text:
},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jantchou, P. and Clavel-Chapelon, F. and Racine, A. and Kvaskoff, M. and Carbonnel, F. and Boutron-Ruault, M. C.},
   title = {High residential sun exposure is associated with a low risk of incident Crohn's disease in the prospective E3N cohort},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   pages = {75-81},
   note = {1536-4844
Jantchou, Prevost
Clavel-Chapelon, Francoise
Racine, Antoine
Kvaskoff, Marina
Carbonnel, Franck
Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Jan;20(1):75-81. doi: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000436275.12131.4f.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vitamin D insufficiency has been suggested to be associated with high risk of Crohn's disease (CD). In France, where food fortification is limited, the major source of vitamin D is through sun exposure. The aim of this work was to analyze the relationship between residential sun exposure and the risk of incident CD or ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: The E3N cohort consists of women living in France, aged 40 to 65 years and free of major diseases at inclusion in 1990. Among the 91,870 women included in the study, we identified 123 incident cases (45 CD, 71 UC, and 7 indeterminate colitis). To assess residential sun exposure, we used a database containing mean daily ultraviolet radiation (UVR) dose for each French county. The relationship between residential sun exposure and risk of incident inflammatory bowel diseases was explored using Cox models. RESULTS: Higher levels of residential sun exposure were associated with a significant decreased risk of CD (hazard ratio [HR] for the third versus the first tertile of UVR dose, 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.23-1.01; P for trend = 0.04), but not of UC (HR, 1.21; CI, 0.61-2.11). In women with available data on dietary vitamin D intake, we observed a lower risk of CD with higher residential UVR (HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11-0.80; P for trend = 0.01). Dietary vitamin D intake was neither associated with the risk of CD (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.14-1.24; P for trend = 0.14) nor UC (HR, 1.61; CI, 0.61-4.23). CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective cohort of women, high residential sunlight exposure was associated with decreased incidence of CD, but not UC.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Colitis, Ulcerative/*epidemiology/metabolism
Crohn Disease/*epidemiology/metabolism
Diet
Exercise
Female
Follow-Up Studies
France/epidemiology
Humans
Incidence
Middle Aged
Prognosis
Prospective Studies
Residence Characteristics
Risk Factors
Skin/*radiation effects
*Sunlight
Surveys and Questionnaires
Vitamin D/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24247650},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.MIB.0000436275.12131.4f},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jedel, S. and Hoffman, A. and Merriman, P. and Swanson, B. and Voigt, R. and Rajan, K. B. and Shaikh, M. and Li, H. and Keshavarzian, A.},
   title = {A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction to prevent flare-up in patients with inactive ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Digestion},
   volume = {89},
   number = {2},
   pages = {142-55},
   note = {1421-9867
Jedel, S
Hoffman, A
Merriman, P
Swanson, B
Voigt, R
Rajan, K B
Shaikh, M
Li, H
Keshavarzian, A
R21 AT003939/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
5R21AT003939-02/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Switzerland
Digestion. 2014;89(2):142-55. doi: 10.1159/000356316. Epub 2014 Feb 14.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: The primary therapeutic goals in ulcerative colitis (UC) are to maintain excellent quality of life (QOL) by treating flare-ups when they occur, and preventing flare-ups. Since stress can trigger UC flare-ups, we investigated the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) to reduce flare-ups and improve QOL. METHODS: Patients with moderately severe UC, in remission, were randomized to MBSR or time/attention control. Primary outcome was disease status. Secondary outcomes were changes in markers of inflammation and disease activity, markers of stress and psychological assessments. RESULTS: 55 subjects were randomized. Absence of flares, time to flare and severity of flare over 1 year were similar between the two groups. However, post hoc analysis showed that MBSR decreased the proportion of participants with at least one flare-up among those with top tertile urinary cortisol and baseline perceived stress (30 vs. 70%; p < 0.001). MBSR patients who flared demonstrated significantly lower stress at the last visit compared to flared patients in the control group (p = 0.04). Furthermore, MBSR prevented a drop in the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire during flare (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: MBSR did not affect the rate or severity of flare-ups in UC patients in remission. However, MBSR might be effective for those with high stress reactivity (high perceived stress and urinary cortisol) during remission. MBSR appears to improve QOL in UC patients by minimizing the negative impact of flare-ups on QOL. Further studies are needed to identify a subset of patients for whom MBSR could alter disease course.},
   keywords = {Adult
Attention
C-Reactive Protein/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/*prevention & control/*psychology
Disease Progression
Disease-Free Survival
Double-Blind Method
Feces/chemistry
Female
Humans
Hydrocortisone/urine
Interleukins/blood
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/analysis
Male
Middle Aged
*Mindfulness
*Quality of Life
Stress, Psychological/*prevention & control/urine
Surveys and Questionnaires
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {0012-2823},
   Accession Number = {24557009},
   DOI = {10.1159/000356316},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jess, T. and Lopez, A. and Andersson, M. and Beaugerie, L. and Peyrin-Biroulet, L.},
   title = {Thiopurines and risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {12},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1793-1800.e1},
   note = {1542-7714
Jess, Tine
Lopez, Anthony
Andersson, Mikael
Beaugerie, Laurent
Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Nov;12(11):1793-1800.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.05.019. Epub 2014 Jun 4.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk for developing colorectal neoplasia. Researchers have debated whether treatment of IBD with thiopurines reduces cancer risk. We performed a meta-analysis of thiopurine exposure and risk of colorectal dysplasia or cancer in patients with IBD. METHODS: We used MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane search engines and abstract books from international conferences to identify relevant literature. We included studies on thiopurine exposure and risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and performed a meta-regression analysis of the effect of year of publication. Various sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Fifteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Overall, we did not observe a significant effect of thiopurines on risk for colorectal neoplasia (dysplasia and/or cancer) in patients with IBD (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71-1.06). The estimate did not change markedly in separate assessments of the 2 population-based studies (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.59-1.29), the 13 clinic-based studies (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.59-1.09), the 7 cohort studies (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.67-1.28), or the 8 case-control studies (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.65-1.08). Studies that used neoplasia (dysplasia or cancer) as outcomes tended to show that thiopurines had protective effects (OR for neoplasia, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.50-1.05); these effects were not observed in studies of colorectal cancer (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.72-1.12) or in studies published in recent years (meta-regression; P = .16). CONCLUSIONS: In a meta-analysis, we did not find a significant protective effect of treatment with thiopurines on the risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with IBD.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/*therapeutic use
Colorectal Neoplasms/*epidemiology/*prevention & control
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications/*drug therapy
Risk Assessment
Treatment Outcome
Azathioprine
Colon Cancer
Inflammation
Risk Factor},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {24907505},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2014.05.019},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jonefjall, B. and Strid, H. and Ohman, L. and Svedlund, J. and Bergstedt, A. and Simren, M.},
   title = {Characterization of IBS-like symptoms in patients with ulcerative colitis in clinical remission},
   journal = {Neurogastroenterol Motil},
   volume = {25},
   number = {9},
   pages = {756-e578},
   note = {1365-2982
Jonefjall, B
Strid, H
Ohman, L
Svedlund, J
Bergstedt, A
Simren, M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013 Sep;25(9):756-e578. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12163. Epub 2013 Jun 4.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal symptoms compatible with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) are common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. It has been suggested that these symptoms are a reflection of occult inflammation rather than coexisting IBS. The aim of this study was to characterize IBS-like symptoms in patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) in clinical remission by assessing inflammatory markers, psychological symptoms, and quality of life. METHODS: Ninety-four patients with new onset of UC were followed prospectively during 3 years with yearly follow-up visits. The patients completed self-administrated questionnaires. Fecal calprotectin was used as an inflammatory biomarker. Remission was defined as a total Mayo-score </=2 and an endoscopic subscore </=1, with no relapse during the 3-month period prior to visit. KEY RESULTS: The prevalence of patients that fulfilled Rome II criteria for IBS among UC patients in remission was 11% at visit 1, 23% at visit 2, and 17% at visit 3. When comparing UC patients in remission with and without IBS-like symptom, patients with IBS-like symptoms had more severe gastrointestinal symptoms, tendencies toward more severe psychological symptoms and reduced levels of quality of life, but the calprotectin levels did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: IBS-like symptoms are common in patients with UC in clinical remission and these fluctuate over time. The symptoms are associated with poor psychological well-being and reduced quality of life, and do not seem to be a reflection of low-grade inflammatory activity.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Biomarkers/analysis
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/pathology/psychology
Feces/chemistry
Female
Humans
Inflammation/*epidemiology/metabolism
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*epidemiology/psychology
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/analysis
Male
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Quality of Life
Remission Induction
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult
Fecal Calprotectin
Functional GI symptoms
Ibd
Ibs
Ulcerative Colitis},
   ISSN = {1350-1925},
   Accession Number = {23731196},
   DOI = {10.1111/nmo.12163},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Joo, E. and Yamane, S. and Hamasaki, A. and Harada, N. and Matsunaga, T. and Muraoka, A. and Suzuki, K. and Nasteska, D. and Fukushima, T. and Hayashi, T. and Tsuji, H. and Shide, K. and Tsuda, K. and Inagaki, N.},
   title = {Enteral supplement enriched with glutamine, fiber, and oligosaccharide attenuates experimental colitis in mice},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {29},
   number = {3},
   pages = {549-55},
   note = {1873-1244
Joo, Erina
Yamane, Shunsuke
Hamasaki, Akihiro
Harada, Norio
Matsunaga, Tetsuro
Muraoka, Atsushi
Suzuki, Kazuyo
Nasteska, Daniela
Fukushima, Toru
Hayashi, Tatsuya
Tsuji, Hidemi
Shide, Kenichiro
Tsuda, Kinsuke
Inagaki, Nobuya
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Nutrition. 2013 Mar;29(3):549-55. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.007. Epub 2012 Dec 28.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic recurrent disease characterized by acute inflammation of the colonic mucosa. In Japan, a dietary supplementation product enriched with glutamine, dietary fiber, and oligosaccharide (GFO) is widely applied for enteral nutrition support. These three components have been suggested to improve intestinal health. In this study, we investigated whether GFO has suppressive effects on mucosal damage in ulcerative colitis in an experimental mouse model. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice received 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water for 5 d to induce colitis. Then, they were given 0.25 mL of GFO or a 20% glucose solution twice daily for 10 d. Another set of mice receiving unaltered drinking water was used as the normal control group. RESULTS: The body weight loss and disease activity index were significantly lower in the GFO-treated mice compared with the glucose-treated mice (P < 0.05). The decrease in colon length induced by dextran sulfate sodium was significantly alleviated in GFO-treated mice compared with glucose-treated mice (P < 0.01). In addition, the histologic findings showed that intestinal inflammation was significantly attenuated in mice treated with GFO. Furthermore, treatment with GFO significantly inhibited the dextran sulfate sodium-induced increase in the mRNA expression of interleukin-1beta. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that GFO has potential therapeutic value as an adjunct therapy for ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/pathology/*therapy
