text:
IBD phenotype classification. The abundance of these species could also be used as a supporting prognostic tool in I-CD patients. Our data indicates that current medication does not restore the levels of these two species to those found in a healthy gut.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
*Bacterial Load
Cohort Studies
Escherichia coli/*isolation & purification
Female
Gram-Positive Bacteria/*isolation & purification
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*microbiology
Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/*microbiology
Male
Middle Aged
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Young Adult
Diagnostics
Escherichia coli
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Prognostics},
   ISSN = {1438-4221},
   Accession Number = {24713205},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.02.009},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lu, Y. and Bousvaros, A.},
   title = {Immunizations in children with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunosuppressive therapy},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)},
   volume = {10},
   number = {6},
   pages = {355-63},
   note = {Lu, Ying
Bousvaros, Athos
Journal Article
United States
Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2014 Jun;10(6):355-63.},
   abstract = {The vast majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) will receive immunosuppressive therapy at some point for their disease, whether for the short term (such as a course of corticosteroids) or long term (such as maintenance therapy with immunomodulators or biologics). The systemic immunosuppression places patients at increased risk for infections. Therefore, it is important that patients are up-to-date with immunizations to minimize vaccine-preventable infections. However, the literature shows that the rate of immunization in patients with IBD is low. Ideally, the vaccination status is checked at diagnosis, and patients are immunized with the vaccines they need. Drawing titers is helpful in cases in which vaccination history is unclear or to confirm that titers are at an adequate level in cases in which patients have been vaccinated. Current guidelines recommend that patients with IBD follow the same routine immunization schedule as healthy children, but patients should not be administered live vaccines if they are receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Therefore, it is ideal to administer any necessary vaccinations as early as possible, prior to starting immunosuppressive therapy. Patients may receive inactivated vaccines regardless of immunosuppressive status. The IBD literature suggests that inactivated vaccines are safe and do not worsen disease activity. In general, patients with IBD mount an immune response to vaccines, but the response may be lower if patients are receiving immunosuppressive therapy, especially tumor necrosis factor inhibitors.},
   keywords = {Crohn's disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
immunization
immunosuppression
ulcerative colitis
vaccine},
   ISSN = {1554-7914 (Print)
1554-7914},
   Accession Number = {25013388},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {MacFarlane, A. J. and Behan, N. A. and Matias, F. M. and Green, J. and Caldwell, D. and Brooks, S. P.},
   title = {Dietary folate does not significantly affect the intestinal microbiome, inflammation or tumorigenesis in azoxymethane-dextran sodium sulphate-treated mice},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {109},
   number = {4},
   pages = {630-8},
   note = {1475-2662
MacFarlane, Amanda J
Behan, Nathalie A
Matias, Fernando M G
Green, Judy
Caldwell, Don
Brooks, Stephen P J
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Nutr. 2013 Feb 28;109(4):630-8. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512001857. Epub 2012 Jul 5.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a risk factor for the development of colon cancer. Environmental factors including diet and the microflora influence disease outcome. Folate and homocysteine have been associated with IBD-mediated colon cancer but their roles remain unclear. We used a model of chemically induced ulcerative colitis (dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)) with or without the colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) to determine the impact of dietary folic acid (FA) on colonic microflora and the development of colon tumours. Male mice (n 15 per group) were fed a FA-deficient (0 mg/kg), control (2 mg/kg) or FA-supplemented (8 mg/kg) diet for 12 weeks. Folate status was dependent on the diet (P< 0.001) and colitis-induced treatment (P= 0.04) such that mice with colitis had lower circulating folate. FA had a minimal effect on tumour initiation, growth and progression, although FA-containing diets tended to be associated with a higher tumour prevalence in DSS-treated mice (7-20 v. 0%, P= 0.08) and the development of more tumours in the distal colon of AOM-treated mice (13-83% increase, P= 0.09). Folate deficiency was associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia (P< 0.001) but homocysteine negatively correlated with tumour number (r - 0.58, P= 0.02) and load (r - 0.57, P= 0.02). FA had no effect on the intestinal microflora. The present data indicate that FA intake has no or little effect on IBD or IBD-mediated colon cancer in this model and that hyperhomocysteinaemia is a biomarker of dietary status and malabsorption rather than a cause of IBD-mediated colon cancer.},
   keywords = {Animals
Azoxymethane/chemistry
Biomarkers/metabolism
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/microbiology
Colon/microbiology
Colonic Neoplasms/complications/microbiology
Dextran Sulfate/chemistry
Dextrans/chemistry
*Diet
Disease Progression
Folic Acid/*chemistry
Inflammation/*pathology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
*Microbiota
Neoplasms/*prevention & control
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sulfates/chemistry},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {23021249},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114512001857},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Machiels, K. and Joossens, M. and Sabino, J. and De Preter, V. and Arijs, I. and Eeckhaut, V. and Ballet, V. and Claes, K. and Van Immerseel, F. and Verbeke, K. and Ferrante, M. and Verhaegen, J. and Rutgeerts, P. and Vermeire, S.},
   title = {A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {63},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1275-83},
   note = {1468-3288
Machiels, Kathleen
Joossens, Marie
Sabino, Joao
De Preter, Vicky
Arijs, Ingrid
Eeckhaut, Venessa
Ballet, Vera
Claes, Karolien
Van Immerseel, Filip
Verbeke, Kristin
Ferrante, Marc
Verhaegen, Jan
Rutgeerts, Paul
Vermeire, Severine
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Gut. 2014 Aug;63(8):1275-83. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304833. Epub 2013 Sep 10.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Bacteria play an important role in the onset and perpetuation of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Unlike in Crohn's disease (CD), in which dysbiosis has been better characterised, in ulcerative colitis (UC), only small cohorts have been studied and showed conflicting data. Therefore, we evaluated in a large cohort if the microbial signature described in CD is also present in UC, and if we could characterise predominant dysbiosis in UC. To assess the functional impact of dysbiosis, we quantified the bacterial metabolites. DESIGN: The predominant microbiota from 127 UC patients and 87 age and sex-matched controls was analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Differences were quantitatively validated using real-time PCR. Metabolites were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Based on DGGE analysis, the microbial signature previously described in CD was not present in UC. Real-time PCR analysis revealed a lower abundance of Roseburia hominis (p<0.0001) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (p<0.0001) in UC patients compared to controls. Both species showed an inverse correlation with disease activity. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were reduced in UC patients (p=0.014), but no direct correlation between SCFA and the identified bacteria was found. CONCLUSIONS: The composition of the fecal microbiota of UC patients differs from that of healthy individuals: we found a reduction in R hominis and F prausnitzii, both well-known butyrate-producing bacteria of the Firmicutes phylum. These results underscore the importance of dysbiosis in IBD but suggest that different bacterial species contribute to the pathogenesis of UC and CD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Bacterial Load
Butyric Acid/analysis
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*microbiology
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Dysbiosis/*microbiology
Feces/*chemistry/*microbiology
Female
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical Rods/genetics/*isolation &
purification/*metabolism
Humans
Lactic Acid/analysis
Male
Middle Aged
Propionates/analysis
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Severity of Illness Index
Intestinal bacteria
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {24021287},
   DOI = {10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304833},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Magalhaes-Costa, M. H. and Reis, B. R. and Chagas, V. L. and Nunes, T. and Souza, H. S. and Zaltman, C.},
   title = {Focal enhanced gastritis and macrophage microaggregates in the gastric mucosa: potential role in the differential diagnosis between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Arq Gastroenterol},
   volume = {51},
   number = {4},
   pages = {276-82},
   note = {1678-4219
Magalhaes-Costa, Marcia Henriques de
Reis, Beatriz Ribeiro dos
Chagas, Vera Lucia Antunes
Nunes, Tiago
Souza, Heitor Siffert Pereira de
Zaltman, Cyrla
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Brazil
Arq Gastroenterol. 2014 Oct-Dec;51(4):276-82. doi: 10.1590/S0004-28032014000400003.},
   abstract = {CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Focally enhanced gastritis and macrophage microaggregates are found in the upper gastrointestinal involvement of Crohn's disease, and may reflect an underlying defective innate immunity. These features, however, are also described in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. The role of these gastric abnormalities in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease was assessed in a population with high prevalence of H. pylori infection. METHODS: Thirty-seven Crohn's disease, 26 ulcerative colitis, and 30 control patients were included. The H. pylori status was evaluated by the rapid urease test and histology. The presence of focally enhanced gastritis and macrophage microaggregates was recorded. RESULTS: Focally enhanced gastritis was present in 24% of Crohn's disease patients, 4% of ulcerative colitis patients and 11.5% of controls, presenting an overall sensitivity and specificity for Crohn's disease of 24% and 88%, respectively. Macrophage microaggregates were found in all groups, but were only detected in ulcerative colitis and controls in association with H. pylori infection, with an overall sensitivity and specificity for Crohn's disease of 61% and 69%, respectively. In the absence of H. pylori infection, focally enhanced gastritis and macrophage microaggregates were significantly associated with Crohn's disease (P<0.02 and P = 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Focally gastritis and macrophage microaggregates are suggestive of Crohn's disease only in H. pylori-negative specimens.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*pathology
Crohn Disease/*pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Female
Gastric Mucosa/*pathology
Gastritis/*pathology
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Macrophages/*pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Predictive Value of Tests
Sensitivity and Specificity
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0004-2803},
   Accession Number = {25591154},
   DOI = {10.1590/s0004-28032014000400003},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Magnusson, M. K. and Dahlen, R. and Strid, H. and Isaksson, S. and Simren, M. and Lasson, A. and Bajor, A. and Ung, K. A. and Ohman, L.},
   title = {CD25 and TNF receptor II reflect early primary response to infliximab therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {United European Gastroenterol J},
   volume = {1},
   number = {6},
   pages = {467-76},
   note = {Magnusson, Maria K
Dahlen, Rahil
Strid, Hans
Isaksson, Stefan
Simren, Magnus
Lasson, Anders
Bajor, Antal
Ung, Kjell-Arne
Ohman, Lena
Journal Article
England
United European Gastroenterol J. 2013 Dec;1(6):467-76. doi: 10.1177/2050640613502962.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although infliximab treatment is an option for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), not all patients do respond to therapy, and cellular mechanisms leading to therapy response are incompletely known. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to determine early effects of infliximab therapy on T cells in the blood of UC patients and if effects differed in therapy responders and nonresponders. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained before and two weeks post-treatment start from 34 anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy-naive UC patients undergoing infliximab therapy. Response to therapy was evaluated prior to the fourth treatment dose. Expression of T cell surface markers and levels of soluble receptors and cytokines in serum were determined. RESULTS: At baseline, there were no differences in cellular, biochemical or clinical parameters between therapy responders and nonresponders. Infliximab therapy reduced frequencies of CD25(+) T cells and increased frequencies of annexin V(+) T cells in patients responding to infliximab, but not in nonresponding patients, two weeks after therapy start. Only therapy responders had decreased serum levels of sCD25 and sTNFRII two weeks after treatment start. In contrast, clinical parameters did not reflect therapy outcome already two weeks after therapy start. CONCLUSION: Soluble and membrane-bound T cell receptors may be early indicators of infliximab therapy response in UC, which can be of clinical importance for the decision when to continue or to stop the treatment.},
   keywords = {Cd25
T cell
Tnfrii
Ulcerative colitis
apoptosis
biological therapy
infliximab},
   ISSN = {2050-6406 (Print)
2050-6406},
   Accession Number = {24917999},
   DOI = {10.1177/2050640613502962},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Magnusson, M. K. and Strid, H. and Isaksson, S. and Bajor, A. and Lasson, A. and Ung, K. A. and Ohman, L.},
   title = {Response to infliximab therapy in ulcerative colitis is associated with decreased monocyte activation, reduced CCL2 expression and downregulation of Tenascin C},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {9},
   number = {1},
   pages = {56-65},
   note = {1876-4479
Magnusson, Maria K
Strid, Hans
Isaksson, Stefan
Bajor, Antal
Lasson, Anders
Ung, Kjell-Arne
Ohman, Lena
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2015 Jan;9(1):56-65. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jju008. Epub 2014 Nov 26.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The cellular mechanisms leading to infliximab therapy response in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are incompletely known. We therefore investigated early effects of infliximab therapy on monocytes and associated chemokines linked to clinical therapy response in UC patients. METHODS: Blood and biopsies were obtained from anti-TNF therapy-naive UC patients (n = 43) before (baseline) and during induction therapy with infliximab. Therapy response was evaluated at Week 14. Expression of monocyte activation markers and levels of chemokines in serum and biopsies were determined. Quantitative proteomic analysis was performed in cultured mucosal biopsies, and obtained data was validated in serum. RESULTS: In therapy responders, but not in non-responders, infliximab reduced blood monocyte expression of CD14 and CD86, 2 weeks after therapy commenced, relative to baseline. Serum CCL2 levels were decreased only among therapy responders at Week 2 and Week 14, relative to baseline. These data corresponded with lower levels of CD14, CD86 and CCL2 in intestinal tissue in responders as compared with non-responders at Week 14. Proteomic analysis of cultured biopsies showed that infliximab induced a reduction in Tenascin C that predicted downregulation of CCL2. Therapy responders, but not non-responders, had decreased serum Tenascin C levels at Week 2 and Week 14, relative to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Infliximab therapy response in UC patients is associated with reduced monocyte activation and serum levels of CCL2 2 weeks after therapy commencement. In therapy responders, infliximab influenced Tenascin C, which might be a regulator of CCL2 expression and important for induction of the clinical therapy response.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Biomarkers/metabolism
Biopsy
Chemokine CCL2/*biosynthesis
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology
Dna
*Down-Regulation
Female
Flow Cytometry
Follow-Up Studies
Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use
Humans
Infliximab
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Monocytes/*metabolism
Proteomics/methods
Tenascin/*biosynthesis
Treatment Outcome
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
Young Adult
Ccl2
Tenascin C
Ulcerative colitis
biological therapy
monocyte},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {25518051},
   DOI = {10.1093/ecco-jcc/jju008},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Malik, B. A. and Gibbons, K. and Spady, D. and Lees, G. and Otley, A. and Huynh, H. Q.},
   title = {Health-related quality of life in pediatric ulcerative colitis patients on conventional medical treatment compared to those after restorative proctocolectomy},
   journal = {Int J Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {28},
   number = {3},
   pages = {325-33},
   note = {1432-1262
Malik, Bushra A
Gibbons, Kristen
Spady, Don
Lees, Gordon
Otley, Anthony
Huynh, Hien Q
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Germany
Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013 Mar;28(3):325-33. doi: 10.1007/s00384-012-1561-0. Epub 2012 Aug 23.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is not well studied in proctocolectomy patients with pediatric onset of ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to (1) compare the HRQL of proctocolectomy patients with those treated with conventional therapy and (2) determine factors that influence HRQL in UC patients < 18 years. METHODS: Chart review was done on patients diagnosed with pediatric onset of UC (<18) at the Stollery Children's Hospital. HRQL was evaluated in 88 patients using disease- and age-specific questionnaires; IMPACT III (<18) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ; >/=18). Demographics, disease characteristics, disease index (PUCAI), HRQL EuroQoL visual analog scale (EQ-5D/VAS) were collected and analyzed from all patients. RESULTS: Sixty-five respondents completed the IMPACT III (74 %) and 23 patients completed the IBDQ (26 %). Thirty-three surgical patients (34 %) responded (mean IMPACT III score = 148.9 +/- 12.7; mean IBDQ = 171.2 +/- 40.1). There was no significant difference in IMPACT III scores of surgical patients vs. medically treated patients (148.9 +/- 12.7 vs. 140.6 +/- 19.4, p = 0.09). Patients with high IMPACT scores (>143 points) were most likely to be in remission (p = 0.05), they were less likely to be on medication (p < 0.05), have parent/guardian with postsecondary education (p = 0.01), did not suffer from fatigue (p < 0.01), and did not report depression (p < 0.02). The IMPACT correlation with PUCAI (adjusted r (2) = 0.33) and EQ-VAS (adjusted r (2) = 0.45) was strong. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical patients reported to have a HRQL comparable to or better than the nonsurgical patients. Depression, fatigue, parent/guardian education, and drugs influence HRQL.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Canada/epidemiology
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology/*surgery
Demography
Female
*Health
Health Surveys
Humans
Male
*Proctocolectomy, Restorative/statistics & numerical data
*Quality of Life},
   ISSN = {0179-1958},
   Accession Number = {22914964},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00384-012-1561-0},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Malmborg, P. and Grahnquist, L. and Lindholm, J. and Montgomery, S. and Hildebrand, H.},
   title = {Increasing incidence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease in northern Stockholm County, 2002-2007},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {57},
   number = {1},
   pages = {29-34},
   note = {1536-4801
Malmborg, Petter
Grahnquist, Lena
Lindholm, Johan
Montgomery, Scott
Hildebrand, Hans
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jul;57(1):29-34. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828f21b4.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: A sharp increase in paediatric (younger than 16 years) inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) incidence was observed in northern Stockholm County, Sweden, in 1990-2001. The increasing incidence was primarily explained by a rising incidence of Crohn disease (CD). Here, we present an update on the trends in incidence of paediatric IBD, 2002-2007. METHOD: Medical records of all children diagnosed as having suspected IBD in northern Stockholm County, 2002-2007, were scrutinised using defined diagnostic criteria. Disease extension, localisation, and behaviour at diagnosis were classified within the framework of the Paris classification. RESULT: A total of 133 children were diagnosed as having IBD 2002-2007 corresponding to a sex- and age-standardised incidence (per 10 person-years) for paediatric IBD of 12.8 (95% CI 10.8-15.2). The standardised incidence was 9.2 (95% CI 7.5-11.2) for CD and 2.8 (95% CI 1.9-4.0) for ulcerative colitis (UC). A significant increasing incidence of UC (P < 0.05) was observed during the study period. No temporal trend was observed for the incidence of CD. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate of paediatric IBD in northern Stockholm was significantly higher in 2002-2007 than that observed in our earlier study covering 1990-2001. The former sharp increase in incidence of paediatric CD seems, however, to have levelled out, although at a higher rate than reported from most other regions in the world. Although CD was still predominant, the observed increase in incidence of UC during the study period is notable.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Catchment Area (Health)
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology
Crohn Disease/epidemiology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
*Health Transition
Humans
Incidence
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology
Male
Medical Records
Population Surveillance
Prospective Studies
Sex Factors
Sweden/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23459320},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828f21b4},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Manginot, C. and Baumann, C. and Peyrin-Biroulet, L.},
   title = {An endoscopic Mayo score of 0 is associated with a lower risk of colectomy than a score of 1 in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {64},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1181-2},
   note = {1468-3288
Manginot, Claire
Baumann, Cedric
Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent
Comment
Letter
England
Gut. 2015 Jul;64(7):1181-2. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308839. Epub 2014 Dec 30.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/*pathology/*physiopathology
Female
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Male
Surgery for ibd
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {25550182},
   DOI = {10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308839},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Marlow, G. J. and van Gent, D. and Ferguson, L. R.},
   title = {Why interleukin-10 supplementation does not work in Crohn's disease patients},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {19},
   number = {25},
   pages = {3931-41},
   note = {2219-2840
Marlow, Gareth J
van Gent, Dominique
Ferguson, Lynnette R
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Jul 7;19(25):3931-41. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i25.3931.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis are chronic intestinal disorders, which are on the increase in "Westernised" countries. IBD can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has been identified as being involved in several diseases including IBD. Studies have shown that polymorphisms in the promoter region reduce serum levels of IL-10 and this reduction has been associated with some forms of IBD. Mouse models have shown promising results with IL-10 supplementation, as such IL-10 supplementation has been touted as being a possible alternative treatment for CD in humans. Clinical trials have shown that recombinant human IL-10 is safe and well tolerated up to a dose of 8 mug/kg. However, to date, the results of the clinical trials have been disappointing. Although CD activity was reduced as measured by the CD activity index, IL-10 supplementation did not result in significantly reduced remission rates or clinical improvements when compared to placebo. This review discusses why IL-10 supplementation is not effective in CD patients currently and what can be addressed to potentially make IL-10 supplementation a more viable treatment option in the future. Based on the current research we conclude that IL-10 supplementation is not a one size fits all treatment and if the correct population of patients is chosen then IL-10 supplementation could be of benefit.},
   keywords = {Crohn Disease/*drug therapy/physiopathology
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Humans
Interleukin-10/physiology/*therapeutic use
Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome
Crohn's disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Interleukin-10
Recombinant human interleukin-10},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {23840137},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v19.i25.3931},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Martin-de-Carpi, J. and Rodriguez, A. and Ramos, E. and Jimenez, S. and Martinez-Gomez, M. J. and Medina, E.},
   title = {Increasing incidence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Spain (1996-2009): the SPIRIT Registry},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {1},
   pages = {73-80},
   note = {1536-4844
Martin-de-Carpi, Javier
Rodriguez, Alejandro
Ramos, Esther
Jimenez, Santiago
Martinez-Gomez, Maria Jose
Medina, Enrique
SPIRIT-IBD Working Group of Sociedad Espanola de Gastroenterologia, Hepatologia y Nutricion Pediatrica
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Jan;19(1):73-80. doi: 10.1002/ibd.22980.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) diagnosis has increased in the last decades in Spain, there are no consistent epidemiologic data. Our aim was to describe the changing pattern of pediatric IBD incidence in Spain in the last 14 years. METHODS: A retrospective survey of patients diagnosed below 18 years of age in the period 1996-2009 was performed. Patients' data were obtained from the hospitals' databases. To avoid reduced accrual of cases diagnosed by adult physicians, adult IBD units in referral centers were invited to participate. Seventy-eight centers participated in our survey. Rates of incidence were calculated using age-stratified population-based epidemiologic data. Incidence rates were compared for the last 14 years (1996-2009). RESULTS: In total, data from 2107 patients were obtained: 1,165 Crohn's disease (CD, 55.3%), 788 ulcerative colitis (UC, 37.4%), and 154 IBD unclassified. The sex distribution was 56.4% male, with higher predominance for CD (59.3%) as compared to UC (52.8%) and IBD unclassified (53.2%) (P = 0.012). The median age at diagnosis was 12.3 years (p25-75 9.7-14.6) with significant differences between diseases. IBD incidence increased from 0.97 to 2.8/100,000 inhabitants <18 years/year in the study period. Although this increase is more evident for CD (from 0.53 to 1.7), UC has also risen considerably (0.39 to 0.88). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first attempt to calculate the current incidence of pediatric IBD in Spain. A significant increase of incidence rates in the study period was observed. In the last 14 years pediatric IBD incidence has almost tripled, with a more important CD increase.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Incidence
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/*epidemiology
Male
Prognosis
Registries
Retrospective Studies
Spain/epidemiology
Time Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {22535573},
   DOI = {10.1002/ibd.22980},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Martin-de-Carpi, J. and Rodriguez, A. and Ramos, E. and Jimenez, S. and Martinez-Gomez, M. J. and Medina, E. and Navas-Lopez, V. M.},
   title = {The complete picture of changing pediatric inflammatory bowel disease incidence in Spain in 25 years (1985-2009): the EXPERIENCE registry},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {8},
   number = {8},
   pages = {763-9},
   note = {1876-4479
Martin-de-Carpi, J
Rodriguez, A
Ramos, E
Jimenez, S
Martinez-Gomez, M J
Medina, E
Navas-Lopez, V M
SPIRIT-IBD Working Group of SEGHNP (Sociedad Espanola de Gastroenterologia Hepatologia Nutricion Pediatrica)
Journal Article
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Aug;8(8):763-9. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.01.005. Epub 2014 Jan 24.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: A growing incidence of pediatric IBD (PIBD) in southern Europe has been recently reported. The SPIRIT registry (1996-2009) confirmed these tendencies in Spain. Our aim is to obtain data from 1985 to 1995 and describe the complete picture of PIBD presentation changes in Spain in the last 25years. METHODS: A retrospective survey of incident PIBD in the period 1985-1995 was performed. Patients' data were obtained from the hospitals' databases and compared with the published data from the 1996 to 2009 period. Seventy-eight IBD reference centers took part in this survey. RESULTS: Data from 495 patients were obtained: 278 CD (56.2%), 198 UC (40%), and 19 IBDU (3.8%); 51.7% were female, with higher predominance both in UC (58.6%) and in IBDU (57.9%), but not in CD (46.4%). Median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 12.9 (10.0-15.7) years, with significant differences among IBD subtypes: CD: 13.1 (10.8-16.0) vs UC: 12.4 (9.4-15.1) vs IBDU: 7.5 (3.0-13.0) (p</=0.001). These results are significantly different to the ones in the SPIRIT registry, with a higher proportion of IBDU, younger age and male predominance. The data from both periods taken together give a complete picture of a 25-year period. An annual increase of incident patients was observed, with a ten-fold increase over this period. CONCLUSION: These data extend the epidemiological trends to a full 25-year period (1985-2009). PIBD incidence in Spain has experienced a sixteen-fold increase. The IBD subtype, localization of the affected segment, age- and sex distribution observed are in accordance with our previously published ones of 1996-2009.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology
Crohn Disease/epidemiology
Female
Humans
Incidence
Infant, Newborn
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology
Male
*Registries
Retrospective Studies
Sex Factors
Spain/epidemiology
Crohn's disease
EXPERIENCE registry
IBD unclassified
Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
SPIRIT registry
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {24462789},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2014.01.005},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Masoodi, M. and Pearl, D. S. and Eiden, M. and Shute, J. K. and Brown, J. F. and Calder, P. C. and Trebble, T. M.},
   title = {Altered colonic mucosal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) derived lipid mediators in ulcerative colitis: new insight into relationship with disease activity and pathophysiology},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {8},
   number = {10},
   pages = {e76532},
   note = {1932-6203
Masoodi, Mojgan
Pearl, Daniel S
Eiden, Michael
Shute, Janis K
Brown, James F
Calder, Philip C
Trebble, Timothy M
MC_PC_13030/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
MC_UP_A090_1006/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
United States
PLoS One. 2013 Oct 18;8(10):e76532. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076532. eCollection 2013.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing inflammatory disorder of unconfirmed aetiology, variable severity and clinical course, characterised by progressive histological inflammation and with elevation of eicosanoids which have a known pathophysiological role in inflammation. Therapeutic interventions targetting eicosanoids (5-aminosalicylates (ASA)) are effective first line and adjunctive treatments in mild-moderate UC for achieving and sustaining clinical remission. However, the variable clinical response to 5-ASA and frequent deterioration in response to cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors, has prompted an in depth simultaneous evaluation of multiple lipid mediators (including eicosanoids) within the inflammatory milieu in UC. We hypothesised that severity of inflammation is associated with alteration of lipid mediators, in relapsing UC. DESIGN: Study was case-control design. Mucosal lipid mediators were determined by LC-MS/MS lipidomics analysis on mucosal biopsies taken from patients attending outpatients with relapsing UC. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to investigate the association of mucosal lipid mediators, with the disease state and severity graded histologically. RESULTS: Levels of PGE2, PGD2, TXB2, 5-HETE, 11-HETE, 12-HETE and 15-HETE are significantly elevated in inflamed mucosa and correlate with severity of inflammation, determined using validated histological scoring systems. CONCLUSIONS: Our approach of capturing inflammatory mediator signature at different stages of UC by combining comprehensive lipidomics analysis and computational modelling could be used to classify and predict mild-moderate inflammation; however, predictive index is diminished in severe inflammation. This new technical approach could be developed to tailor drug treatments to patients with active UC, based on the mucosal lipid mediator profile.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Adult
Aminosalicylic Acids/therapeutic use
Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
Biopsy
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/*metabolism/*pathology
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/chemistry/*metabolism
Female
Humans
Inflammation Mediators/chemistry/*metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism/*pathology
Lipid Metabolism
Male
Middle Aged
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism},
   ISSN = {1932-6203},
   Accession Number = {24204637},
   DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0076532},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mazzuoli, S. and Guglielmi, F. W. and Antonelli, E. and Salemme, M. and Bassotti, G. and Villanacci, V.},
   title = {Definition and evaluation of mucosal healing in clinical practice},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {45},
   number = {12},
   pages = {969-77},
   note = {1878-3562
Mazzuoli, Silvia
Guglielmi, Francesco W
Antonelli, Elisabetta
Salemme, Marianna
Bassotti, Gabrio
Villanacci, Vincenzo
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2013 Dec;45(12):969-77. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.06.010. Epub 2013 Aug 7.},
   abstract = {Since the introduction of biological therapy, endoscopic and histological remission, i.e. mucosal healing, has become an important therapeutic goal in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Mucosal healing is associated with lower rates of hospitalization and surgery, although its role in preventing progression and changing the natural history of the disease has not been clearly demonstrated. A precise definition of mucosal healing has not yet been established, although the concept used in clinical trials is the "complete absence of all inflammatory and ulcerative lesions in all segments of gut" at endoscopy. This definition does not include mucosal improvement and does not distinguish among grades of mucosal healing. In both Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis trials, several qualitative and quantitative numeric endoscopic indices have been proposed to measure and distinguish endoscopic changes. In addition, the microscopic features associated with inflammatory bowel diseases are considerably modified by the course of the disease and the treatments adopted. However, it is not yet clear whether microscopic healing should be a primary endpoint in clinical trials. In this paper we discuss endoscopic and histological findings and the limitations of the endoscopic and histological indices as a basis for a standardised diagnosis of mucosal healing.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Biological Therapy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*pathology
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/*pathology
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Humans
Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Salicylates/therapeutic use
Severity of Illness Index
*Terminology as Topic
*Wound Healing
Anti-TNFalpha
Cd
Cdeis
Crohn's Disease Digestive Damage Score
Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index Of Severity
Crohn's disease
Endoscopic index of severity
Ibd
Inflammation
Inflammatory bowel disease
Mh
Mucosal healing
Pathology
Ses-cd
The Lemann score
Uc
Uceis
Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity
antibody against tumour necrosis factor alpha
simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease
ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {23932331},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2013.06.010},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {McAteer, J. P. and Larison, C. and Wahbeh, G. T. and Kronman, M. P. and Goldin, A. B.},
   title = {Total colectomy for ulcerative colitis in children: when are we operating?},
   journal = {Pediatr Surg Int},
   volume = {29},
   number = {7},
   pages = {689-96},
   note = {1437-9813
McAteer, Jarod P
Larison, Cindy
Wahbeh, Ghassan T
Kronman, Matthew P
Goldin, Adam B
Journal Article
Germany
Pediatr Surg Int. 2013 Jul;29(7):689-96. doi: 10.1007/s00383-013-3307-7. Epub 2013 Apr 10.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Ulcerative colitis (UC) in children is frequently severe and treatment-refractory. While medical therapy is well standardized, little is known regarding factors that contribute to surgical indications. Our aim was to identify factors associated with progression to colectomy in a large cohort of pediatric UC patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Pediatric Health Information System database. We identified all patients under age 18 discharged between January 1, 2004 and September 30, 2011 with a primary diagnosis of UC. Primary outcome was odds of total colectomy. RESULTS: Of 8,688 patients, 240 (2.8 %) underwent colectomy. Compared with non-operative patients, a greater proportion of colectomy patients received advanced therapies during admission, including corticosteroids (84.2 vs. 71.3 %) and biological therapy (25.4 vs. 13.6 %). Odds of colectomy were increased with malnutrition (OR 1.86), anemia (OR 2.17), electrolyte imbalance (OR 2.31), and Clostridium difficile infection (OR 1.69). TPN requirement also independently predicted colectomy (OR 3.86). Each successive UC admission significantly increased the odds of colectomy (OR 1.08). CONCLUSION: These data identify factors associated with progression to colectomy in children hospitalized with UC. Our findings help to identify factors that should be incorporated into future studies aiming to reduce the variability in surgical treatment of childhood UC.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Anemia/complications
Child
Child, Preschool
Clostridium Infections/complications
Cohort Studies
Colectomy/*methods/statistics & numerical data
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/*surgery
Databases, Factual/statistics & numerical data
Disease Progression
Female
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Male
Malnutrition/complications
Odds Ratio
Parenteral Nutrition, Total/statistics & numerical data
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
United States
Water-Electrolyte Balance},
   ISSN = {0179-0358},
   Accession Number = {23571824},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00383-013-3307-7},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mir, S. A. and Nagy-Szakal, D. and Smith, E. O. and Gilger, M. A. and Kellermayer, R.},
   title = {Duration of disease may predict response to infliximab in pediatric ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {48},
   number = {3},
   pages = {248-52},
   note = {1539-2031
Mir, Sabina A V
Nagy-Szakal, Dorottya
Smith, Elliot O'Brian
Gilger, Mark A
Kellermayer, Richard
Journal Article
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014 Mar;48(3):248-52. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31829f2e06.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infliximab (IFX) is an established treatment modality for moderate to severe pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC). The purpose of this study was to identify clinical and laboratory parameters, which predict response to IFX in pediatric UC defined by colectomy as the primary outcome measure. Postsurgical complications were examined as well. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on children younger than 19 years who received IFX therapy at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas for the treatment of UC from January 2005 to April 2012. Demographics, laboratory data, clinical subtype, duration of disease, transfusion requirement, number of IFX infusions, concurrent medications, and postoperative complication with regard to IFX exposure were examined. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients (22 male and 25 female; average age at diagnosis: 11.4 y) received IFX. Twenty-six (55.3%) required colectomy, 20 (42.6%) of which occurred within a year of therapy initiation. Disease duration <20 months before IFX initiation, increased the likelihood of a colectomy within a year [OR: 3.8 (95% CI, 1.6-13.3), P=0.044]. Blood transfusion requirement before IFX was associated with higher rates of colectomy within a year [OR: 9.78 (95% CI, 2.2-43.3), P=0.0028]. Preoperative exposure to IFX within 8 weeks did not significantly increase postoperative complications (P=0.26). Serum albumin levels at diagnosis did not predict colectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Shorter disease duration and need for blood transfusion may be useful indicators of limited response to IFX in pediatric UC.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Blood Transfusion/adverse effects
Child
Colectomy/adverse effects
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*drug therapy/surgery
Disease-Free Survival
Female
Gastrointestinal Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Hospitals, Pediatric
Humans
Infliximab
Logistic Models
Male
Odds Ratio
Postoperative Complications/etiology
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
Texas
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {24129407},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e31829f2e06},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Moore, C. and Jakate, S. and Keshavarzian, A.},
   title = {An Esophagogastroduodenal Crohn's-Like Disease in a Long-Standing Pan-Ulcerative Colitis Patient},
   journal = {Case Rep Gastrointest Med},
   volume = {2014},
   pages = {464139},
   note = {Moore, Christopher
Orcid: 0000-0002-5751-0699
Jakate, Shriram
Keshavarzian, Ali
Journal Article
United States
Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2014;2014:464139. doi: 10.1155/2014/464139. Epub 2014 Sep 10.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises the principal subtypes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), with a fraction remaining as IBD unclassified (IBDU). Given the complexity of IBD manifestations in a patient over time and our increasing understanding of IBD biology, a modification in subtype diagnosis can also occur. Herein is a case of a 27-year-old female with well-controlled and long-standing pan-UC, who developed Crohn's-like esophagogastroduodenitis. The difficulty in classifying IBD into a single traditional subtype, and the debated presentation of a coexistent IBD will be discussed.},
   ISSN = {2090-6528 (Print)},
   Accession Number = {25295198},
   DOI = {10.1155/2014/464139},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Muller, K. E. and Lakatos, P. L. and Arato, A. and Kovacs, J. B. and Varkonyi, A. and Szucs, D. and Szakos, E. and Solyom, E. and Kovacs, M. and Polgar, M. and Nemes, E. and Guthy, I. and Tokodi, I. and Toth, G. and Horvath, A. and Tarnok, A. and Csoszanszki, N. and Balogh, M. and Vass, N. and Bodi, P. and Dezsofi, A. and Gardos, L. and Micskey, E. and Papp, M. and Cseh, A. and Szabo, D. and Voros, P. and Veres, G.},
   title = {Incidence, Paris classification, and follow-up in a nationwide incident cohort of pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {57},
   number = {5},
   pages = {576-82},
   note = {1536-4801
Muller, Katalin E
Lakatos, Peter L
Arato, Andras
Kovacs, Judit B
Varkonyi, Agnes
Szucs, Daniel
Szakos, Erzsebet
Solyom, Eniko
Kovacs, Marta
Polgar, Marianne
Nemes, Eva
Guthy, Ildiko
Tokodi, Istvan
Toth, Gergely
Horvath, Agnes
Tarnok, Andras
Csoszanszki, Noemi
Balogh, Marta
Vass, Noemi
Bodi, Piroska
Dezsofi, Antal
Gardos, Laszlo
Micskey, Eva
Papp, Maria
Cseh, Aron
Szabo, Doloresz
Voros, Peter
Veres, Gabor
Hungarian IBD Registry Group (HUPIR)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Nov;57(5):576-82. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31829f7d8c.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence, baseline disease characteristics, and disease location based on the Paris classification in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the Hungarian nationwide inception cohort. In addition, 1-year follow-up with therapy was analyzed. METHODS: From January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009, newly diagnosed pediatric patients with IBD were prospectively registered. Twenty-seven pediatric gastroenterology centers participated in the data collection ensuring the data from the whole country. Newly diagnosed patients with IBD younger than 18 years were reported. Disease location was classified according to the Paris classification. RESULTS: A total of 420 patients were identified. The incidence rate of pediatric IBD was 7.48/10(5) (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.34/10(5)-8.83/10(5)). The incidence for Crohn disease (CD) was 4.72/10(5) (95% CI 3.82-5.79), for ulcerative colitis (UC) 2.32/10(5) (95% CI 1.71-3.09), and for IBD-unclassified 0.45/10(5) (95% CI 0.22-0.84). Most common location in CD was L3 (58.7%); typical upper gastrointestinal abnormalities (ulcer, erosion and aphthous lesion) were observed in 29.9%. Extensive colitis in patients with UC (E4, proximal to hepatic flexure) was the most common disease phenotype (57%), whereas only 5% of children had proctitis. A total of 18.6% of patients had ever severe disease (S1). Frequency of azathioprine administration at diagnosis was 29.5% in patients with CD, and this rate increased to 54.6% (130/238) at 1-year follow-up. In UC, only 3.3% received azathioprine initially, and this rate elevated to 22.5% (25/111). Use of corticosteroid decreased from 50% to 15.3% in patients with UC. Rate of bowel resection in patients with CD during the first year of follow-up was 5%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of pediatric IBD in Hungary was among the higher range reported. This is the first large, nationwide incident cohort analyzed according to the Paris classification, which is a useful tool to determine the characteristic pediatric CD phenotype.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy
Disease Progression
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Hungary/epidemiology
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Incidence
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy/*epidemiology/*physiopathology/therapy
Male
Practice Patterns, Physicians'
Prospective Studies
Registries
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23820399},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e31829f7d8c},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nagy-Szakal, D. and Mir, S. A. and Ross, M. C. and Tatevian, N. and Petrosino, J. F. and Kellermayer, R.},
   title = {Monotonous diets protect against acute colitis in mice: epidemiologic and therapeutic implications},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {5},
   pages = {544-50},
   note = {1536-4801
Nagy-Szakal, Dorottya
Mir, Sabina A V
Ross, Matthew C
Tatevian, Nina
Petrosino, Joseph F
Kellermayer, Richard
K12 HD041648/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK056338/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
5K12 HD041648/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
DK56338/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 May;56(5):544-50. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182769748.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Multiple characteristics of industrialization have been proposed to contribute to the global emergence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs: Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis). Major changes in eating habits during the last decades and the effectiveness of exclusive enteral nutrition in the treatment of Crohn disease indicate the etiologic importance of dietary intake in IBDs. A uniform characteristic of nutrition in developing countries (where the incidence of IBD is low) and exclusive enteral nutrition is their consistent nature for prolonged periods; however, the potentially beneficial effect of dietary monotony in respect to mammalian intestinal inflammation has not been examined. METHODS: The association between alternating (2 different complete chows) and persistent regular diets, and dextran sulfate sodium colitis susceptibility in C57BL/6J mice was studied. Colonic mucosal microbiota changes were investigated by high-throughput pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS: The severity of colitis increased upon dietary alternation compared with consistent control feeding. The microbiota of the alternating nutritional group clustered discretely from both control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight that monotonous dietary intake may decrease mammalian vulnerability against colitis in association with microbiota separation. The epidemiologic and therapeutic implications of our results are also discussed.},
   keywords = {Acute Disease
Animals
Colitis/etiology/microbiology/*prevention & control
Colon/*microbiology/pathology
Dextran Sulfate
*Diet/adverse effects
Genes, Bacterial
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/etiology/microbiology/*prevention & control
Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology
Male
*Metagenome
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
*Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23085891},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182769748},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nahidi, L. and Day, A. S. and Lemberg, D. A. and Leach, S. T.},
   title = {Paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a mechanistic approach to investigate exclusive enteral nutrition treatment},
   journal = {Scientifica (Cairo)},
   volume = {2014},
   pages = {423817},
   note = {Nahidi, Lily
Orcid: 0000-0002-9192-1096
Day, Andrew S
Lemberg, Daniel A
Leach, Steven T
Journal Article
Review
Egypt
Scientifica (Cairo). 2014;2014:423817. doi: 10.1155/2014/423817. Epub 2014 May 21.},
   abstract = {The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis. The disease may present at any age although the peak of presentation is the second and third decades of life. The incidences of these diseases are increasing around the world with the age of presentation getting younger. At present CD is incurable with colectomy being the treatment for severe UC. Although several pharmacological approaches are used to modulate the inflammatory response in IBD, few lead to histological healing and most have side effects. An alternative approach is to use enteral formulae given exclusively (EEN) to treat IBD. EEN requires the consumption of an elemental or polymeric formula, with the exclusion of all other nutrients, for a period of up to 12 weeks. The introduction of EEN as a therapeutic option for IBD was through prudent observation; however, EEN has become an established and reliable option for the treatment of paediatric IBD. Despite this, the mechanisms through which EEN induces disease remission are unknown and remain hypothetical. This review will discuss recent research into EEN both describing clinical features of EEN therapy and discussing the most up-to-date understanding of the mechanisms through which EEN may be reducing intestinal inflammation and inducing disease remission.},
   ISSN = {2090-908X (Print)
2090-908x},
   Accession Number = {24967146},
   DOI = {10.1155/2014/423817},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Navas-Lopez, V. M. and Blasco Alonso, J. and Serrano Nieto, M. J. and Giron Fernandez-Crehuet, F. and Argos Rodriguez, M. D. and Sierra Salinas, C.},
   title = {Oral tacrolimus for pediatric steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {8},
   number = {1},
   pages = {64-9},
   note = {1876-4479
Navas-Lopez, V M
Blasco Alonso, J
Serrano Nieto, M J
Giron Fernandez-Crehuet, F
Argos Rodriguez, M D
Sierra Salinas, C
Journal Article
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Jan;8(1):64-9. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.03.006. Epub 2013 Apr 9.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC) occurring during childhood is generally extensive and is associated with severe flares that may require intravenous steroid treatment. In cases of corticosteroid resistance is necessary to introduce a second-line treatment to avoid or delay surgery. AIMS: To describe the efficacy and safety of oral tacrolimus for the treatment of severe steroid-resistant UC. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study that included all patients under age 18 suffering from severe steroid-resistant UC treated with oral tacrolimus during the period January 1998 to October 2012 and with a follow-up period after treatment of 24 months or more. RESULTS: A total of ten patients were included. The age at baseline was 9.4+/-4.9 years, and the time from diagnosis was 1.3 months (IQR, 1-5.7). Seven of the patients were in their first flare of disease. All of them received an oral dose of 0.12 mg/kg/day of tacrolimus divided in two doses. Trough plasma levels of tacrolimus were maintained between 4 and 13 ng/ml. Response was seen in 5/10 patients at 12 months, colectomy was eventually performed in 60% of patients during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Tacrolimus is useful in inducing remission in patients with severe steroid-resistant UC, preventing or delaying colectomy, and allowing the patient and family to prepare for a probable surgery. Tacrolimus may also be used as a treatment bridge for corticosteroid-dependent patients until the new maintenance therapy takes effect.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/surgery
*Drug Resistance
Female
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/blood
Male
Remission Induction/methods
Retrospective Studies
Severity of Illness Index
Steroids/therapeutic use
Tacrolimus/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/blood
Children
Paediatric
Steroids
Surgery
Tacrolimus
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {23582736},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2013.03.006},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Navas-Lopez, V. M. and Blasco-Alonso, J. and Giron Fernandez-Crehuet, F. and Serrano Nieto, M. J. and Gallego-Gutierrez, S. and Luque Perez, S. and Sierra Salinas, C.},
   title = {Successful treatment for ulcerative proctitis with rectal tacrolimus in an 8-year-old girl with intolerance to mesalamine},
   journal = {Clin J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {7},
   number = {4},
   pages = {320-3},
   note = {1865-7265
Navas-Lopez, Victor Manuel
Blasco-Alonso, Javier
Giron Fernandez-Crehuet, Francisco
Serrano Nieto, Maria Juliana
Gallego-Gutierrez, Silvia
Luque Perez, Silvia
Sierra Salinas, Carlos
Case Reports
Journal Article
Japan
Clin J Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug;7(4):320-3. doi: 10.1007/s12328-014-0506-2. Epub 2014 Jun 25.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis (UC) is defined as a chronic inflammatory condition causing continuous mucosal inflammation of the colon without granulomas on biopsy. It affects the rectum, and, to a variable extent, the colon in continuity and is characterized by a relapsing and remitting course. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) regimens are recommended as first-line induction therapy for mild to moderately active pediatric UC and for maintenance of remission regardless of other initial treatments. In large clinical trials in adults, mesalamine intolerance was found in 2-5 % of the patients. We present a case of an 8-year-old female patient with intolerance to mesalamine and proctitis resistant to conventional therapy who responded to rectal tacrolimus treatment. The patient started with a dose of 2 mg/day at night with an excellent response. She reported feeling better than any of the previously prescribed treatments and without feeling the discomfort of previously administered enemas. After four weeks of treatment, the dose was reduced to 2 mg/week with no relapses. Tacrolimus suppositories were very well tolerated, and no adverse effects have been reported. Although only very little data has been published, rectal tacrolimus seems to be safe and of efficacy in ulcerative proctitis resistant to standard therapy.},
   keywords = {Administration, Rectal
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/*drug therapy
Female
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Mesalamine/adverse effects
Proctitis/*drug therapy/etiology
Remission Induction
Tacrolimus/*administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {1865-7265},
   Accession Number = {26185880},
   DOI = {10.1007/s12328-014-0506-2},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nelson, R. and Liao, C. and Fichera, A. and Rubin, D. T. and Pekow, J.},
   title = {Rescue therapy with cyclosporine or infliximab is not associated with an increased risk for postoperative complications in patients hospitalized for severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   pages = {14-20},
   note = {1536-4844
Nelson, Ryan
Liao, Chuanhong
Fichera, Alessandro
Rubin, David T
Pekow, Joel
K08 DK090152/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK042086/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
K08DK090152/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30DK42086/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Jan;20(1):14-20. doi: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000437497.07181.05.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cyclosporine and infliximab (IFX) are effective medical therapies for inducing remission in patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). Patients with acute severe disease who do not respond to these therapies require colectomy, however, the risk of postoperative complications in such patients is not known. Analyzing patients with acute severe UC, we compared the incidence of postoperative complications in patients who failed rescue therapy with cyclosporine or IFX with that in patients who received intravenous (IV) corticosteroids alone. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of UC patients who underwent colectomy after inpatient treatment with cyclosporine plus IV corticosteroids (CsA+IVS), infliximab plus IV corticosteroids (IFX+IVS), or IV corticosteroids alone (IVS) at the University of Chicago Hospitals from October 1, 2006 to October 1, 2012. Primary endpoints were infectious, noninfectious, and total complications occurring within 30 days of colectomy. RESULTS: Of 78 patients, 19 were treated with CsA+IVS, 24 with IFX+IVS, 4 with both CsA and IFX+IVS, and 31 with IVS alone. Patients treated with rescue therapy plus IVS had no difference in total postoperative complications compared with those receiving IVS alone (CsA+IVS: relative risk (RR) = 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.33-1.23; IFX+IVS: RR = 0.65, 95% CI, 0.36-1.17). There remained no difference in postoperative complications between the rescue therapy and IVS alone groups when subcategorizing overall complications into infectious (CsA+IVS: RR = 0.54, 95% CI, 0.17-1.76; IFX+IVS: RR = 0.86, 95% CI, 0.36-2.09) and noninfectious (CsA+IVS: RR = 0.88, 95% CI, 0.43-1.80; IFX+IVS: RR = 0.40, 95% CI, 0.15-1.07) causes. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclosporine and IFX are not associated with an increased risk for postoperative complications in patients hospitalized for severe UC refractory to corticosteroids.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Colectomy/adverse effects
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/*drug therapy/surgery
Cyclosporine/*therapeutic use
Drug Resistance
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Gastrointestinal Agents/*therapeutic use
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
Hospitalization
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
Infliximab
Male
Middle Aged
*Postoperative Complications
Prognosis
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
*Salvage Therapy
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24297054},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mib.0000437497.07181.05},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nguyen, D. L. and Parekh, N. and Bechtold, M. L. and Jamal, M. M.},
   title = {National Trends and In-Hospital Outcomes of Adult Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Receiving Parenteral Nutrition Support},
   journal = {JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr},
   volume = {40},
   number = {3},
   pages = {412-6},
   note = {Nguyen, Douglas L
Parekh, Nimisha
Bechtold, Matthew L
Jamal, M Mazen
Journal Article
United States
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016 Mar;40(3):412-6. doi: 10.1177/0148607114528715. Epub 2014 Mar 31.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are susceptible to protein-calorie malnutrition secondary to decreased oral intake, malabsorption, and increased metabolic expenditure. In this study, we seek to assess the national frequencies of parenteral nutrition (PN) use among hospitalized patients with IBD and to determine their in-hospital outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1988-2006 to determine the frequency of PN usage among patients with UC or CD and to determine their in-hospital outcomes. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors predictive of increased inpatient mortality in this population. RESULTS: From 1988-2006, the annual incidence of PN use among hospitalized patients with CD was 4.29 per 100,000 and among those with UC was 3.80 per 100,000, with trends being relatively stable through the indexed period. The mean length of hospitalization among patients with UC receiving PN was longer compared with patients with CD. Factors predictive of an increased risk for mortality include the following: age >50 years, acute kidney injury, hospital-acquired pneumonia, Clostridium difficile colitis, prolonged postoperative ileus requiring PN use, pulmonary embolism, malnutrition, and patients with UC relative to CD. CONCLUSION: Traditionally, patients with CD are at a higher risk for developing malnutrition than patients with UC; however, there is a 2-fold higher risk for inpatient mortality and a longer length of hospitalization among patients with UC compared with those with CD. This pattern suggests that the use of PN, particularly among patients with UC, serves as a surrogate marker of higher disease acuity and severity.},
   keywords = {Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology
Adult
Aged
Clostridium Infections/epidemiology
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/*therapy
Crohn Disease/complications/*therapy
Female
Hospital Mortality
Hospitals
Humans
Iatrogenic Disease/epidemiology
Length of Stay
Male
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
*Parenteral Nutrition
Pneumonia/epidemiology
Postoperative Complications/epidemiology
Protein-Energy Malnutrition/therapy
Regression Analysis
Risk Factors
Treatment Outcome
hospitalized patients
inflammatory bowel disease
parenteral nutrition},
   ISSN = {0148-6071 (Print)
0148-6071},
   Accession Number = {24687967},
   DOI = {10.1177/0148607114528715},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nguyen, G. C. and Bernstein, C. N. and Bitton, A. and Chan, A. K. and Griffiths, A. M. and Leontiadis, G. I. and Geerts, W. and Bressler, B. and Butzner, J. D. and Carrier, M. and Chande, N. and Marshall, J. K. and Williams, C. and Kearon, C.},
   title = {Consensus statements on the risk, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease: Canadian Association of Gastroenterology},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {146},
   number = {3},
   pages = {835-848.e6},
   note = {1528-0012
Nguyen, Geoffrey C
Bernstein, Charles N
Bitton, Alain
Chan, Anthony K
Griffiths, Anne M
Leontiadis, Grigorios I
Geerts, William
Bressler, Brian
Butzner, J Decker
Carrier, Marc
Chande, Nilesh
Marshall, John K
Williams, Chadwick
Kearon, Clive
Comparative Study
Consensus Development Conference
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Gastroenterology. 2014 Mar;146(3):835-848.e6. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.042. Epub 2014 Jan 22.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Guidelines for the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) from the American College of Chest Physicians do not address patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a group with a high risk of both VTE and gastrointestinal bleeding. We present recommendations for the prevention and treatment of VTE in patients with IBD. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies on VTE in IBD. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Statements were developed through an iterative online platform, then finalized and voted on by a working group of adult and pediatric gastroenterologists and thrombosis specialists. RESULTS: IBD patients have an approximately 3-fold higher risk of VTE compared with individuals without IBD, and disease flares further increase this risk. Anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis is recommended for IBD patients who are hospitalized with IBD flares without active bleeding and is suggested when bleeding is nonsevere. Anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis is suggested during moderate-severe IBD flares in outpatients with a history of VTE provoked by an IBD flare or an unprovoked VTE, but not otherwise. The recommended duration of anticoagulation after a first VTE is based on the presence of provoking factors. Specific suggestions are made for the prevention and treatment of VTE in pediatric and pregnant IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Using the American College of Chest Physicians' guidelines as a foundation, we have integrated evidence from IBD studies to develop specific recommendations for the management of VTE in this high-risk population.},
   keywords = {Age Factors
Anticoagulants/therapeutic use
*Disease Management
Guideline Adherence
