text:
genic mice expressing HLA-DR3-DQ2 and human CD4, one with a NOD background and another TCR transgenic having over 90% of CD4(+) T cells specific for the DQ2-alpha-II epitope with a Th1 phenotype, were also healthy when consuming gluten. These humanized mouse models indicate that gluten ingestion can be tolerated without intestinal pathology even when HLA-DQ2-restricted CD4(+) T cell immunity to gluten is established, thereby implicating additional factors in controlling the penetrance of celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Animals
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism
Celiac Disease/genetics/*immunology/metabolism/pathology
Cell Separation
Cells, Cultured
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
Gliadin/*immunology
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics/*immunology/metabolism
HLA-DR3 Antigen/genetics/*immunology/metabolism
Health
Hybridomas
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mice, Transgenic
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
Substrate Specificity},
   ISSN = {0022-1767},
   Accession Number = {19494267},
   DOI = {10.4049/jimmunol.0900233},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {De Nitto, D. and Monteleone, I. and Franze, E. and Pallone, F. and Monteleone, G.},
   title = {Involvement of interleukin-15 and interleukin-21, two gamma-chain-related cytokines, in celiac disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {15},
   number = {37},
   pages = {4609-14},
   note = {2219-2840
De Nitto, Daniela
Monteleone, Ivan
Franze, Eleonora
Pallone, Francesco
Monteleone, Giovanni
Editorial
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Oct 7;15(37):4609-14.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD), an enteropathy caused by dietary gluten in genetically susceptible individuals, is histologically characterized by villous atrophy, crypt cell hyperplasia, and increased number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes. The nature of CD pathogenesis remains unclear, but recent evidence indicates that both innate and adaptive immune responses are necessary for the phenotypic expression and pathologic changes characteristic of CD. Extensive studies of molecules produced by immune cells in the gut of CD patients have led to identification of two cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21, which are thought to play a major role in orchestrating the mucosal inflammatory response in CD. Here we review the current knowledge of the expression and function of IL-15 and IL-21 in CD.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*immunology
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Immunity, Mucosal
Inflammation/immunology
Interleukin-15/*metabolism
Interleukins/*metabolism
Peptides/metabolism
Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {19787822},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {De Palma, G. and Nadal, I. and Collado, M. C. and Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult human subjects},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {102},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1154-60},
   note = {1475-2662
De Palma, Giada
Nadal, Inmaculada
Collado, Maria Carmen
Sanz, Yolanda
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2009 Oct;102(8):1154-60. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509371767. Epub 2009 May 18.},
   abstract = {Diet influences the composition of the gut microbiota and host's health, particularly in patients suffering from food-related diseases. Coeliac disease (CD) is a permanent intolerance to cereal gluten proteins and the only therapy for the patients is to adhere to a life-long gluten-free diet (GFD). In the present preliminary study, the effects of a GFD on the composition and immune function of the gut microbiota were analysed in ten healthy subjects (mean age 30.3 years) over 1 month. Faecal microbiota was analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The ability of faecal bacteria to stimulate cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was determined by ELISA. No significant differences in dietary intake were found before and after the GFD except for reductions (P = 0.001) in polysaccharides. Bifidobacterium, Clostridium lituseburense and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii proportions decreased (P = 0.007, P = 0.031 and P = 0.009, respectively) as a result of the GFD analysed by FISH. Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium longum counts decreased (P = 0.020, P = 0.001 and P = 0.017, respectively), while Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli counts increased (P = 0.005 and P = 0.003) after the GFD assessed by qPCR. TNF-alpha, interferon-gamma, IL-10 and IL-8 production by PBMC stimulated with faecal samples was also reduced (P = 0.021, P = 0.037, P = 0.002 and P = 0.007, respectively) after the diet. Therefore, the GFD led to reductions in beneficial gut bacteria populations and the ability of faecal samples to stimulate the host's immunity. Thus, the GFD may constitute an environmental variable to be considered in treated CD patients for its possible effects on gut health.},
   keywords = {Adult
Bacteria/*isolation & purification
Cells, Cultured
Cytokines/*biosynthesis
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Energy Intake
Feces/*microbiology
Female
Humans
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
Male
Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {19445821},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114509371767},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {De Palma, G. and Nadal, I. and Medina, M. and Donat, E. and Ribes-Koninckx, C. and Calabuig, M. and Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Intestinal dysbiosis and reduced immunoglobulin-coated bacteria associated with coeliac disease in children},
   journal = {BMC Microbiol},
   volume = {10},
   pages = {63},
   note = {1471-2180
De Palma, Giada
Nadal, Inmaculada
Medina, Marcela
Donat, Ester
Ribes-Koninckx, Carmen
Calabuig, Miguel
Sanz, Yolanda
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Microbiol. 2010 Feb 24;10:63. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-63.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder due to an aberrant immune response to dietary gluten proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. Mucosal immune response through IgA secretion constitutes a first line of defence responsible for neutralizing noxious antigens and pathogens. The aim of this study was the characterization of the relationships between immunoglobulin-coated bacteria and bacterial composition of faeces of coeliac disease (CD) patients, untreated and treated with a gluten-free diet (GFD) and healthy controls. RESULTS: IgA-coated faecal bacterial levels were significantly lower in both untreated and treated CD patients than in healthy controls. IgG and IgM-coated bacterial levels were also significantly lower in treated CD patients than in untreated CD patients and controls. Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria ratio was significantly reduced in both CD patients compared to controls. Bifidobacterium, Clostridium histolyticum, C. lituseburense and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii group proportions were less abundant (P < 0.050) in untreated CD patients than in healthy controls. Bacteroides-Prevotella group proportions were more abundant (P < 0.050) in untreated CD patients than in controls. Levels of IgA coating the Bacteroides-Prevotella group were significantly reduced (P < 0.050) in both CD patients in comparison with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: In CD patients, reduced IgA-coated bacteria is associated with intestinal dysbiosis, which altogether provide new insights into the possible relationships between the gut microbiota and the host defences in this disorder.},
   keywords = {Antibodies, Bacterial/*immunology
Bacteria/immunology/*metabolism
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/immunology/*microbiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Feces/microbiology
Humans
Immunoglobulins/chemistry/*immunology
Infant
Metagenome
Statistics, Nonparametric},
   ISSN = {1471-2180},
   Accession Number = {20181275},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-2180-10-63},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {De Re, V. and Simula, M. P. and Cannizzaro, R. and Pavan, A. and De Zorzi, M. A. and Toffoli, G. and Canzonieri, V.},
   title = {Galectin-10, eosinophils, and celiac disease},
   journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
   volume = {1173},
   pages = {357-64},
   note = {1749-6632
De Re, Valli
Simula, Maria Paola
Cannizzaro, Renato
Pavan, Alessandro
De Zorzi, Mari Angela
Toffoli, Giuseppe
Canzonieri, Vincenzo
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Sep;1173:357-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04627.x.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic intestinal disease caused by intolerance to dietary wheat gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. There are a number of important open questions that impede the full explanation of the pathogenesis of this disease. We analyzed protein expression pattern in gut biopsies of CD subjects. Patients were selected and grouped according to histological inflammatory degree. Groups consisted of nine individuals with CD: three patients had a Marsh 0, three a Marsh I-II, and three a Marsh III. All CD patients showed a human leukocyte antigen DQ2/8 variant. Controls were three individuals with an excluded CD diagnosis. For the first time, galectin-10 expression was found related to the histological grade (P = 0.0092) and with the number of eosinophils in the lesion (P = 0.0040). Results suggest galectin-10 is a novel marker for evaluating CD tissue damage and eosinophils as a possible target for therapeutic approaches. Moreover, our data provide insights into alterations associated with CD tissue damage and pathogenesis.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/diagnosis/genetics/*metabolism
Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
Eosinophils/*pathology
Galectins/*metabolism
Genetic Variation
Granulocytes/pathology
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
Humans
Leukocyte Count
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Proteome/metabolism
Proteomics/methods
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization},
   ISSN = {0077-8923},
   Accession Number = {19758173},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04627.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {De Vincenzi, M. and Vincentini, O. and Di Nardo, G. and Boirivant, M. and Gazza, L. and Pogna, N.},
   title = {Two prolamin peptides from durum wheat preclude celiac disease-specific T cell activation by gluten proteins},
   journal = {Eur J Nutr},
   volume = {49},
   number = {4},
   pages = {251-5},
   note = {1436-6215
De Vincenzi, Massimo
Vincentini, Olimpia
Di Nardo, Giovanni
Boirivant, Monica
Gazza, Laura
Pogna, Norberto
Journal Article
Germany
Eur J Nutr. 2010 Jun;49(4):251-5. doi: 10.1007/s00394-009-0080-4. Epub 2009 Nov 6.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Celiac disease (CD) is a permanent intolerance to wheat prolamins and related proteins displayed by genetically susceptible individuals. Blocking or modulation of CD-specific T cell response by altered prolamin peptides are currently considered as a potential alternative to the only effective therapy of CD based on a life-long gluten-free diet. Two prolamin peptides, the 9-mer ASRVAPGQQ and the 10-mer GTVGVAPGQQ sequences, were identified by mass spectrometry in the peptic/tryptic digest of prolamins (PTP) from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) cv. Adamello, and investigated for their ability to preclude the stimulation of CD-specific mucosal T cells by gluten proteins. METHODS: Gluten-specific polyclonal intestinal T cell lines from five CD children (mean age 5 years) were exposed to 50 microg/ml of a deamidated PTP from whole flour of common wheat (T. aestivum) cv. San Pastore, and tested for proliferation and production of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). The same experiment was performed in the presence of 20 microg/ml of the 9-mer or the 10-mer peptide. RESULTS: T cells exposed to PTP showed a threefold increase in proliferation and INF-gamma production, and a significant (P <or= 0.05) reduction in IL-10 secretion as compared with control cells incubated with the culture medium. Addition of either the 9-mer or the 10-mer peptide to PTP downregulated T cell proliferation and INF-gamma production, and caused a significant (P <or= 0.05) increase in IL-10 secretion. CONCLUSIONS: The T cell reactivity elicited by PTP is precluded by both the 9-mer and the 10-mer sequence, suggesting that over-expression of these proteolytically stable peptides may result in a wheat flour with reduced toxicity for CD patients.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/genetics/*immunology
Child, Preschool
Female
Glutens/immunology
Humans
Interferon-gamma/secretion
Interleukin-10/secretion
Lymphocyte Activation/*drug effects
Male
Prolamins/*pharmacology
T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism
Triticum/*chemistry},
   ISSN = {1436-6207},
   Accession Number = {19894071},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00394-009-0080-4},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Del Castillo, V. and Lescano, G. and Armada, M.},
   title = {[Foods formulation for people with celiac disease based on quinoa (Chenopoduim quinoa), cereal flours and starches mixtures]},
   journal = {Arch Latinoam Nutr},
   volume = {59},
   number = {3},
   pages = {332-6},
   note = {Del Castillo, Valeria
Lescano, Gerardo
Armada, Margarita
English Abstract
Journal Article
Venezuela
Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2009 Sep;59(3):332-6.},