Colon/chemistry
Cytokines/genetics
Dextran Sulfate
Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage
Dietary Supplements
Disease Models, Animal
Enteral Nutrition
Glutamine/*administration & dosage
Interleukin-1beta/genetics
Intestinal Mucosa/chemistry/pathology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Oligosaccharides/*administration & dosage
RNA, Messenger/analysis},
   ISSN = {0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {23274091},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.007},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Jump, C. and Hyams, J. S.},
   title = {Authors' response},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {5},
   pages = {e38},
   note = {1536-4801
Jump, Candi
Hyams, Jeffrey S
Comment
Letter
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 May;56(5):e38. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318289530a.},
   keywords = {Colectomy/*adverse effects
Colitis, Ulcerative/*surgery
Female
Humans
Immunosuppression/*adverse effects
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*surgery
Male
*Postoperative Complications},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23364246},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e318289530a},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kahn, S. A. and Vachon, A. and Rodriquez, D. and Goeppinger, S. R. and Surma, B. and Marks, J. and Rubin, D. T.},
   title = {Patient perceptions of fecal microbiota transplantation for ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1506-13},
   note = {1536-4844
Kahn, Stacy A
Vachon, Ashley
Rodriquez, Dylan
Goeppinger, Sarah R
Surma, Bonnie
Marks, Julia
Rubin, David T
UL1 RR024999/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
KL2TR000431/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Jun;19(7):1506-13. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e318281f520.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the delivery of stool from a healthy prescreened donor to an individual with disease, is gaining increasing recognition as a potential treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases. Our objective was to describe patient interest in and social concerns around FMT. METHODS: We conducted a survey of adults with ulcerative colitis (UC) seen in outpatient clinic at the University of Chicago IBD Center. All English-speaking patients >/=18 years of age were eligible. Subjects completed a written survey in clinic. Ninety-five participants, median age 39 years, 53% female, were enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Forty-four percent and 49% reported excellent or good/satisfactory medical management of their UC, respectively. Forty-six percent participants were willing to undergo FMT as a treatment of UC, 43% were unsure, and 11% were unwilling to undergo FMT. Subjects who had been hospitalized were more willing to undergo FMT, 54% versus 34%, P = 0.035. Primary concerns included the following: adequate screening for infections (41%), cleanliness (24%), and potential to worsen UC (18%); 21% reported no specific concerns. For donor selection, an equal number of participants (46%) preferred whomever their doctor recommended or family member/spouse. CONCLUSIONS: In our center despite reporting satisfactory to excellent disease control with their treatments, the vast majority of patients with UC are interested in or willing to consider FMT. Proof of safety and effectiveness, and failure of other medical therapies are key issues in considering FMT. Strong interest in this as-yet unproven therapy warrants attention and is a pressing priority for clinical research and education.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Biological Therapy/*methods
Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology/psychology/*therapy
Feces/*microbiology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Male
*Microbiota
Middle Aged
*Perception
Prognosis
*Transplantation
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {23624888},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e318281f520},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kalantari, H. and Barekat, S. M. and Maracy, M. R. and Azadbakht, L. and Shahshahan, Z.},
   title = {Nutritional status in patients with ulcerative colitis in Isfahan, Iran},
   journal = {Adv Biomed Res},
   volume = {3},
   pages = {58},
   note = {Kalantari, Hamid
Barekat, Sayyed Majid
Maracy, Mohammad Reza
Azadbakht, Leila
Shahshahan, Zahra
Journal Article
India
Adv Biomed Res. 2014 Jan 27;3:58. doi: 10.4103/2277-9175.125812. eCollection 2014.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is common among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The present study aimed to investigate the nutritional status of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients in Isfahan, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive analytical cross-sectional study, between Dec 2011 and Jun 2012, 99 patients with UC were randomly selected and evaluated. Age, sex, duration of disease, body mass index (BMI) and laboratory parameters recorded for all patients. Nutritional risk index (NRI) was calculated and its association with patients' variables was assessed with regard to UC disease severity. RESULTS: Twelve patients out of 99 patients had mild UC and 87 patients had moderate to severe UC. Based on the NRI, 90.9% were not malnourished and 9.1% were at moderate to severe risk for malnutrition. Among laboratory parameters only, serum potassium level in patients with moderate to severe UC was significantly higher than those with mild UC (P = 0.017). Other laboratory parameters were similar between patients stratified by US status. Patients age s significantly correlate with serum vitamin D, immunoglobulin a (IgA) and potassium level (P > 0.05), also duration of disease was significantly correlate with Phosphorus (P = 0.024) among laboratory parameters. CONCLUSION: In studied UC patients, malnutrition risk was based on degree of disease severity. Patients with moderate to severe UC were more at risk for malnutrition compared to the patients with mild UC. Furthermore, among laboratory parameters only serum potassium level was higher among patients with moderate to severe UC compared to others.},
   keywords = {Inflammatory bowel disease
malnutrition
nutritional risk index
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {2277-9175 (Print)
2277-9175},
   Accession Number = {24627866},
   DOI = {10.4103/2277-9175.125812},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kaniewska, M. and Bartnik, W. and Gonciarz, M. and Klopocka, M. and Linke, K. and Malecka-Panas, E. and Radwan, P. and Regula, J. and Rydzewska, G.},
   title = {Iron deficiency anaemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: National Consultant for Gastroenterology Working Group Recommendations},
   journal = {Prz Gastroenterol},
   volume = {9},
   number = {5},
   pages = {259-63},
   note = {Kaniewska, Magdalena
Bartnik, Witold
Gonciarz, Maciej
Klopocka, Maria
Linke, Krzysztof
Malecka-Panas, Ewa
Radwan, Piotr
Regula, Jaroslaw
Rydzewska, Grazyna
Journal Article
Poland
Prz Gastroenterol. 2014;9(5):259-63. doi: 10.5114/pg.2014.46159. Epub 2014 Oct 19.},
   abstract = {Anaemia is a common complication associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). It substantially impairs quality of life, makes therapy more complicated, and increases costs of treatment. It seems that anaemia therapy is suboptimal in this group of patients in the Polish population. The recommendations presented below provide iron deficiency anaemia management clues in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Crohn's disease
anaemia in chronic disease
intravenous iron supplements
iron deficiency anaemia
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1895-5770 (Print)
1895-5770},
   Accession Number = {25395998},
   DOI = {10.5114/pg.2014.46159},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Keller, J. J. and Wang, J. and Huang, Y. L. and Chou, C. C. and Wang, L. H. and Hsu, J. L. and Bai, C. H. and Chiou, H. Y.},
   title = {Increased risk of stroke among patients with ulcerative colitis: a population-based matched cohort study},
   journal = {Int J Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {29},
   number = {7},
   pages = {805-12},
   note = {1432-1262
Keller, Joseph J
Wang, Jui
Huang, Ya-Li
Chou, Chia-Chi
Wang, Li-Hsuan
Hsu, Jung-Lung
Bai, Chyi-Huey
Chiou, Hung-Yi
Journal Article
Germany
Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014 Jul;29(7):805-12. doi: 10.1007/s00384-014-1862-6. Epub 2014 Apr 17.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and the development of atherosclerosis are increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one type of IBD; however, there is controversy in the literature regarding the association between UC and stroke. The present cohort study estimated the risk of subsequent stroke among UC patients compared with that among matched comparison subjects drawn from a population-based data set in Taiwan. METHODS: This investigation analyzed administrative claims data sourced from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. Our study consisted of a study cohort comprising 516 UC patients and a comparison cohort of 2,579 subjects without IBD. Cox proportional hazards regressions were performed to estimate the risk of subsequent stroke during the follow-up period. We also conducted additional analyses investigating the risk of subsequent stroke by age group and gender. RESULTS: After adjusting for selected medical co-morbidities and recent prescriptions of selected pharmaceuticals, the hazard ratio (HR) for subsequent stroke among patients with UC was 2.045 (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.374-3.043) than that among comparison subjects. While we did not detect an association between stroke and UC among patients aged 30-40 or 40-50 years, we did detect increased risks for stroke among UC patients aged over 50 years (HR = 2.045). We also found the association to remain significant for both men (HR = 2.153) and women (HR = 2.750). CONCLUSIONS: This study detected an increased HR for subsequent stroke among Taiwanese UC patients hen compared to that among matched comparison patients without IBD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Age Factors
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/epidemiology
Female
Humans
Male
Matched-Pair Analysis
Middle Aged
Proportional Hazards Models
Risk Factors
Sex Factors
Stroke/complications/*epidemiology
Taiwan/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0179-1958},
   Accession Number = {24740513},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00384-014-1862-6},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kellermayer, R.},
   title = {Prospects and challenges for intestinal microbiome therapy in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders},
   journal = {World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {4},
   pages = {91-3},
   note = {Kellermayer, Richard
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2013 Nov 15;4(4):91-3. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v4.i4.91.},
   abstract = {Fecal microbiome (microbiota) transplantation is an emerging treatment not only for refractory/recurrent Clostridium difficile infections and chronic gastrointestinal diseases, but also for metabolic syndrome, and even possibly for neurological disorders. This non-conventional therapy has been perhaps more appropriately designated as fecal bacteriotherapy (FB) as well. The employment of FB is spreading into pediatric gastroenterology. This focused review highlights the pediatric applications of FB and discusses hypotheses for its mechanism of action. We propose that intestinal microbiome therapy may be a more appropriate term for FB, which integrates its potential future applications.},
   keywords = {Children
Clostridium difficile
Fecal transplant
Inflammatory bowel disease
Microbiome
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {2150-5330 (Print)
2150-5330},
   Accession Number = {24244876},
   DOI = {10.4291/wjgp.v4.i4.91},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kelsen, J. R. and Grossman, A. B. and Pauly-Hubbard, H. and Gupta, K. and Baldassano, R. N. and Mamula, P.},
   title = {Infliximab therapy in pediatric patients 7 years of age and younger},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {6},
   pages = {758-62},
   note = {1536-4801
Kelsen, Judith R
Grossman, Andrew B
Pauly-Hubbard, Helen
Gupta, Kernika
Baldassano, Robert N
Mamula, Petar
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Dec;59(6):758-62. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000533.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infliximab (IFX) is efficacious for induction and maintenance of remission in pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It has, however, not been studied in patients 7 years old and younger. Our aim was to characterize efficacy and safety of IFX therapy in this cohort. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients with IBD ages 7 years and younger, treated with IFX between 1999 and 2011. Medical records were reviewed for age of diagnosis, disease phenotype, therapy, surgery, IFX infusion dates, dose, and intervals. Outcome measures included physician global assessment, corticosteroid requirement, and adverse events. RESULTS: Thirty-three children (ages 2.4-7 years) were included. Twenty patients had Crohn disease, 4 had ulcerative colitis, and 9 had indeterminate colitis. Maintenance of IFX therapy at 1, 2, and 3 years was 36%, 18%, and 12%, respectively. Patients of age 5 years and younger had the lowest rates of maintenance of therapy at 25% at year 1, and 10% at years 2 and 3 combined. Nine percent of all of the patients demonstrated response measured by the physician global assessment and were steroid free at 1 year. There were 8 infusion reactions. There were no malignancies, serious infections, or deaths. CONCLUSIONS: IFX demonstrated a modest response rate and a low steroid-sparing effect in patients with IBD 7 years old and younger. Although this is a limited study, there appears to be a trend for decreased sustained efficacy with IFX in this age group, particularly in children 5 years old and younger, when compared with the previously published literature in older children.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
*Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis/drug therapy
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
Crohn Disease/drug therapy
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/surgery
Infliximab
Male
Retrospective Studies
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {25419596},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000533},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Keszthelyi, D. and Troost, F. J. and Jonkers, D. M. and Helyes, Z. and Hamer, H. M. and Ludidi, S. and Vanhoutvin, S. and Venema, K. and Dekker, J. and Szolcsanyi, J. and Masclee, A. A.},
   title = {Alterations in mucosal neuropeptides in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis in remission: a role in pain symptom generation?},
   journal = {Eur J Pain},
   volume = {17},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1299-306},
   note = {1532-2149
Keszthelyi, D
Troost, F J
Jonkers, D M
Helyes, Z
Hamer, H M
Ludidi, S
Vanhoutvin, S
Venema, K
Dekker, J
Szolcsanyi, J
Masclee, A A
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Eur J Pain. 2013 Oct;17(9):1299-306. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00309.x. Epub 2013 Mar 25.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel, which is involved in visceral pain signalling, has been shown to be up-regulated in IBS. Activation of TRPV1 leads to the release of neuropeptides, such as somatostatin and substance P (SP). We hypothesized that increased pain perception in IBS could be explained by increased transcription in TRPV1 and/or altered levels of neuropeptides. We therefore assessed the transcription of TRPV1 and the mucosal concentration of somatostatin and SP in IBS in comparison to healthy volunteers and patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission as disease controls, and to ascertain their relationship to pain symptoms. METHOD: Sigmoid colonic mucosal samples were collected from 12 patients with IBS, 34 patients with UC in remission and 9 healthy volunteers, in which groups TRPV1 mRNA levels were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and neuropeptide concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Pain symptom intensity was determined by questionnaires. RESULTS: Transcription of TRPV1 as well as the concentration of neuropeptides were significantly higher in IBS, but only the former correlated with pain symptom severity. CONCLUSION: Increased transcription of TRPV1 may provide a possible explanation for pain generation in IBS. While the neuropeptides SP and somatostatin were both found to be increased in IBS, these changes are not sufficient to explain pain generation. Pain generation in IBS is probably explained by a complex redundancy in the regulation of local nociceptive mechanisms, which remains a subject of intensive investigation.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/*etiology/metabolism/physiopathology
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/*metabolism/physiopathology
Colon, Sigmoid/*metabolism/physiopathology
Female
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism/physiopathology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/complications/*metabolism/physiopathology
Male
Somatostatin/*metabolism
Substance P/*metabolism
TRPV Cation Channels/genetics/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1090-3801},
   Accession Number = {23529955},
   DOI = {10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00309.x},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Khalil, N. A. and Walton, G. E. and Gibson, G. R. and Tuohy, K. M. and Andrews, S. C.},
   title = {In vitro batch cultures of gut microbiota from healthy and ulcerative colitis (UC) subjects suggest that sulphate-reducing bacteria levels are raised in UC and by a protein-rich diet},
   journal = {Int J Food Sci Nutr},
   volume = {65},
   number = {1},
   pages = {79-88},
   note = {1465-3478
Khalil, Nazeha A
Walton, Gemma E
Gibson, Glenn R
Tuohy, Kieran M
Andrews, Simon C
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Feb;65(1):79-88. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2013.825700. Epub 2013 Aug 13.},
   abstract = {Imbalances in gut microbiota composition during ulcerative colitis (UC) indicate a role for the microbiota in propagating the disorder. Such effects were investigated using in vitro batch cultures (with/without mucin, peptone or starch) inoculated with faecal slurries from healthy or UC patients; the growth of five bacterial groups was monitored along with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Healthy cultures gave two-fold higher growth and SCFA levels with up to ten-fold higher butyrate production. Starch gave the highest growth and SCFA production (particularly butyrate), indicating starch-enhanced saccharolytic activity. Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were the predominant bacterial group (of five examined) for UC inocula whereas they were the minority group for the healthy inocula. Furthermore, SRB growth was stimulated by peptone presumably due to the presence of sulphur-rich amino acids. The results suggest raised SRB levels in UC, which could contribute to the condition through release of toxic sulphide.},
   keywords = {Amino Acids, Sulfur/adverse effects/*metabolism
Butyric Acid/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/diet therapy/metabolism/*microbiology
Colon/metabolism/*microbiology
Diet, Protein-Restricted
Dietary Proteins/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/metabolism
Fatty Acids, Volatile/*metabolism
Feces/microbiology
Female
Fermentation
Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification/growth & development/isolation &
purification/metabolism
Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification/growth & development/isolation &
purification/metabolism
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/*microbiology
Male
Microbial Viability
Middle Aged
Molecular Typing
Mucins/metabolism
Peptones/metabolism
Starch/metabolism
Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria/classification/*growth & development/isolation &
purification/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0963-7486},
   Accession Number = {23941288},
   DOI = {10.3109/09637486.2013.825700},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kim, E. and Coelho, D. and Blachier, F.},
   title = {Review of the association between meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer},
   journal = {Nutr Res},
   volume = {33},
   number = {12},
   pages = {983-94},
   note = {1879-0739
Kim, Eunjung
Coelho, Desire
Blachier, Francois
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Nutr Res. 2013 Dec;33(12):983-94. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.07.018. Epub 2013 Oct 7.},
   abstract = {The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is rapidly increasing in developing countries, especially among populations that are adopting Western-style diets. Several, but not all, epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that a high intake of meat, especially red and processed meat, is associated with increased CRC risk. Potential reasons for the association between high red and processed meat intake and CRC risk include the content of the meat (e.g. protein, heme) and compounds generated by the cooking process (e.g. N-nitroso compounds, heterocyclic amines). These factors can affect the large intestine mucosa with genotoxicity and metabolic disturbances. Increased bacterial fermentation (putrefaction) of undigested protein and production of bacterial metabolites derived from amino acids may affect colon epithelial homeostasis and renewal. This correlates with the fact that most colonic cancers are detected in the distal colon and rectum where protein fermentation actively occurs. However, there are still large controversies on the relationship between red meat consumption and CRC risk. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to enhance the current understanding on the association between high red and processed meat intakes with CRC risk. A principal focus of this review will be to discuss the meat-related components, such as proteins in the meat, heme, N-nitroso compounds, and heterocyclic amines, and the effects they have upon the large intestine mucosa and the intestinal gut microbiota.},
   keywords = {Colorectal Neoplasms/*etiology/metabolism/microbiology
*Diet
*Feeding Behavior
Humans
*Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/microbiology/pathology
*Intestine, Large/metabolism/microbiology/pathology
*Meat
Acf
BCFAs
Crc
Colorectal cancer
Dietary protein
HAAs
Hp
Heme
Meat
Microbiota
N-nitroso compounds
NOCs
Np
SCFAs
Srb
Uc
aberrant crypt foci
branched chain fatty acids
heterocyclic aromatic amines
high protein
normal protein
short chain fatty acids
sulfate-reducing bacteria
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0271-5317},
   Accession Number = {24267037},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nutres.2013.07.018},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kim, J. M. and Lee, Y. M. and Kang, B. and Choe, Y. H.},
   title = {Clinical course of infliximab treatment in korean pediatric ulcerative colitis patients: a single center experience},
   journal = {Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr},
   volume = {17},
   number = {1},
   pages = {31-6},
   note = {Kim, Jong Min
Lee, Yoo Min
Kang, Ben
Choe, Yon Ho
Journal Article
Korea (South)
Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2014 Mar;17(1):31-6. doi: 10.5223/pghn.2014.17.1.31. Epub 2014 Mar 31.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Infliximab (IFX) is considered safe and effective for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) in both adults and children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term clinical course of IFX in Korean children with UC. METHODS: Pediatric patients with UC who had received IFX infusions between November 2007 and May 2013 at Samsung Medical Center were retrospectively investigated. The clinical efficacy of IFX treatment was evaluated at 8 weeks (short term) and 54 weeks (long term) after the initiation of IFX treatment using the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI). The degree of response to IFX treatment was defined as complete response (PUCAI score=0), partial response (decrement of PUCAI score>/=20 points), and non-response (decrement of PUCAI score <20 points). Adverse events associated with IFX treatment were also investigated. RESULTS: Eleven pediatric patients with moderate to severe UC had received IFX. The remission rate after IFX treatment was 46% (5/11) and 82% (9/11) at 8 weeks and 54 weeks after IFX treatment, respectively. All patients who were steroid-dependent before treatment with IFX achieved remission at 54 weeks and were able to stop treatment with corticosteroids, while all steroid-refractory patients failed to achieve remission at 54 weeks after treatment with IFX. CONCLUSION: Response to IFX treatment after 8 weeks may predict a favorable long-term response to IFX treatment in Korean pediatric UC patients.},
   keywords = {Child
Inflammatory bowel diseases
Infliximab
Korea
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {2234-8646 (Print)
2234-8840},
   Accession Number = {24749085},
   DOI = {10.5223/pghn.2014.17.1.31},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kim, K. M. and Kim, Y. S. and Lim, J. Y. and Min, S. J. and Ko, H. C. and Kim, S. J. and Kim, Y.},
   title = {Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of Sasa quelpaertensis leaf extract by suppressing lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory mediators in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells co-cultured with RAW 264.7 macrophage cells},
   journal = {Nutr Res Pract},
   volume = {9},
   number = {1},
   pages = {3-10},
   note = {Kim, Kyung-Mi
Kim, Yoo-Sun
Lim, Ji Ye
Min, Soo Jin
Ko, Hee-Chul
Kim, Se-Jae
Kim, Yuri
Journal Article
Korea (South)
Nutr Res Pract. 2015 Feb;9(1):3-10. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.1.3. Epub 2014 Aug 30.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, involves chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Previously, Sasa quelpaertensis leaves have been shown to mediate anti-inflammation and anti-cancer effects, although it remains unclear whether Sasa leaves are able to attenuate inflammation-related intestinal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Sasa quelpaertensis leaf extract (SQE) using an in vitro co-culture model of the intestinal epithelial environment. MATERIALS/METHODS: An in vitro co-culture system was established that consisted of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammation. RESULTS: Treatment with SQE significantly suppressed the secretion of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-6, and IL-1beta in co-cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were down-regulated in response to inhibition of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation by SQE. Compared with two bioactive compounds that have previously been identified in SQE, tricin and P-coumaric acid, SQE exhibited the most effective anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSIONS: SQE exhibited intestinal anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting various inflammatory mediators mediated through nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-kB) activation. Thus, SQE has the potential to ameliorate inflammation-related diseases, including IBD, by limiting excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators.},
