase microextraction, Quantification},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\SQJR64GK\\abstract\;jsessionid=7440D79A18DED76012247ABC93F092A8.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\T75KP9J5\\Ouyang et al. - 2008 - Standard-free kinetic calibration for rapid on-sit.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{you_chemical_2011,
	title = {Chemical techniques for assessing bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants: {SPME} versus Tenax extraction},
	volume = {13},
	url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/C0EM00587H},
	doi = {10.1039/C0EM00587H},
	shorttitle = {Chemical techniques for assessing bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants},
	pages = {792--800},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	author = {You, Jing and D. Harwood, Amanda and Li, Huizhen and J. Lydy, Michael},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2011},

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master