text:
based on conditions and properties shared by members of a group), (2) a representational or ideational sense (based on the application of categories by oneself or others), and (3) a relational and interactional sense (based on interaction processes between actors and their environments). The interactional approach aligns with current empirical and methodological progress in social network analysis. Moreover, it has been argued that, within the network society, the notion of collective identity (Melucci, 1995) in the political field must be rethought as technologically mediated and interactive. We suggest that collective identities should be understood as recurrent, cohesive, and coordinated communicative interaction networks. We here propose that such identities can be depicted by: (a) mapping and filtering a relevant interaction network, (b) delimiting a set of communities, (c) determining the strongly connected component(s) of such communities (the core identity) in a directed graph, and (d) defining the identity audiences and sources within the community. This technical graph\textendash theoretical characterization is explained and justified in detail through a toy model and applied to three empirical case studies to characterize political identities in party politics (communicative interaction in Twitter during the Spanish elections in 2018), contentious politics in confrontation (in Twitter during the Catalan strike for independence 2019), and the multitudinous identity of Spanish Indignados/15 social movement (in Facebook fan pages 2011). We discuss how the proposed definition is useful to delimit and characterize the internal structure of collective identities in technopolitical interaction networks, and we suggest how the proposed methods can be improved and complemented with other approaches. We finally draw the theoretical implications of understanding collective identities as emerging from interaction networks in a progressive platformization of social interactions in a digital world.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/M9R39LCS/Barandiaran et al. - 2020 - Defining Collective Identities in Technopolitical .pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  language = {en}
}

@article{barbetNobodySeemsBe2020,
  title = {Nobody Seems to Be Fully Representing Me: {{Differential}} Inter-Attitudinal Cohesion Systems and Their Effects on Satisfaction with the Political System},
  shorttitle = {Nobody Seems to Be Fully Representing Me},
  author = {Barbet, Berta},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  volume = {64},
  pages = {102116},
  issn = {0261-3794},
  doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102116},
  abstract = {A shared inter-attitudinal structure of political preferences is a key precondition for political parties' abilities to represent citizens' views and, consequently, for the system's capacity to fulfil its purpose satisfactorily. Nonetheless, the structure of attitudes' cohesion is not usually included in studies exploring the elements that affect citizens' satisfaction with the functioning of the system. This paper aims to explore this gap. It distinguishes between two ways in which voters' structure of attitudes might be different from that of elites: insufficient thinking around issues, and the use of different schemes of thinking around political objects. Results from the European Election Study show that the two logics co-exist in European Union societies. They also demonstrate that the latter is associated with voters' lower levels of satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, even after controlling for political engagement, distance to closest party and need to engage in trade-offs.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/55VUGPRJ/S0261379419301441.html},
  journal = {Electoral Studies},
  language = {en}
}

@article{barceloEffectVarianceDistrict2018,
  title = {The Effect of Variance in District Magnitude on Party System Inflation},
  author = {Barcel{\'o}, Joan and Muraoka, Taishi},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  volume = {54},
  pages = {44--55},
  issn = {02613794},
  doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2018.04.016},
  journal = {Electoral Studies},
  language = {en}
}

@article{barkerCompetingVisionsParental2006,
  title = {Competing Visions of Parental Roles and Ideological Constraint},
  author = {Barker, David C. and Tinnick, James D.},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {100},
  pages = {249--263},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  number = {2}
}

@article{baronReligionCognitiveStyle,
  title = {Religion, Cognitive Style, and Rational Thinking},
  author = {Baron, Jonathan},
  pages = {12},
  abstract = {Recent research has reported strong correlations among trait measures of religious belief, social conservatism (as a political ideology), deontological reasoning about morality, and (negatively) measures of rational cognitive style. I suggest many modern societies are divided between two cultural groups who think differently and have different beliefs, with one group being influenced by the Enlightenment and the other still accepting older beliefs and ways of thinking, often based on religious traditions. A plausible alternative account of many results is that individual differences in cognitive style affect the course of individual development, and actively open-minded thinking may lead to abandonment of religion. Here I review some of the recent research on these correlations.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Baron/Baron_Religion, cognitive style, and rational thinking.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{barreralemarchandPolarizingCrowdsConsensus2020,
  title = {Polarizing Crowds: {{Consensus}} and Bipolarization in a Persuasive Arguments Model},
  shorttitle = {Polarizing Crowds},
  author = {Barrera Lemarchand, Federico and Semeshenko, Viktoriya and Navajas, Joaqu{\'i}n and Balenzuela, Pablo},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  volume = {30},
  pages = {063141},
  publisher = {{American Institute of Physics}},
  issn = {1054-1500},
  doi = {10.1063/5.0004504},
  abstract = {Understanding the opinion formation dynamics in social systems is of vast relevance in diverse aspects of society. In particular, it is relevant for political deliberation and other group decision-making processes. Although previous research has reported different approaches to model social dynamics, most of them focused on interaction mechanisms where individuals modify their opinions in line with the opinions of others, without invoking a latent mechanism of argumentation. In this paper, we present a model where changes of opinion are due to explicit exchanges of arguments, and we analyze the emerging collective states in terms of simple dynamic rules. We find that, when interactions are equiprobable and symmetrical, the model only shows consensus solutions. However, when either homophily, confirmation bias, or both are included, we observe the emergence and dominance of bipolarization, which appears due to the fact that individuals are not able to accept the contrary information from their opponents during exchanges of arguments. In all cases, the predominance of each stable state depends on the relation between the number of agents and the number of available arguments in the discussion. Overall, this paper describes the dynamics and shows the conditions wherein deliberative agents are expected to construct polarized societies.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Barrera Lemarchand et al/Barrera Lemarchand et al_2020_Polarizing crowds.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/9PIERHJK/5.html},
  journal = {Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science},
  number = {6}
}

@article{barsLearningPiecewiseConstant,
  title = {Learning the Piece-Wise Constant Graph Structure of a Varying {{Ising}} Model},
  author = {Bars, Batiste Le and Humbert, Pierre and Kalogeratos, Argyris and Vayatis, Nicolas},
  pages = {9},
  abstract = {This work focuses on the estimation of multiple change-points in a time-varying Ising model that evolves piece-wise constantly. The aim is to identify both the moments at which significant changes occur in the Ising model, as well as the underlying graph structures. For this purpose, we propose to estimate the neighborhood of each node by maximizing a penalized version of its conditional log-likelihood. The objective of the penalization is twofold: it imposes sparsity in the learned graphs and, thanks to a fused-type penalty, it also enforces them to evolve piece-wise constantly. Using few assumptions, we provide two change-points consistency theorems. Those are the first in the context of unknown number of change-points detection in time-varying Ising model. Finally, experimental results on several synthetic datasets and a real-world dataset demonstrate the performance of our method.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/YDH4CMES/Bars et al. - Learning the piece-wise constant graph structure o.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{bartelsPartisanshipVotingBehavior2000,
  title = {Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952-1996},
  author = {Bartels, Larry M.},
  year = {2000},
  month = jan,
  volume = {44},
  pages = {35},
  issn = {00925853},
  doi = {10.2307/2669291},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  number = {1}
}

@article{bartelsRunningTallyPartisan2002,
  title = {Beyond the Running Tally: {{Partisan}} Bias in Political Perceptions},
  shorttitle = {Beyond the Running Tally},
  author = {Bartels, Larry M.},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {117--150},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  journal = {Political behavior},
  number = {2}
}

@article{barthelemySpatialNetworks2011,
  title = {Spatial Networks},
  author = {Barth{\'e}lemy, Marc},
  year = {2011},
  month = feb,
  volume = {499},
  pages = {1--101},
  issn = {03701573},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physrep.2010.11.002},
  journal = {Physics Reports},
  language = {en},
  number = {1-3}
}

@article{baruaWhatAreDevelopers2012,
  title = {What Are Developers Talking about? {{An}} Analysis of Topics and Trends in {{Stack Overflow}}},
  shorttitle = {What Are Developers Talking About?},
  author = {Barua, Anton and Thomas, S. W. and Hassan, A.},
  year = {2012},
  doi = {10.1007/s10664-012-9231-y},
  abstract = {Programming question and answer (Q\&A) websites, such as Stack Overflow, leverage the knowledge and expertise of users to provide answers to technical questions. Over time, these websites turn into repositories of software engineering knowledge. Such knowledge repositories can be invaluable for gaining insight into the use of specific technologies and the trends of developer discussions. Previous work has focused on analyzing the user activities or the social interactions in Q\&A websites. However, analyzing the actual textual content of these websites can help the software engineering community to better understand the thoughts and needs of developers. In the article, we present a methodology to analyze the textual content of Stack Overflow discussions. We use latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), a statistical topic modeling technique, to automatically discover the main topics present in developer discussions. We analyze these discovered topics, as well as their relationships and trends over time, to gain insights into the development community. Our analysis allows us to make a number of interesting observations, including: the topics of interest to developers range widely from jobs to version control systems to C\# syntax; questions in some topics lead to discussions in other topics; and the topics gaining the most popularity over time are web development (especially jQuery), mobile applications (especially Android), Git, and MySQL.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/PWZJF79C/Barua et al_2012_What are developers talking about.pdf},
  journal = {Empirical Software Engineering},
  keywords = {DONE}
}

@techreport{barzelDynamicStabilityComplex2020,
  title = {Dynamic Stability of Complex Networks},
  author = {Barzel, Baruch and Meena, Chandrakala and Hens, Chittaranjan and Haber, Simi and Stefano, Boccaletti},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  institution = {{In Review}},
  doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-58397/v1},
  abstract = {Abstract           Will a large complex system be stable? This question, first posed by May in 1972, captures a long standing challenge, fueled by a seeming contradiction between theory and practice. While empirical reality answers with an astounding yes, the mathematical analysis, based on linear stability theory, seems to suggest the contrary - hence, the diversity-stability paradox. Here we settle this dichotomy, by considering the interplay between topology and dynamics. We show that this interplay leads to the emergence of non-random patterns in the system's stability matrix, leading us to relinquish the prevailing random matrix-based paradigm. Instead, we offer a new matrix ensemble, which captures the dynamic stability of real-world systems. This ensemble helps us analytically identify the relevant control parameters that predict a system's stability, exposing three broad dynamic classes: In the asymptotically unstable class, diversity, indeed, leads to instability a la May's paradox. However, we also expose an asymptotically stable class, the class in which most real systems reside, in which diversity not only does not prohibit, but, in fact, enhances dynamic stability. Finally, in the sensitively stable class diversity plays no role, and hence stability is driven by the system's microscopic parameters. Together, our theory uncovers the naturally emerging rules of complex system stability, helping us reconcile the paradox that has eluded us for decades.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/G2DK3VV7/Barzel et al. - 2020 - Dynamic stability of complex networks.pdf},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{basovLocalMeaningStructures2019,
  title = {Local Meaning Structures: Mixed-Method Sociosemantic Network Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Local Meaning Structures},
  author = {Basov, Nikita and {de Nooy}, Wouter and Nenko, Aleksandra},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  issn = {2049-7121},
  doi = {10.1057/s41290-019-00084-9},
  abstract = {This paper proposes a mixed-method sociosemantic network analysis of meaning structures in practice. While social and institutional fields impose meaning structures, to achieve practical goals, field participants gather in groups and locally produce idiocultures of their own. Such idiocultures are difficult to capture structurally; hence, the impact of practice on meaning structures is underrated. To account for this impact, we automatically map local meaning structures\textemdash ensembles of semantic associations embedded in specific social groups\textemdash to identify the focal elements of these meaning structures, and qualitatively examine contextual usage of such elements. Employing a combination of ethnographic and social network data on two St. Petersburg art collectives, we find the seemingly field-imposed meaning structures to be instantiated differently, depending on group practice. Moreover, we find meaning structures to emerge from group practice and even change the field-wide meaning structures.},
  journal = {American Journal of Cultural Sociology},
  language = {en}
}

@article{battistonNetworksPairwiseInteractions2020,
  title = {Networks beyond Pairwise Interactions: Structure and Dynamics},
  shorttitle = {Networks beyond Pairwise Interactions},
  author = {Battiston, Federico and Cencetti, Giulia and Iacopini, Iacopo and Latora, Vito and Lucas, Maxime and Patania, Alice and Young, Jean-Gabriel and Petri, Giovanni},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  abstract = {The complexity of many biological, social and technological systems stems from the richness of the interactions among their units. Over the past decades, a great variety of complex systems has been successfully described as networks whose interacting pairs of nodes are connected by links. Yet, in face-to-face human communication, chemical reactions and ecological systems, interactions can occur in groups of three or more nodes and cannot be simply described just in terms of simple dyads. Until recently, little attention has been devoted to the higher-order architecture of real complex systems. However, a mounting body of evidence is showing that taking the higher-order structure of these systems into account can greatly enhance our modeling capacities and help us to understand and predict their emerging dynamical behaviors. Here, we present a complete overview of the emerging field of networks beyond pairwise interactions. We first discuss the methods to represent higher-order interactions and give a unified presentation of the different frameworks used to describe higher-order systems, highlighting the links between the existing concepts and representations. We review the measures designed to characterize the structure of these systems and the models proposed in the literature to generate synthetic structures, such as random and growing simplicial complexes, bipartite graphs and hypergraphs. We introduce and discuss the rapidly growing research on higher-order dynamical systems and on dynamical topology. We focus on novel emergent phenomena characterizing landmark dynamical processes, such as diffusion, spreading, synchronization and games, when extended beyond pairwise interactions. We elucidate the relations between higher-order topology and dynamical properties, and conclude with a summary of empirical applications, providing an outlook on current modeling and conceptual frontiers.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2006.01764},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Battiston et al/Battiston et al_2020_Networks beyond pairwise interactions.pdf},
  journal = {arXiv:2006.01764 [cond-mat, physics:nlin, physics:physics, q-bio]},
  primaryClass = {cond-mat, physics:nlin, physics:physics, q-bio}
}

@article{bauerKOALANewParadigm,
  ids = {bauerKOALANewParadigma},
  title = {{{KOALA}}: A New Paradigm for Election Coverage},
  author = {Bauer, Alexander and Bender, Andreas and Klima, Andr{\'e} and K{\"u}chenhoff, Helmut},
  doi = {10.1007/s10182-019-00352-6},
  abstract = {Common election poll reporting is often misleading as sample uncertainty is addressed insufficiently or not covered at all. Furthermore, main interest usually lies beyond the simple party shares. For a more comprehensive opinion poll and election coverage, we propose shifting the focus toward the reporting of survey-based probabilities for specific events of interest. We present such an approach for multi-party electoral systems, focusing on probabilities of coalition majorities. A Monte Carlo approach based on a Bayesian Multinomial-Dirichlet model is used for estimation. Probabilities are estimated, assuming the election was held today ("now-cast"), not accounting for potential shifts in the electorate until election day ("fore-cast"). Since our method is based on the posterior distribution of party shares, the approach can be used to answer a variety of questions related to the outcome of an election. We also introduce visualization techniques that facilitate a more adequate depiction of relevant quantities as well as respective uncertainties. The benefits of our approach are discussed by application to the German federal elections in 2013 and 2017. An open-source implementation of our methods is freely available in the {$<$}strong{$>$}R{$<$}/strong{$>$} package coalitions.},
  journal = {AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis}
}

@techreport{bauerPolarizationTrustEuropean2020,
  title = {The {{Polarization}} of {{Trust}} in the {{European Parliament}}, 2002 - 2016},
  author = {Bauer, Paul Cornelius and Morisi, Davide},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  institution = {{Open Science Framework}},
  doi = {10.31219/osf.io/6e4zs},
  abstract = {Scholars usually investigate how average levels of trust in EU institutions vary across countries and over time. Focusing on mean levels, however, ignores distributional properties that might be equally relevant for institutional legitimacy and, more broadly, democratic stability. In this study we investigate how the distribution of trust in the European Parliament (EP) has changed over time and across EU member states. Drawing on pooled cross-sectional data from the European Social Survey for the period 2002\textendash 2016, we find that confidence in the EP has not only declined over time but also polarized, since citizens have increasingly moved away from the ``average citizen''. This polarizing trend has occurred especially in peripheral EU member states that suffered the most from the economic crisis. Furthermore, we find that trust has polarized especially among the young versus the elderly and the employed versus the unemployed. These findings have implications for EU institutions, whose legitimacy might be eroded in a highly polarized society.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/EB4QL2MP/Bauer and Morisi - 2020 - The Polarization of Trust in the European Parliame.pdf},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{baumannEmergencePolarizedIdeological2020,
  title = {Emergence of Polarized Ideological Opinions in Multidimensional Topic Spaces},
  author = {Baumann, Fabian and {Lorenz-Spreen}, Philipp and Sokolov, Igor M. and Starnini, Michele},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  abstract = {Opinion polarization is on the rise, causing concerns for the openness of public debates. Additionally, extreme opinions on different topics often show significant correlations. The dynamics leading to these polarized ideological opinions pose a challenge: How can such correlations emerge, without assuming them a priori in the individual preferences or in a preexisting social structure? Here we propose a simple model that reproduces ideological opinion states found in survey data, even between rather unrelated, but sufficiently controversial, topics. Inspired by skew coordinate systems recently proposed in natural language processing models, we solidify these intuitions in a formalism where opinions evolve in a multidimensional space where topics form a non-orthogonal basis. The model features a phase transition between consensus, opinion polarization, and ideological states, which we analytically characterize as a function of the controversialness and overlap of the topics. Our findings shed light upon the mechanisms driving the emergence of ideology in the formation of opinions.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2007.00601},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/HF75CTZW/Baumann et al. - 2020 - Emergence of polarized ideological opinions in mul.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/7W9ZT2TA/2007.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2007.00601 [physics]},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@article{baumannLaplacianApproachStubborn2020,
  title = {A {{Laplacian}} Approach to Stubborn Agents and Their Role in Opinion Formation on Influence Networks},
  author = {Baumann, Fabian and Sokolov, Igor M. and Tyloo, Melvyn},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  volume = {557},
  pages = {124869},
  issn = {0378-4371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2020.124869},
  abstract = {Within the framework of a simple model for social influence, the Taylor model, we analytically investigate the role of stubborn agents in the overall opinion dynamics of networked systems. Similar to zealots, stubborn agents are biased towards a certain opinion and have a major effect on the collective opinion formation process. Based on a modified version of the network Laplacian we derive quantities capturing the transient dynamics of the system and the emerging stationary opinion states. In the case of a single stubborn agent we characterize his/her ability to coherently change a prevailing consensus. For two antagonistic stubborn agents we investigate the opinion heterogeneity of the emerging non-consensus states and describe their statistical properties using a graph metric similar to the resistance distance in electrical networks. Applying the model to synthetic and empirical networks we find while opinion diversity is decreased by small-worldness and favored in the case of a pronounced community structure the opposite is true for the coherence of opinions during a consensus change.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/RPBPRRXK/S0378437120304507.html},
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
  language = {en}
}

@article{baunachChangingSameSexMarriage2012,
  title = {Changing {{Same}}-{{Sex Marriage Attitudes}} in {{America}} from 1988 {{Through}} 2010},
  author = {Baunach, Dawn Michelle},
  year = {2012},
  month = jul,
  volume = {76},
  pages = {364--378},
  issn = {0033-362X},
  doi = {10.1093/poq/nfs022},
  abstract = {Abstract.  This research note examines changes in attitudes toward same-sex marriage over time. Using OLS regression and decomposition techniques to analyze Gen},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/5ASMUG83/1819280.html},
  journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@inproceedings{bazelliPersonalityTraitsStackOverflow2013,
  title = {On the {{Personality Traits}} of {{StackOverflow Users}}},
  booktitle = {2013 {{IEEE International Conference}} on {{Software Maintenance}}},
  author = {Bazelli, Blerina and Hindle, Abram and Stroulia, Eleni},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  pages = {460--463},
  publisher = {{IEEE}},
  address = {{Eindhoven, Netherlands}},
  doi = {10.1109/ICSM.2013.72},
  abstract = {In the last decade, developers have been increasingly sharing their questions with each other through Question and Answer (Q\&A) websites. As a result, these websites have become valuable knowledge repositories, covering a wealth of topics related to particular programming languages. This knowledge is even more useful as the developer community evaluates both questions and answers through a voting mechanism. As votes accumulate, the developer community recognizes reputed members and further trusts their answers. In this paper, we analyze the community's questions and answers to determine the developers' personality traits, using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). We explore the personality traits of StackOverflow authors by categorizing them into different categories based on their reputation. Through textual analysis of StackOverflow posts, we found that the top reputed authors are more extroverted compared to medium and low reputed users. Moreover, authors of up voted posts express significantly less negative emotions than authors of down voted posts.},
  isbn = {978-0-7695-4981-1},
  language = {en}
}

@article{bechlerChoosingPersuasionTargets2020,
  title = {Choosing Persuasion Targets: {{How}} Expectations of Qualitative Change Increase Advocacy Intentions},
  shorttitle = {Choosing Persuasion Targets},
  author = {Bechler, Christopher J. and Tormala, Zakary L. and Rucker, Derek D.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  volume = {86},
  pages = {103911},
  issn = {0022-1031},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103911},
  abstract = {Advocacy is a topic of increasing import in the attitudes literature, but researchers know little to nothing about how people (i.e., persuaders) choose their targets (i.e., the recipients of their advocacy). Four main experiments and six supplemental studies (total N = 3684) demonstrate that people prefer to direct persuasion efforts toward individuals who seem poised to shift their attitudes qualitatively (e.g., from negative to positive) rather than non-qualitatively (e.g., from positive to more positive). This preference stems from the fact that qualitative attitude change is perceived as greater in magnitude and expected to have a larger impact on behavior. These findings provide initial insight into the factors that drive persuasion target selection, and are inconsistent with what past persuasion research, conventional marketing wisdom, and our empirical evidence suggests persuaders should do. People tend to select persuasion targets they believe they can change qualitatively, but at least sometimes can have greater persuasive impact by targeting individuals who are already leaning in their direction.},
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
  language = {en}
}

@article{beckEstimatingGroupedData2020,
  title = {Estimating {{Grouped Data Models}} with a {{Binary}}-{{Dependent Variable}} and {{Fixed Effects}} via a {{Logit}} versus a {{Linear Probability Model}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Dropped Units}}},
  shorttitle = {Estimating {{Grouped Data Models}} with a {{Binary}}-{{Dependent Variable}} and {{Fixed Effects}} via a {{Logit}} versus a {{Linear Probability Model}}},
  author = {Beck, Nathaniel},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {1--7},
  issn = {1047-1987, 1476-4989},
  doi = {10.1017/pan.2019.20},
  abstract = {This letter deals with a very simple question: if we have grouped data with a binary-dependent variable and want to include fixed effects in the specification, can we meaningfully compare results using a linear model to those estimated with a logit? The reason to doubt such a comparison is that the linear specification appears to keep all observations, whereas the logit drops the groups where the dependent variable is either all zeros or all ones. This letter demonstrates that a linear specification averages the estimates for all the homogeneous outcome groups (which, by definition, all have slope coefficients of zero) with the slope coefficients for the groups with a mix of zeros and ones. The correct comparison of the linear to logit form is to only look at groups with some variation in the dependent variable. Researchers using the linear specification are urged to report results for all groups and for the subset of groups where the dependent variable varies. The interpretation of the difference between these two results depends upon assumptions which cannot be empirically assessed.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Beck/Beck_2020_Estimating Grouped Data Models with a Binary-Dependent Variable and Fixed2.pdf},
  journal = {Political Analysis},
  language = {en}
}

@techreport{beckNetworkApproachesRepresenting2019,
  title = {Network {{Approaches}} to {{Representing}} and {{Understanding Personality Dynamics}}},
  author = {Beck, Emorie D and Jackson, Joshua James},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/8qws9},
  abstract = {From its emergence at the beginning of the 20th century, personality scientists pursued two goals \textendash{} a nomothetic approach that investigated the structure of individual differences between people in a population and an idiographic approach that explored variation within a person relative to him or herself. Implicit in both was an assumption that dynamic processes underlay the emergence of personality within and across people, but available methods at the time precluded testing dynamic questions. In this chapter, we first track the how the history of both nomothetic idiographic perspectives impacted the study of personality structure and dynamics. Next, we review findings and unanswered contemporary questions regarding nomothetic and idiographic structure, processes, and dynamics. Finally, we conclude by arguing for an idiographic network approach to understanding personality based in dynamic systems theory. We provide both theoretical questions for future research, some of which were proposed by early personality theorists but progressed slowly due to a lack of adequate methods, as well as cutting-edge techniques for actually testing them. We believe these methods capable of moving the study of personality dynamics \textendash{} and personality more broadly -- forward.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{beckusSketchbasedCommunityDetection2020,
  title = {Sketch-Based Community Detection in Evolving Networks},
  author = {Beckus, Andre and Atia, George K.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  abstract = {We consider an approach for community detection in time-varying networks. At its core, this approach maintains a small sketch graph to capture the essential community structure found in each snapshot of the full network. We demonstrate how the sketch can be used to explicitly identify six key community events which typically occur during network evolution: growth, shrinkage, merging, splitting, birth and death. Based on these detection techniques, we formulate a community detection algorithm which can process a network concurrently exhibiting all processes. One advantage afforded by the sketch-based algorithm is the efficient handling of large networks. Whereas detecting events in the full graph may be computationally expensive, the small size of the sketch allows changes to be quickly assessed. A second advantage occurs in networks containing clusters of disproportionate size. The sketch is constructed such that there is equal representation of each cluster, thus reducing the possibility that the small clusters are lost in the estimate. We present a new standardized benchmark based on the stochastic block model which models the addition and deletion of nodes, as well as the birth and death of communities. When coupled with existing benchmarks, this new benchmark provides a comprehensive suite of tests encompassing all six community events. We provide a set of numerical results demonstrating the advantages of our approach both in run time and in the handling of small clusters.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2009.11835},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Beckus_Atia/Beckus_Atia_2020_Sketch-based community detection in evolving networks.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/BX2A9BLR/2009.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2009.11835 [physics, stat]},
  primaryClass = {physics, stat}
}

@article{beierleinTestingDiscriminantValidity,
  title = {Testing the Discriminant Validity of {{Schwartz}}' {{Portrait Value Questionnaire}} Items \textendash{} {{A}} Replication and Extension of {{Knoppen}} and {{Saris}} (2009)},
  author = {Beierlein, Constanze and Davidov, Eldad and Schmidt, Peter and Schwartz, Shalom H and Rammstedt, Beatrice},
  pages = {12},
  abstract = {Schwartz' theory of ten basic human values has stimulated numerous studies using a variety of instruments. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of the properties of some of the instruments have revealed that three pairs of values were excessively highly correlated. This led Davidov et al. (2008) to propose unifying values. To overcome the problems of loss of precision due to unifying distinct values, Knoppen and Saris (2009a,b) investigated the factorial structure of each of the ten values measured with the PVQ (Schwartz et al. 2001). They identified both cross-loadings and distinct sub-dimensions for the pairs of nondiscriminated values in two German student samples. They concluded that the original strategy for selecting items, maximizing theoretical coverage at the expense of item homogeneity, produced the poor discrimination between values. Our Study 1 examines whether the Knoppen and Saris findings generalize to a representative sample of the German population. With some notable exceptions, our findings replicate theirs. Study 2 uses 33 items from an experimental version of the PVQ to operationalize and test a full model of the 11 basic values. Following Knoppen and Saris, we included only one sub-dimension of each of the 11 values. This CFA model yielded a satisfactory fit with no estimation problems. We conclude that available indicators permit measuring the distinct values without the need to collapse factors. Limitations and implications of the research are discussed.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Beierlein et al/Beierlein et al_Testing the discriminant validity of Schwartz’ Portrait Value Questionnaire.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{beilinsonClusteringInformationAccess2020,
  title = {Clustering via {{Information Access}} in a {{Network}}},
  author = {Beilinson, Hannah C. and {Ulzii-Orshikh}, Nasanbayar and Bashardoust, Ashkan and Friedler, Sorelle A. and Scheidegger, Carlos E. and Venkatasubramanian, Suresh},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  abstract = {Information flow in a graph (say, a social network) has typically been modeled using standard influence propagation methods, with the goal of determining the most effective ways to spread information widely. More recently, researchers have begun to study the differing access to information of individuals within a network. This previous work suggests that information access is itself a potential aspect of privilege based on network position. While concerns about fairness usually focus on differences between demographic groups, characterizing network position may itself give rise to new groups for study. But how do we characterize position? Rather than using standard grouping methods for graph clustering, we design and explore a clustering that explicitly incorporates models of how information flows on a network. Our goal is to identify clusters of nodes that are similar based on their access to information across the network. We show, both formally and experimentally, that the resulting clustering method is a new approach to network clustering. Using a wide variety of datasets, our experiments show that the introduced clustering technique clusters individuals together who are similar based on an external information access measure.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2010.12611},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Beilinson et al/Beilinson et al_2020_Clustering via Information Access in a Network.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/DVCM73T3/2010.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2010.12611 [cs]},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
  primaryClass = {cs}
}

@article{bellAnotherFutileQuest2014,
  title = {Another `Futile Quest'? {{A}} Simulation Study of {{Yang}} and {{Land}}'s {{Hierarchical Age}}-{{Period}}-{{Cohort}} Model},
  author = {Bell, Andrew and Jones, Kelvyn},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {333--360},
  issn = {14359871, 23637064},
  abstract = {[BACKGROUND Whilst some argue that a solution to the age-period-cohort (APC) \&\#x2018;identification problem\&\#x2019; is impossible, numerous methodological solutions have been proposed, including Yang and Land\&\#x201f;s Hierarchical-APC (HAPC) model: a multilevel model considering periods and cohorts as cross-classified contexts in which individuals exist. OBJECTIVE To assess the assumptions made by the HAPC model, and the situations in which it does and does not work. METHODS Simulation study. Simulation scenarios assess the effect of (a) cohort trends in the Data Generating Process (DGP) (compared to only random variation), and (b) grouping cohorts (in both DGP and fitted model). RESULTS The model only works if either (a) we can assume that there are no linear (or non-linear) trends in periods or cohorts, (b) we control any cohort trend in the model\&\#x2019;s fixed part and assume there is no period trend, or (c) we group cohorts in such a way that they exactly match the groupings in the (unknown) DGP. Otherwise, the model can arbitrarily reapportion APC effects, radically impacting interpretation. CONCLUSIONS Since the purpose of APC analysis is often to ascertain the presence of period and/or cohort trends, and since we rarely have solid (if any) theory regarding cohort groupings, there are few circumstances in which this model achieves what Yang and Land claim it can. The results bring into question findings of several published studies using the HAPC model. However, the structure of the model remains a conceptual advance that is useful when we can assume the DGP has no period trends.]},
  journal = {Demographic Research}
}

@article{beloshitzkayaDemocracyRedistributionRole2019,
  title = {Democracy and {{Redistribution}}: {{The Role}} of {{Regime Revisited}}},
  shorttitle = {Democracy and {{Redistribution}}},
  author = {Beloshitzkaya, Vera},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  pages = {0888325419892063},
  issn = {0888-3254},
  doi = {10.1177/0888325419892063},
  abstract = {This study challenges a well-supported institutionalist theory in comparative politics that links democracy with higher levels of redistribution as well as studies that link authoritarianism with welfare state liberalization. Using pooled cross-sectional data for ten post-communist countries spanning twenty-five years and a dynamic model specification, the study shows that, contrary to what the institutionalist theory predicts, post-communist democratic governments redistribute about 0.6 percent less of their GDP on social protection in the short term and 1.3 percent less in the long term than post-communist autocrats do. However, consistent with the cultural legacies hypothesis, there are no differences when it comes to redistribution of life chances through health care and education. I attribute the finding that post-communist autocracies redistribute more via social spending and are reluctant to liberalize their welfare states to their need to maintain popular legitimacy in a region where citizens are accustomed to high levels of redistribution and popular protests often lead to regime turnover. I argue that post-communist democracies have other available mechanisms to maintain their legitimacy, namely, free and fair elections, while post-communist autocratic governments have to rely on redistribution to do so. The findings have implications for our understanding of authoritarian resilience in the region.},
  journal = {East European Politics and Societies},
  language = {en}
}

@article{benitezMixedMethodsApproach2019,
  title = {A {{Mixed Methods Approach}} to the {{Analysis}} of {{Bias}} in {{Cross}}-Cultural {{Studies}}},
  author = {Ben{\'i}tez, Isabel and {Van de Vijver}, Fons and Padilla, Jos{\'e} Luis},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  pages = {0049124119852390},
  issn = {0049-1241},
  doi = {10.1177/0049124119852390},
  abstract = {The aim of the study is to illustrate a comprehensive approach to item bias in cross-cultural research by integrating quantitative and qualitative data in a mixed methods design. We studied responses and response processes of Dutch and Spanish participants to quality of life items from five international studies. Item bias was evaluated by analyzing differential item functioning (DIF) with several statistical procedures. Statistical results were combined with qualitative evidence of response processes from cognitive interviewing (CI). These integrated results yielded a coherent picture of bias sources. Nonuniform DIF was linked to differences in the response processes, whereas uniform DIF was associated with differential meaning of the item contents. We conclude that the mixed methods approach holds important promise for understanding bias.},
  journal = {Sociological Methods \& Research},
  language = {en}
}

@article{benjaminThermodynamicSusceptibilityMeasure2020,
  title = {Thermodynamic Susceptibility as a Measure of Cooperative Behavior in Social Dilemmas},
  author = {Benjamin, Colin and Dash, Aditya},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  volume = {30},
  pages = {093117},
  publisher = {{American Institute of Physics}},
  issn = {1054-1500},
  doi = {10.1063/5.0015655},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Benjamin_Dash/Benjamin_Dash_2020_Thermodynamic susceptibility as a measure of cooperative behavior in social.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/7NJFELXJ/5.html},
  journal = {Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science},
  number = {9}
}

@article{bensonSimpleBipartiteGraph2020,
  title = {A Simple Bipartite Graph Projection Model for Clustering in Networks},
  author = {Benson, Austin R. and Liu, Paul and Yin, Hao},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  abstract = {Graph datasets are frequently constructed by a projection of a bipartite graph, where two nodes are connected in the projection if they share a common neighbor in the bipartite graph; for example, a coauthorship graph is a projection of an author-publication bipartite graph. Analyzing the structure of the projected graph is common, but we do not have a good understanding of the consequences of the projection on such analyses. Here, we propose and analyze a random graph model to study what properties we can expect from the projection step. Our model is based on a Chung-Lu random graph for constructing the bipartite representation, which enables us to rigorously analyze the projected graph. We show that common network properties such as sparsity, heavy-tailed degree distributions, local clustering at nodes, the inverse relationship between node degree, and global transitivity can be explained and analyzed through this simple model. We also develop a fast sampling algorithm for our model, which we show is provably optimal for certain input distributions. Numerical simulations where model parameters come from real-world datasets show that much of the clustering behavior in some datasets can just be explained by the projection step.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2007.00761},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/USNQVWBZ/Benson et al. - 2020 - A simple bipartite graph projection model for clus.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/YZMQ2MAF/2007.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2007.00761 [physics]},
  keywords = {TODO},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@article{bergstraPromiseTheoryAlignment,
  title = {Promise {{Theory}} and the {{Alignment}} of {{Context}}, {{Processes}}, {{Types}}, and {{Transforms}}},
  author = {Bergstra, Jan A and Burgess, Mark},
  pages = {15},
  abstract = {Promise Theory concerns the alignment and scaling of process outcomes in agent models. It serves as an umbrella for other theories of interaction from physics to socio-economics. We review some structural details of Promise Theory, applied to Promises of the First Kind, to assist in the comparison of Promise Theory with other forms of physical and mathematical modelling, including Category Theory and Dynamical Systems. We explain how Promise Theory is distinct from other kinds of model, but has a natural structural similarity to statistical mechanics and quantum theory, albeit with different goals; it respects and clarifies the bounds of locality, while incorporating non-local communication. We derive the relationship between promises and morphisms to the extent that this would be a useful comparison.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Bergstra_Burgess/Bergstra_Burgess_Promise Theory and the Alignment of Context, Processes, Types, and Transforms.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@article{bernhardSuicideCompetitionAuthoritarian2016,
  title = {Suicide by {{Competition}}? {{Authoritarian Institutional Adaptation}} and {{Regime Fragility}}},
  shorttitle = {Suicide by {{Competition}}?},
  author = {Bernhard, Michael and Edgell, Amanda B. and Lindberg, Staffan I.},
  year = {2016},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2851432},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Bernhard et al/Bernhard et al_2016_Suicide by Competition.pdf},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  language = {en}
}

@article{berryGoingAccuracyEstimating2020,
  title = {Going beyond Accuracy: Estimating Homophily in Social Networks Using Predictions},
  shorttitle = {Going beyond Accuracy},
  author = {Berry, George and Sirianni, Antonio and Weber, Ingmar and An, Jisun and Macy, Michael},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  abstract = {In online social networks, it is common to use predictions of node categories to estimate measures of homophily and other relational properties. However, online social network data often lacks basic demographic information about the nodes. Researchers must rely on predicted node attributes to estimate measures of homophily, but little is known about the validity of these measures. We show that estimating homophily in a network can be viewed as a dyadic prediction problem, and that homophily estimates are unbiased when dyad-level residuals sum to zero in the network. Node-level prediction models, such as the use of names to classify ethnicity or gender, do not generally have this property and can introduce large biases into homophily estimates. Bias occurs due to error autocorrelation along dyads. Importantly, node-level classification performance is not a reliable indicator of estimation accuracy for homophily. We compare estimation strategies that make predictions at the node and dyad levels, evaluating performance in different settings. We propose a novel ``ego-alter'' modeling approach that outperforms standard node and dyad classification strategies. While this paper focuses on homophily, results generalize to other relational measures which aggregate predictions along the dyads in a network. We conclude with suggestions for research designs to study homophily in online networks. Code for this paper is available at https://github.com/georgeberry/autocorr.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2001.11171},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Berry et al/Berry et al_2020_Going beyond accuracy.pdf},
  journal = {arXiv:2001.11171 [cs]},
  language = {en},
  primaryClass = {cs}
}

@article{bertinEmergenceSimpleCharacteristics2020,
  title = {Emergence of Simple Characteristics for Heterogeneous Complex Social Agents},
  author = {Bertin, Eric},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  abstract = {Models of interacting social agents often represent agents as very simple entities having a small number of degrees of freedom, as exemplified by binary opinion models for instance. Understanding how such simple individual characteristics may emerge from potentially much more complex agents is thus a natural question. It has been proposed recently in [E. Bertin, P. Jensen, C.R. Phys. 20, 329 (2019)] that some types of interactions among agents with many internal degrees of freedom may lead to a `simplification' of agents, which are then effectively described by a small number of internal degrees of freedom. Here, we generalize the model to account for agents intrinsic heterogeneity. We find two different simplification regimes, one dominated by interactions, where agents become simple and identical as in the homogeneous model, and one where agents remain strongly heterogeneous although effectively having simple characteristics.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2007.01095},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/NN2ND2UX/Bertin - 2020 - Emergence of simple characteristics for heterogene.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/GEA7ABJX/2007.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2007.01095 [physics]},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@article{bertoaVolatilityVolatilityAssessing2016,
  title = {The {{Volatility}} of {{Volatility}}: {{Assessing Uses}} of the {{Pedersen Index}} to {{Measure Changes}} in {{Party Vote Shares}}},
  author = {B{\'e}rtoa, F. C and {Deegan-Krause}, K. and Haughton, Tim},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {NICEP Working Paper Series 2016-10}
}

@article{besleyEconomicModelRepresentative1997,
  title = {An Economic Model of Representative Democracy},
  author = {Besley, T. and Coate, S.},
  year = {1997},
  month = feb,
  volume = {112},
  pages = {85--114},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1162/003355397555136},
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{besleyHealthDemocracy2006,
  ids = {besleyHealthDemocracy2006a,besleyHealthDemocracy2006b},
  title = {Health and {{Democracy}}},
  author = {Besley, Timothy and Kudamatsu, Masayuki},
  year = {2006},
  month = apr,
  volume = {96},
  pages = {313--318},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/000282806777212053},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Besley_Kudamatsu/Besley_Kudamatsu_2006_Health and Democracy.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Besley_Kudamatsu/Besley_Kudamatsu_2006_Health and Democracy2.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Besley_Kudamatsu/Besley_Kudamatsu_2006_Health and Democracy3.pdf},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{besleyPoliticalEconomyGovernment2002,
  title = {The {{Political Economy}} of {{Government Responsiveness}}: {{Theory}} and {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Political Economy}} of {{Government Responsiveness}}},
  author = {Besley, Timothy and Burgess, Robin},
  year = {2002},
  month = nov,
  volume = {117},
  pages = {1415--1451},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/003355302320935061},
  abstract = {Abstract.  The determinants of government responsiveness to its citizens are a key issue in political economy. Here, we develop a model based on the solution of},
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{bhadaniPoliticalAudienceDiversity2020,
  title = {Political Audience Diversity and News Reliability in Algorithmic Ranking},
  author = {Bhadani, Saumya and Yamaya, Shun and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo and Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca and Nyhan, Brendan},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  abstract = {Newsfeed algorithms frequently amplify misinformation and other low-quality content. How can social media platforms more effectively promote reliable information? Existing approaches are difficult to scale and vulnerable to manipulation. In this paper, we propose using the political diversity of a website's audience as a quality signal. Using news source reliability ratings from domain experts and web browsing data from a diverse sample of 6,890 U.S. citizens, we first show that websites with more extreme and less politically diverse audiences have lower journalistic standards. We then incorporate audience diversity into a standard collaborative filtering framework and show that our improved algorithm increases the trustworthiness of websites suggested to users -- especially those who most frequently consume misinformation -- while keeping recommendations relevant. These findings suggest that partisan audience diversity is a valuable signal of higher journalistic standards that should be incorporated into algorithmic ranking decisions.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2007.08078},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/JQ5QCFPQ/Bhadani et al. - 2020 - Political audience diversity and news reliability .pdf},
  journal = {arXiv:2007.08078 [cs]},
  language = {en},
  primaryClass = {cs}
}

@article{bhatPolarizationConsensusOpposing2020,
  title = {Polarization and Consensus by Opposing External Sources},
  author = {Bhat, Deepak and Redner, S.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  volume = {2020},
  pages = {013402},
  publisher = {{IOP Publishing}},
  issn = {1742-5468},
  doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/ab6094},
  abstract = {We introduce a socially motivated extension of the voter model in which individual voters are also influenced by two opposing, fixed-opinion news sources. These sources forestall consensus and instead drive the population to a politically polarized state, with roughly half the population in each opinion state. Two types of social networks for the voters are studied: (a) the complete graph of N voters and, more realistically, (b) the two-clique graph with N voters in each clique. For the complete graph, many dynamical properties are soluble within an annealed-link approximation, in which a link between a news source and a voter is replaced by an average link density. In this approximation, we show that the average consensus time grows as , with . Here p is the probability that a voter consults a news source rather than a neighboring voter, and is the link density between a news source and voters, so that can be greater than 1. The polarization time, namely, the time to reach a politically polarized state from an initial strong majority state, is typically much less than the consensus time. For voters on the two-clique graph, either reducing the density of interclique links or enhancing the influence of news sources again promotes polarization.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Bhat_Redner/Bhat_Redner_2020_Polarization and consensus by opposing external sources.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{bhattacharyaCausalInferenceInterference2019,
  title = {Causal {{Inference Under Interference And Network Uncertainty}}},
  author = {Bhattacharya, Rohit and Malinsky, Daniel and Shpitser, Ilya},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  abstract = {Classical causal and statistical inference methods typically assume the observed data consists of independent realizations. However, in many applications this assumption is inappropriate due to a network of dependences between units in the data. Methods for estimating causal effects have been developed in the setting where the structure of dependence between units is known exactly, but in practice there is often substantial uncertainty about the precise network structure. This is true, for example, in trial data drawn from vulnerable communities where social ties are difficult to query directly. In this paper we combine techniques from the structure learning and interference literatures in causal inference, proposing a general method for estimating causal effects under data dependence when the structure of this dependence is not known a priori. We demonstrate the utility of our method on synthetic datasets which exhibit network dependence.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {1907.00221},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  journal = {arXiv:1907.00221 [cs, stat]},
  primaryClass = {cs, stat}
}

@article{bianconiAssessingRelevanceNode2009,
  title = {Assessing the Relevance of Node Features for Network Structure},
  author = {Bianconi, Ginestra and Pin, Paolo and Marsili, Matteo},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  volume = {106},
  pages = {11433--11438},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0811511106},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  language = {en},
  number = {28}
}

@article{bieberPatternsCompetitiveAuthoritarianism2018,
  title = {Patterns of Competitive Authoritarianism in the {{Western Balkans}}},
  author = {Bieber, Florian},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  volume = {34},
  pages = {337--354},
  issn = {2159-9165, 2159-9173},
  doi = {10.1080/21599165.2018.1490272},
  abstract = {The countries of the Western Balkans during the 1990s were dominated by competitive authoritarian regimes that combined multi-party elections with nationalist rhetoric and the privatisation of the state to affiliated business interests. After a move towards democratisation in the early 2000s across the region, authoritarian practices began re-appearing in the late 2000s and have now firmly taken root in many of these countries. This article will argue that the current competitive authoritarian systems (Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism. Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) are structurally different from those of the 1990s. These new regimes draw on the failure of reformist governments during the early 2000s to decisively break with authoritarian practices and establish independent and democratic institutions, thus facilitating the return of competitive authoritarian regimes. The current pattern in the Western Balkans is part of a global trend, but is also one embedded in the particularities of democratic transformation of the region. This article argues that the return of competitive authoritarianism is the result of weak democratic structures, facilitated by the weakening and insufficient transformative power of external actors, first and foremost the EU, in incentivizing continued democratisation.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Bieber/Bieber_2018_Patterns of competitive authoritarianism in the Western Balkans.pdf},
  journal = {East European Politics},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{bielasiakInstitutionalizationElectoralParty2002,
  title = {The Institutionalization of Electoral and Party Systems in Postcommunist States},
  author = {Bielasiak, Jack},
  year = {2002},
  month = jan,
  volume = {34},
  pages = {189},
  issn = {00104159},
  doi = {10.2307/4146937},
  journal = {Comparative Politics},
  number = {2}
}

@book{biemerTotalSurveyError2017,
  title = {Total Survey Error in Practice},
  editor = {Biemer, Paul P. and de Leeuw, Edith and Eckman, Stephanie and Edwards, Brad and Kreuter, Frauke and Lyberg, Lars E. and Tucker, Clyde N. and West, Brady T.},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {{Wiley}},
  address = {{Hoboken, New Jersey}},
  isbn = {978-1-119-04167-2 978-1-119-04169-6},
  language = {eng},
  series = {Wiley Series in Survey Methodology}
}

@article{bijakEditorialPvaluesTheory2019,
  title = {Editorial: {{P}}-Values, Theory, Replicability, and Rigour},
  shorttitle = {Editorial},
  author = {Bijak, Jakub},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  volume = {41},
  pages = {949--952},
  issn = {1435-9871},
  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.32},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND In the light of the recent discussions about the statistical rigour of empirical research, including the interpretation and use of p-values and the importance of the theoretical underpinnings of population studies, the editorial board of Demographic Research has adopted dedicated guidance for authors. Its aim is to clarify our expectations and highlight good practice in these areas. Starting from Volume 42 (2020), authors will be encouraged to follow these guidelines.},
  journal = {Demographic Research},
  language = {en}
}

@article{bilanciniWhatNoiseMatters2021,
  title = {What Noise Matters? {{Experimental}} Evidence for Stochastic Deviations in Social Norms},
  shorttitle = {What Noise Matters?},
  author = {Bilancini, Ennio and Boncinelli, Leonardo and Nax, Heinrich H.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  volume = {90},
  pages = {101626},
  issn = {2214-8043},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socec.2020.101626},
  abstract = {Social norms interventions are increasingly used in applied policy-making such as to end female genital mutilation or open defecation. Amongst the reasons for why policy-makers rely on social norms intervention tools is that the relevant underlying theory, which is concerned with dynamic-stochastic deviations processes, has matured substantially over the past three decades. In this article, turning to behavioral evidence, we investigate which of the models proposed in this strand of theory are supported regarding individual human behavior. Specifically, we identify which assumptions regarding individual-level adjustment behavior in terms of optimal play (`best response') and deviations thereof (`noise') are supported. In doing so, we move the focus of research from the theoretical and modeling question `How Noise Matters?' (Blume, 2003) to the behavioral and empirical question `What Noise Matters?'.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Bilancini et al/Bilancini et al_2021_What noise matters.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics},
  language = {en}
}

@article{bilinovicHomophilySocialNetworks2016,
  title = {Homophily in Social Networks [{{In Serbian}}]},
  author = {Bilinovi{\'c}, Ana and Sokolovska, Valentina},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {155-156},
  pages = {325--338},
  journal = {Zbornik Matice srpske za dru\v{s}tvene nauke},
  number = {2}
}

@article{biondoAuthoritarianismVsDemocracy2020,
  title = {Authoritarianism vs. Democracy: {{Simulating}} Responses to Disease Outbreaks},
  shorttitle = {Authoritarianism vs. Democracy},
  author = {Biondo, A. E. and Brosio, G. and Pluchino, A. and Zanola, R.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  abstract = {Disease outbreaks force the governments to rapid decisions to deal with. However, the rapid stream of decision-making could be costly in terms of the democratic representativeness. The aim of the paper is to investigate the trade-off between pluralism of preferences and the time required to approach a decision. To this aim we develop and test a modified version of the Hegselmann and Krause (2002) model to capture these two characteristics of the decisional process in different institutional contexts. Using a twofold geometrical institutional setting, we simulate the impact of disease outbreaks to check whether countries exhibits idiosyncratic effects, depending on their institutional frameworks. Main findings show that the degree of pluralism in political decisions is not necessarily associated with worse performances in managing emergencies, provided that the political debate is mature enough.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2009.08394},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Biondo et al/Biondo et al_2020_Authoritarianism vs.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/R8TWI7KI/2009.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2009.08394 [physics]},
  primaryClass = {physics}
}

@book{birchElectoralSystemsPolitical2003,
  title = {Electoral Systems and Political Transformation in Post-Communist {{Europe}}},
  author = {Birch, Sarah},
  year = {2003},
  publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan}},
  address = {{Basingstoke}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 249577349},
  isbn = {978-0-333-98765-0},
  language = {eng}
}

@book{birchElectoralSystemsPolitical2003a,
  title = {Electoral {{Systems}} and {{Political Transformation}} in {{Post}}-{{Communist Europe}}},
  author = {Birch, Sarah},
  year = {2003},
  publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan}},
  address = {{Basingstoke}},
  doi = {10.1057/9781403938763},
  isbn = {978-1-349-43138-0},
  series = {One \{\vphantom\}{{Europe}}\vphantom\{\} or Several?}
}

@book{bivandAppliedSpatialData2013,
  title = {Applied Spatial Data Analysis with {{R}}},
  author = {Bivand, Roger S. and Pebesma, Edzer and {Gomez-Rubio}, Virgilio},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  address = {{New York}}
}

@article{bivandComparingImplementationsEstimation2015,
  title = {Comparing Implementations of Estimation Methods for Spatial Conometrics},
  author = {Bivand, Roger and Piras, Gianfranco},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {1--36},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  number = {18}
}

@article{bivandComputingJacobianGaussian2013,
  title = {Computing the {{Jacobian}} in {{Gaussian}} Spatial Autoregressive Models: An Illustrated Comparison of Available Methods},
  author = {Bivand, Roger and Hauke, Jan and Kossowski, Tomasz},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {150--179},
  journal = {Geographical Analysis},
  number = {2}
}

@article{bizyaevaPatternsNonlinearOpinion2020,
  title = {Patterns of {{Nonlinear Opinion Formation}} on {{Networks}}},
  author = {Bizyaeva, Anastasia and Matthews, Ayanna and Franci, Alessio and Leonard, Naomi Ehrich},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  abstract = {When communicating agents form opinions about a set of possible options, agreement and disagreement are both possible outcomes. Depending on the context, either can be desirable or undesirable. We show that for nonlinear opinion dynamics on networks, and a variety of network structures, the spectral properties of the underlying adjacency matrix fully characterize the occurrence of either agreement or disagreement. We further show how the corresponding eigenvector centrality, as well as any symmetry in the network, informs the resulting patterns of opinion formation and agent sensitivity to input that triggers opinion cascades.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2009.13600},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Bizyaeva et al/Bizyaeva et al_2020_Patterns of Nonlinear Opinion Formation on Networks.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/PGEBL7HD/2009.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2009.13600 [cs, eess, math]},
  primaryClass = {cs, eess, math}
}

@article{bjedovDoesDecentralizationDecisions,
  title = {Does Decentralization of Decisions Increase the Stability of Large Groups?},
  author = {Bjedov, Tja{\v s}a and Lapointe, Simon and Madi{\`e}s, Thierry and Villeval, Marie Claire},
  doi = {10.1007/s00355-018-1133-5},
  abstract = {{$<$}h3 class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$>$}                   {$<$}p class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Using a laboratory experiment with nested local and global public goods, we analyze the stability of global groups when individuals have the option to separate, according to the degree of decentralization of decision-making. We show that increasing the number of decisions made at the local level within a smaller group reduces the likelihood that individuals vote in favor of a configuration that includes no global good for interacting only within their local group. Voting for such a configuration is more likely when global group members are less cooperative and local group members are more cooperative. Reinforcing local group identity has no impact on votes.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {Social Choice and Welfare}
}

@article{bjedovDoesDecentralizationDecisionsa,
  title = {Does Decentralization of Decisions Increase the Stability of Large Groups?},
  author = {Bjedov, Tja{\v s}a and Lapointe, Simon and Madi{\`e}s, Thierry and Villeval, Marie Claire},
  doi = {10.1007/s00355-018-1133-5},
  abstract = {{$<$}h3 class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$>$}                   {$<$}p class="a-plus-plus"{$>$}Using a laboratory experiment with nested local and global public goods, we analyze the stability of global groups when individuals have the option to separate, according to the degree of decentralization of decision-making. We show that increasing the number of decisions made at the local level within a smaller group reduces the likelihood that individuals vote in favor of a configuration that includes no global good for interacting only within their local group. Voting for such a configuration is more likely when global group members are less cooperative and local group members are more cooperative. Reinforcing local group identity has no impact on votes.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  journal = {Social Choice and Welfare}
}

@techreport{blaisEffectCOVID19Lockdowns2020,
  title = {The Effect of {{COVID}}-19 Lockdowns on Political Support: {{Some}} Good News for Democracy?},
  shorttitle = {The Effect of {{COVID}}-19 Lockdowns on Political Support},
  author = {Blais, Andr{\'e} and Bol, Damien and Giani, Marco and Loewen, Peter John},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  institution = {{SocArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31235/osf.io/7hpj9},
  abstract = {Major crises sometimes act as critical junctures whereas other times they reinforce the democratic status quo, depending on how citizens view the performance of central institutions. We use an interrupted time series to study the effects on a set of key political attitudes of the enforcement of a lockdown policy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we take advantage of a unique representative online survey that was fielded in March and April 2020 to compare specific and diffuse public support right before and right after the start of lockdowns in Western Europe. We find that lockdowns increased vote intentions for the party of the Prime Minister/President, trust in government, and satisfaction with democracy. Furthermore, we find that while rallying individuals around institutions, the lockdown had no effect on traditional left-right attitudes.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{blaisPsychologicalImpactElectoral1991,
  title = {The Psychological Impact of Electoral Laws: {{Measuring Duverger}}'s Elusive {{Factor}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Psychological Impact}} of {{Electoral Laws}}},
  author = {Blais, Andr{\'e} and Carty, R. K.},
  year = {1991},
  month = jan,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {79},
  issn = {0007-1234, 1469-2112},
  doi = {10.1017/S0007123400006037},
  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {01}
}

@article{blaisWhatCostVoting2019,
  title = {What Is the Cost of Voting?},
  author = {Blais, Andr{\'e} and Daoust, Jean-Fran{\c c}ois and Dassonneville, Ruth and {P{\'e}loquin-Skulski}, Gabrielle},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  issn = {02613794},
  doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2019.02.011},
  journal = {Electoral Studies},
  language = {en}
}

@article{blandInteractionistApproachCognitiveundefined/ed,
  title = {An {{Interactionist Approach}} to {{Cognitive Debiasing}}},
  author = {Bland, Steven},
  year = {undefined/ed},
  pages = {1--23},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  issn = {1742-3600, 1750-0117},
  doi = {10.1017/epi.2020.9},
  abstract = {This paper examines three programmatic responses to the problem of cognitive bias: virtue epistemology, epistemic paternalism, and epistemic collectivism. Each of these programmes focuses on a single level of epistemic analysis: virtue theorists on individuals, paternalists on environments, and collectivists on groups. I argue that this is a mistake in light of the fact that cognitive biases arise from interactions between these three domains. Consequently, epistemologists should spend less time defending these programmes, and more time coordinating them. This paper offers empirically based arguments for the interactionist approach, and contends that its adoption is an essential step for minimizing bias in empirical science.},
  journal = {Episteme},
  language = {en}
}

@article{bleiLatentDirichletAllocation2003,
  title = {Latent {{Dirichlet Allocation}}},
  author = {Blei, D. and Ng, A. and Jordan, Michael I.},
  year = {2003},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-411519-4.00006-9},
  abstract = {We propose a generative model for text and other collections of discrete data that generalizes or improves on several previous models including naive Bayes/unigram, mixture of unigrams [6], and Hofmann's aspect model , also known as probabilistic latent semantic indexing (pLSI) [3]. In the context of text modeling, our model posits that each document is generated as a mixture of topics, where the continuous-valued mixture proportions are distributed as a latent Dirichlet random variable. Inference and learning are carried out efficiently via variational algorithms. We present empirical results on applications of this model to problems in text modeling, collaborative filtering, and text classification.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Blei et al/Blei et al_2003_Latent Dirichlet Allocation.pdf},
  journal = {J. Mach. Learn. Res.}
}

@book{blitzsteinIntroductionProbability2019,
  ids = {blitzsteinIntroductionProbability2019a},
  title = {Introduction to Probability},
  author = {Blitzstein, Joseph K. and Hwang, Jessica},
  year = {2019},
  edition = {Second edition},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  address = {{Boca Raton}},
  abstract = {"Undergraduate probability book that assumes one-semester of calculus. One key is the emphasis on "stories" for the probability distributions (which I mean in both an intuitive and technical sense): there are a dozen or so key distributions (Normal, Binomial, Poisson, etc.) that are incredibly widely-used in statistics, but a lot of books just write down formulas for them without explaining clearly why these particular distributions are so important, or how they are all connected. Each of these distributions has a "story" (a natural application where it arises), and thinking about stories makes the distributions easier to remember, understand, and work with"--},
  isbn = {978-1-138-36991-7},
  lccn = {QA273 .B5922 2019}
}

@article{blockSocialNetworkbasedDistancing,
  title = {Social Network-Based Distancing Strategies to Flatten the {{COVID}}-19 Curve in a Post-Lockdown World},
  author = {Block, Per and Hoffman, Marion and Raabe, Isabel J and Dowd, Jennifer Beam and Rahal, Charles and Kashyap, Ridhi and Mills, Melinda C},
  pages = {42},
  language = {en}
}

@article{blomRecentAdvancesProbabilityBased2020,
  title = {Recent {{Advances}} in {{Probability}}-{{Based}} and {{Nonprobability Survey Research}}},
  author = {Blom, Annelies G. and Cornesse, Carina and Sakshaug, Joseph W. and Wenz, Alexander},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {2--3},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  issn = {2325-0984},
  doi = {10.1093/jssam/smaa002},
  abstract = {At the turn of the decade, this special issue is a symbol of transformation in the survey world that slowly started in the 2000s and that is likely to continue},
  journal = {Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{bloomeCovarianceRegressionModels2019,
  title = {Covariance {{Regression Models}} for {{Studying Treatment Effect Heterogeneity Across One}} or {{More Outcomes}}: {{Understanding How Treatments Shape Inequality}}},
  shorttitle = {Covariance {{Regression Models}} for {{Studying Treatment Effect Heterogeneity Across One}} or {{More Outcomes}}},
  author = {Bloome, Deirdre and Schrage, Daniel},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  pages = {0049124119882449},
  issn = {0049-1241},
  doi = {10.1177/0049124119882449},
  abstract = {Causal analyses typically focus on average treatment effects. Yet for substantive research on topics like inequality, interest extends to treatments' distributional consequences. When individuals differ in their responses to treatment, three types of inequality may result. Treatment may shape inequalities between subgroups defined by pretreatment covariates, it may induce more inequality in one subgroup than another, or it may polarize people across multiple dimensions of well-being. We introduce a model, called a covariance regression, that captures all three types of inequality via the means, variances, and correlations between multiple outcomes. The model can test for heterogeneous treatment effects, quantify the heterogeneity, and explain its structure using covariates. Finding that a treatment creates inequalities could drive theoretical refinement and inform policy decisions (targeting groups where payoffs will be most predictable). We illustrate the utility of covariance regressions by analyzing the effects of sharing information about income inequality on redistributive preferences.},
  journal = {Sociological Methods \& Research},
  language = {en}
}

@article{blozisFittingNonlinearMixedeffects2018,
  title = {Fitting {{Nonlinear Mixed}}-Effects {{Models With Alternative Residual Covariance Structures}}},
  author = {Blozis, Shelley A. and Harring, Jeffrey R.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  pages = {0049124118789718},
  issn = {0049-1241},
  doi = {10.1177/0049124118789718},
  abstract = {Nonlinear mixed-effects models are models in which one or more coefficients of the growth model enter in a nonlinear manner, such as appearing in the exponent of the growth function. In their applications, the within-individual residuals are often assumed to be independent with constant variance across time, an assumption that implies that the assumed growth function fully accounts for the dependencies and patterns of variation in the data. Studies have shown that a poorly specified within-individual residual covariance structure of a linear mixed-effects model can impact the estimated covariance matrix of the random effects at the second-level, model fit and statistical inference. The consequences for nonlinear mixed-effects models are not, however, clearly understood. This is due in part to the differences in the estimation needs of the two types of models. Using empirical data examples, this work illustrates the impact of fitting alternative residual covariance structures in nonlinear mixed-effects models that do not entirely parallel the results from studies of strictly linear mixed-effects models and call for the need of researchers to consider alternative structures when fitting nonlinear mixed-effects models.},
  journal = {Sociological Methods \& Research},
  language = {en}
}

@article{bochslerMeasuringPartyNationalisation2010,
  ids = {bochslerMeasuringPartyNationalisation2010a},
  title = {Measuring Party Nationalisation: {{A}} New {{Gini}}-Based Indicator That Corrects for the Number of Units},
  shorttitle = {Measuring Party Nationalisation},
  author = {Bochsler, Daniel},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  volume = {29},
  pages = {155--168},
  issn = {02613794},
  doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2009.06.003},
  journal = {Electoral Studies},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{bochslerNationalisationPostcommunistParty2010,
  ids = {bochslerNationalisationPostCommunistParty2010},
  title = {The Nationalisation of Post-Communist Party Systems},
  author = {Bochsler, Daniel},
  year = {2010},
  month = jul,
  volume = {62},
  pages = {807--827},
  issn = {0966-8136},
  doi = {10.1080/09668136.2010.481387},
  abstract = {Abstract Party nationalisation, defined as the homogeneity of party strength across a country, has recently become a major issue in research. Even though territory is a salient political question in the post-communist countries in Europe, party nationalisation in these countries has been neglected by the literature so far. This article presents data on party nationalisation for 20 countries over the period 1990\textendash 2007. It shows that the nationalisation of party systems in post-communist democracies is closely related to the territorial structure of social divisions, except for cases where the electoral systems provide for a high degree of nationalisation, or where super-presidentialism inhibits the creation of strong nationalised parties.},
  journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
  number = {5}
}

@article{bochslerParliamentaryElectionSerbia2008,
  title = {The Parliamentary Election in {{Serbia}}, 21 {{January}} 2007},
  author = {Bochsler, Daniel},
  year = {2008},
  month = mar,
  volume = {27},
  pages = {160--165},
  issn = {02613794},
  doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2007.10.002},
  journal = {Electoral Studies},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@book{bochslerTerritoryElectoralRules2010,
  title = {Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies},
  author = {Bochsler, Daniel},
  year = {2010},
  publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan}},
  address = {{New York}},
  abstract = {"The book extends research on the territorial structure of party systems (party nationalisation) to 20 post-communist democracies. It explains party nationalisation as a consequence of ethnically oriented politics, and shows how party nationalisation can increase our understanding of electoral systems"--},
  annotation = {OCLC: 690115502},
  isbn = {978-0-230-28142-4},
  language = {English}
}

@article{bockholtProcessdrivenNetworkAnalysis2020,
  title = {Towards a Process-Driven Network Analysis},
  author = {Bockholt, Mareike and Zweig, Katharina Anna},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {56},
  issn = {2364-8228},
  doi = {10.1007/s41109-020-00303-0},
  abstract = {A popular approach for understanding complex systems is a network analytic one: the system's entities and their interactions are represented by a graph structure such that readily available methods suitable for graph structures can be applied. A network representation of a system enables the analysis of indirect effects: if A has an impact on B, and B has an impact on C, then, A also has an impact on C. This is often due to some kind of process flowing through the network, for example, pieces of informations or viral infections in social systems, passenger flows in transportation systems, or traded goods in economic systems. We argue that taking into account the actual usage of the system additionally to the static network representation of the system can yield interesting insights: first, the network representation and applicable network methods cannot be chosen independently from the network process of interest (Borgatti 2005; Dorn et al. 2012; Zweig 2016; Butts 2009). Therefore, focussing on the relevant network process in an early stage of the research project helps to determine suitable network representations and methods in order to obtain meaningful results (we call this approach process-driven network analysis). Second, many network methods assume that the spreading of some entity follows shortest or random paths. However, we show that not all flows are well approximated by this. In these cases, incorporating the network usage creates a real addition of knowledge to the static aggregated network representation.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/CGVB9TZL/Bockholt_Zweig_2020_Towards a process-driven network analysis.pdf},
  journal = {Applied Network Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@techreport{bodoMediatedTrustTheoretical2019,
  title = {Mediated {{Trust}} \textendash{} {{A Theoretical Framework}} to {{Address}} the {{Trustworthiness}} of {{Technological Trust Mediators}}},
  author = {Bod{\'o}, Bal{\'a}zs},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  address = {{Rochester, NY}},
  institution = {{Social Science Research Network}},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3460903},
  abstract = {This paper introduces the new theoretical concept of technology mediated trust, or in short, mediated trust to capture and analyze the role of complex techno-social assemblages in trust production and distrust management. Societies are increasingly reliant on digital technologies to collect data; sort, rank and filter users and information in order to ease communication, commerce, or collaboration. This paper considers the impact of these digital practices on the interpersonal and institutional logics of trust production. The first part of the paper argues that globalization and digitalization unleashed a trust crisis, as the traditional institutional and interpersonal logics are not attuned to produce trust and manage distrust at the scale and speed of global networks of communication, media, finance, etc. In the second part, the paper describes how digital intermediation changes the traditional logics of interpersonal trust formation, and creates new trust mediating services. It also considers how old institutional forms of trust production are affected by the fact that these institutions employ digital technologies in their processes, and describes new, technological forms of institutional trust production. Finally, the paper asks the question: why should we trust these technological trust mediators? The analysis concludes at best, it is impossible to establish the trustworthiness trust mediators, at worst, we have no reason to trust them.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/AJNXVT3X/papers.html},
  language = {en},
  number = {ID 3460903},
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}}
}

@article{boeingVisualAnalysisNonlinear2016,
  title = {Visual {{Analysis}} of {{Nonlinear Dynamical Systems}}: {{Chaos}}, {{Fractals}}, {{Self}}-{{Similarity}} and the {{Limits}} of {{Prediction}}},
  shorttitle = {Visual {{Analysis}} of {{Nonlinear Dynamical Systems}}},
  author = {Boeing, Geoff},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {37},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  doi = {10.3390/systems4040037},
  abstract = {Nearly all nontrivial real-world systems are nonlinear dynamical systems. Chaos describes certain nonlinear dynamical systems that have a very sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems are always deterministic and may be very simple, yet they produce completely unpredictable and divergent behavior. Systems of nonlinear equations are difficult to solve analytically, and scientists have relied heavily on visual and qualitative approaches to discover and analyze the dynamics of nonlinearity. Indeed, few fields have drawn as heavily from visualization methods for their seminal innovations: from strange attractors, to bifurcation diagrams, to cobweb plots, to phase diagrams and embedding. Although the social sciences are increasingly studying these types of systems, seminal concepts remain murky or loosely adopted. This article has three aims. First, it argues for several visualization methods to critically analyze and understand the behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems. Second, it uses these visualizations to introduce the foundations of nonlinear dynamics, chaos, fractals, self-similarity and the limits of prediction. Finally, it presents Pynamical, an open-source Python package to easily visualize and explore nonlinear dynamical systems' behavior.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Boeing/Boeing_2016_Visual Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/4TPA4YHT/37.html;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/JLXXMN83/37.html},
  journal = {Systems},
  keywords = {attractor,bifurcation,chaos,dynamical systems,fractal,logistic map,nonlinear dynamics,prediction,python,visualization},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{boeschotenFairInferenceErrorprone2020,
  title = {Fair Inference on Error-Prone Outcomes},
  author = {Boeschoten, Laura and {van Kesteren}, Erik-Jan and Bagheri, Ayoub and Oberski, Daniel L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  abstract = {Fair inference in supervised learning is an important and active area of research, yielding a range of useful methods to assess and account for fairness criteria when predicting ground truth targets. As shown in recent work, however, when target labels are error-prone, potential prediction unfairness can arise from measurement error. In this paper, we show that, when an error-prone proxy target is used, existing methods to assess and calibrate fairness criteria do not extend to the true target variable of interest. To remedy this problem, we suggest a framework resulting from the combination of two existing literatures: fair ML methods, such as those found in the counterfactual fairness literature on the one hand, and, on the other, measurement models found in the statistical literature. We discuss these approaches and their connection resulting in our framework. In a healthcare decision problem, we find that using a latent variable model to account for measurement error removes the unfairness detected previously.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2003.07621},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Boeschoten et al/Boeschoten et al_2020_Fair inference on error-prone outcomes.pdf},
  journal = {arXiv:2003.07621 [cs, stat]},
  language = {en},
  primaryClass = {cs, stat}
}

@article{boesePatternsDemocracySpace2019,
  title = {Patterns of {{Democracy}} over {{Space}} and {{Time}}},
  author = {Boese, Vanessa A and Gates, Scott and Knutsen, Carl Henrik},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {27},
  abstract = {Dichotomous and unidimensional measures of democracy fail to account for the multidimensional nature of political systems. This article disaggregates the concept of democracy and proposes a novel multidimensional conceptualization to account for the variation in institutional configurations. Three dimensions are featured: participation, electoral contestation, and constraints on the executive. The three dimensions constitute a cube covering all regime types using V-Dem data from 1789 to 2017. Eckstein (1973) theorized that we should expect to see systematic patterns of institutional consistency, whereby sets of similar institutions occur together. Our multidimensional measure allows for a more comprehensive test of the Eckstein hypothesis. We find strong evidence to support Eckstein (1973). First, across the globe over 200 years, there are configurations of political institutions that never occur. In other words, incompatible institutional pairs do not exist or are extremely short lived. Second, we are able to differentiate political systems that appear similar along a unidimensional scale (e.g Hong Kong and Equador) but are in reality quite distinct. Third, we are able to trace historical patterns of democratization and autocratization (especially in the early stages of the development of democracy) using our cube of democracy patterns.},
  language = {en}
}

@article{boing-messingBayesFactorsTesting2020,
  title = {Bayes Factors for Testing Order Constraints on Variances of Dependent Outcomes},
  author = {{B{\"o}ing-Messing}, F. and Mulder, J.},
  year = {2020},
  issn = {0003-1305},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Böing-Messing_Mulder/Böing-Messing_Mulder_2020_Bayes factors for testing order constraints on variances of dependent outcomes.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/538HQPVD/bayes-factors-for-testing-order-constraints-on-variances-of-depen.html},
  journal = {The American Statistician},
  language = {English}
}

@article{bokovTransformationElectoralRight,
  title = {Transformation of Electoral Right to Electoral Responsibility: Opportunity or Necessity},
  author = {Bokov, Yuri},
  volume = {331},
  pages = {6},
  abstract = {The paper considers compulsory voting as a means of increasing voter turnout. The behavior of citizens with an active electoral right, but not participating in the voting (non-voters) can be compared with the behavior of a stowaway in public transport: even if he does not pay the fare, there will still be transport, because there are those who pay the fare. The non-voter does not participate in the creation, he only consumes. It is obvious that if nobody takes part in the elections, the foundations of democracy will collapse. Obliging to participate in elections can have both positive and negative effects on the development of civil society, raising the level of electoral and legal culture of the population, and developing state institutions. It is possible that the imposition of sanctions on mandatory elections may also reduce recognition of democracy. Ideas related to the possibility of deprivation of citizenship of those not participating in elections are critically evaluated. It is emphasized that there is insufficient evidence to judge the relationship between voter turnout and voting results. It is proposed to clearly affirm the obligation of state and municipal employees to participate in elections. If the level of citizenship and electoral culture of voters becomes higher, the issue of compulsory vote will lose its relevance. Voluntary voting is usually better than compulsory.},
  language = {en}
}

@article{bollenWhenGoodLoadings2019,
  title = {When {{Good Loadings Go Bad}}: {{Robustness}} in {{Factor Analysis}}},
  shorttitle = {When {{Good Loadings Go Bad}}},
  author = {Bollen, Kenneth A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  volume = {0},
  pages = {1--10},
  issn = {1070-5511},
  doi = {10.1080/10705511.2019.1691005},
  abstract = {Structural misspecifications in factor analysis include using the wrong number of factors and omitting cross loadings or correlated errors. The impact of these errors on factor loading estimates is understudied. Factor loadings underlie our assessments of the validity and reliability of indicators. Thus knowing how structural misspecifications affect a factor loading is a key issue. This paper develops analytic conditions of when misspecifications affect Bollen's (1996) model implied instrumental variable, two stage least squares (MIIV-2SLS) estimator of a factor loading. It shows that if an indicator equation is correctly specified, then correlated errors among other measures, mixing up causal indicators with reflective, omitting cross loadings, and omitting direct effects between indicators leave the MIIV-2SLS estimator of the factor loading unchanged. Alternatively, if the indicator or the scaling indicator equation is misspecified, then the loading is unlikely to be robust. The results are illustrated with hypothetical and empirical examples.},
  journal = {Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal},
  number = {0}
}

@article{bolstadCapturingRationalizationBias,
  title = {Capturing {{Rationalization Bias}} and {{Differential Item Functioning}}: {{A Unified Bayesian Scaling Approach}}},
  author = {B{\o}lstad, J{\o}rgen},
  pages = {25},
  abstract = {Information about the ideological positions of different political actors is crucial in answering questions regarding political representation, polarization, and voting behavior. One way to obtain such information is to ask survey respondents to place actors on a common ideological scale, but, unfortunately, respondents typically display a set of biases when performing such placements. Key among these are rationalization bias and differential item functioning (DIF). While Aldrich-McKelvey (AM) scaling offers a useful solution to DIF, it ignores the issue of rationalization bias, and this study presents Monte Carlo simulations demonstrating that AM-type models thus can give inaccurate results. As a response to this challenge, this study develops an alternative Bayesian scaling approach, which simultaneously estimates DIF and rationalization bias, and therefore performs better when the latter bias is present.},
  language = {en}
}

@book{boothCraftResearch2016,
  title = {The Craft of Research},
  author = {Booth, Wayne C. and Colomb, Gregory G. and Williams, Joseph M. and Bizup, Joseph and FitzGerald, William T.},
  year = {2016},
  edition = {Fourth edition},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago Press}},
  address = {{Chicago}},
  isbn = {978-0-226-23956-9 978-0-226-23973-6},
  lccn = {Q180.55.M4 B66 2016},
  series = {Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing}
}

@article{borbathProtestingPartiesEurope2020,
  title = {Protesting {{Parties}} in {{Europe}}: {{A}} Comparative Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Protesting {{Parties}} in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Borb{\'a}th, Endre and Hutter, Swen},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  pages = {1354068820908023},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Ltd}},
  issn = {1354-0688},
  doi = {10.1177/1354068820908023},
  abstract = {The article provides the first large-scale study of protest activities by political parties. The empirical analysis draws on original protest event data for 30 European countries based on semi-automated coding of news agencies. The article innovates by (a) proposing a standardized indicator for the extent to which protest and electoral politics relate to each other, (b) showing that parties? involvement in protests differs across political contexts, and (c) mapping the profile of a typical party-sponsored event and a typical protesting party. Despite long-term trends toward differentiated modes of interest intermediation, the results indicate that a wide range of parties does protest. However, in highly differentiated contexts, the typical protesting party mirrors the outsider image of movement parties: it does not belong to a mainstream party family and has no government experience. By contrast, more strategic factors, such as opposition status, drive parties to the streets in less differentiated contexts.},
  journal = {Party Politics}
}

@article{borgattiNetworkAnalysisSocial2009,
  title = {Network {{Analysis}} in the {{Social Sciences}}},
  author = {Borgatti, S. P. and Mehra, A. and Brass, D. J. and Labianca, G.},
  year = {2009},
  month = feb,
  volume = {323},
  pages = {892--895},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1165821},
  journal = {Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {5916}
}

@article{borkLatentVariableModels2019,
  ids = {borkLatentVariableModels2019a,vanborkLatentVariableModel,vanborkLatentVariableModelsa,vanborkLatentVariableModelsb},
  title = {Latent {{Variable Models}} and {{Networks}}: {{Statistical Equivalence}} and {{Testability}}},
  shorttitle = {Latent {{Variable Models}} and {{Networks}}},
  author = {van Bork, Riet and Rhemtulla, Mijke and Waldorp, Lourens J. and Kruis, Joost and Rezvanifar, Shirin and Borsboom, Denny},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  volume = {0},
  pages = {1--24},
  issn = {0027-3171},
  doi = {10.1080/00273171.2019.1672515},
  abstract = {Networks are gaining popularity as an alternative to latent variable models for representing psychological constructs. Whereas latent variable approaches introduce unobserved common causes to explain the relations among observed variables, network approaches posit direct causal relations between observed variables. While these approaches lead to radically different understandings of the psychological constructs of interest, recent articles have established mathematical equivalences that hold between network models and latent variable models. We argue that the fact that for any model from one class there is an equivalent model from the other class does not mean that both models are equally plausible accounts of the data-generating mechanism. In many cases the constraints that are meaningful in one framework translate to constraints in the equivalent model that lack a clear interpretation in the other framework. Finally, we discuss three diverging predictions for the relation between zero-order correlations and partial correlations implied by sparse network models and unidimensional factor models. We propose a test procedure that compares the likelihoods of these models in light of these diverging implications. We use an empirical example to illustrate our argument.},
  journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research},
  number = {0},
  pmid = {31617420}
}

@article{borsboomFalseAlarmComprehensive2017,
  title = {False Alarm? {{A}} Comprehensive Reanalysis of ``{{Evidence}} That Psychopathology Symptom Networks Have Limited Replicability'' by {{Forbes}}, {{Wright}}, {{Markon}}, and {{Krueger}} (2017).},
  shorttitle = {False Alarm?},
  author = {Borsboom, Denny and Fried, Eiko I. and Epskamp, Sacha and Waldorp, Lourens J. and {van Borkulo}, Claudia D. and {van der Maas}, Han L. J. and Cramer, Ang{\'e}lique O. J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  volume = {126},
  pages = {989--999},
  issn = {1939-1846, 0021-843X},
  doi = {10.1037/abn0000306},
  journal = {Journal of Abnormal Psychology},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{borsboomNetworkAnalysisIntegrative2013,
  title = {Network Analysis: {{An}} Integrative Approach to the Structure of Psychopathology},
  shorttitle = {Network {{Analysis}}},
  author = {Borsboom, Denny and Cramer, Ang{\'e}lique O.J.},
  year = {2013},
  month = mar,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {91--121},
  issn = {1548-5943, 1548-5951},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608},
  journal = {Annual Review of Clinical Psychology},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{borsboomRobustnessReplicabilityPsychopathology2018,
  title = {Robustness and Replicability of Psychopathology Networks},
  author = {Borsboom, Denny and Robinaugh, Donald J. and {The Psychosystems Group} and Rhemtulla, Mijke and Cramer, Ang{\'e}lique O.J.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  volume = {17},
  pages = {143--144},
  issn = {17238617},
  doi = {10.1002/wps.20515},
  journal = {World Psychiatry},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{borsboomRobustnessReplicabilityPsychopathology2018a,
  title = {Robustness and Replicability of Psychopathology Networks},
  author = {Borsboom, Denny and Robinaugh, Donald J. and Rhemtulla, Mijke and Cramer, Ang{\'e}lique O.J.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  volume = {17},
  pages = {143--144},
  issn = {1723-8617},
  doi = {10.1002/wps.20515},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Borsboom et al/Borsboom et al_2018_Robustness and replicability of psychopathology networks.pdf},
  journal = {World Psychiatry},
  number = {2},
  pmcid = {PMC5980315},
  pmid = {29856550}
}

@techreport{borsboomTheoryConstructionMethodology2020,
  title = {Theory {{Construction Methodology}}: {{A}} Practical Framework for Theory Formation in Psychology},
  shorttitle = {Theory {{Construction Methodology}}},
  author = {Borsboom, Denny and {van der Maas}, Han and Dalege, Jonas and Kievit, Rogier and Haig, Brian},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/w5tp8},
  abstract = {This paper aims to improve theory formation in psychology by developing a practical methodology for constructing explanatory theories: Theory Construction Methodology (TCM). TCM is a sequence of five steps. First, the theorist identifies empirical phenomena to become the target of explanation. Second, the theorist constructs a proto-theory: a set of theoretical principles that potentially explain these phenomena. Third, the proto-theory is used to construct a formal model: a set of model equations or simulation models that encode the explanatory principles. Fourth, the theorist investigates this model's explanatory adequacy. This is done by formalizing the empirical phenomena in terms of the model, and assessing whether the model indeed reproduces them. Fifth, the theorist studies the overall adequacy of the theory by evaluating whether phenomena are indeed reproduced faithfully, whether explanatory principles are parsimonious and substantively plausible, and whether the theory implies new predictions to promote further research. We illustrate TCM with an example taken from the intelligence literature (the mutualism model of intelligence), discuss the place of TCM in the larger scheme of scientific research, and propose an outline for a university curriculum that can systematically educate psychologists in the process of theory formation.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Borsboom et al/Borsboom et al_2020_Theory Construction Methodology.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Borsboom et al/Borsboom et al_2020_Theory Construction Methodology2.pdf},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{boschiOpinionDynamicsEmergent2020,
  title = {Opinion Dynamics with Emergent Collective Memory: {{A}} Society Shaped by Its Own Past},
  shorttitle = {Opinion Dynamics with Emergent Collective Memory},
  author = {Boschi, Gioia and Cammarota, Chiara and K{\"u}hn, Reimer},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  volume = {558},
  pages = {124909},
  issn = {0378-4371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2020.124909},
  abstract = {In order to understand the development of common orientation of opinions in the modern world we propose a model of a society described as a large collection of agents that exchange their expressed opinions under the influence of their mutual interactions and external events. In particular we introduce an interaction bias which results in the emergence of a collective memory such that the society is able to store and recall information coming from several external signals. Our model shows how the inner structure of the society and its future reactions are shaped by its own history. We provide an analytical explanation of such mechanism and we study the features of external influences with higher impact on the society. We show the emergent similarity between the reaction of a society modelled in this way and the Hopfield-like mechanism of information retrieval in Neural Networks.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/PC7QPKPE/S0378437120304702.html},
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
  language = {en}
}

@article{boschiOpinionDynamicsEmergent2020a,
  title = {Opinion Dynamics with Emergent Collective Memory: The Impact of a Long and Heterogeneous News History},
  shorttitle = {Opinion Dynamics with Emergent Collective Memory},
  author = {Boschi, Gioia and Cammarota, Chiara and K{\"u}hn, Reimer},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  abstract = {In modern society people are being exposed to numerous information, with some of them being frequently repeated or more disruptive than others. In this paper we use a model of opinion dynamics to study how this news impact the society. In particular, our study aims to explain how the exposure of the society to certain events deeply change people's perception of the present and future. The evolution of opinions which we consider is influenced both by external information and the pressure of the society. The latter includes imitation, differentiation, homophily and its opposite, xenophobia. The combination of these ingredients gives rise to a collective memory effect, which is triggered by external information. In this paper we focus our attention on how this memory arises when the order of appearance of external news is random. We will show which characteristics a piece of news needs to have in order to be embedded in the society's memory. We will also provide an analytical way to measure how many information a society can remember when an extensive number of news items is presented. Finally we will show that, when a certain piece of news is present in the society's history, even a distorted version of it is sufficient to trigger the memory of the originally stored information.},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2011.02445},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Boschi et al/Boschi et al_2020_Opinion dynamics with emergent collective memory.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/M6NT2DDE/2011.html},
  journal = {arXiv:2011.02445 [cond-mat, physics:physics]},
  keywords = {Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks,Physics - Physics and Society},
  primaryClass = {cond-mat, physics:physics}
}

@article{boseDelineationIntimateDetails1975,
  title = {Delineation of the Intimate Details of the Backbone Conformation of Pyridine Nucleotide Coenzymes in Aqueous Solution},
  author = {Bose, K. S. and Sarma, R. H.},
  year = {1975},
  month = oct,
  volume = {66},
  pages = {1173--1179},
  issn = {1090-2104},
  journal = {Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications},
  language = {eng},
  number = {4},
  pmid = {2}
}

@book{bourdieuLogicPractice1992,
  title = {The Logic of Practice},
  author = {Bourdieu, Pierre},
  year = {1992},
  publisher = {{Stanford Univ. Press}},
  address = {{Stanford, Calif}},
  annotation = {OCLC: 552613734},
  isbn = {978-0-8047-2011-3},
  language = {eng}
}

@article{boutylineBeliefNetworkAnalysis2017,
  title = {Belief {{Network Analysis}}: {{A Relational Approach}} to {{Understanding}} the {{Structure}} of {{Attitudes}}},
  shorttitle = {Belief {{Network Analysis}}},
  author = {Boutyline, Andrei and Vaisey, Stephen},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  volume = {122},
  pages = {1371--1447},
  issn = {0002-9602, 1537-5390},
  doi = {10.1086/691274},
  journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@techreport{boutylineCulturalSchemasWhat2020,
  title = {Cultural {{Schemas}}: {{What They Are}}, {{How}} to {{Find Them}}, and {{What}} to {{Do Once You}}'ve {{Caught One}}},
  shorttitle = {Cultural {{Schemas}}},
  author = {Boutyline, Andrei and Soter, Laura},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  institution = {{SocArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31235/osf.io/ksf3v},
  abstract = {Cultural schemas are a central cognitive mechanism through which culture affects action. In this manuscript, we develop a theoretical model of cultural schemas that is better able to support empirical work, including inferential, sensitizing, and operational uses. We propose a multilevel framework centered on a high-level definition of cultural schemas that is sufficiently broad to capture its major sociological uses but still sufficiently narrow to identify a set of cognitive phenomena with key functional properties in common: cultural schemas are socially shared heuristic representations deployable in automatic cognition. We use this conception to elaborate the main theoretical properties of cultural schemas, and to provide clear criteria that distinguish them from other cultural or cognitive elements. We then propose a series of concrete tests empirical scholarship can use to determine if these properties apply. We also demonstrate how this approach can identify potentially faulty theoretical inferences present in existing work. Then, moving to a lower level of analysis, we elaborate how cultural schemas can be algorithmically conceptualized in terms of their building blocks. This leads us to recommend improvements to methods for measuring cultural schemas. We conclude by proposing fruitful sensitizing questions for future scholarship.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{boydGrammarStyleAdama,
  ids = {boydGrammarStyleAdam},
  title = {Between Grammar and Style: {{Adam Smith}} and the Moral Geographies of Civil Society},
  author = {Boyd, Richard},
  doi = {S0962629817304456},
  abstract = {The last three decades or so of scholarly debates over the concept of ``civil society'' have been preoccupied with taxonomical questions. What ``counts'' as ``civil society,'' and why? How do we identify, measure, and potentially foster the kinds of salutary associations that will help ``make democracy work''? Do the market and for-profit organizations count? What about religious organizations or the family? Are quasi-political, state-sponsored institutions such as political parties, agencies, or trade's unions better understood as part of civil society or as appendages of the state? These debates hinge on a kind of geographical imaginary that often portrays civil society as a physical ``space,'' ``place,'' or ``location,'' located somewhere ``between'' family and state or ``outside'' of the market.{$<$}/simple-para{$>$} {$<$}simple-para id="abspara0015" view="all"{$>$}I begin by considering how Adam Smith\textemdash one of the forerunners of contemporary discussions of civil society\textemdash conceived of the virtue of civility. As I demonstrate through a consideration of Smith's comments on civility, the virtue of civility both resembles and differs from the virtue of justice in terms of its susceptibility to being articulated in general rules. Unlike the abstract rules that characterize justice, the practice of civility hinges on matters of finesse, savoir-faire, discernment, or taste that can't be fully captured as formal rules. Civility is, in Smith's terms, more akin to informal matters of ``style'' than to the rule-bound quality of ``justice.''{$<$}/simple-para{$>$} {$<$}simple-para id="abspara0020" view="all"{$>$}This examination of Smith's account of civility has significance for broader conceptual debates about civility by interrogating structural or geographical conceptions of civil society and suggesting instead that civil society is best understood in terms of its essential informality. Civil society is composed of human relationships that are neither as close and intimate as those of the family, with its emphasis on charity and magnanimity, nor as formal as those governed by the distant, abstract rules of citizenship and market economy. Rather, civil society\textemdash as I argue here\textemdash is constituted by a qualitatively distinct mode of human relationship that partakes of the informal, necessarily tacit dimensions of the virtue of civility.},
  journal = {Political Geography}
}

@article{brahaPatternsTiesProblemsolving2020,
  title = {Patterns of Ties in Problem-Solving Networks and Their Dynamic Properties},
  author = {Braha, Dan},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  volume = {10},
  pages = {18137},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-75221-3},
  abstract = {Understanding the functions carried out by network subgraphs is important to revealing the organizing principles of diverse complex networks. Here, we study this question in the context of collaborative problem-solving, which is central to a variety of domains from engineering and medicine to economics and social planning. We analyze the frequency of all three- and four-node subgraphs in diverse real problem-solving networks. The results reveal a strong association between a dynamic property of network subgraphs\textemdash synchronizability\textemdash and the frequency and significance of these subgraphs in problem-solving networks. In particular, we show that highly-synchronizable subgraphs are overrepresented in the networks, while poorly-synchronizable subgraphs are underrepresented, suggesting that dynamical properties affect their prevalence, and thus the global structure of networks. We propose the possibility that selective pressures that favor more synchronizable subgraphs could account for their abundance in problem-solving networks. The empirical results also show that unrelated problem-solving networks display very similar local network structure, implying that network subgraphs could represent organizational routines that enable better coordination and control of problem-solving activities. The findings could also have potential implications in understanding the functionality of network subgraphs in other information-processing networks, including biological and social networks.},
  copyright = {2020 The Author(s)},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Documents/Zotero/Braha/Braha_2020_Patterns of ties in problem-solving networks and their dynamic properties.pdf;/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/5B9KRTBG/s41598-020-75221-3.html},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{brancatiStealingElectionViolence,
  title = {Stealing an {{Election}}: {{Violence}} or {{Fraud}}?},
  author = {Brancati, Dawn and Penn, Elizabeth M},
  pages = {56},
  abstract = {Political actors often resort to electoral violence in order to gain an edge over their competitors even though violence is much harder to hide than fraud and more likely to delegitimize elections as a result. The existing literature tends to treat violence and fraud as equivalent strategies or to treat violence as a means of last resorts due to its overtness. We argue, in contrast, that violence is neither and, in fact, that political actors often use violence for the very reason that it is hard to hide. Its overtness, we argue, allows political actors to observe whether the agents they enlist to manipulate elections for them do so and reduces these agents' likelihood of shirking in turn. We develop our argument through a formal model, illustrating how increasing incentives to shirk due to electoral monitoring induces actors to use violence, and use process tracing to test the implications of this model through the example of pre-2011 Egypt.},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Dropbox/Zotero/Brancati_Penn/Brancati_Penn_Stealing an Election.pdf},
  language = {en}
}

@techreport{brandtAssociationThreatPolitics2019,
  title = {The Association between Threat and Politics Depends on the Type of Threat, the Political Domain, and the Country},
  author = {Brandt, Mark John and {Turner-Zwinkels}, Felicity Mary and Karapirinler, Beste and {van Leeuwen}, Florian and Bender, Michael and {van Osch}, Yvette and Adams, Byron Gregory},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  institution = {{PsyArXiv}},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/e9uk7},
  abstract = {Theories link threat with right-wing political beliefs. We use the World Values Survey (72,836 participants) to test how different types of threat (economic, violence, and surveillance) are associated with different types of political beliefs (social, economic, and political identification) across 42 different countries. The association between threat and political beliefs depends on the type of threat, the type of political beliefs, and the country. Economic threats tended to be associated with more left-wing economic beliefs, violence threats tended to be associated with more general right-wing beliefs, and surveillance threats tended to be associated with more rightwing economic beliefs and more left-wing social beliefs. Additional analyses explored how 24 country characteristics might help explain variation in the threat-political beliefs association; however, these analyses identified few cross-country characteristics that consistently helped. Our findings show that political beliefs and perceptions of threat are linked, but that the relationship is nuanced.},
  language = {en},
  type = {Preprint}
}

@article{brandtDisadvantagedLegitimizeSocial2013,
  title = {Do the Disadvantaged Legitimize the Social System? {{A}} Large-Scale Test of the Status-Legitimacy Hypothesis},
  shorttitle = {Do the Disadvantaged Legitimize the Social System?},
  author = {Brandt, Mark J.},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  volume = {104},
  pages = {765--785},
  issn = {1939-1315},
  doi = {10.1037/a0031751},
  abstract = {System justification theory (SJT) posits that members of low-status groups are more likely to see their social systems as legitimate than members of high-status groups because members of low-status groups experience a sense of dissonance between system motivations and self/group motivations (Jost, Pelham, Sheldon, \& Sullivan, 2003). The author examined the status-legitimacy hypothesis using data from 3 representative sets of data from the United States (American National Election Studies and General Social Surveys) and throughout the world (World Values Survey; total N across studies = 151,794). Multilevel models revealed that the average effect across years in the United States and countries throughout the world was most often directly contrary to the status-legitimacy hypothesis or was practically zero. In short, the status-legitimacy effect is not a robust phenomenon. Two theoretically relevant moderator variables (inequality and civil liberties) were also tested, revealing weak evidence, null evidence, or contrary evidence to the dissonance-inspired status-legitimacy hypothesis. In sum, the status-legitimacy effect is not robust and is unlikely to be the result of dissonance. These results are used to discuss future directions for research, the current state of SJT, and the interpretation of theoretically relevant but contrary and null results.},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  language = {eng},
  number = {5},
  pmid = {23421361}
}

@article{brandtEstimatingExaminingReliability2019,
  title = {Estimating and Examining the Reliability of Belief System Networks},
  author = {Brandt, Mark},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/nm52q},
  abstract = {Belief system structure can be investigated by estimating belief systems as networks of interacting political attitudes, but we do not know if these estimates are reliable. In a sample of 31 countries from the World Values Survey (N = 52,826), I find that belief system networks are relatively reliable in terms of connectivity, proportion of positive edges, some centrality measures (e.g., expected influence), and the estimates of individual edges. Betweenness, closeness, and strength centrality estimates are more unstable. Belief system networks estimated with smaller samples or in countries with more unstable political systems tend to be less reliable than networks estimated with larger samples in stable political systems. Although these analyses are restricted to the items available in the World Values Survey, they show that belief system networks can be reliable, but that this reliability is related to features of the study design and the political system.}
}

@article{brandtEstimatingExaminingReplicability2020,
  title = {Estimating and {{Examining}} the {{Replicability}} of {{Belief System Networks}}},
  author = {Brandt, Mark J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {24},
  publisher = {{The Regents of the University of California}},
  issn = {2474-7394},
  doi = {10.1525/collabra.312},
  abstract = {Article: Estimating and Examining the Replicability of Belief System Networks},
  copyright = {Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:    Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution License  that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.  Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.  Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See  The Effect of Open Access ).  All third-party images reproduced on this journal are shared under Educational Fair Use. For more information on  Educational Fair Use , please see  this useful checklist prepared by Columbia University Libraries .   All copyright  of third-party content posted here for research purposes belongs to its original owners.  Unless otherwise stated all references to characters and comic art presented on this journal are \textcopyright, \textregistered{} or \texttrademark{} of their respective owners. No challenge to any owner's rights is intended or should be inferred.},
  journal = {Collabra: Psychology},
  language = {eng},
  number = {1}
}

@article{brandtIndividualDifferencesResistance2017,
  title = {Individual {{Differences}} in the {{Resistance}} to {{Social Change}} and {{Acceptance}} of {{Inequality Predict System Legitimacy Differently Depending}} on the {{Social Structure}}},
  author = {Brandt, Mark J. and Reyna, Christine},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {266--278},
  issn = {1099-0984},
  doi = {10.1002/per.2100},
  abstract = {We propose that individual differences in the resistance to social change and the acceptance of inequality can have divergent effects on legitimacy depending on the context. This possibility was tested in a sample of 27 European countries (N = 144 367) and across four experiments (total N = 475). Individual differences in the resistance to social change were related to higher levels of perceived legitimacy no matter the level of inequality of the society. Conversely, individual differences in the acceptance of inequality were related to higher levels of perceived legitimacy in unequal societies, but either a relationship near zero or the opposite relationship was found in more equal societies. These studies highlight the importance of distinguishing between individual differences that make up political ideology, especially when making predictions in diverse settings. \textcopyright{} 2017 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2017 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology},
  file = {/home/aleksandar/Zotero/storage/5265GKMJ/per.html},
  journal = {European Journal of Personality},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{brandtPredictingIdeologicalPrejudice2017,
  title = {Predicting {{Ideological Prejudice}}},
  author = {Brandt, Mark J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {713--