   keywords = {Sasa quelpaertensis
anti-inflammation
co-culture model
pro-inflammatory mediators},
   ISSN = {1976-1457 (Print)
1976-1457},
   Accession Number = {25671061},
   DOI = {10.4162/nrp.2015.9.1.3},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kim, K. M. and Kim, Y. S. and Lim, J. Y. and Min, S. J. and Shin, J. H. and Ko, H. C. and Kim, S. J. and Lim, Y. and Kim, Y.},
   title = {Sasa quelpaertensis leaf extract suppresses dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting the proinflammatory mediators and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation},
   journal = {Nutr Res},
   volume = {34},
   number = {10},
   pages = {894-905},
   note = {1879-0739
Kim, Kyung-Mi
Kim, Yoo-Sun
Lim, Ji Ye
Min, Soo Jin
Shin, Jae-Ho
Ko, Hee-Chul
Kim, Se-Jae
Lim, Yunsook
Kim, Yuri
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Nutr Res. 2014 Oct;34(10):894-905. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.09.002. Epub 2014 Sep 16.},
   abstract = {Sasa quelpaertensis leaves exert anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects, although it remains unclear whether these leaves can suppress inflammation-related intestinal diseases. This study hypothesized that Sasa quelpaertensis leaf extract (SQE) exerts a protective effect against inflammation in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Therefore, colon tissues of DSS-induced colitis mice that were treated with SQE were assayed for levels of proinflammatory markers, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and activation of nuclear factor kappaB. For this purpose, mice were pretreated with SQE (100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg body weight) by gavage for a 2-week period. Mice then received either SQE or sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg body weight) with 2.5% DSS in drinking water for 7 days twice daily and 7 days of tap water ad libitum between DSS treatment. Treatment with SQE was found to attenuate the severity of DSS-induced colitis, as assessed by disease activity index scores, shrinkage of colon length, and histopathologic changes. SQE reduced DSS-induced proliferation in distal colon tissues. It also significantly suppressed levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in serum and colon tissues, nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase, and levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p38, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2, and IkappaBalpha in colon tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that SQE supplementation can exert an anti-inflammatory effect on experimental chronic colitis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis/chemically induced/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology
Colon/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology
Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
Dextran Sulfate
I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
Inflammation Mediators/*metabolism
JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
Male
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism
NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
Phosphorylation
*Phytotherapy
Plant Extracts/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Plant Leaves
*Sasa
Severity of Illness Index
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Anti-inflammation
Dextran sulfate sodium
Mice
Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai leaf extract
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0271-5317},
   Accession Number = {25287291},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nutres.2014.09.002},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Knafelz, D. and Bracci, F.},
   title = {Is colectomy still an option in the infliximab era?},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {58},
   number = {6},
   pages = {676},
   note = {1536-4801
Knafelz, Daniela
Bracci, Fiammetta
Comment
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Jun;58(6):676. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000339.},
   keywords = {Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
*Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Female
Gastrointestinal Agents/*therapeutic use
Humans
Male},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24552676},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000339},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kofla-Dlubacz, A. and Matusiewicz, M. and Krzesiek, E. and Noga, L. and Iwanczak, B.},
   title = {Metalloproteinase-3 and -9 as novel markers in the evaluation of ulcerative colitis activity in children},
   journal = {Adv Clin Exp Med},
   volume = {23},
   number = {1},
   pages = {103-10},
   note = {Kofla-Dlubacz, Anna
Matusiewicz, Malgorzata
Krzesiek, Elzbieta
Noga, Leszek
Iwanczak, Barbara
Journal Article
Poland
Adv Clin Exp Med. 2014 Jan-Feb;23(1):103-10.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The enhanced activity of matrix endopeptidases (MMPs) involved in the degradation of connective tissue has been noted in tissue samples from the digestive tract in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), however sera concentrations of MMPs, a potential tool for diagnostic tests in IBD patients, have not been established so far. The goal of the studies was to evaluate the concentrations of MMP-3 and MMP-9, in the sera of children suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC) in relation to disease activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was comprised of 31 children with UC (aged 3-18 years) and 37 children in the control group (aged 1-18 years). Disease activity was estimated using the Truelove-Witts scale. MMP-3 and -9 concentrations were determined using ELISA tests. RESULTS: Median MMP-3 concentrations were 18.4 ng/mL (95% CI: 12.5-24.3) for moderate and severe, 4.35 ng/mL (95% CI: 2.5-7.8) for the mild form of UC and 1.8 ng/mL (95% CI: 1.2-2.5) for the control group. Median MMP-9 concentrations were 18.0 ng/mL (95% CI: 2.83-36.6) for moderate and severe, 1.55 ng/mL (95% CI: 0.4-3.0) for the mild form of UC and 1.3 ng/mL (95% CI: 0.7-1.96) for the control group. Serum MMP-3 and MMP-9 concentrations in the moderate group were higher than those in the mild and control groups (p < 0.001). MMP-3 concentrations in the mild group also differed from those in the control group (p < 0.001). Among the parameters studied (MMP-3, MMP-9, CRP and ESR), MMP-3 had the highest discriminative value (AUC = 0.9, p < 0.001, sensitivity = 71%, specificity = 92%) in distinguishing patients with UC from healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Elevation of MMP-3 and MMP-9 concentrations along with the disease activity suggests the possibility of their application in the evaluation of the clinical activity of UC.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Biomarkers/blood
Blood Sedimentation
C-Reactive Protein/analysis
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/enzymology
Humans
Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/*blood
Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/*blood},
   ISSN = {1899-5276 (Print)
1899-5276},
   Accession Number = {24596011},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kotlyar, D. S. and Shum, M. and Hsieh, J. and Blonski, W. and Greenwald, D. A.},
   title = {Non-pulmonary allergic diseases and inflammatory bowel disease: a qualitative review},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {20},
   number = {32},
   pages = {11023-32},
   note = {2219-2840
Kotlyar, David S
Shum, Mili
Hsieh, Jennifer
Blonski, Wojciech
Greenwald, David A
Intramural NIH HHS/United States
Editorial
Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug 28;20(32):11023-32. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11023.},
   abstract = {While the etiological underpinnings of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are highly complex, it has been noted that both clinical and pathophysiological similarities exist between IBD and both asthma and non-pulmonary allergic phenomena. In this review, several key points on common biomarkers, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and nutritional and probiotic interventions for both IBD and non-pulmonary allergic diseases are discussed. Histamine and mast cell activity show common behaviors in both IBD and in certain allergic disorders. IgE also represents a key immunoglobulin involved in both IBD and in certain allergic pathologies, though these links require further study. Probiotics remain a critically important intervention for both IBD subtypes as well as multiple allergic phenomena. Linked clinical phenomena, especially sinonasal disease and IBD, are discussed. In addition, nutritional interventions remain an underutilized and promising therapy for modification of both allergic disorders and IBD. Recommending new mothers breastfeed their infants, and increasing the duration of breastfeeding may also help prevent both IBD and allergic diseases, but requires more investigation. While much remains to be discovered, it is clear that non-pulmonary allergic phenomena are connected to IBD in a myriad number of ways and that the discovery of common immunological pathways may usher in an era of vastly improved treatments for patients.},
   keywords = {Animals
Biomarkers/blood
Humans
*Hypersensitivity/blood/immunology/microbiology/physiopathology/therapy
Inflammation Mediators/blood
*Inflammatory Bowel
Diseases/blood/immunology/microbiology/physiopathology/therapy
*Intestines/immunology/microbiology/physiopathology
Nutritional Status
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Prognosis
Risk Factors
Biomarkers
Crohn's disease
Food allergies
Food intolerance
Inflammatory bowel disease
Nutrition
Pathophysiology
Probiotics
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {25170192},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11023},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kovacs, M. and Veres, G.},
   title = {Authors' response},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {1},
   pages = {e6},
   note = {1536-4801
Kovacs, Marta
Veres, Gabor
Comment
Letter
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jan;56(1):e6. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318275faf7.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/*blood
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis
Female
Goblet Cells/*immunology
Humans
Male
Pancreas, Exocrine/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23059647},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e318275faf7},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kunde, S. and Pham, A. and Bonczyk, S. and Crumb, T. and Duba, M. and Conrad, H., Jr. and Cloney, D. and Kugathasan, S.},
   title = {Safety, tolerability, and clinical response after fecal transplantation in children and young adults with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {6},
   pages = {597-601},
   note = {1536-4801
Kunde, Sachin
Pham, Angela
Bonczyk, Sarah
Crumb, Teri
Duba, Meg
Conrad, Harold Jr
Cloney, Deborah
Kugathasan, Subra
Clinical Trial, Phase I
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jun;56(6):597-601. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318292fa0d.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Colonic dysbiosis contributes to the development of colonic inflammation in ulcerative colitis (UC). Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) is being proposed as a novel treatment for UC because it can eliminate dysbiosis; however, no prospective data exist. We initiated a pilot study to evaluate feasibility and safety of FMT in children with UC. METHODS: Ten children, 7 to 21 years of age, with mild-to-moderate UC (pediatric UC activity index [PUCAI] between 15 and 65) received freshly prepared fecal enemas daily for 5 days. Data on tolerability, adverse events, and disease activity were collected during FMT and weekly for 4 weeks after FMT. Clinical response was defined as decrease in PUCAI by >15, and decrease in PUCAI to <10 was considered clinical remission. RESULTS: No serious adverse events were noted. Mild (cramping, fullness, flatulence, bloating, diarrhea, and blood in stool) to moderate (fever) adverse events were self-limiting. One subject could not retain fecal enemas. Average tolerated enema volume by remaining 9 subjects was 165 mL/day. After FMT, 7 of the 9 (78%) subjects showed clinical response within 1 week, 6 of the 9 (67%) subjects maintained clinical response at 1 month, and 3 of the 9 (33%) subjects achieved clinical remission at 1 week after FMT. Median PUCAI significantly improved after FMT (P = 0.03) compared with the baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Fecal enemas were feasible and tolerated by children with UC. Adverse events were acceptable, self-limiting, and manageable by subjects. FMT indicated efficacy in the treatment of UC.},
   keywords = {Administration, Rectal
Adolescent
Adult
*Biological Therapy/adverse effects
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology/physiopathology/*therapy
Donor Selection
Dysbiosis/etiology/*prevention & control
Family
Feasibility Studies
Feces/*microbiology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Hospitals, Pediatric
Humans
Male
Michigan
Outpatient Clinics, Hospital
Pilot Projects
Remission Induction
Severity of Illness Index
*Therapies, Investigational/adverse effects
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23542823},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e318292fa0d},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kwon, Y. H. and Kim, Y. J.},
