text:
@article{myronenko_intensity-based_2010,
	title = {Intensity-{Based} {Image} {Registration} by {Minimizing} {Residual} {Complexity}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0278-0062},
	doi = {10.1109/TMI.2010.2053043},
	abstract = {Accurate definition of the similarity measure is a key component in image registration. Most commonly used intensity-based similarity measures rely on the assumptions of independence and stationarity of the intensities from pixel to pixel. Such measures cannot capture the complex interactions among the pixel intensities, and often result in less satisfactory registration performances, especially in the presence of spatially-varying intensity distortions. We propose a novel similarity measure that accounts for intensity nonstationarities and complex spatially-varying intensity distortions in mono-modal settings. We derive the similarity measure by analytically solving for the intensity correction field and its adaptive regularization. The final measure can be interpreted as one that favors a registration with minimum compression complexity of the residual image between the two registered images. One of the key advantages of the new similarity measure is its simplicity in terms of both computational complexity and implementation. This measure produces accurate registration results on both artificial and real-world problems that we have tested, and outperforms other state-of-the-art similarity measures in these cases.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging},
	author = {Myronenko, A. and Song, Xubo},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Brain, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Subtraction Technique, image registration, medical image processing, image coding, adaptive regularization, compression complexity, computational complexity, intensity correction field, intensity-based similarity measures, residual complexity, spatially-varying intensity distortions, Biological materials, Biomedical materials, Biomedical measurements, Distortion measurement, Performance evaluation, Permission, Pixel, Bias field, nonstationary intensity distortion, sparseness},
	pages = {1882--1891},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/CNKHUZ3E/articleDetails.html:text/html;IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/VF4BRUEC/Myronenko and Song - 2010 - Intensity-Based Image Registration by Minimizing R.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{didier_detection_2000,
	title = {Detection and {Quantification} of {Valvular} {Heart} {Disease} with {Dynamic} {Cardiac} {MR} {Imaging}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0271-5333, 1527-1323},
	url = {http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/20/5/1279},
	abstract = {Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is rapidly gaining acceptance as an accurate, reproducible, noninvasive method for optimal assessment of structural and functional parameters in patients with valvular heart disease. The severity of valvular regurgitation can be evaluated with cine gradient-echo MR imaging, which allows measurement of the area of the signal void corresponding to the abnormal flow jet. Alternatively, this modality can be used to obtain ventricular volumetric measurements and calculate the regurgitant fraction, or velocity-encoded cine (VEC) MR imaging can be used to quantify regurgitant blood flow. The severity of valvular stenosis can be determined by evaluating the flow jet and associated findings with either modality or by using VEC MR imaging to calculate the transvalvular pressure gradient and valve area. Dynamic MR imaging allows accurate assessment of ventricular function and comprehensive evaluation of pathophysiologic changes. In addition, good interstudy reproducibility suggests a role for VEC MR imaging in assessing the effects of therapeutic intervention and monitoring regurgitant fraction, thereby helping in surgical planning and the prevention of ventricular dysfunction. With greater cost-effectiveness and the increasing availability of new hardware and more advanced techniques, MR imaging will become a routine procedure in valvular heart disease.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-11-06},
	journal = {Radiographics},
	author = {Didier, Dominique and Ratib, Osman and Lerch, René and Friedli, Beat},
	month = sep,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1279--1299}
}

@article{odille_noise_2007,
	title = {Noise cancellation signal processing method and computer system for improved real-time electrocardiogram artifact correction during {MRI} data acquisition},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0018-9294},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17405370},
	doi = {10.1109/TBME.2006.889174},
	abstract = {A system was developed for real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis and artifact correction during magnetic resonance (MR) scanning, to improve patient monitoring and triggering of MR data acquisitions. Based on the assumption that artifact production by magnetic field gradient switching represents a linear time invariant process, a noise cancellation (NC) method is applied to ECG artifact linear prediction. This linear prediction is performed using a digital finite impulse response (FIR) matrix, that is computed employing ECG and gradient waveforms recorded during a training scan. The FIR filters are used during further scanning to predict artifacts by convolution of the gradient waveforms. Subtracting the artifacts from the raw ECG signal produces the correction with minimal delay. Validation of the system was performed both off-line, using prerecorded signals, and under actual examination conditions. The method is implemented using a specially designed Signal Analyzer and Event Controller (SAEC) computer and electronics. Real-time operation was demonstrated at 1 kHz with a delay of only 1 ms introduced by the processing. The system opens the possibility of automatic monitoring algorithms for electrophysiological signals in the MR environment.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-03-02},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering},
	author = {Odille, Freddy and Pasquier, Cédric and Abächerli, Roger and Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Zientara, Gary P and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17405370},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Electrocardiography, Humans, Image Enhancement, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {630--640}
}

@inproceedings{odille_motion_2007,
	title = {Motion artifact correction in cardiac {MRI} as an irregularly sampled parallel imaging reconstruction},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th {Annual} {Meeting} of {ISMRM}, {Berlin}, {Germany}},
	author = {Odille, F. and Vuissoz, P. A. and Pasquier, C. and Fernandez, B. and Felblinger, J.},
	year = {2007}
}

@article{hundley_assessment_2000,
	title = {Assessment of {Coronary} {Arterial} {Restenosis} {With} {Phase}-{Contrast} {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Imaging} {Measurements} of {Coronary} {Flow} {Reserve}},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/101/20/2375},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.101.20.2375},
	abstract = {Background—After successful percutaneous coronary arterial revascularization, 25\% to 60\% of subjects have restenosis, a recurrent coronary arterial narrowing at the site of the intervention. At present, restenosis is usually detected invasively with contrast coronary angiography. This study was performed to determine if phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) could be used to detect restenosis noninvasively in patients with recurrent chest pain after percutaneous revascularization.
Methods and Results—Seventeen patients (15 men, 2 women, age 36 to 77 years) with recurrent chest pain {\textgreater}3 months after successful percutaneous intervention underwent PC-MRI measurements of coronary artery flow reserve followed by assessments of stenosis severity with computer-assisted quantitative coronary angiography. The intervention was performed in the left anterior descending coronary artery in 15 patients, one of its diagonal branches in 2 patients, and the right coronary artery in 1 patient. A PC-MRI coronary flow reserve value ≤2.0 was 100\% and 82\% sensitive and 89\% and 100\% specific for detecting a luminal diameter narrowing of ≥70\% and ≥50\%, respectively.
Conclusions—Assessments of coronary flow reserve with PC-MRI can be used to identify flow-limiting stenoses (luminal diameter narrowings {\textgreater}70\%) in patients with recurrent chest pain in the months after a successful percutaneous intervention.},
	language = {en},
	number = {20},
	urldate = {2012-08-03},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Hundley, W. Gregory and Hillis, L. David and Hamilton, Craig A. and Applegate, Robert J. and Herrington, David M. and Clarke, Geoffrey D. and Braden, Gregory A. and Thomas, Mark S. and Lange, Richard A. and Peshock, Ronald M. and Link, Kerry M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Coronary Disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, restenosis},
	pages = {2375--2381}
}

@article{van_rossum_global_1992,
	title = {Global left ventricular perfusion: noninvasive measurement with cine {MR} imaging and phase velocity mapping of coronary venous outflow},
	volume = {182},
	issn = {0033-8419},
	shorttitle = {Global left ventricular perfusion},
	abstract = {Velocity and volumetric flow of left ventricular venous outflow in the distal coronary sinus were measured with magnetic resonance (MR) velocity mapping techniques in 24 healthy men. A total of 16-21 velocity maps were acquired throughout the cardiac cycle. To determine the accuracy of the MR velocity-mapping pulse sequence, measurements were obtained with a flow phantom. Mean blood flow was 144 mL/min +/- 62 (standard deviation); mean velocity, 2.1 cm/sec +/- 1.0; and mean cross-sectional area, 1.2 cm2. Phasic measurements revealed a biphasic flow pattern in the coronary sinus, with a first peak in systole (257 mL/min +/- 174) and a second peak in early diastole (1,090 mL/min +/- 487). The cross-sectional area varied between 0.5 cm2 +/- 0.2 at end diastole and 1.9 cm2 +/- 0.6 in systole, a finding that suggests a capacitance function for venous outflow. Mean blood flow measurements were in agreement with measurements obtained invasively in previous studies. It is concluded that MR velocity mapping can enable noninvasive measurement of coronary venous outflow and global left ventricular perfusion and may become clinically useful in assessment of coronary blood flow reserve.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {van Rossum, A C and Visser, F C and Hofman, M B and Galjee, M A and Westerhof, N and Valk, J},
	month = mar,
	year = {1992},
	pmid = {1535881},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Flow Velocity, Coronary Circulation, Coronary Vessels, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Cardiovascular, Models, Structural, Myocardial Contraction, Ventricular Function, Left},
	pages = {685--691}
}

@article{buehrer_array_2007,
	title = {Array compression for {MRI} with large coil arrays},
	volume = {57},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21237/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21237},
	abstract = {Arrays with large numbers of independent coil elements are becoming increasingly available as they provide increased signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and improved parallel imaging performance. Processing of data from a large set of independent receive channels is, however, associated with an increased memory and computational load in reconstruction. This work addresses this problem by introducing coil array compression. The method allows one to reduce the number of datasets from independent channels by combining all or partial sets in the time domain prior to image reconstruction. It is demonstrated that array compression can be very effective depending on the size of the region of interest (ROI). Based on 2D in vivo data obtained with a 32-element phased-array coil in the heart, it is shown that the number of channels can be compressed to as few as four with only 0.3\% SNR loss in an ROI encompassing the heart. With twofold parallel imaging, only a 2\% loss in SNR occurred using the same compression factor. Magn Reson Med 57:1131–1139, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-09-25},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Buehrer, Martin and Pruessmann, Klaas P. and Boesiger, Peter and Kozerke, Sebastian},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {SENSE, coil array, data compression, k-space, parallel imaging},
	pages = {1131--1139}
}

@article{huber_motion_2001,
	title = {Motion artifact reduction and vessel enhancement for free‐breathing navigator‐gated coronary {MRA} using 3D k‐space reordering},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.1087/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1087},
	abstract = {Breathing-induced bulk motion of the myocardium during data acquisition may cause severe image artifacts in coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Current motion compensation strategies include breath-holding or free-breathing MR navigator gating and tracking techniques. Navigator-based techniques have been further refined by the applications of sophisticated 2D k-space reordering techniques. A further improvement in image quality and a reduction of relative scanning duration may be expected from a 3D k-space reordering scheme. Therefore, a 3D k-space reordered acquisition scheme including a 3D navigator gated and corrected segmented k-space gradient echo imaging sequence for coronary MRA was implemented. This new zonal motion-adapted acquisition and reordering technique (ZMART) was developed on the basis of a numerical simulation of the Bloch equations. The technique was implemented on a commercial 1.5T MR system, and first phantom and in vivo experiments were performed. Consistent with the results of the theoretical findings, the results obtained in the phantom studies demonstrate a significant reduction of motion artifacts when compared to conventional (non-k-space reordered) gating techniques. Preliminary in vivo findings also compare favorably with the phantom experiments and theoretical considerations. Magn Reson Med 45:645–652, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-10-28},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Huber, Michael E and Hengesbach, David and Botnar, René M and Kissinger, Kraig V and Boesiger, Peter and Manning, Warren J and Stuber, Matthias},
	month = apr,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {RF excitation angle calculation, ZMART, coronary MRA, k‐space reordering, motion adapted gating},
	pages = {645--652}
}

@article{debatin_evaluation_1995,
	title = {Evaluation of ultrafast phase-contrast imaging in the thoracic aorta},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1352-8661, 1352-8661},
	url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01709848?LI=true},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01709848},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-02-04},
	journal = {Magma: Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology, and Medicine},
	author = {Debatin, Jörg F. and Davis, Clarence P. and Felblinger, Jacques and McKinnon, Graeme C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {59--66}
}

@article{heiberg_design_2010,
	title = {Design and validation of {Segment} - freely available software for cardiovascular image analysis},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {2010 Heiberg et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1471-2342},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2342/10/1/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2342-10-1},
	abstract = {Commercially available software for cardiovascular image analysis often has limited functionality and frequently lacks the careful validation that is required for clinical studies. We have already implemented a cardiovascular image analysis software package and released it as freeware for the research community. However, it was distributed as a stand-alone application and other researchers could not extend it by writing their own custom image analysis algorithms. We believe that the work required to make a clinically applicable prototype can be reduced by making the software extensible, so that researchers can develop their own modules or improvements. Such an initiative might then serve as a bridge between image analysis research and cardiovascular research. The aim of this article is therefore to present the design and validation of a cardiovascular image analysis software package (Segment) and to announce its release in a source code format.
PMID: 20064248},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-08-29},
	journal = {BMC Medical Imaging},
	author = {Heiberg, Einar and Sjögren, Jane and Ugander, Martin and Carlsson, Marcus and Engblom, Henrik and Arheden, Håkan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20064248},
	pages = {1}
}

@article{joly_pulse_2009,
	title = {Pulse {Wave} {Velocity} {Assessment} by {External} {Noninvasive} {Devices} and {Phase}-{Contrast} {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Imaging} in the {Obese}},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0194-911X, 1524-4563},
	url = {http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.gate2.inist.fr/sp-3.7.1b/ovidweb.cgi?&S=MNENFPMIIGDDPDDFNCPKLFDCOGCOAA00&WebLinkReturn=Full+Text%3dL%7cS.sh.23.24%7c0%7c00004872-201203000-00022&P=105&LastLinkChoices=S.slinks.1102360.00004872-201203000-00022%23xpointer%28id%28R17-22%29%29%7c%7c%7c%7c&Open+Link=S.slinks.1102360.00004872-201203000-00022%23xpointer%28id%28R17-22%29%29%7c0%7covid%3a%2fft%2fovftdb%2f00004268-200908000-00043},
	doi = {10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.133645},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-12-06},
	journal = {Hypertension},
	author = {Joly, L. and Perret-Guillaume, C. and Kearney-Schwartz, A. and Salvi, P. and Mandry, D. and Marie, P.-Y. and Karcher, G. and Rossignol, P. and Zannad, F. and Benetos, A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {421--426}
}

@article{schmidt_nonrigid_nodate,
	title = {Nonrigid retrospective respiratory motion correction in whole‐heart coronary {MRA}},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.22939/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22939},
	abstract = {A nonrigid retrospective respiratory motion correction scheme is presented for whole-heart coronary imaging with interleaved acquisition of motion information. The quasi-periodic nature of breathing is exploited to populate a 3D nonrigid motion model from low-resolution 2D imaging slices acquired interleaved with a segmented 3D whole-heart coronary scan without imposing scan time penalty. Reconstruction and motion correction are based on inversion of a generalized encoding equation. Therein, a forward model describes the transformation from the motion free image to the motion distorted k-space data, which includes nonrigid spatial transformations. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated on 10 healthy volunteers using free-breathing coronary whole-heart scans. Although conventional respiratory-gated acquisitions with 5-mm gating window resulted in an average gating efficiency of 51\% ± 11\%, nonrigid motion correction allowed for gate-free acquisitions, and hence scan time reduction by a factor of two without significant penalty in image quality. Image scores and quantitative image quality measures for the left coronary arteries showed no significant differences between 5-mm gated and gate-free acquisitions with motion correction. For the right coronary artery, slightly reduced image quality in the motion corrected gate-free scan was observed as a result of the close vicinity of anatomical structures with different motion characteristics. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2011-10-13},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Schmidt, Johannes F. M and Buehrer, Martin and Boesiger, Peter and Kozerke, Sebastian},
	keywords = {coronary MRA, motion correction, respiratory motion, retrospective motion correction}
}

@article{kelman_systolic_1981,
	title = {Systolic time interval v heart rate regression equations using atropine: reproducibility studies.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0306-5251},
	shorttitle = {Systolic time interval v heart rate regression equations using atropine},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1401757/},
	abstract = {1. Systolic time intervals (STI) were recorded in six normal male subjects over a period of 3 weeks. On one day per week, each subject received incremental doses of atropine intravenously to increase heart rate, allowing the determination of individual STI v HR regression equations. On the other days STI were recorded with the subjects resting, in the supine position. 2. There were highly significant regression relationships between heart rate and both LVET and QS2, but not between heart rate and PEP. 3. The regression relationships showed little intra-subject variability, but a large degree of inter-subject variability: they proved adequate to correct the STI for the daily fluctuations in heart rate. 4. Administration of small doses of atropine intravenously provides a satisfactory and convenient method of deriving individual STI v HR regression equations which can be applied over a period of weeks.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-04-16},
	journal = {British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
	author = {Kelman, A W and Sumner, D J and Whiting, B},
	month = jul,
	year = {1981},
	pmid = {7248136},
	pmcid = {PMC1401757},
	pages = {15--20}
}

@article{markl_phase_2001,
	title = {Phase contrast {MRI} with improved temporal resolution by view sharing: k-space related velocity mapping properties},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0730-725X},
	shorttitle = {Phase contrast {MRI} with improved temporal resolution by view sharing},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0730725X01003861},
	doi = {10.1016/S0730-725X(01)00386-1},
	abstract = {Phase contrast techniques in combination with k-space segmented CINE imaging are widely used for the quantitative assessment of blood flow or tissue motion. The temporal resolution of the corresponding pulse sequences plays an important role concerning the potential of the method to fully detect time resolved flow or motion patterns. A further improvement of temporal or spatial resolution in phase contrast CINE MRI can be achieved by the application of view sharing. Based on simulations with point-spread-functions resulting from different cyclic flow or motion patterns an analysis of view sharing techniques in combination with phase contrast MRI is presented. Velocity mapping properties and the role of different k-space regions concerning the resulting values in the phase images and thus encoded velocities were investigated. It could be shown that the velocity induced phase shifts in phase contrast techniques are mainly encoded in the central sections of k-space which makes view sharing also suitable for velocity mapping. As a result the use of appropriate sampling and data acquisition schemes permits the assessment of flow or motion patterns with significantly improved temporal resolution without loss of functional information. In addition phantom measurements with an oscillation phantom were performed in order to validate the simulation results and to demonstrate the potential of view sharing techniques to accelerate phase contrast imaging and improve the detection of the underlying flow or motion dynamics.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-04-17},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Markl, Michael and Hennig, Jürgen},
	month = jun,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {CINE imaging, Motion quantification, flow quantification, phase contrast, velocity mapping},
	pages = {669--676}
}

@article{oster_independent_2009,
	title = {Independent component analysis-based artefact reduction: application to the electrocardiogram for improved magnetic resonance imaging triggering},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0967-3334},
	shorttitle = {Independent component analysis-based artefact reduction},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0967-3334/30/12/007},
	doi = {10.1088/0967-3334/30/12/007},
	abstract = {Electrocardiogram (ECG) is required during magnetic resonance (MR) examination for monitoring patients under anaesthesia or with heart diseases and for synchronizing image acquisition with heart activity (triggering). Accurate and fast QRS detection is therefore desirable, but this task is complicated by artefacts related to the complex MR environment (high magnetic field, radio-frequency pulses and fast switching magnetic gradients). Specific signal processing has been proposed, whether using specific MR QRS detectors or ECG denoising methods. Most state-of-the-art techniques use a connection to the MR system for achieving their task, which is a major drawback since access to the MR system is often restricted. This paper introduces a new method for on-line ECG signal enhancement, called ICARE, which takes advantage of using multi-lead ECG and does not require any connection to the MR system. It is based on independent component analysis (ICA) and applied in real time. This algorithm yields accurate QRS detection for efficient triggering.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2014-10-13},
	journal = {Physiological Measurement},
	author = {Oster, Julien and Pietquin, Olivier and Abächerli, Roger and Kraemer, Michel and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1381}
}

@article{lutz_sar_2011,
	title = {{SAR} reduced black-blood cine {TPM} for increased temporal resolution at 3T},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0968-5243},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-010-0242-7},
	abstract = {OBJECT: The objective was to improve the temporal resolution in black-blood CINE tissue phase mapping sequences at high field MR systems. The temporal resolution is limited due to SAR constraints causing idle times into the sequence. The aim was to avoid these idle times and therefore providing an increased number of heart phases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen volunteers were enrolled in this study. Each volunteer underwent different myocardial short-axis scans comprising scans with application of both presaturation pulses, with alternating application of presaturation pulses and with an attenuation of the excitation angle. The last two approaches enable a SAR reduction or increased temporal resolution. The contrast to noise ratio (CNR) between myocardium and blood and the influence on the measured tissue motion were investigated.
RESULTS: High CNR between myocardium and blood could be obtained with the application of alternating presaturation-pulses. Reduction of the flip angle of the presaturation-pulses provided reduced CNR relative to both the original and the alternated presaturation-pulses approach. More details of the myocardial motion were observed with increased temporal resolution.
CONCLUSION: It is feasible to increase the temporal resolution at high field strength by reducing the SAR with either alternating presaturation-pulses or decreased flip angle of these pulses.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Magma (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Lutz, Anja and Bornstedt, Axel and Manzke, Robert and Nienhaus, G Ulrich and Etyngier, Patrick and Rasche, Volker},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21246250},
	keywords = {Absorption, Adult, Female, Heart, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Linear Models, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Time Factors},
	pages = {127--135}
}

@article{he_development_2006,
	title = {Development of a novel optimized breathhold technique for myocardial {T}2 measurement in thalassemia},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/jmri.20681/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.20681},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-01-06},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {He, Taigang and Gatehouse, Peter D and Anderson, Lisa J and Tanner, Mark and Keegan, Jennifer and Pennell, Dudley J and Firmin, David N},
	month = sep,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {black‐blood imaging, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), fast spin‐echo, iron loading, myocardial T2, thalassemia},
	pages = {580--585}
}

@article{vuissoz_free-breathing_2012,
	title = {Free-breathing imaging of the heart using 2D cine-{GRICS} (generalized reconstruction by inversion of coupled systems) with assessment of ventricular volumes and function},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/jmri.22818/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22818},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-01-25},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Odille, Freddy and Fernandez, Brice and Lohezic, Maelene and Benhadid, Adnane and Mandry, Damien and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {MRI reconstruction, cardiac function imaging, free breathing, motion correction},
	pages = {340--351}
}

@article{oster_adaptive_2008,
	title = {Adaptive {RR} prediction for cardiac {MRI}},
	issn = {1520-6149},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4517659},
	doi = {10.1109/ICASSP.2008.4517659},
	abstract = {Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very challenging due to the perpetual heart movements. This movement is pseudo-periodic and implies several issues for image acquisition. Building a single image requires several shots, done on a specific timing of the cardiac cycle. Nowadays the heart rate is estimated before imaging and then it is assumed not to evolve during acquisition. Additionally, in order to remove motion artifacts, the patients are asked to perform breath- holds. Unfortunately, while performing a breath-hold, the heart rate is changing in a significant way. To address this problem in the framework of clinical applications, we propose a simple method to predict the out-coming RR interval, in order to compute adapted MR parameters. The RR interval is the time separating two consecutive R waves and corresponds to one cardiac cycle. Due to its simplicity this method is clinically applicable. The prediction is performed by modeling the heart rate variation as a linear combination of different sensors (here, respiratory sensor and amplitude of R wave). We evaluated this method on five healthy subjects in a clinical setup.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2011-04-12},
	journal = {IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing},
	author = {Oster, J. and Pietquin, O. and Bosser, G.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Biomedical imaging, Blood, Delay, Electrocardiography, Heart rate, Hospitals, MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Optical imaging, Predictive models, R wave, Timing, adaptive RR prediction, biomedical MRI, breath-holds, cardiac MRI, cardiac cycle, electrocardiogram, image acquisition, medical image processing, motion artifact removal, perpetual heart movements, pneumodynamics, prediction method, pseudoperiodic movement, respiratory sensor},
	pages = {513--516}
}

@article{higgins_measurement_1992,
	title = {Measurement of blood flow and perfusion in the cardiovascular system},
	volume = {27 Suppl 2},
	issn = {0020-9996},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1468878},
	abstract = {Complete evaluation of cardiovascular disease by a single imaging technique requires measurement of bulk flow in blood vessels and estimation of relative or ideally absolute perfusion at the tissue level. Magnetic resonance (MR) measurement of blood flow in arteries and veins has been done using the velocity-encoded phase cine gradient echo technique. This technique has been applied with cine MR to measure normal and pathologically high velocities. Measurement of relative perfusion in the myocardium has used the intravenous injection of T1 relaxation enhancing and magnetic susceptibility MR contrast media with rapid image acquisition using echoplanar imaging. MR images (MRIs) acquired during steady-state distribution or during the first passage of these contrast media have depicted ischemic myocardial regions.},
	urldate = {2011-09-07},
	journal = {Investigative Radiology},
	author = {Higgins, C B and Caputo, G and Wendland, M F and Saeed, M},
	month = dec,
	year = {1992},
	pmid = {1468878},
	keywords = {Animals, Blood Flow Velocity, Cardiovascular Diseases, Contrast Media, Coronary Circulation, Echo-Planar Imaging, Humans, cardiovascular system},
	pages = {S66--71}
}

@article{scott_motion_2009,
	title = {Motion in {Cardiovascular} {MR} {Imaging}},
	volume = {250},
	issn = {0033-8419, 1527-1315},
	url = {http://radiology.rsna.org/content/250/2/331},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.2502071998},
	abstract = {Modern rapid magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques have led to widespread use of the modality in cardiac imaging. Despite this progress, many MR studies suffer from image degradation due to involuntary motion during the acquisition. This review describes the type and extent of the motion of the heart due to the cardiac and respiratory cycles, which create image artifacts. Methods of eliminating or reducing the problems caused by the cardiac cycle are discussed, including electrocardiogram gating, subject-specific acquisition windows, and section tracking. Similarly, for respiratory motion of the heart, techniques such as breath holding, respiratory gating, section tracking, phase-encoding ordering, subject-specific translational models, and a range of new techniques are considered.
© RSNA, 2009},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-06-19},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Scott, Andrew D and Keegan, Jennifer and Firmin, David N},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {331--351}
}

@article{hofman_assessment_1996,
	title = {Assessment of flow in the right human coronary artery by magnetic resonance phase contrast velocity measurement: effects of cardiac and respiratory motion},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	shorttitle = {Assessment of flow in the right human coronary artery by magnetic resonance phase contrast velocity measurement},
	abstract = {Flow in the human right coronary artery was determined using magnetic resonance phase contrast velocity quantification. Two methods were applied to reduce respiratory motion: Imaging during breath holding, which is fast, and retrospective respiratory gating, which has a high temporal resolution (32 ms) in the cardiac cycle. Vessel cross-sectional area, through-plane velocity, and volume flow were determined in six healthy subjects. In-plane vessel displacement during the cardiac cycle, caused by cardiac contraction, was about 2-4 mm within a time frame of 32 ms in systole and early diastole. The motion resulted in blurring of images obtained during breath holding caused by the large acquisition time window (126 ms) within the cardiac cycle. Therefore, only with a high temporal resolution correct velocity images over the entire cardiac cycle could be obtained. The time- and cross-sectionally averaged velocity was 7 +/- 2 cm/s, and the volume flow was 30 +/- 10 ml/min.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Hofman, M B and van Rossum, A C and Sprenger, M and Westerhof, N},
	month = apr,
	year = {1996},
	pmid = {8992202},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Flow Velocity, Coronary Circulation, Coronary Vessels, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Male, Myocardial Contraction, Respiration, Time Factors},
	pages = {521--531}
}

@inproceedings{wolfgang_g._rehwald_jason_a._polzin_glenn_s._slavin_dan_rettmann_thomas_k.f._foo_effect_nodate,
	title = {Effect of {Sampling} {Order} and {Interpolation} {Method} on {Fast} {Cardiac} {Acquisition} {Schemes}},
	url = {http://cds.ismrm.org/ismrm-2002/PDF1/0149.PDF},
	author = {Wolfgang G. Rehwald, Jason A. Polzin, Glenn S. Slavin, Dan Rettmann, Thomas K.F. Foo}
}

@article{couceiro_multi-gaussian_2012,
	title = {Multi-{Gaussian} fitting for the assessment of left ventricular ejection time from the photoplethysmogram},
	volume = {2012},
	issn = {1557-170X},
	doi = {10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346831},
	abstract = {The Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) is one of the primary surrogates of the left ventricular contractility and stroke volume. Its continuous monitoring is considered to be a valuable hypovolumia prognostic parameter and an important risk predictor in cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac and light chain amyloidosis. In this paper, we present a novel methodology for the assessment of LVET based the Photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveform. We propose the use of Gaussian functions to model both systolic and diastolic phases of the PPG beat and consequently determine the onset and offset of the systolic ejection from the analysis of the systolic phase 3(rd) derivative. The results achieved by the proposed methodology were compared with the algorithm proposed by Chan et al. [1], revealing better estimation of LVET (15.84 ± 13.56 ms vs 23.01 ± 14.60 ms), and similar correlation with the echocardiographic reference (0.73 vs 0.75).},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Conference proceedings: ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference},
	author = {Couceiro, R and Carvalho, P and Paiva, R P and Henriques, J and Antunes, M and Quintal, I and Muehlsteff, J},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23366792},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Normal Distribution, Photoplethysmography, Regression Analysis, Stroke Volume, Time Factors},
	pages = {3951--3954}
}

@article{saranathan_fast_2004,
	title = {Fast, three-dimensional free-breathing {MR} imaging of myocardial infarction: {A} feasibility study},
	volume = {51},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {Fast, three-dimensional free-breathing {MR} imaging of myocardial infarction},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.20061/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20061},
	abstract = {Imaging delayed hyperenhancement of myocardial infarction is most commonly performed using an inversion recovery (IR) prepared 2D breathhold segmented k-space gradient echo (FGRE) sequence. Since only one slice is acquired per breathhold in this technique, 12–16 successive breathholds are required for complete anatomical coverage of the heart. This prolongs the overall scan time and may be exhausting for patients. A navigator-echo gated, free-breathing, 3D FGRE sequence is proposed that can be used to acquire a single slab covering the entire heart with high spatial resolution. The use of a new variable sampling in time (VAST) acquisition scheme enables the entire 3D volume to be acquired in 1.5–2 min, minimizing artifacts from bulk motion and diaphragmatic drift and contrast variations due to contrast media washout. Magn Reson Med 51:1055–1060, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-01-04},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Saranathan, Manojkumar and Rochitte, Carlos E. and Foo, Thomas K.F.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Inversion recovery, Myocardial Infarction, cardiac MRI, delayed hyperenhancement, navigator gating},
	pages = {1055--1060}
}

@article{voges_normal_2012,
	title = {Normal values of aortic dimensions, distensibility, and pulse wave velocity in children and young adults: a cross-sectional study},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	shorttitle = {Normal values of aortic dimensions, distensibility, and pulse wave velocity in children and young adults},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/14/1/77/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-14-77},
	abstract = {Aortic enlargement and impaired bioelasticity are of interest in several cardiac and non-cardiac diseases as they can lead to cardiovascular complications. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is increasingly accepted as a noninvasive tool in cardiovascular evaluation. Assessment of aortic anatomy and bioelasticity, namely aortic distensibility and pulse wave velocity (PWV), by CMR is accurate and reproducible and could help to identify anatomical and bioelastic abnormalities of the aorta. However, normal CMR values for healthy children and young adults are lacking.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-11-15},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Voges, Inga and Jerosch-Herold, Michael and Hedderich, Jürgen and Pardun, Eileen and Hart, Christopher and Gabbert, Dominik Daniel and Hansen, Jan Hinnerk and Petko, Colin and Kramer, Hans-Heiner and Rickers, Carsten},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {77}
}

@article{jung_detailed_2006,
	title = {Detailed analysis of myocardial motion in volunteers and patients using high-temporal-resolution {MR} tissue phase mapping},
	volume = {24},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.20703/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.20703},
	abstract = {PurposeTo detect and investigate details in left ventricular (LV) motion patterns with a temporal resolution comparable to that of echocardiography.Material and MethodsTo assess global and regional myocardial motion in high temporal detail, respiratory-gated MR phase-contrast measurements with three-directional velocity encoding (venc) were performed in 12 healthy volunteers and two patients with LV hypertrophy in basal, midventricular, and apical locations of the LV with a temporal resolution of 13.8 msec.ResultsThe volunteer data revealed details in LV motion patterns that were known only from echocardiography. For all volunteers, characteristic myocardial motion patterns, such as triphasic global diastolic expansion, could be detected with high accuracy. One volunteer underwent an additional echocardiographic measurement in order to corroborate the complex motion features as measured by MRI. Patient examinations revealed substantial changes in diastolic function compared to motion patterns in healthy volunteers.ConclusionThe proposed high-temporal-resolution velocity-mapping technique provides previously undetectable information on LV performance, and is highly promising for the detection of local and global motion abnormalities in patients with disturbed LV performance, such as diastolic dysfunction. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-06-01},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Jung, Bernd and Föll, Daniela and Böttler, Petra and Petersen, Steffen and Hennig, Jürgen and Markl, Michael},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {cardiac function, diastolic dysfunction, myocardial motion, phase contrast, respiratory gating},
	pages = {1033--1039}
}

@article{scheffler_transient_2003,
	title = {On the transient phase of balanced {SSFP} sequences},
	volume = {49},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.10421/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10421},
	abstract = {The signal intensity of balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging is a function of the proton density, T1, T2, flip angle (α), and repetition time (TR). The steady-state signal intensity that is established after about 5*T1/TR can be described analytically. The transient phase or the approach of the echo amplitudes to the steady state is an exponential decay from the initial amplitude after the first excitation pulse to the steady-state signal. An analytical expression of the decay rate of this transient phase is presented that is based on a simple analysis derived from the Bloch equations. The decay rate is a weighted average of the T1 and T2 relaxation times, where the weighting is determined by the flip angle of the excitation pulses. Thus, balanced SSFP imaging during the transient phase can provide various contrasts depending on the flip angle and the number of excitation pulses applied before the acquisition of the central k-space line. In addition, transient imaging of hyperpolarized nuclei, such as 3He, 129Xe, or 13C, can be optimized according to their T1 and T2 relaxation times. Magn Reson Med 49:781–783, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-09-25},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Scheffler, Klaus},
	month = apr,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Bloch equation, relaxation times, signal optimization},
	pages = {781--783}
}

@article{pruessmann_advances_2001,
	title = {Advances in sensitivity encoding with arbitrary k-space trajectories},
	volume = {46},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1241/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1241},
	abstract = {New, efficient reconstruction procedures are proposed for sensitivity encoding (SENSE) with arbitrary k-space trajectories. The presented methods combine gridding principles with so-called conjugate-gradient iteration. In this fashion, the bulk of the work of reconstruction can be performed by fast Fourier transform (FFT), reducing the complexity of data processing to the same order of magnitude as in conventional gridding reconstruction. Using the proposed method, SENSE becomes practical with nonstandard k-space trajectories, enabling considerable scan time reduction with respect to mere gradient encoding. This is illustrated by imaging simulations with spiral, radial, and random k-space patterns. Simulations were also used for investigating the convergence behavior of the proposed algorithm and its dependence on the factor by which gradient encoding is reduced. The in vivo feasibility of non-Cartesian SENSE imaging with iterative reconstruction is demonstrated by examples of brain and cardiac imaging using spiral trajectories. In brain imaging with six receiver coils, the number of spiral interleaves was reduced by factors ranging from 2 to 6. In cardiac real-time imaging with four coils, spiral SENSE permitted reducing the scan time per image from 112 ms to 56 ms, thus doubling the frame-rate. Magn Reson Med 46:638–651, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-01-21},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Pruessmann, Klaas P. and Weiger, Markus and Börnert, Peter and Boesiger, Peter},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {SENSE, iterative reconstruction, k-space trajectories, sensitivity encoding, spiral imaging},
	pages = {638--651}
}

@article{buracas_imaging_2008,
	title = {Imaging periodic currents using alternating balanced steady-state free precession},
	volume = {59},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21457/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21457},
	abstract = {Existing functional brain MR imaging methods detect neuronal activity only indirectly via a surrogate signal such as deoxyhemoglobin concentration in the vascular bed of cerebral parenchyma. It has been recently proposed that neuronal currents may be measurable directly using MRI (ncMRI). However, limited success has been reported in neuronal current detection studies that used standard gradient or spin echo pulse sequences. The balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) pulse sequence is unique in that it can afford the highest known SNR efficiency and is exquisitely sensitive to perturbations in free precession phase. It is reported herein that when a spin phase-perturbing periodic current is locked to an RF pulse train, phase perturbations are accumulated across multiple RF excitations and the spin magnetization reaches an alternating balanced steady state (ABSS) that effectively amplifies the phase perturbations due to the current. The alternation of the ABSS signal therefore is highly sensitive to weak periodic currents. Current phantom experiments employing ABSS imaging resulted in detection of magnetic field variations as small as 0.15nT in scans lasting for 36 sec, which is more sensitive than using gradient-recalled echo imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-06-17},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Buračas, Giedrius T. and Liu, Thomas T. and Buxton, Richard B. and Frank, Lawrence R. and Wong, Eric C.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {alternating balanced steady state, balanced SSFP, neuronal currents, oscillating equilibrium},
	pages = {140--148}
}

@article{walsh_adaptive_2000,
	title = {Adaptive reconstruction of phased array {MR} imagery},
	volume = {43},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(200005)43:5<682::AID-MRM10>3.0.CO;2-G/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(200005)43:5<682::AID-MRM10>3.0.CO;2-G},
	abstract = {An adaptive implementation of the spatial matched filter and its application to the reconstruction of phased array MR imagery is described. Locally relevant array correlation statistics for the NMR signal and noise processes are derived directly from the set of complex individual coil images, in the form of sample correlation matrices. Eigen-analysis yields an optimal filter vector for the estimated signal and noise array correlation statistics. The technique enables near-optimal reconstruction of multicoil MR imagery without a-priori knowledge of the individual coil field maps or noise correlation structure. Experimental results indicate SNR performance approaching that of the optimal matched filter. Compared to the sum-of-squares technique, the RMS noise level in dark image regions is reduced by as much as \$ {\textbackslash}sqrtN, \$ where N is the number of coils in the array. The technique is also effective in suppressing localized motion and flow artifacts. Magn Reson Med 43:682–690, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-11-05},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Walsh, David O. and Gmitro, Arthur F. and Marcellin, Michael W.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {image reconstruction, motion artifacts, noise reduction, phased array MRI},
	pages = {682--690}
}

@article{ebbers_noninvasive_2002,
	title = {Noninvasive {Measurement} of {Time}-{Varying} {Three}-{Dimensional} {Relative} {Pressure} {Fields} {Within} the {Human} {Heart}},
	volume = {124},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JBY/124/288/1},
	doi = {10.1115/1.1468866},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-11-23},
	journal = {Journal of Biomechanical Engineering},
	author = {Ebbers, T. and Wigstrom, L. and Bolger, A. F. and Wranne, B. and Karlsson, M.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Poisson equation, biomedical MRI, blood flow measurement, blood pressure measurement, cardiovascular system, computational fluid dynamics},
	pages = {288--293}
}

@article{manke_novel_2003,
	title = {Novel prospective respiratory motion correction approach for free-breathing coronary {MR} angiography using a patient-adapted affine motion model},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/12815687},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10483},
	abstract = {A novel technique is presented which enables the calibration of a 3D affine respiratory motion model to the individual motion pattern of the patient. The concept of multiple navigators and precursory navigators is introduced to address nonlinear properties and hysteresis effects of the model parameters with respect to the conventional diaphragmatic navigator. The optimal combination and weighting of the navigators is determined on the basis of a principal component analysis (PCA). Thus, based on a given navigator measurement the current motion state of the object can be predicted by means of the calibrated motion model. The 3D motion model is applied in high-resolution coronary MR angiography examinations (CMRA) to prospectively correct for respiration-induced motion. The basic feasibility of the proposed calibration procedure was shown in 16 volunteers. Furthermore, the application of the calibrated motion model for CMRA examinations of the right coronary artery (RCA) was tested in 10 volunteers. The superiority of a calibrated 3D translation model over the conventional 1D translation model with a fixed correction factor and the potential of affine prospective motion correction for CMRA are demonstrated.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Manke, Dirk and Nehrke, Kay and Börnert, Peter},
	month = jul,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12815687},
	keywords = {Adult, Arteries, Artifacts, Coronary Vessels, Electrocardiography, Female, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Movement, Reproducibility of Results, Respiratory Mechanics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Subtraction Technique},
	pages = {122--131}
}

@article{kacere_quantitative_2005,
	title = {Quantitative {Assessment} of {Left} {Ventricular} {Function}: {Steady}-{State} {Free} {Precession} {MR} {Imaging} with or without {Sensitivity} {Encoding}1},
	volume = {235},
	issn = {0033-8419, 1527-1315},
	shorttitle = {Quantitative {Assessment} of {Left} {Ventricular} {Function}},
	url = {http://radiology.rsna.org/content/235/3/1031},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.2353030995},
	abstract = {Quantitative left ventricular (LV) function was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging in 20 patients by using standard multisection multiphase steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging and sensitivity encoding (SENSE)-accelerated cine SSFP imaging with identical spatial, contrast, and temporal resolution. The local institutional review board approved the protocol, and all patients gave signed informed consent prior to imaging. The study complied with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Results of Bland-Altman analysis showed that both techniques produced similar estimates of LV ejection fraction, LV mass, and blood-to-muscle contrast and demonstrated minimal interobserver variability. The authors showed that it is possible, by combining SENSE with cine SSFP imaging, to reduce acquisition time by 50\% without compromising spatial resolution, temporal resolution, or blood-to-muscle contrast-to-noise ratio compared with those achieved by using SSFP imaging without SENSE for quantitative LV function assessment.
© RSNA, 2005},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-11-02},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Kacere, Richard D. and Pereyra, Mercedes and Nemeth, Margit A. and Muthupillai, Raja and Flamm, Scott D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1031--1035}
}

@article{jung_k-t_2009,
	title = {k-t {FOCUSS}: {A} general compressed sensing framework for high resolution dynamic {MRI}},
	volume = {61},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {k-t {FOCUSS}},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21757/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21757},
	abstract = {A model-based dynamic MRI called k-t BLAST/SENSE has drawn significant attention from the MR imaging community because of its improved spatio-temporal resolution. Recently, we showed that the k-t BLAST/SENSE corresponds to the special case of a new dynamic MRI algorithm called k-t FOCUSS that is optimal from a compressed sensing perspective. The main contribution of this article is an extension of k-t FOCUSS to a more general framework with prediction and residual encoding, where the prediction provides an initial estimate and the residual encoding takes care of the remaining residual signals. Two prediction methods, RIGR and motion estimation/compensation scheme, are proposed, which significantly sparsify the residual signals. Then, using a more sophisticated random sampling pattern and optimized temporal transform, the residual signal can be effectively estimated from a very small number of k-t samples. Experimental results show that excellent reconstruction can be achieved even from severely limited k-t samples without aliasing artifacts. Magn Reson Med 61:103–116, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-11-13},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Jung, Hong and Sung, Kyunghyun and Nayak, Krishna S. and Kim, Eung Yeop and Ye, Jong Chul},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {FOCUSS, ME/MC, RIGR, SPEAR, compressed sensing, k-t BLAST/SENSE},
	pages = {103--116}
}

@article{leupold_alternating_2006,
	title = {Alternating repetition time balanced steady state free precession},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20790},
	abstract = {A novel balanced SSFP technique for the separation or suppression of different resonance frequencies (e.g., fat suppression) is presented. The method is based on applying two alternating and different repetition times, TR(1) and TR(2). This RF scheme manipulates the sensitivity of balanced SSFP to off-resonance effects by a modification of the frequency response profile. Starting from a general approach, an optimally broadened stopband within the frequency response function is designed. This is achieved with a TR(2) being one third of TR(1) and an RF-pulse phase increment of 90 degrees . With this approach TR(2) is too short ( approximately 1 ms) to switch imaging gradients and is only used to change the frequency sensitivity. Without a significant change of the spectral position of the stopband, TR(1) can be varied over a range of values ( approximately 2.5-4.5 ms) while TR(2) and phase cycling is kept constant. On-resonance spins show a magnetization behavior similar to balanced SSFP, but with maximal magnetization at flip angles about 10 degrees lower than in balanced SSFP. The total scan time is increased by about 30\% compared to conventional balanced SSFP. The new technique was applied on phantoms and volunteers to produce rapid, fat suppressed images.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Leupold, J and Hennig, J and Scheffler, K},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16447171},
	keywords = {Humans, Image Enhancement, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Time Factors},
	pages = {557--565}
}

@article{brunner_b1+_2009,
	title = {B1(+) interferometry for the calibration of {RF} transmitter arrays},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/19353666},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.21893},
	abstract = {Multiple-channel RF transmission holds great promise for MRI, especially for human applications at high fields. For calibration it requires mapping the effective RF magnetic fields, B(1) (+), of the transmitter array. This is challenging to do accurately and fast due to the large dynamic range of B(1) (+) and tight SAR constraints. In the present work, this problem is revisited and solved by a novel mapping approach relying on an interference principle. The B(1) (+) fields of individual transmitter elements are measured indirectly by observing their interference with a SAR-efficient baseline RF field. In this fashion even small RF fields can be observed in the B(1) (+) -sensitive large-flip-angle regime. Based on a set of such experiments B(1) (+) maps of the individual transmitter channels are obtained by solving a linear inverse problem. Confounding relaxation and off-resonance effects are addressed by an extended signal model and nonlinear fitting. Using the novel approach, 2D mapping of an 8-channel transmitter array was accomplished in less than a minute. For validation it is demonstrated that mapping results do not vary with T(1) or parameters of the mapping sequence. In RF shimming experiments it is shown that the measured B(1) (+) maps accurately reflect the linearity of RF superposition.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Brunner, David O and Pruessmann, Klaas P},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19353666},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Calibration, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Interferometry, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Radio Waves, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Switzerland, Transducers},
	pages = {1480--1488}
}

@article{gastwirth_impact_2009,
	title = {The {Impact} of {Levene}’s {Test} of {Equality} of {Variances} on {Statistical} {Theory} and {Practice}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0883-4237},
	url = {http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ss/1270041260},
	doi = {10.1214/09-STS301},
	abstract = {In many applications, the underlying scientific question concerns whether the variances of k samples are equal. There are a substantial number of tests for this problem. Many of them rely on the assumption of normality and are not robust to its violation. In 1960 Professor Howard Levene proposed a new approach to this problem by applying the F-test to the absolute deviations of the observations from their group means. Levene’s approach is powerful and robust to nonnormality and became a very popular tool for checking the homogeneity of variances.},
	language = {EN},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-05-28},
	journal = {Statistical Science},
	author = {Gastwirth, Joseph L. and Gel, Yulia R. and Miao, Weiwen},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	note = {Mathematical Reviews number (MathSciNet): MR2757435},
	pages = {343--360}
}

@article{lutz_acceleration_2011,
	title = {Acceleration of tissue phase mapping with sensitivity encoding at 3T},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21992267},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-59},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of sensitivity encoding on the quantitative assessment of cardiac motion in black blood cine tissue phase mapping (TPM) sequences. Up to now whole volume coverage of the heart is still limited by the long acquisition times. Therefore, a significant increase in imaging speed without deterioration of quantitative motion information is indispensable.

METHODS

20 volunteers were enrolled in this study. Each volunteer underwent myocardial short-axis TPM scans with different SENSE acceleration factors. The influence of SENSE acceleration on the measured motion curves was investigated.

RESULTS

It is demonstrated that all TPM sequences with SENSE acceleration have only minimum influence on the motion curves. Even with a SENSE factor of four, the decrease in the amplitude of the motion curve was less than 3\%. No significant difference was observed for the global correlation coefficient and deviation between the motion curves obtained by the reproducibility and the SENSE accelerated measurements.

CONCLUSIONS

It is feasible to accelerate myocardial TPM measurements with SENSE factors up to 4 without losing substantial information of the motion pattern.},
	urldate = {2012-07-27},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Lutz, Anja and Bornstedt, Axel and Manzke, Robert and Etyngier, Patrick and Nienhaus, G Ulrich and Rottbauer, Wolfgang and Rasche, Volker},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21992267},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Feasibility Studies, Female, Germany, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Myocardial Contraction, Predictive Value of Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, Ventricular Function, Left, Young Adult},
	pages = {59}
}

@book{oster_traitement_2009,
	title = {Traitement en temps réel des signaux électrophysiologiques acquis dans un environnement d'imagerie par résonance magnétique},
	url = {http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10117},
	abstract = {L'acquisition de l'électrocardiogramme (ECG) est recommandée lors d'examens d'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) pour le monitorage des patients et la synchronisation de l'acquisition IRM avec l'activité cardiaque. L'environnement IRM, de par ses trois composantes physiques caractéristiques, perturbe les signaux ECG. Les gradients de champ magnétique compliquent notamment grandement l'analyse de l'ECG de manière non conventionnelle. Le développement de traitements spécifiques est donc nécessaire, les méthodes existantes de détection QRS et de débruitage ne répondant pas de manière satisfaisante à ce problème. Une base de données ECG en IRM a été réalisée, afin de permettre le développement de nouvelles méthodes et leur évaluation selon deux critères : la qualité de détection des battements cardiaques et une estimation du rapport signal sur bruit spécifique à ces enregistrements. Un détecteur QRS capable de traiter ces signaux fortement bruités a été proposé. Cette technique est basée sur la détection et la caractérisation des singularités à partir des lignes de maxima d'ondelettes. Ce détecteur apporte une information sur le rythme cardiaque, primordiale pour la mise en place de nouvelles approches statistiques. Une méthode de débruitage basée sur l'analyse en composantes indépendantes a été présentée. Celle-ci utilise uniquement les signaux ECG. Une approche bayésienne de débruitage, reposant sur une unification de deux modèles (d'ECG et des artefacts de gradient), a été proposée. Enfin, l'approche bayésienne a également été suggérée pour prédire le rythme cardiaque, afin d'améliorer la stratégie de synchronisation.},
	urldate = {2014-10-13},
	publisher = {Nancy 1},
	author = {Oster, Julien},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Signaux électrophysiologiques  en français}
}

@article{li_magnetic_1995,
	title = {Magnetic resonance imaging k-space segmentation using phase-encoding groups: {The} accuracy of quantitative measurements of pulsatile flow},
	volume = {22},
	shorttitle = {Magnetic resonance imaging k-space segmentation using phase-encoding groups},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/22/391/1},
	doi = {10.1118/1.597604},
	abstract = {The use of phase‐encode grouping (PEG) allows acquisition of a complete cardiac cine in a single breath hold, eliminating respiratory artifacts and improving edge definition. One approach to quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) flow measurements in pulmonary, coronary, and renal arteries uses phase velocity mapping with a PEG, single breath‐hold, cine technique. Phantom studies were designed to evaluate the accuracy of MR phase velocity mapping (MRV) with PEG in continuous and pulsatile flow measurements in small vessels. Experiments were performed on a 1.5‐T MRI system and results were compared with those obtained by timed volume measurements and a transit‐time ultrasound flowmeter. Flow velocity, pulsatile flow wave form, pulsing rate, and PEG size were varied. For continuous flow, MRV measured velocities correlated well with those calculated from timed volume measurements (r{\textgreater}0.998) under mean spatial velocities ranging from 20–100 cm s−1. The temporal mean velocity difference between MRV and ultrasound flowmeter measurements was less than ±2.9 cm s−1 under pulsatile flow conditions with PEG sizes of 5 or less, however, the mean velocity difference was {\textgreater}7 cm s−1 for PEG sizes of 8 or more. Accurate MR velocity measurement with PEG in small vessels under conditions of pulsatile flow is possible if an appropriate PEG size is selected.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-12-10},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Li, Hongfang and Clarke, Geoffrey D. and NessAiver, Moriel and Liu, Haiying and Peshock, Ronald},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Arteries, Phantoms, accuracy, evaluation, nmr imaging},
	pages = {391--399}
}

@article{scheffler_principles_2003,
	title = {Principles and applications of balanced {SSFP} techniques},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0938-7994, 1432-1084},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-003-1957-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s00330-003-1957-x},
	abstract = {During the past 5 years balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) has become increasingly important for diagnostic and functional imaging. Balanced SSFP is characterized by two unique features: it offers a very high signal-to noise ratio and a T2/T1-weighted image contrast. This article focuses on the physical principles, on the signal formation, and on the resulting properties of balanced SSFP. Mechanisms for contrast modification, recent clinical application, and potential extensions of this technique are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2013-07-01},
	journal = {European Radiology},
	author = {Scheffler, Klaus and Lehnhardt, Stefan},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Contrast modification, Transient phase, rapid imaging},
	pages = {2409--2418}
}

@article{fernandez_adaptive_2010,
	title = {Adaptive black blood fast spin echo for end-systolic rest cardiac imaging},
	volume = {64},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.22566/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22566},
	abstract = {Black Blood Fast Spin Echo imaging of the heart is usually performed during mid-diastolic rest. This is a direct consequence of the long inversion time required to suppress the blood signal, which is constrained by the T1 of the blood, and of the heart rate. To overcome these constraints, and to acquire black blood images in the end-systolic rest period, a new approach is introduced aiming at adaptively predicting the best time to prepare and acquire MR signals. It is based on a RR interval prediction algorithm and on a cardiac cycle model. The proposed method was applied to 14 healthy volunteers and is compared to a simple alternative method using a fixed delay and to the standard black blood imaging method for imaging in the mid-diastolic rest period. Results show that the proposed method offers an increased robustness in terms of trigger delay error and image quality compared to the tested simple alternative. Also, it has been shown by qualitative analysis done by an experienced observer that the right ventricle, especially the thin right ventricle free wall, is better depicted with our method than with the standard mid-diastolic rest acquisition. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-09-16},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Fernandez, Brice and Oster, Julien and Lohezic, Maelene and Mandry, Damien and Pietquin, Olivier and Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Felblinger, Jacques},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Kalman filter, Right ventricle, cardiac MRI, end-systolic rest},
	pages = {1760--1771}
}

@article{schlosser_assessment_2005,
	title = {Assessment of {Left} {Ventricular} {Parameters} {Using} 16-{MDCT} and {New} {Software} for {Endocardial} and {Epicardial} {Border} {Delineation}},
	volume = {184},
	issn = {0361-803X},
	url = {http://www.ajronline.org/doi/abs/10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840765},
	doi = {10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840765},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT : OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to quantify left ventricular function and mass derived from retrospectively ECG-gated 16-MDCT coronary angiography data sets using a new analysis software based on automatic contour detection in comparison to corresponding standard of reference measurements acquired with MRI.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Multiplanar reformations in the short-axis orientation were calculated from axial contrast-enhanced CT images in 18 patients (men, 15; women, three; age range, 38–70 years; mean, 57.4 ± 10.2 [SD] years) who were referred for CT coronary angiography. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), and left ventricular mass (LVM) were analyzed with a recently developed imaging software using an automated contour detection algorithm of left ventricular endo- and epicardial contours and by manual tracing. The data were compared with similar measurements on MRI as the standard of reference.RESULTS. EDV, ESV, EF, and LVM derived from an automated contour detection algorithm were not statistically significantly different from manual tracing (CTauto vs CTmanual: EDV = 137.1 ± 45.7 mL vs 134.2 ± 39.9 mL, ESV = 58.8 ± 34.2 mL vs 58.1 ± 30.1 mL, EF = 59.2\% ± 13.7\% vs 58.1\% ± 12.0\%, LVM = 130.9 ± 29.1 g vs 133.7 ± 33.2 g; p {\textgreater} 0.05). However, EDV (118.7 ± 43.6 mL), ESV (50.1 ± 33.5 mL), and LVM (142.8 ± 38.4 g) as calculated on MR data sets were statistically significantly different from those calculated on CT (p {\textless} 0.05), whereas MRI-based EF (59.9\% ± 14.4\%) did not differ statistically significantly from those based on both CT algorithms (p {\textgreater} 0.05).CONCLUSION. Automatic and manual analysis of data acquired during CT coronary angiography using a 16-MDCT scanner allows a reliable assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and a rough estimation of left ventricular volumes and mass.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-10-30},
	journal = {American Journal of Roentgenology},
	author = {Schlosser, Thomas and Pagonidis, Konstantin and Herborn, Christoph U. and Hunold, Peter and Waltering, Kai-Uwe and Lauenstein, Thomas C. and Barkhausen, Jörg},
	month = mar,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {765--773}
}

@article{thompson_high_2002,
	title = {High {Temporal} {Resolution} {Phase} {Contrast} {MRI} {With} {Multiecho} {Acquisitions}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396327/},
	abstract = {Velocity imaging with phase contrast (PC) MRI is a noninvasive tool for quantitative blood flow measurement in vivo. A shortcoming of conventional PC imaging is the reduction in temporal resolution as compared to the corresponding magnitude imaging. For the measurement of velocity in a single direction, the temporal resolution is halved because one must acquire two differentially flow-encoded images for every PC image frame to subtract out non-velocity-related image phase information. In this study, a high temporal resolution PC technique which retains both the spatial resolution and breath-hold length of conventional magnitude imaging is presented. Improvement by a factor of 2 in the temporal resolution was achieved by acquiring the differentially flow-encoded images in separate breath-holds rather than interleaved within a single breath-hold. Additionally, a multiecho readout was incorporated into the PC experiment to acquire more views per unit time than is possible with the single gradient-echo technique. A total improvement in temporal resolution by ∼5 times over conventional PC imaging was achieved. A complete set of images containing velocity data in all three directions was acquired in four breath-holds, with a temporal resolution of 11.2 ms and an in-plane spatial resolution of 2 mm × 2 mm.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-01-12},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Thompson, Richard B. and McVeigh, Elliot R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11870837},
	pmcid = {PMC2396327},
	pages = {499--512}
}

@article{belz_elastic_1995,
	title = {Elastic properties and {Windkessel} function of the human aorta},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {0920-3206},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7786838},
	abstract = {An understanding of the role of the aortic elastic properties indicates their relevance at several sites of cardiovascular function. Acting as an elastic buffering chamber behind the heart (the Windkessel function), the aorta and some of the proximal large vessels store about 50\% of the left ventricular stroke volume during systole. In diastole, the elastic forces of the aortic wall forward this 50\% of the volume to the peripheral circulation, thus creating a nearly continuous peripheral blood flow. This systolic-diastolic interplay represents the Windkessel function, which has an influence not only on the peripheral circulation but also on the heart, resulting in a reduction of left ventricular afterload and improvement in coronary blood flow and left ventricular relaxation. The elastic resistance (or stiffness), which the aorta sets against its systolic distention, increases with aging, with an increase in blood pressure, and with pathological changes such as atherosclerosis. This increased stiffness leads to an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure at any given mean pressure, an increase in systolic blood velocity, an increase in left ventricular afterload, and a decrease in subendocardial blood supply during diastole, and must be considered a major pathophysiological factor, for example, in systolic hypertension. The elastic properties of the aortic Windkessel can be assessed in vivo in humans in several ways, most easily by measuring the pulse wave velocity along the aorta. The higher this velocity, the higher the elastic resistance, that is, the stiffness. Other methods depend on assessment of the ratio between pulse pressure and aortic volume changes (delata P/delta V), which can be assessed noninvasively by ultrasonic or tomographic methods. All assessments of vessel stiffness have to take into account the direct effect of current blood pressure, and thus judgements about influences of interventions rely on an unchanged blood pressure. Alternatively, to derive the "intrinsic" stiffness of the aortic wall one has to correct for the effect of the blood pressure present. Recently reports about pharmacologic influences on the elastic properties of the aorta have emerged in the literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-10-28},
	journal = {Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy},
	author = {Belz, G G},
	month = feb,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7786838},
	keywords = {Aging, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Aorta, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Coronary Circulation, Elastic Tissue, Elasticity, Humans, Nitric Oxide, Prognosis, Stroke Volume, Vascular Resistance, Ventricular Function, Left},
	pages = {73--83}
}

@article{delfino_three-directional_2008,
	title = {Three-directional myocardial phase-contrast tissue velocity {MR} imaging with navigator-echo gating: in vivo and in vitro study},
	volume = {246},
	issn = {1527-1315},
	shorttitle = {Three-directional myocardial phase-contrast tissue velocity {MR} imaging with navigator-echo gating},
	doi = {10.1148/radiol.2463062155},
	abstract = {The study protocol was HIPAA compliant and institutional review board approved. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The purpose of the study was to prospectively validate the capability of navigator-echo-gated phase-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for measurement of myocardial velocities in a phantom and to prospectively use the phase-contrast MR sequence to measure three-directional velocity in the myocardium in vivo in volunteers and in patients scheduled for cardiac resynchronization therapy. An excellent correlation between the measured velocity and the true phantom motion (R = 0.90 for longitudinal velocity, R = 0.93 for circumferential velocity) was observed. Myocardial velocities were successfully measured in 17 healthy volunteers (11 male, six female; mean age, 27.5 years +/- 6.5 [standard deviation]) and 28 patients with heart failure (18 male, 10 female; mean age, 63.9 years +/- 15.0). Velocity values were significantly lower in the patients than in the volunteers. The time to peak velocity in the lateral wall of the patients, as compared with that in the volunteers, was delayed. Phase-contrast MR imaging can be combined with navigator-echo gating to measure three-directional myocardial tissue velocities in vivo.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Radiology},
	author = {Delfino, Jana G. and Johnson, Kevin R. and Eisner, Robert L. and Eder, Susan and Leon, Angel R. and Oshinski, John N.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18223122},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Heart Diseases, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, Motion, Myocardial Contraction, Phantoms, Imaging, Prospective Studies},
	pages = {917--925}
}

@article{lutz_acceleration_2011-1,
	title = {Acceleration of tissue phase mapping by k-t {BLAST}: a detailed analysis of the influence of k-t-{BLAST} for the quantification of myocardial motion at 3T},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	shorttitle = {Acceleration of tissue phase mapping by k-t {BLAST}},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com.gate2.inist.fr/1532-429X/13/5},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-5},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-06-01},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Lutz, Anja and Bornstedt, Axel and Manzke, Robert and Etyngier, Patrick and Nienhaus, G Ulrich and Rasche, Volker},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {5}
}

@article{zhou_reliable_2009,
	title = {Reliable two-dimensional phase unwrapping method using region growing and local linear estimation},
	volume = {62},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.22074/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22074},
	abstract = {In MRI, phase maps can provide useful information about parameters such as field inhomogeneity, velocity of blood flow, and the chemical shift between water and fat. As phase is defined in the (−π,π] range, however, phase wraps often occur, which complicates image analysis and interpretation. This work presents a two-dimensional phase unwrapping algorithm that uses quality-guided region growing and local linear estimation. The quality map employs the variance of the second-order partial derivatives of the phase as the quality criterion. Phase information from unwrapped neighboring pixels is used to predict the correct phase of the current pixel using a linear regression method. The algorithm was tested on both simulated and real data, and is shown to successfully unwrap phase images that are corrupted by noise and have rapidly changing phase. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-05-20},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Zhou, Kun and Zaitsev, Maxim and Bao, Shanglian},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {MRI, phase unwrapping, quality-guided, two dimensional},
	pages = {1085--1090}
}

@inproceedings{noauthor_breath-held_nodate,
	title = {Breath-held 3D {Fast} {CINE}: {Retrospective} {CINE} interpolation for full {R}-{R} coverage using {FIESTA}},
	url = {http://cds.ismrm.org/ismrm-2002/PDF3/0784.PDF}
}

@article{schulz-menger_standardized_2013,
	title = {Standardized image interpretation and post processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: {Society} for {Cardiovascular} {Magnetic} {Resonance} ({SCMR}) {Board} of {Trustees} {Task} {Force} on {Standardized} {Post} {Processing}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	shorttitle = {Standardized image interpretation and post processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/15/1/35/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-15-35},
	abstract = {With mounting data on its accuracy and prognostic value, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is becoming an increasingly important diagnostic tool with growing utility in clinical routine. Given its versatility and wide range of quantitative parameters, however, agreement on specific standards for the interpretation and post-processing of CMR studies is required to ensure consistent quality and reproducibility of CMR reports. This document addresses this need by providing consensus recommendations developed by the Task Force for Post Processing of the Society for Cardiovascular MR (SCMR). The aim of the task force is to recommend requirements and standards for image interpretation and post processing enabling qualitative and quantitative evaluation of CMR images. Furthermore, pitfalls of CMR image analysis are discussed where appropriate.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-05-02},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Schulz-Menger, Jeanette and Bluemke, David A. and Bremerich, Jens and Flamm, Scott D. and Fogel, Mark A. and Friedrich, Matthias G. and Kim, Raymond J. and Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, Florian von and Kramer, Christopher M. and Pennell, Dudley J. and Plein, Sven and Nagel, Eike},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {35}
}

@article{kaji_rapid_2001,
	title = {Rapid evaluation of left ventricular volume and mass without breath-holding using real-time interactive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging system},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {07351097},
	url = {http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1127372},
	doi = {10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01399-7},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-07-25},
	journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
	author = {Kaji, Shuichiro and Yang, Philip C and Kerr, Adam B and Tang, W.H.Wilson and Meyer, Craig H and Macovski, Albert and Pauly, John M and Nishimura, Dwight G and Hu, Bob S},
	month = aug,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {527--533}
}

@article{stang_medusa:_2012,
	title = {Medusa: {A} {Scalable} {MR} {Console} {Using} {USB}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1558-0062},
	shorttitle = {Medusa},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282593/},
	doi = {10.1109/TMI.2011.2169681},
	abstract = {MRI pulse sequence consoles typically employ closed proprietary hardware, software, and interfaces, making difficult any adaptation for innovative experimental technology. Yet MRI systems research is trending to higher channel count receivers, transmitters, gradient/shims, and unique interfaces for interventional applications. Customized console designs are now feasible for researchers with modern electronic components, but high data rates, synchronization, scalability, and cost present important challenges. Implementing large multi-channel MR systems with efficiency and flexibility requires a scalable modular architecture. With Medusa, we propose an open system architecture using the Universal Serial Bus (USB) for scalability, combined with distributed processing and buffering to address the high data rates and strict synchronization required by multi-channel MRI. Medusa uses a modular design concept based on digital synthesizer, receiver, and gradient blocks, in conjunction with fast programmable logic for sampling and synchronization. Medusa is a form of synthetic instrument, being reconfigurable for a variety of medical/scientific instrumentation needs. The Medusa distributed architecture, scalability, and data bandwidth limits are presented, and its flexibility is demonstrated in a variety of novel MRI applications.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-01-04},
	journal = {IEEE transactions on medical imaging},
	author = {Stang, Pascal P. and Conolly, Steven M. and Santos, Juan M. and Pauly, John M. and Scott, Greig C.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {21954200},
	pmcid = {PMC3282593},
	pages = {370--379}
}

@article{tei_noninvasive_1997,
	title = {Noninvasive {Doppler}-derived myocardial performance index: {Correlation} with simultaneous measurements of cardiac catheterization measurements},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {0894-7317},
	shorttitle = {Noninvasive {Doppler}-derived myocardial performance index},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0894731797700907},
	doi = {10.1016/S0894-7317(97)70090-7},
	abstract = {A simple, reproducible, noninvasive Doppler index for the assessment of overall cardiac function has been described previously. The purpose of this study was to correlate the Doppler index with accepted indexes of cardiac catheterization of left ventricular performance. Thirty-four patients with ischemic heart disease or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy prospectively underwent a simultaneous cardiac catheterization and Doppler echocardiographic study. Invasive measurements of peak +dP/dt, peak -dP/dt, and tau were obtained from the high-fidelity left ventricular pressures. A Doppler index of myocardial performance was defined as the summation of isovolumetric contraction and relaxation time divided by ejection time. There was a correlation between Doppler measurement of isovolumetric contraction time and peak +dP/dt (r = 0.842; p \< 0.0001) and Doppler measurement of isovolumetric relaxation time and peak -dP/dt (r = 0.638; p \< 0.001). Left ventricular ejection time correlated with both peak +dP/dt (r = 0.539; p \<0.001) and peak -dP/dt (r = 0.582; p \< 0.001). The Doppler index correlated with simultaneously recorded systolic peak +dP/dt (r = 0.821; p \< 0.0001) and diastolic peak -dP/dt (r = 0.833; p \< 0.001) and tau (r = 0.680; p \< 0.0001). This study documents that a simple, easily recordable, noninvasive Doppler index of myocardial performance correlates with invasive measurement of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function and appears to be a promising noninvasive measurement of overall cardiac function. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997;10:169-78.)},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-08-12},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography},
	author = {Tei, Chuwa and Nishimura, Rick A. and Seward, James B. and Tajik, A.Jamil},
	month = mar,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {169--178}
}

@article{lauzon_analytical_2009,
	title = {Analytical characterization of {RF} phase-cycled balanced steady-state free precession},
	volume = {34A},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1552-5023},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cmr.a.20138/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/cmr.a.20138},
	abstract = {Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) techniques, commonly called True-FISP, FIESTA, or balanced FFE, are rapid, efficient, high signal-to-noise ratio sequences used in angiographic, cardiac and abdominal MR imaging. One of their major drawbacks is their sensitivity to off-resonance effects arising from Bo inhomogeneities, which can produce the familiar dark bands in the images. Radio frequency (RF) phase cycling is known to minimize this artifact. Although RF phase-cycled bSSFP is an accepted and firmly established technique, a simple and intuitive analytical signal equation has not yet been provided. Here, a complete theoretical framework is developed from which insightful characterizations such as signal uniformity, optimal flip angle, SNR efficiency, and banding effect minimization are provided. The analytical predictions and guidelines are substantiated via direct numerical simulations for clinically relevant tissues (e.g., water-like organs and lipids) using various acquisition conditions, and also verified experimentally with phantoms. We demonstrate that the banding artifact can be virtually eliminated, even for phantoms immersed in significantly nonuniform magnetic fields. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 133–143, 2009.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-11-27},
	journal = {Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part A},
	author = {Lauzon, M. Louis and Frayne, Richard},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {RF phase cycling, balanced steady-state free precession, banding artifact, signal characterization},
	pages = {133--143},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/TU5CJJG7/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{johnson_systolic_1981,
	title = {Systolic time intervals in measurement of inotropic response to drugs.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0007-0769},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC482689/},
	abstract = {During periods of tachycardia induced by atrial pacing in eight patients, moderate increments in dP/dt(max) and (dP/dt)/CPIP (common produced intraventricular pressure) and moderate reductions in left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and Q-S2 were demonstrated. These changes varied between individuals, but reduction in systolic intervals was consistently less than that reported from populations showing a range of resting heart rates. Individual regression formulae relating each variable to paced heart rate were used to calculate rate-dependent and rate-independent changes induced by isoprenaline and ouabain. Despite technical difficulty in precise measurement of systolic intervals, there was an excellent inverse correlation between rate-independent changes in Q-S2 and in both dP/dt(mac) and (dP/dt)/CPIP. Rate-independent change in Q-S2 appears to be a practical, moderately sensitive, and reasonably precise measure of the inotropic effect of a drug which does not radically alter left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or blood pressure. Day-to-day variation in systolic intervals may limit the use of the technique to studies of short duration.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2015-04-16},
	journal = {British Heart Journal},
	author = {Johnson, B F and Meeran, M K and Frank, A and Taylor, S H},
	month = nov,
	year = {1981},
	pmid = {7317217},
	pmcid = {PMC482689},
	pages = {513--521}
}

@article{butts_phase_1993,
	title = {Phase velocity mapping with a real time line scan technique},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {07403194, 15222594},
	url = {http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1002%2Fmrm.1910290125?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910290125},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-01-24},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Butts, Kim and Hangiandreou, Nicholas J. and Riederer, Stephen J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {134--138}
}

@article{proctor_magnetic_1950,
	title = {On the {Magnetic} {Moments} of {Xe}{\textasciicircum}\{129\}, {Bi}{\textasciicircum}\{209\}, {Sc}{\textasciicircum}\{45\}, {Sb}{\textasciicircum}\{121\}, and {Sb}{\textasciicircum}\{123\}},
	volume = {78},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.78.471},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.78.471},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-03-08},
	journal = {Physical Review},
	author = {Proctor, W. G. and Yu, F. C.},
	month = may,
	year = {1950},
	pages = {471}
}

@article{yamada_effect_1999,
	title = {Effect of aging on diastolic left ventricular myocardial velocities measured by pulsed tissue {Doppler} imaging in healthy subjects},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0894-7317},
	abstract = {We evaluated the effect of aging on diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall motion velocity in 80 healthy persons with the use of pulsed tissue Doppler imaging. The wall motion velocity patterns were recorded at the middle regions of the LV posterior wall and ventricular septum in the parasternal (along the short axis) and apical (along the long axis) LV long-axis views. In the posterior wall, the peak early diastolic wall motion velocities (Ews) along both axes correlated inversely with age (long axis: r = -0.61, P {\textless}. 0001; short axis: r = -0.55, P {\textless}.0001), and the peak atrial systolic wall motion velocities(Aws) along both axes correlated directly with age (long axis: r = 0.59, P {\textless}.0001; short axis: r = 0.65, P {\textless}.0001). In the ventricular septum, the Ew along the long axis correlated inversely with age (r = -0.51, P {\textless}.0001), and the Aws along both axes correlated directly with age (long axis: r = 0.57, P {\textless}.0001; short axis: r = 0.53, P {\textless}.0001). The Ews along both axes at the posterior wall correlated directly with the peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity. The Aws along both axes at the ventricular septum and posterior wall correlated directly with the peak atrial systolic transmitral flow velocity. The times from the second heart sound to the peak of the early diastolic waves of the ventricular septum and posterior wall along both axes significantly increased with age. The times from the aortic component of the second heart sound to the peak of the early diastolic motion velocities along both axes were significantly longer at the ventricular septum than at the posterior wall. Pulsed tissue Doppler imaging may be useful for evaluating the effect of aging on diastolic LV function in healthy persons.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
	author = {Yamada, H. and Oki, T. and Mishiro, Y. and Tabata, T. and Abe, M. and Onose, Y. and Wakatsuki, T. and Ito, S.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10398916},
	keywords = {Aging, Blood Flow Velocity, Diastole, Echocardiography, Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ventricular Function, Left},
	pages = {574--581}
}

@article{weiss_projection-reconstruction_1999,
	title = {Projection-reconstruction reduced [correction of reduces] {FOV} imaging},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0730-725X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10231178},
	abstract = {Reduced field-of-view (rFOV) imaging was introduced recently as a rapid imaging technique that improves temporal resolution while maintaining spatial resolution. It is based on undersampling in k-space and utilizes the fact that the dynamics of an evolving process are often confined to a local area within the full FOV. In the work presented here the reduced FOV approach is applied to projection-reconstruction MRI and compared to the original spin-warp implementation. Results are presented that clearly demonstrate the increased robustness of the projection-reconstruction version of rFOV imaging. The technique is successfully applied to an MR-guided biopsy scenario (ex-vivo) and to cine cardiac imaging. Finally an algorithm is proposed that uses the intrinsic advantages of radial k-space sampling to evaluate the projection data to control the adjustment of position and size of the reduced FOV window.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-08-03},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance imaging},
	author = {Weiss, S and Rasche, V},
	month = may,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10231178},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Animals, Biopsy, Needle, Cattle, Feasibility Studies, Heart, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male},
	pages = {517--525}
}

@article{dogui_consistency_2011,
	title = {Consistency of aortic distensibility and pulse wave velocity estimates with respect to the {Bramwell}-{Hill} theoretical model: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {2011 Dogui et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	shorttitle = {Consistency of aortic distensibility and pulse wave velocity estimates with respect to the {Bramwell}-{Hill} theoretical model},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/13/1/11/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-11},
	abstract = {Arterial stiffness is considered as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality, and is increasingly used in clinical practice. This study aimed at evaluating the consistency of the automated estimation of regional and local aortic stiffness indices from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) data.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-12-06},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Dogui, Anas and Kachenoura, Nadjia and Frouin, Frédérique and Lefort, Muriel and Cesare, Alain De and Mousseaux, Elie and Herment, Alain},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {11}
}

@article{thesen_prospective_2000,
	title = {Prospective acquisition correction for head motion with image-based tracking for real-time {fMRI}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10975899},
	abstract = {In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) head motion can corrupt the signal changes induced by brain activation. This paper describes a novel technique called Prospective Acquisition CorrEction (PACE) for reducing motion-induced effects on magnetization history. Full three-dimensional rigid body estimation of head movement is obtained by image-based motion detection to a high level of accuracy. Adjustment of slice position and orientation, as well as regridding of residual volume to volume motion, is performed in real-time during data acquisition. Phantom experiments demonstrate a high level of consistency (translation {\textless} 40 microm; rotation {\textless} 0.05 degrees ) for detected motion parameters. In vivo experiments were carried out and they showed a significant decrease of variance between successively acquired datasets compared to retrospective correction algorithms.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-03-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Thesen, S and Heid, O and Mueller, E and Schad, L R},
	month = sep,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {10975899},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Computer Systems, Head Movements, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Theoretical, Motion, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {457--465}
}

@article{haldar_compressed-sensing_2011,
	title = {Compressed-{Sensing} {MRI} {With} {Random} {Encoding}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0278-0062},
	doi = {10.1109/TMI.2010.2085084},
	abstract = {Compressed sensing (CS) has the potential to reduce magnetic resonance (MR) data acquisition time. In order for CS-based imaging schemes to be effective, the signal of interest should be sparse or compressible in a known representation, and the measurement scheme should have good mathematical properties with respect to this representation. While MR images are often compressible, the second requirement is often only weakly satisfied with respect to commonly used Fourier encoding schemes. This paper investigates the use of random encoding for CS-MRI, in an effort to emulate the \#x201C;universal \#x201D; encoding schemes suggested by the theoretical CS literature. This random encoding is achieved experimentally with tailored spatially-selective radio-frequency (RF) pulses. Both simulation and experimental studies were conducted to investigate the imaging properties of this new scheme with respect to Fourier schemes. Results indicate that random encoding has the potential to outperform conventional encoding in certain scenarios. However, our study also indicates that random encoding fails to satisfy theoretical sufficient conditions for stable and accurate CS reconstruction in many scenarios of interest. Therefore, there is still no general theoretical performance guarantee for CS-MRI, with or without random encoding, and CS-based methods should be developed and validated carefully in the context of specific applications.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging},
	author = {Haldar, J.P. and Hernando, D. and Liang, Zhi-Pei},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Brain, Fourier Analysis, Fourier encoding scheme, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Monte Carlo Method, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, biomedical MRI, compressed-sensing MRI, data acquisition, imaging properties, magnetic resonance data acquisition time, mathematical properties, measurement scheme, random encoding, spatially-selective radio-frequency pulse, universal encoding scheme},
	pages = {893 --903}
}

@article{feinstein_using_1997,
	title = {Using cardiac phase to order reconstruction ({CAPTOR}): {A} method to improve diastolic images},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {Using cardiac phase to order reconstruction ({CAPTOR})},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.1880070505/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.1880070505},
	abstract = {A method is proposed to reconstruct multiphase images that accurately depicts the entire cardiac cycle. A segmented, gradient-recalled-echo sequence (FASTCARD) was modified to acquire data continuously. Images were reconstructed retrospectively by selecting views from each heartbeat based on cardiac phase rather than the time elapsed from the QRS complex. Cardiac phase was calculated using a model that compensates for beat-to-beat heart rate changes. Images collected using cardiac phase to order reconstruction (CAPTOR) depict the entire cardiac cycle and lack the temporal gap that is characteristic of prospectively reconstructed sequences. Time-volume curves of the left ventricle capture the contribution of atrial contraction to end-diastolic volume (EDV). Transmitral phase-contrast flow measurements show a second peak inflow (a wave) that is absent in the standard sequence. Because atrial contraction contributes to ventricular EDV, images using CAPTOR potentially may provide a more reliable measure of EDV, stroke volume, and ejection fraction than standard techniques.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-08-14},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Feinstein, Jeffrey A. and Epstein, Frederick H. and Arai, Andrew E. and Foo, Thomas K. F. and Hartley, Michael R. and Balaban, Robert S. and Wolff, Steven D.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Heart, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volume measurement, flow quantification, image reconstruction, phase contrast},
	pages = {794--798}
}

@article{tain_determination_2011,
	title = {Determination of cranio‐spinal canal compliance distribution by {MRI}: {Methodology} and early application in idiopathic intracranial hypertension},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {Determination of cranio‐spinal canal compliance distribution by {MRI}},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.22799/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22799},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2011-11-23},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Tain, Rong‐Wen and Bagci, Ahmet M and Lam, Byron L and Sklar, Evelyn M and Ertl‐Wagner, Birgit and Alperin, Noam},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {CSF and blood flows, cranio‐spinal compliance, intracranial pressure, lumped parameter modeling, phase contrast, spinal canal compliance},
	pages = {1397--1404}
}

@article{weissler_effect_1965,
	title = {The effect of deslanoside on the duration of the phases of ventricular systole in man},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {0002-9149},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The American journal of cardiology},
	author = {Weissler, A M and Kamen, A R and Bornstein, R S and Schoenfeld, C D and Cohen, S},
	month = feb,
	year = {1965},
	pmid = {14254808},
	keywords = {Biomedical Research, Electrocardiography, Heart, Heart rate, Lanatosides, Pharmacology, Phonocardiography},
	pages = {153--161}
}

@article{yamada_effect_1999-1,
	title = {Effect of {Aging} on {Diastolic} {Left} {Ventricular} {Myocardial} {Velocities} {Measured} by {Pulsed} {Tissue} {Doppler} {Imaging} in {Healthy} {Subjects}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0894-7317},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0894731799700052},
	doi = {10.1016/S0894-7317(99)70005-2},
	abstract = {We evaluated the effect of aging on diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall motion velocity in 80 healthy persons with the use of pulsed tissue Doppler imaging. The wall motion velocity patterns were recorded at the middle regions of the LV posterior wall and ventricular septum in the parasternal (along the short axis) and apical (along the long axis) LV long-axis views. In the posterior wall, the peak early diastolic wall motion velocities (Ews) along both axes correlated inversely with age (long axis: r = –0.61, P \< .0001; short axis: r = –0.55, P \< .0001), and the peak atrial systolic wall motion velocities (Aws) along both axes correlated directly with age (long axis: r = 0.59, P \< .0001; short axis: r = 0.65, P \< .0001). In the ventricular septum, the Ew along the long axis correlated inversely with age (r = –0.51, P \< .0001), and the Aws along both axes correlated directly with age (long axis: r = 0.57, P \< .0001; short axis: r = 0.53, P \< .0001). The Ews along both axes at the posterior wall correlated directly with the peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity. The Aws along both axes at the ventricular septum and posterior wall correlated directly with the peak atrial systolic transmitral flow velocity. The times from the second heart sound to the peak of the early diastolic waves of the ventricular septum and posterior wall along both axes significantly increased with age. The times from the aortic component of the second heart sound to the peak of the early diastolic motion velocities along both axes were significantly longer at the ventricular septum than at the posterior wall. Pulsed tissue Doppler imaging may be useful for evaluating the effect of aging on diastolic LV function in healthy persons. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:574-81.)},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2013-06-13},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography},
	author = {Yamada, Hirotsugu and Oki, Takashi and Mishiro, Yuichiro and Tabata, Tomotsugu and Abe, Miho and Onose, Yukiko and Wakatsuki, Tetsuzo and Ito, Susumu},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {574--581}
}

@article{hennig_regional_1998,
	title = {Regional myocardial function with tissue phase mapping},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0968-5243},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Magma (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Hennig, J. and Markl, M. and Schneider, B. and Peschl, S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1998},
	pmid = {9803391},
	keywords = {Electrocardiography, Heart, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reproducibility of Results},
	pages = {145--146}
}

@article{bland_statistical_1986,
	title = {Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {0140-6736},
	abstract = {In clinical measurement comparison of a new measurement technique with an established one is often needed to see whether they agree sufficiently for the new to replace the old. Such investigations are often analysed inappropriately, notably by using correlation coefficients. The use of correlation is misleading. An alternative approach, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, is described, together with the relation between this analysis and the assessment of repeatability.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8476},
	journal = {Lancet},
	author = {Bland, J M and Altman, D G},
	month = feb,
	year = {1986},
	pmid = {2868172},
	keywords = {Diagnosis, Humans, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, Statistics as Topic},
	pages = {307--310}
}

@article{staruch_localised_2010,
	title = {Localised drug release using {MRI}-controlled focused ultrasound hyperthermia},
	issn = {1464-5157},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/21158487},
	doi = {10.3109/02656736.2010.518198},
	abstract = {Purpose: Thermosensitive liposomes provide a mechanism for triggering the local release of anticancer drugs, but this technology requires precise temperature control in targeted regions with minimal heating of surrounding tissue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using MRI-controlled focused ultrasound (FUS) and thermosensitive liposomes to achieve thermally mediated localised drug delivery in vivo. Materials and methods: Results are reported from ten rabbits, where a FUS beam was scanned in a circular trajectory to heat 10-15 mm diameter regions in normal thigh to 43°C for 20-30 min. MRI thermometry was used for closed-loop feedback control to achieve temporally and spatially uniform heating. Lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin was infused intravenously during hyperthermia. Unabsorbed liposomes were flushed from the vasculature by saline perfusion 2 h later, and tissue samples were harvested from heated and unheated thigh regions. The fluorescence intensity of the homogenised samples was used to calculate the concentration of doxorubicin in tissue. Results: Closed-loop control of FUS heating using MRI thermometry achieved temperature distributions with mean, T90 and T10 of 42.9°C, 41.0°C and 44.8°C, respectively, over a period of 20 min. Doxorubicin concentrations were significantly higher in tissues sampled from heated than unheated regions of normal thigh muscle (8.3 versus 0.5 ng/mg, mean per-animal difference = 7.8 ng/mg, P {\textless} 0.05, Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test). Conclusions: The results show the potential of MRI-controlled focused ultrasound hyperthermia for enhanced local drug delivery with temperature-sensitive drug carriers.},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {International Journal of Hyperthermia: The Official Journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group},
	author = {Staruch, Robert and Chopra, Rajiv and Hynynen, Kullervo},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {21158487}
}

@article{lewis_critical_1977,
	title = {A critical review of the systolic time intervals.},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0009-7322, 1524-4539},
	url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/56/2/146},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.56.2.146},
	abstract = {The theoretical basis for the use of the systolic time intervals has been largely established. The method has been validated by direct measures from within the circulatory system. Standards for equipment and technique have been defined. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the value of this quantitative noninvasive technique for assessing left ventricular performance. At present there is need for further studies of the clinical usefulness of the systolic time intervals to improve both diagnosis and therapy of various cardiovascular disorders.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Lewis, R. P. and Rittogers, S. E. and Froester, W. F. and Boudoulas, H.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1977},
	pmid = {872305},
	pages = {146--158},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/4EISJJPM/Lewis et al. - 1977 - A critical review of the systolic time intervals..pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/K2PJFKAW/146.html:text/html}
}

@article{speck_prospective_2006,
	title = {Prospective real-time slice-by-slice motion correction for {fMRI} in freely moving subjects},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0968-5243},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16779560},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-006-0027-1},
	abstract = {Subject motion is still the major source of data quality degradation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. Established methods correct motion between successive repetitions based on the acquired imaging volumes either retrospectively or prospectively. A fast, highly accurate, and prospective real-time correction method for fMRI using external optical motion tracking has been implemented. The head position is determined by means of an optical stereoscopic tracking system. The method corrects motion during the acquisition of an fMRI time series on a slice-by-slice basis by continuously updating the imaging volume position to follow the motion of the head. This method allows the measurement of fMRI data in the presence of significant motion during the acquisition of a single volume. Even without intentional motion, fMRI signal stability is maintained and higher sensitivity to detect activation is achieved without reducing specificity. With significant motion, only the proposed approach allowed detection of brain activation. The results show that the new method is superior to image-based correction methods, which fail in the case of fast or excessive motion.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-02-07},
	journal = {Magma (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Speck, O and Hennig, J and Zaitsev, M},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16779560},
	keywords = {Artifacts, Brain, Head Movements, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motion, Motion Perception, Optics and Photonics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Time Factors},
	pages = {55--61}
}

@article{sachs_diminishing

repository: cmey/resume

repo_name: cmey/resume