   abstract = {Gluten free food for people with celiac disease based on quinoa, rice and corn flours and starches, were formulated. An informatic tool (ALIM V 1.0) developed by the authors, was used for the formulation of these foods. The obtained products were pancakes, scons, precooked pizza and bread which were analyzed in their chemical composition (protein, fat, fiber, moisture, ash and carbohydrates). Water activity (aw), acceptability and texture parameters (hardness, gumminess, chewiness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness) were also determined. Commercial products (C) were taken as reference and were performed the same analysis to formulated products (F). Significant differences were found in protein, fat moisture, ash and fiber content and in most of the texture parameters studied in both food groups (p<0.05). In pancakes and scones (F) was observed an increase of protein of 88 and 198% respectively, while prepizza and bread (F) showed lower contents (8 and 22%) respect to their commercial pairs, however all products (F) have Chemical Scores higher to 100. The aw of products (F) and (C), gave values similar to the data cited on bibliography for analogous products. The formulations more acceptable (values over 80%) were scones and pancakes. Overall, the formulated products provide good quality proteins, have good textural characteristics and adequate percentages of acceptability to be used in the feeding of celiac patients.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
*Chenopodium quinoa
Dietary Carbohydrates/analysis
Dietary Fats/analysis
Dietary Fiber/analysis
Dietary Proteins/analysis
*Edible Grain
Flour
Food, Formulated/*analysis
Humans
Humidity
*Starch
Taste},
   ISSN = {0004-0622 (Print)
0004-0622},
   Accession Number = {19886520},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Delvecchio, M. and De Bellis, A. and Francavilla, R. and Rutigliano, V. and Predieri, B. and Indrio, F. and De Venuto, D. and Sinisi, A. A. and Bizzarro, A. and Bellastella, A. and Iughetti, L. and Cavallo, L.},
   title = {Anti-pituitary antibodies in children with newly diagnosed celiac disease: a novel finding contributing to linear-growth impairment},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {105},
   number = {3},
   pages = {691-6},
   note = {1572-0241
Delvecchio, Maurizio
De Bellis, Annamaria
Francavilla, Ruggiero
Rutigliano, Vincenzo
Predieri, Barbara
Indrio, Flavia
De Venuto, Domenica
Sinisi, Antonio Agostino
Bizzarro, Antonio
Bellastella, Antonio
Iughetti, Lorenzo
Cavallo, Luciano
Italian Autoimmune Hypophysitis Network Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Mar;105(3):691-6. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.642. Epub 2009 Nov 10.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The possible autoimmune involvement of the pituitary gland in patients with celiac disease (CD) has been suggested but demonstrated in only a few patients on gluten-free diet. We aimed to assess the prevalence and clinical meaning of anti-pituitary antibodies (APA) in children and adolescents with the newly diagnosed CD. METHODS: A total of 119 patients with CD (0.9-15.8 years old) attending the inpatient clinic of University Hospital were recruited for the cross-sectional study. Their height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and APA were assayed. APA was also determined in 98 sex- and age-matched controls. RESULTS: APA were detected in 50 patients (42.0%), 15 of them with high titer (30%) and 35 with low titer (70%), and in 2 control subjects at low titer (2%) (P<0.001). IGF-1 was higher in patients with negative than with low titer (P=0.02) or high titer APA (P=0.03). Height was more reduced in high-titer APA patients than in the negative ones (P<0.01). Height was positively correlated with IGF-1 (P<0.01) and negatively with chronological age (P=0.001). IGF-1 was positively correlated with BMI (P<0.001). For height prediction the regression analysis showed the rank order 1 for chronological age and 2 for IGF-1. CONCLUSIONS: In this paper we have shown a remarkable prevalence of positive APA in newly diagnosed CD patients. High APA titers are associated with height impairment, likely mediated by a reduction of IGF-1, thus suggesting that autoimmune pituitary process could induce a linear-growth impairment.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/*immunology
Body Height
Body Mass Index
Body Weight
Celiac Disease/*immunology
Chi-Square Distribution
Child
Child, Preschool
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Humans
Infant
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis
Male
Pituitary Gland/*immunology
Regression Analysis},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {19904244},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2009.642},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Delvecchio, M. and Zecchino, C. and Faienza, M. F. and Acquafredda, A. and Barbetti, F. and Cavallo, L.},
   title = {Sulfonylurea treatment in a girl with neonatal diabetes (KCNJ11 R201H) and celiac disease: impact of low compliance to the gluten free diet},
   journal = {Diabetes Res Clin Pract},
   volume = {84},
   number = {3},
   pages = {332-4},
   note = {1872-8227
Delvecchio, Maurizio
Zecchino, Clara
Faienza, Maria Felicia
Acquafredda, Angelo
Barbetti, Fabrizio
Cavallo, Luciano
Case Reports
Journal Article
Ireland
Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009 Jun;84(3):332-4. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.02.024. Epub 2009 Apr 3.},
   abstract = {A girl with celiac disease and KCNJ11 mutation was transferred to glibenclamide when 19.8 years old. When her compliance to the gluten free diet worsened, her metabolic control deteriorated. Since glibenclamide is absorbed in the intestine, its absorption seems to be impaired by chronic malabsorption, increasing the risk of hyperglycaemia.},
   keywords = {Amino Acid Substitution
Autoantibodies/blood
Diabetes Mellitus/diet therapy/*drug therapy/psychology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Glyburide/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use
Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/metabolism
Humans
Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use
Infant, Newborn
Insulin/therapeutic use
Intestinal Absorption
Patient Compliance
Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/*genetics
Sulfonylurea Compounds/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use
Transglutaminases/immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0168-8227},
   Accession Number = {19345438},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.diabres.2009.02.024},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Deng, G. and Yu, Y. R.},
   title = {[Radix Astragali improves impaired endothelial dependent vasodilation in obese rat]},
   journal = {Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban},
   volume = {40},
   number = {4},
   pages = {608-11},
   note = {Deng, Gang
Yu, Ye-Rong
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
China
Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2009 Jul;40(4):608-11.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Radix Astragali, a traditional Chinese medicine, on endothelium-dependent and non-dependent vasodilation in food-induced obese SD rats. METHODS: Fifteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups. The control group (n=5) was fed with normal chow; The obese group (n=5) was fed with high fat chow; The Astragali group (n=5) was fed with high fat chow and Astragali in drinking water. At the end of six weeks, all rats were killed and heart blood samples were taken to assess serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and free fat acid. The thoracic aortas rings were harvested and equilibrated in Krebs-Henseleit solution. To measure the endothelium-dependent relaxation, the aortas rings were constricted in response to norepinephrine. After a stable contraction plateau was reached, cumulative dose-response for relaxation to Acetylcholine (10(-8)-10(-4) mol/L) were obtained in each rings. Identical experiments were conducted with 10(-8)-10(-4) mol/L sodium nitroprusside as the endothelium independent vasorelaxting agent. Responses to vasodlilators were expressed as percentage relaxation in all preconstricted state. RESULTS: The ratio of celiac fat and body weight in the obese rats was higher than in the controls. The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and free fat acid were elevated in the Obese Group compared with the Control Group. The Astragali Group had lower triglyceride and free fat acid levels than the Obese Group. Compared with the rats with high-fat diet, the rats fed with Astragali lost about 32% of celiac fat. Acetylcholine (10(-8)-10(-4) mol/L) caused a concentration-dependent relaxation in all preconstricted aortic rings. Compared to the control group, maximal endothelium dependent relaxation in the obese group was impaired (P<0.05). In the Astragali group, the relaxation to acetylcholine was intermediate between control and obese group (P<0.05). Sodium nitroprusside (10(-8)-10(-4) mol/L) induced potent relaxation (endothelium independent relaxation) in all rat aortic rings that did not differ statistically between groups. CONCLUSION: Astragalus has salutary effects on impaired endothelial dysfunction in the context of obesity.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Astragalus membranaceus
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/*physiopathology
Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors/therapeutic use
Male
Obesity/*drug therapy/physiopathology
*Phytotherapy
Random Allocation
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Vasodilation/*drug effects},
   ISSN = {1672-173X (Print)
1672-173x},
   Accession Number = {19764554},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Derikx, J. P. and Vreugdenhil, A. C. and Van den Neucker, A. M. and Grootjans, J. and van Bijnen, A. A. and Damoiseaux, J. G. and van Heurn, L. W. and Heineman, E. and Buurman, W. A.},
   title = {A pilot study on the noninvasive evaluation of intestinal damage in celiac disease using I-FABP and L-FABP},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {43},
   number = {8},
   pages = {727-33},
   note = {1539-2031
Derikx, Joep P M
Vreugdenhil, Anita C E
Van den Neucker, Anita M
Grootjans, Joep
van Bijnen, Annemarie A
Damoiseaux, Jan G M C
van Heurn, L W Ernest
Heineman, Erik
Buurman, Wim A
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009 Sep;43(8):727-33. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31819194b0.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND GOALS: In the clinical management of celiac disease, new noninvasive tools for evaluation of intestinal damage are needed for diagnosis and for follow-up of diet effects. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) are potentially useful for this purpose as these are small cytosolic proteins present in enterocytes and sensitive markers for intestinal mucosal damage. First, the distribution and microscopic localization of FABP in the healthy human intestine was examined. Second, levels of circulating FABP were measured in patients with celiac disease before and after introducing a gluten-free diet (GFD) and in healthy controls. STUDY: The distribution and microscopic localization of FABP in normal human intestinal tissue was assessed using surgical intestinal specimens of 39 patients. Circulating levels of intestinal (I)-FABP and liver (L)-FABP were determined in 26 healthy volunteers and 13 patients with biopsy proven celiac disease. Ten of these patients were reevaluated within 1 year after starting GFD. RESULTS: I-FABP and L-FABP are predominantly present in the small intestine, mainly the jejunum. Moreover, FABP are expressed in cells on the upper part of the villi, the initial site of destruction in celiac disease. Circulating levels of FABP are significantly elevated in untreated patients with biopsy proven celiac disease compared with healthy controls (I-FABP: 784.7 pg/mL vs. 172.7 pg/mL, P<0.001; L-FABP: 48.4 ng/mL vs. 10.4 ng/mL, P<0.001). In response to GFD, these concentrations normalize. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this pilot study strongly suggest that FABP can be used as a noninvasive method for assessment of intestinal damage in celiac disease. Besides an additional role in the diagnosis of celiac disease, FABP potentially enable noninvasive monitoring of the GFD effects.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/diet therapy/*pathology
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet, Gluten-Free/utilization
Enterocytes/metabolism/pathology
Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/*analysis/blood
Female
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/*pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Pilot Projects
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {19359998},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e31819194b0},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Di Biase, A. R. and Colecchia, A. and Scaioli, E. and Berri, R. and Viola, L. and Vestito, A. and Balli, F. and Festi, D.},
   title = {Autoimmune liver diseases in a paediatric population with coeliac disease - a 10-year single-centre experience},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {31},
   number = {2},
   pages = {253-60},
   note = {1365-2036
Di Biase, A R
Colecchia, A
Scaioli, E
Berri, R
Viola, L
Vestito, A
Balli, F
Festi, D
Journal Article
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jan 15;31(2):253-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04186.x. Epub 2009 Oct 29.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease (CD) can be associated with liver disease. Gluten-free diet (GFD) normalizes cryptogenic forms, but most likely not autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). For this condition, immunosuppressants represent the treatment. However, when these are stopped, AIH generally relapses. AIM: To determine in CD children liver test abnormality frequency, the effect of GFD alone, or plus prolonged immunosuppressants on AIH course. METHODS: Coeliac disease patients with abnormal transaminases were selected; if transaminases <5 x UNL (upper normal limits), GFD alone was administered; if >5 x UNL, liver examinations and biopsy were performed. In AIH, immunosuppressants were administered (5 years). Treatment was stopped only if patients remained in remission during the entire maintenance period and normalized liver histology. RESULTS: A total of 140 out of 350 CD children had hypertransaminaemia: 133 cryptogenic disease, 7 AIH. GFD normalized only cryptogenic hepatitis. During treatment, all AIH persistently normalized clinical and biochemical parameters; after withdrawal, six patients maintained a sustained remission (follow-up range: 12-63 months), while one relapsed. CONCLUSIONS: In CD children with AIH, only GFD plus immunosuppressants determines a high remission rate. When clinical remission is reached, a prolonged immunosuppressive regimen induces a high sustained remission rate after treatment withdrawal, indicating that this regimen may prevent early relapse.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*complications/drug therapy/immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Hepatitis, Autoimmune/*complications/drug therapy/immunology
Humans
Infant
Liver Function Tests
Male
Prospective Studies
Recurrence
Risk Factors
Time Factors
Transaminases/*immunology
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {19878151},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04186.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Di Cagno, R. and Barbato, M. and Di Camillo, C. and Rizzello, C. G. and De Angelis, M. and Giuliani, G. and De Vincenzi, M. and Gobbetti, M. and Cucchiara, S.},
   title = {Gluten-free sourdough wheat baked goods appear safe for young celiac patients: a pilot study},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {51},
   number = {6},
   pages = {777-83},
   note = {1536-4801
Di Cagno, Raffaella
Barbato, Maria
Di Camillo, Chiara
Rizzello, Carlo Giuseppe
De Angelis, Maria
Giuliani, Giammaria
De Vincenzi, Massimo
Gobbetti, Marco
Cucchiara, Salvatore
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Dec;51(6):777-83. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181f22ba4.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed at showing the safety, for young patients with celiac disease (CD), of sweet baked goods made of wheat flour, which was rendered gluten-free during sourdough fermentation. METHODS AND RESULTS: As shown by R5 antibody-based sandwich and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), selected lactobacilli and fungal proteases, routinely used in bakeries, degraded gluten to <10 ppm during sourdough fermentation. The resulting flour was mainly a mixture of water-/salt-soluble low-size peptides and free amino acids. Gliadin and glutenin fractions extracted from the pepsin-trypsin (PT) digest of the fermented wheat flour induced the expression of interferon (IFN)-gamma at the level comparable with the negative control. After fermentation, the wheat flour was spray dried and used for making sweet baked goods. Eight patients with CD in remission were enrolled for the clinical challenge, and they daily consumed 200 g of sweet baked goods equivalent to 10 g of native gluten. Hematology, serology (total serum IgA, IgG and IgA antigluten, endomysial and tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies), and intestinal permeability analyses were carried out over time. One patient interrupted the trial after 15 days and another after 30 days only due to difficulties in the compliance of the daily consumption. All of the other patients showed normal values of hematology, serology, and intestinal permeability during 60 days of challenge. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that a wheat flour-fermented product, having gluten completely degraded, is not toxic for patients with CD. Nevertheless, these foods should not be recommended for patients with celiac disease until a formal trial has been done.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antibodies/*blood
Bread/microbiology
*Celiac Disease/blood/diet therapy
Child
Female
Fermentation
*Flour/microbiology
*Food Microbiology
Glutens/*adverse effects/immunology
Hematologic Tests
Humans
Intestinal Absorption
Intestines/*drug effects
Male
Patient Compliance
Pilot Projects
Reference Values
*Triticum/chemistry},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {20975578},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181f22ba4},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Di Cagno, R. and Rizzello, C. G. and Gagliardi, F. and Ricciuti, P. and Ndagijimana, M. and Francavilla, R. and Guerzoni, M. E. and Crecchio, C. and Gobbetti, M. and De Angelis, M.},
   title = {Different fecal microbiotas and volatile organic compounds in treated and untreated children with celiac disease},
   journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
   volume = {75},
   number = {12},
   pages = {3963-71},
   note = {1098-5336
Di Cagno, Raffaella
Rizzello, Carlo G
Gagliardi, Francesca
Ricciuti, Patrizia
Ndagijimana, Maurice
Francavilla, Ruggiero
Guerzoni, M Elisabetta
Crecchio, Carmine
Gobbetti, Marco
De Angelis, Maria
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jun;75(12):3963-71. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02793-08. Epub 2009 Apr 17.},
   abstract = {This study aimed at investigating the fecal microbiotas of children with celiac disease (CD) before (U-CD) and after (T-CD) they were fed a gluten-free diet and of healthy children (HC). Brothers or sisters of T-CD were enrolled as HC. Each group consisted of seven children. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis with V3 universal primers revealed a unique profile for each fecal sample. PCR-DGGE analysis with group- or genus-specific 16S rRNA gene primers showed that the Lactobacillus community of U-CD changed significantly, while the diversity of the Lactobacillus community of T-CD was quite comparable to that of HC. Compared to HC, the ratio of cultivable lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium to Bacteroides and enterobacteria was lower in T-CD and even lower in U-CD. The percentages of strains identified as lactobacilli differed as follows: HC (ca. 38%) > T-CD (ca. 17%) > U-CD (ca. 10%). Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus rossiae, and Lactobacillus pentosus were identified only in fecal samples from T-CD and HC. Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus gasseri were identified only in several fecal samples from HC. Compared to HC, the composition of Bifidobacterium species of T-CD varied, and it varied even more for U-CD. Forty-seven volatile organic compounds (VOCs) belonging to different chemical classes were identified using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry-solid-phase microextraction analysis. The median concentrations varied markedly for HC, T-CD, and U-CD. Overall, the r(2) values for VOC data for brothers and sisters were equal to or lower than those for unrelated HC and T-CD. This study shows the effect of CD pathology on the fecal microbiotas of children.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
*Biodiversity
Celiac Disease/*microbiology
Child
Cluster Analysis
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Feces/*chemistry/*microbiology
Humans
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis},
   ISSN = {0099-2240},
   Accession Number = {19376912},
   DOI = {10.1128/aem.02793-08},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Di Lazzaro, V. and Pilato, F. and Batocchi, A. P. and Restuccia, D. and Cammarota, G. and Profice, P.},
   title = {Tired legs--a gut diagnosis},
   journal = {Lancet},
   volume = {376},
   number = {9754},
   pages = {1798},
   note = {1474-547x
Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo
Pilato, Fabio
Batocchi, Anna Paola
Restuccia, Domenico
Cammarota, Giovanni
Profice, Paolo
Case Reports
Journal Article
England
Lancet. 2010 Nov 20;376(9754):1798. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61163-4.},
   keywords = {Aged
Celiac Disease/complications/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory
Fatigue/*etiology
Humans
Leg
Male
Muscle Cramp/etiology
Spinal Cord Diseases/etiology},
   ISSN = {0140-6736},
   Accession Number = {21093652},
   DOI = {10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61163-4},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Di Sabatino, A. and Corazza, G. R.},
   title = {Coeliac disease},
   journal = {Lancet},
   volume = {373},
   number = {9673},
   pages = {1480-93},
   note = {1474-547x
Di Sabatino, Antonio
Corazza, Gino Roberto
Journal Article
England
Lancet. 2009 Apr 25;373(9673):1480-93. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60254-3.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small bowel induced in genetically susceptible people by the irritant gluten and possibly other environmental cofactors. The disorder is characterised by a diverse clinical heterogeneity that ranges from asymptomatic to severely symptomatic, and it manifests with frank malabsorption, an increased morbidity attributable to the frequent association with autoimmune disorders and increased mortality resulting from the emergence of T-cell clonal proliferations that predispose the patient to enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma. Our understanding of the molecular basis for this disorder has improved and enabled the identification of targets for new therapies, although a strict gluten-free diet remains the mainstay of safe and effective treatment. In this Seminar we critically reassess the clinical and diagnostic aspects of this disease and new perspectives in its pathogenesis and treatment.},
   keywords = {*Celiac Disease/diagnosis/etiology/therapy
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Glutens/metabolism
Humans
Intestinal Absorption/physiology
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology/physiopathology
Intestine, Small/pathology/physiopathology
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {0140-6736},
   Accession Number = {19394538},
   DOI = {10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60254-3},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Di Sabatino, A. and Rovedatti, L. and Rosado, M. M. and Carsetti, R. and Corazza, G. R. and MacDonald, T. T.},
   title = {Increased expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 in the duodenum of patients with active celiac disease is associated with depletion of integrin alpha4beta7-positive T cells in blood},
   journal = {Hum Pathol},
   volume = {40},
   number = {5},
   pages = {699-704},
   note = {1532-8392
Di Sabatino, Antonio
Rovedatti, Laura
Rosado, Manuela M
Carsetti, Rita
Corazza, Gino R
MacDonald, Thomas T
Journal Article
United States
Hum Pathol. 2009 May;40(5):699-704. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.10.014. Epub 2009 Jan 20.},
   abstract = {Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1, expressed on gut endothelial cells, in conjunction with integrin alpha(4)beta(7), expressed on lymphocytes, is critical in lymphocyte homing to the gut. The mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1/integrin alpha(4)beta(7) pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation by recruiting lymphocytes into inflamed gut. We explored the duodenal expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 and the peripheral T-cell expression of integrin alpha(4)beta(7) in patients with celiac disease. Duodenal biopsies and a peripheral blood sample were collected from 15 celiac patients, before and after 12 months of gluten-free diet, and from 12 control subjects. Treated celiac biopsies were cultured with peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin and/or an anti-interferon alpha neutralizing antibody. Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 was determined by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. Integrin beta(7)-positive T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 expression was significantly higher in active celiac disease than in normal mucosa. After gluten-free diet, a dramatic reduction of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 was also observed. No difference was seen between patients with celiac disease after treatment and controls. Ex vivo peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin challenge induced a marked increase of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 expression. Blocking interferon alpha inhibited the peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin-induced mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 overexpression. The percentage of circulating beta(7)-positive T cells was significantly lower in untreated celiac disease in comparison to controls but normalized after gluten-free diet. Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 is strongly up-regulated in active celiac disease dependent on interferon alpha and is associated with peripheral depletion of integrin alpha(4)beta(7)-expressing T cells. We conclude that mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 may represent an important determinant for the generation of mucosal damage in celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Blotting, Western
Celiac Disease/*immunology/metabolism
Duodenum/*immunology/metabolism
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Flow Cytometry
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Humans
Immunoglobulins/*biosynthesis
Integrins/immunology/metabolism
Microscopy, Confocal
Middle Aged
Mucoproteins/*biosynthesis
Organ Culture Techniques
T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology
T-Lymphocytes/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0046-8177},
   Accession Number = {19157500},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.humpath.2008.10.014},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Di Sabatino, A. and Rovedatti, L. and Vetrano, S. and Vidali, F. and Biancheri, P. and Rescigno, M. and Danese, S. and Macdonald, T. T. and Corazza, G. R.},
   title = {Involvement of CD40-CD40 ligand in uncomplicated and refractory celiac disease},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {106},
   number = {3},
   pages = {519-27},
   note = {1572-0241
Di Sabatino, Antonio
Rovedatti, Laura
Vetrano, Stefania
Vidali, Francesca
Biancheri, Paolo
Rescigno, Maria
Danese, Silvio
Macdonald, Thomas T
Corazza, Gino R