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications
Mechanical Thrombolysis
Risk Factors
Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*therapy
Anticoagulant Therapy
Crohn's Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Venous Thromboembolism},
   ISSN = {0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {24462530},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.042},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nguyen, T. V. and Vu, D. H. and Nguyen, T. M. and Lachaux, A. and Boulieu, R.},
   title = {Exploring associations of 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels and other predictive factors with therapeutic response to azathioprine in pediatric patients with IBD using multilevel analysis},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2404-10},
   note = {1536-4844
Nguyen, Thi-Van-Anh
Vu, Dinh Hoa
Nguyen, Thi-Mai-Hoang
Lachaux, Alain
Boulieu, Roselyne
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Oct;19(11):2404-10. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a508c6.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Metabolite monitoring and response predictors to azathioprine (AZA) in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are debatable. In an attempt to optimize thiopurine therapy and understand the mechanism of action of thiopurines, we correlated metabolites and other factors with AZA efficacy in children with IBD. METHODS: Data from 86 children with IBD with 440 metabolite measurements were retrospectively analyzed using multilevel logistic regression analyses. A therapeutic response was defined as a pediatric Crohn's disease activity index </=10 for Crohn's disease or a pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index </=10 for ulcerative colitis without any treatment with steroids, antitumor necrosis factor, other immunomodulators, or exclusive enteral nutrition. RESULTS: The 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels >250 pmol per 8 x 10 red blood cells correlated with a higher response (odds ratio, 4.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.49-11.46, P = 0.007), whereas 6-methyl-mercaptopurine and 6-methyl-mercaptopurine:6-thioguanine nucleotide ratio showed no correlation. Other novel response predictors in children with IBD were relative leukopenia (odds ratio, 14.01; 95% confidence interval, 3.77-52.10; P < 0.001) and the absence of lymphopenia (odds ratio, 3.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-10.89; P = 0.017). Lower thiopurine methyltransferase activity (P = 0.015), lower platelet count (P = 0.020), and higher aspartate aminotransferase level (P = 0.009) also predicted therapeutic response. Age, gender, patient adherence, the duration of AZA therapy, IBD type, erythrocyte count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate did not predict efficacy. The high interindividual variability accounting for 57.7% of variance in therapeutic response was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The significant 6-thioguanine nucleotide level-response relationship may support metabolite monitoring to improve thiopurine efficacy in pediatric IBD. The reported response predictors may be helpful for treatment optimization in AZA-treated children with IBD, but should be proved in prospective studies.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Azathioprine/*therapeutic use
Biomarkers/*metabolism
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/*metabolism/pathology
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/*metabolism/pathology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Prognosis
Retrospective Studies
Thioguanine/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24013359},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a508c6},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ni, W. Y. and Wu, M. F. and Liao, N. C. and Yeh, M. Y. and Lu, H. F. and Hsueh, S. C. and Liu, J. Y. and Huang, Y. P. and Chang, C. H. and Chung, J. G.},
   title = {Extract of medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill enhances the non-specific and adaptive immune activities in BALB/c mice},
   journal = {In Vivo},
   volume = {27},
   number = {6},
   pages = {779-86},
   note = {1791-7549
Ni, Wei-Ya
Wu, Ming-Fanf
Liao, Nien-Chieh
Yeh, Ming-Yang
Lu, Hsu-Feng
Hsueh, Shu-Ching
Liu, Jia-You
Huang, Yi-Ping
Chang, Chuan-Hsun
Chung, Jing-Gung
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Greece
In Vivo. 2013 Nov-Dec;27(6):779-86.},
   abstract = {Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) is traditionally used against a wide range of conditions such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, foot-and-mouth disease and chronic hepatitis C infection. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of AbM. For the non-specific immune response experiments, a total of 40 female BALB/c mice were divided into control (group 1) and experimental (groups 2-4) groups of 10 animals each. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were orally-administered high (819 mg/kg), medium (273 mg/kg) and low (136.5 mg/kg) doses of AbM daily for six weeks and then six parameters related to non-specific immune response were detected. For the adaptive immune response experiments, 40 female mice were similarly divided into four groups. After six weeks of treatment, animals were immunized with the OVA immunogen. Two weeks later, splenocytes and sera were collected. Four parameters related to adaptive immune response were evaluated. We found that feeding mice with AbM extract increased the IgG level in serum, promoted phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages and elevated the activity of Natural killer cells. We also found that the highest dose of AbM increased interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels in splenocytes and that a medium dose increased interferon-gamma. The levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) were reduced or unchanged. T-helper type 1 cytokine levels were increased. AbM increased the humoral immune response and also affected the cellular immune response. These results provide evidence that AbM can modulate innate and adaptive immunity.},
   keywords = {Adaptive Immunity/*drug effects
Agaricus/*chemistry
Animals
B-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology
Cell Proliferation
Cells, Cultured
Cytokines/metabolism/secretion
Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
Escherichia coli/physiology
Female
Immunoglobulin G/blood
Immunoglobulin M/blood
Immunologic Factors/*pharmacology
Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects/immunology
Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects/immunology
Mice
Mice, Inbred BALB C
Phagocytosis/drug effects
Spleen/drug effects/pathology
T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology
Agaricus blazei Murill extract
BALB/c mice
immune activity},
   ISSN = {0258-851x},
   Accession Number = {24292582},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nowak, J. K. and Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk, U. and Landowski, P. and Szaflarska-Poplawska, A. and Klincewicz, B. and Adamczak, D. and Banasiewicz, T. and Plawski, A. and Walkowiak, J.},
   title = {Prevalence and correlates of vitamin K deficiency in children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Sci Rep},
   volume = {4},
   pages = {4768},
   note = {2045-2322
Nowak, Jan K
Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk, Urszula
Landowski, Piotr
Szaflarska-Poplawska, Anna
Klincewicz, Beata
Adamczak, Daria
Banasiewicz, Tomasz
Plawski, Andrzej
Walkowiak, Jaroslaw
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Sci Rep. 2014 Apr 24;4:4768. doi: 10.1038/srep04768.},
   abstract = {Although vitamin K deficiency has been implicated in adult inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), its prevalence in pediatric IBD remains unknown. We carried out a cross-sectional study in 63 children with Crohn's disease (CD) and 48 with ulcerative colitis (UC) to assess the prevalence of vitamin K deficiency and to search for potential correlation between vitamin K status and pediatric IBD activity. Vitamin K status was assessed using protein induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II; ELISA). Prevalence of vitamin K deficiency was 54.0% in CD and 43.7% in UC. Vitamin K deficiency was more common in patients with higher CD activity, in CD patients with higher mass Z-scores, and less common among children with CD treated with infliximab. Relation of vitamin K deficiency to pediatric IBD clinical course and treatment demand further research.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
Biomarkers/*blood
Bone Density
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*blood/complications/pathology
Crohn Disease/*blood/complications/pathology
Female
Humans
Infliximab
Male
Protein Precursors/*blood
Prothrombin
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
Vitamin K/metabolism
Vitamin K Deficiency/*blood/complications},
   ISSN = {2045-2322},
   Accession Number = {24759680},
   DOI = {10.1038/srep04768},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Nylund, C. M. and Goudie, A. and Garza, J. M. and Crouch, G. and Denson, L. A.},
   title = {Venous thrombotic events in hospitalized children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {56},
   number = {5},
   pages = {485-91},
   note = {1536-4801
Nylund, Cade M
Goudie, Anthony
Garza, Jose M
Crouch, Gary
Denson, Lee A
UL1 TR000077/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 May;56(5):485-91. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182801e43.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of venous thrombotic events (TEs). We sought to evaluate the risk for TE in children and adolescents with IBD using a large population database. METHODS: The triennial Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database was used in a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized children in the United States across 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009. Billing codes were used to identify discharges with Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, thrombosis of intracranial venous sinus, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and portal vein thrombosis. A logistic regression model was fitted to quantify the increased risk of TE in children with IBD, while adjusting for other risk factors of thrombosis. RESULTS: The total weighted number of pediatric discharges was 7,448,292, and 68,394 (0.92%) were identified with IBD. The incidence of any TE in a hospitalized child or adolescent with IBD was 117.9/10,000 with a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 2.36 (2.15-2.58). The adjusted odds ratio for any TE in a patient with IBD without surgery was 1.22 (1.08-1.36). Risk factors for TE among patients with IBD include older age, central venous catheter, parenteral nutrition, and an identified hypercoagulable condition. There is an increasing trend of TE in both the IBD and non-IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized children and adolescents with IBD are at increased risk for TE. Conservative methods of TE prevention including hydration, mobilization, or pneumatic devices should be considered in hospitalized patients with IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Factors
Blood Coagulation Disorders/complications
Budd-Chiari Syndrome/epidemiology/*etiology
Central Venous Catheters/adverse effects
Female
Hospitalization
Humans
Incidence
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications
Logistic Models
Male
Parenteral Nutrition/adverse effects
Pulmonary Embolism/epidemiology/*etiology
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial/epidemiology/*etiology
Thrombophlebitis/epidemiology/*etiology
Thrombosis/epidemiology/*etiology
United States/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {23232326},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182801e43},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ohman, L. and Dahlen, R. and Isaksson, S. and Sjoling, A. and Wick, M. J. and Sjovall, H. and Van Oudenhove, L. and Simren, M. and Strid, H.},
   title = {Serum IL-17A in newly diagnosed treatment-naive patients with ulcerative colitis reflects clinical disease severity and predicts the course of disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2433-9},
   note = {1536-4844
Ohman, Lena
Dahlen, Rahil
Isaksson, Stefan
Sjoling, Asa
Wick, Mary-Jo
Sjovall, Henrik
Van Oudenhove, Lukas
Simren, Magnus
Strid, Hans
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Oct;19(11):2433-9. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a563cb.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The clinical course of ulcerative colitis (UC) is unpredictable. The need for reliable biomarkers to reflect disease severity and predict disease course is therefore large. We investigated whether cytokines in mucosal tissue and serum reflect clinical disease severity at the onset of UC and predict the future disease course. METHODS: We prospectively monitored 102 patients from the onset of UC during 3 years, and they were followed up yearly for clinical and biochemical disease severity. Rectal biopsies were obtained from healthy controls and patients with UC. Serum and stool samples were obtained from patients with UC. Total mRNA from biopsies was analyzed with real-time PCR. Cytokine levels in serum were determined using Luminex or ELISA. RESULTS: Mucosal mRNA expression of IL-17A was 99.8 times higher while IFN-gamma and IL-13 expression was increased 12.4 and 6.7 times, respectively, in patients relative to controls. Serum IL-17A correlated with clinical disease severity at the onset. Also, contrary to a number of other parameters, serum IL-17A at the onset predicted the clinical and biochemical course of the disease, as reflected by the Mayo score, number x severity of flares, and fecal calprotectin levels, respectively, during 3 years after the onset of the disease. None of these associations were found with mucosal cytokines at the onset. CONCLUSIONS: Serum IL-17A levels of treatment-naive patients with UC reflect clinical disease severity at the onset of the disease and also predicted the disease course over the following 3 years. Thus, serum IL-17A may be valuable in the clinical management of patients with UC at the onset of the disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Biomarkers/*blood
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*blood/*diagnosis
Cross-Sectional Studies
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Interferon-gamma/*blood
Interleukin-13/*blood
Interleukin-17/*blood
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism
Male
Prognosis
Prospective Studies
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {23966065},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a563cb},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Orel, R. and Kamhi Trop, T.},
   title = {Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {20},
   number = {33},
   pages = {11505-24},
   note = {2219-2840
Orel, Rok
Kamhi Trop, Tina
Journal Article
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Sep 7;20(33):11505-24. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11505.},
   abstract = {It has been presumed that aberrant immune response to intestinal microorganisms in genetically predisposed individuals may play a major role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel disease, and there is a good deal of evidence supporting this hypothesis. Commensal enteric bacteria probably play a central role in pathogenesis, providing continuous antigenic stimulation that causes chronic intestinal injury. A strong biologic rationale supports the use of probiotics and prebiotics for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Many probiotic strains exhibit anti-inflammatory properties through their effects on different immune cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion depression, and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. There is very strong evidence supporting the use of multispecies probiotic VSL#3 for the prevention or recurrence of postoperative pouchitis in patients. For treatment of active ulcerative colitis, as well as for maintenance therapy, the clinical evidence of efficacy is strongest for VSL#3 and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917. Moreover, some prebiotics, such as germinated barley foodstuff, Psyllium or oligofructose-enriched inulin, might provide some benefit in patients with active ulcerative colitis or ulcerative colitis in remission. The results of clinical trials in the treatment of active Crohn's disease or the maintenance of its remission with probiotics and prebiotics are disappointing and do not support their use in this disease. The only exception is weak evidence of advantageous use of Saccharomyces boulardii concomitantly with medical therapy in maintenance treatment.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology/microbiology/*therapy
Crohn Disease/immunology/microbiology/*therapy
Humans
Intestines/immunology/*microbiology
*Microbiota
*Prebiotics
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Remission Induction
Treatment Outcome
Gut
Inflammatory bowel disease
Microbiota
Prebiotic
Probiotic},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {25206258},
   DOI = {10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11505},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {O'Sullivan, M.},
   title = {Vitamin D as a novel therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: new hope or false dawn?},
   journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
   volume = {74},
   number = {1},
   pages = {5-12},
   note = {1475-2719
O'Sullivan, Maria
Journal Article
Review
England
Proc Nutr Soc. 2015 Feb;74(1):5-12. doi: 10.1017/S0029665114001621. Epub 2014 Dec 10.},
   abstract = {There is increasing scientific interest in the field of vitamin D research, moving the focus beyond bone health to other disease processes. Low circulating vitamin D levels have been reported as a risk factor for several pathophysiologically divergent diseases, including cancers, diabetes, CVD, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). But, therein, remains the challenge: can any single nutrient contribute to multiple complex disease mechanisms and, ultimately, have therapeutic potential? The aim of this review is to critically evaluate several strands of scientific evidence surrounding vitamin D and inflammation, primarily focusing on IBD. Epidemiological studies suggest an increased incidence of IBD and rheumatoid arthritis in countries of more northern latitudes, mirroring sunlight patterns. A considerable body of evidence supports the anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D, at least in animal models of IBD. Although it is accepted that suboptimal vitamin D status is common in IBD, some studies suggest that this associates with more severe disease. With regard to treatment, the data are only beginning to emerge from randomised controlled trials to suggest that people with IBD may remain in remission longer when treated with oral vitamin D. In conclusion, several strands of evidence suggest that vitamin D may modify the immune response in IBD. There is a continued need for large well-designed clinical trials and mechanistic studies to determine if, and how, this emerging promise translates into tangible clinical benefits for people with chronic debilitating diseases such as IBD.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology
Humans
Incidence
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/epidemiology
Vitamin D/*therapeutic use
Vitamins/*therapeutic use
25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Autoimmune disease
CD Crohn's disease
CDAI Crohn's disease activity index
CRP C-reactive protein
IBD inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Nutrition
RCT randomised controlled trial
UC ulcerative colitis
Vitamin D},
   ISSN = {0029-6651},
   Accession Number = {25490986},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0029665114001621},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pant, C. and Anderson, M. P. and Deshpande, A. and Altaf, M. A. and Grunow, J. E. and Atreja, A. and Sferra, T. J.},
   title = {Health care burden of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {5},
   pages = {1080-5},
   note = {1536-4844
Pant, Chaitanya
Anderson, Michael P
Deshpande, Abhishek
Altaf, Muhammad A
Grunow, John E
Atreja, Ashish
Sferra, Thomas J
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Apr;19(5):1080-5. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182807563.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), similar to adults, are at increased risk of acquiring a Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Our objective was to characterize the health care burden associated with CDI in hospitalized pediatric patients with IBD. METHODS: We extracted and analyzed cases with a discharge diagnosis of IBD or CDI from the U.S. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database. RESULTS: In our primary analysis, we evaluated pediatric cases with a principal diagnosis of IBD or CDI. For the year 2009, we identified 12,610 weighted cases with IBD of which 3.5% had CDI. In children with IBD, CDI was independently associated with lengthier hospital stays (8.0 versus 6.0 days; adjusted regression coefficient, 2.1 days; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-2.8), higher charges ($45,126 versus $34,703; adjusted regression coefficient, $11,506; 95% CI, 6192-16,820), and greater need for parenteral nutrition (15.9% versus 12.1%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.0) and blood transfusion (17.7% versus 9.8%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.4). There were no deaths. We made similar observations in a subanalysis of cases with principal or secondary diagnoses of IBD or CDI. The incidence of CDI in patients with IBD increased between 2000 and 2009 from 21.7 to 28.0 cases per 1000 IBD cases per year (P < 0.001). There was a significant increase in CDI complicating ulcerative colitis (28.1 versus 42.2, P < 0.001) but not for Crohn's disease (18.3 versus 20.3). CONCLUSIONS: CDI represents a significant health care burden in hospitalized children with IBD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Child
Child, Hospitalized/*statistics & numerical data
Child, Preschool
Clostridium Infections/*economics/etiology
Clostridium difficile/*pathogenicity
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications/*economics/microbiology
Crohn Disease/complications/*economics/microbiology
Female
*Health Care Costs
Hospitalization
Humans
Infant
Length of Stay
Male
Prognosis
Risk Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {23478808},
   DOI = {10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182807563},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pant, C. and Anderson, M. P. and Deshpande, A. and Grunow, J. E. and O'Connor, J. A. and Philpott, J. R. and Sferra, T. J.},
   title = {Trends in hospitalizations of children with inflammatory bowel disease within the United States from 2000 to 2009},
   journal = {J Investig Med},
   volume = {61},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1036-8},
   note = {1708-8267
Pant, Chaitanya
Anderson, Michael P
Deshpande, Abhishek
Grunow, John E
O'Connor, Judith A
Philpott, Jessica R
Sferra, Thomas J
Journal Article
England
J Investig Med. 2013 Aug;61(6):1036-8. doi: 10.2310/JIM.0b013e31829a4e25.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The incidence and prevalence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) seems to be increasing in North America and Europe. Our objective was to evaluate hospitalization rates in children with IBD in the United States during the decade 2000 to 2009. METHODS: We analyzed cases with a discharge diagnosis of Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) within the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. RESULTS: We identified 61,779 pediatric discharges with a diagnosis of IBD (CD, 39,451 cases; UC, 22,328 cases). The number of hospitalized children with IBD increased from 11,928 to 19,568 (incidence, 43.5-71.5 cases per 10,000 discharges per year; P < 0.001). For CD, the number increased from 7757 to 12,441 (incidence, 28.3-45.0; P < 0.001) and for UC, 4171 to 7127 (15.2-26.0; P < 0.001). Overall, there was a significant increasing trend for pediatric hospitalizations with IBD, CD, and UC (P < 0.001). In addition, there was an increase in IBD-related complications and comorbid disease burden (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: There was a significant increase in the number and incidence of hospitalized children with IBD in the United States from 2000 to 2009.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
*Child, Hospitalized
Child, Preschool
Female
Hospitalization/*trends
Humans
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology/therapy
Male
United States/epidemiology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1081-5589},
   Accession Number = {23797749},
   DOI = {10.2310/JIM.0b013e31829a4e25},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Park, K. T. and Sin, A. and Wu, M. and Bass, D. and Bhattacharya, J.},
   title = {Utilization trends of anti-TNF agents and health outcomes in adults and children with inflammatory bowel diseases: a single-center experience},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {20},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1242-9},
   note = {1536-4844
Park, K T
Sin, Aaron
Wu, May
Bass, Dorsey
Bhattacharya, Jay
K08 DK094868/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30 AG017253/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States
R21 AG041112/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States
P30 AG17253/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States
Comparative Study
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014 Jul;20(7):1242-9. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000061.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Utilization trends and health effects of infliximab and adalimumab in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are incompletely understood. We aimed to describe utilization trends of these 2 anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents, determine the correlation between utilization with rates of hospitalization and surgery and describe differences in use between adults and children. METHODS: Longitudinal data were analyzed for drug utilization, hospitalization, and abdominal surgery. Descriptive statistics were used to show trends, and utilization quotients were compared for standardization. Multivariate logistic regression analysis assessed the association between drug use and rates of hospitalization and surgery. RESULTS: Four hundred thirty-eight pediatric and 2514 adult patients with IBD generated a total of 51,882 inpatient and outpatient encounters, representing 1185 Crohn's disease, 1531 ulcerative colitis, and 236 indeterminate colitis patients. From 2007 through 2012, utilization quotients declined for hospitalization but remained unchanged for surgery; adalimumab saw a 3-fold increase, despite continued dominance of infliximab. Median band and mean fitted plots showed downward hospitalization trends from 2006 to 2012. Utilization of infliximab peaked in 2008, Q4 with gradual decline to 2012, Q2; and adalimumab showed moderate increased utilization since 2007, Q1. Use of infliximab (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-0.83) and adalimumab (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.72-0.87) was associated with decreased hospitalization risk but not associated with reduced abdominal surgery risk. Children had increased hospitalization (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 2.49-2.88) but decreased risk for abdominal surgery (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.46-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: Current infliximab use remains substantially greater than adalimumab use, despite recent increased use of adalimumab. Although trends for hospitalization for IBD are decreasing, it is not reflected in abdominal surgery rates in a tertiary IBD referral center.},
   keywords = {Adalimumab
Adult
Age Factors
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use
Child
Colectomy/methods/statistics & numerical data
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/pathology/surgery
Crohn Disease/drug therapy/pathology/surgery
Databases, Factual
Disease Progression
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/*physiopathology/surgery
Infliximab
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Multivariate Analysis
Recurrence
Risk Assessment
Treatment Outcome
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/administration & dosage/*antagonists & inhibitors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {24846718},
   DOI = {10.1097/mib.0000000000000061},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Parkes, G. C. and Whelan, K. and Lindsay, J. O.},
   title = {Smoking in inflammatory bowel disease: impact on disease course and insights into the aetiology of its effect},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {8},
   number = {8},
   pages = {717-25},
   note = {1876-4479
Parkes, Gareth C
Whelan, Kevin
Lindsay, James O
Journal Article
Review
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Aug;8(8):717-25. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.02.002. Epub 2014 Mar 11.},
   abstract = {The chronic intestinal inflammation that characterises Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis arises from a complex interplay between host genotype, the immune system, and the intestinal microbiota. In addition, environmental factors such as smoking impact on disease onset and progression. Individuals who smoke are more likely to develop Crohn's disease, and smoking is associated with recurrence after surgery and a poor response to medical therapy. Conversely, smoking appears protective against ulcerative colitis and smokers are less likely to require colectomy. The mechanism by which smoking exerts its impact on disease and the rational for the dichotomous effect in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is not clear. Recent evidence suggests that smoking induces alterations to both the innate and acquired immune system. In addition, smoking is associated with a distinct alteration in the intestinal microbiota both in patients with active Crohn's disease and healthy subjects.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/etiology
Crohn Disease/etiology
Disease Progression
Female
Humans
Immunity/drug effects
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology
Intestines/drug effects/microbiology
Male
Microbiota/drug effects
Sex
Smoking/*adverse effects
Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects
Crohn's disease
Microbiota
Smoking
Ulcerative colitis},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {24636140},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2014.02.002},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pavlidis, P. and Shums, Z. and Koutsoumpas, A. L. and Milo, J. and Papp, M. and Umemura, T. and Lakatos, P. L. and Smyk, D. S. and Bogdanos, D. P. and Forbes, A. and Norman, G. L.},
   title = {Diagnostic and clinical significance of Crohn's disease-specific anti-MZGP2 pancreatic antibodies by a novel ELISA},
   journal = {Clin Chim Acta},
   volume = {441},
   pages = {176-81},
   note = {1873-3492
Pavlidis, Polychronis
Shums, Zakera
Koutsoumpas, Andreas L
Milo, Jay
Papp, Maria
Umemura, Takeji
Lakatos, Peter L
Smyk, Daniel S
Bogdanos, Dimitrios P
Forbes, Alastair
Norman, Gary L
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Clin Chim Acta. 2015 Feb 20;441:176-81. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.010. Epub 2014 Dec 12.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: We developed a new IgA and IgG anti-MZGP2 antibody ELISAs based on recombinant isoform-4 of human zymogen granule protein-2 (GP2), which is the major autoantigen of Crohn's disease (CrD)-specific pancreatic autoantibodies and assessed their clinical relevance in the largest inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort tested to date. METHODS: 832 sera were studied, including 617 consecutive IBD patients from 323 CrD and 294 ulcerative colitis (UC) follow-up in a tertiary centre, and 112 pathological and 103 normal controls. RESULTS: Sensitivity of IgA anti-MZGP2 for CrD in the IBD population was 15% and specificity was 98% (95, 99), while the sensitivity and specificity of IgG anti-MZGP2 were 27% and 97%. IgA and IgG anti-MZGP2 combined testing led to a sensitivity of 31% and a specificity of 96%. Positivity for either ASCA (IgA or IgG) or anti-MZGP2 (IgA or IgG) showed a sensitivity of 75% (70, 80) and a specificity of 84% (79, 89). IgA anti-MZGP2 antibodies were more prevalent in CrD patients with early disease onset (p=0.011). Also, anti-MZGP2 positive patients more frequently had extensive disease with ileal involvement. Patients with longer disease duration were more likely to have IgG anti-MZGP2 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel ELISA confirms the high specificity of anti-MZGP2 antibodies for CrD and their association with disease severity phenotypes.},
   keywords = {Adult
Autoantibodies/*immunology
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/immunology
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/immunology
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/*methods
Female
GPI-Linked Proteins/*immunology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Pancreas/*immunology
Autoantibody
Bowel disease
Marker
Sensitivity
Specificity},
   ISSN = {0009-8981},
   Accession Number = {25512163},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.010},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pawlowska, K. and Iwanczak, B.},
   title = {Somatic development disorders of children with non specific inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Dev Period Med},
   volume = {18},
   number = {3},
   pages = {323-30},
   note = {Pawlowska, Katarzyna
Iwanczak, Barbara
Journal Article
Review
Poland
Dev Period Med. 2014 Jul-Sep;18(3):323-30.},
   abstract = {Frequency of inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) tends to increase in developing countries. Nearly 25% of cases affects pediatric patients. Inflammatory bowel diseases are often associated with weight loss and stunting in children. Moreover, weight and height deficiencies are often early symptoms. Initially, nonspecific or latent course of disease delays the diagnostic process. Malnutrition in inflammatory bowel diseases can be caused by disorders of digestion and nutrients' absorption, intestinal loss, increased energy expenditure and appetite impairment. Nutritional deficiencies and inflammatory agents lead to disturbance of tissue metabolism - muscle and bone - and retardation of somatic development of affected children. Thus, deficiencies of muscle mass, bone mineral density and body height are observed. Insufficient normalization of somatic features may be the consequence of recurrent nature of disease and specificity of pharmacological treatment. Present work deals with the current state of knowledge concerning the somatic development disorders of children with inflammatory bowel diseases. Abnormal nutritional status, bone mineral density deficits and growth failure of patients have been discussed in the context of their relations and dependencies on inflammatory, nutritional and therapeutic factors.},
   keywords = {Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
Crohn Disease/diagnosis
Growth Disorders/*etiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications
Malnutrition/etiology
Recurrence},
   ISSN = {1428-345X (Print)},
   Accession Number = {25182396},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pearl, D. S. and Masoodi, M. and Eiden, M. and Brummer, J. and Gullick, D. and McKeever, T. M. and Whittaker, M. A. and Nitch-Smith, H. and Brown, J. F. and Shute, J. K. and Mills, G. and Calder, P. C. and Trebble, T. M.},
   title = {Altered colonic mucosal availability of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in ulcerative colitis and the relationship to disease activity},
   journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
   volume = {8},
   number = {1},
   pages = {70-9},
   note = {1876-4479
Pearl, Daniel S
Masoodi, Mojgan
Eiden, Michael
Brummer, Janine
Gullick, Darren
McKeever, Tricia M
Whittaker, Mark A
Nitch-Smith, Harriet
Brown, James F
Shute, Janis K
Mills, Graham
Calder, Philip C
Trebble, Timothy M
MC_PC_13030/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
MC_UP_A090_1006/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Jan;8(1):70-9. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.03.013. Epub 2013 Apr 23.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA, n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n-3) are precursors of eicosanoids and other lipid mediators which have critical roles in inflammation. The mediators formed from the different PUFA have different potencies. We hypothesised that metabolic changes associated with colonic mucosal inflammation would modify the bioavailability of the eicosanoid precursors AA and EPA. METHODS: Colonic mucosa biopsies were obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis and from matched controls. Inflammation was graded endoscopically and histologically. Esterified and non-esterified fatty acids were determined within the biopsies using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS: Biopsy samples were collected from 69 UC patients (54 providing both inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa) and 69 controls. Inflamed mucosa had higher AA (p<0.001) and lower EPA (p<0.010) contents and a higher AA:EPA ratio (p<0.001). Inflamed mucosa also had higher docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and lower linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LNA) contents (all p<0.001), compared to non-inflamed and controls. There were significant correlations between severity of inflammation and contents of AA, DPA and DHA (positive correlations) and of LA, alpha-LNA and EPA (negative correlations). CONCLUSIONS: Higher AA, AA:EPA ratio, DPA and DHA and lower LA, alpha-LNA and EPA are seen in inflamed mucosa in UC and correlate with severity of inflammation. This suggests an alteration in fatty acid metabolism in the inflamed gut mucosa, which may offer novel targets for intervention and should be considered if nutritional strategies are used.},
   keywords = {Adult
Biological Availability
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*metabolism/pathology
Colon/*metabolism/pathology
Diet
Esterification
Fatty Acids, Omega-3/chemistry/*pharmacokinetics
Fatty Acids, Omega-6/chemistry/*pharmacokinetics
Female
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism/pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
Severity of Illness Index
Surveys and Questionnaires
5-asa
5-aminosalicylic acid
Aa
Arachidonic acid
Cytokine
Dha
Dpa
Ei-sim
Epa
Eicosanoid
Eicosapentaenoic acid
Fa
Gc/ms
Hplc
Inflammation
La
Lc/ms
Lt
Pg
PPARgamma
Pufa
Spe
Uc
alpha linolenic acid
docosahexaenoic acid
docosapentaenoic acid
electron impact selective ion monitoring
fatty acid
gas chromatography mass spectrometry
high performance liquid chromatography
leukotrienes
linoleic acid
liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma
polyunsaturated fatty acid
prostaglandins
solid phase extraction
ulcerative colitis
alpha-LNA},
   ISSN = {1873-9946},
   Accession Number = {23619007},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.crohns.2013.03.013},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Pekow, J. and Dougherty, U. and Huang, Y. and Gometz, E. and Nathanson, J. and Cohen, G. and Levy, S. and Kocherginsky, M. and Venu, N. and Westerhoff, M. and Hart, J. and Noffsinger, A. E. and Hanauer, S. B. and Hurst, R. D. and Fichera, A. and Joseph, L. J. and Liu, Q. and Bissonnette, M.},
   title = {Gene signature distinguishes patients with chronic ulcerative colitis harboring remote neoplastic lesions},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {19},
   number = {3},
   pages = {461-70},
   note = {1536-4844
Pekow, Joel
Dougherty, Urszula
Huang, Yong
Gometz, Edward
Nathanson, Jeff
Cohen, Greg
Levy, Shawn
Kocherginsky, Masha
Venu, Nanda
Westerhoff, Maria
Hart, John
Noffsinger, Amy E
Hanauer, Stephen B
Hurst, Roger D
Fichera, Alessandro
Joseph, Loren J
Liu, Qiang
Bissonnette, Marc
K08 DK090152/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 CA164124/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
K08DK090152/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Mar;19(3):461-70. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182802bac.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Individuals with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk for colorectal cancer. The standard method of surveillance for neoplasia in UC by colonoscopy is invasive and can miss flat lesions. We sought to identify a gene expression signature in nondysplastic mucosa without active

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag