text:
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00149.x},
isbn = {0004-5608},
issn = {14678306},
journal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {118--125},
pmid = {1116},
title = {{Ecoregions of the Conterminous United States}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00149.x},
volume = {77},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Chappell2013,
abstract = {Strong feedback between global biodiversity loss and persistent, extreme rural poverty are major challenges in the face of concurrent food, energy, and environmental crises. This paper examines the role of industrial agricultural intensification and market integration as exogenous socio-ecological drivers of biodiversity loss and poverty traps in Latin America. We then analyze the potential of a food sovereignty framework, based on protecting the viability of a diverse agroecological matrix while supporting rural livelihoods and global food production. We review several successful examples of this approach, including ecological land reform in Brazil, agroforestry, milpa, and the uses of wild varieties in smallholder systems in Mexico and Central America. We highlight emergent research directions that will be necessary to assess the potential of the food sovereignty model to promote both biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction.},
author = {Chappell, M Jahi and Wittman, Hannah and Bacon, Christopher M and Ferguson, Bruce G and Barrios, Luis Garc{\'{i}}a and Barrios, Ra{\'{u}}l Garc{\'{i}}a and Jaffee, Daniel and Lima, Jefferson and M{\'{e}}ndez, V Ernesto and Morales, Helda and Soto-Pinto, Lorena and Vandermeer, John and Perfecto, Ivette},
doi = {10.12688/f1000research.2-235.v1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2013/Chappell et al.{\_}2013{\_}Food sovereignty an alternative paradigm for poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation in Latin America.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2046-1402},
journal = {F1000Research},
keywords = {Food sovereignty,Sustainability},
mendeley-tags = {Food sovereignty,Sustainability},
month = {jan},
pages = {235},
pmid = {24555109},
title = {{Food sovereignty: an alternative paradigm for poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation in Latin America.}},
url = {http://f1000research.com/articles/2-235/v1 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3869480{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {2},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Marquet2014,
author = {Marquet, P. a. and Allen, a. P. and Brown, J. H. and Dunne, J. a. and Enquist, B. J. and Gillooly, J. F. and Gowaty, P. a. and Green, J. L. and Harte, J. and Hubbell, S. P. and O'Dwyer, J. and Okie, J. G. and Ostling, A. and Ritchie, M. and Storch, D. and West, G. B.},
doi = {10.1093/biosci/biu098},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Marquet et al. - 2014 - On Theory in Ecology.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0006-3568},
journal = {BioScience},
keywords = {big data,ecology,maximum entropy theory of,metabolic theory,neutral theory of biodiversity,theory unification},
month = {jul},
number = {8},
pages = {1--10},
title = {{On Theory in Ecology}},
url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/biosci/biu098},
volume = {XX},
year = {2014}
}
@article{BOND2005,
author = {Bond, W and Keeley, J},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.025},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bond, Keeley - 2005 - Fire as a global ‘herbivore' the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {387--394},
title = {{Fire as a global ‘herbivore': the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534705001321},
volume = {20},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Ellis2008,
abstract = {Humans have fundamentally altered global patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Surprisingly, existing systems for representing these global patterns, including biome classifications, either ignore humans altogether or simplify human influence into, at most, four categories. Here, we present the first characterization of terrestrial biomes based on global patterns of sustained, direct human interaction with ecosystems. Eighteen “anthropogenic biomes” were identified through empirical analysis of global population, land use, and land cover. More than 75{\%} of Earth's ice-free land showed evidence of alteration as a result of human residence and land use, with less than a quarter remaining as wildlands, supporting just 11{\%} of terrestrial net primary production. Anthropogenic biomes offer a new way forward by acknowledging human influence on global ecosystems and moving us toward models and investigations of the terrestrial biosphere that integrate human and ecological systems.},
author = {Ellis, Erle C. and Ramankutty, Navin},
doi = {10.1890/070062},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ellis, Ramankutty - 2008 - Putting people in the map anthropogenic biomes of the world.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1540-9295},
issn = {1540-9295},
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
month = {oct},
number = {8},
pages = {439--447},
pmid = {15464787},
title = {{Putting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070062},
volume = {6},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Hudson2014,
abstract = {Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1{\%} of the total number of all species described, and more than 1{\%} of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.},
author = {Hudson, Lawrence N and Newbold, Tim and Contu, Sara and Hill, Samantha L L and Lysenko, Igor and {De Palma}, Adriana and Phillips, Helen R P and Senior, Rebecca A and Bennett, Dominic J and Booth, Hollie and Choimes, Argyrios and Correia, David L P and Day, Julie and Echeverr{\'{i}}a-Londo{\~{n}}o, Susy and Garon, Morgan and Harrison, Michelle L. K. and Ingram, Daniel J and Jung, Martin and Kemp, Victoria and Kirkpatrick, Lucinda and Martin, Callum D. and Pan, Yuan and White, Hannah J and Aben, Job and Abrahamczyk, Stefan and Adum, Gilbert B and Aguilar-Barquero, Virginia and Aizen, Marcelo A and Ancrenaz, Marc and Arbel{\'{a}}ez-Cort{\'{e}}s, Enrique and Armbrecht, Inge and Azhar, Badrul and Azpiroz, Adri{\'{a}}n B. and Baeten, Lander and B{\'{a}}ldi, Andr{\'{a}}s and Banks, John E. and Barlow, Jos and Bat{\'{a}}ry, P{\'{e}}ter and Bates, Adam J and Bayne, Erin M and Beja, Pedro and Berg, {\AA}ke and Berry, Nicholas J and Bicknell, Jake E and Bihn, Jochen H and B{\"{o}}hning-Gaese, Katrin and Boekhout, Teun and Boutin, C{\'{e}}line and Bouyer, J{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}my and Brearley, Francis Q and Brito, Isabel and Brunet, J{\"{o}}rg and Buczkowski, Grzegorz and Buscardo, Erika and Cabra-Garc{\'{i}}a, Jimmy and Calvi{\~{n}}o-Cancela, Mar{\'{i}}a and Cameron, Sydney A and Cancello, Eliana M and Carrijo, Tiago F and Carvalho, Anelena L and Castro, Helena and Castro-Luna, Alejandro A. and Cerda, Rolando and Cerezo, Alexis and Chauvat, Matthieu and Clarke, Frank M. and Cleary, Daniel F. R. and Connop, Stuart P. and D'Aniello, Biagio and da Silva, Pedro Giov{\^{a}}ni and Darvill, Ben and Dauber, Jens and Dejean, Alain and Diek{\"{o}}tter, Tim and Dominguez-Haydar, Yamileth and Dormann, Carsten F. and Dumont, Bertrand and Dures, Simon G. and Dynesius, Mats and Edenius, Lars and Elek, Zolt{\'{a}}n and Entling, Martin H. and Farwig, Nina and Fayle, Tom M. and Felicioli, Antonio and Felton, Annika M. and Ficetola, Gentile F. and Filgueiras, Bruno K. C. and Fonte, Steven J. and Fraser, Lauchlan H. and Fukuda, Daisuke and Furlani, Dario and Ganzhorn, J{\"{o}}rg U. and Garden, Jenni G. and Gheler-Costa, Carla and Giordani, Paolo and Giordano, Simonetta and Gottschalk, Marco S. and Goulson, Dave and Gove, Aaron D. and Grogan, James and Hanley, Mick E. and Hanson, Thor and Hashim, Nor R. and Hawes, Joseph E. and H{\'{e}}bert, Christian and Helden, Alvin J. and Henden, John-Andr{\'{e}} and Hern{\'{a}}ndez, Lionel and Herzog, Felix and Higuera-Diaz, Diego and Hilje, Branko and Horgan, Finbarr G. and Horv{\'{a}}th, Roland and Hylander, Kristoffer and Isaacs-Cubides, Paola and Ishitani, Masahiro and Jacobs, Carmen T. and Jaramillo, V{\'{i}}ctor J. and Jauker, Birgit and Jonsell, Mats and Jung, Thomas S. and Kapoor, Vena and Kati, Vassiliki and Katovai, Eric and Kessler, Michael and Knop, Eva and Kolb, Annette and Kőr{\"{o}}si, {\'{A}}d{\'{a}}m and Lachat, Thibault and Lantschner, Victoria and {Le F{\'{e}}on}, Violette and LeBuhn, Gretchen and L{\'{e}}gar{\'{e}}, Jean-Philippe and Letcher, Susan G. and Littlewood, Nick A. and L{\'{o}}pez-Quintero, Carlos A. and Louhaichi, Mounir and L{\"{o}}vei, Gabor L. and Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban and Luja, Victor H. and Maeto, Kaoru and Magura, Tibor and Mallari, Neil Aldrin and Marin-Spiotta, Erika and Marshall, E. J. P. and Mart{\'{i}}nez, Eliana and Mayfield, Margaret M. and Mikusinski, Grzegorz and Milder, Jeffrey C. and Miller, James R. and Morales, Carolina L. and Muchane, Mary N. and Muchane, Muchai and Naidoo, Robin and Nakamura, Akihiro and Naoe, Shoji and Nates-Parra, Guiomar and {Navarrete Gutierrez}, Dario A. and Neuschulz, Eike L. and Noreika, Norbertas and Norfolk, Olivia and Noriega, Jorge Ari and N{\"{o}}ske, Nicole M. and O'Dea, Niall and Oduro, William and Ofori-Boateng, Caleb and Oke, Chris O. and Osgathorpe, Lynne M. and Paritsis, Juan and Parra-H, Alejandro and Pelegrin, Nicol{\'{a}}s and Peres, Carlos A. and Persson, Anna S. and Petanidou, Theodora and Phalan, Ben and Philips, T. Keith and Poveda, Katja and Power, Eileen F. and Presley, Steven J. and Proen{\c{c}}a, V{\^{a}}nia and Quaranta, Marino and Quintero, Carolina and Redpath-Downing, Nicola A. and Reid, J. Leighton and Reis, Yana T. and Ribeiro, Danilo B. and Richardson, Barbara A. and Richardson, Michael J. and Robles, Carolina A. and R{\"{o}}mbke, J{\"{o}}rg and Romero-Duque, Luz Piedad and Rosselli, Loreta and Rossiter, Stephen J. and Roulston, T'ai H. and Rousseau, Laurent and Sadler, Jonathan P. and S{\'{a}}fi{\'{a}}n, Szabolcs and Salda{\~{n}}a-V{\'{a}}zquez, Romeo A. and Samneg{\aa}rd, Ulrika and Sch{\"{u}}epp, Christof and Schweiger, Oliver and Sedlock, Jodi L. and Shahabuddin, Ghazala and Sheil, Douglas and Silva, Fernando A. B. and Slade, Eleanor M. and Smith-Pardo, Allan H. and Sodhi, Navjot S. and Somarriba, Eduardo J. and Sosa, Ram{\'{o}}n A. and Stout, Jane C. and Struebig, Matthew J. and Sung, Yik-Hei and Threlfall, Caragh G. and Tonietto, Rebecca and T{\'{o}}thm{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}sz, B{\'{e}}la and Tscharntke, Teja and Turner, Edgar C. and Tylianakis, Jason M. and Vanbergen, Adam J. and Vassilev, Kiril and Verboven, Hans A. F. and Vergara, Carlos H. and Vergara, Pablo M. and Verhulst, Jort and Walker, Tony R. and Wang, Yanping and Watling, James I. and Wells, Konstans and Williams, Christopher D. and Willig, Michael R. and Woinarski, John C. Z. and Wolf, Jan H. D. and Woodcock, Ben A. and Yu, Douglas W. and Zaitsev, Andrey S. and Collen, Ben and Ewers, Rob M. and Mace, Georgina M. and Purves, Drew W. and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P. W. and Purvis, Andy},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.1303},
issn = {20457758},
journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {Data sharing,PREDICTS,global change,habitat destruction,land use},
mendeley-tags = {PREDICTS},
month = {dec},
number = {24},
pages = {4701--4735},
title = {{The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ece3.1303},
volume = {4},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Burgess2007a,
abstract = {The Eastern Arc Mountains are renown in Africa for high concentrations of endemic species of animals and plants. Thirteen separate mountain blocks comprise the Eastern Arc, supporting around 3300 km2 of sub-montane, montane and upper montane forest, less than 30{\%} of the estimated original forested area. At least 96 vertebrate species are endemic, split as follows: 10 mammal, 19 bird, 29 reptile and 38 amphibian species. This includes four endemic or nearly endemic species of primate - the Sanje Mangabey, the Iringa Red Colobus, the Mountain Galago and the new Kipunji monkey that forms its own monotypic genus. A further 71 vertebrate species are near-endemic. At least 800 vascular plant species are endemic, almost 10{\%} of these being trees. These endemics include the majority of the species of African violet - Saintpaulia, a well-known flowering plant in Western households. An additional 32 species of bryophytes are also endemic. Many hundreds of invertebrates are also likely to be endemic, with data for butterflies, millipedes and dragonflies indicating potential trends in importance. Seventy-one of the endemic or near-endemic vertebrates are threatened by extinction (8 critical, 27 endangered, 36 vulnerable), with an additional seven wide ranging threatened species. Hundreds of plant species are also threatened. Most Eastern Arc endemics are closed-forest specialists and comprise taxa with an ancient history and those of more recent origin, including some possessing ancient affinities with taxa from West Africa, Madagascar, and even South America and Southeast Asia. Mountain block prioritisation for biodiversity conservation shows that Udzungwas, East Usambaras and Ulugurus are the most important blocks, with other important blocks being the Ngurus and West Usambaras. Rankings are correlated closely with the area of remaining forest. Most of the remaining forest is found within nearly 150 Government Forest Reserves, with 106 of these managed nationally for water catchment, biodiversity and soil conservation and where forest exploitation is not allowed. Outside these areas most forest has been cleared, except in small village burial/sacred sites, a few Village Forest Reserves, and inaccessible areas. In most Eastern Arc Mountains the local populations have not encroached beyond the reserve boundaries to develop farms, but forest resources within the boundaries are used for fuel and building materials and some forests are heavily degraded. Fire is also a problem as it enters and destroys forests during the dry seasons. The future of the biodiversity on the Eastern Arc Mountains is closely tied to management policies and capacity of the Tanzania Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Tanzania National Parks Authority, and Kenya Forest Department. Supporting these agencies in their mandated job is an essential conservation investment over the longer term. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Burgess, N. D. and Butynski, T. M. and Cordeiro, N. J. and Doggart, N. H. and Fjeldsa, J and Howell, K. M. and Kilahama, F. B. and Loader, S. P. and Lovett, J. C. and Mbilinyi, B. and Fjelds{\aa}, J. and Howell, K. M. and Kilahama, F. B. and Loader, S. P. and Lovett, J. C. and Mbilinyi, B. and Menegon, M. and Moyer, D. C. and Nashanda, E. and Perkin, a. and Rovero, F. and Stanley, W. T. and Stuart, S. N.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.015},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2007/Burgess et al.{\_}2007{\_}The biological importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Africa,Biodiversity conservation,Diversity,Eastern Arc,Eastern Arc Mountains,Endemism,Protected areas,Tanzania},
mendeley-tags = {Africa,Eastern Arc,Tanzania},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {209--231},
title = {{The biological importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya}},
volume = {134},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Phalan2013,
abstract = {Expansion of cropland in tropical countries is one of the principal causes of biodiversity loss, and threatens to undermine progress towards meeting the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. To understand this threat better, we analysed data on crop distribution and expansion in 128 tropical countries, assessed changes in area of the main crops and mapped overlaps between conservation priorities and cultivation potential. Rice was the single crop grown over the largest area, especially in tropical forest biomes. Cropland in tropical countries expanded by c. 48,000 km2 per year from 1999–2008. The countries which added the greatest area of new cropland were Nigeria, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Brazil. Soybeans and maize are the crops which expanded most in absolute area. Other crops with large increases included rice, sorghum, oil palm, beans, sugar cane, cow peas, wheat and cassava. Areas of high cultivation potential—while bearing in mind that political and socio-economic conditions can be as influential as biophysical ones—may be vulnerable to conversion in the future. These include some priority areas for biodiversity conservation in tropical countries (e.g., Frontier Forests and High Biodiversity Wilderness Areas), which have previously been identified as having ‘low vulnerability', in particular in central Africa and northern Australia. There are also many other smaller areas which are important for biodiversity and which have high cultivation potential (e.g., in the fringes of the Amazon basin, in the Paraguayan Chaco, and in the savanna woodlands of the Sahel and East Africa). We highlight the urgent need for more effective sustainability standards and policies addressing both production and consumption of tropical commodities, including robust land-use planning in agricultural frontiers, establishment of new protected areas or REDD+ projects in places agriculture has not yet reached, and reduction or elimination of incentives for land-demanding bioenergy feedstocks},
author = {Phalan, Ben and Bertzky, Monika and Butchart, Stuart H M and Donald, Paul F. and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P W and Stattersfield, Alison J. and Balmford, Andrew},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0051759},
editor = {Willis, Stephen G.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Phalan et al. - 2013 - Crop Expansion and Conservation Priorities in Tropical Countries.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {10.1371/journal.pone.0051759},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {e51759},
pmid = {23326316},
title = {{Crop Expansion and Conservation Priorities in Tropical Countries}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051759},
volume = {8},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Platts2014,
author = {Platts, PJ and Omeny, PA and Marchant, Rob},
journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
pages = {12--15},
title = {{AFRICLIM: high-resolution climate projections for ecological applications in Africa}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Wu1995,
author = {Wu, Jianquo and Loucks, Orie L.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wu, Loucks - 1995 - From balance of nature to patch dynamics hierarchical a paradigm shift in ecology.pdf:pdf},
journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology},
number = {4},
pages = {439--466},
title = {{From balance of nature to patch dynamics: hierarchical a paradigm shift in ecology}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3035824},
volume = {70},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Andersen2012,
abstract = {Tropical savannas are the world's most fire-prone biome, and savanna biotas are generally well adapted to frequent fire. However, in northern Australia there are concerns that recent increases in the frequency and extent of high-intensity fires are causing substantial declines in regional biodiversity values. In this paper we use two well-studied and contrasting faunal groups, ants and small mammals, as case studies for reviewing faunal responses to fire in Australian savannas. The Australian savanna ant fauna is dominated by arid-adapted taxa that are highly resilient to frequent fire and are not considered to be threatened by prevailing fire regimes. Indeed, frequent fire promotes ant diversity because it maintains an open habit that makes the dominant arid-adapted taxa feel at home. Long-term fire exclusion reduces ant diversity due to a marked decline in arid-adapted taxa, and favours highly generalized, more shade-tolerant taxa. In contrast, many small mammal species of high conservation value are highly sensitive to frequent fire, and there are widespread concerns that their populations are threatened by current fire management. Many of the species have shown dramatic population declines over recent decades, and, although the causes are poorly understood, there is little doubt that fire is an important contributing factor. It is likely that fire is acting synergistically with other underlying causes of decline, particularly predation by feral cats. The overall resilience of most savanna animal species in relation to frequent fire suggests that they are secure under all but the most extreme fire regimes. However, it is clear that more fire-sensitive groups such as small mammals need special fire management attention. This needs to involve less frequent and finer-scale burning, along with the protection of some large, infrequently burnt source areas.},
author = {Andersen, Alan N. and Woinarski, John C. Z. and Parr, Catherine L.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02334.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Andersen, Woinarski, Parr - 2012 - Savanna burning for biodiversity Fire management for faunal conservation in Australian tropical savan.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1442-9985},
issn = {14429985},
journal = {Austral Ecology},
keywords = {Ant,Fire regime,Fire resilience,Frequent fire,Small mammal},
month = {sep},
number = {6},
pages = {658--667},
pmid = {79370833},
title = {{Savanna burning for biodiversity: Fire management for faunal conservation in Australian tropical savannas}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02334.x},
volume = {37},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Taylor2012,
abstract = {Aim A common strategy for conserving biodiversity in fire-prone environments is to maintain a diversity of post-fire age classes at the landscape scale, under the assumption that pyrodiversity begets biodiversity. Another strategy is to maintain extensive areas of a particular seral state regarded as vital for the persistence of threatened species, under the assumption that this will also cater for the habitat needs of other species. We investigated the likely effects of these strategies on bird assemblages in tree mallee vegetation, characterized by multi-stemmed Eucalyptus species, where both strategies are currently employed. Location The semi-arid Murray Mallee region of south-eastern Australia. Methods We systematically surveyed birds in 26 landscapes (each 4-km diameter), selected to represent gradients in the diversity of fire age classes and the proportion of older vegetation ({\textgreater} 35 years since fire). Additional variables were measured to represent underlying vegetation-or fire-mediated properties of the landscape, as well as its biogeographic context. We used an informationtheoretic approach to investigate the relationships between these predictor variables and the species richness of birds (total species, threatened species and rare species). Results Species richness of birds was not strongly associated with fire-mediated heterogeneity. Species richness was associated with increasing amounts of older vegetation in landscapes, but not with the proportion of recently burned vegetation in landscapes. Main conclusions The preference of many mallee birds for older vegetation highlights the risk of a blanket application of the ` pyrodiversity begets biodiversity' paradigm. If application of this paradigm involved converting large areas from long unburned to recently burned vegetation to increase firemediated heterogeneity in tree mallee landscapes, our findings suggest that this could threaten birds. This research highlights the value of adopting a landscapescale perspective when evaluating the utility of fire-management strategies intended to benefit biodiversity.},
author = {Taylor, Rick S. and Watson, Simon J. and Nimmo, Dale G. and Kelly, Luke T. and Bennett, Andrew F. and Clarke, Michael F.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00842.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Taylor et al. - 2012 - Landscape-scale effects of fire on bird assemblages does pyrodiversity beget biodiversity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1366-9516},
issn = {13669516},
journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
keywords = {Conservation,Disturbance,Fire management,Heterogeneity,Mallee,Semi-arid},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {519--529},
title = {{Landscape-scale effects of fire on bird assemblages: does pyrodiversity beget biodiversity?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00842.x},
volume = {18},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hedeker1994,
abstract = {A random-effects ordinal regression model is proposed for analysis of clustered or longitudinal ordinal response data. This model is developed for both the probit and logistic response functions. The threshold concept is used, in which it is assumed that the observed ordered category is determined by the value of a latent unobservable continuous response that follows a linear regression model incorporating random effects. A maximum marginal likelihood (MML) solution is described using Gauss-Hermite quadrature to numerically integrate over the distribution of random effects. An analysis of a dataset where students are clustered or nested within classrooms is used to illustrate features of random-effects analysis of clustered ordinal data, while an analysis of a longitudinal dataset where psychiatric patients are repeatedly rated as to their severity is used to illustrate features of the random-effects approach for longitudinal ordinal data.},
author = {Hedeker, Donald and Gibbons, Robert D.},
doi = {10.2307/2533433},
isbn = {0006-341X},
issn = {0006341X},
journal = {Biometrics},
keywords = {clustering,gauss-hermite quadrature,logistic regression,maximum marginal},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {933},
pmid = {7787006},
title = {{A Random-Effects Ordinal Regression Model for Multilevel Analysis}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2533433?origin=crossref},
volume = {50},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Kerr2003,
abstract = {A variety of ecological applications require data from broad spatial extents that cannot be collected using field-based methods. Remote sensing data and techniques address these needs, which include identifying and detailing the biophysical characteristics of species' habitats, predicting the distribution of species and spatial variability in species richness, and detecting natural and human-caused change at scales ranging from individual landscapes to the entire world. Such measurements are subject to substantial errors that can be difficult to overcome, but corrected data are readily available and can be of sufficiently high resolution to be integrated into traditional field-based studies. Ecologists and conservation biologists are finding new ways to approach their research with the powerful suite of tools and data from remote sensing.},
author = {Kerr, Jeremy T. and Ostrovsky, Marsha},
doi = {10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00071-5},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2003/Kerr, Ostrovsky{\_}2003{\_}From space to species Ecological applications for remote sensing.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
number = {6},
pages = {299--305},
title = {{From space to species: Ecological applications for remote sensing}},
volume = {18},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Evans2005,
abstract = {Correlations between the amount of energy received by an assemblage and the number of species that it contains are very general, and at the macro-scale such species–energy relationships typically follow a monotonically increasing curve. Whilst the ecological literature contains frequent reports of such relationships, debate on their causal mechanisms is limited and typically focuses on the role of energy availability in controlling the number of individuals in an assemblage. Assemblages from high-energy areas may contain more individuals enabling species to maintain larger, more viable populations, whose lower extinction risk elevates species richness. Other mechanisms have, however, also been suggested. Here we identify and clarify nine principal mechanisms that may generate positive species–energy relationships at the macro-scale. We critically assess their assumptions and applicability over a range of spatial scales, derive predictions for each and assess the evidence that supports or refutes them. Our synthesis demonstrates that all mechanisms share at least one of their predictions with an alternative mechanism. Some previous studies of species–energy relationships appear not to have recognised the extent of shared predictions, and this may detract from their contribution to the debate on causal mechanisms. The combination of predictions and assumptions made by each mechanism is, however, unique, suggesting that, in principle, conclusive tests are possible. Sufficient testing of all mechanisms has yet to be conducted, and no single mechanism currently has unequivocal support. Each may contribute to species–energy relationships in some circumstances, but some mechanisms are unlikely to act simultaneously. Moreover, a limited number appear particularly likely to contribute frequently to species–energy relationships at the macro-scale. The increased population size, niche position and diversification rate mechanisms are particularly noteworthy in this context.},
author = {Evans, Karl L. and Warren, Philip H. and Gaston, Kevin J.},
doi = {10.1017/S1464793104006517},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Evans, Warren, Gaston - 2005 - Species–energy relationships at the macroecological scale a review of the mechanisms.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1464-7931},
issn = {1469-185X},
journal = {Biological Reviews},
keywords = {consumer pressure,diversification rate,dynamic equilibrium,extinction,niche breadth,niche position,predation,range limitation,sampling,specialisation,speciation,species richness,trophic level},
number = {01},
pages = {1--25},
pmid = {15727036},
title = {{Species–energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article{\_}S1464793104006517{\%}5Cnhttp://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online{\&}aid=275542{\&}fileId=S1464793104006517{\%}5Cnhttp://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1{\&}fid=275543{\&}jid=BRE{\&}volumeId=},
volume = {80},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Lobser2007,
abstract = {The tasselled cap concept is extended to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR, MOD43) data. The transformation is based on a rigid rotation of principal component axes (PCAs) derived from a global sample spanning one full year of NBAR 16-day composites. To provide a standard for MODIS tasselled cap axes, we recommend an orientation in MODIS spectral band space as similar as possible to the orientation of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) tasselled cap axes. To achieve this we first transformed our global sample of MODIS NBAR reflectance values to TM tasselled cap values using the existing TM transformation, then used an existing algorithm (Procrustes) to compute the transformation that minimizes the mean square difference between the TM transformed NBAR values and NBAR PCA values. This transformation can then be used as a standard to rotate the MODIS NBAR PCA axes into a new MODIS Kauth Thomas (KT) orientation. Global land cover patterns in tasselled cap space are demonstrated graphically by linking the global sample with several other products, including the MODIS Land Cover product (MOD12) and the MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields product (MOD44). Patterns seen at this global scale agree with previous explorations of TM tasselled cap space, but are shown here in greater detail with a globally representative sample. Temporal trends of eight smaller-scale BigFoot Project (www.fsl.orst.edu/larse/bigfoot) sites were also examined, confirming the spectral shifts in tasselled cap space related to phenology.},
author = {Lobser, S. E. and Cohen, W B},
doi = {10.1080/01431160701253303},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lobser, Cohen - 2007 - MODIS tasselled cap land cover characteristics expressed through transformed MODIS data.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0143-1161},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
month = {nov},
number = {22},
pages = {5079--5101},
title = {{MODIS tasselled cap: land cover characteristics expressed through transformed MODIS data}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431160701253303},
volume = {28},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Coops2010,
abstract = {The current epidemic of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) in British Columbia, Canada, has impacted an area of over 13 million hectares presenting a considerable challenge to provincial forest resource managers. Remote sensing technologies offer a highly effective tool to monitor this impact due to very large areas involved and its ability to detect dead and dying tree crowns. Conventionally, change detection procedures based upon spectral values have been applied; however, analysis of landscape pattern changes associated with long-time series change detection approaches present opportunities for the generation of unique and ecologically important information. This study is focussed on the detection and monitoring of the shape and area characteristics of lodgepole pine stands during mountain pine beetle infestation to quantify the progression of forest fragmentation and related loss of landscape connectivity. A set of landscape pattern indices were applied to a set of images consisting of six Landsat satellite images spanning the period from 1993 to 2006. Our results indicate that the impacts of the mountain pine beetle infestation on forest spatial pattern consist of an increase in the number of patches, an increase in forest patch shape complexity, a reduction in forest patch size, an increase in forest patch isolation, and a decrease in interspersion. These findings demonstrate the unique information available from long-time series satellite imagery combined with pattern analysis to better understand the combined effects of insect infestation and forest salvage and harvesting. ?? 2010 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Coops, Nicholas C. and Gillanders, Steve N. and Wulder, Michael A. and Gergel, Sarah E. and Nelson, Trisalyn and Goodwin, Nicholas R.},
doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2010.03.008},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Coops et al. - 2010 - Assessing changes in forest fragmentation following infestation using time series Landsat imagery.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0378-1127},
issn = {03781127},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
keywords = {Connectivity,Disturbance,Fragmentation,Heterogeneity,Insect,Landsat,Landscape pattern index,Mountain pine beetle,Multi-temporal,Spatial pattern,Time series},
month = {may},
number = {12},
pages = {2355--2365},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Assessing changes in forest fragmentation following infestation using time series Landsat imagery}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.03.008 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112710001544},
volume = {259},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Bibby2000,
address = {California},
author = {Bibby, Colin J; and Burgess, Neil D.; and Hill, David A; and Mustoe, Simon H},
edition = {2nd},
isbn = {0-12-095831-7},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Bird Census Techniques}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Halley2016,
author = {Halley, John M and Monokrousos, Nikolaos and Mazaris, Antonios D and Newmark, William D and Vokou, Despoina},
doi = {10.1038/ncomms12283},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Halley et al. - 2016 - Dynamics of extinction debt across five taxonomic groups.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2041-1723},
journal = {Nature Communications},
month = {jul},
pages = {12283},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Dynamics of extinction debt across five taxonomic groups}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12283 http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncomms12283},
volume = {7},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Williams2010,
abstract = {The ability to predict the responses of ecological communities and individual species to human-induced environmental change remains a key issue for ecologists and conservation managers alike. Responses are often variable among species within groups making general predictions difficult. One option is to include ecological trait information that might help to disentangle patterns of response and also provide greater understanding of how particular traits link whole clades to their environment. Although this “trait-guild” approach has been used for single disturbances, the importance of particular traits on general responses to multiple disturbances has not been explored. We used a mixed model analysis of 19 data sets from throughout the world to test the effect of ecological and life-history traits on the responses of bee species to different types of anthropogenic environmental change. These changes included habitat loss, fragmentation, agricultural intensification, pesticides and fire. Individual traits significantly affected bee species responses to different disturbances and several traits were broadly predictive among multiple disturbances. The location of nests – above vs. below ground – significantly affected response to habitat loss, agricultural intensification, tillage regime (within agriculture) and fire. Species that nested above ground were on average more negatively affected by isolation from natural habitat and intensive agricultural land use than were species nesting below ground. In contrast below-ground-nesting species were more negatively affected by tilling than were above-ground nesters. The response of different nesting guilds to fire depended on the time since the burn. Social bee species were more strongly affected by isolation from natural habitat and pesticides than were solitary bee species. Surprisingly, body size did not consistently affect species responses, despite its importance in determining many aspects of individuals' interaction with their environment. Although synergistic interactions among traits remain to be explored, individual traits can be useful in predicting and understanding responses of related species to global change.},
author = {Williams, Neal M. and Crone, Elizabeth E. and Roulston, T'ai H. and Minckley, Robert L. and Packer, Laurence and Potts, Simon G.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.024},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Williams et al.{\_}2010{\_}Ecological and life-history traits predict bee species responses to environmental disturbances.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Anthropogenic disturbance,Bee,Bees,Disturbance,Functional traits,Landscape,Landscape change,Life-history response guilds,Pollination},
mendeley-tags = {Bee,Disturbance,Landscape,Pollination},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {2280--2291},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Ecological and life-history traits predict bee species responses to environmental disturbances}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320710001138},
volume = {143},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{Mazerolle2015,
author = {Mazerolle, MJ},
keywords = {r},
title = {{AICcmodavg: model selection and multimodel inference based on (Q) AIC (c)}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Foley2005,
abstract = {Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity. Such changes in land use have enabled humans to appropriate an increasing share of the planet's resources, but they also potentially undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term.},
author = {Foley, Jonathan and Defries, Ruth and Asner, Gregory P and Barford, Carol and Bonan, Gordon and Carpenter, Stephen R and Chapin, F Stuart and Coe, Michael T and Daily, Gretchen C and Gibbs, Holly K and Helkowski, Joseph H and Holloway, Tracey and Howard, Erica a and Kucharik, Christopher J and Monfreda, Chad and Patz, Jonathan a and Prentice, I Colin and Ramankutty, Navin and Snyder, Peter K},
doi = {10.1126/science.1111772},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2005/Foley et al.{\_}2005{\_}Global consequences of land use.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0036-8075},
issn = {1095-9203},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {Agriculture,Air Pollution,Animals,Climate,Communicable Diseases,Communicable Diseases: epidemiology,Communicable Diseases: transmission,Conservation of Natural Resources,Ecosystem,Environment,Fresh Water,Human Activities,Humans,Land use,Paper,Policy Making,Trees,Wild},
mendeley-tags = {Land use,Paper},
month = {jul},
number = {5734},
pages = {570--4},
pmid = {16040698},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
title = {{Global consequences of land use.}},
volume = {309},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Healey2017,
author = {Healey, Sean P and Cohen, Warren B and Yang, Zhiqiang and {Kenneth Brewer}, C. and Brooks, Evan B and Gorelick, Noel and Hernandez, Alexander J and Huang, Chengquan and {Joseph Hughes}, M. and Kennedy, Robert E and Loveland, Thomas R and Moisen, Gretchen G and Schroeder, Todd A and Stehman, Stephen V and Vogelmann, James E and Woodcock, Curtis E and Yang, Limin and Zhu, Zhe},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.029},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Healey et al. - 2017 - Mapping forest change using stacked generalization An ensemble approach.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Change detection,Ensemble,Landsat,Multiple classifier systems,multiple classi fi er,systems},
month = {sep},
number = {March},
pages = {0--1},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Mapping forest change using stacked generalization: An ensemble approach}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.029 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425717304418},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Harrison2016,
abstract = {Keywords: biodiversity;Breeding Bird Survey;climate change;farmland bird community;species proportions;turnover;woodland bird community Summary A key aspect of monitoring regional changes in biodiversity is to quantify the temporal turnover in communities. Turnover has traditionally been assessed by observing range change. However, we are often interested in trends in biodiversity of large regions as opposed to single sites, as with Convention for Biological Diversity targets. Extinctions and colonizations tend to be rare events at the regional level; changes in species proportions estimated from spatio-temporal models of species abundance are then more sensitive measures of community change. We investigated three measures for quantifying turnover based on species proportions, and estimated how each varies across Great Britain using data from the British Trust for Ornithology's Breeding Bird Survey. All three measures identify high turnover associated with loss of biodiversity in the south-east of England. This seems to be driven by changes in the farmland bird community, and by turnover in the scarcer species of the woodland bird community. The measures also show evidence of high turnover in the west of Scotland; these changes may be linked to climate change, although precision in our measures for this region is relatively poor due to low survey effort. Policy implications. Turnover in ecological communities may be quantified by modelling species abundance, and measuring how resulting species proportions change over time. When used alongside estimated temporal trends in biodiversity, these can identify areas and communities showing greatest evidence for change. How, and indeed even whether, society should respond to such changes depends on further investigation into the causes of the changes, and the extent to which these are seen as undesirable and avoidable. For those communities with adequate survey data, we recommend that these methods augment the suite of measures used for routine assessment of change, hence acting as a more sensitive trigger to set in motion exploration of causes and consideration of adaptive actions to be taken by land managers and policymakers},
author = {Harrison, Philip J. and Yuan, Yuan and Buckland, Stephen T. and Oedekoven, Cornelia S. and Elston, David A. and Brewer, Mark J. and Johnston, Alison and Pearce-Higgins, James W.},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.12539},
editor = {Willis, Steve},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harrison et al. - 2016 - Quantifying turnover in biodiversity of British breeding birds.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2664},
issn = {00218901},
journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Breeding Bird Survey,Climate change,Farmland bird community,Species proportions,Turnover,Woodland bird community},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {469--478},
title = {{Quantifying turnover in biodiversity of British breeding birds}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2664.12539},
volume = {53},
year = {2016}
}
@article{DeFries2005,
author = {DeFries, Ruth and Hansen, Andrew and Newton, Adrian C. and Hansen, Matthew C.},
doi = {10.1890/03-5258},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DeFries et al. - 2005 - INCREASING ISOLATION OF PROTECTED AREAS IN TROPICAL FORESTS OVER THE PAST TWENTY YEARS.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1051-0761},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
keywords = {biodiversity,deforestation,isolation,land use change,protected areas,remote,satellite data,sensing,tropical forest},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {19--26},
title = {{INCREASING ISOLATION OF PROTECTED AREAS IN TROPICAL FORESTS OVER THE PAST TWENTY YEARS}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/03-5258},
volume = {15},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Pickett1995,
author = {Pickett, S. T. A. and Cadenasso, M. L.},
doi = {10.1126/science.269.5222.331},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pickett, Cadenasso - 1995 - Landscape Ecology Spatial Heterogeneity in Ecological Systems.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {jul},
number = {5222},
pages = {331--334},
title = {{Landscape Ecology: Spatial Heterogeneity in Ecological Systems}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.269.5222.331},
volume = {269},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Chown2010,
abstract = {Body size is a key feature of organisms and varies continuously because of the effects of natural selection on the size-dependency of resource acquisition and mortality rates. This review provides a critical and synthetic overview of body size variation in insects from a predominantly macroecological (large-scale temporal and spatial) perspective. Because of the importance of understanding the proximate determinants of adult size, it commences with a brief summary of the physiological mechanisms underlying adult body size and its variation, based mostly on findings for the model species Drosophila melanogaster and Manduca sexta. Variation in nutrition and temperature have variable effects on critical weight, the interval to cessation of growth (or terminal growth period) and growth rates, so influencing final adult size. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic variation in size, compensatory growth, scaling at the intra- and interspecific levels, sexual size dimorphism, and body size optimisation are then reviewed in light of their influences on individual and species body size frequency distributions. Explicit attention is given to evolutionary trends, including gigantism, Cope's rule and the rates at which size change has taken place, and to temporal ecological trends such as variation in size with succession and size-selectivity during the invasion process. Large-scale spatial variation in size at the intraspecific, interspecific and assemblage levels is considered, with special attention being given to the mechanisms proposed to underlie clinal variation in adult body size. Finally, areas particularly in need of additional research are identified.},
author = {Chown, Steven L and Gaston, Kevin J},
doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00097.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Chown, Gaston{\_}2010{\_}Body size variation in insects a macroecological perspective.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1469-185X},
journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
keywords = {Animals,Biological Evolution,Ecosystem,Insects,Insects: anatomy {\&} histology,Insects: physiology,Review},
mendeley-tags = {Review},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {139--69},
pmid = {20015316},
title = {{Body size variation in insects: a macroecological perspective.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20015316},
volume = {85},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Schaaf2002,
abstract = {With the launch of NASA's Terra satellite and the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), operational Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and albedo products are now being made available to the scientific community. The MODIS BRDF/Albedo algorithm makes use of a semiempirical kernel-driven bidirectional reflectance model and multidate, multispectral data to provide global 1-km gridded and tiled products of the land surface every 16 days. These products include directional hemispherical albedo (black-sky albedo), bihemispherical albedo (white-sky albedo), Nadir BRDF-Adjusted surface Reflectances (NBAR), model parameters describing the BRDF, and extensive quality assurance information. The algorithm has been consistently producing albedo and NBAR for the public since July 2000. Initial evaluations indicate a stable BRDF/Albedo Product, where, for example, the spatial and temporal progression of phenological characteristics is easily detected in the NBAR and albedo results. These early beta and provisional products auger well for the routine production of stable MODIS-derived BRDF parameters, nadir reflectances, and albedos for use by the global observation and modeling communities. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {S0034-4257(02)00091-3},
author = {Schaaf, Crystal B. and Gao, Feng and Strahler, Alan H. and Lucht, Wolfgang and Li, Xiaowen and Tsang, Trevor and Strugnell, Nicholas C. and Zhang, Xiaoyang and Jin, Yufang and Muller, Jan-Peter and Lewis, Philip and Barnsley, Michael and Hobson, Paul and Disney, Mathias and Roberts, Gareth and Dunderdale, Michael and Doll, Christopher and D'Entremont, Robert P and Hu, Baoxin and Liang, Shunlin and Privette, Jeffrey L. and Roy, David},
doi = {10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00091-3},
eprint = {S0034-4257(02)00091-3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schaaf et al. - 2002 - First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
month = {nov},
number = {1-2},
pages = {135--148},
title = {{First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425702000913},
volume = {83},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Edwards2015,
author = {Edwards, David P. and Gilroy, James J. and Thomas, Gavin H. and Uribe, Claudia A. Medina and Haugaasen, Torbj{\o}rn},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.063},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Edwards et al. - 2015 - Land-Sparing Agriculture Best Protects Avian Phylogenetic Diversity.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09609822},
journal = {Current Biology},
month = {sep},
pages = {1--8},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Land-Sparing Agriculture Best Protects Avian Phylogenetic Diversity}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982215009318},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Brooks2006,
abstract = {The location of and threats to biodiversity are distributed unevenly, so prioritization is essential to minimize biodiversity loss. To address this need, biodiversity conservation organizations have proposed nine templates of global priorities over the past decade. Here, we review the concepts, methods, results, impacts, and challenges of these prioritizations of conservation practice within the theoretical irreplaceability/vulnerability framework of systematic conservation planning. Most of the templates prioritize highly irreplaceable regions; some are reactive (prioritizing high vulnerability), and others are proactive (prioritizing low vulnerability). We hope this synthesis improves understanding of these prioritization approaches and that it results in more efficient allocation of geographically flexible conservation funding. 10.1126/science.1127609},
author = {Brooks, T. M. and Mittermeier, R. A. and da Fonseca, G. A. B. and Gerlach, J. and Hoffmann, M. and Lamoreux, J. F. and Mittermeier, C. G. and Pilgrim, J. D. and Rodrigues, A. S. L.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1127609},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Brooks - 2006 - Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {jul},
number = {5783},
pages = {58--61},
title = {{Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1127609 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1127609 http://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1127609},
volume = {313},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Krewenka2011,
abstract = {Habitat loss and fragmentation in agricultural landscapes lead to severe declines of abundance and richness of many insect species in the remaining isolated semi-natural habitats. We analysed possible barrier effects of large hedges and corridor effects of narrow grass strips that were hypothesized to affect foraging and dispersal of hymenopterans. We selected calcareous grasslands in the vicinity of G{\"{o}}ttingen (Germany), which harbour high Hymenoptera diversity and are starting points for foraging and dispersal in the landscape. We installed pan traps to sample bees (i) on the grasslands; (ii) on grassland edges behind adjacent hedges (potential barriers) and without hedges; (iii) on grass strips in 100 m distance to the grassland, which were connected or unconnected to the grassland; and (iv) unconnected (isolated) grass strips in 300 m and 750 m distance to test for corridor and isolation effects on abundance and species richness of foraging wild bees. Additionally we provided trap nests for bees, wasps and their parasitoids on the grasslands and the strips. Species abundance and richness declined with increasing isolation from grasslands for foraging solitary bees, trap-nesting bees, wasps and parasitoids, but not for foraging bumblebees. Hedges did not confine movement of foraging bees. We found no mitigating effects of (100 m) corridor strips on any of the observed groups. We conclude that conservation of semi-natural habitats as sources of bee and wasp diversity is important and that grass strips act as sinks rather than corridors when high quality patches are nearby.},
author = {Krewenka, Kristin M. KM and Holzschuh, Andrea and Tscharntke, Teja and Dormann, Carsten F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.014},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2011/Krewenka et al.{\_}2011{\_}Landscape elements as potential barriers and corridors for bees, wasps and parasitoids.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Agricultural landscape,Bees,Corridors,Grass strips,Hedges,Wasps},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {1816--1825},
title = {{Landscape elements as potential barriers and corridors for bees, wasps and parasitoids}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000632071100108X http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632071100108X},
volume = {144},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Cohen2017,
abstract = {Disturbance is a critical ecological process in forested systems, and disturbance maps are important for understanding forest dynamics. Landsat data are a key remote sensing dataset for monitoring forest disturbance and there recently has been major growth in the development of disturbance mapping algorithms. Many of these algorithms take advantage of the high temporal data volume to mine subtle signals in Landsat time series, but as those signals become subtler, they are more likely to be mixed with noise in Landsat data. This study examines the similarity among seven different algorithms in their ability to map the full range of magnitudes of forest disturbance over six different Landsat scenes distributed across the conterminous US. The maps agreed very well in terms of the amount of undisturbed forest over time; however, for the {\~{}}30{\%} of forest mapped as disturbed in a given year by at least one algorithm, there was little agreement about which pixels were affected. Algorithms that targeted higher-magnitude disturbances exhibited higher omission errors but lower commission errors than those targeting a broader range of disturbance magnitudes. These results suggest that a user of any given forest disturbance map should understand the map's strengths and weaknesses (in terms of omission and commission error rates), with respect to the disturbance targets of interest.},
author = {Cohen, Warren and Healey, Sean and Yang, Zhiqiang and Stehman, Stephen and Brewer, C. and Brooks, Evan and Gorelick, Noel and Huang, Chengqaun and Hughes, M. and Kennedy, Robert and Loveland, Thomas and Moisen, Gretchen and Schroeder, Todd and Vogelmann, James and Woodcock, Curtis and Yang, Limin and Zhu, Zhe},
doi = {10.3390/f8040098},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cohen et al. - 2017 - How Similar Are Forest Disturbance Maps Derived from Different Landsat Time Series Algorithms.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1999-4907},
journal = {Forests},
keywords = {Change detection,Forest disturbance,Landsat time series,Remote sensing},
month = {mar},
number = {4},
pages = {98},
title = {{How Similar Are Forest Disturbance Maps Derived from Different Landsat Time Series Algorithms?}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/8/4/98},
volume = {8},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Coppin2004,
abstract = {Techniques based on multi-temporal, multi-spectral, satellite-sensor-acquired data have demonstrated potential as a means to detect, identify, map and monitor ecosystem changes, irrespective of their causal agents. This review paper, which summarizes the methods and the results of digital change detection in the optical/infrared domain, has as its primary objective a synthesis of the state of the art today. It approaches digital change detection from three angles. First, the different perspectives from which the variability in ecosystems and the change events have been dealt with are summarized. Change detection between pairs of images (bi-temporal) as well as between time profiles of imagery derived indicators (temporal trajectories), and, where relevant, the appropriate choices for digital imagery acquisition timing and change interval length definition, are discussed. Second, pre-processing routines either to establish a more direct linkage between remote sensing data and biophysical phenomena, or to temporally mosaic imagery and extract time profiles, are reviewed. Third, the actual change detection methods themselves are categorized in an analytical framework and critically evaluated. Ultimately, the paper highlights how some of these methodological aspects are being fine-tuned as this review is being written, and we summarize the new developments that can be expected in the near future. The review highlights the high complementarity between different change detection methods.},
author = {Coppin, P. and Jonckheere, I. and Nackaerts, K. and Muys, B. and Lambin, E.},
doi = {10.1080/0143116031000101675},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/Review ArticleDigital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring a review.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0143-1161},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
month = {may},
number = {9},
pages = {1565--1596},
pmid = {19605353},
title = {{Digital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring: a review}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0143116031000101675},
volume = {25},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Zha2003,
abstract = {Remotely sensed imagery is ideally used to monitor and detect land cover changes that occur frequently in urban and peri-urban areas as a consequence of incessant urbanization. It is a lengthy process to convert satellite imagery into land cover map using the existing methods of manual interpretation and parametric image classification digitally. In this paper we propose a new method based on Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) to automate the process of mapping built-up areas. It takes advantage of the unique spectral response of built-up areas and other land covers. Built-up areas are effectively mapped through arithmetic manipulation of re-coded Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and NDBI images derived from TM imagery. The devised NDBI method was applied to map urban land in the city of Nanjing, eastern China. The mapped results at an accuracy of 92.6{\%} indicate that it can be used to fulfil the mapping objective reliably. Compared with the maximum likelihood classification method, the proposed NDBI is able to serve as a worthwhile alternative for quickly and objectively mapping built-up areas.},
author = {Zha, Y. and Gao, J. and Ni, S.},
doi = {10.1080/01431160304987},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zha, Gao, Ni - 2003 - Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0143-1161},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
month = {jan},
number = {3},
pages = {583--594},
pmid = {7938},
title = {{Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431160304987},
volume = {24},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Tutz1996,
abstract = {Ordinal regression models as special cases of multivariate generalized linear models are extended to include random effects in the linear predictor. Random effects may describe the shifting of thresholds in the cumulative model or they may describe subject-specific weights of covariates. In a more general case instead of the shifting of thresholds all thresholds may depend on the subject. The latter case makes alternative link functions advisable. Three alternative estimation procedures based on the EM algorithm are considered. Two of them make use of numerical integration techniques (Gauss-Hermite or Monte Carlo), and the third one is a EM type algorithm based on posterior modes. The estimation procedures are illustrated and compared by two examples.},
author = {Tutz, Gerhard and Hennevogl, Wolfgang},
doi = {10.1016/0167-9473(96)00004-7},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tutz, Hennevogl - 1996 - Random effects in ordinal regression models.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01679473},
journal = {Computational Statistics {\&} Data Analysis},
keywords = {em algorithm,em-type algorithm,generalized linear,mixed model,models,ordinal regression,random effects,repeated measurements},
month = {sep},
number = {5},
pages = {537--557},
title = {{Random effects in ordinal regression models}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com.www.lib.ncsu.edu:2048/science/article/B6V8V-3VV42HM-6/2/e8d34965bbf364afd20c444efc04fb5c{\%}5Cnhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.www.lib.ncsu.edu:2048/science?{\_}ob=ArticleURL{\&}{\_}udi=B6V8V-3VV42HM-6{\&}{\_}user=290868{\&}{\_}coverDate=09/30/1996{\&}{\_}rdoc=},
volume = {22},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Graham2018,
abstract = {It has been widely acknowledged that many phenomena in ecology and evolution depend on spatial and temporal scale. However, important patterns and processes may also vary across the phylogeny and depend on phylogenetic scale. Though phylogenetic scale has been implicitly considered in some previous studies, it has never been formally conceptualized and its potential remains unexplored. Here, we develop the concept of phylogenetic scale and, building on previous work in the field, we introduce phylogenetic grain and extent, phylogenetic scaling and the domains of phylogenetic scale. We use examples from published research to demonstrate how phylogenetic scale has been considered so far and illustrate how it can inform, and possibly resolve, some of the longstanding controversies in evolutionary biology, community ecology, biogeography and macroecology. To promote the concept of phylogenetic scale empirically, we propose methodological guidelines for its treatment.},
author = {Graham, Catherine H. and Machac, Antonin and Storch, David and Machac, Antonin},
doi = {10.1111/geb.12686},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2018/Graham, Storch, Machac{\_}2018{\_}Phylogenetic scale in ecology and evolution.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1466822X},
issn = {14668238},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {biodiversity,biogeography,community structure,conservation,diversification,domains of scale,extent,genetics,genomics,grain,microbiology,spatial scale},
number = {2},
pages = {175--187},
title = {{Phylogenetic scale in ecology and evolution}},
url = {http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/063560},
volume = {27},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Brockerhoff2008,
abstract = {Abstract: Losses of natural and semi-natural forests, mostly to agriculture, are a significant concern for biodiversity. Against this trend, the area of intensively managed plantation forests increases, and there is much debate about the implications for biodiversity. We provide a comprehensive review of the function of plantation forests as habitat compared with other land cover, examine the effects on biodiversity at the landscape scale, and synthesise context-specific effects of plantation forestry on biodiversity. Natural forests are usually more suitable as habitat for a wider range of native forest species than plantation forests but there is abundant evidence that plantation forests can provide valuable habitat, even for some threatened and endangered species, and may contribute to the conservation of biodiversity by various mechanisms. In landscapes where forest is the natural land cover, plantation forests may represent a low-contrast matrix, and afforestation of agricultural land can assist conservation by providing complementary forest habitat, buffering edge effects, and increasing connectivity. In contrast, conversion of natural forests and afforestation of natural non-forest land is detrimental. However, regional deforestation pressure for agricultural development may render plantation forestry a {\^{a}}lesser evil{\^{a}} if forest managers protect indigenous vegetation remnants. We provide numerous context-specific examples and case studies to assist impact assessments of plantation forestry, and we offer a range of management recommendations. This paper also serves as an introduction and background paper to this special issue on the effects of plantation forests on biodiversity},
author = {Brockerhoff, Eckehard G. and Jactel, Herv{\'{e}} and Parrotta, John a. and Quine, Christopher P. and Sayer, Jeffrey},
doi = {10.1007/s10531-008-9380-x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2008/Brockerhoff et al.{\_}2008{\_}Plantation forests and biodiversity oxymoron or opportunity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0960-3115},
issn = {0960-3115},
journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
keywords = {Afforestation,Biodiversity conservation,Certification,Context,Deforestation,Forest management,Impact assessment,Land use change,Landscape ecology},
month = {apr},
number = {5},
pages = {925--951},
title = {{Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity?}},
volume = {17},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Albrecht2010,
abstract = {Forelands of retreating glaciers offer an ideal model system to study community assembly processes during primary succession. As plants colonize the area that is freed from ice they should be accompanied by their pollinators to successfully reproduce and spread. However, little is known about the assembly of plant–pollinator networks. We therefore used quantitative network analysis to study the structure of plant–pollinator interactions at seven sites representing a chronosequence from 8 to 130 years since deglaciation on the foreland of the Morteratsch glacier (southeastern Switzerland). At these sites, individual visits of plant flowers by insects were recorded throughout the flowering season. Species richness of insect-pollinated plants and plant-pollinating insects, together with measures of interaction diversity and evenness, increased along the chronosequence at least for the first 80 years after deglaciation. Bees were the most frequent flower visitors at the two youngest sites, whereas flies dominated in mature communities. Pollinator generalization (the number of visited plant species weighted by interaction strength), but not plant generalization, strongly increased during the primary succession. This was reflected in a pronounced decline in network level specialization (measured as Bl{\"{u}}thgen's H2') and interaction strength asymmetry during the first 60 years along the chronosequence, while nestedness increased along the chronosequence. Thus, our findings contradict niche-theoretical predictions of increasing specialization of pollination systems during succession, but are in agreement with expectations from optimal foraging theory, predicting an increase in pollinator generalization with higher plant diversity but similar flower abundance, and an increase in diet breadth at higher pollinator densities during primary succession.},
author = {Albrecht, Matthias and Riesen, Matthias and Schmid, Bernhard},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18376.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Albrecht, Riesen, Schmid{\_}2010{\_}Plant-pollinator network assembly along the chronosequence of a glacier foreland.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
keywords = {Age-Corellation,Decline Network Specialization,Glacier foreland,Network,Paper,Plant-Pollinator,Pollinator Composition,Switzerland},
mendeley-tags = {Age-Corellation,Paper},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {1610--1624},
title = {{Plant-pollinator network assembly along the chronosequence of a glacier foreland}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18376.x},
volume = {119},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Cousins2008,
author = {Cousins, Sara A.O. and Eriksson, Ove},
doi = {10.3170/2008-7-18480},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cousins, Eriksson - 2008 - After the hotspots are gone Land use history and grassland plant species diversity in a strongly transformed.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14022001},
journal = {Applied Vegetation Science},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {365--374},
title = {{After the hotspots are gone: Land use history and grassland plant species diversity in a strongly transformed agricultural landscape}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.3170/2008-7-18480},
volume = {11},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Tottrup2012,
abstract = {Despite an overall advancement in breeding area arrival, one of the latest spring arrivals in northwest Europe since 1950 of several trans-Saharan songbird species occurred in 2011. Year-round tracking of red-backed shrikes and thrush nightingales revealed that the cause of the delay was a prolongation of stopover time during spring migration at the Horn of Africa, which was affected by extreme drought. Our results help to establish a direct link at the individual level between changes in local climate during migration and arrival and breeding condition in Europe thousands of kilometers further north.},
author = {Tottrup, A. P. and Klaassen, R. H. G. and Kristensen, M. W. and Strandberg, R. and Vardanis, Y. and Lindstrom, A. and Rahbek, C. and Alerstam, T. and Thorup, Kasper},
doi = {10.1126/science.1227548},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tottrup et al. - 2012 - Drought in Africa Caused Delayed Arrival of European Songbirds.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1307.full.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1424410436},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {Africa,Animal Migration,Animals,Breeding,Climate Change,Droughts,Europe,Northern,Seasons,Songbirds,Songbirds: physiology},
month = {dec},
number = {6112},
pages = {1307--1307},
pmid = {23224549},
title = {{Drought in Africa Caused Delayed Arrival of European Songbirds}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23224549{\%}5Cnhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1227548 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1227548},
volume = {338},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hodgson2015,
author = {Hodgson, Dave and McDonald, Jenni L. and Hosken, David J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.010},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hodgson, McDonald, Hosken - 2015 - What do you mean, ‘resilient'.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {jul},
pages = {1--4},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{What do you mean, ‘resilient'?}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534715001627},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Flather1996,
abstract = {As one samples specics from a particular assemblage, thc initial rapid ratc with which new spccics arc encountcrcd dcclincs with increasing eKort. Nine candidatc modcls to charactcrize species-accumulation functions were compared in a search for a model that consistently fit geographically cxtcnsive avian survcy data from a widc range of environmental‘ conditions. Landscape-specific spccies-accumulation curvcs gcncratcd undcr a bootstrap resampling plan were best described by a gcncralizcd Weibull cumulativc distribution function. Traditional specics-arca models of cumulativc spccics richness as a function of accumulated samplc had notable functional bias. The Weibull modcl fittcd species-accumulation data equally wcll among sixty-six lbrcstcd landscapes in thc castern U.S. Landscapes with a grcatcr proportion of agricultural and urban land uscs accumulatcd species more slowly than landscapes which rctaincd a grcater proportion of natural habitats (r=-0.64, P{\textless}0.001). This finding supports predictions of ecosystcm bchavior undcr human land use. There was no evidence that intcrmcdiatc lcvels of land usc intcnsity maximizcd accumulation rates. Thc approach reviewed in this paper makes no assumptions about the form of thc spccies-abundance distribution or how spccics are distributed in spacc, thereby offering somc advantages over more conventional diversity indiccs for charactcrizing how spccics assemblagcs rcspond to anthropogcnic disturbance. Invcstigation of how spccics accumulation varies over time in a given geographic arca is needed to evaluate fully the potential application of this approach to regional land usc planning. Key words. Species-accumulation functions, spccics-arca relations, birds, land use impacts, rcgional scale.},
author = {Flather, C.H. H},
doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2699.1996.00980.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2003/Flather{\_}2003{\_}Fitting species–accumulation functions and assessing regional land use impacts on avian diversity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0305-0270},
issn = {03050270},
journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
keywords = {Paper,Study,aves,biodiversidad,birds,curva de acumulacion,diversidad,land use impacts,regional scale,riqueza,species-accumulation,species-accumulation functions,species-area relations},
mendeley-tags = {Paper,Study},
number = {2},
pages = {155--168},
pmid = {812},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Fitting species–accumulation functions and assessing regional land use impacts on avian diversity}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbdv.200490137/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1996.00980.x/abstract http://www.jstor.org/stable/2845808},
volume = {23},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Ellis2010,
abstract = {Aim To map and characterize anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere before and during the Industrial Revolution, from 1700 to 2000. Location Global. Methods Anthropogenic biomes (anthromes) were mapped for 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2000 using a rule-based anthrome classification model applied to gridded global data for human population density and land use. Anthropogenic transformation of terrestrial biomes was then characterized by map comparisons at century intervals. Results In 1700, nearly half of the terrestrial biosphere was wild, without human settlements or substantial land use. Most of the remainder was in a seminatural state (45{\%}) having only minor use for agriculture and settlements. By 2000, the opposite was true, with the majority of the biosphere in agricultural and settled anthromes, less than 20{\%} seminatural and only a quarter left wild. Anthropogenic transformation of the biosphere during the Industrial Revolution resulted about equally from land-use expansion into wildlands and intensification of land use within seminatural anthromes. Transformation pathways differed strongly between biomes and regions, with some remaining mostly wild but with the majority almost completely transformed into rangelands, croplands and villages. In the process of transforming almost 39{\%} of earth's total ice-free surface into agricultural land and settlements, an additional 37{\%} of global land without such use has become embedded within agricultural and settled anthromes. Main conclusions Between 1700 and 2000, the terrestrial biosphere made the critical transition from mostly wild to mostly anthropogenic, passing the 50{\%} mark early in the 20th century. At present, and ever more in the future, the form and process of terrestrial ecosystems in most biomes will be predominantly anthropogenic, the product of land use and other direct human interactions with ecosystems. Ecological research and conservation efforts in all but a few biomes would benefit from a primary focus on the novel remnant, recovering and managed ecosystems embedded within used lands.},
author = {Ellis, Erle C. and {Klein Goldewijk}, Kees and Siebert, Stefan and Lightman, Deborah and Ramankutty, Navin},
doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00540.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ellis et al. - 2010 - Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1466-822X},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Agriculture,Anthromes,Anthropogenic landscapes,Conservation,Environmental history,Global change,Land-use change,Novel ecosystems,Terrestrial ecosystems},
month = {jun},
number = {5},
pages = {589--606},
title = {{Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00540.x},
volume = {19},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Dornelas2010,
abstract = {Understanding how disturbance affects biodiversity is important for both fundamental and applied reasons. Here, I investigate how disturbances with different ecological effects change biodiversity metrics. I define three main types of disturbance effects: D disturbance (shifts in mortality rate), B disturbance (shifts in reproductive rates) and K disturbance (shifts in carrying capacity). Numerous composite disturbances can be defined including any combination of these three types of ecological effects. The consequences of D, B and K disturbances, as well as of composite DBK disturbances are examined by comparing metrics before and after a disturbance, in disturbed and undisturbed communities. I use simulations of neutral communities and examine species richness, total abundance and species abundance distributions. The patterns of change in biodiversity metrics are consistent among different types of disturbance. K disturbance has the most severe effects, followed by D disturbance, and B disturbance has nearly negligible effects. Consequences of composite DBK disturbances are more complex than any of the three types of disturbance, with unimodal relationships along a disturbance gradient arising when D, B and K are negatively correlated. Importantly, regardless of disturbance type, community isolation enhances the negative consequences and hinders the positive effects of disturbances.},
author = {Dornelas, Maria},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2010.0295},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dornelas - 2010 - Disturbance and change in biodiversity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0962-8436},
issn = {0962-8436},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {diversity,neutral model,perturbation,species richness,stress,threat},
month = {nov},
number = {1558},
pages = {3719--3727},
pmid = {20980319},
title = {{Disturbance and change in biodiversity}},
url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rstb.2010.0295},
volume = {365},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{Rgeos,
author = {Bivand, Roger and Rundel, Colin},
title = {{rgeos: Interface to Geometry Engine - Open Source (GEOS)}},
url = {https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rgeos/index.html},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Muller2016,
author = {M{\"{u}}ller, Hannes and Griffiths, Patrick and Hostert, Patrick},
doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2015.07.005},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/M{\"{u}}ller, Griffiths, Hostert - 2016 - Long-term deforestation dynamics in the Brazilian Amazon—Uncovering historic frontier development al.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03032434},
journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
month = {feb},
pages = {61--69},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Long-term deforestation dynamics in the Brazilian Amazon—Uncovering historic frontier development along the Cuiab{\'{a}}–Santar{\'{e}}m highway}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030324341530009X},
volume = {44},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Manning2009,
abstract = {Rapid, human-induced global change presents major challenges to researchers, policy-makers and land managers. Addressing these challenges requires an appreciation of the dynamics of ecological systems. Here, we propose ‘landscape fluidity' as a perspective and research agenda from which to consider landscapes in the process of changing rapidly through both time and space. We define landscape fluidity as the ebb and flow of different organisms within a landscape through time. A range of existing ideas, themes and practical approaches are relevant to landscape fluidity, and we use a case study of scattered tree landscapes in south-eastern Australia to illustrate the benefits of a landscape fluidity perspective. We suggest that a focus on landscape fluidity can bring a renewed emphasis on change in landscapes and so help unify a range of currently separate research themes in biogeography, ecology, palaeoecology and conservation biology.},
author = {Manning, Adrian D. and Fischer, Joern and Felton, Adam and Newell, Barry and Steffen, Will and Lindenmayer, David B.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02026.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Manning et al. - 2009 - Landscape fluidity - a unifying perspective for understanding and adapting to global change.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0305-0270},
issn = {03050270},
journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
keywords = {Adaptive capacity,Australia,Biological legacies,Climate change,Conservation science,Landscape dynamics,Novel ecosystems,Palaeoecology,Range shifts,Resilience},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {193--199},
title = {{Landscape fluidity - a unifying perspective for understanding and adapting to global change}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02026.x},
volume = {36},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Jackson2010,
abstract = {Here, we outline a conceptual framework for biodiversity dynamics following environmental change. The model incorporates lags in extinction and immigration, which lead to extinction debt and immigration credit, respectively. Collectively, these concepts enable a balanced consideration of changes in biodiversity following climate change, habitat fragmentation and other forcing events. They also reveal transient phenomena, such as biodiversity surpluses and deficits, which have important ramifications for biological conservation and the preservation of ecosystem services. Predicting such transient dynamics poses a serious conservation challenge in a time of rapid environmental change. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Jackson, Stephen T. and Sax, Dov F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2009.10.001},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1-s2.0-S0169534709003164-main.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {153--160},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Balancing biodiversity in a changing environment: extinction debt, immigration credit and species turnover}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.10.001 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534709003164},
volume = {25},
year = {2010}
}
@phdthesis{Sabellek2010,
author = {Sabellek, Katharina},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Sabellek{\_}2010{\_}Impact of Land Use and Climate Change on Plant Diversity Patterns in Africa.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {Africa,Land use,Plants},
mendeley-tags = {Africa,Land use,Plants},
school = {Bonn},
title = {{Impact of Land Use and Climate Change on Plant Diversity Patterns in Africa}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Dormann2011,
author = {Dormann, C.F.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2011/Dormann{\_}2011{\_}How to be a specialist Quantifying specialisation in pollination networks.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Network Biology},
keywords = {Method-Paper,R-Library,bipartite,bipartite network,degree,discrimination,index,node specialisation index,pollination service,pollinator,strength,two-mode network},
mendeley-tags = {Method-Paper,R-Library,bipartite},
number = {1},
pages = {1--20},
publisher = {International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences},
title = {{How to be a specialist? Quantifying specialisation in pollination networks}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}btnG=Search{\&}q=intitle:How+to+be+a+specialist?+Quantifying+specialisation+in+pollination+networks{\#}0},
volume = {1},
year = {2011}
}
@misc{GADM2012,
abstract = {GADM is a spatial database of the location of the world's administrative areas (or adminstrative boundaries) for use in GIS and similar software. Administrative areas in this database are countries and lower level subdivisions such as provinces, departments, bibhag, bundeslander, daerah istimewa, fivondronana, krong, landsv{\ae}ðun, op{\v{s}}tina, sous-pr{\'{e}}fectures, counties, and thana. GADM describes where these administrative areas are (the "spatial features"), and for each area it provides some attributes, such as the name and variant names.},
author = {GADM},
booktitle = {Global Administrative Areas},
isbn = {Version 2},
title = {{GADM database of Global Administrative Areas- Version 2.8}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hampe2005,
abstract = {Modern climate change is producing poleward range shifts of numerous taxa, communities and ecosystems worldwide. The response of species to changing environments is likely to be determined largely by population responses at range margins. In contrast to the expanding edge, the low-latitude limit (rear edge) of species ranges remains understudied, and the critical importance of rear edge populations as long-term stores of species' genetic diversity and foci of speciation has been little acknowledged. We review recent findings from the fossil record, phylogeography and ecology to illustrate that rear edge populations are often disproportionately important for the survival and evolution of biota. Their ecological features, dynamics and conservation requirements differ from those of populations in other parts of the range, and some commonly recommended conservation practices might therefore be of little use or even counterproductive for rear edge populations.},
author = {Hampe, Arndt and Petit, R{\'{e}}my J.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00739.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hampe, Petit - 2005 - Conserving biodiversity under climate change The rear edge matters.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1461-023X},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {Demography,Diversification,Extinction,Genetic differentiation,Glacial refugia,Global change,Leading edge,Peripheral populations,Quaternary,Trailing edge},
number = {5},
pages = {461--467},
pmid = {21352449},
title = {{Conserving biodiversity under climate change: The rear edge matters}},
volume = {8},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Renetzeder2010,
author = {Renetzeder, Christa and Schindler, Stefan and Peterseil, Johannes and Prinz, Martin a. and M{\"{u}}cher, Sander and Wrbka, Thomas},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.03.017},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Renetzeder et al. - 2010 - Can we measure ecological sustainability Landscape pattern as an indicator for naturalness and land use inten.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1470160X},
journal = {Ecological Indicators},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {39--48},
title = {{Can we measure ecological sustainability? Landscape pattern as an indicator for naturalness and land use intensity at regional, national and European level}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X09001423},
volume = {10},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Levin2007,
abstract = {Can species richness and rarity be predicted from space? If satellite-derived vegetation indices can provide us with accurate predictions of richness and rarity in an area, they can serve as an excellent tool in diversity and conservation research, especially in inaccessible areas. The increasing availability of high-resolution satellite images is enabling us to study this question more carefully. We sampled plant richness and rarity in 34 quadrats ( 1000 m(2)) along an elevation gradient between 300 and 2200 m focusing on Mount Hermon as a case study. We then used 10 Landsat, Aster, and QuickBird satellite images ranging over several seasons, going up to very high resolutions, to examine the relationship between plant richness, rarity, and vegetation indices calculated from the images. We used the normalized difference vegetation index ( NDVI), one of the most commonly used vegetation indexes, which is strongly correlated to primary production both globally and locally ( in more seasonal and in drier and/or colder environments that have wide ranges of NDVI values). All images showed a positive significant correlation between NDVI and both plant species richness and percentage tree cover ( with R-2 as high as 0.87 between NDVI and total plant richness and 0.89 for annual plant richness). The high resolution images enabled us to examine spatial heterogeneity in NDVI within our quadrats. Plant richness was significantly correlated with the standard deviation of NDVI values ( but not with their coefficient of variation) within quadrats and between images. Contrary to richness, relative range size rarity was negatively correlated with NDVI in all images, this result being significant in most cases. Thus, given that they are validated by fieldwork, satellite-derived indices can shed light on richness and even rarity patterns in mountains, many of which are important biodiversity centres.},
author = {Levin, Noam and Shmida, Avi and Levanoni, Oded and Tamari, Hagit and Kark, Salit},
doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00372.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Levin et al. - 2007 - Predicting mountain plant richness and rarity from space using satellite-derived vegetation indices.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1366-9516},
issn = {13669516},
journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
keywords = {Mountains,NDVI,Plants,Rarity,Remote sensing,Richness},
month = {may},
number = {6},
pages = {692--703},
title = {{Predicting mountain plant richness and rarity from space using satellite-derived vegetation indices}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00372.x},
volume = {13},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Lausch2016,
abstract = {Impacts of human civilization on ecosystems threaten global biodiversity. In a changing environment, traditional in situ approaches to biodiversity monitoring have made significant steps forward to quantify and evaluate BD at many scales but still, these methods are limited to comparatively small areas. Earth observation (EO) techniques may provide a solution to overcome this shortcoming by measuring entities of interest at different spatial and temporal scales. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the role of EO to detect, describe, explain, predict and assess biodiversity. Here, we focus on three main aspects related to biodiversity - taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and structural diversity, which integrate different levels of organization - molecular, genetic, individual, species, populations, communities, biomes, ecosystems and landscapes. In particular, we discuss the recording of taxonomic elements of biodiversity through the identification of animal and plant species. We highlight the importance of the spectral traits (ST) and spectral trait variations (STV) concept for EO-based biodiversity research. Furthermore we provide examples of spectral traits/spectral trait variations used in EO applications for quantifying taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and structural diversity. We discuss the use of EO to monitor biodiversity and habitat quality using different remote-sensing techniques. Finally, we suggest specifically important steps for a better integration of EO in biodiversity research. EO methods represent an affordable, repeatable and comparable method for measuring, describing, explaining and modelling taxonomic, functional and structural diversity. Upcoming sensor developments will provide opportunities to quantify spectral traits, currently not detectable with EO, and will surely help to describe biodiversity in more detail. Therefore, new concepts are needed to tightly integrate EO sensor networks with the identification of biodiversity. This will mean taking completely new directions in the future to link complex, large data, different approaches and models.},
author = {Lausch, A. and Bannehr, L. and Beckmann, M. and Boehm, C. and Feilhauer, H. and Hacker, J.M. and Heurich, M. and Jung, A. and Klenke, R. and Neumann, C. and Pause, M. and Rocchini, D. and Schaepman, M.E. and Schmidtlein, S. and Schulz, K. and Selsam, P. and Settele, J. and Skidmore, A.K. and Cord, A.F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.022},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lausch et al. - 2016 - Linking Earth Observation and taxonomic, structural and functional biodiversity Local to ecosystem perspectives.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1470160X},
journal = {Ecological Indicators},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Remote sensing,Spectral biodiversity,Spectral trait variations,Spectral traits},
month = {nov},
pages = {317--339},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Linking Earth Observation and taxonomic, structural and functional biodiversity: Local to ecosystem perspectives}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.022 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X16303223},
volume = {70},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Gotelli2017,
abstract = {Many theoretical models of community dynamics predict that species richness (S) and total abundance (N) are regulated in their temporal fluctuations. We present novel evidence for widespread regulation of biodiversity. For 59 plant and animal assemblages from around the globe monitored annually for a decade or more, the majority exhibited regulated fluctuations compared to the null hypothesis of an unconstrained random walk. However, there was little evidence for statistical artifacts, regulation driven by correlations with average annual temperature, or local-scale compensatory fluctuations in S or N. In the absence of major environmental perturbations, such as urbanization or cropland transformation, species richness and abundance may be buffered and exhibit some resilience in their temporal trajectories. These results suggest that regulatory processes are occurring despite unprecedented environmental change, highlighting the need for community-level assessment of biodiversity trends, as well as extensions of existing theory to address open source pools and shifting environmental conditions.},
author = {Gotelli, Nicholas J. and Shimadzu, Hideyasu and Dornelas, Maria and McGill, Brian and Moyes, Faye and Magurran, Anne E.},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1700315},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gotelli et al. - 2017 - Community-level regulation of temporal trends in biodiversity.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2375-2548},
journal = {Science Advances},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {e1700315},
title = {{Community-level regulation of temporal trends in biodiversity}},
url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1700315},
volume = {3},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Fitzpatrick2013,
abstract = {A common approach for analysing geographical variation in biodiversity involves using linear models to determine the rate at which species similarity declines with geographical or environmental distance and comparing this rate among regions, taxa or communities. Implicit in this approach are weakly justified assumptions that the rate of species turnover remains constant along gradients and that this rate can therefore serve as a means to compare ecological systems. We use generalized dissimilarity modelling, a novel method that accommodates variation in rates of species turnover along gradients and between different gradients, to compare environmental and spatial controls on the floras of two regions with contrasting evolutionary and climatic histories: southwest Australia and northern Europe. We find stronger signals of climate history in the northern European flora and demonstrate that variation in rates of species turnover is persistent across regions, taxa and different gradients. Such variation may represent an important but often overlooked component of biodiversity that complicates comparisons of distance-decay relationships and underscores the importance of using methods that accommodate the curvilinear relationships expected when modelling beta diversity. Determining how rates of species turnover vary along and between gradients is relevant to understanding the sensitivity of ecological systems to environmental change.},
author = {Fitzpatrick, Matthew C and Sanders, Nathan J and Normand, Signe and Svenning, J.-C. and Ferrier, Simon and Gove, Aaron D and Dunn, Robert R},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.1201},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fitzpatrick et al. - 2013 - Environmental and historical imprints on beta diversity insights from variation in rates of species turnover.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1471-2954 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0962-8452 (Linking)},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
month = {aug},
number = {1768},
pages = {20131201--20131201},
pmid = {23926147},
title = {{Environmental and historical imprints on beta diversity: insights from variation in rates of species turnover along gradients}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23926147 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.1201},
volume = {280},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Halley2014,
abstract = {Aim To estimate the magnitude of delayed relative to imminent extinctions and to assess the importance of delay as a potential source of error in forecasts of extinction. To formulate a simple mechanistic model using neutral theory that links extinction debt with the species-area relationship (SAR).|Location World-wide.|Methods We use the neutral model of biodiversity to describe how a community subject to immigration responds to an insular contraction. We investigate the species richness at different times after the habitat-loss event. We compare this with observed species losses in avian studies.|Results From the model, two SARs emerge: one with a shallow slope for a habitat area before habitat loss and another with a steeper slope for the habitats that remain after habitat loss. From these curves, the first predicts imminent extinctions while the second predicts total extinctions. The difference between the two curves gives the delayed extinctions, namely the number of species that are lost during the relaxation of the community to equilibrium. The model agrees well with observed relaxation rates in communities of birds. The lag times for relaxation are often very large, with half-lives in the order of thousands of years for remnant areas above 5000 km(2). In many parameter combinations explored, the majority of extinctions are delayed extinctions, and may exceed imminent extinctions by orders of magnitude.|Main conclusions Extinction debt is a major reason for failures to observe extinctions following habitat loss. Our modelling approach supports the view that a significant proportion of extinctions are delayed, so that the predictions of SARs (as currently applied) are liable to underestimate total extinctions. SARs are a valuable instrument for conservation but must be used with caution.},
author = {Halley, John M. and Sgardeli, Vasiliki and Triantis, Kostas a.},
doi = {10.1111/geb.12098},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Halley, Sgardeli, Triantis - 2014 - Extinction debt and the species-area relationship a neutral perspective.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1466-8238},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Community dynamics,Extinction,Faunal relaxation,Habitat loss,Neutral theory of biodiversity,Species-area relations},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {113--123},
title = {{Extinction debt and the species-area relationship: a neutral perspective}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/geb.12098},
volume = {23},
year = {2014}
}
@article{HENDRICKX2007,
abstract = {Agricultural intensification poses a serious threat to biodiversity as a consequence of increased land-use intensity, decreased landscape heterogeneity and reduced habitat diversity. Although there is interest in the preservation of total species richness of an agricultural landscape ($\gamma$ diversity), the effects of intensification have been assessed primarily by species richness at a local scale ($\alpha$ diversity). This ignores species richness between local communities ($\beta$ diversity), which is an important component of total species richness. 2 In this study, measures of land-use intensity, landscape structure and habitat diversity were related to $\gamma$, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ diversity of wild bees (Apoidea), carabid beetles (Carabidae), hoverflies (Syrphidae), true bugs (Heteroptera) and spiders (Araneae) within 16 local communities in 24 temperate European agricultural landscapes. 3 The total landscape species richness of all groups was most strongly affected by increased proximity of semi-natural habitat patches. Bees also decreased in landscapes with a high intensity of farmland management, demonstrating additive effects of both factors. 4 Separating total species diversity into components, the decrease in total species richness could be attributed primarily to a decrease in species diversity between local communities. Species richness of the local communities of all investigated groups decreased with increasing land-use intensity and, in the case of spiders, decreasing proximity of the semi-natural habitat patches. 5 The effect of increased habitat diversity appeared to be of secondary importance to total species richness but caused a shift in the relative contribution of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ diversity towards the latter. 6 Synthesis and applications. This study demonstrates that the effects of agricultural change operate at a landscape level and that examining species diversity at a local level fails to explain the total species richness of an agricultural landscape. The coincidence of patterns of $\beta$ diversity with those of $\gamma$ diversity emphasizes that such information is of crucial importance for the implementation and evaluation of restoration programmes aiming to restore sustainable countryside diversity. As local extinction processes in highly fragmented landscapes shape biodiversity, priority should be given to the conservation of diverse agricultural landscape remnants in Europe.},
author = {HENDRICKX, FREDERIK and MAELFAIT, JEAN-PIERRE and {VAN WINGERDEN}, WALTER and SCHWEIGER, OLIVER and SPEELMANS, MARJAN and AVIRON, ST{\'{E}}PHANIE and AUGENSTEIN, ISABEL and BILLETER, REGULA and BAILEY, DEBRA and BUKACEK, ROMAN and BUREL, FRAN{\c{C}}OISE and DIEK{\"{O}}TTER, TIM and DIRKSEN, JOLANDA and HERZOG, FELIX and LIIRA, JAAN and ROUBALOVA, MARTINA and VANDOMME, VIKI and BUGTER, ROB},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01270.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2007/HENDRICKX et al.{\_}2007{\_}How landscape structure, land-use intensity and habitat diversity affect components of total arthropod diversity i.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00218901},
journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Paper,Study,agroecosystems,conservation,diversity partitioning,fragmentation,insects,landscape ecology},
mendeley-tags = {Paper,Study},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {340--351},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{How landscape structure, land-use intensity and habitat diversity affect components of total arthropod diversity in agricultural landscapes}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01270.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01270.x/full},
volume = {44},
year = {2007}
}
@techreport{FAO2011,
address = {Rome},
author = {FAO},
institution = {FAO},
pages = {84},
title = {{Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands. Mapping Land Use Systems at Global and Regional Scales for Land Degradation Assessment Analysis}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Neuschulz2012,
author = {NEUSCHULZ, EIKE L. and GRASS, INGO and BOTZAT, ALEXANDRA and JOHNSON, STEVEN D. and FARWIG, NINA},
doi = {10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02417.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2013/NEUSCHULZ et al.{\_}2013{\_}Persistence of flower visitors and pollination services of a generalist tree in modified forests.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14429985},
journal = {Austral Ecology},
keywords = {Land use,Plant-Animal Network,Pollination,animal interaction,celtis africana,ecosystem functioning,land-use change,plant},
mendeley-tags = {Land use,Plant-Animal Network,Pollination},
month = {jun},
number = {4},
pages = {374--382},
title = {{Persistence of flower visitors and pollination services of a generalist tree in modified forests}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02417.x},
volume = {38},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Verbesselt2010,
abstract = {A challenge in phenology studies is understanding what constitutes phenological change amidst background variation. The majority of phenological studies have focused on extracting critical points in the seasonal growth cycle, without exploiting the full temporal detail. The high degree of phenological variability between years demonstrates the necessity of distinguishing long-term phenological change from temporal variability. Here, we demonstrate the phenological change detection ability of a method for detecting change within time series. BFAST, Breaks For Additive Seasonal and Trend, integrates the decomposition of time series into trend, seasonal, and remainder components with methods for detecting change. We tested BFAST by simulating 16-day NDVI time series with varying amounts of seasonal amplitude and noise, containing abrupt disturbances (e.g. fires) and long-term phenological changes. This revealed that the method is able to detect the timing of phenological changes within time series while accounting for abrupt disturbances and noise. Results showed that the phenological change detection is influenced by the signal-to-noise ratio of the time series. Between different land cover types the seasonal amplitude varies and determines the signal-to-noise ratio, and as such the capacity to differentiate phenological changes from noise. Application of the method on 16-day NDVI MODIS images from 2000 until 2009 for a forested study area in south eastern Australia confirmed these results. It was shown that a minimum seasonal amplitude of 0.1 NDVI is required to detect phenological change within cleaned MODIS NDVI time series using the quality flags. BFAST identifies phenological change independent of phenological metrics by exploiting the full time series. The method is globally applicable since it analyzes each pixel individually without the setting of thresholds to detect change within a time series. Long-term phenological changes can be detected within NDVI time series of a large range of land cover types (e.g. grassland, woodlands and deciduous forests) having a seasonal amplitude larger than the noise level. The method can be applied to any time series data and it is not necessarily limited to NDVI. ?? 2010.},
author = {Verbesselt, Jan and Hyndman, Rob and Zeileis, Achim and Culvenor, Darius},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2010.08.003},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Verbesselt et al. - 2010 - Phenological change detection while accounting for abrupt and gradual trends in satellite image time series.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Change detection,Climate change,Disturbance,Phenology,Remote sensing,Time series},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {2970--2980},
pmid = {11818969},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Phenological change detection while accounting for abrupt and gradual trends in satellite image time series}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.08.003 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425710002336},
volume = {114},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Weiner2011,
abstract = {The relationship between resource availability and biodiversity of consumers has gained particular attention with the increasing loss of biodiversity. We evaluated resource availability on meadows of low intensity (low/unfertilised, mown once or twice per year) and meadows of high-intensity land use (high fertilisation, mown twice or thrice) before and after the first mowing in relation to network specialisation, species richness and composition of flower visitors. We studied 40 meadows, simultaneously sampling one meadow of low intensity and one meadow of high-intensity land use. Each survey yielded a separate interaction network, comprising all flower visitors found during 6 h in an area of 1000 m2. In total we recorded 105 plant species and 586 flower visitor species. Species composition of plants and flower visitors differed considerably between the two management regimes, with species overlaps of 43{\%} in plants and 42{\%} in flower visitors. Complementary specialisation of flower visitors differed between taxa: dipterans were significantly less specialised than beetles and butterflies, and bees had the highest degree of specialisation. Earlier in the season (before mowing), meadows of low-intensity land use were significantly richer in flowering plant, bee and butterfly species. They also showed more plant–flower visitor interactions, greater flowering areas and higher individual numbers of butterflies than meadows of high-intensity land use. However, later in the season (after mowing) management types differed only in plant species richness, being higher on meadows of low-intensity land use. We conclude that variations in plant species composition resulting from differences in grassland management may alter plant–flower visitor interactions. Moreover, an impoverishment of flower diversity has stronger effects on the diversity and species composition of specialised flower visitor groups than on little or unspecialised flower visitors.},
author = {Weiner, Christiane Natalie and Werner, Michael and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Bl{\"{u}}thgen, Nico},
doi = {10.1016/j.baae.2010.08.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2011/Weiner et al.{\_}2011{\_}Land use intensity in grasslands Changes in biodiversity, species composition and specialisation in flower visitor ne.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14391791},
journal = {Basic and Applied Ecology},
keywords = {Diversity,Fertilisation,Insects,Meadows,Mowing,Paper,Plant–pollinator networks,Pollinators},
mendeley-tags = {Meadows,Paper},
month = {jun},
number = {4},
pages = {292--299},
publisher = {Elsevier GmbH},
title = {{Land use intensity in grasslands: Changes in biodiversity, species composition and specialisation in flower visitor networks}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1439179110001052},
volume = {12},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Bivand2015,
author = {Bivand, Roger and Piras, Gianfranco},
doi = {10.18637/jss.v063.i18},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bivand, Piras - 2015 - Comparing Implementations of Estimation Methods for Spatial Econometrics.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1548-7660},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
keywords = {esti-,generalized method of moments,mation,matlab,maximum likelihood,python,r,spatial econometrics,stata},
number = {18},
pages = {1--36},
title = {{Comparing Implementations of Estimation Methods for Spatial Econometrics}},
url = {http://www.jstatsoft.org/v63/i18/},
volume = {63},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Dakos2012,
abstract = {Many dynamical systems, including lakes, organisms, ocean circulation patterns, or financial markets, are now thought to have tipping points where critical transitions to a contrasting state can happen. Because critical transitions can occur unexpectedly and are difficult to manage, there is a need for methods that can be used to identify when a critical transition is approaching. Recent theory shows that we can identify the proximity of a system to a critical transition using a variety of so-called ‘early warning signals', and successful empirical examples suggest a potential for practical applicability. However, while the range of proposed methods for predicting critical transitions is rapidly expanding, opinions on their practical use differ widely, and there is no comparative study that tests the limitations of the different methods to identify approaching critical transitions using time-series data. Here, we summarize a range of currently available early warning methods and apply them to two simulated time series that are typical of systems undergoing a critical transition. In addition to a methodological guide, our work offers a practical toolbox that may be used in a wide range of fields to help detect early warning signals of critical transitions in time series data.},
author = {Dakos, Vasilis and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Brock, William a. and Ellison, Aaron M. and Guttal, Vishwesha and Ives, Anthony R. and K{\'{e}}fi, Sonia and Livina, Valerie and Seekell, David a. and van Nes, Egbert H. and Scheffer, Marten},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0041010},
editor = {Yener, B{\"{u}}lent},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dakos et al. - 2012 - Methods for Detecting Early Warnings of Critical Transitions in Time Series Illustrated Using Simulated Ecological.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1932-6203},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {e41010},
pmid = {22815897},
title = {{Methods for Detecting Early Warnings of Critical Transitions in Time Series Illustrated Using Simulated Ecological Data}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041010},
volume = {7},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Payne2017,
abstract = {Reactive nitrogen (N) deposition from intensive agricultural and industrial activity has been identified as the third greatest threat to global terrestrial biodiversity, after land-use and climate change. While the impacts of N deposition are widely acknowledged, their magnitude is poorly quantified. We combine N deposition models, empirical response functions, and vegetation mapping to simulate the effects of N deposition on plant species richness from 1900 to 2030, using the island of Great Britain as a case study. We find that current species richness values – when averaged across five widespread habitat types – are approximately one-third less than without N deposition. Our results suggest that currently expected reductions in emissions will achieve no more than modest increases in species richness by 2030, and that emissions cuts based on habitat-specific “critical loads” may be an inefficient approach to managing N deposition for the protection of plant biodiversity. The effects of N deposition on biodiversity are severe and are unlikely to be quickly reversed.