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Mar;106(3):519-27. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.450. Epub 2010 Dec 7.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Cognate interaction between CD40 on antigen-presenting cells and CD40 ligand (CD40L) on T cells is a crucial costimulatory signal in T-cell activation. In this study, we investigated CD40-CD40L expression in the duodenum of uncomplicated and refractory celiac disease patients, and explored the ex vivo effects of CD40L blockade on cytokine production and the T-helper cell type 1-specific transcription factor T-bet. METHODS: CD40L and colocalization of CD40 with the dendritic cell markers CD11c and CD123 were investigated by confocal microscopy on tissue sections of duodenal biopsy samples obtained from 14 uncomplicated celiac patients before and after 12 months of gluten-free diet, 5 refractory celiac patients, and 12 controls. CD40 was also analyzed by flow cytometry on single cell suspension of mucosal biopsies. Treated celiac biopsies were stimulated with peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin (PT-gliadin) with or without an anti-CD40L-neutralizing antibody. Interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-17 were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). T-bet, CD40, and CD40L were determined by immunoblotting. RESULTS: CD40 and CD40L expression was higher in uncomplicated untreated and refractory celiac patients than in controls; the expression returned to normal after gluten-free diet in uncomplicated patients. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that most CD40(+) cells were dendritic cells. The addition of the anti-CD40L antibody to treated celiac biopsies significantly inhibited the PT-gliadin-induced production of IFN-gamma and IL-17, and mucosal T-bet. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the CD40-CD40L pathway has a key role in celiac disease. Disruption of CD40-CD40L interaction may offer a therapeutic alternative in refractory celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
Antigens, CD11c/metabolism
Antigens, CD40/immunology/*metabolism
Biopsy
CD40 Ligand/*antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/*metabolism
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*immunology
Cytokines/*biosynthesis
Dendritic Cells/*immunology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenum/*immunology
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Flow Cytometry
Gliadin/metabolism
Humans
Immunoblotting
Inflammation/metabolism
Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/pathology
Male
Microscopy, Confocal
Middle Aged
T-Box Domain Proteins/*metabolism
Th1 Cells/immunology/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {21139574},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2010.450},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dias Mdo, C. and Castro, L. C. and Gandolfi, L. and Almeida, R. C. and Cordoba, M. S. and Pratesi, R.},
   title = {Screening for celiac disease among patients with Turner syndrome in Brasilia, DF, midwest region of Brazil},
   journal = {Arq Gastroenterol},
   volume = {47},
   number = {3},
   pages = {246-9},
   note = {1678-4219
Dias, Maria do Carmo Sorci
Castro, Luiz Claudio Goncalves de
Gandolfi, Lenora
Almeida, Rodrigo Coutinho de
Cordoba, Mara Santos
Pratesi, Riccardo
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Brazil
Arq Gastroenterol. 2010 Jul-Sep;47(3):246-9.},
   abstract = {CONTEXT: Several studies have demonstrated a higher prevalence of celiac disease (CD) among females with Turner syndrome when compared to the general population. Nevertheless, there is no record in literature concerning this investigation among Brazilian patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of CD among a group of Brazilian patients with Turner syndrome. METHODS: Fifty-six females with Turner syndrome and on gluten-containing diet were screened for CD utilizing immunoglobulin A antiendomysium (IgA-EMA) and immunoglobulin A anti-tissue transglutaminase (IgA-tTG) antibody assays. Additionally, they were genotyped for CD human leukocyte antigen (CD-HLA) predisposing alleles. Patients showing positivity in serological testing were offered to perform small intestine biopsy for histological confirmation. RESULTS: Mean age at diagnosis of Turner syndrome was 5.5 +/- 4.4 years; mean age at screening for CD was 17.0 +/- 9.3 years (from 10 months of age to 52 years). Two girls were positive for IgA-EMA and IgA-tTG, presented predisposing HLA-DQ2 alleles and both had the diagnosis of CD confirmed by jejunal biopsy. CONCLUSION: The 3.6% prevalence of biopsy-proven CD among this group of females with Turner syndrome is 10 times higher than the one among females from the general population of the same geographical area. This result provides additional support to an association between these two disorders and restates that girls and women with Turner syndrome represent a high risk population for developing CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Biopsy
Brazil/epidemiology
Celiac Disease/complications/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Humans
Infant
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Turner Syndrome/*complications
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0004-2803},
   Accession Number = {21140084},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dietert, R. R. and Dewitt, J.},
   title = {Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT): the why, when, and how of DIT testing},
   journal = {Methods Mol Biol},
   volume = {598},
   pages = {17-25},
   note = {1940-6029
Dietert, Rodney R
Dewitt, Jamie
Journal Article
United States
Methods Mol Biol. 2010;598:17-25. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_2.},
   abstract = {Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) has emerged as a serious health consideration given the increases in the prevalence of many immune-based childhood diseases and conditions, including allergic diseases and asthma, recurrent otitis media, pediatric celiac disease, and type 1 diabetes. As a result, the use of DIT testing to identify potential environmental risk factors contributing to these and other diseases has become a higher priority. This introductory chapter considers: (1) the basis for an increased and earlier use of DIT testing in safety evaluations and (2) the general features of DIT testing strategies designed to reduce health risks.},
   keywords = {Animals
Child
Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects
Female
Fetal Development/immunology
Humans
Hypersensitivity/*immunology
Immune System/*growth & development/immunology
Immune System Diseases/*immunology
Immunologic Tests/*methods
Pregnancy/immunology
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/immunology
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {1064-3745},
   Accession Number = {19967503},
   DOI = {10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_2},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dietert, R. R. and Zelikoff, J. T.},
   title = {Identifying patterns of immune-related disease: use in disease prevention and management},
   journal = {World J Pediatr},
   volume = {6},
   number = {2},
   pages = {111-8},
   note = {1867-0687
Dietert, Rodney R
Zelikoff, Judith T
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
World J Pediatr. 2010 May;6(2):111-8. doi: 10.1007/s12519-010-0026-1. Epub 2010 May 21.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Childhood susceptibility to diseases linked with immune dysfunction affects over a quarter of the pediatric population in some countries. While this alone is a significant health issue, the actual impact of immune-related diseases extends over a lifetime and involves additional secondary conditions. Some comorbidities are well known (e.g., allergic rhinitis and asthma). However, no systematic approach has been used to identify life-long patterns of immune-based disease where the primary condition arises in childhood. Such information is useful for both disease prevention and treatment approaches. DATA SOURCES: Recent primary research papers as well as review articles were obtained from PubMed, Chem Abstracts, Biosis and from the personal files of the authors. Search words used were: the diseases and conditions shown Figs. 1 and 2 in conjunction with comorbid, comorbidities, pediatric, childhood, adult, immune, immune dysfunction, allergy, autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, health risks, environment, risk factors. RESULTS: Childhood diseases such as asthma, type-1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, respiratory infections /rhinitis, recurrent otitis media, pediatric celiac, juvenile arthritis and Kawasaki disease are examples of significant childhood health problems where immune dysfunction plays a significant role. Each of these pediatric diseases is associated with increased risk of several secondary conditions, many of which appear only later in life. To illustrate, four prototypes of immune-related disease patterns (i.e., allergy, autoimmunity, inflammation and infectious disease) are shown as tools for: 1) enhanced disease prevention; 2) improved management of immune-based pediatric diseases; and 3) better recognition of underlying pediatric immune dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of immune-related disease patterns beginning in childhood provides the framework for examining the underlying immune dysfunctions that can contribute to additional diseases in later life. Many pediatric diseases associated with dysfunctional immune responses have been linked with an elevated risk of other diseases or conditions as the child ages. Diseases within a pattern may be interlinked based on underlying immune dysfunctions and/or current therapeutic approaches for managing the entryway diseases. It may be beneficial to consider treatment options for the earliest presenting diseases that will concomitantly reduce the risk of immune-linked secondary conditions. Additionally, improved disease prevention is possible with more relevant and age-specific immune safety testing.},
   keywords = {Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
Asthma/immunology
Causality
Celiac Disease/immunology
Child
Comorbidity
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
*Disease Management
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
Otitis Media/immunology
Primary Prevention
Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology
Rhinitis/immunology},
   Accession Number = {20490766},
   DOI = {10.1007/s12519-010-0026-1},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dipper, C. R. and Maitra, S. and Thomas, R. and Lamb, C. A. and McLean-Tooke, A. P. and Ward, R. and Smith, D. and Spickett, G. and Mansfield, J. C.},
   title = {Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in the follow-up of adult coeliac disease},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {30},
   number = {3},
   pages = {236-44},
   note = {1365-2036
Dipper, C R
Maitra, S
Thomas, R
Lamb, C A
McLean-Tooke, A P C
Ward, R
Smith, D
Spickett, G
Mansfield, J C
Journal Article
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Aug;30(3):236-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04039.x. Epub 2009 May 12.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The detection of auto antibodies directed against tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG antibodies) has a well-established role in the diagnosis of coeliac disease, but the value of these antibodies in long-term follow-up is controversial. AIMS: To determine if serial anti-tTG antibody measurements could confirm adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) and identify patients at risk of disease complications. METHODS: In a 54-month cohort follow-up study, 182 adult patients were assessed. Data recorded included self-assessment of GFD adherence; anti-tTG antibody concentration and serum ferritin, vitamin B12 and folate. Where available, bone mineral density (BMD) and duodenal histology data were retrieved. RESULTS: Persistently elevated anti-tTG antibody levels were significantly associated with abnormal duodenal histology (P < 0.001), low ferritin (P < 0.01) and poor adherence to the GFD (P < 0.001). The specificity was >85% while the sensitivity was 39-60%. Anti-tTG antibody concentrations fell rapidly following successful initiation of a GFD, and maintenance of normalization identified those who continued to be adherent to the diet. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports a strategy of using anti-tTG antibody concentrations to monitor newly diagnosed and established patients with coeliac disease, and to target dietetic intervention to reduce the risk of complication.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Antibodies/blood/*immunology
Autoantibodies/blood/*immunology
Bone Density
Celiac Disease/complications/*diet therapy/immunology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenum/anatomy & histology
Female
Ferritins
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Compliance
Risk Factors
Transglutaminases/*immunology
Vitamin B 12
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {19438848},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04039.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Djuric, Z. and Stamenkovic, H. and Stankovic, T. and Milicevic, R. and Brankovic, L. and Ciric, V. and Katic, V.},
   title = {Celiac disease prevalence in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes from Serbia},
   journal = {Pediatr Int},
   volume = {52},
   number = {4},
   pages = {579-83},
   note = {1442-200x
Djuric, Zlatko
Stamenkovic, Hristina
Stankovic, Tatjana
Milicevic, Radovan
Brankovic, Ljiljana
Ciric, Vesna
Katic, Vuka
Journal Article
Australia
