text:
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@unpublished{martinez-pyo,
    author = "Martinez, Romain and Michaud, Benjamin and Begon, Micka{\"e}l",
    title = "Pyomeca: biomechanics toolbox for python",
    note = "Submitted in Journal of Open-Source Software",
    journal = "Journal of Open-Source Software",
    year = 2019,
}

@unpublished{goubault-evsn,
    author = "Goubault, Etienne and Martinez, Romain and Assila, Najoua and
              Monga-Dubreuil, {\'E}lodie and Dowling-Medley, Jennifer and Dal Maso, Fabien and Begon,
              Micka{\"e}l",
    title = "Effect of expertise on upper limb contributions and muscle forces during a lifting task",
    note = "Submitted in Human Factor",
    journal = "Human Factor",
    year = 2019,
}

@ARTICLE{Eva1992-qg,
    title = "Disability pensions due to musculo-skeletal disorders among men
              in heavy occupations. A case-control study",
    author = "Eva, V and Lars, A and Evy, F and Christer, H",
    abstract = "The relative risk of disability pension due to musculo-skeletal
              disorders has been studied with regard to occupation and work
              load. The study population comprised men born 1915 to 1934,
              living in Stockholm county. 1307 men who received a disability
              pension during 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1984 due to disorders from
              the low back, neck/shoulder, hip, and knee were compared with 298
              randomly selected men concerning occupation and occupational work
              load. Disability pensions were more common both in men with
              medium and high physical work load compared to men with low
              physical work load. Construction workers and metal workers had a
              high relative risks of receiving disability pensions because of
              disorders in all four body regions, and men in many other
              occupations had disorders in two or three regions. In office
              workers the risk of disability pension because of
              musculo-skeletal disorders was low.",
    journal = "Scand. J. Soc. Med.",
    volume = 20,
    number = 1,
    pages = "31--36",
    month = mar,
    year = 1992,
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Delp2007-ol,
    title = "{OpenSim}: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic
              simulations of movement",
    author = "Delp, Scott L and Anderson, Frank C and Arnold, Allison S and
              Loan, Peter and Habib, Ayman and John, Chand T and Guendelman,
              Eran and Thelen, Darryl G",
    abstract = "Dynamic simulations of movement allow one to study neuromuscular
              coordination, analyze athletic performance, and estimate internal
              loading of the musculoskeletal system. Simulations can also be
              used to identify the sources of pathological movement and
              establish a scientific basis for treatment planning. We have
              developed a freely available, open-source software system
              (OpenSim) that lets users develop models of musculoskeletal
              structures and create dynamic simulations of a wide variety of
              movements. We are using this system to simulate the dynamics of
              individuals with pathological gait and to explore the
              biomechanical effects of treatments. OpenSim provides a platform
              on which the biomechanics community can build a library of
              simulations that can be exchanged, tested, analyzed, and improved
              through a multi-institutional collaboration. Developing software
              that enables a concerted effort from many investigators poses
              technical and sociological challenges. Meeting those challenges
              will accelerate the discovery of principles that govern movement
              control and improve treatments for individuals with movement
              pathologies.",
    journal = "IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.",
    volume = 54,
    number = 11,
    pages = "1940--1950",
    month = nov,
    year = 2007,
    keywords = "Biomechanics;Article lu;synt\_bmc;Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ",
    language = "en"
}

% The entry below contains non-ASCII chars that could not be converted
% to a LaTeX equivalent.
@ARTICLE{Steele2012-ov,
    title = "Compressive tibiofemoral force during crouch gait",
    author = "Steele, Katherine M and Demers, Matthew S and Schwartz, Michael H
              and Delp, Scott L",
    abstract = "Crouch gait, a common walking pattern in individuals with
              cerebral palsy, is characterized by excessive flexion of the hip
              and knee. Many subjects with crouch gait experience knee pain,
              perhaps because of elevated muscle forces and joint loading. The
              goal of this study was to examine how muscle forces and
              compressive tibiofemoral force change with the increasing knee
              flexion associated with crouch gait. Muscle forces and
              tibiofemoral force were estimated for three unimpaired children
              and nine children with cerebral palsy who walked with varying
              degrees of knee flexion. We scaled a generic musculoskeletal
              model to each subject and used the model to estimate muscle
              forces and compressive tibiofemoral forces during walking. Mild
              crouch gait (minimum knee flexion 20-35°) produced a peak
              compressive tibiofemoral force similar to unimpaired walking;
              however, severe crouch gait (minimum knee flexion>50°) increased
              the peak force to greater than 6 times body-weight, more than
              double the load experienced during unimpaired gait. This increase
              in compressive tibiofemoral force was primarily due to increases
              in quadriceps force during crouch gait, which increased
              quadratically with average stance phase knee flexion (i.e.,
              crouch severity). Increased quadriceps force contributes to
              larger tibiofemoral and patellofemoral loading which may
              contribute to knee pain in individuals with crouch gait.",
    journal = "Gait Posture",
    volume = 35,
    number = 4,
    pages = "556--560",
    month = apr,
    year = 2012,
    keywords = "Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Waters2016-lw,
    title = "Variable Lifting Index ({VLI)}: A New Method for Evaluating
              Variable Lifting Tasks",
    author = "Waters, Thomas and Occhipinti, Enrico and Colombini, Daniela and
              Alvarez-Casado, Enrique and Fox, Robert",
    abstract = "OBJECTIVE: We seek to develop a new approach for analyzing the
              physical demands of highly variable lifting tasks through an
              adaptation of the Revised NIOSH (National Institute for
              Occupational Safety and Health) Lifting Equation (RNLE) into a
              Variable Lifting Index (VLI). BACKGROUND: There are many jobs
              that contain individual lifts that vary from lift to lift due to
              the task requirements. The NIOSH Lifting Equation is not suitable
              in its present form to analyze variable lifting tasks. METHOD: In
              extending the prior work on the VLI, two procedures are presented
              to allow users to analyze variable lifting tasks. One approach
              involves the sampling of lifting tasks performed by a worker over
              a shift and the calculation of the Frequency Independent Lift
              Index (FILI) for each sampled lift and the aggregation of the
              FILI values into six categories. The Composite Lift Index (CLI)
              equation is used with lifting index (LI) category frequency data
              to calculate the VLI. The second approach employs a detailed
              systematic collection of lifting task data from production and/or
              organizational sources. The data are organized into simplified
              task parameter categories and further aggregated into six FILI
              categories, which also use the CLI equation to calculate the VLI.
              RESULTS: The two procedures will allow practitioners to
              systematically employ the VLI method to a variety of work
              situations where highly variable lifting tasks are performed.
              CONCLUSIONS: The scientific basis for the VLI procedure is
              similar to that for the CLI originally presented by NIOSH;
              however, the VLI method remains to be validated. APPLICATION: The
              VLI method allows an analyst to assess highly variable manual
              lifting jobs in which the task characteristics vary from lift to
              lift during a shift.",
    journal = "Hum. Factors",
    volume = 58,
    number = 5,
    pages = "695--711",
    month = aug,
    year = 2016,
    keywords = "biomechanics; job analysis; manual materials handling; physical
              ergonomics; risk assessment;Article {\`a}
              lire;Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

% The entry below contains non-ASCII chars that could not be converted
% to a LaTeX equivalent.
@ARTICLE{Kilbom1998-la,
    title = "Work-related musculoskeletal disorders",
    author = "Kilbom, {\AA} and Messing, K",
    abstract = "by {\AA}sa Kilbom and Karen Messing many studies indicate that
               women have a higher musculoskeletal morbidity than men. this has
               been found in studies of the general population as well as in
               different occupational groups. the reasons for these gender …",
    journal = "Women's Health at Work (Kilbom {\AA}",
    publisher = "researchgate.net",
    pages = "203--227",
    year = 1998,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General"
}