   title = {Pre-diagnostic Clinical Presentations and Medical History Prior to the Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children},
   journal = {Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr},
   volume = {16},
   number = {3},
   pages = {178-84},
   note = {Kwon, Yong Hoon
Kim, Yong Joo
Journal Article
Korea (South)
Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2013 Sep;16(3):178-84. doi: 10.5223/pghn.2013.16.3.178. Epub 2013 Sep 30.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: The clinical presentations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) prior to diagnosis are so diverse or vague that many of them waste time before final diagnosis. This study was undertaken to know the medical history of the pediatric patients until the final diagnosis could be reached. METHODS: The medical records of all pediatric patients who were diagnosed with IBD (Crohn's disease [CD] in 14 children, ulcerative colitis [UC] in 17) during the last 13 years were reviewed. We investigated the length of the diagnostic time lag, chief clinical presentation, and any useful laboratory predictor among the routinely performed examinations. Indeterminate colitis was not included. RESULTS: The mean ages of children at the final diagnosis was similar in both diseases. As for the pre-clinical past history of bowel symptoms in CD patients, 5 were previously healthy, 9 had had 1-3 gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, weight loss, bloody stool, anemia and rectal prolapse. With UC, 9 were previously healthy, 8 had had 1-3 GI symptoms, bloody stool, anorexia. The average diagnostic time lag with CD was 3.36 months, and with UC 2.2 months. Body mass index (BMI) and the initial basic laboratory data (white blood cell, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, serum albumin, and serum total protein) were lower in CD, statistically significant only in BMI. CONCLUSION: IBD shows diverse clinical symptoms before its classical features, making the patients waste time until diagnosis. It is important to concern possibility of IBD even in the mildly sick children who do not show the characteristic symptoms of IBD.},
   keywords = {Child
Inflammatory bowel diseases},
   ISSN = {2234-8646 (Print)
2234-8840},
   Accession Number = {24224151},
   DOI = {10.5223/pghn.2013.16.3.178},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kyaw, M. H. and Moshkovska, T. and Mayberry, J.},
   title = {A prospective, randomized, controlled, exploratory study of comprehensive dietary advice in ulcerative colitis: impact on disease activity and quality of life},
   journal = {Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {26},
   number = {8},
   pages = {910-7},
   note = {1473-5687
Kyaw, Moe H
Moshkovska, Tetyana
Mayberry, John
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Aug;26(8):910-7. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000127.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The impact of food on relapse in ulcerative colitis has not been clearly defined. The aim of this prospective, randomized-controlled study was to evaluate the impact of comprehensive dietary guidelines on the clinical course of the disease and quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were allocated randomly to an intervention or a control group. Participants in the intervention group were provided dietary guidelines in the form of an educational booklet that was recommended for use for 4-6 weeks during disease flare, that patients eat little and often (four to six times a day), drink adequate fluids, decrease excess intake of fat, decrease simple carbohydrates and decrease high-fibre foods during flare.Validated and study-designed questionnaires were used to compare patients' perceived quality of life, colitis activity scores and eating habits before and following the dietary advice provided. RESULTS: Overall, 112 patients completed the study. Study participants were asked to complete the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire and Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index together with the Food Frequency Questionnaire at 0, 6 and 24 weeks. At 24 weeks, there was a mean reduction in the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index score in the intervention group compared with an increase in the score in the control group [-1.304 (P=0.0108) vs. 0.875 (P=0.0249)]. There was a mean increase in the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire score in the intervention group compared with a reduction in the score in the control group [7.17 (P=0.126) vs. -3.44 (P=0.205)]. A total of 69% of patients in the intervention group found the dietary advice significantly or moderately helpful. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that there is likely to be a link between the dietary advice provided and symptomatic improvement. The effect of diet may not occur through the addition or the elimination of single nutrients; rather, each food consumed combines many nutrients that allow for a synergistic or an antagonistic action when present in a certain composition.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diet therapy/rehabilitation
Diet/standards
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Prospective Studies
Psychometrics
*Quality of Life
Severity of Illness Index
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0954-691x},
   Accession Number = {24942954},
   DOI = {10.1097/meg.0000000000000127},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lamouse-Smith, E. S. and Weber, S. and Rossi, R. F. and Neinstedt, L. J. and Mosammaparast, N. and Sandora, T. J. and McAdam, A. J. and Bousvaros, A.},
   title = {Polymerase chain reaction test for Clostridium difficile toxin B gene reveals similar prevalence rates in children with and without inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {57},
   number = {3},
   pages = {293-7},
   note = {1536-4801
Lamouse-Smith, Esi S N
Weber, Sarah
Rossi, Richard F
Neinstedt, Liliane J
Mosammaparast, Nima
Sandora, Thomas J
McAdam, Alexander J
Bousvaros, Athos
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Sep;57(3):293-7. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182999990.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Clinicians often evaluate for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) presenting with exacerbations. A highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for the toxin B gene of C difficile is increasingly used to diagnose CDI. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive C difficile PCR results in children and young adults with and without active IBD compared with patients with non-IBD gastrointestinal disease. METHODS: Fecal samples were obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 76) or Crohn disease (CD, n = 69) and 51 controls followed in our gastroenterology program. Samples were analyzed for C difficile using a PCR test for the C difficile toxin B gene (BD GeneOhm Cdiff assay). Proportions of positive tests in each group were compared using the Pearson chi2 test. RESULTS: The prevalence of positive PCR results was 11.6% in patients with CD, 18.4% in patients with UC, and 11.8% in controls (P = 0.25). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of positive C difficile results among patients with IBD with and without active disease or among patients with and without diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Positive C difficile PCR results occur with similar frequency in patients with IBD with and without active disease and in patients with other gastrointestinal diseases. A positive result in a highly sensitive PCR assay that detects low copy numbers of a toxin gene in C difficile may reflect colonization in a subset of patients with IBD, confounding clinical decision making in managing disease exacerbations.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Bacterial Proteins/*genetics
Bacterial Toxins/*genetics
Chi-Square Distribution
Child
Child, Preschool
Clostridium Infections/*complications/epidemiology/microbiology
Clostridium difficile/*genetics
Diarrhea/complications/*microbiology
Enterotoxins/*genetics
Feces/microbiology
Female
*Genes, Bacterial
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*microbiology
Male
Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
Prevalence},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23698022},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182999990},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lankarani, K. B. and Sivandzadeh, G. R. and Hassanpour, S.},
   title = {Oral manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease: a review},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {19},
   number = {46},
   pages = {8571-9},
   note = {2219-2840
Lankarani, Kamran B
Sivandzadeh, Gholam Reza
Hassanpour, Shima
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Dec 14;19(46):8571-9. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i46.8571.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, not only affect the intestinal tract but also have an extraintestinal involvement within the oral cavity. These oral manifestations may assist in the diagnosis and the monitoring of disease activity, whilst ignoring them may lead to an inaccurate diagnosis and useless and expensive workups. Indurated tag-like lesions, cobblestoning, and mucogingivitis are the most common specific oral findings encountered in CD cases. Aphthous stomatitis and pyostomatitis vegetans are among non-specific oral manifestations of IBD. In differential diagnosis, side effects of drugs, infections, nutritional deficiencies, and other inflammatory conditions should also be considered. Treatment usually involves managing the underlying intestinal disease. In severe cases with local symptoms, topical and/or systemic steroids and immunosuppressive drugs might be used.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/diagnosis/therapy
Crohn Disease/*complications/diagnosis/therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Humans
Mouth Diseases/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy
Predictive Value of Tests
Prognosis
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
Aphthous stomatitis
Cobblestoning
Crohn's disease
Extra-intestinal manifestations
Inflammatory bowel disease
Mucogingivitis
Oral manifestation
Pyostomatitis vegetans
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {24379574},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v19.i46.8571},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Latella, G. and Rogler, G. and Bamias, G. and Breynaert, C. and Florholmen, J. and Pellino, G. and Reif, S. and Speca, S. and Lawrance, I. C.},
   title = {Results of the 4th scientific workshop of the ECCO (I): pathophysiology of intestinal fibrosis in IBD},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {8},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1147-65},
   note = {1876-4479
Latella, Giovanni
Rogler, Gerhard
Bamias, Giorgos
Breynaert, Christine
Florholmen, Jon
Pellino, Gianluca
Reif, Shimon
Speca, Silvia
Lawrance, Ian C
Journal Article
Review
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Oct;8(10):1147-65. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.03.008. Epub 2014 Apr 14.},
   abstract = {The fourth scientific workshop of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) focused on the relevance of intestinal fibrosis in the disease course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective was to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis, to identify useful markers and imaging modalities of fibrosis in order to assess its presence and progression, and, finally, to point out possible approaches for the prevention and the treatment of fibrosis. The results of this workshop are presented in three separate manuscripts. This first section describes the most important mechanisms that contribute to the initiation and progression of intestinal fibrosis in IBD including the cellular and molecular mediators, the extracellular matrix molecules and matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-system, the microbiota products, the role of fat, genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as the currently available experimental models. Furthermore, it identifies unanswered questions in the field of intestinal fibrosis and provides a framework for future research.},
   keywords = {Adipose Tissue/*metabolism
Animals
Extracellular Matrix/*metabolism
Fibrosis
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics/*metabolism/microbiology/*pathology
Intestines/*metabolism/microbiology/*pathology
Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
*Microbiota
Signal Transduction
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases/metabolism
Crohn's disease
Genetics
Inflammatory bowel disease
Intestinal fibrosis
Microbiota
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {24731838},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2014.03.008},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ledder, O. and Catto-Smith, A. G. and Oliver, M. R. and Alex, G. and Cameron, D. J. and Hardikar, W.},
   title = {Clinical patterns and outcome of early-onset inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {5},
   pages = {562-4},
   note = {1536-4801
Ledder, Oren
Catto-Smith, Anthony G
Oliver, Mark R
Alex, George
Cameron, Donald J S
Hardikar, Winita
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Nov;59(5):562-4. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000465.},
   abstract = {We sought to determine whether extremely-early-onset childhood inflammatory bowel disease (age <6 years; 20 ulcerative colitis [UC], 8 Crohn disease [CD], 2 indeterminate, sequentially diagnosed) was clinically more severe than in older children (6-17 years; 19 UC, 39 CD, 2 indeterminate). Early-onset UC was marked by less abdominal pain at presentation, but an aggressive course with a significant reduction in weight-for-age, increased use of immunosuppressants, and more surgery. Children with early-onset CD were more likely to have bloody stools at presentation and an isolated colitis. This study supports the suggestion that inflammatory bowel disease phenotype differs in early-onset disease.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
*Age of Onset
Body Weight
Child, Preschool
Colitis/etiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/diagnosis/therapy
Crohn Disease/*complications/diagnosis/therapy
Female
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Male
Phenotype
Prognosis
*Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24979317},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000465},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lee, E. H. and Ko, J. S. and Seo, J. K.},
   title = {Correlations of plasma citrulline levels with clinical and endoscopic score and blood markers according to small bowel involvement in pediatric Crohn disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {57},
   number = {5},
   pages = {570-5},
   note = {1536-4801
Lee, Eun Hye
Ko, Jae Sung
Seo, Jeong Kee
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Nov;57(5):570-5. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31829e264e.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Several studies have indicated that plasma citrulline levels reflect the extent of mucosal injury of the small intestine. This study was performed to determine whether plasma citrulline levels correlate with the disease activity in pediatric patients with Crohn disease (CD). METHODS: A total of 63 CD and 23 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients were included in this study. Disease severity was assessed by pediatric CD activity index (PCDAI), pediatric UC activity index, simplified endoscopic activity score for CD, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The correlations among these variables and plasma citrulline levels were evaluated. We performed subgroup analysis whether correlations between plasma citrulline levels and disease activity depend on small bowel involvement in patients with CD. RESULTS: The plasma citrulline levels correlated negatively with CRP (r = -0.332, P = 0.008), ESR (r = -0.290, P = 0.022), and PCDAI (r = -0.424, P = 0.001) in patients with CD. The plasma citrulline levels were significantly lower in patients with jejunal involvement than in those without (P = 0.027). In subgroup analysis, patients with CD with jejunal involvement showed significantly negative correlations of plasma citrulline levels with CRP (r = -0.628, P = 0.016) and PCDAI (r = -0.632, P = 0.015); however, patients with CD without jejunal involvement revealed no correlations of plasma citrulline levels with CRP and PCDAI. There were no significant correlations between plasma citrulline levels and simplified endoscopic activity score for CD. There were no significant correlations of plasma citrulline levels with CRP, ESR, and pediatric UC activity index in patients with UC. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma citrulline levels correlated with disease severity as measured by PCDAI, CRP, and ESR in pediatric patients with CD with jejunal involvement.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Biomarkers/blood
Blood Sedimentation
C-Reactive Protein/analysis
Chi-Square Distribution
Child
Child, Preschool
Citrulline/*blood
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/immunology/pathology/physiopathology
Crohn Disease/blood/*immunology/pathology/physiopathology
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology/pathology/physiopathology
Jejunum/*immunology/pathology/physiopathology
Male
Prospective Studies
Republic of Korea
Severity of Illness Index
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23752073},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31829e264e},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lee, G. J. and Dotson, J. L. and Kappelman, M. D. and King, E. and Pratt, J. M. and Colletti, R. B. and Bistrick, S. and Burkam, J. L. and Crandall, W. V.},
   title = {Seasonality and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {1},
   pages = {25-8},
   note = {1536-4801
Lee, Grace J
Dotson, Jennifer L
Kappelman, Michael D
King, Eileen
Pratt, Jesse M
Colletti, Richard B
Bistrick, Sarah
Burkam, Jennifer L
Crandall, Wallace V
ImproveCareNow Network
R01 HS020024/HS/AHRQ HHS/United States
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Jul;59(1):25-8. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000362.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Seasonal and geographic variations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) exacerbations have been described in adults, with inconsistent findings. We sought to determine whether disease activity in pediatric-onset IBD is associated with a seasonal pattern. METHODS: We examined children with Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) using data from the ImproveCareNow Collaborative between December 2008 and November 2010. We compared the proportion of patients in continuous remission for all recorded visits in each season. We also compared the distribution of all recorded visits with a physician global assessment (PGA) of remission or active disease across seasons. RESULTS: A total of 1325 patients with CD (6102 visits) and 587 patients with UC (2394 visits) were included. The proportion of patients with UC in continuous remission during each season was highest in the summer (67%) and lowest in the winter (55%) (P=0.01). A similar pattern was found for CD but was not significant. Similarly, the proportion of visits in remission was highest in the summer and lowest in the winter for both UC (29%, 21%; P<0.001) and CD (28%, 23%; P<0.001); however, the distribution of visits with active disease was not significantly different across seasons. CONCLUSIONS: The higher proportion of patients with UC in continuous remission in the summer may be related to the higher proportion of remission visits in the summer, because the proportion of visits with active disease was similar across seasons. These findings do not support any strong associations between season of the year and disease activity in pediatric IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*classification/drug therapy
Crohn Disease/*classification/drug therapy
Female
Humans
Male
Office Visits/*statistics & numerical data
*Seasons
*Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24614123},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000362},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Leiby, A. and Vazirani, M.},
   title = {Complementary, integrative, and holistic medicine: integrative approaches to pediatric ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Pediatr Rev},
   volume = {34},
   number = {9},
   pages = {405-7},
   note = {1526-3347
Leiby, Alycia
Vazirani, Minal
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Review
United States
Pediatr Rev. 2013 Sep;34(9):405-7. doi: 10.1542/pir.34-9-405.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology/*therapy
Combined Modality Therapy/methods
Complementary Therapies/*methods
Cross-Sectional Studies
Dietary Supplements
Evidence-Based Medicine
Gene-Environment Interaction
*Holistic Health
Humans
Infant
Integrative Medicine/*methods
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {0191-9601},
   Accession Number = {24000344},
   DOI = {10.1542/pir.34-9-405},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {LeLeiko, N. S. and Lobato, D. and Hagin, S. and Hayes, C. and McQuaid, E. L. and Seifer, R. and Kopel, S. J. and Boergers, J. and Nassau, J. and Suorsa, K. and Shapiro, J. and Bancroft, B.},
   title = {6-Thioguanine levels in pediatric IBD patients: adherence is more important than dose},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {12},
   pages = {2652-8},
   note = {1536-4844
LeLeiko, Neal S
Lobato, Debra
Hagin, Sarah
Hayes, Christopher
McQuaid, Elizabeth L
Seifer, Ronald
Kopel, Sheryl J
Boergers, Julie
Nassau, Jack
Suorsa, Kristina
Shapiro, Jason
Bancroft, Barbara
R21 HD058828/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Nov;19(12):2652-8. doi: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000436960.00405.56.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Thiopurine immunosuppressants such as 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) are widely used to maintain remission in children with both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Therapeutic efficacy is associated with higher red blood cell levels of the thiopurine metabolite 6-thioguanine (6-TGN). Studies in both children and adults have inexplicably failed to demonstrate a significant correlation between prescribed dose and level of 6-TGN. We aimed to quantify the relationship between 6-TGN levels and adherence. METHODS: We used electronic monitoring devices to assess adherence in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel diseases who were prescribed 6-MP. RESULTS: During 3230 days of monitoring in 19 subjects, adherence to 6-MP was 74.2%. Due to the generally low adherence to the prescribed dose of 6-MP, the 6-TGN level was not correlated with the prescribed dose. The 6-TGN level was significantly correlated with the adherence-adjusted dose (R(2) = 0.395). It was also significantly correlated to adherence alone (R(2) = 0.478). Adherence to 5-aminosalicylic acid and 6-MP were significantly positively correlated (r(s)(9) = 0.82, P = 0.00), and a significant relationship was found between 5-aminosalicylic acid adherence and 6-TGN levels independent of 6-MP adherence. Furthermore, low adherence to 6-MP was associated with increased likelihood of escalation of medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Red blood cell 6-TGN levels are strongly correlated with the dose, when the dose is actually taken. Lack of efficacy of thiopurines may often be the result of poor adherence. Novel ways of assessing and improving adherence are necessary. Future trials should assess adherence in study participants. Intake of 5-aminosalicylic acid positively influences 6-TGN levels.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Crohn Disease/*drug therapy
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
*Drug Monitoring
Erythrocytes/metabolism
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Male
*Medication Adherence
Prognosis
Severity of Illness Index
Thioguanine/*metabolism
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24105391},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mib.0000436960.00405.56},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {LeLeiko, N. S. and Lobato, D. and Hagin, S. and McQuaid, E. and Seifer, R. and Kopel, S. J. and Boergers, J. and Nassau, J. and Suorsa, K. and Shapiro, J. and Bancroft, B.},
   title = {Rates and predictors of oral medication adherence in pediatric patients with IBD},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {4},
   pages = {832-9},
   note = {1536-4844
LeLeiko, Neal S
Lobato, Debra
Hagin, Sarah
McQuaid, Elizabeth
Seifer, Ronald
Kopel, Sheryl J
Boergers, Julie
Nassau, Jack
Suorsa, Kristina
Shapiro, Jason
Bancroft, Barbara
R21 HD058828/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
R21 HDO58828NL/PHS HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Mar-Apr;19(4):832-9. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182802b57.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include bloody diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Long-term management of remission for most patients requires adherence to taking 1 or more oral medications daily, in the absence of symptoms. We investigated whether disease characteristics and behavioral characteristics predict adherence to prescribed medical regimens. METHODS: : Patients aged 8 to 17.5 years, newly diagnosed with IBD, and a matched cohort previously diagnosed were studied over a 6-month period. Adherence was assessed using medication electronic monitoring devices (Medication Event Monitoring Systems); participants and parents completed questionnaires regarding emotional and behavioral functioning, and biological parameters were monitored. RESULTS: : Adherence was monitored for 45 newly and 34 previously diagnosed patients. In total, 16,478 patient-days (including 12,066 discrete days) were electronically monitored. Overall, 70.6% of 5-aminosalicylic acid and 65.4% of 6-mercaptopurine doses were taken. Only 25% and 15% of older adolescents took at least 80% of their 5-aminosalicylic acid and 6-mercaptopurine, respectively, compared with about 83% and 64% of 8-year-olds to 11-year-olds. Only age and behavioral issues were statistically linked to rates of adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to commonly prescribed oral medications for IBD is challenging for patients. Screening for emotional and behavioral problems, especially among older adolescents, would be important in identifying patients at risk of poor adherence, who might benefit from interventions. Biological solutions, although critical, when applied without attention to behavioral issues, are not likely to provide the level of therapeutic benefit that can be provided in a combined biobehavioral approach.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/*administration & dosage
Administration, Oral
Adolescent
Age Factors
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/*psychology
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/*psychology
Disease Management
*Drug Monitoring
Female
Follow-Up Studies
*Health Behavior
Humans
Male
Mesalamine/*administration & dosage
*Patient Compliance
Prognosis
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {23446336},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182802b57},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lemberg, D. A. and Day, A. S.},
   title = {Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis in children: an update for 2014},
   journal = {J Paediatr Child Health},
   volume = {51},
   number = {3},
   pages = {266-70},
   note = {1440-1754
Lemberg, Daniel A
Day, Andrew S
Journal Article
Review
Australia
J Paediatr Child Health. 2015 Mar;51(3):266-70. doi: 10.1111/jpc.12685. Epub 2014 Jul 15.},
   abstract = {Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two main types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), have become increasingly common in Australasian children and adolescents in recent years. Furthermore, CD and UC are seen more often in younger children. These conditions are typically more extensive in children and tend to follow more severe disease courses than in adults. Although many children may present with typical symptoms (such as abdominal pain or bloody diarrhoea), others have atypical features (including oral ulceration, short stature or skin manifestations). In addition, many children with IBD will have altered growth or nutrition, which may compromise normal linear growth and pubertal development. Early identification and full assessment of children presenting with possible IBD are essential to avoid consequences of diagnostic delay and to optimise short- and long-term outcomes. Management of IBD encompasses various options and should be undertaken within a team-based, child and family-focused, multidisciplinary setting.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age of Onset
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/physiopathology/*therapy
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/physiopathology/*therapy
Delayed Diagnosis/adverse effects/*prevention & control
Humans
Prognosis
Treatment Outcome
Crohn disease
children
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1034-4810},
   Accession Number = {25039307},
   DOI = {10.1111/jpc.12685},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Leonel, A. J. and Teixeira, L. G. and Oliveira, R. P. and Santiago, A. F. and Batista, N. V. and Ferreira, T. R. and Santos, R. C. and Cardoso, V. N. and Cara, D. C. and Faria, A. M. and Alvarez-Leite, J.},
   title = {Antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects of tributyrin supplementation on experimental colitis},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {109},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1396-407},
   note = {1475-2662
Leonel, Alda J
Teixeira, Lilian G
Oliveira, Rafael P
Santiago, Andrezza F
Batista, Nathalia V
Ferreira, Talita R
Santos, Rosana C
Cardoso, Valbert N
Cara, Denise C
Faria, Ana M C
Alvarez-Leite, Jacqueline
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2013 Apr 28;109(8):1396-407. doi: 10.1017/S000711451200342X. Epub 2012 Aug 20.},
   abstract = {Tributyrin (TBT) is a TAG composed of three butyric acids that has beneficial effects on ulcerative colitis due to its trophic, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic and anti-carcinogenic properties. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and mechanisms of action of TBT supplementation in the prevention of mucosal damage in experimental colitis. Mice received either a control diet or a TBT-supplemented diet for 15 d. Colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulphate administration during the last 7 d. Mucosal damage and the activation of immune cells and cytokines were determined by histological score, flow cytometry and ELISA. Leucocyte rolling and adhesion were assessed by intravital microscopy. Oxidative stress was determined by monitoring hydroperoxide concentration and evaluating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. Intestinal permeability was analysed using diethylenetriaminepentaacetate acid (99mTcDTPA). Compared with the colitis group, the animals in the colitis+TBT group had reduced mucosal damage and neutrophil and eosinophil mucosal infiltration, which were associated with a higher percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg) and higher levels of transforming growth factor beta and IL-10 in the lamina propria. The level of in vivo leucocyte adhesion in the colon microvasculature was reduced after TBT supplementation. A lower level of hydroperoxide and higher levels of SOD and catalase activities were associated with TBT supplementation. TBT-supplemented mice showed reduced intestinal permeability to the levels intermediate between the control and colitis groups. In conclusion, the present results show that TBT has positive effects on colonic restructuring in experimental colitis. Additionally, TBT supplementation changes the immune response by controlling inflammation and regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and Treg.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Antioxidants/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Colitis/chemically induced/*drug therapy/pathology
Colon/*drug effects/immunology/pathology
Dietary Supplements
Disease Models, Animal
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Interleukin-10/analysis
Intestinal Mucosa/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Oxidative Stress/*drug effects/immunology
Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
Transforming Growth Factor beta/analysis
Triglycerides/*pharmacology/therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {22906779},
   DOI = {10.1017/s000711451200342x},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Levine, A. and de Bie, C. I. and Turner, D. and Cucchiara, S. and Sladek, M. and Murphy, M. S. and Escher, J. C.},
   title = {Atypical disease phenotypes in pediatric ulcerative colitis: 5-year analyses of the EUROKIDS Registry},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {2},
   pages = {370-7},
   note = {1536-4844
Levine, Arie
de Bie, Charlotte I
Turner, Dan
Cucchiara, Salvatore
Sladek, Malgorzata
Murphy, M Stephen
Escher, Johanna C
EUROKIDS Porto IBD Working Group of ESPGHAN
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Feb;19(2):370-7. doi: 10.1002/ibd.23013.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Definitive diagnosis of pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) may be particularly challenging since isolated colitis with overlapping features is common in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD), while atypical phenotypes of UC are not uncommon. The Paris classification allows more accurate phenotyping of atypical inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Our aim was to identify the prevalence of atypical disease patterns in new-onset pediatric UC using the Paris classification. METHODS: Information was collected from the EUROKIDS Registry, an inception cohort of untreated pediatric IBD patients undergoing evaluation at diagnosis. Patients with IBD-unclassified were excluded. Patients with isolated Crohn's colitis served as a control group. RESULTS: Data from 898 pediatric patients (643 UC, 255 CD colitis) were included. Extensive or pancolitis was present in 77% of UC patients and macroscopic rectal sparing in 5%. Rectal sparing was inversely associated with age (mean age with rectal sparing 9.9 years vs. 11.8 without; P = 0.02). Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) involvement occurred in 4% of patients. Erosions in the stomach were present in 3.1% of children, but frank ulcerations in 0.4%; 0.8% of children had erosions or ulcerations limited to the esophagus or duodenum. The corresponding UGI involvement in Crohn's colitis was 22%. A cecal patch occurred in 2% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Extensive disease and rectal sparing are age-dependent phenotypes in pediatric UC. Rectal sparing, cecal patch, backwash ileitis, and gastric erosions are not uncommon at diagnosis, while gastric ulcerations and erosions in the duodenum or esophagus are. Recognition of atypical phenotypes in pediatric-onset UC is crucial to prevent misclassification of IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/classification/*pathology
Colon/*pathology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
Europe
Female
Humans
Ileum/*pathology
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Israel
Logistic Models
Male
*Phenotype
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Predictive Value of Tests
Prospective Studies
Rectum/*pathology
Registries
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract/*pathology},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {22570259},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.23013},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Levine, A. and Koletzko, S. and Turner, D. and Escher, J. C. and Cucchiara, S. and de Ridder, L. and Kolho, K. L. and Veres, G. and Russell, R. K. and Paerregaard, A. and Buderus, S. and Greer, M. L. and Dias, J. A. and Veereman-Wauters, G. and Lionetti, P. and Sladek, M. and Martin de Carpi, J. and Staiano, A. and Ruemmele, F. M. and Wilson, D. C.},
   title = {ESPGHAN revised porto criteria for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {58},
   number = {6},
   pages = {795-806},
   note = {1536-4801
Levine, Arie
Koletzko, Sibylle
Turner, Dan
Escher, Johanna C
Cucchiara, Salvatore
de Ridder, Lissy
Kolho, Kaija-Leena
Veres, Gabor
Russell, Richard K
Paerregaard, Anders
Buderus, Stephan
Greer, Mary-Louise C
Dias, Jorge A
Veereman-Wauters, Gigi
Lionetti, Paolo
Sladek, Malgorzata
Martin de Carpi, Javier
Staiano, Annamaria
Ruemmele, Frank M
Wilson, David C
European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
G0800675/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Consensus Development Conference
Journal Article
Practice Guideline
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Jun;58(6):795-806. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000239.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) can be challenging in choosing the most informative diagnostic tests and correctly classifying PIBD into its different subtypes. Recent advances in our understanding of the natural history and phenotype of PIBD, increasing availability of serological and fecal biomarkers, and the emergence of novel endoscopic and imaging technologies taken together have made the previous Porto criteria for the diagnosis of PIBD obsolete. METHODS: We aimed to revise the original Porto criteria using an evidence-based approach and consensus process to yield specific practice recommendations for the diagnosis of PIBD. These revised criteria are based on the Paris classification of PIBD and the original Porto criteria while incorporating novel data, such as for serum and fecal biomarkers. A consensus of at least 80% of participants was achieved for all recommendations and the summary algorithm. RESULTS: The revised criteria depart from existing criteria by defining 2 categories of ulcerative colitis (UC, typical and atypical); atypical phenotypes of UC should be treated as UC. A novel approach based on multiple criteria for diagnosing IBD-unclassified (IBD-U) is proposed. Specifically, these revised criteria recommend upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and ileocolonscopy for all suspected patients with PIBD, with small bowel imaging (unless typical UC after endoscopy and histology) by magnetic resonance enterography or wireless capsule endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: These revised Porto criteria for the diagnosis of PIBD have been developed to meet present challenges and developments in PIBD and provide up-to-date guidelines for the definition and diagnosis of the IBD spectrum.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Capsule Endoscopy
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/pathology
Consensus
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Endoscopy, Digestive System
Gastrointestinal Tract/*pathology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
*Phenotype},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {24231644},
   DOI = {10.1097/mpg.0000000000000239},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Levy, M. and Arion, A. and Berrebi, D. and Cuisset, L. and Jeanne-Pasquier, C. and Bader-Meunier, B. and Jung, C.},
   title = {Severe early-onset colitis revealing mevalonate kinase deficiency},
   journal = {Pediatrics},
   volume = {132},
   number = {3},
   pages = {e779-83},
   note = {1098-4275
Levy, Michael
Arion, Alina
Berrebi, Dominique
Cuisset, Laurence
Jeanne-Pasquier, Corinne
Bader-Meunier, Brigitte
Jung, Camille
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
Pediatrics. 2013 Sep;132(3):e779-83. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3344. Epub 2013 Aug 26.},
   abstract = {Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D is the less severe form of mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) caused by recessive inherited mutation in the mevalonate kinase gene. Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D is characterized by febrile attacks, often associated with transient digestive manifestations, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Here we report for the first time 2 patients with MKD revealed by severe neonatal colitis. Both patients had chronic bloody diarrhea and failure to thrive; 1 patient since the age of 1 month and the other since the age of 12 days. Total parenteral nutrition was required. A marked elevation of acute phase reactants was present, and no evidence of infection was found. In patient 1, ileocolonoscopy revealed ulcerative colitis at the age of 5 months. Patient 2 suffered from enterocolitis and shock, associated with multiple bowel adhesions at age 5 weeks; the rectosigmoidoscopy showed aphtoid lesions of the sigmoid colon. Pathologic findings of colonic biopsies revealed a dense polymorph inflammatory infiltrate associated with deep ulcerations. Febrile attacks occurred 2 months after the onset of digestive symptoms in patient 1, and at onset of disease in patient 2. Genomic sequencing of the mevalonate kinase gene revealed compound heterozygous mutations in both patients. Anti-interleukin-1 agent produced long-term remission of all digestive features and laboratory parameters. This report emphasizes that MKD may be the cause of severe early-onset inflammatory colitis, and must be considered by physicians, even in the absence of fever, after ruling out infections. Anti-interleukin-1 therapy may result in a dramatic improvement of MKD-related inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Acute-Phase Proteins/analysis
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/*etiology/genetics
Colonoscopy
DNA Mutational Analysis
Diarrhea, Infantile/etiology
Enterocolitis/*diagnosis/*etiology/genetics
Failure to Thrive/etiology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Heterozygote Detection
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/therapeutic use
Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
Male
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency/*diagnosis/drug therapy/genetics
Parenteral Nutrition, Total
Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genetics
Mevalonate kinase deficiency
anti-interleukin-1
colitis},
   ISSN = {0031-4005},
   Accession Number = {23979089},
   DOI = {10.1542/peds.2012-3344},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lewis, J. D.},
   title = {A review of the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease with a focus on diet, infections and antibiotic exposure},
   journal = {Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser},
   volume = {79},
   pages = {1-18},
   note = {1664-2155
Lewis, James D
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2014;79:1-18. doi: 10.1159/000360664. Epub 2014 Sep 5.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic debilitating diseases that occur in populations around the world. The underlying etiology is thought to be multifactorial. There is a well-defined genetic contribution to the diseases, but this does not fully explain the epidemiology. Environmental factors, including the composition of the gut microbiota, are also important. There is wide geographic variability in the incidence and prevalence of IBD. High incidence rates have been observed in the United Kingdom, Northern Europe, Canada, and the United States. Globally, there is evidence of increasing incidence of CD and UC over time. The rising incidence of IBD in Western countries has generally predated that in developing nations, supporting the hypothesis that 'Westernization' of our lifestyle has led to the increased incidence of IBD. Smoking, antibiotic use, and diet are potentially reversible risk factors for IBD. Recommendations to avoid smoking are appropriate for all people, for numerous reasons. Antibiotic use should be limited to appropriate indications, a recommendation that too is appropriate for all populations. Detangling the relationship between diet, the gut microbiome and IBD raises the potential to reduce the incidence of IBD through dietary modification, an approach that might be considered among those at the highest risk.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology
*Diet
Emigration and Immigration
Humans
Incidence
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control
Life Style
Meta-Analysis as Topic
Motor Activity
Obesity/complications/diet therapy/epidemiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {1664-2147},
   Accession Number = {25227291},
   DOI = {10.1159/000360664},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Li, Y. and Zhu, W. and Gong, J. and Zuo, L. and Zhang, W. and Gu, L. and Guo, Z. and Cao, L. and Li, N. and Li, J.},
   title = {Influence of exclusive enteral nutrition therapy on visceral fat in patients with Crohn's disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1568-74},
   note = {1536-4844
Li, Yi
Zhu, Weiming
Gong, Jianfeng
Zuo, Lugen
Zhang, Wei
Gu, Lili
Guo, Zhen
Cao, Lei
Li, Ning
Li, Jieshou
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Sep;20(9):1568-74. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000114.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mesenteric fat plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD), and a higher ratio of visceral fat area (VFA) to subcutaneous fat area (SFA) is related to complicated disease status. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is an effective treatment option for patients with CD, and the aims of this study were to assess the effects of EEN on abdominal fat in patients with CD. METHODS: Patient data were obtained from a prospectively maintained database. The SFA and VFA were measured in 38 patients with CD before and after 8-week EEN therapy, and the mesenteric fat index (MFI), defined as the ratio of VFA to SFA, was calculated. The correlations between MFI and CD activity index and C-reactive protein level were also evaluated. RESULTS: The median age of the patients in our study was 29 years, and the median duration of disease was 3.05 years. Both VFA (P = 0.029) and MFI (P = 0.021) were significantly decreased in patients after EEN, but no significant change was observed in SFA (P = 0.335). MFI was significantly correlated with CD activity index (r = 0.523, P = 0.001) and C-reactive protein (r = 0.634, P < 0.0001) in patients with active CD before EEN, although no positive correlations were observed in patients after EEN treatment. CONCLUSIONS: EEN induction therapy was associated with a significant decrease in VFA in patients with CD, and MFI was significantly correlated with CD activity index and C-reactive protein in active CD. Thus, our data reveal additional beneficial therapeutic mechanisms of enteral nutrition treatment in CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Biomarkers/*analysis
Body Fat Distribution
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*therapy
Cytokines/metabolism
Enteral Nutrition/*methods
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Follow-Up Studies
*Food, Formulated
Humans
*Intra-Abdominal Fat
Male
Middle Aged
Prognosis
Prospective Studies
Remission Induction
*Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24983977},
   DOI = {10.1097/mib.0000000000000114},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Liberek, A. and Kmiec, Z. and Kartanowicz, D. and Wierzbicki, P. M. and Stanislawowski, M. and Kaszubowska, L. and Luczak, G. and Gora-Gebka, M. and Landowski, P. and Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz, A. and Liberek, T. and Kaminska, B. and Jakobkiewicz-Banecka, J. and Wegrzyn, G.},
   title = {The mRNA level of the transforming growth factor beta1 gene, but not the amount of the gene product, can be considered as a potential prognostic parameter in inflammatory bowel diseases in children},
   journal = {Int J Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {28},
   number = {2},
   pages = {165-72},
   note = {1432-1262
Liberek, Anna
Kmiec, Zbigniew
Kartanowicz, Dorota
Wierzbicki, Piotr M
Stanislawowski, Marcin
Kaszubowska, Lucyna
Luczak, Grazyna
Gora-Gebka, Magdalena
Landowski, Piotr
Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz, Agnieszka
Liberek, Tomasz
Kaminska, Barbara
Jakobkiewicz-Banecka, Joanna
Wegrzyn, Grzegorz
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013 Feb;28(2):165-72. doi: 10.1007/s00384-012-1489-4. Epub 2012 May 15.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays a role in cell proliferation and differentiation, and it can modulate immune response. In this work, we asked whether levels of either TGF-beta1 or mRNA of the corresponding gene in plasma or tissue can be useful in diagnosing and/or monitoring of the clinical course of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). METHODS: The study group consisted of 104 pediatric patients with IBD: 36 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 68 with ulcerative colitis (UC); 42 children represented the control group. TGF-beta1 levels in plasma and intestinal mucosa were estimated by ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Levels of TGF-beta1 mRNA were determined by reverse transcription and real-time PCR. RESULTS: In patients with IBD, and in subgroups with CD and UC, no significant differences in the TGF-beta1 level in plasma and tissue were found relative to the control group. These variables were not dependent on the stage of the disease, its activity or severity of endoscopic and histopathological findings. TGF-beta1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in tissue samples withdrawn during the relapse of the disease than in those taken during the remission or in the control group. However, no correlation between TGF-beta1 plasma levels and TGF-beta1 mRNA amount in the intestinal mucosa was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The TGF-beta1 mRNA level, but not the amount of the gene product, was significantly increased in the pathologically changed tissue during the relapse of IBD. We suggest that this parameter might be considered as a potential prognostic value when assessing IBD in children.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Humans
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/*diagnosis/*genetics
Intestines/metabolism/pathology
Male
Prognosis
RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism
Transforming Growth Factor beta1/blood/*genetics/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0179-1958},
   Accession Number = {22584294},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00384-012-1489-4},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lim, H. and Kim, H. J. and Hong, S. J. and Kim, S.},
   title = {Nutrient intake and bone mineral density by nutritional status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Bone Metab},
   volume = {21},
   number = {3},
   pages = {195-203},
   note = {Lim, Heesook
Kim, Hwa Jong
Hong, Su Jin
Kim, Soonkyung
Journal Article
Korea (South)
J Bone Metab. 2014 Aug;21(3):195-203. doi: 10.11005/jbm.2014.21.3.195. Epub 2014 Aug 31.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malnutrition among inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may arise from factors including inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, and progression of disease. IBD has been reported an increased prevalence of low bone mass. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the nutritional status and to investigate the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and nutrient factors in patients with IBD. METHODS: A total of 41 subjects were classified into normal group (n=21) and malnourished group (n=20) by the subjective global assessment result. We surveyed the dietary habit, nutrient intake, and BMD. RESULTS: Subjects' average age was 36.7 years old, and included 26 ulcerative colitis and 15 Crohn's disease. The serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly higher and serum calcium was significantly lower in the malnourished group. Lower bone density subjects were more in the malnourished group but no significant difference. Intake of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, iron, sodium, potassium, zinc, vitamin B6, vitamin C and folate were significantly lower in the malnourished group. The BMD of malnourished group showed correlation with triceps skin fold thickness (TSF), CRP, dietary calcium, phosphorous, iron, animal iron, zinc and vitamin. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that adequate intake of nutrients is important to prevent bone loss and systemic education programs are need for IBD patients.},
   keywords = {Bone density
Inflammatory bowel diseases
Nutritional status},
   ISSN = {2287-6375 (Print)
2287-6375},
   Accession Number = {25247157},
   DOI = {10.11005/jbm.2014.21.3.195},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lopez-Siles, M. and Martinez-Medina, M. and Busquets, D. and Sabat-Mir, M. and Duncan, S. H. and Flint, H. J. and Aldeguer, X. and Garcia-Gil, L. J.},
   title = {Mucosa-associated Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Escherichia coli co-abundance can distinguish Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease phenotypes},
   journal = {Int J Med Microbiol},
   volume = {304},
   number = {3-4},
   pages = {464-75},
   note = {1618-0607
Lopez-Siles, Mireia
Martinez-Medina, Margarita
Busquets, David
Sabat-Mir, Miriam
Duncan, Sylvia H
Flint, Harry J
Aldeguer, Xavier
Garcia-Gil, L Jesus
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Int J Med Microbiol. 2014 May;304(3-4):464-75. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.02.009. Epub 2014 Feb 21.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) diagnosis requires comprehensive examination of the patient. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Escherichia coli have been reported as representatives of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) dysbiosis. The aim was to determine whether or not quantification of these species can be used as a complementary tool either for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. METHODS: Mucosa-associated F. prausnitzii and E. coli abundance was determined in 28 controls (H), 45 CD, 28 UC patients and 10 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) subjects by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the F. prausnitzii-E. coli index (F-E index) was calculated. Species abundances were normalized to total bacteria and human cells. Data was analyzed taking into account patients' phenotype and most relevant clinical characteristics. RESULTS: IBD patients had lower F. prausnitzii abundance than H and IBS (P<0.001). CD patients showed higher E. coli counts than H and UC patients (P<0.001). The F-E index discriminated between H, CD and UC patients, and even between disease phenotypes that are usually difficult to distinguish as ileal-CD (I-CD) from ileocolonic-CD and colonic-CD from extensive colitis. E. coli increased in active CD patients, and remission in I-CD patients was compromised by high abundance of this species. Treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha diminished E. coli abundance in I-CD whereas none of the treatments counterbalanced F. prausnitzii depletion. CONCLUSION: F. prausnitzii and E. coli are useful indicators to assist in

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