Pediatr Int. 2010 Aug;52(4):579-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2010.03085.x.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The association between celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is well known. Up to now, CD prevalence in children and adolescents with T1DM in Serbia has not been reported. The aim of the present study was to determine CD prevalence and its clinical manifestations in patients with T1DM. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-one patients (70 girls, 51 boys; mean age, 10.8 years) with T1DM (mean duration of diabetes, 3.4 years) and 125 control group participants (75 girls, 50 boys; mean age, 10.4 years) were tested for CD on tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG). In seven serologically positive T1DM patients endoscopic small bowel biopsies were taken and examined on histopathology. In all patients with CD and T1DM age, duration of T1DM, height for age, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin and clinical symptoms were noted. RESULTS: Nine patients with T1DM were positive on IgA tTG antibodies. In seven of them small bowel biopsy was performed, and all were proven to have CD on histopathology. The prevalence of biopsy-proven CD in children and adolescents with T1DM was significantly higher in the study group compared to controls (5.79%. vs 0.8%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The significantly higher prevalence of CD in children with type 1 diabetes, in accordance with the large volume of data published in the literature, underlines the need for yearly screening of CD in patients with diabetes in order to promptly start a gluten-free diet when appropriate.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnosis/epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*complications
Female
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Male
Prevalence
Serbia/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1328-8067},
   Accession Number = {20113423},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1442-200X.2010.03085.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dorn, S. D. and Hernandez, L. and Minaya, M. T. and Morris, C. B. and Hu, Y. and Leserman, J. and Lewis, S. and Lee, A. and Bangdiwala, S. I. and Green, P. H. and Drossman, D. A.},
   title = {The development and validation of a new coeliac disease quality of life survey (CD-QOL)},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {31},
   number = {6},
   pages = {666-75},
   note = {1365-2036
Dorn, S D
Hernandez, L
Minaya, M T
Morris, C B
Hu, Y
Leserman, J
Lewis, S
Lee, A
Bangdiwala, S I
Green, P H R
Drossman, D A
Journal Article
Validation Studies
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Mar;31(6):666-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04220.x. Epub 2009 Dec 15.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous studies on coeliac disease (CD)-related quality of life (QOL) have been limited by their use of a 'generic' rather than coeliac disease-specific assessment instruments. AIM: To develop and psychometrically validate a new coeliac disease-specific instrument, the CD-QOL. METHODS: Through a series of focus groups, we elicited items from patients that related to the specific nature of their disease and its impact on their basic needs. Through expert review, cognitive debriefing with patients and pilot testing, a scale was developed, refined and administered to 387 patients on a gluten-free diet from both community-based support groups and a tertiary care referral centre. Finally, a formal validation study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the CD-QOL. RESULTS: The final CD-QOL has 20 items across four clinically relevant subscales (Limitations, Dysphoria, Health Concerns, and Inadequate Treatment). The CD-QOL has high internal consistency, reliability, and psychometric validation indicates both convergent and discriminate validity. CONCLUSIONS: The CD-QOL is a reliable and valid measure of coeliac disease related QOL. As a new disease-specific instrument, it is likely to be a useful tool for evaluating patients with this disorder.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Celiac Disease/*psychology
Female
Focus Groups
Health Status
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Psychometrics/*standards
*Quality of Life
Reproducibility of Results
Surveys and Questionnaires/*standards},
   ISSN = {0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {20015103},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04220.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dorn, S. D. and Hernandez, L. and Minaya, M. T. and Morris, C. B. and Hu, Y. and Lewis, S. and Leserman, J. and Bangdiwala, S. I. and Green, P. H. and Drossman, D. A.},
   title = {Psychosocial factors are more important than disease activity in determining gastrointestinal symptoms and health status in adults at a celiac disease referral center},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {55},
   number = {11},
   pages = {3154-63},
   note = {1573-2568
Dorn, Spencer D
Hernandez, Lincoln
Minaya, Maria T
Morris, Carolyn B
Hu, Yuming
Lewis, Suzanne
Leserman, Jane
Bangdiwala, Shrikant I
Green, Peter H R
Drossman, Douglas A
Journal Article
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2010 Nov;55(11):3154-63. doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1342-y. Epub 2010 Jul 30.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relative effects of clinical and psychosocial variables on outcome in celiac disease (CD) has not previously been reported. In adult patients with (CD), we studied the relationships among demographics, psychosocial factors, and disease activity with health-related quality of life (HRQOL), health care utilization, and symptoms. METHODS: Among 101 adults newly referred to a tertiary care center with biopsy-proven CD we assessed: (a) demographic factors and diet status; (b) disease measures (Marsh score, tissue transglutaminase antibody (tTG) level, weight change and additional blood studies); and (c) Psychosocial status (psychological distress, life stress, abuse history, and coping). Multivariate analyses were performed to predict HRQOL, daily function, self-reported health, number of physician visits, and GI symptoms (pain and diarrhea). RESULTS: Impaired HRQOL and daily function was associated with psychological distress and poorer coping. Self-report of poorer health was associated with poorer coping, longer symptom duration, lower education, and greater weight loss. More physician visits were associated with poorer coping, abnormal tTG levels, and milder Marsh classification. Greater pain scores were seen in those with higher psychological distress and greater weight loss. Finally, diarrhea was associated with greater psychological distress and poorer coping. CONCLUSIONS: In patients presenting to a CD referral center, psychosocial factors more strongly affect health status and GI symptoms than disease measures.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/psychology
Adaptation, Psychological
Celiac Disease/epidemiology/*psychology
Diarrhea/psychology
*Health Status
Humans
Multivariate Analysis
Quality of Life
Referral and Consultation
Regression Analysis
Sickness Impact Profile
Stress, Psychological/epidemiology
Transglutaminases/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {20668941},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-010-1342-y},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dorum, S. and Arntzen, M. O. and Qiao, S. W. and Holm, A. and Koehler, C. J. and Thiede, B. and Sollid, L. M. and Fleckenstein, B.},
   title = {The preferred substrates for transglutaminase 2 in a complex wheat gluten digest are Peptide fragments harboring celiac disease T-cell epitopes},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {5},
   number = {11},
   pages = {e14056},
   note = {1932-6203
Dorum, Siri
Arntzen, Magnus O
Qiao, Shuo-Wang
Holm, Anders
Koehler, Christian J
Thiede, Bernd
Sollid, Ludvig M
Fleckenstein, Burkhard
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
PLoS One. 2010 Nov 19;5(11):e14056. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014056.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Celiac disease is a T-cell mediated chronic inflammatory disorder of the gut that is induced by dietary exposure to gluten proteins. CD4+ T cells of the intestinal lesion recognize gluten peptides in the context of HLA-DQ2.5 or HLA-DQ8 and the gluten derived peptides become better T-cell antigens after deamidation catalyzed by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2). In this study we aimed to identify the preferred peptide substrates of TG2 in a heterogeneous proteolytic digest of whole wheat gluten. METHODS: A method was established to enrich for preferred TG2 substrates in a complex gluten peptide mixture by tagging with 5-biotinamido-pentylamine. Tagged peptides were isolated and then identified by nano-liquid chromatography online-coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, database searching and final manual data validation. RESULTS: We identified 31 different peptides as preferred substrates of TG2. Strikingly, the majority of these peptides were harboring known gluten T-cell epitopes. Five TG2 peptide substrates that were predicted to bind to HLA-DQ2.5 did not contain previously characterized sequences of T-cell epitopes. Two of these peptides elicited T-cell responses when tested for recognition by intestinal T-cell lines of celiac disease patients, and thus they contain novel candidate T-cell epitopes. We also found that the intact 9mer core sequences of the respective epitopes were not present in all peptide substrates. Interestingly, those epitopes that were represented by intact forms were frequently recognized by T cells in celiac disease patients, whereas those that were present in truncated versions were infrequently recognized. CONCLUSION: TG2 as well as gastrointestinal proteolysis play important roles in the selection of gluten T-cell epitopes in celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence
Celiac Disease/*immunology/metabolism
Chromatography, Liquid
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/*immunology/metabolism
GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
Gliadin/immunology/metabolism
Glutens/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism
Humans
Mass Spectrometry
Nanotechnology/methods
Peptide Fragments/immunology/metabolism
Peptides/chemical synthesis/*immunology/metabolism
Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
Substrate Specificity
Transglutaminases/genetics/*metabolism
Triticum/immunology/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {21124911},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0014056},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dorum, S. and Qiao, S. W. and Sollid, L. M. and Fleckenstein, B.},
   title = {A quantitative analysis of transglutaminase 2-mediated deamidation of gluten peptides: implications for the T-cell response in celiac disease},
   journal = {J Proteome Res},
   volume = {8},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1748-55},
   note = {Dorum, Siri
Qiao, Shuo-Wang
Sollid, Ludvig M
Fleckenstein, Burkhard
Journal Article
United States
J Proteome Res. 2009 Apr;8(4):1748-55. doi: 10.1021/pr800960n.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease develops in genetically predisposed individuals as the result of an inappropriate intestinal immune response to dietary gluten proteins. T cells present in the intestine of celiac patients recognize gluten peptides in the context of HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8 molecules. Notably, T-cell recognition is increased after these peptides have been deamidated by the enzyme transglutaminase 2. Several T-cell epitopes of gluten exist, and most of these epitopes derive from the alcohol-soluble gliadin fraction. For some of these epitopes, specific T cells can be isolated from intestinal biopsies from nearly all patients, whereas for others, T-cell reactivity could be demonstrated in only a few patients. One reason for this observation could be that the rate of transglutaminase 2 (TG2)-mediated deamidation significantly differs between these peptides, resulting in different amounts of epitopes generated in vivo. In this study, we established a quantitative, mass spectrometry-based approach to measure the kinetics of TG2-mediated deamidation of gliadin-derived, DQ2-restricted epitopes. Our results demonstrate large variations in the degree of deamidation between different peptides and also between individual glutamine residues within each peptide. In general, alpha-gliadin derived epitopes that are frequently recognized by patient T cells showed a significant higher level of deamidation compared to the majority of epitopes from gamma-gliadin that are less frequently recognized. The degree of deamidation of individual residues within a peptide also seems to influence whether some epitopes are better recognized in context of DO2 or DQ8. Thus, the rate of deamidation by TG2 appears to be a factor of importance for the T-cell response to gluten in celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence
Celiac Disease/*metabolism
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/*immunology
GTP-Binding Proteins/pharmacology/*physiology
Gliadin/immunology
Glutens/*immunology
Humans
Molecular Sequence Data
Peptides/analysis/*metabolism
Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects/physiology
Recombinant Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology
T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Transglutaminases/pharmacology/*physiology},
   ISSN = {1535-3893 (Print)
1535-3893},
   Accession Number = {19239248},
   DOI = {10.1021/pr800960n},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {du Pre, M. F. and Samsom, J. N.},
   title = {Adaptive T-cell responses regulating oral tolerance to protein antigen},
   journal = {Allergy},
   volume = {66},
   number = {4},
   pages = {478-90},
   note = {1398-9995
du Pre, M F
Samsom, J N
Journal Article
Review
Denmark
Allergy. 2011 Apr;66(4):478-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02519.x. Epub 2010 Dec 8.},
   abstract = {The term oral (or mucosal) tolerance has been classically defined as the suppression of T- and B-cell responses to an antigen by prior administration of the antigen by the oral route. In recent years, it has become clear that both innate and acquired regulatory immune responses are essential for the development of oral tolerance. As such, mucosal microenvironmental factors such as transforming growth factor- beta, prostaglandins but also dietary vitamin A create conditioning of an adaptive regulatory T-cell response that suppresses subsequent antigen-specific responses. Particular resident subsets of antigen presenting dendritic cells are pivotal to convey conditioning signals next to the presentation of antigen. This review discusses the primary mechanisms of adaptive regulatory T-cell induction to ingested soluble protein antigen. However, we also discuss the limitations of our knowledge with respect to understanding the very common food hypersensitivity Celiac disease caused by an aberrant adaptive immune response to the food protein gluten.},
   keywords = {Adaptive Immunity/*immunology
Animals
Antigens/immunology
Food Hypersensitivity/*immunology
Humans
Immune Tolerance/*immunology
Immunity, Mucosal/*immunology
Proteins/immunology
T-Lymphocytes/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0105-4538},
   Accession Number = {21143239},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02519.x},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Duerksen, D. R. and Wilhelm-Boyles, C. and Veitch, R. and Kryszak, D. and Parry, D. M.},
   title = {A comparison of antibody testing, permeability testing, and zonulin levels with small-bowel biopsy in celiac disease patients on a gluten-free diet},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {55},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1026-31},
   note = {1573-2568
Duerksen, D R
Wilhelm-Boyles, C
Veitch, R
Kryszak, D
Parry, D M
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2010 Apr;55(4):1026-31. doi: 10.1007/s10620-009-0813-5. Epub 2009 Apr 28.},
   abstract = {Active celiac disease is associated with positive endomysial (EMA) and tissue transglutaminase (TTG) antibodies, elevated zonulin levels, and increased intestinal permeability. There is little known about what happens to these immunologic and structural abnormalities in patients on a gluten-free diet and their correlation with small-bowel biopsy changes. Adult patients previously diagnosed with celiac disease and on a gluten-free diet for greater than 1 year were considered for the study. All patients underwent the following: measurement of EMA and TTG antibodies, serum zonulin levels, intestinal permeability (IP) testing with lactulose/mannitol ratios, food diary analysis for gluten ingestion and small- bowel biopsy. A total of 21 patients on a gluten-free diet for a mean of 9.7 years completed the study. There were ten patients who had normalization of intestinal biopsies, IP and TTG, and EM antibodies. Six patients had Marsh type 2 or 3 lesions and all had either abnormal IP (5/6) or TTG antibody (4/6). In patients with Marsh type 3 lesions, there was a correlation between IP and zonulin levels. A subgroup of patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet has complete normalization of intestinal biopsies, intestinal permeability defects, and antibody levels. Patients with Marsh type 3 lesions have abnormal TTG antibodies and intestinal permeability with zonulin levels that correlate with IP. These abnormalities may be due to continued gluten ingestion. Further study is needed to determine the clinical utility of TTG antibodies and IP testing in following patients with celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/*metabolism
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/*pathology
Cell Membrane Permeability/*physiology
Cholera Toxin/*metabolism
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Immunoenzyme Techniques
Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
Intestinal Absorption/*physiology
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Intestine, Small/*pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {19399613},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-009-0813-5},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Duntas, L. H.},
   title = {Does celiac disease trigger autoimmune thyroiditis?},
   journal = {Nat Rev Endocrinol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {4},
   pages = {190-1},
   note = {1759-5037
Duntas, Leonidas H
Comment
Journal Article
England
Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009 Apr;5(4):190-1. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2009.46.},
   abstract = {Autoimmune thyroiditis has increased prevalence in patients with celiac disease and vice versa. new research suggests that serum transglutaminase 2 autoantibodies, which are present in patients with celiac disease, might have a role in the development of thyroid dysfunction.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/blood/immunology/metabolism
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*complications/diet therapy/immunology
Crohn Disease/immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Extracellular Matrix/immunology
Humans
Iodide Peroxidase/immunology
Iron-Binding Proteins/immunology
Thyroid Diseases/etiology/immunology
Thyroid Gland/immunology
Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/*etiology/immunology
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {1759-5029},
   Accession Number = {19352315},
   DOI = {10.1038/nrendo.2009.46},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Edwards George, J. B. and Leffler, D. A. and Dennis, M. D. and Franko, D. L. and Blom-Hoffman, J. and Kelly, C. P.},
   title = {Psychological correlates of gluten-free diet adherence in adults with celiac disease},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {43},
   number = {4},
   pages = {301-6},
   note = {1539-2031
Edwards George, Jessica B
Leffler, Daniel A
Dennis, Melinda D
Franko, Debra L
Blom-Hoffman, Jessica
Kelly, Ciaran P
K23 DK082619/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK07760/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
M01 RR01032/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr;43(4):301-6. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31816a8c9b.},
   abstract = {GOALS: To determine whether personality traits and psychological characteristics are related to gluten-free diet (GFD) adherence in an adult population diagnosed with celiac disease (CD). BACKGROUND: Little research has examined psychological correlates of adherence to the GFD. STUDY: One hundred fifty-seven adults with biopsy-confirmed CD on the GFD for >3 months completed measures of personality and self-reported GFD adherence, provided a blood sample, and participated in an evaluation of GFD adherence conducted by an expert dietician at a clinical care center in a major teaching hospital in Boston, MA. RESULTS: An expert evaluation of GFD adherence remained the "gold standard" for measuring GFD adherence when compared with self-report and serology. Logistic regression results indicated that the following were independently associated with GFD adherence: conscientiousness (B=-0.04, SE=0.01, P<0.00), values (B=-0.10, SE=0.05, P<0.05), other food intolerances [odds ratio=0.28, 95% confidence interval=0.10-0.78], and CD symptoms (B=0.05, SE=0.02, P<0.03). A model accounting for these associations effectively predicted whether a participant was adherent or nonadherent on the basis of psychological and demographic/disease-specific factors. Successful prediction rates of GFD adherence for the final model were 75.8% for those rated to be adherent with the GFD and 54.5% for those rated to be nonadherent with the GFD. CONCLUSIONS: The model of psychological and demographic/disease-specific characteristics developed can be used to identify patients who may be at risk for poor dietary adherence to provide additional support, education, and encouragement to individuals with CD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*diet therapy/physiopathology
*Diet, Gluten-Free/psychology/utilization
Female
Food Hypersensitivity
Humans
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Compliance/*psychology
Predictive Value of Tests
Surveys and Questionnaires
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {18580599},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e31816a8c9b},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Efe, C. and Purnak, T. and Ozaslan, E. and Ozbalkan, Z.},
   title = {Back pain and sacroiliitis in long-standing adult celiac disease: a cross-sectional and follow-up study},
   journal = {Rheumatol Int},
   volume = {31},
   number = {2},
   pages = {279},
   note = {1437-160x
Efe, Cumali
Purnak, Tugrul
Ozaslan, Ersan
Ozbalkan, Zeynep
Comment
Letter
Germany
Rheumatol Int. 2011 Feb;31(2):279. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1375-8. Epub 2010 Feb 20.},
   keywords = {Adult
Back Pain/*diet therapy/drug therapy/immunology
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/immunology
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Follow-Up Studies
HLA Antigens/immunology
Humans
Sacroiliitis/*diet therapy/drug therapy/immunology
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0172-8172},
   Accession Number = {20174807},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00296-010-1375-8},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ehren, J. and Moron, B. and Martin, E. and Bethune, M. T. and Gray, G. M. and Khosla, C.},
   title = {A food-grade enzyme preparation with modest gluten detoxification properties},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {4},
   number = {7},
   pages = {e6313},
   note = {1932-6203
Ehren, Jennifer
Moron, Belen
Martin, Edith
Bethune, Michael T
Gray, Gary M
Khosla, Chaitan
R01 DK063158/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK 063158/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
United States
PLoS One. 2009 Jul 21;4(7):e6313. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006313.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Celiac sprue is a life-long disease characterized by an intestinal inflammatory response to dietary gluten. A gluten-free diet is an effective treatment for most patients, but accidental ingestion of gluten is common, leading to incomplete recovery or relapse. Food-grade proteases capable of detoxifying moderate quantities of dietary gluten could mitigate this problem. METHODS: We evaluated the gluten detoxification properties of two food-grade enzymes, aspergillopepsin (ASP) from Aspergillus niger and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) from Aspergillus oryzae. The ability of each enzyme to hydrolyze gluten was tested against synthetic gluten peptides, a recombinant gluten protein, and simulated gastric digests of whole gluten and whole-wheat bread. Reaction products were analyzed by mass spectrometry, HPLC, ELISA with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes an immunodominant gluten epitope, and a T cell proliferation assay. RESULTS: ASP markedly enhanced gluten digestion relative to pepsin, and cleaved recombinant alpha2-gliadin at multiple sites in a non-specific manner. When used alone, neither ASP nor DPPIV efficiently cleaved synthetic immunotoxic gluten peptides. This lack of specificity for gluten was especially evident in the presence of casein, a competing dietary protein. However, supplementation of ASP with DPPIV enabled detoxification of moderate amounts of gluten in the presence of excess casein and in whole-wheat bread. ASP was also effective at enhancing the gluten-detoxifying efficacy of cysteine endoprotease EP-B2 under simulated gastric conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical studies are warranted to evaluate whether a fixed dose ratio combination of ASP and DPPIV can provide near-term relief for celiac patients suffering from inadvertent gluten exposure. Due to its markedly greater hydrolytic activity against gluten than endogenous pepsin, food-grade ASP may also augment the activity of therapeutically relevant doses of glutenases such as EP-B2 and certain prolyl endopeptidases.},
   keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/*metabolism
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
*Food
Glutens/chemistry/*metabolism
Hydrolysis
Mass Spectrometry
Molecular Sequence Data},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {19621078},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0006313},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Eid, W. E.},
   title = {Osteodystrophy in celiac disease: ultimate complications and possible treatment},
   journal = {S D Med},
   volume = {62},
   number = {11},
   pages = {429-31},
   note = {Eid, Wael E
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
S D Med. 2009 Nov;62(11):429-31.},
   abstract = {Hypovitaminosis D and its consequences are significant complications in the course of untreated celiac disease (CD). We report a case that illustrates the natural evolution of osteomalacia in an adult patient with untreated CD and his response to vitamin D supplementation. In patients with complicated CD and hypovitaminosis D, vitamin D-2 replacement in high enough doses is important to improving functional performance and for the treatment of osteomalacia.},
   keywords = {Calcium/administration & dosage
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Ergocalciferols/administration & dosage
Humans
Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging
Male
Middle Aged
Osteomalacia/*diagnostic imaging/drug therapy
Osteoporosis/*diagnostic imaging/drug therapy
Radiography
Spinal Diseases/*diagnostic imaging
Sternum/*diagnostic imaging
Thoracic Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging
Vitamin D Deficiency/*diagnostic imaging/drug therapy},
   ISSN = {0038-3317 (Print)
0038-3317},
   Accession Number = {20128172},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {El Moutawakil, B. and Chourkani, N. and Sibai, M. and Moutaouakil, F. and Rafai, M. and Bourezgui, M. and Slassi, I.},
   title = {[Celiac disease and ischemic stroke]},
   journal = {Rev Neurol (Paris)},
   volume = {165},
   number = {11},
   pages = {962-6},
   note = {El Moutawakil, B
Chourkani, N
Sibai, M
Moutaouakil, F
Rafai, M
Bourezgui, M
Slassi, I
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article
France
Rev Neurol (Paris). 2009 Nov;165(11):962-6. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.09.002. Epub 2009 Jan 13.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Neurological manifestations of celiac disease are various. An association with ischemic stroke is not common and has not been well documented. We report two cases. OBSERVATIONS: The first patient had experienced several transient ischemic strokes in the past 2 years and then had an acute ischemic stroke involving the territory of the right posterior cerebral artery. Investigations revealed celiac disease with no other recognizable etiology. The clinical course was marked by persistent visual aftereffects, but no new vascular event. The second patient had been followed since 1998 for celiac disease confirmed by pathology and serology tests. She was on a gluten-free diet. The patient had an ischemic stroke involving the territory of the left middle cerebral artery. Apart from a positive serology for celiac disease and iron deficiency anemia, the etiological work-up was negative. DISCUSSION: The mechanisms of vascular involvement in celiac disease are controversial. The most widely incriminated factor is autoimmune central nervous system vasculitis, in which tissue transglutaminase, the main auto-antigen contributing to maintaining the integrity of endothelium tissue, plays a major role. Other mechanisms are still debated, mainly vitamin deficiency. CONCLUSION: Being a potentially treatable cause of ischemic stroke, celiac disease must be considered as a potential etiology of stroke of unknown cause, particularly in young patients, and even without gastrointestinal manifestations.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aspirin/therapeutic use
Brain Ischemia/*complications/drug therapy
Celiac Disease/*complications
Female
Humans
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/*therapeutic use
Stroke/*complications/drug therapy
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0035-3787 (Print)
0035-3787},
   Accession Number = {19144365},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.neurol.2008.09.002},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ensari, A.},
   title = {Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease): controversies in diagnosis and classification},
   journal = {Arch Pathol Lab Med},
   volume = {134},
   number = {6},
   pages = {826-36},
   note = {1543-2165
Ensari, Arzu
Journal Article
Review
United States
Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010 Jun;134(6):826-36. doi: 10.1043/1543-2165-134.6.826.},
   abstract = {CONTEXT: Celiac disease, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine characterized by malabsorption after ingestion of gluten in individuals with a certain genetic background. Clinical presentation can vary from full-blown malabsorption to subtle and atypical symptoms. Diagnosis currently relies on clinicopathologic studies including mucosal biopsy, serologic tests, and the effects of a diet free of gluten on the symptoms. Mucosal pathologic features are also variable, ranging from mild abnormalities, including intraepithelial lymphocytosis, to completely flat mucosa. Since patients with minimal histologic lesion of intraepithelial lymphocytosis often present with normal serologic findings, biopsy diagnosis becomes more important for identifying such individuals. Classification of mucosal pathology in gluten-sensitive enteropathy has been a subject of controversy among pathologists and needs to be revised according to the current understanding of the disease. OBJECTIVES: To highlight the variations in clinical and pathologic presentation of gluten-sensitive enteropathy, to emphasize the importance of small-intestinal biopsy evaluation in the diagnosis, and to propose a new classification of mucosal pathology in gluten-sensitive enteropathy, in an effort to overcome the problems related to the classification systems currently available. DATA SOURCES: A review of the literature on clinicopathologic features and the morphologic spectrum of gluten-sensitive enteropathy is presented. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that there are many entities in the differential diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy, because of the varied clinicopathologic spectrum of the disease, diagnosis depends on good clinicopathologic communication. The classification that is presented in this review is a simple and practical approach to improve clinicopathologic correlation in gluten-sensitive enteropathy.},
   keywords = {Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*classification/*diagnosis/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Lymphocytosis/pathology},
   ISSN = {0003-9985},
   Accession Number = {20524861},
   DOI = {10.1043/1543-2165-134.6.826},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Errichiello, S. and Esposito, O. and Di Mase, R. and Camarca, M. E. and Natale, C. and Limongelli, M. G. and Marano, C. and Coruzzo, A. and Lombardo, M. and Strisciuglio, P. and Greco, L.},
   title = {Celiac disease: predictors of compliance with a gluten-free diet in adolescents and young adults},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {50},
   number = {1},
   pages = {54-60},
   note = {1536-4801
Errichiello, Simona
Esposito, Oscar
Di Mase, Raffaella
Camarca, Maria Erminia
Natale, Clelia
Limongelli, Maria Giovanna
Marano, Caterina
Coruzzo, Anna
Lombardo, Maria
Strisciuglio, Pietro
Greco, Luigi
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Jan;50(1):54-60. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31819de82a.},
   abstract = {AIMS: To identify risk as well as protective factors related to compliance with the gluten-free diet in a cohort of teenagers with celiac disease (CD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred four patients with CD (European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition criteria) older than or equal to 13 years and residents of Campania (southern Italy) were enrolled in the study. Patients underwent clinical examination and blood sampling, and were interviewed about school performance, social relationships, family integration, smoking habit, and compliance with a gluten-free diet. Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies were assayed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: One hundred fifty of 204 (73.5%) reported no dietary transgressions, and 54 of 204 (26.5%) reported occasional or frequent transgressions. During the previous month 29 of 54 (53.7%) poor compliers ate from 0.001 to 1 g of gluten per day, 14 (25.9%) from 1 to 5 g, and 11 (20.4%) more than 5 g. The daily intake of gluten was significantly related to anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (chi2 = 38.872, P = 0.000). Height was below the third percentile in 19 of 204 (9.3%), and weight was above the 97th percentile in 20 of 204 (9.8%). Diet compliance did not seem to influence the weight and height. One hundred eleven of 150 good compliers (74%) and 31 of 54 (57.4%) poor compliers were asymptomatic. Most patients reported good family relationships (88.7%), social relationships (91.2%), and school integration (88.2%). Alternatively, 54% of patients reported some limitation in their social life. Compliance was good in patients who reported excellent school integration (83%) and social relationships (81%). CONCLUSION: Optimal school integration significantly contributes to the likelihood of good compliance. A better understanding within the school environment about CD-related issues could improve motivation to adhere to a gluten-free diet.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Autoantibodies/*blood
Body Height
Body Weight
Celiac Disease/blood/*diet therapy/immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free/*utilization
Female
Humans
Italy
Male
Patient Compliance/*statistics & numerical data
Risk Factors
Schools
Social Environment
Transglutaminases/*immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {19644397},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31819de82a},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ertekin, V. and Selimoglu, M. A. and Turgut, A. and Bakan, N.},
   title = {Fecal calprotectin concentration in celiac disease},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {44},
   number = {8},
   pages = {544-6},
   note = {1539-2031
Ertekin, Vildan
Selimoglu, Mukadder Ayse
Turgut, Ahmet
Bakan, Nuri
Journal Article
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep;44(8):544-6. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181cadbc0.},
   abstract = {GOALS: We aimed to determine fecal calprotectin (FC) concentration and its relation with histopathologic findings of children with celiac disease (CD) and to observe the probable alterations under gluten-free diet (GFD). BACKGROUND: As FC is regarded as a marker of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, we hypothesized that it might be increased in untreated CD. STUDY: The study included 29 newly diagnosed patients with CD (mean age: 6.6+/-0.6 y) and sex and age-matched 10 healthy children. All of the children with CD admitted to the hospital were classical form who has chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive. The degree of mucosal damage was graded according to the modified Marsh criteria. FC concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method on admission and after 1 year of GFD. RESULTS: Mean FC concentration of children with CD on admission and of healthy children were 13.40+/-8.5 and 4.3+/-3.3 mg/L, respectively (P=0.004). FC concentration under GFD was 4.6+/-2.7 mg/L and there was a significant statistical difference between untreated patients and those under GFD for 1 year (P=0.001). There was no statistical difference between FC concentration of those under GFD and healthy children (P=0.8). Mean FC concentrations of children with total-villous atrophy and partial-villous atrophy were significantly different (13.8+/-9.3 mg/L vs. 3.7+/-1.8 mg/L, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: It was found that FC concentration is increased in childhood CD, related to the severity of histopathologic findings and responsive to GFD. The pathogenetic mechanism by which FC is increased in CD should be investigated in further studies.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Biomarkers/metabolism
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*physiopathology
Child
Child, Preschool
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Feces/*chemistry
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Inflammation/etiology/physiopathology
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/*metabolism
Male
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {20054281},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181cadbc0},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ertem, D. and Gonen, I. and Tanidir, C. and Ugras, M. and Yildiz, A. and Pehlivanoglu, E. and Eksioglu-Demiralp, E.},
   title = {The response to hepatitis B vaccine: does it differ in celiac disease?},
   journal = {Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {22},
   number = {7},
   pages = {787-93},
   note = {1473-5687
Ertem, Deniz
Gonen, Ismail
Tanidir, Cansaran
Ugras, Meltem
Yildiz, Aysegul
Pehlivanoglu, Ender
Eksioglu-Demiralp, Emel
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Jul;22(7):787-93. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32832e9d41.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: There is a relationship between nonresponsiveness to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine and certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes. In healthy population, 4-10% vaccine recipients fail to produce protective levels of antibodies to the HBV vaccine after standard immunization depending upon age and the presence of various underlying diseases. Celiac disease (CD) is an HLA-associated immunological disease. It has been suggested that certain HLA haplotypes which are linked to CD are associated with nonresponse to HBV vaccine as well. The aim of this study is to assess the response to HBV vaccine prospectively in a group of CD and to explore the potential link between CD and HBV vaccine nonresponse by studying shared HLA haplotypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-three previously diagnosed celiac patients who were on a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) and 54 healthy children were evaluated serologically for anti-HBs status. Celiac children who were anti-HBs negative at baseline were fully vaccinated prospectively, and reevaluated for the response to HBV vaccine. To estimate the role of HLA type in HBV vaccine response in celiac patients, a subgroup of both patients and control participants had HLA genotypes performed. RESULTS: At enrollment, 27 (67.5%) children with CD and 48 (85.2%) healthy children were anti-HBs positive, and the difference between patients and controls was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, failure to respond to HBV vaccine was only 3.6% (response rate 96.4%) in prospectively vaccinated celiac patients. There was no relationship between HLA type and vaccine nonresponse in our study group. CONCLUSION: The response to HBV vaccine in celiac children who were compliant to GFD is not different from a healthy population. CD may be one of the immune diseases associated with a high rate of HBV vaccine nonresponse but it might not be permanent and treatment with GFD and compliance to the treatment may ameliorate the immune response to HBV vaccine in celiac children.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/genetics/*immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
HLA Antigens/*genetics
Haplotypes
Hepatitis B/*prevention & control
Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood/immunology
Hepatitis B Vaccines/*immunology/therapeutic use
Hepatitis B virus/immunology
Humans
Male
Prospective Studies
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0954-691x},
   Accession Number = {19584738},
   DOI = {10.1097/MEG.0b013e32832e9d41},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Eubank, K. V. and Nash, J. and Duvic, M.},
   title = {Sweet syndrome associated with celiac disease},
   journal = {Am J Clin Dermatol},
   volume = {10},
   number = {5},
   pages = {343-5},
   note = {Eubank, Kelley V
Nash, Jason
Duvic, Madeleine
Case Reports
Journal Article
New Zealand
Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10(5):343-5. doi: 10.2165/11311200-000000000-00000.},
   abstract = {Neutrophilic dermatoses are a spectrum of diseases with varying presentations and similar clinical and histologic features. The association of neutrophilic dermatosis with celiac disease has not previously been described. We report a 43-year-old man with a history of diverticulitis who presented with mildly pruritic, ulcerating pustules of the dorsal hands, face, elbow, and neck, clinico-pathologically consistent with the neutrophilic dermatosis Sweet syndrome. Remission was achieved with prednisone taper, dapsone, and a gluten-free diet.},
   keywords = {Adult
Celiac Disease/*complications/physiopathology/therapy
Dapsone/therapeutic use
Diet, Gluten-Free
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
Humans
Male
Prednisone/therapeutic use
Remission Induction/methods
Sweet Syndrome/*etiology/physiopathology/therapy},
   ISSN = {1175-0561 (Print)
1175-0561},
   Accession Number = {19658449},
   DOI = {10.2165/11311200-000000000-00000},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Evans, K. E. and Leeds, J. S. and Morley, S. and Sanders, D. S.},
   title = {Pancreatic insufficiency in adult celiac disease: do patients require long-term enzyme supplementation?},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {55},
   number = {10},
   pages = {2999-3004},
   note = {1573-2568
Evans, Kate E
Leeds, John S
Morley, Stephen
Sanders, David S
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2010 Oct;55(10):2999-3004. doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1261-y. Epub 2010 May 11.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Celiac disease is associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. We previously reported that in 30% (20/66) of adult celiac patients with current or persistent diarrhea the underlying cause was exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Of these 20 patients, 19 initially improved on pancreatic supplementation. To date, there are no published longitudinal studies. METHODS: The 20 patients who had initially received therapy for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency were prospectively followed-up for 4 years. Gastrointestinal symptoms, dietary adherence, celiac antibody status, and dose of enzyme supplementation were recorded. Fecal elastase-1 (Fel-1) was repeated to reassess exocrine pancreatic function. RESULTS: In the study, 19/20 patients were reviewed, as one had died (mean age 59.7 years, 7 males). The mean duration of celiac disease was 13.2 years. Eleven out of nineteen were still taking enzyme supplementation at a mean dose of 45,000 units of lipase per day. Only 1/11 reported no symptomatic benefit and 8/19 patients had discontinued supplementation because their diarrhea had improved. In the whole group there was a significant increase in Fel-1 levels over time, with median values of 90 mug/g at 0 months, 212 mug/g at 6 months, and 365 mug/g at follow-up (45-66 months)(p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Fecal elastase-1 is useful in identifying exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in adult celiac patients with diarrhea. Our longitudinal data suggests that pancreatic enzyme supplementation could be discontinued in a substantial proportion of patients as symptoms improve.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Celiac Disease/*complications/*drug therapy
Diarrhea/drug therapy/etiology
Drug Monitoring
*Enzyme Replacement Therapy
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency/*drug therapy/*etiology
Feces/enzymology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Middle Aged
Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism
Prospective Studies
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {20458623},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-010-1261-y},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Evans, K. E. and Leeds, J. S. and Sanders, D. S.},
   title = {Be vigilant for patients with coeliac disease},
   journal = {Practitioner},
   volume = {253},
   number = {1722},
   pages = {19-22, 2},
   note = {Evans, Kate E
Leeds, John S
Sanders, David S
Journal Article
England
Practitioner. 2009 Oct;253(1722):19-22, 2.},
   abstract = {Recent population studies show that coeliac disease affects around 1 in 100 people. The estimated ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed individuals is 1:8, and the average delay in diagnosis is reported to be 11 years. The contemporary coeliac patient is diagnosed between the ages of 40 and 60, has normal or even high BMI, and subtle symptoms. Patients are often identified in screening groups which would include those with type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease, or a first-degree relative with coeliac disease. The presence of relevant symptoms is not essential for a diagnosis of coeliac disease. Additionally, positive serological testing alone is not sufficient to confirm the diagnosis. Endomysial antibody (EMA) and tissue transglutaminase (TTG) have a combined sensitivity and specificity of > 90% when used in combination in selected populations. However, false positives occur in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune disease. Conversely antibody-negative disease accounts for around 9% of cases. IgA deficiency is a cause of false negatives and levels should be checked at the same time as EMA and TTG. Patients must consume a gluten-containing diet for six weeks before serological testing and biopsy if necessary. All those with positive serological tests, and those for whom clinical suspicion is high even if seronegative, should be referred to a gastroenterologist for a duodenal biopsy to confirm or exclude coeliac disease. Diagnosis requires the demonstration of villous atrophy in the small bowel which improves when gluten is withdrawn.},
   keywords = {Bone Density
Celiac Disease/complications/*diagnosis/therapy
Early Diagnosis
Female
Humans
Infertility, Female/etiology
Neoplasms/etiology
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications/etiology
Referral and Consultation},
   ISSN = {0032-6518 (Print)
0032-6518},
   Accession Number = {19938558},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Evans, K. E. and Sanders, D. S.},
   title = {Joint BAPEN and British Society of Gastroenterology Symposium on 'Coeliac disease: basics and controversies'. Coeliac disease: optimising the management of patients with persisting symptoms?},
   journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
   volume = {68},
   number = {3},
   pages = {242-8},
   note = {1475-2719
Evans, Kate E
Sanders, David S
Journal Article
Review
England
Proc Nutr Soc. 2009 Aug;68(3):242-8. doi: 10.1017/S0029665109001360. Epub 2009 Jun 26.},
   abstract = {The vast majority of patients with coeliac disease will derive benefit from a gluten-free diet. However, some patients will not improve on the gluten-free diet or they will have a relapse of their symptoms. The present review will focus on this group of patients. Definitions for non-responsive coeliac disease and refractory coeliac disease will be provided. The most common reason for recurrent symptoms is continued gluten exposure. Other causes of persisting symptoms are discussed, including alternative causes of villous atrophy or co-existent pathology. Current literature is reviewed, including an initial investigation strategy for patients with persisting symptoms. A pragmatic management plan is described that can be initiated by any clinician. Finally, the current optimal investigational pathway for patients with refractory (or suspected refractory) coeliac disease is discussed and the reported effects of a number of therapeutic options are summarised. The aim of the present article is to provide clinicians with an up-to-date review of the literature in this clinical field and allow them to determine the most appropriate management strategy.},
   keywords = {Atrophy/etiology
Celiac Disease/complications/diagnosis/*therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Glutens/immunology
Humans
Intestines/pathology
Secondary Prevention
Treatment Failure},
   ISSN = {0029-6651},
   Accession Number = {19555521},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0029665109001360},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Faulkner-Hogg, K. and Hodge, L. and Swain, A.},
   title = {Coeliac disease},
   journal = {Aust Fam Physician},
   volume = {38},
   number = {10},
   pages = {785-6},
   note = {Faulkner-Hogg, Kim
Hodge, Linda
Swain, Anne
Journal Article
Australia
Aust Fam Physician. 2009 Oct;38(10):785-6.},
   abstract = {This article forms part of a series looking at the relationship between diet and good health, and the role of the dietitian in the primary health care team. This article discusses the assessment and dietary management of coeliac disease, a T-cell mediated reaction to gluten.},
   keywords = {*Celiac Disease/diagnosis/diet therapy/physiopathology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Humans},
   ISSN = {0300-8495 (Print)
0300-8495},
   Accession Number = {19893817},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Feighery, C. F. and McManus, R.},
   title = {Symposium on 'The challenge of translating nutrition research into public health nutrition'. Session 3: Joint Nutrition Society and Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute Symposium on 'Nutrition and autoimmune disease'. Recent advances in genetic understanding of coeliac disease},
   journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
   volume = {68},
   number = {2},
   pages = {122-6},
   note = {1475-2719
Feighery, Conleth F
McManus, Ross
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Proc Nutr Soc. 2009 May;68(2):122-6. doi: 10.1017/S0029665109001074. Epub 2009 Feb 26.},
   abstract = {Over the past 20 years major advances have been made in the diagnosis and understanding of pathogenic mechanisms relating to coeliac disease. Recently-identified genetic markers support the immunological-inflammatory nature of the disease. It is hoped that these newly-identified genes will assist further dissection of the inflammatory pathways in coeliac disease and give insight into why certain individuals develop intolerance to dietary gluten.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/*genetics
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/epidemiology/*genetics/immunology
*Dietetics
Gliadin/immunology
Glutens/immunology
Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
Humans
Intestines/pathology
Ireland/epidemiology
*Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Societies, Medical},
   ISSN = {0029-6651},
   Accession Number = {19243665},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0029665109001074},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Fernandez-Roldan, C. and Riera-Montes, M. and Callejas-Rubio, J. L. and Ortego-Centeno, N.},
   title = {[Relapsing uveitis and celiac disease]},
   journal = {Med Clin (Barc)},
   volume = {132},
   number = {18},
   pages = {719; author reply 720-1},
   note = {Fernandez-Roldan, Concepcion
Riera-Montes, Margarita
Callejas-Rubio, Jose Luis
Ortego-Centeno, Norberto
Case Reports
Comment
Letter
Spain
Med Clin (Barc). 2009 May 16;132(18):719; author reply 720-1. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.10.047. Epub 2009 Mar 4.},
   keywords = {Adult
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnosis/diet therapy
Female
Humans
Recurrence
Uveitis/diet therapy/*etiology},
   ISSN = {0025-7753 (Print)
0025-7753},
   Accession Number = {19261308},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.medcli.2008.10.047},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ferrante, E. and Giavoli, C. and Elli, L. and Redaelli, A. and Novati, E. and De Bellis, A. and Ronchi, C. L. and Bergamaschi, S. and Lania, A. and Bardella, M. T. and Bellastella, G. and Beck-Peccoz, P.},
   title = {Evaluation of GH-IGF-I axis in adult patients with coeliac disease},
   journal = {Horm Metab Res},
   volume = {42},
   number = {1},
   pages = {45-9},
   note = {1439-4286
Ferrante, E
Giavoli, C
Elli, L
Redaelli, A
Novati, E
De Bellis, A
Ronchi, C L
Bergamaschi, S
Lania, A
Bardella, M T
Bellastella, G
Beck-Peccoz, P
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Horm Metab Res. 2010 Jan;42(1):45-9. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1241169. Epub 2009 Oct 7.},
   abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate GH/IGF-I axis and other pituitary functions in adult patients with coeliac disease. For this purpose, twenty-eight adult coeliac patients [20M, 8F:19-74 years; body mass index (BMI): 18.5-28 kg/m (2)] were recruited. Basal thyroid, adrenal and gonadal function, serum IGF-I and PRL, and routine parameters were evaluated. Dynamic GH secretion was carried out by GHRH plus arginine test. In 20 patients, antipituitary antibodies (APA) were also evaluated. Seven out of 28 patients, independently from disease onset and the gluten-free diet (GFD), showed an impaired GH secretion (25%). All were males, 2 with severe growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and 5 with partial GHD. In patients with GHD, as compared to coeliac patients with normal GH secretion, HOMA (2.1+/-1.2 vs. 0.9+/-0.4) and QUICKI (0.35+/-0.03 vs. 0.39+/-0.02) levels were significantly higher and lower, respectively, while IGF-I levels were slightly lower (17.7+/-3.7 vs. 24.7+/-6.3, p=NS). APA were negative in all 20 patients studied. In conclusion, a significant number of adult coeliac patients show an impaired GH secretion, this alteration being predominant in males and independent from disease onset and diet regimen. Given the absence of APAs, the cause of this pituitary dysfunction remains unclear even if a previous autoimmune involvement in some cases cannot be excluded.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Celiac Disease/blood/*metabolism
Human Growth Hormone/blood/*secretion
Humans
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*metabolism
Male
Middle Aged
Pituitary Gland/secretion
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0018-5043},
   Accession Number = {19813164},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0029-1241169},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ferrara, F. and Quaglia, S. and Caputo, I. and Esposito, C. and Lepretti, M. and Pastore, S. and Giorgi, R. and Martelossi, S. and Dal Molin, G. and Di Toro, N. and Ventura, A. and Not, T.},
   title = {Anti-transglutaminase antibodies in non-coeliac children suffering from infectious diseases},
   journal = {Clin Exp Immunol},
   volume = {159},
   number = {2},
   pages = {217-23},
   note = {1365-2249
Ferrara, F
Quaglia, S
Caputo, I
Esposito, C
Lepretti, M
Pastore, S
Giorgi, R
Martelossi, S
Dal Molin, G
Di Toro, N
Ventura, A
Not, T
Journal Article
England
Clin Exp Immunol

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag