text:
@article{
   author = {Hamano, K. and Atsumi, S. and Hayashi, M. and Tanuma, N. and Uchiyama, A.},
   title = {[Clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis in four patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities]},
   journal = {No To Hattatsu},
   volume = {39},
   number = {3},
   pages = {214-8},
   note = {Hamano, Kimiko
Atsumi, So
Hayashi, Masaharu
Tanuma, Naoyuki
Uchiyama, Akira
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article
Japan
No To Hattatsu. 2007 May;39(3):214-8.},
   abstract = {We retrospectively reviewed four patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), aged 8-56 years, who presented with ulcerative colitis (UC), and discussed causal interrelationships between UC and SMID. UC started at 3-50 years of age with early childhood-onset in two patients. Two patients had an intractable clinical course in which leukocytapheresis and surgery were ineffective, and resulted in steroid-dependency. We failed to find any causal relationships between infectious events, nutrition and anticonvulsants with the development of UC. However, when occult blood in feces is frequently positive in SMID patients, it is important to consider the possibility of UC and to perform an intestinal endoscopic examination.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/*etiology
*Disabled Children
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Female
Humans
Male
*Mentally Disabled Persons
Middle Aged
Retrospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0029-0831 (Print)
0029-0831},
   Accession Number = {17515137},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hanauer, S. B.},
   title = {Review article: evolving concepts in treatment and disease modification in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {27 Suppl 1},
   pages = {15-21},
   note = {1365-2036
Hanauer, S B
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Mar;27 Suppl 1:15-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03606.x.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: More than two-thirds of ulcerative colitis patients experience at least one relapse over a period of 10 years. Treatments that reduce the likelihood of relapses also reduce the risk of long-term complications. AIM: To review three topics: the current standard of treatment for ulcerative colitis, evolving concepts in treatment, and disease modification as a treatment goal of the future. RESULTS: Currently, 5-aminosalicylates are the standard treatment for the induction and maintenance of remission in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis patients. Evidence suggests that patients who take oral 5-aminosalicylates regularly are nearly six times more likely to experience regression in disease severity than those who do not. Additional treatment options such as corticosteroids, immunomodulators, biological therapies and ciclosporin are available for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis patients, or those who do not respond to 5-aminosalicylate. Surgery becomes pertinent for more than one-third of ulcerative colitis patients during the course of their disease. With the availability of a variety of therapies, advances in surgery and improved management strategies, a better understanding of patient treatment expectations can help improve the quality of care for ulcerative colitis patients. CONCLUSIONS: Disease modification is increasingly becoming a treatment goal in the management of ulcerative colitis. However, long-term studies are needed to examine further the disease modifying role of 5-aminosalicylates.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use
Azathioprine/therapeutic use
Biological Therapy/methods
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/surgery
Cyclosporine/therapeutic use
Forecasting
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Mesalamine/*therapeutic use
Patient Satisfaction},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {18307645},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03606.x},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hart, A. R. and Luben, R. and Olsen, A. and Tjonneland, A. and Linseisen, J. and Nagel, G. and Berglund, G. and Lindgren, S. and Grip, O. and Key, T. and Appleby, P. and Bergmann, M. M. and Boeing, H. and Hallmans, G. and Danielsson, A. and Palmqvist, R. and Sjodin, H. and Hagglund, G. and Overvad, K. and Palli, D. and Masala, G. and Riboli, E. and Kennedy, H. and Welch, A. and Khaw, K. T. and Day, N. and Bingham, S.},
   title = {Diet in the aetiology of ulcerative colitis: a European prospective cohort study},
   journal = {Digestion},
   volume = {77},
   number = {1},
   pages = {57-64},
   note = {1421-9867
Hart, Andrew R
Luben, Robert
Olsen, Anja
Tjonneland, Anne
Linseisen, Jakob
Nagel, Gabriele
Berglund, Goran
Lindgren, Stefan
Grip, Olof
Key, Timothy
Appleby, Paul
Bergmann, Manuela M
Boeing, Heiner
Hallmans, Goran
Danielsson, Ake
Palmqvist, Richard
Sjodin, Hubert
Hagglund, Gun
Overvad, Kim
Palli, Domenico
Masala, Giovanna
Riboli, Elio
Kennedy, Hugh
Welch, Ailsa
Khaw, Kay-Tee
Day, Nicholas
Bingham, Sheila
British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom
Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Department of Health/United Kingdom
Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom
G0401527/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Switzerland
Digestion. 2008;77(1):57-64. doi: 10.1159/000121412. Epub 2008 Mar 18.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: The causes of ulcerative colitis are unknown, although it is plausible that dietary factors are involved. Case-control studies of diet and ulcerative colitis are subject to recall biases. The aim of this study was to examine the prospective relationship between the intake of nutrients and the development of ulcerative colitis in a cohort study. METHODS: The study population was 260,686 men and women aged 20-80 years, participating in a large European prospective cohort study (EPIC). Participants were residents in the UK, Sweden, Denmark, Germany or Italy. Information on diet was supplied and the subjects were followed up for the development of ulcerative colitis. Each incident case was matched with four controls and dietary variables were divided into quartiles. RESULTS: A total of 139 subjects with incident ulcerative colitis were identified. No dietary associations were detected, apart from a marginally significant positive association with an increasing percentage intake of energy from total polyunsaturated fatty acids (trend across quartiles OR = 1.19 (95% CI = 0.99-1.43) p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: No associations between ulcerative colitis and diet were detected, apart from a possible increased risk with a higher total polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. A biological mechanism exists in that polyunsaturated fatty acids are metabolised to pro-inflammatory mediators.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Colitis, Ulcerative/*etiology
Diet/*adverse effects
Europe
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0012-2823},
   Accession Number = {18349539},
   DOI = {10.1159/000121412},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hedin, C. and Whelan, K. and Lindsay, J. O.},
   title = {Evidence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of clinical trials},
   journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
   volume = {66},
   number = {3},
   pages = {307-15},
   note = {Hedin, Charlotte
Whelan, Kevin
Lindsay, James O
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Proc Nutr Soc. 2007 Aug;66(3):307-15.},
   abstract = {Human subjects and their enteric microbiota have evolved together to reach a state of mutual tolerance. Mounting evidence from both animal models and human studies suggests that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a malfunction of this relationship. The enteric microecology therefore represents an attractive therapeutic target with few side effects. Probiotics and prebiotics have been investigated in clinical trials as treatments for IBD, with conflicting results. The evidence for the use of probiotics in the management of pouchitis is persuasive and several studies indicate their effectiveness in ulcerative colitis. Trials of probiotics and prebiotics in Crohn's disease are less convincing. However, methodologies vary widely and a range of probiotic, prebiotic and combination (synbiotic) treatments have been tested in a variety of patient groups with an assortment of end points. Conclusions about any one treatment in a specific patient group can therefore only be drawn on evidence from relatively small numbers of patients. The present article reviews the role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD and addresses the clinical evidence for the therapeutic manipulation of bowel microbiota using probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in IBD.},
   keywords = {Clinical Trials as Topic
Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology/therapy
Crohn Disease/microbiology/therapy
Evidence-Based Medicine
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*microbiology/*therapy
Pouchitis/microbiology/therapy
*Probiotics/therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0029-6651 (Print)
0029-6651},
   Accession Number = {17637082},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0029665107005563},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Heuschkel, R. and Salvestrini, C. and Beattie, R. M. and Hildebrand, H. and Walters, T. and Griffiths, A.},
   title = {Guidelines for the management of growth failure in childhood inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {14},
   number = {6},
   pages = {839-49},
   note = {Heuschkel, Robert
Salvestrini, Camilla
Beattie, R Mark
Hildebrand, Hans
Walters, Thomas
Griffiths, Anne
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Jun;14(6):839-49. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20378.},
   abstract = {Around 1 in 4 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) present in childhood, the majority around the time of their pubertal growth spurt. This presents challenges over and above those of managing IBD in adults as this period is a time of dramatic psychological and physical transition for a child. Growth and nutrition are key priorities in the management of adolescents and young adults with IBD. Growth failure in IBD is characterized by delayed skeletal maturation and a delayed onset of puberty, and is best described in terms of height-for-age standard deviation score (Z score) or by variations in growth velocity over a period of 3-4 months. Growth failure is common at presentation in Crohn's disease (CD), but less common in ulcerative colitis (UC). The etiology of growth failure is multifactorial. Principal determinants, however, include the inflammatory process per se, with proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1beta, IL-6) being directly implicated. Furthermore, poor nutrition and the consequences of prolonged corticosteroid use also contribute to the significant reduction in final adult height of almost 1 in 5 children. Initially a prompt, where possible steroid-free, induction of remission is indicated. The ideal is then to sustain a relapse-free remission until growth is complete, which is often not until early adulthood. These goals can often be achieved with a combination of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) and early use of immunosuppressants. The advent of potent and efficacious biological agents considerably improves the range of growth-sparing interventions available to children around puberty, although well-timed surgery remains another highly effective means of achieving remission and significant catch-up growth. We carried out a systematic review of publications to identify the best available evidence for managing growth failure in children with IBD. Despite the paucity of high-quality publications, sufficient data were available in the literature to allow practical, evidence-based where possible, management guidelines to be formulated. Although there is clear evidence that exclusive enteral nutrition achieves mucosal healing, its effect on growth has only been assessed at 6 months. In contrast to corticosteroids, EEN has no negative effect on growth. Corticosteroids remain the key therapy responsible for medication-induced growth impairment, although the use of budesonide in selected patients may minimize the steroid effect on dividing growth plates. Immunosuppressants have become a mainstay of treatment in children with IBD, and are being used earlier in the disease course than ever before. However, there are currently no long-term data reporting better growth outcome if these agents are introduced very soon after diagnosis. In comparison, recent data from a large prospective trial of infliximab in children with moderate to severe CD suggested significant catch-up growth during the first year of regular infusions. The only other intervention that has documented clear catch-up growth has been surgical resection. Resection of localized CD, in otherwise treatment-resistant children, early in the disease process achieves clear catch-up growth within the next 6 months. There are no data available that growth hormone improves final adult height in children with CD. In conjunction with expert endocrinological support, pubertal delay, more common in boys, may be treated with parenteral testosterone if causing significant psychological problems. The optimal management of children and adolescents requires a multidisciplinary approach frequently available within the pediatric healthcare setting. Dedicated dietetic support, along with nurse-specialist, child psychologist, and with closely linked medical and surgical care will likely achieve the best possible start for children facing a lifetime of chronic gut disease.},
   keywords = {Child
Growth Disorders/etiology/*therapy
Guidelines as Topic
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {18266237},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20378},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Heyman, M. B. and Garnett, E. A. and Shaikh, N. and Huen, K. and Jose, F. A. and Harmatz, P. and Winter, H. S. and Baldassano, R. N. and Cohen, S. A. and Gold, B. D. and Kirschner, B. S. and Ferry, G. D. and Stege, E. and Holland, N.},
   title = {Folate concentrations in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {89},
   number = {2},
   pages = {545-50},
   note = {1938-3207
Heyman, Melvin B
Garnett, Elizabeth A
Shaikh, Nishat
Huen, Karen
Jose, Folashade A
Harmatz, Paul
Winter, Harland S
Baldassano, Robert N
Cohen, Stanley A
Gold, Benjamin D
Kirschner, Barbara S
Ferry, George D
Stege, Erin
Holland, Nina
T32 DK007762-31S1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
T32 DK007762/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R03 DK063187/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
M01 RR01271/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
UL1 RR024131/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
K24 DK060617/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):545-50. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26576. Epub 2008 Dec 30.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Folate is postulated to protect against cell injury and long-term risk of cancer. Folate deficiency has been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, folate concentrations are poorly delineated in children with IBD. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare folate concentrations between children with newly diagnosed IBD and healthy controls. DESIGN: Red blood cell folate (RBCF) and whole-blood folate (WBF) concentrations were measured in 78 children (mean age: 12.8 +/- 2.7 y): 22 patients with newly diagnosed untreated Crohn disease, 11 patients with ulcerative colitis, 4 patients with indeterminate colitis, and 41 controls. Vitamin supplementation and dietary intakes determined by food-frequency questionnaire were recorded for 20 IBD patients and 28 controls. RESULTS: RBCF concentrations were 19.4% lower in controls (587.0 +/- 148.6 ng/mL) than in patients (728.7 +/- 185.8 ng/mL; P = 0.0004), and WBF concentrations were 11.1% lower in controls (218.2 +/- 49.7 ng/mL) than in patients (245.3 +/- 59.1 ng/mL; P = 0.031). Total folate intake was 18.8% higher in controls (444.7 +/- 266.7 microg/d) than in IBD patients (361.1 +/- 230.6 microg/d), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.264). Folate intakes were below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (200-400 microg/d), adjusted for age and sex, in 35.4% of study subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with previous evidence of folate deficiency in adult IBD patients, our data indicate higher folate concentrations in children with newly diagnosed untreated IBD than in controls. This finding was unexpected, especially in light of the higher dietary folate intakes and hematocrit values in children without IBD. The influence of IBD therapy on folate metabolism and the long-term clinical implications of high RBCF and WBF concentrations at the time of IBD diagnosis should be explored further.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/diagnosis/etiology
Crohn Disease/blood/diagnosis/etiology
Female
Folic Acid/*administration & dosage/*blood
Folic Acid Deficiency/*blood/complications
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*blood/diagnosis/etiology
Male
Nutrition Policy
Nutritional Status
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0002-9165},
   Accession Number = {19116333},
   DOI = {10.3945/ajcn.2008.26576},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hill, R. J. and Cleghorn, G. J. and Withers, G. D. and Lewindon, P. J. and Ee, L. C. and Connor, F. and Davies, P. S.},
   title = {Resting energy expenditure in children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {45},
   number = {3},
   pages = {342-6},
   note = {1536-4801
Hill, R J
Cleghorn, G J
Withers, G D
Lewindon, P J
Ee, L C
Connor, F
Davies, P S W
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Sep;45(3):342-6.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: There is controversy in the literature regarding the effect of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on resting energy expenditure (REE). In many cases this may have resulted from inappropriate adjustment of REE measurements to account for differences in body composition. This article considers how to appropriately adjust measurements of REE for differences in body composition between individuals with IBD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Body composition, assessed via total body potassium to yield a measure of body cell mass (BCM), and REE measurements were performed in 41 children with Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis in the Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. Log-log regression was used to determine the power function to which BCM should be raised to appropriately adjust REE to account for differences in body composition between children. RESULTS: The appropriate value to "adjust" BCM was found to be 0.49, with a standard error of 0.10. CONCLUSIONS: Clearly, there is a need to adjust for differences in body composition, or at the very least body weight, in metabolic studies in children with IBD. We suggest that raising BCM to the power of 0.5 is both a numerically convenient and a statistically valid way of achieving this aim. Under circumstances in which the measurement of BCM is not available, raising body weight to the power of 0.5 remains appropriate. The important issue of whether REE is changed in cases of IBD can then be appropriately addressed.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Basal Metabolism/*physiology
Body Composition
Body Weight/physiology
Child
Energy Metabolism/*physiology
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*metabolism
Male
Mathematics
*Nutritional Requirements
Nutritional Status
Potassium Radioisotopes/analysis
Regression Analysis},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {17873747},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31804a85f2},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hindorf, U. and Johansson, M. and Eriksson, A. and Kvifors, E. and Almer, S. H.},
   title = {Mercaptopurine treatment should be considered in azathioprine intolerant patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {29},
   number = {6},
   pages = {654-61},
   note = {1365-2036
Hindorf, U
Johansson, M
Eriksson, A
Kvifors, E
Almer, S H C
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Mar 15;29(6):654-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03925.x. Epub 2008 Dec 22.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adverse drug reactions are a significant reason for therapeutic failure during thiopurine treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Some smaller series in this patient population have shown that a switch to mercaptopurine may be successful in many cases of azathioprine intolerance. AIM: To assess the long-term outcome of mercaptopurine treatment in a large patient population with azathioprine intolerance. METHODS: We identified 135 patients (74 women; median age 40 years) with Crohn's disease (n = 88) or ulcerative colitis (n = 47) and reviewed their medical records. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients (52%) tolerated mercaptopurine and were followed up for 736 (362-1080) days; 65 patients discontinued mercaptopurine due to adverse events after 25 (8-92) days. Mercaptopurine was tolerated in 71% (12/17) with hepatotoxicity and in 68% (13/19) with arthralgia/myalgia during azathioprine treatment. Previous abdominal surgery was more common in mercaptopurine intolerant patients [39/65 (60%) vs. 27/70 (39%); P = 0.02] and thiopurine methyltransferase activity was higher in mercaptopurine tolerant patients than in mercaptopurine intolerant patients [13.2 (11.4-15.3) vs. 11.8 (9.6-14.2) U/mL red blood cells; P = 0.04; n = 81]. CONCLUSIONS: A trial of mercaptopurine should be considered in azathioprine intolerance, as half of the patients tolerate a switch to mercaptopurine. Patients with hepatotoxicity or arthralgia/myalgia during azathioprine treatment might benefit more often than those with other types of adverse events.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/*therapeutic use
Adult
Azathioprine/*adverse effects
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Drug Hypersensitivity
Female
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Male
Middle Aged
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {19183142},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03925.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hirayasu, H. and Yoshikawa, Y. and Tsuzuki, S. and Fushiki, T.},
   title = {A role of a lymphocyte tryptase, granzyme A, in experimental ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Biosci Biotechnol Biochem},
   volume = {71},
   number = {1},
   pages = {234-7},
   note = {Hirayasu, Hirofumi
Yoshikawa, Yumiko
Tsuzuki, Satoshi
Fushiki, Tohru
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Jan;71(1):234-7. Epub 2007 Jan 7.},
   abstract = {In the large-intestinal mucosae of rats orally administered dextran sulfate sodium, which induces an enteritis resembling ulcerative colitis (UC), the activity for granzyme A, a lymphocyte tryptase, increased at an earlier stage than that at which UC markers (growth-regulated gene product/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 and caspase-3) increased. This suggests involvement of the enzyme in the exacerbation and perpetuation of enteritis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Caspase 3/metabolism
Cells, Cultured
Chemokine CXCL1
Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/*enzymology
Dextran Sulfate/pharmacology
Disease Models, Animal
Enzyme Activation/drug effects
Granzymes/*metabolism
Lymphocytes/drug effects/enzymology
Male
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Tryptases/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0916-8451 (Print)
0916-8451},
   Accession Number = {17213646},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Iguchi, Y. and Mori, K. and Koike, H. and Mano, K. and Goto, Y. and Kato, T. and Nakano, T. and Furukawa, D. and Sobue, G.},
   title = {Hypophosphataemic neuropathy in a patient who received intravenous hyperalimentation},
   journal = {J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry},
   volume = {78},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1159-60},
   note = {1468-330x
Iguchi, Yohei
Mori, Keiko
Koike, Haruki
Mano, Kazuo
Goto, Yoji
Kato, Takashi
Nakano, Tomonobu
Furukawa, Daisuke
Sobue, Gen
Case Reports
Journal Article
England
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;78(10):1159-60.},
   keywords = {Ataxia/etiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
Diabetes Complications
Diarrhea/complications
Dysarthria/etiology
Humans
Hypophosphatemia/*etiology
Male
Malnutrition/complications/*therapy
Middle Aged
Muscle Weakness/etiology
Myocardial Infarction/complications
Parenteral Nutrition, Total/*adverse effects
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis/drug therapy/*etiology},
   ISSN = {0022-3050},
   Accession Number = {17878199},
   DOI = {10.1136/jnnp.2006.108720},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kappelman, M. D. and Bousvaros, A.},
   title = {Nutritional concerns in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {52},
   number = {8},
   pages = {867-74},
   note = {1613-4133
Kappelman, Michael D
Bousvaros, Athos
5T32DK007477-24/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Aug;52(8):867-74. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700156.},
   abstract = {In approximately one-fourth of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), disease onset occurs during childhood and adolescence. In addition to gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), children with these conditions often experience one or more nutritional complications of their disease including growth failure, delayed puberty, osteoporosis, anemia, and micronutrient deficiencies. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of selected nutritional complications in pediatric IBD.},
   keywords = {Anemia/*etiology/therapy
Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology/therapy
Child
Child Nutrition Disorders/*etiology/therapy
Enteral Nutrition
Growth Disorders/*etiology/therapy
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications/therapy
Nutritional Status
Nutritional Support
Osteoporosis/*etiology/therapy},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {18324705},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.200700156},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kappelman, M. D. and Grand, R. J.},
   title = {Does inflammatory bowel disease develop in infants?},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {14 Suppl 2},
   pages = {S6-8},
   note = {1536-4844
Kappelman, Michael D
Grand, Richard J
M01 RR002172/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
T32 HS000063/HS/AHRQ HHS/United States
T32 HS000063-12/HS/AHRQ HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Review
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Oct;14 Suppl 2:S6-8. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20544.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*epidemiology/genetics
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/*epidemiology/genetics
Diagnosis, Differential
Diarrhea/etiology
Female
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Incidence
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Male
Registries},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {18816729},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20544},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kappelman, M. D. and Rifas-Shiman, S. L. and Kleinman, K. and Ollendorf, D. and Bousvaros, A. and Grand, R. J. and Finkelstein, J. A.},
   title = {The prevalence and geographic distribution of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1424-9},
   note = {1542-7714
Kappelman, Michael D
Rifas-Shiman, Sheryl L
Kleinman, Ken
Ollendorf, Dan
Bousvaros, Athos
Grand, Richard J
Finkelstein, Jonathan A
5T32DK007477-24/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
RR M01002172/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Dec;5(12):1424-9. Epub 2007 Sep 29.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Previous US studies of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) prevalence have sampled small, geographically restricted populations and may not be generalizable to the entire nation. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in a large national sample and to compare the prevalence across geographic regions and other sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: We analyzed the health insurance claims for 9 million Americans, pooled from 87 health plans in 33 states, and identified cases of CD and UC using diagnosis codes. Prevalence was determined by dividing the number of cases by the number of persons enrolled for 2 years. Logistic regression was used to compare prevalence estimates by geographic region, age, sex, and insurance type (Medicaid vs commercial). RESULTS: The prevalence of CD and UC in children younger than 20 years was 43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 40-45) and 28 (95% CI, 26-30) per 100,000, respectively. In adults, the prevalence of CD and UC was 201 (95% CI, 197-204) and 238 (95% CI, 234-241), respectively. The prevalence of both conditions was lower in the South, compared with the Northeast, Midwest, and West. IBD appears to be more common in commercially insured individuals, compared with those insured by Medicaid. CONCLUSIONS: This estimation of the prevalence of IBD in the US should help quantify the overall burden of disease and inform the planning of appropriate clinical services.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*epidemiology
Confidence Intervals
Crohn Disease/*epidemiology
Female
Humans
Male
Odds Ratio
Prevalence
Regression Analysis
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
United States/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {17904915},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2007.07.012},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Karmiris, K. and Koutroubakis, I. E. and Kouroumalis, E. A.},
   title = {Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin--implications for inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {52},
   number = {8},
   pages = {855-66},
   note = {1613-4133
Karmiris, Konstantinos
Koutroubakis, Ioannis E
Kouroumalis, Elias A
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Aug;52(8):855-66. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700050.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by anorexia, malnutrition, altered body composition, and development of mesenteric white adipose tissue (WAT) hypertrophy. Increasing evidence suggests that adipokines synthesized either in WAT or in immune cells, are involved in these manifestations of IBD. Among adipokines leptin, adiponectin and resistin hold a fundamental role while the role of ghrelin in inflammation is not well established. Preliminary studies have shown overexpression of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in mesenteric WAT of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and significant alterations of circulating serum levels of these adipokines in IBD. It has also been demonstrated that intestinal inflammation causes an increase in endogenous ghrelin production. In animal models of intestinal inflammation, existing data suggest that leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are pivotal mediators of inflammation. Interesting therapeutic interventions based on these data have been suggested. A specific role for hypertrophic WAT has also been implicated in CD. Further efforts with experimental and clinical studies are needed to better understand the role of adipokines in IBD.},
   keywords = {Adiponectin/*physiology
Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
Crohn Disease/pathology
Cytokines/biosynthesis
Ghrelin/*physiology
Humans
Hypertrophy
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology
Leptin/*physiology
Resistin/*physiology},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {18383234},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.200700050},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Karrout, Y. and Neut, C. and Wils, D. and Siepmann, F. and Deremaux, L. and Desreumaux, P. and Siepmann, J.},
   title = {Novel polymeric film coatings for colon targeting: how to adjust desired membrane properties},
   journal = {Int J Pharm},
   volume = {371},
   number = {1-2},
   pages = {64-70},
   note = {1873-3476
Karrout, Youness
Neut, Christel
Wils, Daniel
Siepmann, Florence
Deremaux, Laetitia
Desreumaux, Pierre
Siepmann, Jurgen
Journal Article
Netherlands
Int J Pharm. 2009 Apr 17;371(1-2):64-70. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.12.014. Epub 2008 Dec 24.},
   abstract = {The major aim of this work was to optimize the properties of novel polymeric films based on blends of ethylcellulose and Nutriose (a water-soluble, branched dextrin). Such blends were recently shown to be highly promising for the site-specific delivery of drugs to the colon in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases, in particular Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Importantly, and in contrast to various other colon targeting approaches, the system is adapted to the pathophysiological conditions in the disease state. However, it is yet unknown how desired membrane properties, especially water uptake and dry mass loss kinetics as well as mechanical stability can be adjusted to the specific needs of particular drug treatments. Different highly efficient and easy to apply tools were identified altering the membrane's properties, in particular their mechanical resistance required to withstand the shear forces resulting from the motility of the upper GIT and the hydrostatic pressure built up within the devices upon contact with aqueous media. This includes the variation of the Nutriose:ethylcellulose blend ratio and initial plasticizer content. Importantly, Nutriose also exhibits significant pre-biotic activity, normalizing the microflora in the patients' colon, which is of major clinical benefit in the case of inflammatory bowel diseases.},
   keywords = {Cellulose/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry
Colon/*metabolism
Delayed-Action Preparations/*administration & dosage/chemistry
Dextrins/*chemistry
Drug Carriers/*chemistry
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism
*Membranes, Artificial
Permeability
Plasticizers/chemistry
Stress, Mechanical
Tablets, Enteric-Coated
Water/chemistry},
   ISSN = {0378-5173},
   Accession Number = {19135511},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.12.014},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kawakami, Y. and Okada, H. and Murakami, Y. and Kawakami, T. and Ueda, Y. and Kunii, D. and Sakamoto, Y. and Shiratori, Y. and Okita, M.},
   title = {Dietary intake, neutrophil fatty acid profile, serum antioxidant vitamins and oxygen radical absorbance capacity in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)},
   volume = {53},
   number = {2},
   pages = {153-9},
   note = {Kawakami, Yuko
Okada, Hiroyuki
Murakami, Yasuko
Kawakami, Takayo
Ueda, Yukiko
Kunii, Daisuke
Sakamoto, Yachiyo
Shiratori, Yasushi
Okita, Misako
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Japan
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2007 Apr;53(2):153-9.},
   abstract = {Nutrition may play an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of ulcerative colitis. Several studies suggest an association between dietary factors and the onset of ulcerative colitis; however, only few studies have examined the relationship between dietary intake and relapse of ulcerative colitis. The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake and antioxidative capacity of ulcerative colitis patients and to elucidate the efficacy of dietary therapy for ulcerative colitis. Dietary intake, fatty acid composition of phospholipids in plasma and neutrophils, serum fat-soluble vitamin levels, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were analyzed in 29 ulcerative colitis patients (7 males and 22 females), who were treated at the Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital. Total fat intake, fat energy ratio and linoleic acid intake were significantly lower, while protein and carbohydrate intakes were significantly higher, in the patients than age- and sex-matched controls. In the neutrophil phospholipids of ulcerative colitis patients, significantly higher levels of linoleic aicd and arachidonic acid and a lower level of eicosapentaenoic acid were observed. The concentrations of serum retinol and beta-carotene but not alpha-tocopherol were significantly lower and serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity was also lower than in the controls. Significant correlations between serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity and retinol (r = 0.567, p = 0.0031), alpha-tocopherol (r = 0.560, p = 0.0036) and beta-carotene (r = 0.440, p = 0.0279) concentrations were observed in the ulcerative colitis patients. A diet restricting the intake of linoleic acid and supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid and antioxidative vitamins may be recommendable for the nutritional management of ulcerative colitis patients.},
   keywords = {Adult
Albumins/metabolism
Antioxidants/analysis/*metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/*metabolism
Diet/*methods
Diet Records
Fatty Acids/*metabolism
Female
Humans
Male
Neutrophils/*metabolism
Phospholipids/metabolism
Proteins/metabolism
Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism
Vitamin A/blood
Vitamins/*blood
alpha-Tocopherol/blood
beta Carotene/blood},
   ISSN = {0301-4800 (Print)
0301-4800},
   Accession Number = {17616003},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kelsen, J. and Baldassano, R. N.},
   title = {Inflammatory bowel disease: the difference between children and adults},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {14 Suppl 2},
   pages = {S9-11},
   note = {1536-4844
Kelsen, Judith
Baldassano, Robert N
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Oct;14 Suppl 2:S9-11. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20560.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Age of Onset
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/*epidemiology/immunology/pathology
Crohn Disease/*complications/*epidemiology/immunology/pathology
Environment
Female
Growth Disorders/*etiology
Humans
Male
Puberty, Delayed/etiology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {18816756},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20560},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Komanduri, S. and Gillevet, P. M. and Sikaroodi, M. and Mutlu, E. and Keshavarzian, A.},
   title = {Dysbiosis in pouchitis: evidence of unique microfloral patterns in pouch inflammation},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {3},
   pages = {352-60},
   note = {1542-7714
Komanduri, Srinadh
Gillevet, Patrick M
Sikaroodi, Masoumeh
Mutlu, Ece
Keshavarzian, Ali
Journal Article
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Mar;5(3):352-60.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pouch inflammation after surgery for ulcerative colitis can significantly alter quality of life and thus ideally should be prevented. Dysbiosis or altered microflora is suspected to be the key pathogenic factor for pouchitis. However, dysbiosis in pouchitis has not been characterized carefully because of a lack of available sensitive microbiological technology suitable for in vivo studies in human beings. Thus, the aims of our study were as follows: (1) to show the use of the length heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) technique for studying microflora in human beings, and (2) to use the technique to characterize the microfloral patterns in the ileal pouch of patients with pouchitis. METHODS: Microfloral patterns initially were assessed using a 16S ribosomal RNA technique (LH-PCR) to determine the qualitative changes in the luminal and mucosal intestinal flora. We subsequently cloned and sequenced the LH-PCR amplification products from the community 16S ribosomal RNA found in patients with pouchitis and in control pouch to identify the microbial species involved in pouchitis. RESULTS: We have shown unique microfloral patterns in pouchitis. Through cloning and sequencing of the LH-PCR amplicons, we have shown the persistence of Fusobacter and Enteric species associated with the disease state and the absence of specific bacteria such as Streptococcus species in the inflamed pouch. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that the LH-PCR technique is suitable for studying microflora in human beings. By using this technique and the clone sequences, we have shown dysbiosis in the microbial biofilm adherent to the mucosa in pouchitis. Our data provide direct evidence of the role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of pouchitis.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Bacteria/classification/*growth & development
Biofilms
Biopsy, Needle
Case-Control Studies
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*surgery
Colonic Pouches/*adverse effects
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods
Pouchitis/*microbiology/physiopathology
Proctocolectomy, Restorative/*adverse effects/methods
Reference Values
Risk Assessment},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {17368235},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2007.01.001},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kugathasan, S. and Nebel, J. and Skelton, J. A. and Markowitz, J. and Keljo, D. and Rosh, J. and LeLeiko, N. and Mack, D. and Griffiths, A. and Bousvaros, A. and Evans, J. and Mezoff, A. and Moyer, S. and Oliva-Hemker, M. and Otley, A. and Pfefferkorn, M. and Crandall, W. and Wyllie, R. and Hyams, J.},
   title = {Body mass index in children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease: observations from two multicenter North American inception cohorts},
   journal = {J Pediatr},
   volume = {151},
   number = {5},
   pages = {523-7},
   note = {1097-6833
Kugathasan, Subra
Nebel, Justin
Skelton, Joseph A
Markowitz, James
Keljo, David
Rosh, Joel
LeLeiko, Neal
Mack, David
Griffiths, Anne
Bousvaros, Athos
Evans, Jonathan
Mezoff, Adam
Moyer, Susan
Oliva-Hemker, Maria
Otley, Anthony
Pfefferkorn, Mariann
Crandall, Wallace
Wyllie, Robert
Hyams, Jeffrey
Wisconsin Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Alliance
Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr. 2007 Nov;151(5):523-7. Epub 2007 Aug 24.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from 2 prospective inception cohorts to examine body mass index (BMI) status at presentation. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical, demographic, and BMI data were obtained from 783 patients with newly diagnosed IBD. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for 2748 healthy children were used as a control. RESULTS: Most children with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis had a BMI in the normative range (5%-84%). Low BMI (<5%) was seen in 22% to 24% of children with Crohn's disease and 7% to 9% of children with ulcerative colitis. Ten percent of children with Crohn's disease and 20% to 30% of children with ulcerative colitis had a BMI at diagnosis consistent with overweight or risk for overweight. CONCLUSION: Children with IBD are affected by current population trends toward overweight. A significant subgroup of children with newly diagnosed IBD has a BMI categorized as overweight or at risk for overweight. Clinicians should be aware of possible IBD diagnosis in the presence increased BMI.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
*Body Mass Index
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child, Preschool
Continental Population Groups/statistics & numerical data
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology
North America/epidemiology
Overweight
Prospective Studies
Reference Values
Registries},
   ISSN = {0022-3476},
   Accession Number = {17961699},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.004},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kunitake, H. and Hodin, R. and Shellito, P. C. and Sands, B. E. and Korzenik, J. and Bordeianou, L.},
   title = {Perioperative treatment with infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is not associated with an increased rate of postoperative complications},
   journal = {J Gastrointest Surg},
   volume = {12},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1730-6; discussion 1736-7},
   note = {1873-4626
Kunitake, Hiroko
Hodin, Richard
Shellito, Paul C
Sands, Bruce E
Korzenik, Joshua
Bordeianou, Liliana
Journal Article
United States
J Gastrointest Surg. 2008 Oct;12(10):1730-6; discussion 1736-7. doi: 10.1007/s11605-008-0630-8. Epub 2008 Aug 16.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: The impact of infliximab (IFX) on postoperative complications in surgical patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is unclear. We examined a large patient cohort to clarify whether a relationship exists between IFX and postoperative complications. METHODS: A total of 413 consecutive patients--188 (45.5%) with suspected CD, 156 (37.8%) with UC, and 69 (16.7%) with indeterminate colitis--underwent abdominal surgery at the Massachusetts General Hospital between January 1993 and June 2007. One hundred one (24.5%) had received preoperative IFX < or = 12 weeks before surgery. These patients were compared to those who did not receive IFX with respect to demographics, comorbidities, presence of preoperative infections, steroid use, and nutritional status. We then compared the cumulative rate of complications for each group, which included deaths, anastomotic leak, infection, thrombotic complications, prolonged ileus/small bowel obstruction, cardiac, and hepatorenal complications. Potential risk factors for infectious complications including preexisting infection, pathological diagnosis, and steroid or IFX exposure were further evaluated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Patients were similar with respect to gender (IFX = 40.6% men vs. non-IFX = 51.9%, p = 0.06), age (36.1 years vs. 37.8, p = 0.43), Charlson Comorbidity Index (5.3 vs. 5.7, p = 0.25), concomitant steroids (75.3% vs. 76.9%, p = 0.79), preoperative albumin level (3.3 vs. 3.2, p = 0.36), and rate of emergent surgery (3.0% vs. 3.5%, p = 1.00). IFX patients had higher rates of CD (56.4% vs. 41.9%, p = 0.02), concomitant azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine use (34.6% vs. 16.6%, p < 0.0001), and lower rates of intra-abdominal abscess (3.9% vs. 11%, p < 0.05). After surgery, the two groups had similar rates of death (2% vs. 0.3% p = 0.09), anastomotic leak (3.0% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.97), cumulative infections (5.97% vs. 10.1%, p = 1), thrombotic complications (3.6% vs. 3.0%, p = 0.06), prolonged ileus/small bowel obstructions (3.9 vs. 2.8, p = 0.59), cardiac complications (1% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.42), and hepatic or renal complications (1.0 vs. 0.6% p = 0.72). A logistic regression model was then created to assess the impact of IFX, as well as other potential risk factors, on the rates of cumulative postoperative infections. We found that steroids (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2, p = 0.74), IFX (OR 2.5, p = 0.14), preoperative diagnosis of CD (OR = 0.7, p = 0.63) or UC (OR = 0.6, p = 0.48), and preoperative infection (OR = 1.2, p = 0.76) did not affect rates of clinically important postoperative infections. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative IFX was not associated with an increased rate of cumulative postoperative complications.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*adverse effects
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*adverse effects
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/surgery
Crohn Disease/*drug therapy/surgery
Female
Humans
Infliximab
Male
Middle Aged
Perioperative Care
Postoperative Complications/*chemically induced/etiology
Retrospective Studies
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1091-255x},
   Accession Number = {18709514},
   DOI = {10.1007/s11605-008-0630-8},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kuwabara, A. and Tanaka, K. and Tsugawa, N. and Nakase, H. and Tsuji, H. and Shide, K. and Kamao, M. and Chiba, T. and Inagaki, N. and Okano, T. and Kido, S.},
   title = {High prevalence of vitamin K and D deficiency and decreased BMD in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Osteoporos Int},
   volume = {20},
   number = {6},
   pages = {935-42},
   note = {1433-2965
Kuwabara, A
Tanaka, K
Tsugawa, N
Nakase, H
Tsuji, H
Shide, K
Kamao, M
Chiba, T
Inagaki, N
Okano, T
Kido, S
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Osteoporos Int. 2009 Jun;20(6):935-42. doi: 10.1007/s00198-008-0764-2. Epub 2008 Sep 30.},
   abstract = {SUMMARY: Vitamin K and D deficiency and decreased bone mineral density (BMD) were highly prevalent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially Crohn's disease (CD). Dietary intakes of these vitamins, however, were above the Japanese adequate intakes in IBD patients, suggesting that malabsorption is the basis for hypovitaminosis K and D and decreased BMD. INTRODUCTION: We have studied the possible involvement of vitamin K and D deficiency in the pathogenesis of decreased BMD in IBD. METHODS: Seventy patients with IBD were evaluated for their BMD; plasma levels of vitamin K; phylloquinone (PK), menaquinone-7 (MK-7), and 25OH-D; serum PTH, protein induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA-II), and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) levels; and their food intake. RESULTS: Compared with ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, CD patients had significantly lower plasma vitamin K and 25OH-D concentrations; significantly higher serum levels of PTH, PIVKA-II, and ucOC; and significantly lower BMD scores at almost all measurement sites. More IBD patients were vitamin K deficient in bone than in liver. Multiple regression analyses revealed that low plasma concentrations of vitamin K and 25OH-D were independent risk factors for low BMD and that they were associated with the patients' fat intake, but not with their intake of these vitamins. CONCLUSION: IBD patients have high prevalence of decreased BMD and vitamin K and D deficiency probably caused by malabsorption of these vitamins.},
   keywords = {Adult
Bone Density/*physiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/complications
Crohn Disease/blood/complications
Diet
Female
Fractures, Bone/*etiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/*complications
Malabsorption Syndromes/blood/*complications
Male
Nutritional Status
Prevalence
Regression Analysis
Risk Factors
Vitamin D Deficiency/blood/*complications
Vitamin K Deficiency/blood/*complications},
   ISSN = {0937-941x},
   Accession Number = {18825300},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00198-008-0764-2},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Leenen, C. H. and Dieleman, L. A.},
   title = {Inulin and oligofructose in chronic inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Nutr},
   volume = {137},
   number = {11 Suppl},
   pages = {2572s-2575s},
   note = {Leenen, Celine H M
Dieleman, Levinus A
81396/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Nutr. 2007 Nov;137(11 Suppl):2572S-2575S.},
   abstract = {Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, also called chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), affect up to 500 per 100,000 persons in the Western world. Recent studies in the etiology of IBD suggest that these diseases are caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Results from humans and especially animal models of colitis reported by our group and others have indicated that these diseases result from a lack of tolerance to resident intestinal bacteria in genetically susceptible hosts. Probiotic bacteria have health-promoting effects for the host when ingested and have also shown efficacy in ulcerative colitis and refractory pouchitis. In light of the efficacy of providing probiotic bacteria to patients with IBD, there has been interest in the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of inulin, oligofructose, and other prebiotics for patients with or at risk of IBD. Prebiotics are nondigestible dietary oligosaccharides that affect the host by selectively stimulating growth, activity, or both of selective intestinal (probiotic) bacteria. Prebiotics are easy to administer and, in contrast to probiotic therapy, do not require administration of large amounts of (live) bacteria and are therefore easier to administer. Studies using prebiotics, especially beta-fructan oligosaccharides, for the treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation have shown benefit in animal models of colitis. Studies using these prebiotics alone or in combination with probiotics are emerging and have shown promise. These dietary therapies could lead to novel treatments for these chronic debilitating diseases.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/microbiology/physiopathology
Crohn Disease/*drug therapy/microbiology/physiopathology
Disease Models, Animal
Humans
Inulin/*therapeutic use
Oligosaccharides/*therapeutic use
Probiotics/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0022-3166 (Print)
0022-3166},
   Accession Number = {17951505},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lindberg, J. and Stenling, R. and Palmqvist, R. and Rutegard, J.},
   title = {Early onset of ulcerative colitis: long-term follow-up with special reference to colorectal cancer and primary sclerosing cholangitis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {46},
   number = {5},
   pages = {534-8},
   note = {1536-4801
Lindberg, Jan
Stenling, Roger
Palmqvist, Richard
Rutegard, Jorgen
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 May;46(5):534-8. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31815a98ef.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The onset of UC at a young age has been considered a specific risk factor for CRC. This study reports the outcome with respect to DNA aneuploidy, dysplasia, CRC, and PSC in a cohort of patients with early-onset UC from a defined catchment area who were followed up for 45 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study period was from 1961 through 2005. In all, 46 children and adolescents, ages 18 or younger from our catchment area, were affected with UC during this time. Data were collected from our colonoscopic surveillance program and other medical records in the same hospital. RESULTS: The incidence rate of UC was 1.6 children or adolescents per 100,000 inhabitants per year. The onset of disease was at age 14 years (mean and median), and the observed duration of disease was 0 to 44 years. Five patients died, 3 of them of intercurrent disease. CRC developed in 1 patient, and no death caused by this disease was observed. PSC was diagnosed in 4 patients, in all of whom the onset of UC occurred before age 15. CONCLUSIONS: The earlier reports of increased risk of CRC in patients with early-onset UC was not seen in this study. This could be due to a high frequency of surgery together with a well-functioning surveillance program with excellent compliance. The recommendation of surgery in cases of high-grade dysplasia or repeated findings of low-grade dysplasia seems to be effective in the attempt to minimize the risk for CRC. We observed a rather high incidence of PSC, which may indicate that more attention should be paid to a search for this diagnosis in patients with early-onset UC.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age of Onset
Child
Child, Preschool
Cholangitis, Sclerosing/*epidemiology/etiology/pathology
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Colonoscopy
Colorectal Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiology/pathology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Incidence
Male
Precancerous Conditions/epidemiology/etiology/pathology
*Risk Assessment
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {18493208},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31815a98ef},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lopez San Roman, A. and Rivero Fernandez, M.},
   title = {[Current status of inflammatory bowel disease treatment]},
   journal = {Rev Clin Esp},
   volume = {207},
   number = {6},
   pages = {298-300},
   note = {Lopez San Roman, A
Rivero Fernandez, M
English Abstract
Journal Article
Spain
Rev Clin Esp. 2007 Jun;207(6):298-300.},
   abstract = {Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease should take some general considerations into account, standing out among them the importance of nutrition, antithrombotic prophylaxis in certain situations, prevention of osteoporosis and prevention of colorectal cancer by endoscopic screening in extensive ulcerous colitis or Crohn's colitis. Ulcerous colitis is still effectively treated with salicylates and steroids in its mild and moderate forms. Severe forms require parenteral steroids, cyclosporine or infliximab, and these are successfully used with immunosuppressants (azathioprine or mercaptopurine) in steroid dependence. Maintenance with salicylates, that should be adequately complied with, is an important point. Crohn's disease is treated with steroids in its mild and moderate forms, and again in corticodependent ones with immunosuppressants, which we are using increasingly sooner. Refractory forms or fistulous forms benefit from the use of biological treatments (infliximab) generally accompanied by immunosuppressants.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*therapy
Crohn Disease/*therapy
Humans},
   ISSN = {0014-2565 (Print)
0014-2565},
   Accession Number = {17568519},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lopez-Rosales, F. and Gonzalez-Contreras, Q. and Muro, L. J. and Berber, M. M. and de Leon, H. T. and Fernandez, O. V. and Veana, R. R.},
   title = {Laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis: initial experience in Mexico},
   journal = {Surg Endosc},
   volume = {21},
   number = {12},
   pages = {2304-7},
   note = {1432-2218
Lopez-Rosales, F
Gonzalez-Contreras, Q
Muro, L J
Berber, M M
de Leon, H T Cid
Fernandez, O V
Veana, R R
Journal Article
Germany
Surg Endosc. 2007 Dec;21(12):2304-7. Epub 2007 Aug 20.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of laparoscopic colectomy in 1991, experience in laparoscopic bowel surgery has gradually increased. Several reports from specialized centers have demonstrated that laparoscopic colorectal resections are feasible and safe, providing an acceptable alternative to laparotomy for a variety of diseases. Some studies have shown the feasibility, safety, and good functional outcome of the minimally invasive procedures for ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). No known studies have investigated laparoscopic proctocolectomy in Mexico. This report aims to describe the first laparoscopic proctocolectomies with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) performed at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran (INCMNSZ). METHODS: All the patients in the authors' institution who underwent a one- or two-stage laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with IPAA between June 2005 and December 2006 were included in the study. All the operations were performed by the same surgeon, who had already completed the learning curve for colorectal laparoscopic procedures. RESULTS: For the study, 10 patients underwent a laparoscopic proctocolectomy with IPAA by a single surgeon. Eight of the patients underwent a one-stage procedure, whereas two patients with severe colitis underwent a two-step procedure. All the cases were managed with a diverting loop ileostomy. Six patients underwent a standard double-stapled IPAA anastomosis, and two patients with FAP underwent a mucosectomy with a manual IPAA anastomosis. The mean operative time was 187 min, and the mean blood loss was 46 ml. There were two postoperative complications. One patient presented with an early small bowel obstruction due to an internal hernia, which required reoperation. The other complication was a wound infection. The mean return to oral intake was 1.5 days, and the mean length of hospital stay was 3.4 days. CONCLUSION: Although this was not a comparative study and although sample size imposed limitations, with this preliminary data, we conclude that the laparoscopic approach to UC and FAP at our institution is safe, feasible, and effective. However, to achieve the benefits in postoperative outcome, this procedure should be performed only by experienced laparoscopic surgeons.},
   keywords = {Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/*surgery
Adult
Blood Loss, Surgical
Colitis, Ulcerative/*surgery
Feasibility Studies
Female
Hernia/complications
Humans
Intestinal Obstruction/etiology/surgery
*Laparoscopy
Length of Stay
Male
Mexico
Middle Aged
Postoperative Complications
*Proctocolectomy, Restorative/adverse effects/methods
Reoperation
Surgical Wound Infection
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0930-2794},
   Accession Number = {17705080},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00464-007-9523-2},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Makharia, G. K. and Sachdev, V. and Gupta, R. and Lal, S. and Pandey, R. M.},
   title = {Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody does not differentiate between Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {52},
   number = {1},
   pages = {33-9},
   note = {Makharia, Govind K
Sachdev, Vikas
Gupta, Rajiva
Lal, Suman
Pandey, R M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Jan;52(1):33-9. Epub 2006 Dec 8.},
   abstract = {The clinical, morphological, and histological features of intestinal tuberculosis (IT) and Crohn's disease (CD) mimic so much, that it becomes difficult to differentiate between them. The sensitivity of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA) IgG and ASCA IgA in CD is 60%-80%, whereas the specificity is almost 90%. There are no reports of study of ASCA in patients with IT, nor has it ever been used to differentiate CD from IT. Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC; n=25), CD (n=59), and IT (n=30) and 21 healthy controls were included in this study. The location and behavior of CD were classified according to the Modified Montreal classification. Five milliliters of blood was taken from them and serum was stored at -70 degrees C. ASCA antibodies (both IgG and IgA) were estimated using commercially available ELISA kits (AESKU Diagnostics, Germany). Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody was measured by indirect immunofluorescence test. ASCA IgA was positive in 4.7%, 28%, 33.9%, and 43.3% and ASCA IgG was positive in 4.7%, 24%, 50.8%, and 46.6% of healthy controls and patients with UC, CD, and IT, respectively. Either ASCA IgG or ASCA IgA was positive in 9.5%, 40%, 61% and 66.6% of healthy controls, UC, CD, and IT, respectively. ANCA was positive in 0%, 32%, 10.1%, and 6.6% of healthy controls, UC, CD, and IT, respectively. ASCA IgG was positive in a significantly higher number of patients with CD (P<0.0001) and IT (P<0.0001) in comparison to healthy controls. ASCA IgA was positive in a significantly higher number of patients with UC (P<0.04), CD (P<0.013), and IT (P<0.006) in comparison to healthy controls. In comparisons between diseases, ASCA IgG was positive in significantly more patients with CD (P<0.001) and IT (P<0.001) in comparison to UC. There was no significant difference in ASCA IgA (33.9% vs. 43.3%), ASCA IgG (50.86% vs. 46.6%), or ANCA (10.7%, 7.4%) in patients with CD and IT, respectively. There was no correlation between ASCA and duration, location and behavior of CD, and IT. We conclude that ASCA IgG and ASCA IgA do not help to differentiate between IT and CD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/blood
Antibodies, Fungal/*blood
Biomarkers/blood
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/immunology
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Immunoglobulin G/blood
Male
Middle Aged
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*immunology
Sensitivity and Specificity
Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/*diagnosis/immunology},
   ISSN = {0163-2116 (Print)
0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {17160471},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-006-9527-0},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Markel, T. A. and Lou, D. C. and Pfefferkorn, M. and Scherer, L. R., 3rd and West, K. and Rouse, T. and Engum, S. and Ladd, A. and Rescorla, F. J. and Billmire, D. F.},
   title = {Steroids and poor nutrition are associated with infectious wound complications in children undergoing first stage procedures for ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Surgery},
   volume = {144},
   number = {4},
   pages = {540-5; discussion 545-7},
   note = {1532-7361
Markel, Troy A
Lou, Derek C
Pfefferkorn, Marian
Scherer, L R 3rd
West, Karen
Rouse, Thomas
Engum, Scott
Ladd, Alan
Rescorla, Frederick J
Billmire, Deborah F
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Surgery. 2008 Oct;144(4):540-5; discussion 545-7. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.07.005.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Risk factors for postoperative infections have not been evaluated in pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). This review was undertaken to evaluate the effects of immunosuppressive therapy and other preoperative factors on infectious wound complications in children undergoing first stage surgical therapy for UC. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective review of children under 18 years of age receiving first stage surgical therapy for UC at a major children's hospital was performed. Preoperative clinical and treatment variables were identified and correlated with postoperative wound complications. RESULTS: A total of 51 children were identified: 19 underwent colectomy with ileo-anal-pouch anastomosis and 32 underwent total abdominal colectomy with Hartmann's pouch. A total of 20 infectious complications were identified in 18 patients. Preoperative steroid use was associated with a greater postoperative wound infection rate. Preoperative hemoglobin less than 10 g/dL (P < .05) and albumin less than 3 g/dL (P = 0.1) were associated with greater rates of postoperative infection. Preoperative body mass index and other immunosuppressive agents did not influence postoperative infectious morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of pediatric patients who require operative intervention for UC are debilitated from their disease and medication use. Children with normal serum albumin and hemoglobin who are not on steroid therapy have a low risk of postoperative infectious complications.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Distribution
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Colectomy/adverse effects/methods
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*surgery
Colonic Pouches/adverse effects
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Incidence
Male
Malnutrition/*complications/diagnosis
Preoperative Care
Probability
Proctocolectomy, Restorative/adverse effects/*methods
Registries
Retrospective Studies
Risk Assessment
Sex Distribution
Steroids/*adverse effects/therapeutic use
Surgical Wound Infection/*epidemiology/*etiology
Wound Healing/physiology},
   ISSN = {0039-6060},
   Accession Number = {18847637},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.surg.2008.07.005},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Markowitz, J.},
   title = {Current treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in children},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {40},
   number = {1},
   pages = {16-21},
   note = {Markowitz, J
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2008 Jan;40(1):16-21. Epub 2007 Nov 7.},
   abstract = {Children with inflammatory bowel disease present formidable therapeutic challenges. As both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis remain medically incurable conditions associated with potentially significant morbidity, the focus of treatment must be to reduce or eliminate symptoms, optimize nutritional status, promote normal growth and development, prevent complications and minimize the potential psychological effects of these chronic illnesses. This review focuses on the evidence supporting the treatments currently used in children with inflammatory bowel disease, and suggests potential treatment algorithms for particular clinical circumstances.},
   keywords = {Child
Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use
Humans
Immunologic Factors/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*therapy
Nutritional Support/*methods
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1590-8658 (Print)
1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {17988965},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2007.07.167},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Martin de Carpi, J. and Vilar Escrigas, P. and Varea Calderon, V.},
   title = {[Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis]},
   journal = {An Pediatr (Barc)},
   volume = {69},
   number = {4},
   pages = {351-4},
   note = {Martin de Carpi, J
Vilar Escrigas, P
Varea Calderon, V
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article
Spain
An Pediatr (Barc). 2008 Oct;69(4):351-4.},
   abstract = {Paediatric ulcerative colitis tends to be more severe and more extensive than in adults. Steroid-resistance is also more frequent, producing a high colectomy rate in these patients. Cyclosporine A has showed to be an effective rescue therapy in acute attacks, avoiding colectomy. However, the long-term benefits are less promising and there is also very serious toxicity associated with its use. Therefore, novel effective therapies in paediatric ulcerative colitis are mandatory. We present a patient with a severe attack of steroid-resistant ulcerative-colitis in whom infliximab has proved effective in inducing a maintained remission and in avoiding the need for colectomy.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Female
Humans
Infliximab
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {1695-4033 (Print)
1695-4033},
   Accession Number = {18928703},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Martin de Carpi, J. and Vilar, P. and Prieto, G. and Garcia Novo, M. D. and Ribes, C. and Varea, V.},
   title = {Safety and efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective pilot study},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {46},
   number = {4},
   pages = {386-91},
   note = {1536-4801
Martin de Carpi, Javier
Vilar, Pere
Prieto, Gerardo
Garcia Novo, Maria Dolores
Ribes, Carmen
Varea, Vicente
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Apr;46(4):386-91. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31815604e5.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Selective granulocyte-monocyte adsorption (GMA) apheresis is a safe technique that has shown efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially in adult steroid-dependent and steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. GMA apheresis is performed with Adacolumn, a direct blood perfusion system that selectively adsorbs circulating granulocytes and monocytes. Studies on efficacy of GMA apheresis in paediatric IBD are scarce. Our aim was to evaluate efficacy, safety, and tolerability of GMA apheresis in paediatric IBD patients followed for 1 year. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine patients with a mild to moderate flare-up (6 boys, 3 girls; 5 ulcerative colitis [UC], 4 Crohn disease [CD]) were included. Mean age at inclusion was 13 years and 9 months, and mean disease duration before inclusion was 28 months. All of our patients with UC were steroid-dependent; patients with CD had been unsuccessfully treated with other therapies. GMA apheresis consisted of 5 consecutive weekly sessions lasting 60 minutes each. RESULTS: After the 5 sessions, 4 of 5 patients with UC and 1 of 4 patients with CD achieved remission. This remission was maintained in 2 of 4 patients with UC and in the single patients with CD. Patients taking steroids could begin to taper their daily doses after the second apheresis, and 3 of 5 of these patients reached the end of the study steroid-free. GMA apheresis was well tolerated and no severe side effects related to the technique were observed. CONCLUSIONS: GMA apheresis is a safe, well-tolerated technique in paediatric IBD. As previously reported, we have observed a better efficacy in promoting and maintaining remission, and reducing conventional drugs in patients with UC than in patients with CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adsorption
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology/*therapy
Crohn Disease/pathology/*therapy
Drug Resistance
Female
Granulocytes
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
Leukapheresis/*methods
Male
Monocytes
Pilot Projects
Prospective Studies
Remission Induction
Safety
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {18367949},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31815604e5},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {M'Koma, A. E. and Wise, P. E. and Muldoon, R. L. and Schwartz, D. A. and Washington, M. K. and Herline, A. J.},
   title = {Evolution of the restorative proctocolectomy and its effects on gastrointestinal hormones},
   journal = {Int J Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {22},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1143-63},
   note = {M'Koma, Amosy E
Wise, Paul E
Muldoon, Roberta L
Schwartz, David A
Washington, Mary K
Herline, Alan J
K12 GM068543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
5K12GM068543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Germany
Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 Oct;22(10):1143-63. Epub 2007 Jun 19.},
   abstract = {Gastrointestinal (GI) peptide hormones are chemical messengers that regulate secretory, mechanical, metabolic, and trophic functions of the gut. Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) or resection of the colon and rectum with maintenance of intestinal continuity through the construction of an ileal pouch reservoir and preservation of the anal sphincters has become the standard of care for the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. The manipulation of the digestive system to create the ileal pouch involves altering gut-associated lymphoid tissue among other anatomic changes that lead to changes in GI peptides. In addition, the ileal pouch epithelium responds to a wide variety of stimuli by adjusting its cellularity and function. These adaptive mechanisms involve systemic factors, such as humoral and neural stimuli, as well as local factors, such as changes in intestinal peristalsis and intraluminal nutrients. There have been conflicting reports as to whether the alterations in GI hormones after RPC have actual clinical implications. What the studies on alterations of GI peptides' response and behavior after RPC have contributed, however, is a window into the possible etiology of complications after pouch surgery, such as pouchitis and malabsorption. Given the possibility of pharmacologically modifying GI peptides or select components of adaptation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with ileal pouch dysfunction or pouchitis, a clear understanding of human pouch mucosal adaptation is of paramount importance. In this review, we summarize the evolution of the RPC and its effects on the GI hormones as well as their possible clinical implications.},
   keywords = {Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/surgery
Colitis, Ulcerative/surgery
Gastrointestinal Hormones/*metabolism
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
Proctocolectomy, Restorative/*adverse effects},
   ISSN = {0179-1958 (Print)
0179-1958},
   Accession Number = {17576578},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00384-007-0331-x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mohamed-Hussein, A. A. and Mohamed, N. A. and Ibrahim, M. E.},
   title = {Changes in pulmonary function in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Respir Med},
   volume = {101},
   number = {5},
   pages = {977-82},
   note = {Mohamed-Hussein, Aliae A R
Mohamed, Nadia A S
Ibrahim, Mohamed-Eltaher A R
Journal Article
England
Respir Med. 2007 May;101(5):977-82. Epub 2006 Oct 17.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Information on the occurrence and frequency of pulmonary involvement in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) is inconsistent. Some authors reported pulmonary impairment with UC by standard pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and documented a reduced diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) especially in patients with active disease, whereas others could not detect differences in routine PFTs between UC patients and controls. AIM: The aim of this prospective study was to determine the frequency and type of pulmonary dysfunction in patients with UC with respect to disease activity. Furthermore, to evaluate the influence of smoking, nutritional status, sputum cytology and sulphasalazine therapy on PFT parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with UC (20 with active disease, 6 inactive) and 16 age and sex matched healthy controls were investigated with respect to the following pulmonary function tests, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the 1s (FEV(1)%) and their ratio (FEV(1)/FVC) and forced expiratory flow 25-75% (FEF25-75%) as well as oxygen saturation. For UC patients, colonoscopy and biopsy were done. Disease activity was assessed by Truelove index for UC. Induced sputum was sampled for cytology. Smoking habit, body mass index (BMI) and medications were recorded. RESULTS: Fifteen out of 26 patients with UC (57.6%) exhibited at least one pathological pulmonary function test (<80% of predicted value). Small airway obstruction was reported in the 15 patients, restrictive dysfunction in 30.7% and obstructive dysfunction in 11.5%. The impairment of PFTs was significant and more pronounced in patients with active disease, FVC (-14% of predicted), FEV(1) (-9% of predicted) and FEF25-75% (-32% of predicted), P<0.01, 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. There was no significant influence of smoking and medications on PFTs. CONCLUSIONS: UC patients show significantly decreased lung function tests in comparison to healthy controls. The impairment in active disease exceeded that during the remission. Early recognition is important, as they can be strikingly steroid responsive.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
Body Mass Index
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications/drug therapy/physiopathology
Eosinophilia/etiology
Female
Forced Expiratory Volume
Humans
Lymphocytosis/etiology
Male
Middle Aged
Nutritional Status
Oxygen/blood
Prospective Studies
Respiration Disorders/*etiology/physiopathology
Respiratory Function Tests
Severity of Illness Index
Smoking/physiopathology
Sputum/cytology
Sulfasalazine/therapeutic use
Vital Capacity},
   ISSN = {0954-6111 (Print)
0954-6111},
   Accession Number = {17049827},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.rmed.2006.09.005},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mossop, H. and Davies, P. and Murphy, M. S.},
   title = {Predicting the need for azathioprine at first presentation in children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {47},
   number = {2},
   pages = {123-9},
   note = {1536-4801
Mossop, Hilary
Davies, P
Murphy, M S
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Aug;47(2):123-9. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318156a834.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Although azathioprine usually is reserved for inflammatory bowel disease that proves difficult to control, routine early use has recently been advocated for children with Crohn disease. However, this practice carries with it an increased risk of adverse reactions. The objective of this study was to look for characteristics at first presentation that may identify those likely to benefit from early azathioprine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study setting was a tertiary pediatric gastroenterology department. Retrospective cohort study of 156 children (93 Crohn disease, 47 ulcerative colitis, 16 indeterminate colitis), comparing characteristics at presentation in those who did and did not eventually require azathioprine. Azathioprine was reserved for patients with frequent relapses and steroid dependence/resistance. Twenty variables were examined, including patient and disease characteristics and initial treatment response. These were analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 3.9 years (range 0.5-10.6 years). Azathioprine was used in 36% with Crohn disease and 40% with ulcerative colitis. Median time to commencing azathioprine was 14 months (range 3-77.5 months). Multifactorial analysis revealed an association with endoscopic colitis severity in Crohn disease (P < 0.02). However, only 50% with severe Crohn colitis actually needed azathioprine. There was an association with need for intravenous corticosteroids for induction of remission in Crohn disease (P < 0.006) and ulcerative colitis (P < 0.05). Of these patients, 75% required azathioprine. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the early use of azathioprine in children who require intravenous corticosteroids to induce initial remission. No other characteristics examined were of clinical utility in predicting need for azathioprine.},
   keywords = {Azathioprine/*therapeutic use
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
Crohn Disease/drug therapy
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/mortality/pathology
Kaplan-Meier Estimate
Male
Proportional Hazards Models
Recurrence
Remission Induction/*methods
Retrospective Studies
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {18664861},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e318156a834},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Moy, L. and Levine, J.},
   title = {Wireless capsule endoscopy in the pediatric age group: experience and complications},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {44},
   number = {4},
   pages = {516-20},
   note = {1536-4801
Moy, Libia
Levine, Jeremiah
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Apr;44(4):516-20.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The development of wireless capsule endoscopy (CE) provides a unique opportunity to visualize the entire small bowel in a minimally invasive manner. Studies in adult patients have demonstrated that the disposable capsule is well tolerated and highly effective, but few studies have been done in children. The aims of our study were to compare the diagnostic yield of CE and small bowel series in children being evaluated for possible small intestine disease and to determine the risk of developing an adverse event following capsule endoscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all children who underwent CE at 1 institution between August 2002 and July 2005. Results of CE were compared with those of small bowel radiographic studies when available. RESULTS: There were 46 CE studies from 45 patients, 28 male and 17 female, with a mean age of 14.9 +/- 3.6 years and mean weight of 49.7 +/- 17.5 kg. The indications for CE included unresponsive Crohn disease (n = 16), possible intestinal polyps (n = 11), unexplained iron deficiency anemia (n = 7), growth failure (n = 5), unresponsive ulcerative colitis (n = 3), persistent abdominal pain (n = 1), protein-losing enteropathy (n = 1), and allergic enteropathy with occult gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 1). Of the 46 CE studies, 41 were completed and 5 were incomplete studies. Based on the CE, 9 patients were newly diagnosed with Crohn disease, 9 patients with Crohn disease were newly diagnosed with small bowel involvement, 8 patients had upper intestinal polyps, 1 patient had findings consistent with Menetrier disease, and 1 had a duodenal ulcer. Thirty-three patients had small bowel series before CE: 24 studies were normal, 6 had abnormal thickening of the small bowel, 2 had polyps, and 1 patient had antral narrowing. All 9 patients with abnormal small bowel series had abnormal CE studies. Of the 24 patients with normal small bowel series, 20 had completed CE studies, and in 10 children, the study was abnormal. Nine of the 45 subjects had adverse events. Five patients had delayed passage from the stomach, with 2 needing endoscopic retrieval of the CE, and 4 had delayed passage from the small intestine (>5 days), with 2 requiring surgical removal, 1 responding to steroids, and the final patient requiring an ileocolic resection 2 months after the CE for an undiagnosed ileal stricture. The only significant association noted was that older patients were more likely to have intestinal retention. CONCLUSIONS: CE provides a valuable tool in the evaluation of pediatric patients for possible small bowel disease. However, the risk of developing complications appears to be greater in the pediatric population, with 20% of our patients having an adverse event.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
*Capsule Endoscopy
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*diagnosis
Humans
Male
Retrospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {17414156},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3180335548},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Muise, A. and Rotin, D.},
   title = {Apical junction complex proteins and ulcerative colitis: a focus on the PTPRS gene},
   journal = {Expert Rev Mol Diagn},
   volume = {8},
   number = {4},
   pages = {465-77},
   note = {1744-8352
Muise, Aleixo
Rotin, Daniela
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2008 Jul;8(4):465-77. doi: 10.1586/14737159.8.4.465.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component. Recent studies have identified innate immunity (NOD2), autophagy (ATG16L1) and Th17 pathway (IL23R) genes in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) is less clear; however, there is growing evidence that proteins involved in the apical junction complex are involved in UC. Here we review the up-to-date studies on the genetic basis for IBD and explore the newly described UC-associated apical junction complex pointing to a primary defect in barrier defense. We will focus on the PTPRS (encoding PTPsigma) gene and discuss its and other apical junction complex proteins' role in the pathogenesis of UC.},
   keywords = {Autophagy-Related Proteins
Carrier Proteins/genetics/immunology/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/pathology
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics/immunology/*metabolism
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class
2/genetics/immunology/*metabolism
Receptors, Interleukin/genetics/immunology/metabolism
Tight Junctions/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/ultrastructure},
   ISSN = {1473-7159},
   Accession Number = {18598228},
   DOI = {10.1586/14737159.8.4.465},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Muise, A. M. and Walters, T. and Wine, E. and Griffiths, A. M. and Turner, D. and Duerr, R. H. and Regueiro, M. D. and Ngan, B. Y. and Xu, W. and Sherman, P. M. and Silverberg, M. S. and Rotin, D.},
   title = {Protein-tyrosine phosphatase sigma is associated with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Curr Biol},
   volume = {17},
   number = {14},
   pages = {1212-8},
   note = {Muise, Aleixo M
Walters, Thomas
Wine, Eytan
Griffiths, Anne M
Turner, Dan
Duerr, Richard H
Regueiro, Miguel D
Ngan, Bo-Yee
Xu, Wei
Sherman, Philip M
Silverberg, Mark S
Rotin, Daniela
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Curr Biol. 2007 Jul 17;17(14):1212-8. Epub 2007 Jul 5.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a relatively common chronic debilitating intestinal illness, is composed of two broadly defined groups, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Although several susceptibility genes for CD have been recently described, susceptibility genes exclusive for UC have not been forthcoming. Here, we show that receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPRS-encoding PTPsigma) knockout mice spontaneously develop mild colitis that becomes severe when challenged with two known inducers of colitis. We also demonstrate that E-cadherin and beta-catenin, two important adherens junction proteins involved in maintenance of barrier defense in the colon, act as colonic substrates for PTPsigma. Furthermore, we show that three SNPs (rs886936, rs17130, and rs8100586) that flank exon 8 in the human PTPRS gene are associated with UC. The presence of these SNPs is associated with novel splicing that removes the third immunoglobulin-like domain (exon 9) from the extracellular portion of PTPsigma, possibly altering dimerization or ligand recognition. We propose that polymorphisms in the human PTPRS gene lead to ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Alternative Splicing
Animals
Biomarkers/metabolism
Cadherins/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism
Colon/*enzymology/metabolism
Exons
Female
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Haplotypes
Humans
Male
Mice
Mice, Knockout
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2/genetics/*metabolism
beta Catenin/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0960-9822 (Print)
0960-9822},
   Accession Number = {17614280},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.013},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Naito, Y. and Takagi, T. and Yoshikawa, T.},
   title = {Neutrophil-dependent oxidative stress in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Clin Biochem Nutr},
   volume = {41},
   number = {1},
   pages = {18-26},
   note = {Naito, Yuji
Takagi, Tomohisa
Yoshikawa, Toshikazu
Journal Article
Japan
J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007 Jul;41(1):18-26. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.2007003.},
   abstract = {Neutrophil accumulation within epithelial crypts and in the intestinal mucosa directly correlates with clinical disease activity and epithelial injury in ulcerative colitis (UC). Current advances have defined the mechanisms by which neutrophils are activated or migrate across mucosal epithelia. A better understanding of this process will likely provide new insights into novel treatment strategies for UC. Especially, activated neutrophils produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species within intestinal mucosa, which induce oxidative stress. In clinically, we have succeeded to develop a novel granulocytes adsorptive apheresis therapy for UC. In this article, we discuss current advances to define the role of neutrophils-dependent oxidative stress in UC.},
   keywords = {4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
dextran sodium sulfate
leukocytapheresis
neutrophill
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0912-0009 (Print)
0912-0009},
   Accession Number = {18392100},
   DOI = {10.3164/jcbn.2007003},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Newby, E. A. and Croft, N. M. and Green, M. and Hassan, K. and Heuschkel, R. B. and Jenkins, H. and Casson, D. H.},
   title = {Natural history of paediatric inflammatory bowel diseases over a 5-year follow-up: a retrospective review of data from the register of paediatric inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {46},
   number = {5},
   pages = {539-45},
   note = {1536-4801
Newby, Elizabeth A
Croft, Nick M
Green, Michael
Hassan, Kamal
Heuschkel, Robert B
Jenkins, Huw
Casson, David H
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 May;46(5):539-45. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181596efd.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The natural history of paediatric inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is poorly understood. We aim to describe the disease course in this cohort and generate prognostic information for patients and clinicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient records from 6 tertiary paediatric gastroenterology centres were reviewed to generate data concerning original diagnosis, change in diagnosis, family history, surgical interventions, growth, and presence of extragastrointestinal manifestations. RESULTS: Data were collected on 116 children with Crohn disease (CD), 74 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 20 with indeterminate colitis (IC), followed for a mean period of 3.42, 3.3, and 2.9 years from date of diagnosis, respectively. A male predominance is demonstrated in CD. Revision of diagnosis in patients with IC is mainly to UC, with most children receiving a definitive diagnosis within 2 years of initial presentation. Of the children with UC, 17.6% underwent 1 or more major operations with a median time to surgery of 1.92 years. Of children with CD, 11.6% underwent 1 or more major intraabdominal procedures with a median time to surgery of 1.83 years. We recorded a positive family history in 2.7%, 8.2%, and 10% of cases for CD, UC, and IC, respectively. For both boys and girls with CD, but only for boys with UC, height standard deviation score became more negative over time. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study quantifies certain distinctions between IBDs diagnosed in paediatric and adult populations. We document a trend toward male predominance in children with CD. We also note impaired linear growth in children with CD, whereas it appears maintained in girls with UC. We also have recorded a low incidence of IBDs in the families of this cohort and suggest that environmental influences may be of greater importance. We document that major intraabdominal surgery may be required in about 15% of patients with either UC or CD within 2 years of diagnosis, and that the majority of those diagnosed initially with IC will be reclassified as either UC or CD within 2 years.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/pathology/surgery
Crohn Disease/complications/pathology/surgery
Diagnosis, Differential
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Growth Disorders/*epidemiology/etiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*pathology/*surgery
Male
Prognosis
Retrospective Studies
Sex Factors
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {18493209},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181596efd},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nguyen, G. C. and Laveist, T. A. and Brant, S. R.},
   title = {The utilization of parenteral nutrition during the in-patient management of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States: a national survey},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {26},
   number = {11-12},
   pages = {1499-507},
   note = {1365-2036
Nguyen, G C
Laveist, T A
Brant, S R
F32DK076257/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Dec;26(11-12):1499-507. Epub 2007 Oct 11.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Parenteral nutrition has a limited role in the in-patient management of inflammatory bowel disease. AIM: To determine nationwide patterns of in-patient parenteral nutrition utilization and its demographic determinants and impact on outcomes. METHODS: We identified inflammatory bowel disease discharges in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 1998 and 2003 and determined rates of parenteral nutrition utilization among US census regions, in-hospital mortality and hospital resource utilization. RESULTS: The parenteral nutrition utilization rate among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients was 6%. Only 64% of Crohn's disease and 55% of ulcerative colitis discharges who received parenteral nutrition had malnutrition, fistulizing or obstructive Crohn's disease, or surgery as an indication. The adjusted odds ratio of receiving parenteral nutrition were 0.36 (95% CI: 0.26-0.51) for the mid-west, 0.47 (0.37-0.56) for the south and 0.70 (0.56-0.89) for the west, compared to the north-east. Use of parenteral nutrition was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (OR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.93-3.24), length of stay (13.7 vs. 5.7 days, P < 0.001) and hospital charges ($51,729 vs. $19,563, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In-patient utilization of parenteral nutrition for inflammatory bowel disease varies markedly by census region, expends significant resources, and leads to potentially significant adverse outcomes. These findings underscore the need for guidelines for judicious parenteral nutrition use in inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Female
Hospital Mortality
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*therapy
Length of Stay
Male
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
Parenteral Nutrition/adverse effects/statistics & numerical data/*utilization
United States},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {17931346},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03547.x},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nguyen, G. C. and Munsell, M. and Harris, M. L.},
   title = {Nationwide prevalence and prognostic significance of clinically diagnosable protein-calorie malnutrition in hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {14},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1105-11},
   note = {1536-4844
Nguyen, Geoffrey C
Munsell, Melissa
Harris, Mary L
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Aug;14(8):1105-11. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20429.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at increased risk of protein-calorie malnutrition. We sought to determine the prevalence of clinically diagnosable malnutrition among those hospitalized for IBD throughout the United States and whether this malnutrition influenced health outcomes. METHODS: We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 1998 and 2004 to identify admissions for Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and a representative sample of non-IBD discharges. We assessed the prevalence and predictors of malnutrition and its association with in-hospital mortality and resource utilization. RESULTS: The prevalence of malnutrition was greater in CD and UC patients than in non-IBD patients (6.1% and 7.2% versus 1.8%, P < 0.0001). The adjusted odds ratio for malnutrition among IBD admissions compared with non-IBD admissions was 5.57 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.29-5.86]. More IBD discharges than non-IBD discharges with malnutrition received parenteral nutrition (26% versus 6%, P < 0.0001). There was increased likelihood of malnutrition among those with fistulizing CD (OR 1.65; 95% CI: 1.50-1.82) and among those who had undergone bowel resection (OR 1.37; 95% CI: 1.27-1.48). Malnutrition was associated with increased in-hospital mortality 3.49 (95% CI: 2.89-4.23), length of stay (11.9 days versus 5.8 days, P < 0.00001), and total charges ($45,188 versus $20,295, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically apparent malnutrition is more frequent among IBD admissions than among non-IBD admissions. Its association with greater mortality and resource utilization may reflect more severe underlying disease that can lead to both malnutrition and worse outcomes. Nonetheless, diagnosable malnutrition may serve as a clinical marker of poor IBD prognosis in hospitalized patients.},
   keywords = {Adult
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
Crohn Disease/complications
Female
Hospital Mortality
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications
Male
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Prognosis
Protein-Energy Malnutrition/*diagnosis/*epidemiology
Risk Factors
United States/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {18302272},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20429},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nilsson, U. and Johansson, M. and Nilsson, A. and Bjorck, I. and Nyman, M.},
   title = {Dietary supplementation with beta-glucan enriched oat bran increases faecal concentration of carboxylic acids in healthy subjects},
   journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {62},
   number = {8},
   pages = {978-84},
   note = {Nilsson, U
Johansson, M
Nilsson, A
Bjorck, I
Nyman, M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;62(8):978-84. Epub 2007 May 23.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Carboxylic acids (CAs), especially butyric acid, have been suggested to counteract colonic diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and colon cancer. Colonic formation of CAs can be influenced by the diet, but the concentrations and pattern formed need to be evaluated for different food products in humans. To elucidate how the colonic concentration of CAs in healthy subjects is influenced by dietary supplementation with oat bran, and whether the concentration varies over time and during consecutive days. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty-five healthy subjects (age 24+/-1.3) were recruited to the study. The subjects were given 40 g beta-glucan enriched oat bran per day, corresponding to 20 g dietary fibre, in 4 slices of bread. CAs were analysed in faeces during three consecutive days after 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks on this diet. RESULTS: The concentration of acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acid was higher (P<0.05-0.001) after 8 weeks on the oat bran diet as compared with values at entry, whereas that of lactic acid was lower (P<0.05). After 12 weeks, the concentrations of acetic, propionic and isobutyric acid were still higher and that of lactic acid lower. The variation between individuals was considerable, whereas in the same individuals there was little variation. CONCLUSIONS: Oat bran increased the faecal concentration of CAs after 8 weeks, indicating an increased concentration also in the distal colon. The concentration of all main acids increased, except for lactic acid, which decreased. Oat bran may therefore have a preventive potential adjunct to colonic diseases.},
   keywords = {Adult
Avena
Carboxylic Acids/*analysis/metabolism
Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage/metabolism
Feces/*chemistry
Female
*Food, Fortified
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Young Adult
beta-Glucans/*administration & dosage/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0954-3007 (Print)
0954-3007},
   Accession Number = {17522598},
   DOI = {10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602816},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nitta, H. and Kinoyama, M. and Teramoto, F. and Watanabe, A. and Koga, H. and Haruma, K. and Akagi, R. and Ueda, H.},
   title = {Exhaled carbon monoxide concentration is not elevated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Clin Exp Med},
   volume = {7},
   number = {2},
   pages = {77-81},
   note = {Nitta, H
Kinoyama, M
Teramoto, F
Watanabe, A
Koga, H
Haruma, K
Akagi, R
Ueda, H
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Italy
Clin Exp Med. 2007 Jun;7(2):77-81. Epub 2007 Jul 4.},
   abstract = {The present study was initiated to examine whether the concentration of CO in the breath is elevated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Twenty-three clinically stable patients with IBD in the outpatient clinic (11 with Crohn's disease, 12 with ulcerative colitis), who are non-smokers and non-passive smokers, were selected and the concentration of CO in their breath was measured using a breath gas analyser (TRI lyser mBA-3000). The concentration of CO in the breath of 23 patients with IBD was 2.5+/-0.9 (1.1-4.3) ppm. This concentration comes within the range of standard values in our previous reports (2.5+/-2.2 ppm). Any significant difference was not observed between 2.4+/-0.9 (1.5-4.3) ppm for the 11 Crohn's disease patients and the 2.6+/-1.0 (1.1-3.9) ppm for the 12 ulcerative colitis patients. The results suggest that clinically stable patients with IBD do not show high values for concentration of CO in the breath.},
   keywords = {Adult
Breath Tests
Carbon Monoxide/analysis/*metabolism
*Exhalation
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*metabolism/pathology
Male
Middle Aged},
   ISSN = {1591-8890 (Print)
1591-8890},
   Accession Number = {17609880},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10238-007-0129-8},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Noe, J. D. and Pfefferkorn, M.},
   title = {Short-term response to adalimumab in childhood inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {14},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1683-7},
   note = {1536-4844
Noe, Joshua D
Pfefferkorn, Marian
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Dec;14(12):1683-7. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20534.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adalimumab is effective for adults with moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD). Data in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is sparse. We aim to evaluate pediatric IBD response to adalimumab. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of pediatric IBD patients treated with adalimumab. We defined response as either a decrease in the disease activity index severity or remission after 3-6 months of treatment. RESULTS: Ten patients were identified. Seven had CD, three had ulcerative colitis (UC). All had colonic disease and disease in either the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Eight patients initially responded to infliximab, 5 with CD and 3 with UC; 2 CD patients had incomplete data for evaluation. The mean and median times between initial infliximab and initial adalimumab were 29.5 and 24 months, respectively. Eight patients responded to adalimumab 40 mg or 80 mg biweekly, or 80 mg initial dose followed by 40 mg biweekly. The mean Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) in CD patients before and after adalimumab were 12 and 4.2, respectively (normal <or=10). The mean Lichtiger Colitis Activity Index (LCAI) in UC patients before and after adalimumab were 9 and 5.1, respectively (normal <10). Corticosteroids were weaned off in 4/7 patients at 1 to 10 months after initiation of adalimumab. One patient with CD and 1 patient with UC failed adalimumab, required surgery, and remained on corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: Adalimumab is useful in pediatric IBD patients who become intolerant of infliximab.},
   keywords = {Adalimumab
Adolescent
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/immunology
Crohn Disease/*drug therapy/immunology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Infliximab
Male
Prognosis
Remission Induction
Retrospective Studies
Treatment Outcome
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {18618629},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.20534},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Odes, S.},
   title = {How expensive is inflammatory bowel disease? A critical analysis},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {14},
   number = {43},
   pages = {6641-7},
   note = {Odes, Selwyn
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov 21;14(43):6641-7.},
   abstract = {Economic analysis of chronic diseases is required for proper allocation of resources and understanding cost-effectiveness studies of new therapies. Studies on health care cost of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are reviewed here. These studies were carried out in various countries with disparate health care systems. In the United States, data were often modeled or retrieved from large insurance schemes. Surgery and in-patient hospitalization accounted for over half the outlay on UC and CD. Fistulous disease in CD and parenteral nutrition were very costly. In Canada, overall charges were lower than in the United States, but there too, surgical costs were relatively high. In European studies, economic data were abstracted directly from patients' files. One pan-European study examined the outlay on UC and CD in a community-based prospective inception cohort followed for 10 years. Overall costs in Europe were lower than in the United States. Surgery, hospitalization, year of follow-up, disease phenotype in CD and ASCA-positivity impacted significantly on costs. In all studies, the cost data were right skewed, aminosalicylates were expensive drugs, and biological agents the most expensive; moreover indirect costs were not calculated. Infliximab raised costs considerably in CD, but there were no long-term follow-up studies, so that the cost-benefit of biological agents remains unknown. In conclusion, costs of managing UC and CD vary by country, surgery, genotype and several other factors. The most important question for further research is whether the biological therapies are cost-effective in the long-term.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/economics/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/economics/therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/economics/genetics/therapy
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Crohn Disease/economics/genetics/therapy
Health Care Costs/*statistics & numerical data
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*economics/genetics/*therapy
Infliximab},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {19034966},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ogden, C. A. and Abbott, J. and Aggett, P. and Derkx, B. H. and Maity, S. and Thomas, A. G.},
   title = {Pilot evaluation of an instrument to measure quality of life in British children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {46},
   number = {1},
   pages = {117-20},
   note = {1536-4801
Ogden, Cassandra Anne
Abbott, Janice
Aggett, Peter
Derkx, Bert H
Maity, Santanu
Thomas, Adrian G
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Jan;46(1):117-20.},
   abstract = {The IMPACT questionnaire was developed in Canada to measure quality of life in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the present study, 20 children with IBD completed 2 versions of the IMPACT questionnaire with a Likert scale or visual analog scale (VAS), 5 of whom expressed problems with language or phrasing. Difficult words included "restrictions," "moderate," "diarrhea," "school break," and the abbreviation "IBD." Fifteen children preferred the Likert scale to the VAS (chi = 20, P < 0.01). Rewording the difficult words and using a Likert scale should facilitate completion of the IMPACT questionnaire in the United Kingdom. Further validation is needed to ensure that the instrument is reliable and valid.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Colitis/psychology
Colitis, Ulcerative/psychology
Crohn Disease/psychology
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*psychology
Male
Pilot Projects
*Quality of Life
Sickness Impact Profile
Surveys and Questionnaires
United Kingdom},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {18162847},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000304467.45541.bb},
   year = {2008},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Oliva-Hemker, M. and Escher, J. C. and Moore, D. and Dubinksy, M. and Hildebrand, H. and Koda, Y. K. and Murch, S. and Sandhu, B. and Seo, J. K. and Tanzi, M. N. and Warner, B.},
   title = {Refractory inflammatory bowel disease in children},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {47},
   number = {2},
   pages = {266-72},
   note = {1536-480

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master