@ARTICLE{Martinez2019-mm,
    title = "Sex differences in upper limb {3D} joint contributions during a
              lifting task",
    author = "Martinez, Romain and Bouffard, Jason and Michaud, Benjamin and
              Plamondon, Andr{\'e} and C{\^o}t{\'e}, Julie N and Begon,
              Micka{\"e}l",
    abstract = "Sex-related differences in work technique may contribute to
              increasing the risk of musculoskeletal joint disorders among
              women. In lifting tasks, sex differences have been reported for
              the trunk and lower limb, although women present a higher
              prevalence of shoulder disorders. We investigated sex differences
              in the upper limb technique during a lifting task. Trunk and
              upper limb kinematics were recorded in 27 women and 27 men
              lifting a box (6 or 12 kg) from hip to eye level. Work technique
              was quantified through the three-dimensional contribution of each
              joint to overall box height. The glenohumeral joint showed a
              higher contribution in women with a 6 kg box and wrist and elbow
              joints did with a 12 kg box, compared to men at either 6 or 12
              kg. Sex differences occurred systematically above shoulder level.
              Our results argue for careful consideration of sex during
              ergonomic intervention, particularly during the overhead task.
              Practitioner Summary: We investigated the sex-related differences
              in upper limb technique during lifting tasks. Results highlight a
              sex-specific kinematic strategy above the shoulder level on the
              glenohumeral joint and on the wrist and elbow joints. To help
              reduce women's shoulder disorders in overhead task, ergonomic
              interventions should account for those differences.
              Abbreviations: DoF: degree-of-freedom; WR/EL: wrist and elbow;
              GH: glenohumeral; SC/AC: sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular;
              TR/PE: pelvo-thoracic.",
    journal = "Ergonomics",
    volume = 62,
    number = 5,
    pages = "682--693",
    month = may,
    year = 2019,
    keywords = "Sex differences; joint contribution; lifting task; upper limb
              kinematics; worktechniques;Phd/AI/Biomechanics",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Urwin1998-op,
    title = "Estimating the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the
              community: the comparative prevalence of symptoms at different
              anatomical sites, and the relation to social deprivation",
    author = "Urwin, M and Symmons, D and Allison, T and Brammah, T and Busby,
              H and Roxby, M and Simmons, A and Williams, G",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Epidemiologically-based rheumatology healthcare needs
              assessment requires an understanding of the incidence and
              prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the community, of the
              reasons why people consult in primary care, and of the proportion
              of people who would benefit from referral to secondary care and
              paramedical services. This paper reports the first phase of such
              a needs assessment exercise. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: To estimate the
              relative frequency of musculoskeletal pain in different, and
              multiple, anatomical sites in the adult population. SETTING:
              Three general practices in the former Tameside and Glossop Health
              Authority, Greater Manchester, UK, a predominantly urban area.
              DESIGN: Population survey. METHODS: An age and sex stratified
              sample of 6000 adults from the three practices was mailed a
              questionnaire that sought data on demographic factors,
              musculoskeletal symptoms (pain in the past month lasting for more
              than a week), and physical disability (using the modified Health
              Assessment Questionnaire--mHAQ). The areas of pain covered were
              neck, back, shoulder, elbow, hand, hip, knee, and multiple
              joints. The Carstairs index was used as a measure of social
              deprivation of the postcode sector in which the person lived.
              RESULTS: The response rate after two reminders was 78.5\%.
              Non-responders were more likely to live in areas of high social
              deprivation. People who lived in more deprived areas were also
              more likely to report musculoskeletal pain, especially backpain.
              After adjusting for social deprivation the rates of
              musculoskeletal pain did not differ between the practices and so
              their results were combined. After adjustment for social
              deprivation, the most common site of pain was back (23\%; 95\% CI
              21, 25) followed by knee (19\%; 95\% CI 18, 21), and shoulder
              (16\%; 95\% CI 14, 17). The majority of subjects who reported
              pain had pain in more than one site. The prevalence of physical
              disability in the community rose with age. It was highest in
              those with multiple joint problems but was also high in those
              with isolated back or knee pain. CONCLUSION: Musculoskeletal pain
              is common in the community. People who live in socially deprived
              areas have more musculoskeletal symptoms. Estimates of the
              overall burden of musculoskeletal pain that combine the results
              of site specific surveys will be too high, those that do not
              adjust for socioeconomic factors will be too low.",
    journal = "Ann. Rheum. Dis.",
    volume = 57,
    number = 11,
    pages = "649--655",
    month = nov,
    year = 1998,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;synt\_bmc;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Dickerson2007-qj,
    title = "A mathematical musculoskeletal shoulder model for proactive
              ergonomic analysis",
    author = "Dickerson, Clark R and Chaffin, Don B and Hughes, Richard E",
    abstract = "Occupational shoulder musculoskeletal injuries and disorders are
              common. Generally available shoulder work analysis tools do not
              offer insight into specific muscle load magnitudes that may
              indicate increased risk, nor do they address many concerns
              germane to job analysis. To address these issues, a biomechanical
              model of the shoulder was developed to include several critical
              components: the systematic inclusion of kinematic and kinetic
              effects, population scalability, geometric realism, an empirical
              glenohumeral constraint, and integration with digital ergonomics
              analysis software tools. This unique combination of features in a
              single model was explored through examination of both
              experimental and simulated data with the developed analysis tool.
              The utility of the model is discussed together with a review of
              its specific strengths and weaknesses, and the potential for its
              future use in proactive ergonomic analyses and workplace
              simulations.",
    journal = "Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin.",
    volume = 10,
    number = 6,
    pages = "389--400",
    month = dec,
    year = 2007,
    keywords = "Biomechanics;Article lu;synt\_bmc;Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Palmerud2000-mp,
    title = "Intramuscular pressure of the infra- and supraspinatus muscles in
              relation to hand load and arm posture",
    author = "Palmerud, G and Forsman, M and Sporrong, H and Herberts, P and
              Kadefors, R",
    abstract = "In work engaging the upper extremities, the musculoskeletal
              system of the shoulder is sometimes exposed to prolonged
              excessive load, leading to musculoskeletal disorders of the
              shoulder. One way of reducing work-related shoulder disorders is
              to establish guidelines for working postures. The purpose of this
              study was to identify harmful working positions, by performing a
              comprehensive survey of the intramuscular pressure (IMP) in the
              infra- and supraspinatus muscles in relation to different arm
              positions and external loads. Ten healthy males participated, and
              the IMP in the infra- and supraspinatus muscles was studied in a
              total of 112 combinations of arm positions and hand loads at
              levels that occur frequently in industrial work. High-precision
              spatial recordings were accomplished with a three-dimensional
              motion-analysis system, and the IMP was measured using the
              microcapillary infusion technique. The mean IMP of the
              infraspinatus muscle as well as that of the supraspinatus muscle
              increased continuously from a resting pressure at 0 degrees of
              upper arm elevation to a maximal pressure at 90 degrees of upper
              arm elevation, for all elevation planes. The mean IMP of the
              supraspinatus muscle appeared to be more dependent upon the
              elevation plane and less dependent upon the hand load, compared
              to the infraspinatus muscle. Even during only moderate arm
              elevation, the mean IMP of the infra- and supraspinatus muscles,
              presented here in polar diagrams, had already exceeded the levels
              of reduced recovery from local muscle fatigue and blood flow
              impairment. The elevation angle and the hand load primarily
              influence the development of IMP in the infra- and supraspinatus
              muscles.",
    journal = "Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.",
    volume = 83,
    number = "2-3",
    pages = "223--230",
    month = oct,
    year = 2000,
    keywords = "Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Yoon2012-ap,
    title = "The effect of load weight vs. pace on muscle recruitment during
              lifting",
    author = "Yoon, Jangwhon and Shiekhzadeh, Ali and Nordin, Margareta",
    abstract = "The purpose of this study was to compare the effect on the trunk
              and upper extremity muscle recruitment when controlling the
              lifting pace and the lifting weight. Thirty nine healthy subjects
              performed a total of 12 lifts (3 lifting trials per condition, 2
              lifting weights, and 2 lifting paces), from waist height to
              shoulder height. Kinematics of upper extremity and the box and
              electromyography of trunk and upper extremity muscles were
              collected. Temporal muscle recruitment pattern varied between
              muscles based on their function. Heavier lifting weight evenly
              increased the muscle recruitment throughout the lifting period
              without changing their temporal pattern. In contrary, lifting
              pace affected the temporal recruitment pattern in most of
              muscles. The faster lifting pace increased the muscle recruitment
              at the beginning phase but decreased at the terminal phase of
              lifting. It is important to educate the workers about the effect
              of lifting pace and weight on the biomechanical load to control
              the mechanical load on the muscles and spine.",
    journal = "Appl. Ergon.",
    volume = 43,
    number = 6,
    pages = "1044--1050",
    month = nov,
    year = 2012,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Snook1991-yo,
    title = "The design of manual handling tasks: revised tables of maximum
              acceptable weights and forces",
    author = "Snook, S H and Ciriello, V M",
    abstract = "Four new manual handling experiments are reviewed. The experiment
              used male and female subjects to study lifting, lowering,
              pushing, pulling, and carrying tasks. Each experiment used a
              psychophysical methodology with measurements of oxygen
              consumption, heart rate, and anthropometric characteristics.
              Independent variables included task frequency, distance, height
              and duration; object size and handles; extended horizontal reach;
              and combination tasks. The results of the four experiments were
              integrated with the results of seven similar experiments
              published previously by this laboratory. The integrated data were
              used to revise maximum acceptable weights and forces originally
              published in 1978. The revised tables are presented and compared
              with the original tables.",
    journal = "Ergonomics",
    volume = 34,
    number = 9,
    pages = "1197--1213",
    month = sep,
    year = 1991,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;synt\_bmc;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Blache2015-oc,
    title = "Effects of height and load weight on shoulder muscle work during
              overhead lifting task",
    author = "Blache, Y and Desmoulins, L and Allard, P and Plamondon, A and
              Begon, M",
    abstract = "Few musculoskeletal models are available to assess shoulder
              deeper muscle demand during overhead lifting tasks. Our objective
              was to implement a musculoskeletal model to assess the effect of
              lifting height and load on shoulder muscle work. A
              musculoskeletal model scaled from 15 male subjects was used to
              calculate shoulder muscle work during six lifting tasks. Boxes
              containing three different loads (6, 12 and 18 kg) were lifted by
              the subjects from the waist to shoulder or eye level. After
              optimisation of the maximal isometric force of the model's
              muscles, the bio-fidelity of the model was improved by 19\%. The
              latter was able to reproduce the subjects' lifting movements.
              Mechanical work of the rotator cuff muscles, upper trapezius and
              anterior deltoid was increased with lifting load and height
              augmentation. In conclusion, the use of a musculoskeletal model
              validated by electromyography enabled to evaluate the muscle
              demand of deep muscles during lifting tasks.",
    journal = "Ergonomics",
    volume = 58,
    number = 5,
    pages = "748--761",
    year = 2015,
    keywords = "biomechanics; handling movement; musculoskeletal model; rotator
              cuff muscles;Article lu;Ergonomics;mvc;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Kian2019-gz,
    title = "Static optimization underestimates antagonist muscle activity at
              the glenohumeral joint: a musculoskeletal modeling study",
    author = "Kian, Azadeh and Pizzolato, Claudio and Halaki, Mark and Ginn,
              Karen and Lloyd, David and Reed, Darren and Ackland, David",
    abstract = "Static optimization is commonly employed in musculoskeletal
              modeling to estimate muscle and joint loading; however, the
              ability of this approach to predict antagonist muscle activity at
              the shoulder is poorly understood. Antagonist muscles, which
              contribute negatively to a net joint moment, are known to be
              important for maintaining glenohumeral joint stability. This
              study aimed to compare muscle and joint force predictions from a
              subject-specific neuromusculoskeletal model of the shoulder
              driven entirely by measured muscle electromyography (EMG) data
              with those from a musculoskeletal model employing static
              optimization. Four healthy adults performed six sub-maximal
              upper-limb contractions including shoulder abduction, adduction,
              flexion, extension, internal rotation and external rotation. EMG
              data were simultaneously measured from 16 shoulder muscles using
              surface and intramuscular electrodes, and joint motion evaluated
              using video motion analysis. Muscle and joint forces were
              calculated using both a calibrated EMG-driven
              neuromusculoskeletal modeling framework, and musculoskeletal
              model simulations that employed static optimization. The
              EMG-driven model predicted antagonistic muscle function for
              pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and teres major during
              abduction and flexion; supraspinatus during adduction; middle
              deltoid during extension; and subscapularis, pectoralis major and
              latissimus dorsi during external rotation. In contrast, static
              optimization neural solutions showed little or no recruitment of
              these muscles, and preferentially activated agonistic prime
              movers with large moment arms. As a consequence, glenohumeral
              joint force calculations varied substantially between models. The
              findings suggest that static optimization may under-estimate the
              activity of muscle antagonists, and therefore, their contribution
              to glenohumeral joint stability.",
    journal = "J. Biomech.",
    pages = "109348",
    month = oct,
    year = 2019,
    keywords = "shoulder; deltoid; rotator cuff; EMG; neuromusculoskeletal;
              static optimization; biomechanical model"
}

@ARTICLE{Burgess-Limerick1995-uh,
    title = "Self-selected manual lifting technique: functional consequences
              of the interjoint coordination",
    author = "Burgess-Limerick, R and Abernethy, B and Neal, R J and Kippers, V",
    abstract = "The pattern of movement self-selected by 39 subjects to lift
              light loads from 9 cm above the ground is described in kinematic
              and electromyographic terms. Hamstring length changes were
              estimated from hip and knee angular kinematics. Subjects adopted
              a posture at the start of the lift intermediate between stoop and
              full-squat postures. A consistent coordination between knee, hip,
              and lumbar vertebral joints during lifting was described through
              calculation of the relative phase between adjacent joints and
              found to be exaggerated with increases in load mass. During the
              early phase of lifting, knee extension leads hip extension, which
              in turn leads extension of the lumbar vertebral joints. Early in
              the lifting movement, when load acceleration is greatest, the
              erectores spinae are thus relatively long and shortening slowly.
              Both of these factors produce greater back extensor strength.
              Rapid hamstring shortening is also delayed, which enhances their
              strength, and coactivation of the monoarticular knee extensors
              and biarticular hamstring observed early in the lifting movement
              suggested that the knee extensors contribute to hip extension
              through a tendinous action of the hamstrings.",
    journal = "Hum. Factors",
    volume = 37,
    number = 2,
    pages = "395--411",
    month = jun,
    year = 1995,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Kopec1995-qs,
    title = "The Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale. Measurement properties",
    author = "Kopec, J A and Esdaile, J M and Abrahamowicz, M and Abenhaim, L
              and Wood-Dauphinee, S and Lamping, D L and Williams, J I",
    abstract = "STUDY DESIGN: The Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale is a 20-item
              self-administered instrument designed to assess the level of
              functional disability in individuals with back pain. The scale
              was administered as part of a larger questionnaire to a group of
              242 back pain patients. Follow-up data were obtained after
              several days and after 2 to 6 months. OBJECTIVES: The goal of
              this study was to determine whether the Quebec scale is a
              reliable, valid, and responsive measure of disability in back
              pain, and to compare it with other disability scales. SUMMARY OF
              BACKGROUND DATA: A number of functional disability scales for
              back pain are being used, but their conceptual validity is
              uncertain. Unlike most published instruments, the Quebec scale
              was constructed using a conceptual approach to disability
              assessment and empirical methods of item development, analysis,
              and selection. METHODS: The authors calculated test-retest and
              internal consistency coefficients, evaluated construct validity
              of the scale, and tested its responsiveness against a global
              index of change. Direct comparisons with the Roland, Oswestry,
              and SF-36 scales were carried out. RESULTS: Test-retest
              reliability was 0.92, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.96.
              The scale correlated as expected with other measures of
              disability, pain, medical history, and utilization variables,
              work-related variables, and socio-demographic characteristics.
              Significant changes in disability over time, and differences in
              change scores between patients that were expected to differ in
              the direction of change, were found. CONCLUSIONS: The Quebec
              scale can be recommended as an outcome measure in clinical
              trials, and for monitoring the progress of individual patients
              participating in treatment or rehabilitation programs.",
    journal = "Spine",
    volume = 20,
    number = 3,
    pages = "341--352",
    month = feb,
    year = 1995,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Nichols2002-ri,
    title = "Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: a
              primer with examples",
    author = "Nichols, Thomas E and Holmes, Andrew P",
    abstract = "Requiring only minimal assumptions for validity, nonparametric
              permutation testing provides a flexible and intuitive methodology
              for the statistical analysis of data from functional neuroimaging
              experiments, at some computational expense. Introduced into the
              functional neuroimaging literature by Holmes et al. ([1996]: J
              Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16:7-22), the permutation approach readily
              accounts for the multiple comparisons problem implicit in the
              standard voxel-by-voxel hypothesis testing framework. When the
              appropriate assumptions hold, the nonparametric permutation
              approach gives results similar to those obtained from a
              comparable Statistical Parametric Mapping approach using a
              general linear model with multiple comparisons corrections
              derived from random field theory. For analyses with low degrees
              of freedom, such as single subject PET/SPECT experiments or
              multi-subject PET/SPECT or fMRI designs assessed for population
              effects, the nonparametric approach employing a locally pooled
              (smoothed) variance estimate can outperform the comparable
              Statistical Parametric Mapping approach. Thus, these
              nonparametric techniques can be used to verify the validity of
              less computationally expensive parametric approaches. Although
              the theory and relative advantages of permutation approaches have
              been discussed by various authors, there has been no accessible
              explication of the method, and no freely distributed software
              implementing it. Consequently, there have been few practical
              applications of the technique. This article, and the accompanying
              MATLAB software, attempts to address these issues. The standard
              nonparametric randomization and permutation testing ideas are
              developed at an accessible level, using practical examples from
              functional neuroimaging, and the extensions for multiple
              comparisons described. Three worked examples from PET and fMRI
              are presented, with discussion, and comparisons with standard
              parametric approaches made where appropriate. Practical
              considerations are given throughout, and relevant statistical
              concepts are expounded in appendices.",
    journal = "Hum. Brain Mapp.",
    volume = 15,
    number = 1,
    pages = "1--25",
    month = jan,
    year = 2002,
    keywords = "Phd/Statistics/SPM",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Palmer2012-yc,
    title = "Effectiveness of community- and workplace-based interventions to
              manage musculoskeletal-related sickness absence and job loss: a
              systematic review",
    author = "Palmer, Keith T and Harris, Elizabeth C and Linaker, Cathy and
              Barker, Mary and Lawrence, Wendy and Cooper, Cyrus and Coggon,
              David",
    abstract = "OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of interventions in
              community and workplace settings to reduce sickness absence and
              job loss in workers with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).
              METHODS: Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort
              studies, published since 1990, were identified by screening
              citations from 35 earlier systematic reviews and by searching
              MEDLINE and Embase until April 2010. Effects were estimated by
              intervention category and other features, including study
              quality. RESULTS: Among 42 studies (including 34 RCTs), 27
              assessed return to work (RTW), 21 duration of sickness absence
              and 5 job loss. Interventions included exercise therapy,
              behavioural change techniques, workplace adaptations and
              provision of additional services. Studies were typically small
              \{median sample 107 [inter-quartile range (IQR) 77-148]\} and
              limited in quality. Most interventions appeared beneficial: the
              median relative risk (RR) for RTW was 1.21 (IQR 1.00-1.60) and
              that for avoiding MSD-related job loss was 1.25 (IQR 1.06-1.71);
              the median reduction in sickness absence was 1.11 (IQR 0.32-3.20)
              days/month. However, effects were smaller in larger and
              better-quality studies, suggesting publication bias. No
              intervention was clearly superior, although effort-intensive
              interventions were less effective than simple ones. No
              cost-benefit analyses established statistically significant net
              economic benefits. CONCLUSION: As benefits are small and of
              doubtful cost-effectiveness, employers' practice should be guided
              by their value judgements about the uncertainties. Expensive
              interventions should be implemented only with rigorous
              cost-benefit evaluation planned from the outset. Future research
              should focus on the cost-effectiveness of simple, low-cost
              interventions, and further explore impacts on job retention.",
    journal = "Rheumatology",
    volume = 51,
    number = 2,
    pages = "230--242",
    month = feb,
    year = 2012,
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Kim2017-zr,
    title = "Estimation of lumbar spinal loading and trunk muscle forces
              during asymmetric lifting tasks: application of whole-body
              musculoskeletal modelling in {OpenSim}",
    author = "Kim, Hyun-Kyung and Zhang, Yanxin",
    abstract = "Large spinal compressive force combined with axial torsional
              shear force during asymmetric lifting tasks is highly associated
              with lower back injury (LBI). The aim of this study was to
              estimate lumbar spinal loading and muscle forces during symmetric
              lifting (SL) and asymmetric lifting (AL) tasks using a whole-body
              musculoskeletal modelling approach. Thirteen healthy males lifted
              loads of 7 and 12 kg under two lifting conditions (SL and AL).
              Kinematic data and ground reaction force data were collected and
              then processed by a whole-body musculoskeletal model. The results
              show AL produced a significantly higher peak lateral shear force
              as well as greater peak force of psoas major, quadratus lumborum,
              multifidus, iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus
              thoracis pars lumborum and external oblique than SL. The greater
              lateral shear forces combined with higher muscle force and
              asymmetrical muscle contractions may have the biomechanical
              mechanism responsible for the increased risk of LBI during AL.
              Practitioner Summary: Estimating lumbar spinal loading and muscle
              forces during free-dynamic asymmetric lifting tasks with a
              whole-body musculoskeletal modelling in OpenSim is the core value
              of this research. The results show that certain muscle groups are
              fundamentally responsible for asymmetric movement, thereby
              producing high lumbar spinal loading and muscle forces, which may
              increase risks of LBI during asymmetric lifting tasks.",
    journal = "Ergonomics",
    volume = 60,
    number = 4,
    pages = "563--576",
    month = apr,
    year = 2017,
    keywords = "Biomechanics; back pain; injury risks; manual handling;
              musculoskeletal disorders;Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Pope2001-ph,
    title = "Association of occupational physical demands and psychosocial
              working environment with disabling shoulder pain",
    author = "Pope, D P and Silman, A J and Cherry, N M and Pritchard, C and
              Macfarlane, G J",
    abstract = "OBJECTIVE: To estimate the individual and combined associations
              of physical and psychosocial working environment with disabling
              shoulder pain and to identify groups at ``high risk'' for
              shoulder pain. METHODS: A cross sectional survey was conducted at
              five manual occupational settings in south Manchester, United
              Kingdom (n=775, 83\%). RESULTS: Both the duration of occupational
              physical demands (working postures, manual handling activities,
              and repetitive arm movements) and psychosocial working
              environment (psychological demands and lack of opportunity to
              learn new skills) were found to be significantly associated with
              shoulder pain. Three occupational factors identified a high risk
              group for shoulder pain: duration of lifting with one hand
              (prevalence rate ratio (PRR) (highest third) 2.0, 95\% confidence
              interval (CI) 1.4 to 2.8), duration of working above shoulder
              level (PRR (highest third) 2.2, 95\% CI 1.5 to 3.3), and whether
              employees found their work stressful (PRR (highest third) 1.4,
              95\% CI 1.0 to 2.1). In addition, a measure of psychological
              distress (General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) score) was found to
              identify a group at high risk for shoulder pain (PRR (highest
              third) 1.9, 95\% CI 1.3 to 2.9). In employees exposed to three or
              more of these factors, 79\% (23/29) reported shoulder pain
              compared with only 16\% (56/353) of those not exposed to any.
              CONCLUSION: This study has identified a variety of occupational
              physical demands and psychosocial factors associated with
              shoulder pain. It has also identified groups of employees at a
              ``high risk'' for shoulder pain by their exposure to both
              physical and psychosocial factors.",
    journal = "Ann. Rheum. Dis.",
    volume = 60,
    number = 9,
    pages = "852--858",
    month = sep,
    year = 2001,
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Herberts1984-xk,
    title = "Shoulder pain and heavy manual labor",
    author = "Herberts, P and Kadefors, R and H{\"o}gfors, C and Sigholm, G",
    abstract = "The problem of the increasingly common shoulder pain syndromes in
              industry was investigated by biomechanic and epidemiologic
              methods. Rotator cuff tendinitis constitutes a major problem in
              people with arduous occupations, i.e., shipyard welders
              (prevalence ratio, 18.3\%), and steel plateworkers (16.2\%).
              Static work seems to induce symptoms at an earlier age. The
              clinical diagnosis was supraspinatus tendinitis. The biomechanic
              studies confirmed the view that the shoulder muscles are heavily
              loaded when the arm is elevated. Excessive hand tool mass
              increases the strain markedly in some muscles, particularly the
              supraspinatus and the infraspinatus. The hypovascularity of the
              supraspinatus tendon is then likely to be accentuated by high
              intramuscular pressure that reduces the blood flow through the
              muscle. The strain on the supraspinatus muscle in overhead work
              is an important factor contributing to prolonged shoulder
              disability. An analysis of the distribution of loads imposed on
              the shoulder in practical working situations can be based on
              observations of working postures and external forces.",
    journal = "Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.",
    pages = "166--178",
    month = dec,
    year = 1984,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;synt\_bmc;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Erdemir2007-ou,
    title = "Model-based estimation of muscle forces exerted during movements",
    author = "Erdemir, Ahmet and McLean, Scott and Herzog, Walter and van den
              Bogert, Antonie J",
    abstract = "Estimation of individual muscle forces during human movement can
              provide insight into neural control and tissue loading and can
              thus contribute to improved diagnosis and management of both
              neurological and orthopaedic conditions. Direct measurement of
              muscle forces is generally not feasible in a clinical setting,
              and non-invasive methods based on musculoskeletal modeling should
              therefore be considered. The current state of the art in clinical
              movement analysis is that resultant joint torques can be reliably
              estimated from motion data and external forces (inverse dynamic
              analysis). Static optimization methods to transform joint torques
              into estimates of individual muscle forces using musculoskeletal
              models, have been known for several decades. To date however,
              none of these methods have been successfully translated into
              clinical practice. The main obstacles are the lack of studies
              reporting successful validation of muscle force estimates, and
              the lack of user-friendly and efficient computer software. Recent
              advances in forward dynamics methods have opened up new
              opportunities. Forward dynamic optimization can be performed such
              that solutions are less dependent on measured kinematics and
              ground reaction forces, and are consistent with additional
              knowledge, such as the force-length-velocity-activation
              relationships of the muscles, and with observed electromyography
              signals during movement. We conclude that clinical applications
              of current research should be encouraged, supported by further
              development of computational tools and research into new
              algorithms for muscle force estimation and their validation.",
    journal = "Clin. Biomech.",
    volume = 22,
    number = 2,
    pages = "131--154",
    month = feb,
    year = 2007,
    keywords = "Biomechanics;synt\_bmc;Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Vecchio1995-ke,
    title = "Shoulder pain in a community-based rheumatology clinic",
    author = "Vecchio, P and Kavanagh, R and Hazleman, B L and King, R H",
    abstract = "The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of
              different shoulder disorders likely to be experienced by a
              rheumatologist in a community-based rheumatology clinic. We
              assessed patients with shoulder pain presenting to a large
              general practice at a community-based rheumatology clinic. It was
              found that the more common conditions seen were rotator cuff
              lesions (65\%), pericapsular soft tissue pain (11\%),
              acromioclavicular joint pain (10\%) and referred pain from
              cervical spine (5\%). In conclusion this study has established
              the spectrum of shoulder disorders referred from general practice
              to a highly accessible community-based rheumatology clinic. The
              diagnostic processes to distinguish the different conditions rely
              chiefly on an accurate history and directed examination.",
    journal = "Br. J. Rheumatol.",
    volume = 34,
    number = 5,
    pages = "440--442",
    month = may,
    year = 1995,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;synt\_bmc;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Seth2011-nc,
    title = "{OpenSim}: a musculoskeletal modeling and simulation framework
              for in silico investigations and exchange",
    author = "Seth, Ajay and Sherman, Michael and Reinbolt, Jeffrey A and Delp,
              Scott L",
    abstract = "Movement science is driven by observation, but observation alone
              cannot elucidate principles of human and animal movement.
              Biomechanical modeling and computer simulation complement
              observations and inform experimental design. Biological models
              are complex and specialized software is required for building,
              validating, and studying them. Furthermore, common access is
              needed so that investigators can contribute models to a broader
              community and leverage past work. We are developing OpenSim, a
              freely available musculoskeletal modeling and simulation
              application and libraries specialized for these purposes, by
              providing: musculoskeletal modeling elements, such as
              biomechanical joints, muscle actuators, ligament forces,
              compliant contact, and controllers; and tools for fitting generic
              models to subject-specific data, performing inverse kinematics
              and forward dynamic simulations. OpenSim performs an array of
              physics-based analyses to delve into the behavior of
              musculoskeletal models by employing Simbody, an efficient and
              accurate multibody system dynamics code. Models are publicly
              available and are often reused for multiple investigations
              because they provide a rich set of behaviors that enables
              different lines of inquiry. This report will discuss one model
              developed to study walking and applied to gain deeper insights
              into muscle function in pathological gait and during running. We
              then illustrate how simulations can test fundamental hypotheses
              and focus the aims of in vivo experiments, with a postural
              stability platform and human model that provide a research
              environment for performing human posture experiments in silico.
              We encourage wide adoption of OpenSim for community exchange of
              biomechanical models and methods and welcome new contributors.",
    journal = "Procedia IUTAM",
    volume = 2,
    pages = "212--232",
    year = 2011,
    keywords = "SimTK Simbody; Simbios biocomputation; biological joints; gait
              simulation; musculotendinous actuators; neuromuscular control;
              neuromusculoskeletal
              biomechanics;Biomechanics;synt\_bmc;Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Douma2014-mz,
    title = "Reference values for isometric muscle force among workers for the
              Netherlands: a comparison of reference values",
    author = "Douma, Rob Kw and Soer, Remko and Krijnen, Wim P and Reneman,
              Michiel and van der Schans, Cees P",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Muscle force is important for daily life and sports
              and can be measured with a handheld dynamometer. Reference values
              are employed to quantify a subject's muscle force. It is not
              unambiguous whether reference values can be generalized to other
              populations. Objectives in this study were; first to confirm the
              reliability of the utilization of hand-held dynamometers for
              isometric strength measurement; second to determine reference
              values for a population of Dutch workers; third to compare these
              values with those of a USA population. METHODS: 462 Healthy
              working subjects (259 male, 203 female) were included in this
              study. Their age ranged from 20 to 60 years with a mean (sd) of
              41 (11) years. Muscle force values from elbow flexion and
              extension, knee flexion and extension, and shoulder abduction
              were measured with the break method using a MicroFet 2 hand-held
              dynamometer. Reliability was analyzed by calculating ICC's and
              limits of agreement. Muscle force expressed in Newton, means, and
              confidence intervals were determined for males and females in age
              groups ranging from twenty to sixty years old. Regression
              equations and explained variances were calculated from weight,
              height, age, and gender. The mean values and 95\% CI were
              compared to the results from other studies. RESULTS: Reliability
              was good; the ICC ranged between 0.83 to 0.94. The explained
              variance ranged from 0.25 to 0.51. Comparison of data for the
              Dutch population mean muscle force values with those from the USA
              revealed important differences between muscle force reference
              values for the American and Dutch populations. CONCLUSIONS:
              Muscle force measurements demonstrate a sound reliability.
              Reference values and regressions equations are made available for
              the Dutch population. Comparison with other studies indicates
              that reference values differ between countries.",
    journal = "BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil.",
    volume = 6,
    number = 1,
    pages = "10",
    month = feb,
    year = 2014,
    keywords = "Phd/Ergonomics/Men-women",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Waters1993-nk,
    title = "Revised {NIOSH} equation for the design and evaluation of manual
              lifting tasks",
    author = "Waters, T R and Putz-Anderson, V and Garg, A and Fine, L J",
    abstract = "In 1985, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
              Health (NIOSH) convened an ad hoc committee of experts who
              reviewed the current literature on lifting, recommend criteria
              for defining lifting capacity, and in 1991 developed a revised
              lifting equation. Subsequently, NIOSH developed the documentation
              for the equation and played a prominent role in recommending
              methods for interpreting the results of the equation. The 1991
              equation reflects new findings and provides methods for
              evaluating asymmetrical lifting tasks, lifts of objects with less
              than optimal hand-container couplings, and also provides
              guidelines for a larger range of work durations and lifting
              frequencies than the 1981 equation. This paper provides the basis
              for selecting the three criteria (biomechanical, physiological,
              and psychophysical) that were used to define the 1991 equation,
              and describes the derivation of the individual components
              (Putz-Anderson and Waters 1991). The paper also describes the
              lifting index (LI), an index of relative physical stress, that
              can be used to identify hazardous lifting tasks. Although the
              1991 equation has not been fully validated, the recommended
              weight limits derived from the revised equation are consistent
              with or lower than those generally reported in the literature.
              NIOSH believes that the revised 1991 lifting equation is more
              likely than the 1981 equation to protect most workers.",
    journal = "Ergonomics",
    volume = 36,
    number = 7,
    pages = "749--776",
    month = jul,
    year = 1993,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Bouffard2019-fd,
    title = "Sex differences in glenohumeral muscle activation and
               coactivation during a box lifting task",
    author = "Bouffard, Jason and Martinez, Romain and Plamondon, Andr{\'e}
               and C{\^o}t{\'e}, Julie N and Begon, Micka{\"e}l",
    abstract = "Manual material handling is associated with shoulder
               musculoskeletal disorders, especially for women. Sex differences
               in glenohumeral muscle activity may contribute to women's higher
               injury risk by affecting shoulder load and stability. We
               assessed the effects of sex (25 women vs 26 men) and lifting
               load (6 kg vs 12 kg) on muscle activation during box lifting
               from hip to eye level. Surface and intramuscular
               electromyography were recorded from 10 glenohumeral muscles.
               Most muscles were more activated for the heavier box and for
               women. These effects were larger for 'prime movers' than for
               stabilisers and antagonists. Despite their apparently
               heterogeneous effects on muscle activity, sex and mass did not
               affect Muscle Focus, a metric of coactivation. This may be
               partly related to the limited sensitivity of the Muscle Focus.
               Nevertheless, sex differences in strength, more than in
               coactivation patterns, may contribute to the sex imbalance in
               the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. Practitioner
               summary: We studied sex differences in glenohumeral muscle
               activity in a lifting task to eye level. Women lifting a 6-kg
               box activated their muscles similarly to men lifting a 12-kg
               box, i.e. up to 48\% of their maximum capacity. Interventions
               minimising shoulder load should be implemented, especially for
               women. Abbreviations: BB: biceps brachii; DeltA: anterior
               deltoid; DeltL: lateral deltoid; DeltP: posterior deltoid; DoF:
               degrees of freedom; ED: effect duration; EMG: electromyography;
               ES: effect size; Infra: infraspinatus; Lat: latissimus dorsi;
               MF: muscle focus; MMH: manual material handling; MVA: maximal
               voluntary activation; Pect: pectoralis major; Subscap:
               subscapularis; Supra: supraspinatus; TB: triceps brachii.",
    journal = "Ergonomics",
    publisher = "Taylor \& Francis",
    volume = 62,
    number = 10,
    pages = "1327--1338",
    month = oct,
    year = 2019,
    keywords = "Shoulder; electromyography; gender; manual material handling;
               occupational
               biomechanics;Phd/Ergonomics/General;Phd/Ergonomics/Men-women",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Pontonnier2014-vx,
    title = "Strengths and limitations of a musculoskeletal model for an
              analysis of simulated meat cutting tasks",
    author = "Pontonnier, Charles and de Zee, Mark and Samani, Afshin and
              Dumont, Georges and Madeleine, Pascal",
    abstract = "This study assessed the capacity of a musculoskeletal model to
              predict the relative muscle activation changes as a function of
              the workbench height and the movement direction during a
              simulated meat cutting task. Seven subjects performed a cutting
              task alternating two cutting directions for 20 s at four
              different workbench heights. Kinematics, electromyography (EMG),
              and cutting force data were collected and used to drive a
              musculoskeletal model of the shoulder girdle. The model predicted
              the muscle forces exerted during the task. Both the recorded and
              computed activation of the muscles was then compared by means of
              cross-correlation and by comparison of muscle activation trends
              with respect to the workstation parameters, i.e. cutting
              direction and workbench height. The results indicated that
              cutting movements involving arm flexion are preferable to
              movement requiring internal arm rotation and abduction. The
              optimal bench height for meat cutting tasks should be between 20
              and 30 cm below the worker's elbow height. The present study
              underlines a beneficial use of musculoskeletal models for
              adjusting workstation parameters.",
    journal = "Appl. Ergon.",
    volume = 45,
    number = 3,
    pages = "592--600",
    month = may,
    year = 2014,
    keywords = "Electromyography; Physical risk factors; Trend
              analysis;Biomechanics;Article lu;synt\_bmc;Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Hooftman2009-bk,
    title = "Is there a gender difference in the effect of work-related
              physical and psychosocial risk factors on musculoskeletal
              symptoms and related sickness absence?",
    author = "Hooftman, Wendela E and van der Beek, Allard J and Bongers,
              Paulien M and van Mechelen, Willem",
    abstract = "OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine whether
              there are gender differences in the effect of exposure to
              work-related physical and psychosocial risk factors on low back,
              neck, shoulder, or hand-arm symptoms and related sickness
              absence. METHODS: Data of a prospective cohort (study on
              musculoskeletal disorders, absenteeism stress and health) with a
              follow-up period of three years were used. Questionnaires were
              used to assess exposure to risk factors and musculoskeletal
              symptoms. Sickness absence was registered continuously.
              Female-to-male gender ratios (GR) were calculated to determine
              whether there were any differences in the effect. A GR value
              >1.33 or 1.33 was found for twisting the upper body, working in
              uncomfortable postures, twisting the wrist, bending the neck
              backwards, and coworker and supervisor support (GR range
              1.66-2.63). For driving vehicles, hand-arm vibration, squeezing,
              working above shoulder level or below knee level, reaching,
              twisting the neck, job demands, and skill discretion, the GR
              value was <0.75. For job satisfaction, a GR value of 0.50 was
              found for absence due to back symptoms, while the GR value was
              1.78 for sickness absence due to neck, shoulder, or hand-arm
              symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Although women are expected to be more
              vulnerable to exposure to work-related risk factors, the results
              of this study show that, in many cases, men are more vulnerable.
              This study could not explain the gender difference in
              musculoskeletal symptoms among workers.",
    journal = "Scand. J. Work Environ. Health",
    volume = 35,
    number = 2,
    pages = "85--95",
    month = mar,
    year = 2009,
    keywords = "Article lu;Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/Men-women",
    language = "en"
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mortensen2018-jr,
    title = "Improved Ergonomic Risk Factor Assessment Using {OpenSim} and
               Inertial Measurement Units",
    booktitle = "2018 {IEEE/ACM} International Conference on Connected Health:
               Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies ({CHASE})",
    author = "Mortensen, J and Trkov, M and Merryweather, A",
    abstract = "Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) is a posture driven ergonomic
               risk assessment method. The RULA is simple to apply, but
               consequently has substantial limitations because of limited
               force and joint angle resolutions. Using OpenSim to understand
               soft tissue loading and inertial measurement units (IMUs) to
               measure posture represents a novel approach and provides greater
               resolution. We simulated the upper limb in multiple postures and
               under various loading conditions using OpenSim. We compared five
               OpenSim model output metrics to RULA risk scores. Total joint
               reaction forces aligned best with RULA scores. Future work will
               incorporate IMUs, more simulations, and analyze longitudinal
               injury data to model and estimate ergonomic risk.",
    pages = "27--28",
    month = sep,
    year = 2018,
    keywords = "biomechanics;computer
               simulation;ergonomics;injuries;occupational health;occupational
               safety;risk management;ergonomic risk assessment method;joint
               angle resolutions;soft tissue loading;inertial measurement
               units;loading conditions;RULA risk scores;rapid upper limb
               assessment;OpenSim;joint reaction forces;ergonomic risk factor
               assessment;Load modeling;Muscles;Ergonomics;Computational
               modeling;Injuries;Measurement
               units;Ergonomics;IMU;OpenSim;Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ"
}

@ARTICLE{Hicks2015-wl,
    title = "Is my model good enough? Best practices for verification and
              validation of musculoskeletal models and simulations of movement",
    author = "Hicks, Jennifer L and Uchida, Thomas K and Seth, Ajay and
              Rajagopal, Apoorva and Delp, Scott L",
    abstract = "Computational modeling and simulation of neuromusculoskeletal
              (NMS) systems enables researchers and clinicians to study the
              complex dynamics underlying human and animal movement. NMS models
              use equations derived from physical laws and biology to help
              solve challenging real-world problems, from designing prosthetics
              that maximize running speed to developing exoskeletal devices
              that enable walking after a stroke. NMS modeling and simulation
              has proliferated in the biomechanics research community over the
              past 25 years, but the lack of verification and validation
              standards remains a major barrier to wider adoption and impact.
              The goal of this paper is to establish practical guidelines for
              verification and validation of NMS models and simulations that
              researchers, clinicians, reviewers, and others can adopt to
              evaluate the accuracy and credibility of modeling studies. In
              particular, we review a general process for verification and
              validation applied to NMS models and simulations, including
              careful formulation of a research question and methods,
              traditional verification and validation steps, and documentation
              and sharing of results for use and testing by other researchers.
              Modeling the NMS system and simulating its motion involves
              methods to represent neural control, musculoskeletal geometry,
              muscle-tendon dynamics, contact forces, and multibody dynamics.
              For each of these components, we review modeling choices and
              software verification guidelines; discuss variability, errors,
              uncertainty, and sensitivity relationships; and provide
              recommendations for verification and validation by comparing
              experimental data and testing robustness. We present a series of
              case studies to illustrate key principles. In closing, we discuss
              challenges the community must overcome to ensure that modeling
              and simulation are successfully used to solve the broad spectrum
              of problems that limit human mobility.",
    journal = "J. Biomech. Eng.",
    volume = 137,
    number = 2,
    pages = "020905",
    month = feb,
    year = 2015,
    keywords = "Biomechanics;Article lu;synt\_bmc;synth\_ml;Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Garg2009-wl,
    title = "Applications of biomechanics for prevention of work-related
              musculoskeletal disorders",
    author = "Garg, Arun and Kapellusch, Jay M",
    abstract = "This paper summarises applications of biomechanical principles
              and models in industry to control musculoskeletal disorders of
              the low back and upper extremity. Applications of 2-D and 3-D
              biomechanical models to estimate compressive force on the low
              back, the strength requirements of jobs, application of
              guidelines for overhead work and application of strain index and
              threshold limit value to address distal upper extremity
              musculoskeletal disorders are presented. Several case studies
              applied in the railroad industry, manufacturing, healthcare and
              warehousing are presented. Finally, future developments needed
              for improved biomechanical applications in industry are
              discussed. The information presented will be of value to
              practising ergonomists to recognise how biomechanics has played a
              significant role in identifying causes of musculoskeletal
              disorders and controlling them in the workplace. In particular,
              the information presented will help practising ergonomists with
              how physical stresses can be objectively quantified.",
    journal = "Ergonomics",
    volume = 52,
    number = 1,
    pages = "36--59",
    month = jan,
    year = 2009,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;synt\_bmc;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Kuijpers2004-ue,
    title = "Systematic review of prognostic cohort studies on shoulder
              disorders",
    author = "Kuijpers, Ton and van der Windt, Dani{\"e}lle A W M and van der
              Heijden, Geert J M G and Bouter, Lex M",
    abstract = "Shoulder complaints are common and have an unfavourable outcome
              in many patients. Only 50\% of all new episodes of shoulder
              disorders end in complete recovery within 6 months. There is no
              consensus about prognostic indicators that can identify patients
              at high and low risk of chronicity. By a systematic search of the
              literature we identified 16 studies focusing on the prognosis of
              shoulder disorders. The methodological quality of these 16
              studies was assessed. Six of these were considered to be of
              relatively 'high quality'. There was a wide variety among the
              studies in length of follow-up, study population, evaluated
              prognostic factors, type of outcome measure and method of
              analysis. Due to this large heterogeneity, we refrained from
              statistical pooling. Instead, we used a best-evidence synthesis.
              There is strong evidence that high pain intensity predicts a
              poorer outcome in primary care populations and that middle age
              (45-54) is associated with poor outcome in occupational
              populations. There is moderate evidence that a long duration of
              complaints, and high disability score at baseline predict a
              poorer outcome in primary care. These results need to be
              interpreted with caution because of the small number of studies
              on which these conclusions are based, and the large heterogeneity
              among studies regarding follow-up, outcome measures, and
              analysis.",
    journal = "Pain",
    volume = 109,
    number = 3,
    pages = "420--431",
    month = jun,
    year = 2004,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Sharkey1995-gl,
    title = "The rotator cuff opposes superior translation of the humeral head",
    author = "Sharkey, N A and Marder, R A",
    abstract = "To determine the influence of rotator cuff muscle activity on
              humeral head migration relative to the glenoid during active arm
              elevation we studied five fresh cadaveric shoulders. The shoulder
              girdles were mounted in an apparatus that simulated contraction
              of the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles while maintaining the
              normal scapulothoracic relationship. The arms were abducted using
              four different configurations of simulated muscle activity:
              deltoid alone; deltoid and supraspinatus; deltoid, infraspinatus,
              teres minor, and subscapularis; and deltoid, supraspinatus,
              infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. For each simulated
              muscle configuration the vertical position of the humeral head in
              relation to the glenoid was determined at 30 degrees, 60 degrees,
              90 degrees, and 120 degrees of abduction using digitized
              anteroposterior radiographs. Both muscle activity and abduction
              angle significantly influenced the glenohumeral relationship.
              With simulated activity of the entire rotator cuff, the geometric
              center of the humeral head was centered in the glenoid at 30
              degrees but had moved 1.5 mm superiorly by 120 degrees. Abduction
              without the subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles
              caused significant superiorly directed shifts in humeral head
              position as did abduction using only the deltoid muscle. These
              results support the possible use of selective strengthening
              exercises for the infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
              muscles in treatment of the impingement syndrome.",
    journal = "Am. J. Sports Med.",
    volume = 23,
    number = 3,
    pages = "270--275",
    month = may,
    year = 1995,
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Grieve2008-je,
    title = "Overhead work: Identification of evidence-based exposure
               guidelines",
    author = "Grieve, J R and Dickerson, C R",
    abstract = "Address for correspondence: C.R. Dickerson, Department of
               Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University
               Avenue West, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1
               Canada. Tel.: +1 519 888 4567 x37844; E-mail:
               cdickers@uwaterloo.ca Ov",
    journal = "Occup. Ergonomics",
    publisher = "IOS Press",
    volume = 8,
    number = 1,
    pages = "53--66",
    year = 2008,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;synt\_bmc;Phd/Ergonomics/General"
}

% The entry below contains non-ASCII chars that could not be converted
% to a LaTeX equivalent.
@ARTICLE{Jackson2012-uj,
    title = "Improvements in measuring shoulder joint kinematics",
    author = "Jackson, M and Michaud, B and T{\'e}treault, P and Begon, M",
    abstract = "For many clinical applications it is necessary to non-invasively
              determine shoulder motion during dynamic movements, and in such
              cases skin markers are favoured. However, as skin markers may not
              accurately track the underlying bone motion the methods currently
              used must be refined. Furthermore, to determine the motion of the
              shoulder a model is required to relate the obtained marker
              trajectories to the shoulder kinematics. In Wu et al. (2005) the
              International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) proposed a shoulder
              model based on the position of bony landmarks. A limitation of
              the ISB recommendations is that the reference positions of the
              shoulder joints are not standardized. The aims of this research
              project were to develop a method to accurately determine shoulder
              kinematics using skin markers, and to investigate the effect of
              introduction of a standardized reference configuration. Fifteen
              subjects, free from shoulder pathology, performed arm elevations
              while skin marker trajectories were tracked. Shoulder kinematics
              were reconstructed using a chain model and extended Kalman
              filter. The results revealed significant differences between the
              kinematics obtained with and without introduction of the
              reference configuration. The curves of joint angle tended towards
              0° for 0° of humerus elevation when the reference configuration
              was introduced. In conclusion, the shoulder kinematics obtained
              with introduction of the reference configuration were found to be
              easier to interpret than those obtained without introduction of
              the reference configuration.",
    journal = "J. Biomech.",
    volume = 45,
    number = 12,
    pages = "2180--2183",
    month = aug,
    year = 2012,
    keywords = "Article lu;Biomechanics;Phd/Biomechanics/Kinematics",
    language = "en"
}

@MISC{Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics2015-jt,
    title = "Nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses requiring days away
               from work, 2015",
    author = "{Bureau of Labor Statistics}",
    journal = "Bureau of Labor Statistics News Release",
    publisher = "US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington,
               DC",
    year = 2015
}

@ARTICLE{Walker-Bone2005-dx,
    title = "Hard work never hurt anyone: or did it? A review of occupational
               associations with soft tissue musculoskeletal disorders of the
               neck and upper limb",
    author = "Walker-Bone, K and Cooper, C",
    abstract = "Pain in the neck and upper limb is common and contributes
               considerably to absence from work due to sickness. Evidence
               suggest that prolonged abnormal posture and repetition
               contribute to such conditions. Psychosocial risk factors may
               also play a part in the aetiology of upper limb disorders.",
    journal = "Ann. Rheum. Dis.",
    publisher = "ard.bmj.com",
    volume = 64,
    number = 10,
    pages = "1391--1396",
    month = oct,
    year = 2005,
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Escamilla2009-ho,
    title = "Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder
              rehabilitation exercises",
    author = "Escamilla, Rafael F and Yamashiro, Kyle and Paulos, Lonnie and
              Andrews, James R",
    abstract = "The rotator cuff performs multiple functions during shoulder
              exercises, including glenohumeral abduction, external rotation
              (ER) and internal rotation (IR). The rotator cuff also stabilizes
              the glenohumeral joint and controls humeral head translations.
              The infraspinatus and subscapularis have significant roles in
              scapular plane abduction (scaption), generating forces that are
              two to three times greater than supraspinatus force. However, the
              supraspinatus still remains a more effective shoulder abductor
              because of its more effective moment arm. Both the deltoids and
              rotator cuff provide significant abduction torque, with an
              estimated contribution up to 35-65\% by the middle deltoid, 30\%
              by the subscapularis, 25\% by the supraspinatus, 10\% by the
              infraspinatus and 2\% by the anterior deltoid. During abduction,
              middle deltoid force has been estimated to be 434 N, followed by
              323 N from the anterior deltoid, 283 N from the subscapularis,
              205 N from the infraspinatus, and 117 N from the supraspinatus.
              These forces are generated not only to abduct the shoulder but
              also to stabilize the joint and neutralize the antagonistic
              effects of undesirable actions. Relatively high force from the
              rotator cuff not only helps abduct the shoulder but also
              neutralizes the superior directed force generated by the deltoids
              at lower abduction angles. Even though anterior deltoid force is
              relatively high, its ability to abduct the shoulder is low due to
              a very small moment arm, especially at low abduction angles. The
              deltoids are more effective abductors at higher abduction angles
              while the rotator cuff muscles are more effective abductors at
              lower abduction angles. During maximum humeral elevation the
              scapula normally upwardly rotates 45-55 degrees, posterior tilts
              20-40 degrees and externally rotates 15-35 degrees. The scapular
              muscles are important during humeral elevation because they cause
              these motions, especially the serratus anterior, which
              contributes to scapular upward rotation, posterior tilt and ER.
              The serratus anterior also helps stabilize the medial border and
              inferior angle of the scapular, preventing scapular IR (winging)
              and anterior tilt. If normal scapular movements are disrupted by
              abnormal scapular muscle firing patterns, weakness, fatigue, or
              injury, the shoulder complex functions less efficiency and injury
              risk increases. Scapula position and humeral rotation can affect
              injury risk during humeral elevation. Compared with scapular
              protraction, scapular retraction has been shown to both increase
              subacromial space width and enhance supraspinatus force
              production during humeral elevation. Moreover, scapular IR and
              scapular anterior tilt, both of which decrease subacromial space
              width and increase impingement risk, are greater when performing
              scaption with IR ('empty can') compared with scaption with ER
              ('full can'). There are several exercises in the literature that
              exhibit high to very high activity from the rotator cuff,
              deltoids and scapular muscles, such as prone horizontal abduction
              at 100 degrees abduction with ER, flexion and abduction with ER,
              'full can' and 'empty can', D1 and D2 diagonal pattern flexion
              and extension, ER and IR at 0 degrees and 90 degrees abduction,
              standing extension from 90-0 degrees , a variety of
              weight-bearing upper extremity exercises, such as the push-up,
              standing scapular dynamic hug, forward scapular punch, and rowing
              type exercises. Supraspinatus activity is similar between 'empty
              can' and 'full can' exercises, although the 'full can' results in
              less risk of subacromial impingement. Infraspinatus and
              subscapularis activity have generally been reported to be higher
              in the 'full can' compared with the 'empty can', while posterior
              deltoid activity has been reported to be higher in the 'empty
              can' than the 'full can'.",
    journal = "Sports Med.",
    volume = 39,
    number = 8,
    pages = "663--685",
    year = 2009,
    keywords = "Biomechanics;Phd/Biomechanics/EMG",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Pataky2010-zh,
    title = "Generalized n-dimensional biomechanical field analysis using
              statistical parametric mapping",
    author = "Pataky, T C",
    abstract = "A variety of biomechanical data are sampled from smooth
              n-dimensional spatiotemporal fields. These data are usually
              analyzed discretely, by extracting summary metrics from
              particular points or regions in the continuum. It has been shown
              that, in certain situations, such schemes can compromise the
              spatiotemporal integrity of the original fields. An alternative
              methodology called statistical parametric mapping (SPM), designed
              specifically for continuous field analysis, constructs
              statistical images that lie in the original, biomechanically
              meaningful sampling space. The current paper demonstrates how SPM
              can be used to analyze both experimental and simulated
              biomechanical field data of arbitrary spatiotemporal
              dimensionality. Firstly, 0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional
              spatiotemporal datasets derived from a pedobarographic experiment
              were analyzed using a common linear model to emphasize that SPM
              procedures are (practically) identical irrespective of the data's
              physical dimensionality. Secondly two probabilistic finite
              element simulation studies were conducted, examining heel pad
              stress and femoral strain fields, respectively, to demonstrate
              how SPM can be used to probe the significance of field-wide
              simulation results in the presence of uncontrollable or induced
              modeling uncertainty. Results were biomechanically intuitive and
              suggest that SPM may be suitable for a wide variety of mechanical
              field applications. SPM's main theoretical advantage is that it
              avoids problems associated with a priori assumptions regarding
              the spatiotemporal foci of field signals. SPM's main practical
              advantage is that a unified framework, encapsulated by a single
              linear equation, affords comprehensive statistical analyses of
              smooth scalar fields in arbitrarily bounded n-dimensional spaces.",
    journal = "J. Biomech.",
    volume = 43,
    number = 10,
    pages = "1976--1982",
    month = jul,
    year = 2010,
    keywords = "Statistics;Phd/Statistics/SPM",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Beach2012-yn,
    title = "Factors affecting work-related shoulder pain",
    author = "Beach, J and Senthilselvan, A and Cherry, N",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Work-related shoulder pain is a common problem.
               Ergonomic factors in the workplace are thought to be important
               but a number of other factors have also been associated with
               shoulder pain. AIMS: To identify risk factors for work-related
               shoulder pain in Alberta, focusing particularly on ergonomic
               risk factors. METHODS: A case referent design was used to
               compare individuals who made a Workers' Compensation Board (WCB)
               claim for work-related shoulder pain with individuals who made a
               claim for other types of injury. Data were collected using a
               postal questionnaire and analysed by logistic regression.
               RESULTS: There were 1263 participants (562 cases, 701
               referents). The participation rate was 25\% among cases and 21\%
               among referents (P < 0.01). Factors associated with an increased
               likelihood of claim for shoulder injury included lifting
               $\geq$10 kg above shoulder height for $\geq$15 min per day,
               shoulder pain in the month prior to injury, working in the
               'Government, education, and health services' industry sector and
               being occasionally/never satisfied with support from colleagues.
               CONCLUSIONS: These results support the importance of ergonomic
               factors in work-related shoulder pain claims, particularly the
               lifting of weights above shoulder level for even short periods.
               Relatively simple ergonomic measures, such as restricting above
               shoulder lifting, could be adopted with the aim of reducing the
               risk of shoulder injury at work.",
    journal = "Occup. Med.",
    publisher = "academic.oup.com",
    volume = 62,
    number = 6,
    pages = "451--454",
    month = sep,
    year = 2012,
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Lindbeck2001-fq,
    title = "Gender differences in lifting technique",
    author = "Lindbeck, L and Kjellberg, K",
    abstract = "The importance of different motion patterns in the assessment of
              work technique is rarely addressed in the literature and even
              less information can be found regarding gender differences. In
              this study the possible gender differences in lifting technique
              from lifting experiments on 12 female and 10 male participants
              were examined. The participants performed squat and stoop lifts
              of a box. Movements were measured by means of opto-electronic
              measurement systems. Kinematic data derived from the measurements
              revealed some differences between the men and the women, e.g. in
              trunk motion and knee angle ranges. The hip-knee interjoint
              coordination was more synchronized for women than for men in
              terms of the relative phase angle. It is concluded that so far
              gender differences in motion patterns have not been sufficiently
              explored and that men and women need to be considered separately
              in the evaluation of work technique in manual handling tasks.
              Advantages and disadvantages of different coordination patterns
              need to be further investigated.",
    journal = "Ergonomics",
    volume = 44,
    number = 2,
    pages = "202--214",
    month = feb,
    year = 2001,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Article lu;Phd/Ergonomics/Men-women",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Harkness2003-qz,
    title = "Mechanical and psychosocial factors predict new onset shoulder
              pain: a prospective cohort study of newly employed workers",
    author = "Harkness, E F and Macfarlane, G J and Nahit, E S and Silman, A J
              and McBeth, J",
    abstract = "AIM: To test the hypothesis that work related mechanical and
              psychosocial factors predict new onset shoulder pain in newly
              employed workers. METHODS: Two year prospective study of newly
              employed workers from 12 diverse occupational settings. At
              baseline, 1081 subjects provided information on work related
              mechanical and psychosocial risk factors, and current pain
              status. RESULTS: In all, 803 (74\%) subjects were free from
              shoulder pain at baseline. Of those, 638 (79\%) responded at 12
              months and 476 (88\%) at 24 months. New onset shoulder pain was
              reported by 93 (15\%) and 73 (15\%) subjects respectively. An
              increased risk of symptom onset was found in subjects reporting
              mechanical exposures involving heavy weights including lifting
              with one or two hands, carrying on one shoulder, lifting at or
              above shoulder level, and pushing or pulling. Working with hands
              above shoulder level was also predictive of new onset shoulder
              pain. Of the psychosocial factors examined, the strongest
              predictor was monotonous work. Those individuals with any other
              previous pain also had an increased risk of new onset shoulder
              pain at follow up. In multivariate analysis, lifting heavy
              weights with one or two hands, pushing or pulling heavy weights,
              working with hands above shoulder level, and monotonous work were
              independently associated with new onset shoulder pain.
              CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the hypothesised relation
              between mechanical risk factors and shoulder pain. In general,
              work related psychosocial factors were modestly associated with
              new onset shoulder pain. However, monotonous work was a strong
              risk factor for new onset shoulder pain.",
    journal = "Occup. Environ. Med.",
    volume = 60,
    number = 11,
    pages = "850--857",
    month = nov,
    year = 2003,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/Experts-novices",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Van_der_Molen2017-sb,
    title = "Work-related risk factors for specific shoulder disorders: a
              systematic review and meta-analysis",
    author = "van der Molen, Henk F and Foresti, Chiara and Daams, Joost G and
              Frings-Dresen, Monique H W and Kuijer, P Paul F M",
    abstract = "The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to
              examine which work-related risk factors are associated with
              specific soft tissue shoulder disorders. We searched the
              electronic databases of Medline and Embase for articles published
              between 2009 and 24 March 2016 and included the references of a
              systematic review performed for the period before 2009. Primary
              cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were included when
              outcome data were described in terms of clinically assessed soft
              tissue shoulder disorders and at least two levels of work-related
              exposure were mentioned (exposed vs less or non-exposed). Two
              authors independently selected studies, extracted data and
              assessed study quality. For longitudinal studies, we performed
              meta-analyses and used GRADE (Grades of Recommendations,
              Assessment, Development and Evaluation) to assess the evidence
              for the associations between risk factors and the onset of
              shoulder disorders. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion
              criteria. In total, 16 300 patients with specific soft tissue
              shoulder disorders from a population of 2 413 722 workers from
              Denmark, Finland, France, Germany and Poland were included in the
              meta-analysis of one case-control and six prospective cohort
              studies. This meta-analysis revealed moderate evidence for
              associations between shoulder disorders and arm-hand elevation
              (OR=1.9, 95\% CI 1.47 to 2.47) and shoulder load (OR=2.0, 95\% CI
              1.90 to 2.10) and low to very low evidence for hand force
              exertion (OR=1.5, 95\% CI 1.25 to 1.87), hand-arm vibration
              (OR=1.3, 95\% CI 1.01 to 1.77), psychosocial job demands (OR=1.1,
              95\% CI 1.01 to 1.25) and working together with temporary workers
              (OR=2.2, 95\% CI 1.2 to 4.2). Low-quality evidence for no
              associations was found for arm repetition, social support,
              decision latitude, job control and job security. Moderate
              evidence was found that arm-hand elevation and shoulder load
              double the risk of specific shoulder disorders. Low to
              very-low-quality evidence was found for an association between
              hand force exertion, hand-arm vibration, psychosocial job demands
              and working together with temporary workers and the incidence of
              specific shoulder disorders.",
    journal = "Occup. Environ. Med.",
    volume = 74,
    number = 10,
    pages = "745--755",
    month = oct,
    year = 2017,
    keywords = "aetiology; meta-analysis; musculoskeletal disorders; risk
              factors; shoulder; work;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

% The entry below contains non-ASCII chars that could not be converted
% to a LaTeX equivalent.
@ARTICLE{Belaise2018-wo,
    title = "An {EMG-marker} tracking optimisation method for estimating
              muscle forces",
    author = "B{\'e}laise, Colombe and Dal Maso, Fabien and Michaud, Benjamin
              and Mombaur, Katja and Begon, Micka{\"e}l",
    abstract = "Existing algorithms for estimating muscle forces mainly use
              least-activation criteria, which do not necessarily lead to
              physiologically consistent results. Our objective was to assess
              an innovative forward dynamics-based optimisation, assisted by
              both electromyography (EMG) and marker tracking, for estimating
              the upper-limb muscle forces. A reference movement was generated,
              and EMG was simulated to reproduce the desired joint kinematics.
              Random noise was added to both simulated EMG and marker
              trajectories in order to create 30 trials. Then, muscle forces
              were estimated using (1) the innovative EMG-marker tracking
              forward optimisation, (2) a marker tracking forward optimisation
              with a least-excitation criterion, and (3) static optimisation
              with a least-activation criterion. Approaches (1) and (2) were
              solved using a direct multiple shooting algorithm. Finally,
              reference and estimated joint angles and muscle forces for the
              three optimisations were statistically compared using
              root-mean-square errors (RMSEs), biases, and statistical
              parametric mapping. The joint angles RMSEs were qualitatively
              similar across the three optimisations: (1) 1.63 $\pm$ 0.51 $1.63
              \pm 0.51$ °; (2) 2.02 $\pm$ 0.64 $2.02 \pm 0.64$ °; (3) 0.79
              $\pm$ 0.38 $0.79 \pm 0.38$ °. However, the muscle forces RMSE for
              the EMG-marker tracking optimisation ( 20.39 $\pm$ 13.24 $20.39
              \pm 13.24$ N) was about seven times smaller than those resulting
              from the marker tracking ( 124.22 $\pm$ 118.22 $124.22 \pm
              118.22$ N) and static ( 148.15 $\pm$ 94.01 $148.15 \pm 94.01$ N)
              optimisations. The originality of this novel approach is close
              tracking of both simulated EMG and marker trajectories in the
              same objective function, using forward dynamics. Therefore, the
              presented EMG-marker tracking optimisation led to accurate muscle
              forces estimations.",
    journal = "Multibody Syst. Dyn.",
    volume = 42,
    number = 2,
    pages = "119--143",
    month = feb,
    year = 2018
}

@ARTICLE{Bolsterlee2013-ij,
    title = "Clinical applications of musculoskeletal modelling for the
              shoulder and upper limb",
    author = "Bolsterlee, Bart and Veeger, Dirkjan H E J and Chadwick, Edward K",
    abstract = "Musculoskeletal models have been developed to estimate internal
              loading on the human skeleton, which cannot directly be measured
              in vivo, from external measurements like kinematics and external
              forces. Such models of the shoulder and upper extremity have been
              used for a variety of purposes, ranging from understanding basic
              shoulder biomechanics to assisting in preoperative planning. In
              this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used
              large-scale shoulder and upper extremity models and categorise
              the applications of these models according to the type of
              questions their users aimed to answer. We found that the most
              explored feature of a model is the possibility to predict the
              effect of a structural adaptation on functional outcome, for
              instance, to simulate a tendon transfer preoperatively. Recent
              studies have focused on minimising the mismatch in morphology
              between the model, often derived from cadaver studies, and the
              subject that is analysed. However, only a subset of the
              parameters that describe the model's geometry and, perhaps most
              importantly, the musculotendon properties can be obtained in
              vivo. Because most parameters are somehow interrelated, the
              others should be scaled to prevent inconsistencies in the model's
              structure, but it is not known exactly how. Although considerable
              effort is put into adding complexity to models, for example, by
              making them subject-specific, we have found little evidence of
              their superiority over current models. The current trend in
              development towards individualised, more complex models needs to
              be justified by demonstrating their ability to answer questions
              that cannot already be answered by existing models.",
    journal = "Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.",
    volume = 51,
    number = 9,
    pages = "953--963",
    month = sep,
    year = 2013,
    keywords = "Biomechanics;Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ",
    language = "en"
}

% The entry below contains non-ASCII chars that could not be converted
% to a LaTeX equivalent.
@BOOK{Cohen2013-tj,
    title = "Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences",
    author = "Cohen, Jacob",
    abstract = "In the quarter century that has passed since I first addressed
               power analysis (Cohen, 1962), and particularly during the decade
               that has elapsed since the revised edition of this book (1977),
               the escalation of the literature on power analysis has been
               difficult to keep up with. In 1962, I published a survey of the
               articles in a volume of the Journal of Abnormal and Social
               Psychology from the perspective of their power to detect
               operationally defined small, medi~ m, and large effect sizes [a
               meta-analysis before the term was coined (Bangert-Drowns …",
    publisher = "Routledge",
    year = 2013,
    keywords = "Phd/Statistics"
}

@ARTICLE{Antony2010-ji,
    title = "Effects of posture, movement and hand load on shoulder muscle
              activity",
    author = "Antony, Nicholas T and Keir, Peter J",
    abstract = "The influence of external factors such as arm posture, hand
              loading and dynamic exertion on shoulder muscle activity is
              needed to provide insight into the relationship between internal
              and external loading of the shoulder joint. Surface
              electromyography was collected from 8 upper extremity muscles on
              16 participants who performed isometric and dynamic shoulder
              exertions in three shoulder planes (flexion, mid-abduction and
              abduction) covering four shoulder elevation angles (30 degrees ,
              60 degrees , 90 degrees and 120 degrees). Shoulder exertions were
              performed under three hand load conditions: no load, holding a
              0.5 kg load and 30\% grip. It was found that adding a 0.5 kg load
              to the hand increased shoulder muscle activity by 4\% maximum
              voluntary excitation (MVE), across all postures and velocities.
              Performing a simultaneous shoulder exertion and hand grip led to
              posture specific redistribution of shoulder muscle activity that
              was consistent for both isometric and dynamic exertions. When
              gripping, anterior and middle deltoid activity decreased by 2\%
              MVE, while posterior deltoid, infraspinatus and trapezius
              activity increased by 2\% MVE and biceps brachii activity
              increased by 6\% MVE. Increased biceps brachii activity with
              gripping may be an initiating factor for the changes in shoulder
              muscle activity. The finding that hand gripping altered muscle
              activation, and thus the internal loading, of the shoulder may
              play an important role in shoulder injury development and
              rehabilitation.",
    journal = "J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.",
    volume = 20,
    number = 2,
    pages = "191--198",
    month = apr,
    year = 2010,
    keywords = "Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Marras2006-jq,
    title = "Spine loading as a function of lift frequency, exposure duration,
              and work experience",
    author = "Marras, W S and Parakkat, J and Chany, A M and Yang, G and Burr,
              D and Lavender, S A",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Physiological and psychophysical studies of the
              effects of lifting frequency have focused on whole-body
              measurements of fatigue or subjective acceptance of the task and
              have not considered how spine loads may change as a function of
              lift frequency or lift time exposure. Our understanding of
              biomechanical spine loading has been extrapolated from short
              lifting bouts to the entire work day and may have led us to
              incorrect assumptions. The objective of this project was to
              document how spine loading changes as a function of experience,
              lift frequency, and lift duration while repetitively lifting over
              the course of an 8-h workday. METHODS: Twelve novice and twelve
              experienced manual materials handlers performed repetitive,
              asymmetric lifts at different load and lift frequency levels
              throughout an 8-h exposure period. Compression,
              anterior-posterior shear, and lateral shear were evaluated over
              the lifting period using an EMG-assisted biomechanical model.
              RESULTS: Spinal loads increased after the first 2 h of lifting
              exposure regardless of the lift frequency. Loading was also
              greater for the inexperienced subjects compared to experienced
              lifters. The greatest spine loads occurred at those lift
              frequencies and weights to which the workers were unaccustomed.
              INTERPRETATION: Increases in spine loading were tracked back to
              the changes in muscle recruitment patterns that typically
              involved increased muscle coactivation. The results emphasize the
              importance of previous motor programming in defining spine loads
              during repetitive lifting. These results indicate a very
              different influence of frequency and lift time exposure compared
              to physiologic and psychophysical assessments. This study has
              shown that it is not sufficient to extrapolate from short lift
              periods to extended exposure periods if the biomechanical loading
              implications of the task are of interest.",
    journal = "Clin. Biomech.",
    volume = 21,
    number = 4,
    pages = "345--352",
    month = may,
    year = 2006,
    keywords = "Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Boocock2015-ce,
    title = "Age-related differences do affect postural kinematics and joint
              kinetics during repetitive lifting",
    author = "Boocock, Mark G and Mawston, Grant A and Taylor, Steve",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Age is considered a risk factor for manual
              handling-related injuries and older workers incur higher
              injury-related costs than younger co-workers. This study
              investigated the differences between the kinematics and kinetics
              of repetitive lifting in two groups of handlers of different
              ages. METHODS: Fourteen younger (mean 24.4 yr) and 14 older (mean
              47.2 yr) males participated in the study. Participants
              repetitively lifted a box weighing 13 kg at a frequency of 10
              lifts/min for a maximum of 20 min. Postural kinematics (joint and
              lumbosacral angles and angular velocities) and kinetics (joint
              moments) were measured throughout the lifting task using motion
              analysis and ground reaction forces. Muscle fatigue of the
              erector spinae was assessed using electromyography. FINDINGS:
              Peak lumbosacral, trunk, hip and knee flexion angles differed
              significantly between age groups over the duration of the task,
              as did lumbosacral and trunk angular velocities. The younger
              group increased peak lumbar flexion by approximately 18\% and
              approached 99\% of maximum lumbosacral flexion after 20 min,
              whereas the older group increased lumbar flexion by 4\% and
              approached 82\% maximum flexion. The younger group had a larger
              increase in peak lumbosacral and trunk angular velocities during
              extension, which may be related to the increased back muscle
              fatigue observed among the younger group. INTERPRETATION: Older
              participants appeared to control the detrimental effects of
              fatigue associated with repetitive lifting and limit lumbar spine
              range of motion. The higher rates of musculoskeletal injury among
              older workers may stem from a complex interaction of manual
              handling risk factors.",
    journal = "Clin. Biomech.",
    volume = 30,
    number = 2,
    pages = "136--143",
    month = feb,
    year = 2015,
    keywords = "Ageing; Lifting kinematics; Low back pain; Lumbar posture; Manual
              handling; Muscle fatigue; Repetitive
              lifting;Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/Age",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Blache2017-pv,
    title = "Muscle function in glenohumeral joint stability during lifting
              task",
    author = "Blache, Yoann and Begon, Micka{\"e}l and Michaud, Benjamin and
              Desmoulins, Landry and Allard, Paul and Dal Maso, Fabien",
    abstract = "Ensuring glenohumeral stability during repetitive lifting tasks
              is a key factor to reduce the risk of shoulder injuries.
              Nevertheless, the literature reveals some lack concerning the
              assessment of the muscles that ensure glenohumeral stability
              during specific lifting tasks. Therefore, the purpose of this
              study was to assess the stabilization function of shoulder
              muscles during a lifting task. Kinematics and muscle
              electromyograms (n = 9) were recorded from 13 healthy adults
              during a bi-manual lifting task performed from the hip to the
              shoulder level. A generic upper-limb OpenSim model was
              implemented to simulate glenohumeral stability and instability by
              performing static optimizations with and without glenohumeral
              stability constraints. This procedure enabled to compute the
              level of shoulder muscle activity and forces in the two
              conditions. Without the stability constraint, the simulated
              movement was unstable during 74\%$\pm$16\% of the time. The force
              of the supraspinatus was significantly increased of 107\%
              (p<0.002) when the glenohumeral stability constraint was
              implemented. The increased supraspinatus force led to greater
              compressive force (p<0.001) and smaller shear force (p<0.001),
              which contributed to improved glenohumeral stability. It was
              concluded that the supraspinatus may be the main contributor to
              glenohumeral stability during lifting task.",
    journal = "PLoS One",
    volume = 12,
    number = 12,
    pages = "e0189406",
    month = dec,
    year = 2017,
    keywords = "Phd/Biomechanics/EMG",
    language = "en"
}

% The entry below contains non-ASCII chars that could not be converted
% to a LaTeX equivalent.
@BOOK{Kumar2004-fv,
    title = "Muscle strength",
    author = "Kumar, Shrawan",
    abstract = "The editors and authors feel duty bound to write prefaces to
               orient the reader to the light in which their book may be read.
               An unscientific poll revealed that prefaces are rarely read. Is
               this then a futile exercise? It all depends. Depends on what?
               Depends on reader's approach …",
    publisher = "CRC Press Boca Raton",
    year = 2004,
    keywords = "Phd/Ergonomics/Men-women"
}

@ARTICLE{Thomas1992-zq,
    title = "Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
              ({PAR-Q})",
    author = "Thomas, S and Reading, J and Shephard, R J",
    abstract = "The original Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)
              offers a safe preliminary screening of candidates for exercise
              testing and prescription, but it screens out what seems an
              excessive proportion of apparently healthy older adults. To
              reduce unnecessary exclusions, an expert committee established by
              Fitness Canada has now revised the questionnaire wording. The
              present study compares responses to the original and the revised
              PAR-Q questionnaire in 399 men and women attending 40 accredited
              fitness testing centres across Canada. The number of subjects
              screened out by the revised test decreased significantly (p <
              .05), from 68 to 48 of the 399 subjects. The change reflects in
              part the inclusion of individuals who had made an erroneous
              positive response to the original question regarding high blood
              pressure. There is no simple gold standard to provide an
              objective evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of either
              questionnaire format, but the revised wording has apparently had
              the intended effect of reducing positive responses, particularly
              to the question regarding an elevation of blood pressure.",
    journal = "Can. J. Sport Sci.",
    volume = 17,
    number = 4,
    pages = "338--345",
    month = dec,
    year = 1992,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Nielsen1998-fc,
    title = "The muscular load on the lower back and shoulders due to lifting
              at different lifting heights and frequencies",
    author = "Nielsen, P K and Andersen, L and J{\o}rgensen, K",
    abstract = "The aim of the study was to investigate the muscular load on the
              lower back and shoulders and the circulatory load on employees at
              a post center during repetitive lifting of mail transport boxes.
              A mock-up was designed in the laboratory, a total of nine
              combinations of lifting height and frequency were studied.
              Surface EMG was recorded bisymmetrically from m. erector spinae
              (L3-level) and m. trapezius. The circulatory load was evaluated
              by measuring the heart rate. The results show a trade off between
              the low back and shoulders. The maximum load on the low back
              occurred at the low lifting height (363 and 54.4 cm) whereas the
              maximum load on the shoulders occurred at the high lifting height
              (144.9 and 163.0 cm).",
    journal = "Appl. Ergon.",
    volume = 29,
    number = 6,
    pages = "445--450",
    month = dec,
    year = 1998,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Miranda2008-gq,
    title = "Physical work and chronic shoulder disorder. Results of a
               prospective population-based study",
    author = "Miranda, H and Punnett, L and Viikari-Juntura, E and
               Heli{\"o}vaara, M and Knekt, P",
    abstract = "OBJECTIVES: A study of whether occupational physical load
               predicted subsequent chronic shoulder disorders. METHODS: A
               comprehensive national survey was carried out among a
               representative sample (n = 7217) of the Finnish adult population
               in 1977-80. Twenty years later, 1286 participants from the
               previous survey were invited to be re-examined, and 909 (71\%)
               participated. After excluding those with diagnosed shoulder
               disorders at baseline, 883 subjects were available for the
               analyses. RESULTS: At follow-up, a physician diagnosed chronic
               shoulder disorders in 63 subjects (7\%) using a standardised
               protocol. Work exposure to repetitive movements and vibration at
               baseline increased the risk of shoulder disorder: adjusted ORs
               2.3 (95\% CI 1.3 to 4.1) and 2.5 (1.2 to 5.2), respectively.
               Exposure to several physical factors increased the risk further,
               the adjusted OR was nearly 4 for at least three exposures. The
               adverse effects of physical work were seen even among those
               older than 75 years at follow-up. The statistically significant
               risk factors differed between genders: for men vibration and
               repetitive movements, and for women lifting heavy loads and
               working in awkward postures. Age and body mass index modified
               the effects of the physical exposures. The results remained
               similar after excluding those with any shoulder pain at
               baseline. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective study in a
               general population showing that occupational physical loading
               increases the risk of a subsequent clinical shoulder disorder
               and the effects seem to be long-term. Early preventive measures
               at the workplace may have long-lasting health benefits for the
               shoulder.",
    journal = "Ann. Rheum. Dis.",
    publisher = "ard.bmj.com",
    volume = 67,
    number = 2,
    pages = "218--223",
    month = feb,
    year = 2008,
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Wahlstedt2010-wk,
    title = "Psychosocial and ergonomic factors, and their relation to
              musculoskeletal complaints in the Swedish workforce",
    author = "Wahlstedt, Kurt and Norb{\"a}ck, Dan and Wieslander, Gunilla and
              Skoglund, Leni and Runeson, Roma",
    abstract = "A random sample of 1 000 subjects (20-65 years old) from the
              national population of Sweden received a questionnaire; 70\%
              (n=695) replied, of whom 532 were occupationally active. Female
              gender, working with neck and/or body bent forward, arms above
              shoulders, and precision work tasks were predictors of
              musculoskeletal symptoms. Neck, shoulder, and upper back symptoms
              were more common in a strained situation at work (high demands,
              low control) (adjusted odds ratios [adjOR] 2.76, 2.80, and 2.26,
              respectively). Among females, neck and shoulder symptoms were
              more common in an iso-strain situation (high demands, low control
              and low social support) (adjOR 4.43 and 3.69, respectively), and
              low back symptoms were more common at low social support combined
              with a passive work situation (adjOR 3.35). No associations were
              found between iso-strain model and symptoms among males. In
              conclusion, iso-strain work situation was associated with neck
              symptoms among females, even when controlling for ergonomic
              factors.",
    journal = "Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon.",
    volume = 16,
    number = 3,
    pages = "311--321",
    year = 2010,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Gottlieb2000-ga,
    title = "Minimizing Stress Is Not Enough",
    author = "Gottlieb, Gerald L",
    journal = "Motor Control",
    publisher = "Human Kinetics, Inc.",
    volume = 4,
    number = 1,
    pages = "64--67",
    month = jan,
    year = 2000,
    keywords = "Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ"
}

@ARTICLE{Luime2004-wt,
    title = "Prevalence and incidence of shoulder pain in the general
              population; a systematic review",
    author = "Luime, J J and Koes, B W and Hendriksen, I J M and Burdorf, A and
              Verhagen, A P and Miedema, H S and Verhaar, J A N",
    abstract = "OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and prevalence of
              shoulder complaints in the general population. METHOD: A
              systematic review of the literature was conducted. Medline,
              Embase, and Cinahl were searched for relevant studies. RESULTS:
              Eighteen studies on prevalence and one study on incidence met the
              inclusion criteria. Incidence figures of 0.9-2.5\% were found for
              different age groups. Prevalence figures differed from 6.9 to
              26\% for point prevalence, 18.6-31\%, for 1-month prevalence,
              4.7-46.7\% for 1-year prevalence and 6.7-66.7\% for lifetime
              prevalence. Prevalence rates decreased when the case definition
              was restricted, in terms of duration of pain or the presence of
              limited movements, and increased when the location for pain was
              enlarged. CONCLUSION: The reported prevalence figures on shoulder
              complaints diverged strongly. Health professionals and
              policymakers who estimate the amount of medical care needed and
              related costs should be aware of the variations in prevalence
              rate and the underlying reasons for these differences.",
    journal = "Scand. J. Rheumatol.",
    volume = 33,
    number = 2,
    pages = "73--81",
    year = 2004,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;synt\_bmc;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Faber2006-wo,
    title = "Muscle strength and aerobic capacity in a representative sample
              of employees with and without repetitive monotonous work",
    author = "Faber, Anne and Hansen, Klaus and Christensen, Hanne",
    abstract = "OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to determine a possible
              association between the type of work individuals perform and his
              or her physical capacity. There was focus on whether workers
              performing repetitive monotonous work differ from workers with
              varied work tasks with respect to the physical capacity. METHODS:
              Maximal backward extension and forward flexion torques of the
              trunk, maximal shoulder elevation and abduction torques, handgrip
              strength and aerobic capacity were measured on 423 (213 male and
              210 female) Danish employees with a mean age of 40 years. Half of
              the group had varied work and the other half had repetitive
              monotonous work. RESULTS: The main finding was that there is no
              difference in the measured physical capacities between employees
              with repetitive monotonous work and those compared with workers
              with varied work tasks. CONCLUSIONS: No difference in the
              physical capacities measured in the two groups of employees was
              found. Reasons for this are discussed.",
    journal = "Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health",
    volume = 79,
    number = 1,
    pages = "33--41",
    month = jan,
    year = 2006,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Ackland2008-vt,
    title = "Moment arms of the muscles crossing the anatomical shoulder",
    author = "Ackland, David C and Pak, Ponnaren and Richardson, Martin and
              Pandy, Marcus G",
    abstract = "The objective of the present study was to determine the
              instantaneous moment arms of 18 major muscle sub-regions crossing
              the glenohumeral joint during coronal-plane abduction and
              sagittal-plane flexion. Muscle moment-arm data for sub-regions of
              the shoulder musculature during humeral elevation are currently
              not available. The tendon-excursion method was used to measure
              instantaneous muscle moment arms in eight entire upper-extremity
              cadaver specimens. Significant differences in moment arms were
              reported across sub-regions of the deltoid, pectoralis major,
              latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, infraspinatus and supraspinatus
              (P < 0.01). The most effective abductors were the middle and
              anterior deltoid, whereas the most effective adductors were the
              teres major, middle and inferior latissimus dorsi (lumbar
              vertebrae and iliac crest fibers, respectively), and middle and
              inferior pectoralis major (sternal and lower-costal fibers,
              respectively). In flexion, the superior pectoralis major
              (clavicular fibers), anterior and posterior supraspinatus, and
              anterior deltoid were the most effective flexors, whereas the
              teres major and posterior deltoid had the largest extensor moment
              arms. Division of multi-pennate shoulder muscles of broad origins
              into sub-regions highlighted distinct functional differences
              across those sub-regions. Most significantly, we found that the
              superior sub-region of the pectoralis major had the capacity to
              exert substantial torque in flexion, whereas the middle and
              inferior sub-regions tended to behave as a stabilizer and
              extensor, respectively. Knowledge of moment arm differences
              between muscle sub-regions may assist in identifying the
              functional effects of muscle sub-region tears, assist surgeons in
              planning tendon reconstructive surgery, and aid in the
              development and validation of biomechanical computer models used
              in implant design.",
    journal = "J. Anat.",
    volume = 213,
    number = 4,
    pages = "383--390",
    month = oct,
    year = 2008,
    keywords = "Biomechanics;Phd/Biomechanics/MSQ",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Treaster2004-rr,
    title = "Gender differences in prevalence of upper extremity
              musculoskeletal disorders",
    author = "Treaster, D E and Burr, D",
    abstract = "A literature review was conducted on the current literature base
              to determine the strength of support for the hypothesis that
              women experience higher prevalences of upper extremity
              musculoskeletal disorders (UEMSDs) than men. Fifty-six articles
              were reviewed for data on gender differences in frequency,
              incidence or prevalence rates for musculoskeletal disorders
              specific to the upper extremities. These articles included both
              general and working populations. The majority of the studies
              showed that women had significantly higher incidences of various
              types of UEMSDs than men. This trend was consistently observed in
              studies based on self-report or plant/workers compensation
              records, with and without physical examination, and after
              adjusting for potential confounders such as age and physical work
              factors. With men as the referent, the odds ratio (OR) or
              prevalence ratio (PR) for UEMSDs ranged from 0.85 to 10.05 for
              self report. For self report combined with physical examination,
              the OR/PR ranged from 0.66 to 11.4. The OR/PR for carpal tunnel
              syndrome (CTS) ranged from 0.6 to 2.87 with confounder
              adjustment. These findings suggest that women do have
              significantly higher prevalences than men for many types of
              UEMSDs, even after controlling for the type of data source and
              confounders such as age or work factors.",
    journal = "Ergonomics",
    volume = 47,
    number = 5,
    pages = "495--526",
    month = apr,
    year = 2004,
    keywords = "Article lu;Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/Men-women",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Harbo2012-ph,
    title = "Maximal isokinetic and isometric muscle strength of major muscle
              groups related to age, body mass, height, and sex in 178 healthy
              subjects",
    author = "Harbo, Thomas and Brincks, John and Andersen, Henning",
    abstract = "The main objective of this study was to establish normative
              values for maximal concentric isokinetic strength and maximal
              isometric strength of all major muscle groups in healthy subjects
              applying sex, age, height, and body mass-adjusted statistical
              models. One hundred and seventy-eight (178) (93 male and 85
              female) healthy non-athletic Danish volunteers aged 15-83 years
              were recruited. Eighteen test protocols for each sex were applied
              to determine isokinetic and isometric muscle strength at knee,
              ankle, hip, shoulder, elbow, and wrist using a dynamometer
              (Biodex System 3 PRO). Multiple linear regressions were performed
              with maximal muscle strength (peak torque) as dependent variable
              and age, height, and body mass as independent variables. Muscle
              strength significantly related to age in 24, to height in 13 and
              to body mass in 27 out of the 36 models. In gender-specific
              analyses, the variables age, height and body mass accounted for
              25\% (20-29) (95\% confidence interval) of the variation (r (2))
              in strength for men and 31\% (25-38) for women. The r (2) was
              similar for the isokinetic models and the isometric models [31\%
              (22-40) vs. 28\% (23-34)]. Age, height, and body mass related to
              strength in most muscle groups and gender-specific models with
              estimated prediction intervals were established for maximal
              strength of major muscle groups.",
    journal = "Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.",
    volume = 112,
    number = 1,
    pages = "267--275",
    month = jan,
    year = 2012,
    keywords = "synchro;Synchro",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Anderson2001-ma,
    title = "Static and dynamic optimization solutions for gait are
              practically equivalent",
    author = "Anderson, F C and Pandy, M G",
    abstract = "The proposition that dynamic optimization provides better
              estimates of muscle forces during gait than static optimization
              is examined by comparing a dynamic solution with two static
              solutions. A 23-degree-of-freedom musculoskeletal model actuated
              by 54 Hill-type musculotendon units was used to simulate one
              cycle of normal gait. The dynamic problem was to find the muscle
              excitations which minimized metabolic energy per unit distance
              traveled, and which produced a repeatable gait cycle. In the
              dynamic problem, activation dynamics was described by a
              first-order differential equation. The joint moments predicted by
              the dynamic solution were used as input to the static problems.
              In each static problem, the problem was to find the muscle
              activations which minimized the sum of muscle activations
              squared, and which generated the joint moments input from the
              dynamic solution. In the first static problem, muscles were
              treated as ideal force generators; in the second, they were
              constrained by their force-length-velocity properties; and in
              both, activation dynamics was neglected. In terms of predicted
              muscle forces and joint contact forces, the dynamic and static
              solutions were remarkably similar. Also, activation dynamics and
              the force-length-velocity properties of muscle had little
              influence on the static solutions. Thus, for normal gait, if one
              can accurately solve the inverse dynamics problem and if one
              seeks only to estimate muscle forces, the use of dynamic
              optimization rather than static optimization is currently not
              justified. Scenarios in which the use of dynamic optimization is
              justified are suggested.",
    journal = "J. Biomech.",
    volume = 34,
    number = 2,
    pages = "153--161",
    month = feb,
    year = 2001,
    keywords = "synt\_bmc",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Leclerc2004-pd,
    title = "Incidence of shoulder pain in repetitive work",
    author = "Leclerc, A and Chastang, J-F and Niedhammer, I and Landre, M-F
               and Roquelaure, Y and {Study Group on Repetitive Work}",
    abstract = "AIMS: To determine the predictiveness of personal and
               occupational factors for the onset of shoulder pain in
               occupations requiring repetitive work. METHODS: A sample of 598
               workers in five activity sectors completed a self administered
               questionnaire in 1993-94 and again three years later. Both
               questionnaires included questions about shoulder pain. The
               associations between various factors at baseline and subsequent
               shoulder pain were studied among subjects free from shoulder
               pain at baseline. RESULTS: The incidence of shoulder pain was
               associated with several independent risk factors: depressive
               symptoms, low level of job control, and biomechanical
               constraints. After adjustment for other risk factors, the
               presence of depressive symptoms predicted occurrence of shoulder
               pain. A low level of job control was also associated with the
               onset of shoulder pain in both sexes. For men, repetitive use of
               a tool was a strong predictor, while the two most important
               biomechanical risk factors for women were use of vibrating tools
               and working with arms above shoulder level. CONCLUSION: This
               study used a longitudinal approach to examine different sets of
               risk factors for shoulder pain simultaneously. The results
               confirm the role of several biomechanical constraints.
               Psychological symptoms and a low level of job control also play
               a role.",
    journal = "Occup. Environ. Med.",
    publisher = "oem.bmj.com",
    volume = 61,
    number = 1,
    pages = "39--44",
    month = jan,
    year = 2004,
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Plamondon2017-qa,
    title = "Difference between male and female workers lifting the same
              relative load when palletizing boxes",
    author = "Plamondon, A and Larivi{\`e}re, C and Denis, D and Mecheri, H and
              Nastasia, I and {IRSST MMH research group}",
    abstract = "A few biomechanical studies have contrasted the work techniques
              of female and male workers during manual material handling (MMH).
              A recent study showed that female workers differed from males
              mostly in the strategy they used to lift 15-kg boxes from the
              ground, especially regarding task duration, knee and back
              postures and interjoint coordination. However, the lifting
              technique difference observed in females compared to males was
              perhaps due to a strength differences. The objective of this
              study was to test whether female workers would repeat the same
              lifting technique with a load adjusted to their overall strength
              (females: 10 kg; males: 15 kg), which can be considered a
              ``relative load'' since the overall back strength of females is
              2/3 that of males. The task for the participants consisted in
              transferring boxes from one pallet to another. A dynamic 3D
              linked segment model was used to estimate the net moments at
              L5/S1, and different kinematic variables were considered. The
              results showed that the biomechanics of the lifting techniques
              used by males and females were similar in terms of task duration
              and cumulative loading, but different in terms of interjoint
              coordination pattern. The sequential interjoint coordination
              pattern previously seen in females with an absolute load (15 kg)
              was still present with the relative load, suggesting the
              influence of factors more intrinsically linked to sex.
              Considering that the female coordination pattern likely stretched
              posterior passive tissues when lifting boxes from the ground,
              potentially leading to higher risk of injury, the reason for this
              sex effect must be identified so that preventive interventions
              can be proposed.",
    journal = "Appl. Ergon.",
    volume = 60,
    pages = "93--102",
    month = apr,
    year = 2017,
    keywords = "Interjoint coordination; Lifting; Manual material handling;
              Sex;Ergonomics;Article lu;synth\_erg;Phd/Ergonomics/Men-women",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Yanagawa2008-es,
    title = "Contributions of the individual muscles of the shoulder to
              glenohumeral joint stability during abduction",
    author = "Yanagawa, Takashi and Goodwin, Cheryl J and Shelburne, Kevin B
              and Giphart, J Erik and Torry, Michael R and Pandy, Marcus G",
    abstract = "The aim of this study was to determine the relative contributions
              of the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles to glenohumeral joint
              stability during arm abduction. A three-dimensional model of the
              upper limb was used to calculate the muscle and joint-contact
              forces at the shoulder for abduction in the scapular plane. The
              joints of the shoulder girdle-sternoclavicular joint,
              acromioclavicular joint, and glenohumeral joint-were each
              represented as an ideal three degree-of-freedom ball-and-socket
              joint. The articulation between the scapula and thorax was
              modeled using two kinematic constraints. Eighteen muscle bundles
              were used to represent the lines of action of 11 muscle groups
              spanning the glenohumeral joint. The three-dimensional positions
              of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus during abduction were
              measured using intracortical bone pins implanted into one
              subject. The measured bone positions were inputted into the
              model, and an optimization problem was solved to calculate the
              forces developed by the shoulder muscles for abduction in the
              scapular plane. The model calculations showed that the rotator
              cuff muscles (specifically, supraspinatus, subscapularis, and
              infraspinatus) by virtue of their lines of action are perfectly
              positioned to apply compressive load across the glenohumeral
              joint, and that these muscles contribute most significantly to
              shoulder joint stability during abduction. The middle deltoid
              provides most of the compressive force acting between the humeral
              head and the glenoid, but this muscle also creates most of the
              shear, and so its contribution to joint stability is less than
              that of any of the rotator cuff muscles.",
    journal = "J. Biomech. Eng.",
    volume = 130,
    number = 2,
    pages = "021024",
    month = apr,
    year = 2008,
    keywords = "Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Dahlberg2004-mw,
    title = "Do work technique and musculoskeletal symptoms differ between men
              and women performing the same type of work tasks?",
    author = "Dahlberg, R and Karlqvist, L and Bildt, C and Nykvist, K",
    abstract = "Musculoskeletal disorders are more common among women than among
              men. When comparing the difference between men and women in the
              prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, methodological problems
              arise as men and women seldom perform the same type of
              activities, neither at work nor at home. The main objective of
              this cross-sectional case study was to compare work technique and
              self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms between men and women
              performing the same type of work tasks within a metal industry.
              Other factors, such as leisure activities, were also taken into
              consideration. Three data collection methods were used;
              questionnaire, interviews and systematic observations. The
              results from the observations revealed that women worked more
              frequently and during longer times with their hands above
              shoulder height than men. Working with hands above shoulder
              height is considered a risk factor for neck and shoulder
              disorders according to previous studies. Workplace design factors
              were probably a reason for differences in working technique
              between men and women. A higher proportion of women than men
              reported shoulder symptoms. Women spent more time on household
              activities than men, which indicates a higher total workload in
              paid and unpaid work.",
    journal = "Appl. Ergon.",
    volume = 35,
    number = 6,
    pages = "521--529",
    month = nov,
    year = 2004,
    keywords = "Article lu;Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/Men-women",
    language = "en"
}

@ARTICLE{Hudak1996-ag,
    title = "Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the {DASH}
              (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The
              Upper Extremity Collaborative Group ({UECG})",
    author = "Hudak, P L and Amadio, P C and Bombardier, C",
    abstract = "This paper describes the development of an evaluative outcome
              measure for patients with upper extremity musculoskeletal
              conditions. The goal is to produce a brief, self-administered
              measure of symptoms and functional status, with a focus on
              physical function, to be used by clinicians in daily practice and
              as a research tool. This is a joint initiative of the American
              Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS), the Council of
              Musculoskeletal Specialty Societies (COMSS), and the Institute
              for Work and Health (Toronto, Ontario). Our approach is
              consistent with previously described strategies for scale
              development. In Stage 1, Item Generation, a group of
              methodologists and clinical experts reviewed 13 outcome
              measurement scales currently in use and generated a list of 821
              items. In Stage 2a, Initial Item Reduction, these 821 items were
              reduced to 78 items using various strategies including removal of
              items which were generic, repetitive, not reflective of
              disability, or not relevant to the upper extremity or to one of
              the targeted concepts of symptoms and functional status. Items
              not highly endorsed in a survey of content experts were also
              eliminated. Stage 2b, Further Item Reduction, will be based on
              results of field testing in which patients complete the 78-item
              questionnaire. This field testing, which is currently underway in
              20 centers in the United States, Canada, and Australia, will
              generate the final format and content of the Disabilities of the
              Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. Future work
              includes plans for validity and reliability testing.",
    journal = "Am. J. Ind. Med.",
    volume = 29,
    number = 6,
    pages = "602--608",
    month = jun,
    year = 1996,
    keywords = "Ergonomics;Phd/Ergonomics/General",
    language = "eng"
}

% The entry below contains non-ASCII chars that could not be converted
% to a LaTeX equivalent.
@ARTICLE{Pataky2015-ss,
    title = "Zero- vs. one-dimensional, parametric vs. non-parametric, and
              confidence interval vs. hypothesis testing procedures in
              one-dimensional biomechanical trajectory analysis",
    author = "Pataky, Todd C and Vanrenterghem, Jos and Robinson, Mark A",
    abstract = "Biomechanical processes are often manifested as one-dimensional
              (1D) trajectories. It has been shown that 1D confidence intervals
              (CIs) are biased when based on 0D statistical procedures, and the
              non-parametric 1D bootstrap CI has emerged in the Biomechanics
              literature as a viable solution. The primary purpose of this
              paper was to clarify that, for 1D biomechanics datasets, the
              distinction between 0D and 1D methods is much more important than
              the distinction between parametric and non-parametric procedures.
              A secondary purpose was to demonstrate that a parametric
              equivalent to the 1D bootstrap exists in the form of a random
              field theory (RFT) correction for multiple comparisons. To
              emphasize these points we analyzed six datasets consisting of
              force and kinematic trajectories in one-sample, paired,
              two-sample and regression designs. Results showed, first, that
              the 1D bootstrap and other 1D non-parametric CIs were
              qualitatively identical to RFT CIs, and all were very different
              from 0D CIs. Second, 1D parametric and 1D non-parametric
              hypothesis testing results were qualitatively identical for all
              six datasets. Last, we highlight the limitations of 1D CIs by
              demonstrating that they are complex, design-dependent, and thus
              non-generalizable. These results suggest that (i) analyses of 1D
              data based on 0D models of randomness are generally biased unless
              one explicitly identifies 0D variables before the experiment, and
              (ii) parametric and non-parametric 1D hypothesis testing provide
              an unambiguous framework for analysis when one׳s hypothesis
              explicitly or implicitly pertains to whole 1D trajectories.",
    journal = "J. Biomech.",
    volume = 48,
    number = 7,
    pages = "1277--1285",
    month = may,
    year = 2015,
    keywords = "Bootstrap confidence interval; Ground reaction force; Kinematics;
              Random field theory; Statistical parametric mapping; Time series
              analysis;Statistics;Phd/Statistics/SPM",