text:
209341624},
pii = {0962280209341624},
pmid = {20200199},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Lukasiewicz-2010-Stat%20Methods%20Med%20Res_Combining%20longitudin.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13626},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Tsai:2009p5088,
author = {Chia-Liang Tsai and Chien-Yu Pan and Rong-Ju Cherng and Ya-Wen Hsu and Hsing-Hui Chiu},
journal = {Brain Cogn},
title = {Mechanisms of deficit of visuospatial attention shift in children with developmental coordination disorder: a neurophysiological measure of the endogenous Posner paradigm},
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the mechanisms of brain activity, as revealed by a combination of the visuospatial attention shifting paradigm and event-related potentials (ERP) in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and typically developing children. Twenty-eight DCD children and 26 typically developing children were recorded with regard to their behavioral performance and ERP measures during a variant of the endogenous Posner paradigm, in which they should react to visual targets preceded by spatial cues or presented uncued. Children with DCD showed longer reaction time and a deficit in inhibitory response capacity when compared to typically developing children. The electrophysiological characteristics also showed distinct modulatory effects upon attentional orienting, anticipatory mechanisms, and cognitive-to-motor transfer in children with DCD: longer cue-P3 and target-N1 latency, smaller target-P3 amplitude, an elongated interval between N2 and the motor response (N2-RT), and small areas on contingent negative variation (CNV). The combined analysis of behavioral performance and ERP data suggested that children with DCD had deficits of slower target identification (N1), less ability in interhemispheric (P3) and cognitive-to-motor transfer speed (N2-RT), as well as a less mature anticipatory and executive process (CNV).},
affiliation = {Lab of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan. andytsai@mail.ncku.edu.tw},
number = {3},
pages = {246--58},
volume = {71},
year = {2009},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Signal Processing: Computer-Assisted, Child Development, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Motor Skills Disorders, Female, Orientation, Male, Child, Neuropsychological Tests, Evoked Potentials: Visual, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Attention, Humans, Contingent Negative Variation, Brain, Psychomotor Performance, Patient Selection, Visual Perception, Executive Function, Analysis of Variance, Cues},
date-added = {2010-02-05 20:16:42 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-05 20:16:43 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.bandc.2009.08.006},
pii = {S0278-2626(09)00158-4},
pmid = {19751962},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5088},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Walach:2005p8397,
author = {Harald Walach and Catarina Sadaghiani and Cornelia Dehm and Dick Bierman},
journal = {BMC Med Res Methodol},
title = {The therapeutic effect of clinical trials: understanding placebo response rates in clinical trials--a secondary analysis},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Placebo response rates in clinical trials vary considerably and are observed frequently. For new drugs it can be difficult to prove effectiveness superior to placebo. It is unclear what contributes to improvement in the placebo groups. We wanted to clarify, what elements of clinical trials determine placebo variability. METHODS: We analysed a representative sample of 141 published long-term trials (randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled; duration > 12 weeks) to find out what study characteristics predict placebo response rates in various diseases. Correlational and regression analyses with study characteristics and placebo response rates were carried out. RESULTS: We found a high and significant correlation between placebo and treatment response rate across diseases (r = .78; p < .001). A multiple regression model explained 79% of the variance in placebo variability (F = 59.7; p < 0.0001). Significant predictors are, among others, the duration of the study (beta = .31), the quality of the study (beta = .18), the fact whether a study is a prevention trial (beta = .44), whether dropouts have been documented (beta = -.20), or whether additional treatments have been documented (beta = -.17). Healing rates with placebo are lower in the following diagnoses; neoplasms (beta = -.21), nervous diseases (beta = -.10), substance abuse (beta = -.14). Without prevention trials the amount of variance explained is 42%. CONCLUSION: Medication response rates and placebo response rates in clinical trials are highly correlated. Trial characteristics can explain some portion of the variance in placebo healing rates in RCTs. Placebo response in trials is only partially due to methodological artefacts and only partially dependent on the diagnoses treated.},
affiliation = {University Hospital Freiburg, Brsg., Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, Germany. harald.walach@northampont.ac.uk},
pages = {26},
volume = {5},
year = {2005},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Research Design, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Drug Evaluation, Time Factors, Regression Analysis, Humans, Research Subjects, Double-Blind Method, Placebo Effect, Monte Carlo Method},
date-added = {2010-03-21 13:35:58 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-21 13:35:58 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-5-26},
pii = {1471-2288-5-26},
pmid = {16109176},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Walach-2005-BMC%20Med%20Res%20Methodol_The%20therapeutic%20effe.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8397},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Anderson:2001p10096,
author = {M J Anderson and J Robinson},
journal = {Aust. N. Z. J. Stat.},
title = {Permutation tests for linear models},
number = {1},
pages = {75--88},
volume = {43},
year = {2001},
date-added = {2010-03-31 20:19:53 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-03-31 20:20:47 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Anderson-2001-Aust.%20N.%20Z.%20J.%20Stat._Permutation%20tests%20fo.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10096},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Joo:2010p1689,
author = {Jungnam Joo and Minjung Kwak and Zehua Chen and Gang Zheng},
journal = {Stat Med},
title = {Efficiency robust statistics for genetic linkage and association studies under genetic model uncertainty},
abstract = {When testing genetic linkage and association, test statistics that follow a normal or Chi-square distributions are often used. These statistics are usually derived under a specific mode of inheritance (genetic model). Common genetic models include, but not limited to, the recessive, additive, multiplicative, and dominant models. For many diseases, their underlying genetic models are often unknown. Instead, a family of scientifically plausible genetic models may be available, which includes the four commonly used models. Hence, the optimal test is not available. Employing a single test statistic which is optimal for one model may suffer from substantial loss of power when the model is misspecified. In this situation efficient robust tests are useful. In this tutorial, we first review several commonly used robust statistics, including maximum efficiency robust tests, maximal tests, and constrained likelihood ratio tests for three common designs in genetic studies: (i) linkage analysis using affected sib-pairs, (ii) association studies using parents-offspring trios, and (iii) case-control association studies (unmatched and matched). Codes in the R statistical language for applying these robust statistics to test for linkage and association are presented with examples. We also provide some comparisons of the performance of the various robust tests via simulation studies. Guidelines for applications are also given for each study design. Finally, applications of robust tests to genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis are discussed.},
affiliation = {Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.},
number = {1},
pages = {158--80},
volume = {29},
year = {2010},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-01-09 18:33:45 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-09 18:33:45 +0100},
doi = {10.1002/sim.3759},
pmid = {19918942},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Joo-2010-Stat%20Med_Efficiency%20robust%20st.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1689},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Guan:2008p4651,
author = {Yongtao Guan and Matthew Stephens},
journal = {PLoS Genet},
title = {Practical issues in imputation-based association mapping},
abstract = {Imputation-based association methods provide a powerful framework for testing untyped variants for association with phenotypes and for combining results from multiple studies that use different genotyping platforms. Here, we consider several issues that arise when applying these methods in practice, including: (i) factors affecting imputation accuracy, including choice of reference panel; (ii) the effects of imputation accuracy on power to detect associations; (iii) the relative merits of Bayesian and frequentist approaches to testing imputed genotypes for association with phenotype; and (iv) how to quickly and accurately compute Bayes factors for testing imputed SNPs. We find that imputation-based methods can be robust to imputation accuracy and can improve power to detect associations, even when average imputation accuracy is poor. We explain how ranking SNPs for association by a standard likelihood ratio test gives the same results as a Bayesian procedure that uses an unnatural prior assumption--specifically, that difficult-to-impute SNPs tend to have larger effects--and assess the power gained from using a Bayesian approach that does not make this assumption. Within the Bayesian framework, we find that good approximations to a full analysis can be achieved by simply replacing unknown genotypes with a point estimate--their posterior mean. This approximation considerably reduces computational expense compared with published sampling-based approaches, and the methods we present are practical on a genome-wide scale with very modest computational resources (e.g., a single desktop computer). The approximation also facilitates combining information across studies, using only summary data for each SNP. Methods discussed here are implemented in the software package BIMBAM, which is available from http://stephenslab.uchicago.edu/software.html.},
affiliation = {Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America. ytguan@uchicago.edu},
number = {12},
pages = {e1000279},
volume = {4},
year = {2008},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Mathematical Computing, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Humans, Phenotype, Software, Databases: Genetic, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genetic Techniques, Models: Statistical, Genotype, Models: Genetic},
date-added = {2010-01-30 16:07:38 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-30 16:07:39 +0100},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1000279},
pmid = {19057666},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Guan-2008-PLoS%20Genet_Practical%20issues%20in.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4651},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Chambers:2009p10542,
author = {Richard Chambers and Eleonora Gullone and Nicholas B Allen},
journal = {Clin Psychol Rev},
title = {Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review},
abstract = {This review aims to integrate the constructs of mindfulness and emotion regulation. Research into both of these areas is relatively new, and while several reviews have emerged for each area independently, none has directly proposed a conceptual integration. The current review explores how key axioms and assumptions of traditional psychological models of emotion regulation and the psychological interventions that are derived from them (e.g., cognitive behavior therapy) differ fundamentally from mindfulness-based approaches in terms of the underlying processes they address. Accordingly, mindfulness and emotion regulation are each reviewed, followed by a conceptual integration. Fundamental difficulties arising from the attempt to integrate the two domains are highlighted, especially as to the "reality" of thoughts, the relationship between thoughts and emotions, and the need to move beyond a valence model of emotion. Finally, a model is proposed outlining the likely critical processes and mechanisms that underlie "mindful emotion regulation."},
affiliation = {School of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.},
number = {6},
pages = {560--72},
volume = {29},
year = {2009},
month = {Aug},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Mental Disorders, Emotions, Mind-Body Therapies, Cognition, Humans, Internal-External Control, Attention, Models: Psychological, Affective Symptoms},
date-added = {2010-04-07 11:30:45 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-07 11:30:45 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005},
pii = {S0272-7358(09)00086-5},
pmid = {19632752},
URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VB8-4WKK1RD-1&_user=2432700&_coverDate=08%252F31%252F2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000057263&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2432700&md5=dd4ce1791a7bb505c7f48eb654176824},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Chambers-2009-Clin%20Psychol%20Rev_Mindful%20emotion%20regu.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10542},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Grilli:2007,
author = {L Grilli and C Rampichini},
journal = {Structural Equation Modeling},
title = {Multilevel Factor Models for Ordinal Variables},
abstract = {This article tackles several issues involved in specifying, fitting, and interpreting the results of multilevel factor models for ordinal variables. First, the problem of model specification and identification is addressed, outlining parameter interpretation. Special attention is devoted to the consequences on interpretation stemming from the usual choice of not decomposing the specificities into hierarchical components. Then a general strategy of analysis is outlined, highlighting the role of the exploratory steps. The theoretical topics are illustrated through an application to graduates' job satisfaction, where estimation is based on maximum likelihood via an Expectation-Maximization algorithm with adaptive quadrature.},
number = {1},
pages = {1--25},
volume = {14},
year = {2007},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:21 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:51:13 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Grilli-2007-Structural%20Equation%20Modeling_Multilevel%20Factor%20Mo.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1174},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Little:2009p9311,
author = {Julian Little and Julian P T Higgins and John P A Ioannidis and David Moher and France Gagnon and Erik von Elm and Muin J Khoury and Barbara Cohen and George Davey-Smith and Jeremy Grimshaw and Paul Scheet and Marta Gwinn and Robin E Williamson and Guang Yong Zou and Kim Hutchings and Candice Y Johnson and Valerie Tait and Miriam Wiens and Jean Golding and Cornelia van Duijn and John McLaughlin and Andrew Paterson and George Wells and Isabel Fortier and Matthew Freedman and Maja Zecevic and Richard King and Claire Infante-Rivard and Alex Stewart and Nick Birkett},
journal = {Ann Intern Med},
title = {STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association studies (STREGA): an extension of the STROBE Statement},
abstract = {Making sense of rapidly evolving evidence on genetic associations is crucial to making genuine advances in human genomics and the eventual integration of this information into the practice of medicine and public health. Assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of this evidence, and hence the ability to synthesize it, has been limited by inadequate reporting of results. The STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association studies (STREGA) initiative builds on the STrengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement and provides additions to 12 of the 22 items on the STROBE checklist. The additions concern population stratification, genotyping errors, modeling haplotype variation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, replication, selection of participants, rationale for choice of genes and variants, treatment effects in studying quantitative traits, statistical methods, relatedness, reporting of descriptive and outcome data, and issues of data volume that are important to consider in genetic association studies. The STREGA recommendations do not prescribe or dictate how a genetic association study should be designed but seek to enhance the transparency of its reporting, regardless of choices made during design, conduct, or analysis.},
affiliation = {University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. jlittle@uottawa.ca},
number = {3},
pages = {206--15},
volume = {150},
year = {2009},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Genetic Research, Publishing, Guidelines as Topic, Research Design},
date-added = {2010-03-22 13:42:25 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 13:42:26 +0100},
pii = {150/3/206},
pmid = {19189911},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Little-2009-Ann%20Intern%20Med_STrengthening%20the%20RE.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9311},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Price:2006p3540,
author = {Alkes L Price and Nick J Patterson and Robert M Plenge and Michael E Weinblatt and Nancy A Shadick and David Reich},
journal = {Nat Genet},
title = {Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies},
abstract = {Population stratification--allele frequency differences between cases and controls due to systematic ancestry differences-can cause spurious associations in disease studies. We describe a method that enables explicit detection and correction of population stratification on a genome-wide scale. Our method uses principal components analysis to explicitly model ancestry differences between cases and controls. The resulting correction is specific to a candidate marker's variation in frequency across ancestral populations, minimizing spurious associations while maximizing power to detect true associations. Our simple, efficient approach can easily be applied to disease studies with hundreds of thousands of markers.},
affiliation = {Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. aprice@broad.mit.edu},
number = {8},
pages = {904--9},
volume = {38},
year = {2006},
month = {Aug},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Algorithms, Databases: Nucleic Acid, Case-Control Studies, Genetic Markers, Alleles, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Phenotype, Genotype, Humans, Principal Component Analysis, Genome: Human, Genomics},
date-added = {2010-01-15 20:55:33 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-15 20:55:33 +0100},
doi = {10.1038/ng1847},
pii = {ng1847},
pmid = {16862161},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Price-2006-Nat%20Genet_Principal%20components.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3540},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Rushton:2008p1366,
author = {J P Rushton and T A Bons and Y-M Hur},
journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
title = {The genetics and evolution of the general factor of personality},
abstract = {Three studies tested the hypothesis that a general factor of personality (GFP) underlies diverse individual differences including altruism, the Big Five factors of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Emotional Stability, and the EAS temperament traits of Emotional Stability, Activity, and Sociability. In Study 1, 214 university students completed 36 personality scales. In Study 2, 322 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins completed 29 5-point rating scales plus questionnaires. In Study 3, 575 pairs of 2- to 9-year-old Korean twins were rated by their mothers on 25 temperament scales. Factor analyses revealed a hierarchical organization with GFP at the apex and the Big Five and/or EAS temperament scales intermediate. The twin data show GFP has an early age of onset with 50% of the variance attributable to non-additive (dominance) genetic influence and 50% to unique, non-shared environmental influence. We discuss a life history matrix encompassing brain size, maturational speed, and longevity, plus emotional intelligence and the personality disorders, and suggest natural selection acted directionally to endow people with more cooperative and less contentious personalities than their archaic ancestors, or nearest living relatives, the chimpanzees.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada N6A 5C2},
pages = {1173--1185},
volume = {42},
year = {2008},
keywords = {Evolutionary psychology, Personality theory, Behavior genetics, Twins, Prosocial behavior, Life-history theory, Emotional intelligence},
date-added = {2010-01-07 12:06:13 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-07 12:09:16 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Rushton-2008-Journal%20of%20Research%20in%20Personality_The%20genetics%20and%20evo.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1366},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Abreu:2002p5601,
author = {Maria T Abreu and Kent D Taylor and Ying-Chao Lin and Tieu Hang and Joanne Gaiennie and Carol J Landers and Eric A Vasiliauskas and Lori Y Kam and Micha Rojany and Konstantinos A Papadakis and Jerome I Rotter and Stephan R Targan and Huiying Yang},
journal = {Gastroenterology},
title = {Mutations in NOD2 are associated with fibrostenosing disease in patients with Crohn's disease},
abstract = {BACKGROUND {\&} AIMS: The clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease (CD) are diverse, ranging from fibrostenosing small-bowel disease to colon-predominant inflammation. These distinctions may represent genetic, immunologic, and microbial heterogeneity. NOD2 gene mutations in CD have been described recently and may alter innate immune responses. We hypothesized that NOD2 mutations may be associated with distinct phenotypic expressions of CD. METHODS: Two cohorts of consecutively identified patients referred to an inflammatory bowel disease center (n = 142 collected between 1993 and 1996; n = 59 collected between 1999 and 2001) were genotyped for 3 single nucleotide variants of NOD2-R675W, G881R, and 3020insC-and phenotyped for disease behavior, disease location, and serum immune markers. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that CD-associated NOD2 variants were significantly associated with fibrostenosing disease in each cohort (P = 0.049 and P = 0.002, respectively). When both cohorts were analyzed together, the association between NOD2 variants and fibrostenosing disease was more significant (P = 0.001). These relationships were observed in both Jews and non-Jews. Forty-six percent of patients with fibrostenosing disease carried at least 1 of these alleles, compared with only 23.5% of patients without fibrostenosing disease (odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-5.2). Multivariate and conditioning analyses showed a primary association between NOD2 allelic variants and fibrostenosing disease, but not with small-bowel disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this description of a genotype/phenotype correlation in CD patients and NOD2 variants, data suggest that variation in this gene contributes to the occurrence of fibrostenotic CD of the small bowel.},
affiliation = {Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA. Maria.Abreu@cshs.org},
number = {3},
pages = {679--88},
volume = {123},
year = {2002},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Alleles, Female, Gene Frequency, Middle Aged, Constriction: Pathologic, Aged, Child, Adult, Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein, Adolescent, Mutation, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Fibrosis, Crohn Disease, Cohort Studies, Humans, Male, Carrier Proteins, Phenotype, Intestines, Genotype, Child: Preschool},
date-added = {2010-02-12 15:44:22 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-12 15:44:23 +0100},
pii = {S0016508502001580},
pmid = {12198692},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Abreu-2002-Gastroenterology_Mutations%20in%20NOD2%20ar.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5601},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Maassen:2001,
author = {GH Maassen},
journal = {Behaviour Research and Therapy},
title = {The unreliable change of reliable change indices},
abstract = {The classic method for assessment of reliable change, in 1991 re-introduced as Jacobson's RC, can be characterized as a confidence interval method. In recent years, several RC indices have been proposed using Kelley's (1947) (Kelley, T. L. (1947). Fundamentals of statistics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press) formula for estimating true change. In these proposals, interval estimation and confidence intervals are mixed up, which leads to unjustified probability statements. When Kelley's estimate is correctly expanded into a normal distributed statistic, the classic approach reveals itself as a large sample approximation of a properly constructed RCI based on Kelley's formula. Researchers should continue using the classic approach for the determination of reliable change.},
number = {4},
pages = {495--498},
volume = {39},
year = {2001},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:35:29 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:35:29 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1015},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Muthen:1990p5171,
author = {B O Muth{\'e}n},
journal = {Psychometric Society Meeting},
title = {Mean and covariance structure analysis of hierarchical data},
year = {1990},
date-added = {2010-02-07 12:37:31 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-07 12:38:19 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Muth%C3%A9n-1990-Psychometric%20Society%20Meeting_Mean%20and%20covariance.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5171},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Boomsma:1989p10325,
author = {Dorret I Boomsma and N G Martin and P C Molenaar},
journal = {Behav Genet},
title = {Factor and simplex models for repeated measures: application to two psychomotor measures of alcohol sensitivity in twins},
abstract = {As part of a larger study, data on arithmetic computation and motor coordination were obtained from 206 twin pairs. The twins were measured once before and three times after ingesting a standard dose of alcohol. Previous analyses ignored the time-series structure of these data. Here we illustrate the application of simplex models for the genetic analysis of covariance structures in a repeated-measures design and compare the results with factor models for the two psychomotor measures. We then present a bivariate analysis incorporating simplex processes common and specific to the two measures. Our analyses confirm the notion that there is genetic variation affecting psychomotor performance which is "switched on" in the presence of alcohol. We compare the merits of analysis of mean products versus covariance matrices and confront some practical problems that may arise in situations where the number of subjects is relatively small and where the causal structure among the latent variables places a heavy demand on the data.},
number = {1},
pages = {79--96},
volume = {19},
year = {1989},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Adult, Humans, Diseases in Twins, Models: Genetic, Male, Software, Twins: Dizygotic, Psychomotor Performance, Female, Alcoholic Intoxication, Twins: Monozygotic, Computer Simulation, Adolescent},
date-added = {2010-04-02 18:13:43 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:25:51 +0200},
pmid = {2712815},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10325},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Rupp:2007p4254,
author = {A A Rupp and R J Mislevy},
title = {Cognitive Foundations of Structured Item Response Models},
abstract = {In their basic forms, psychometric models in item response theory (IRT) model task
responses in terms of variables that represent abilities of learners and operating characteristics of items. While task construction and score interpretation may be guided by theories about the knowledge, processes, and strategies by which learners carry out their work, these considerations lie outside the formal probabilistic framework of traditional IRT models. Structured item response theory (SIRT) models, however, extend the basic IRT models by incorporating variables for features of tasks that are salient from some theoretical perspective on response processing. Further extensions allow for the inclusion of additional variables that represent within-task processes, multiple-step solutions, and strategy use of learners. This chapter sketches cognitive psychology foundations upon which SIRT extensions of IRT are grounded, discusses the interplay between substantive theory and probabilistic modelling, addresses the interpretation of model parameters with respect to the grainsize of the desired feedback, and illustrates ideas with two examples from cognitively-motivated educational assessments.},
year = {2007},
date-added = {2010-01-23 21:00:35 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-23 21:02:32 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Rupp-2007-_Cognitive%20Foundation.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4254},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kupek:2006p6604,
author = {Emil Kupek},
journal = {BMC Med Res Methodol},
title = {Beyond logistic regression: structural equations modelling for binary variables and its application to investigating unobserved confounders},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Structural equation modelling (SEM) has been increasingly used in medical statistics for solving a system of related regression equations. However, a great obstacle for its wider use has been its difficulty in handling categorical variables within the framework of generalised linear models. METHODS: A large data set with a known structure among two related outcomes and three independent variables was generated to investigate the use of Yule's transformation of odds ratio (OR) into Q-metric by (OR-1)/(OR+1) to approximate Pearson's correlation coefficients between binary variables whose covariance structure can be further analysed by SEM. Percent of correctly classified events and non-events was compared with the classification obtained by logistic regression. The performance of SEM based on Q-metric was also checked on a small (N = 100) random sample of the data generated and on a real data set. RESULTS: SEM successfully recovered the generated model structure. SEM of real data suggested a significant influence of a latent confounding variable which would have not been detectable by standard logistic regression. SEM classification performance was broadly similar to that of the logistic regression. CONCLUSION: The analysis of binary data can be greatly enhanced by Yule's transformation of odds ratios into estimated correlation matrix that can be further analysed by SEM. The interpretation of results is aided by expressing them as odds ratios which are the most frequently used measure of effect in medical statistics.},
affiliation = {National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK. kupek@ccs.ufsc.br},
pages = {13},
volume = {6},
year = {2006},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Odds Ratio, Infant: Newborn, Female, Cesarean Section, Intensive Care Units: Neonatal, Risk Factors, Pregnancy, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Confounding Factors (Epidemiology), Logistic Models, Uncertainty, Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care), Humans, Infant: Premature},
date-added = {2010-03-03 20:21:40 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-03 20:21:40 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-6-13},
pii = {1471-2288-6-13},
pmid = {16539711},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kupek-2006-BMC%20Med%20Res%20Methodol_Beyond%20logistic%20regr.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6604},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Laird:2006p9320,
author = {Nan M Laird and Christoph Lange},
journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
title = {Family-based designs in the age of large-scale gene-association studies},
abstract = {Both population-based and family-based designs are commonly used in genetic association studies to locate genes that underlie complex diseases. The simplest version of the family-based design--the transmission disequilibrium test--is well known, but the numerous extensions that broaden its scope and power are less widely appreciated. Family-based designs have unique advantages over population-based designs, as they are robust against population admixture and stratification, allow both linkage and association to be tested for and offer a solution to the problem of model building. Furthermore, the fact that family-based designs contain both within- and between-family information has substantial benefits in terms of multiple-hypothesis testing, especially in the context of whole-genome association studies.},
affiliation = {Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. laird@hsph.harvard.edu},
number = {5},
pages = {385--94},
volume = {7},
year = {2006},
month = {May},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Genetic Techniques, Genome: Human, Phenotype, Haplotypes, Humans, Genetics: Population, Models: Genetic, Case-Control Studies, Quantitative Trait: Heritable, Pedigree, Family, Linkage Disequilibrium},
date-added = {2010-03-23 18:32:30 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-23 18:32:31 +0100},
doi = {10.1038/nrg1839},
pii = {nrg1839},
pmid = {16619052},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Laird-2006-Nat%20Rev%20Genet_Family-based%20designs.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9320},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Takane:2003p2723,
author = {Y Takane and Y Oshima-Takane},
journal = {Behaviormetrika},
title = {Relationships between Two Methods for Dealing with Missing Data
in Principal Component Analysis},
abstract = {Missing data arise in virtually all practical data analysis situations. The problem of how to deal with them presents a major challenge to many data analysts. A variety of methods have been proposed to deal with missing data. In this paper we discuss two such proposals for principal component analysis (PCA) and investigate their mutual re- lationships. One was proposed by Shibayama (1988) for test equating (the TE method), and the other is called missing-data-passive (MDP) approach in homogeneity analysis (Meulman, 1982). The two methods are shown to be essentially equivalent despite their different guises.},
pages = {145--154},
volume = {30},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-01-13 14:12:58 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-13 14:13:53 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Takane-2003-Behaviormetrika_Relationships%20betwee.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2723},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Anonymous:2002p12461,
journal = {Qual Life Res},
title = {Assessing health status and quality-of-life instruments: attributes and review criteria},
abstract = {The field of health status and quality of life (QoL) measurement - as a formal discipline with a cohesive theoretical framework, accepted methods, and diverse applications--has been evolving for the better part of 30 years. To identify health status and QoL instruments and review them against rigorous criteria as a precursor to creating an instrument library for later dissemination, the Medical Outcomes Trust in 1994 created an independently functioning Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC). In the mid-1990s, the SAC defined a set of attributes and criteria to carry out instrument assessments; 5 years later, it updated and revised these materials to take account of the expanding theories and technologies upon which such instruments were being developed. This paper offers the SAC's current conceptualization of eight key attributes of health status and QoL instruments (i.e., conceptual and measurement model; reliability; validity; responsiveness; interpretability; respondent and administrative burden; alternate forms; and cultural and language adaptations) and the criteria by which instruments would be reviewed on each of those attributes. These are suggested guidelines for the field to consider and debate; as measurement techniques become both more familiar and more sophisticated, we expect that experts will wish to update and refine these criteria accordingly.},
affiliation = {The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam.},
number = {3},
pages = {193--205},
volume = {11},
year = {2002},
month = {May},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Health Services Research, Questionnaires, Psychometrics, Health Status, Reproducibility of Results, Health Surveys, Quality of Life},
date-added = {2010-06-15 17:37:14 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:48:29 +0200},
pmid = {12074258},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/2002-Qual%20Life%20Res_Assessing%20health%20sta.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12461},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Hands:1999p7349,
author = {B Hands and B Sheridan and D Larkin},
journal = {J Outcome Meas},
title = {Creating performance categories from continuous motor skill data using a Rasch measurement model},
abstract = {This paper reports the use of the Extended Logistic Model (ELM) of Rasch (Andrich, 1988), based on Item Response Theory, to validate the reduction of continuous motor skill data to categories of performance. The data were gathered from the performances of 5 and 6 year old children on 24 fundamental movement skills and involved different measurement units such as seconds, centimetres, scores and counts. In order to compare results across all skills the data were collapsed into discrete sets of categories. Several alternative cut-off locations based on normative data were considered. A feature of the ELM is that it can account for correct scoring of the response categories, but only if the threshold estimates derived from the data by the measurement model are correctly ordered in a hierarchical fashion, from lowest to highest. Should this be the case, a valid scoring function has been established. In this study, the data were successfully reduced to three categories based on the 15th and 85th percentile allowing further analysis to proceed.},
affiliation = {Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands. bhands@cygnus.uwa.edu.au},
number = {3},
pages = {216--32},
volume = {3},
year = {1999},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Female, Reproducibility of Results, Child: Preschool, Motor Skills, Humans, Western Australia, Logistic Models, Movement Disorders, Child, Male},
date-added = {2010-03-10 20:23:51 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:30:44 +0200},
pmid = {10431490},
URL = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=10431490&dopt=abstractplus},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7349},
rating = {0}
}

@article{McKnight:2009p7330,
author = {Patrick E McKnight and Todd B Kashdan},
journal = {Clin Psychol Rev},
title = {The importance of functional impairment to mental health outcomes: a case for reassessing our goals in depression treatment research},
abstract = {Outcomes in depression treatment research include both changes in symptom severity and functional impairment. Symptom measures tend to be the standard outcome but we argue that there are benefits to considering functional outcomes. An exhaustive literature review shows that the relationship between symptoms and functioning remains unexpectedly weak and often bidirectional. Changes in functioning often lag symptom changes. As a result, functional outcomes might offer depression researchers more critical feedback and better guidance when studying depression treatment outcomes. The paper presents a case for the necessity of both functional and symptom outcomes in depression treatment research by addressing three aims-1) review the research relating symptoms and functioning, 2) provide a rationale for measuring both outcomes, and 3) discuss potential artifacts in measuring functional outcomes. The three aims are supported by an empirical review of the treatment outcome and epidemiological literatures.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, George Mason University, MSN 3F5, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030-4400, United States. pmcknigh@gmu.edu},
number = {3},
pages = {243--59},
volume = {29},
year = {2009},
month = {Apr},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Social Behavior, Employment, Psychology, Feedback, Humans, Goals, Health Status, Research, Depressive Disorder: Major},
date-added = {2010-03-10 20:22:11 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-10 20:22:11 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.005},
pii = {S0272-7358(09)00006-3},
pmid = {19269076},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/McKnight-2009-Clin%20Psychol%20Rev_The%20importance%20of%20fu.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7330},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Greene:2010p6621,
author = {Casey S Greene and Nicholas A Sinnott-Armstrong and Daniel S Himmelstein and Paul J Park and Jason H Moore and Brent T Harris},
journal = {Bioinformatics},
title = {Multifactor dimensionality reduction for graphics processing units enables genome-wide testing of epistasis in sporadic ALS},
abstract = {MOTIVATION: Epistasis, the presence of gene-gene interactions, has been hypothesized to be at the root of many common human diseases, but current genome-wide association studies largely ignore its role. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) is a powerful model-free method for detecting epistatic relationships between genes, but computational costs have made its application to genome-wide data difficult. Graphics processing units (GPUs), the hardware responsible for rendering computer games, are powerful parallel processors. Using GPUs to run MDR on a genome-wide dataset allows for statistically rigorous testing of epistasis. RESULTS: The implementation of MDR for GPUs (MDRGPU) includes core features of the widely used Java software package, MDR. This GPU implementation allows for large-scale analysis of epistasis at a dramatically lower cost than the standard CPU-based implementations. As a proof-of-concept, we applied this software to a genome-wide study of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We discovered a statistically significant two-SNP classifier and subsequently replicated the significance of these two SNPs in an independent study of ALS. MDRGPU makes the large-scale analysis of epistasis tractable and opens the door to statistically rigorous testing of interactions in genome-wide datasets. AVAILABILITY: MDRGPU is open source and available free of charge from http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/mdr. CONTACT: jason.h.moore@dartmouth.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.},
affiliation = {Department of Genetics and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.},
number = {5},
pages = {694--5},
volume = {26},
year = {2010},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-03-03 20:31:24 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-03 20:31:24 +0100},
doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btq009},
pii = {btq009},
pmid = {20081222},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Greene-2010-Bioinformatics_Multifactor%20dimensio.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6621},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Pacheco:2009p2413,
author = {Antonio G Pacheco and Milton O Moraes},
journal = {Dis Markers},
title = {Genetic polymorphisms of infectious diseases in case-control studies},
abstract = {In the past decade, genetic epidemiological analyses in infectious diseases have increased drastically since the publication of human genome and all the subsequent projects analyzing human diversity at molecular level. The great majority of studies use classical epidemiological designs applied to genetic data, and more than 80% of published studies use population-based case-control designs with widely spread genetic markers in human genome, like short tandem repeats (STR) or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), in genes chosen by their physiological association with the disease (candidate genes). Even though genetic data is less prone to several bias issues inherent to case-control studies, some care has to be taken when designing, performing, analyzing and interpreting results from such studies. Here we discuss some basic concepts of genetics and epidemiology as a departure to evaluate and review every step that should be followed to design, conduct, analyze, interpret and present data from those studies, using particularities of infectious diseases, especially leprosy and tuberculosis as models.},
affiliation = {Programa de Computa{\c c}{\~a}o Cient{\'\i}fica, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. apacheco@fiocruz.br},
number = {3},
pages = {173--86},
volume = {27},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Communicable Diseases, Humans, Genetic Markers, Polymorphism: Genetic, Case-Control Studies},
date-added = {2010-01-11 19:53:25 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-11 19:53:25 +0100},
doi = {10.3233/DMA-2009-0654},
pii = {854636107030V026},
pmid = {19893211},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2413},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Zhang:2007p3887,
author = {Heping Zhang and Lei Liu and Xueqin Wang and Jeffrey R Gruen},
journal = {Cancer Genomics Proteomics},
title = {Guideline for data analysis of genomewide association studies},
abstract = {Intensive efforts have been underway to identify common genetic factors that influence health and disease including cancer using genomewide association studies (GWAS). Our experiences have shown that while it is more advantageous to have large detailed data sets, the amount of information generated by GWAS also present major challenges for statistical analyses. While prospects for the oncoming flood of GWAS is exciting, the tools for conducting and evaluating these studies are still in early developmental stages creating some investigator uncertainty and prompting conferences and workshops specifically devoted to these topics. In this review, we summarize important steps for planning the statistical analysis involving genome-wide data from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This review is purposely meant to be relatively short and of practical use for the space constraints of typical federal grant proposals.},
affiliation = {Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA. Heping.Zhang@Yale.EDU},
number = {1},
pages = {27--34},
volume = {4},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Population Dynamics, Sample Size, Guidelines as Topic, Genome: Human, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Quality Control, Humans},
date-added = {2010-01-16 21:04:02 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-16 21:04:02 +0100},
pmid = {17726238},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3887},
rating = {3}
}

@article{Lehmann:2007p14292,
author = {Christoph Lehmann and Thomas Koenig and Vesna Jelic and Leslie Prichep and Roy E John and Lars-Olof Wahlund and Yadolah Dodge and Thomas Dierks},
journal = {J Neurosci Methods},
title = {Application and comparison of classification algorithms for recognition of Alzheimer's disease in electrical brain activity (EEG)},
abstract = {The early detection of subjects with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) is crucial for effective appliance of treatment strategies. Here we explored the ability of a multitude of linear and non-linear classification algorithms to discriminate between the electroencephalograms (EEGs) of patients with varying degree of AD and their age-matched control subjects. Absolute and relative spectral power, distribution of spectral power, and measures of spatial synchronization were calculated from recordings of resting eyes-closed continuous EEGs of 45 healthy controls, 116 patients with mild AD and 81 patients with moderate AD, recruited in two different centers (Stockholm, New York). The applied classification algorithms were: principal component linear discriminant analysis (PC LDA), partial least squares LDA (PLS LDA), principal component logistic regression (PC LR), partial least squares logistic regression (PLS LR), bagging, random forest, support vector machines (SVM) and feed-forward neural network. Based on 10-fold cross-validation runs it could be demonstrated that even tough modern computer-intensive classification algorithms such as random forests, SVM and neural networks show a slight superiority, more classical classification algorithms performed nearly equally well. Using random forests classification a considerable sensitivity of up to 85% and a specificity of 78%, respectively for the test of even only mild AD patients has been reached, whereas for the comparison of moderate AD vs. controls, using SVM and neural networks, values of 89% and 88% for sensitivity and specificity were achieved. Such a remarkable performance proves the value of these classification algorithms for clinical diagnostics.},
affiliation = {University Hospital of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University of Berne, Bolligenstrasse 111, CH-3000 Bern 60, Switzerland. lehmann@puk.unibe.ch},
number = {2},
pages = {342--50},
volume = {161},
year = {2007},
month = {Apr},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Diagnosis: Computer-Assisted, Humans, Electroencephalography, Algorithms, Aged, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Pattern Recognition: Automated, Middle Aged, Cluster Analysis, Aged: 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Artificial Intelligence},
date-added = {2010-08-23 14:11:36 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-08-23 14:11:36 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.10.023},
pii = {S0165-0270(06)00542-5},
pmid = {17156848},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p14292},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Sastry:2003p11506,
author = {N Sastry and B Ghosh-Dastidar and J Adams and A Pebley},
title = {The Design of a Multilevel Survey of
Children, Families, and Communities: The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey},
abstract = {In the last fifteen years, there has been a growing interest in the role of neighborhoods in shaping a variety of outcomes for children, adults, and families. Although theoretical perspectives are well advanced and the basic statistical methods for modeling neighborhood effects are in place, a major shortcoming concerns the limitations of existing datasets. Past surveys concerned with understanding children's outcomes have not been designed with the explicit goal of supporting multilevel modeling. This makes it difficult to address the most important unresolved research issue in this area, which is to develop an understanding of the causal effects of neighborhoods factors. In this paper, we describe the development and implementation of the sampling design for the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Study (L.A.FANS), a survey of children, adults, families, and neighborhoods in Los Angeles County. This survey was designed to support multilevel studies on a number of topics, including child development, residential mobility, and welfare reform. We describe the design of the baseline wave, highlighting the analytical and statistical issues that shaped the study. We also present the results of an in-depth statistical investigation of the survey's ability to support multilevel analyses that was carried out as part of the study design. The results of this study provide important guideposts for future studies of neighborhoods and their effects on adults and children.},
number = {06},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-05-01 17:27:50 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-01 17:28:57 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Sastry-2003-_The%20Design%20of%20a%20Mult.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11506},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kessler:1999,
author = {RC Kessler},
journal = {Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica},
title = {The World Health Organization International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE): initial work and future directions--the NAPE Lecture 1998. Nordic Association for Psychiatric Epidemiology},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE), to introduce the World Mental Health 2000 (WMH2000) Initiative and to discuss methodological issues that the ICPE is grappling with in planning the WMH2000 Initiative. METHOD: We review the history, mission and organization of the ICPE and the rationale behind the WMH2000 Initiative. We review methodological research underlying major design and implementation decisions regarding the WMH2000 surveys. RESULTS: The ICPE is an international consortium created to facilitate cross-national comparative epidemiological research using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The first-phase core ICPE surveys, which we are currently analysing, include over 33 000 interviews in seven countries, with an additional set of over 30 000 interviews in seven countries ready to be added to the master file within the next year. The WMH2000 Initiative will include a third series of CIDI surveys that include an anticipated 100000 additional interviews in 10 countries. A series of complex methodological challenges confront us in designing and implementing the WMH2000 surveys. These include issues in the conceptualization and measurement of impairment and disablement, the implementation of standardized quality control procedures across countries, and the blending of epidemiological and clinical interviewing methods to obtain a valid cross-national characterization of disorder prevalences. Our current plans regarding these issues are discussed. CONCLUSION: Valid and representative general population epidemiological data on patterns, predictors and adverse consequences of psychiatric disorders are needed as a foundation for public health initiatives. The efforts of the ICPE promise to provide data of this sort for many regions in the world. Formidable methodological and logistical challenges arise in implementing this agenda, but we are confident that these challenges can be met by building on the firm foundation already established in the ongoing ICPE collaboration.},
number = {1},
pages = {2--9},
volume = {99},
year = {1999},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:36:09 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:36:10 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1032},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Alonso:2002p4394,
author = {Jordi Alonso and M Ferrer and B Romera and G Vilagut and Matthias C Angermeyer and S Bernert and T S Brugha and N Taub and Z McColgen and G de Girolamo and G Polidori and F Mazzi and R De Graaf and W A M Vollebergh and M A Buist-Bowman and K Demyttenaere and I Gasquet and J M Haro and C Palac{\'\i}n and J Autonell and S J Katz and R C Kessler and V Kovess and J P L{\'e}pine and S Arbabzadeh-Bouchez and J Ormel and R Bruffaerts},
journal = {Int J Methods Psychiatr Res},
title = {The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000) project: rationale and methods},
abstract = {The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000) is a new cross-sectional study investigating the prevalence and the associated factors of mental disorders, as well as their effect on health-related quality of life and the use of services in six European countries. This paper describes the rationale, methods and the plan for the analysis of the project. A total of 22,000 individuals representative of the non-institutionalized population aged 18 and over from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain are being interviewed in their homes. Trained interviewers use a computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI) including the most recent version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI, 2000), a well-established epidemiological survey for assessing mental disorders. This is the first international study using the standardized up-to-date methodology for epidemiological assessment. Sizeable differences in prevalence, impact and level of need that is met by the health services are expected. The analysis of these differences should facilitate the monitoring of ongoing mental health reform initiatives in Europe and provide new research hypotheses.},
affiliation = {Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigaci{\'o} M{\`e}dica (IMIM-IMAS), Barcelona, Spain. jalonso@imim.es},
number = {2},
pages = {55--67},
volume = {11},
year = {2002},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Health Services Needs and Demand, Data Collection, Outpatients, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Personality Assessment, Mental Disorders, Aged, Adult, Health Care Surveys, Europe, Mental Health Services, Quality of Life, Cross-Sectional Studies, Middle Aged, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Interview: Psychological, Psychological Tests, Prevalence, Adolescent, Risk Factors, Questionnaires, Humans, Mentally Disabled Persons},
date-added = {2010-01-28 16:32:28 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:35:06 +0200},
pmid = {12459795},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4394},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Almeida:2010p12766,
author = {Luis G Almeida and Josefina Ricardo-Garcell and Hugo Prado and L{\'a}zaro Barajas and Antonio Fern{\'a}ndez-Bouzas and David Avila and Reyna B Mart{\'\i}nez},
journal = {J Psychiatr Res},
title = {Reduced right frontal cortical thickness in children, adolescents and adults with ADHD and its correlation to clinical variables: A cross-sectional study},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Some longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown reduced volume or cortical thickness (CT) in the frontal cortices of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These studies indicated that the aforementioned anatomical abnormalities disappear during adolescence. In contrast, cross-sectional studies on adults with ADHD have shown anatomical abnormalities in the frontal lobe region. It is not known whether the anatomical abnormalities in ADHD are a delay or a deviation in the encephalic maturation. The aim of this study was to compare CT in the frontal lobe of children, adolescents and adults of both genders presenting ADHD with that in corresponding healthy controls and to explore its relationship with the severity of the illness. METHOD: An MRI scan study was performed on never-medicated ADHD patients. Twenty-one children (6-10 year-olds), twenty adolescents (14-17 year-olds) and twenty adults (25-35 year-olds) were matched with healthy controls according to age and sex. CT measurements were performed using the Freesurfer image analysis suite. RESULTS: The data showed regions in the right superior frontal gyrus where CT was reduced in children, adolescents and adults with ADHD in contrast to their respective healthy controls. The CT of these regions correlated with the severity of the illness. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with ADHD, there is a thinning of the cortical surface in the right frontal lobe, which is present in the children, adolescents and in adults.},
affiliation = {Centro Estatal de Salud Mental, Servicios de Salud del Estado de Quer{\'e}taro, Avenida 5 de Febrero 105, Los Virreyes. C.P, 76170 Quer{\'e}taro, M{\'e}xico; Instituto de Neurobiolog{\'\i}a, Universidad Nacional Aut{\'o}noma de M{\'e}xico, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla 3001. C.P. 76230. Quer{\'e}taro, M{\'e}xico.},
pages = {},
year = {2010},
month = {May},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-06-15 22:53:41 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-15 22:53:41 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.026},
pii = {S0022-3956(10)00136-6},
pmid = {20510424},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Almeida-2010-J%20Psychiatr%20Res_Reduced%20right%20fronta.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12766},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Weisberg:2005p14005,
author = {S Weisberg},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
title = {Lost Opportunities: Why We Need a Variety of Statistical Languages},
abstract = {To the worker who only has a hammer, we are told, everything looks like a nail. Solu- tions to applied statistical problems are framed by the limitations imposed by statistical computing packages and languages. For better or worse, we can do what the packages do; we cannot do what the packages won't do. Statistical languages like R have basic tools that allow the analyst to design new hammers, but even in R we cannot build an arbitrary hammer, only ones within the limits imposed by the R language. XLISP-STAT imposes different limitations, so we can produce different hammers.
In this article, I look at some of the tools in XLISP-STAT that allow the user to think about graphics in ways that cannot be easily replicated in other statistical languages. The interactive graphical methods available in XLISP-STAT lead to very different methodol- ogy than would be developed without the tools that XLISP-STAT provides. The general approach to graphics and indeed to data analysis in general is quite different in a pack- age like Arc that is built on top of XLISP-STAT, than it is in other statistical packages. We discuss why that might be true, and why this depends on design options created by},
number = {1},
volume = {13},
year = {2005},
date-added = {2010-08-04 09:29:25 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-08-04 09:30:16 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Weisberg-2005-Journal%20of%20Statistical%20Software_Lost%20Opportunities.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p14005},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Ratcliff:1979p14142,
author = {R Ratcliff},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
title = {Group reaction time distributions and an analysis of distribution statistics},
number = {3},
pages = {446--61},
volume = {86},
year = {1979},
month = {May},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Reaction Time, Statistics as Topic},
date-added = {2010-08-18 17:03:27 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-08-18 17:03:27 +0200},
pmid = {451109},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Ratcliff-1979-Psychological%20Bulletin_Group%20reaction%20time.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p14142},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Gustafsson:1979p2683,
author = {J E Gustafsson},
journal = {Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association},
title = {Testing and obtaining fit of data to the Rasch model},
year = {1979},
date-added = {2010-01-13 10:00:30 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-13 10:01:39 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Gustafsson-1979-Annual%20Meeting%20of%20the%20American%20Educational%20Research%20Association_Testing%20and%20obtainin.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2683},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cohen:1996,
author = {A S Cohen and S-H Kim and J A Wollack},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
title = {An Investigation of the Likelihood Ratio Test For Detection of Differential Item Functioning},
abstract = {Type I error rates for the likelihood ratio test for de tecting differential item functioning (DIF) were investi gated using monte carlo simulations. Two- and three-parameter item response theory (IRT) models were used to generate 100 datasets of a 50-item test for samples of 250 and 1,000 simulated examinees for each IRT model. Item parameters were estimated by marginal maximum likelihood for three IRT models: the three-parameter model, the three-parameter model with a fixed guessing parameter, and the two-parameter model. All DIF comparisons were simulated by ran domly pairing two samples from each sample size and IRT model condition so that, for each sample size and IRT model condition, there were 50 pairs of reference and focal groups. Type I error rates for the two-param eter model were within theoretically expected values at each of the levels considered. Type I error rates for the three-parameter and three-parameter model with a fixed guessing parameter, however, were different from the theoretically expected values at the levels considered.},
number = {1},
pages = {15--26},
volume = {20},
year = {1996},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:21 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:16:54 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1131},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dolan:2000p1838,
author = {C V Dolan},
journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research},
title = {Investigating Spearman's Hypothesis by Means of Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis},
abstract = {Differences between blacks and whites on cognitive ability tests have been attributed to a fundamental difference between these groups in general intelligence (or g, as it is denoted). The hypothesized difference in g gives rise to Spearman's hypothesis, which states that the differences in the means of the tests are related to the tests' factor loadings on g. Jensen has investigated this hypothesis by correlating differences in means and tests' g loadings. The aim of the present article is to investigate B-W differences using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. The advantages of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis over Jensen's test of Spearman's hypothesis are discussed.
A published data set is analyzed. Strict factorial invariance is tested and judged to be tenable. Various models are tested, which do and do not incorporate g. It is observed that it is difficult to distinguish between several hypotheses, including and excluding g, concerning group differences. The inability to distinguish between competing models using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis makes it difficult to draw clear conclusions about the exact nature of black-white differences in cognitive abilities. The implications of the results for Jensen's test of Spearman's hypothesis are discussed.},
number = {1},
pages = {21--50},
volume = {35},
year = {2000},
date-added = {2010-01-09 23:09:42 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-09 23:10:36 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dolan-2000-Multivariate%20Behavioral%20Research_Investigating%20Spearm.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1838},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Goldberg:1971p13826,
author = {L R Goldberg},
title = {A historical survey of personality scales and inventories},
year = {1971},
date-added = {2010-07-29 17:03:17 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 17:03:56 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Goldberg-1971-_A%20historical%20survey.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13826},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Peltzer:2010p8332,
author = {Karl Peltzer and Natalie Friend-du Preez and Shandir Ramlagan and Jane Anderson},
journal = {BMC Public Health},
title = {Antiretroviral treatment adherence among HIV patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Successful antiretroviral treatment is dependent on sustaining high rates of adherence. In the southern African context, only a handful of studies (both quantitative and qualitative) have looked at the determinants including a health behaviour theory of adherence to antiretroviral therapy. The aim of this study is to assess factors including the information, motivation and behavioural skills model (IMB) contributing to antiretroviral (ARV) adherence six months after commencing ARVs at three public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. METHODS: Using systematic sampling, 735 HIV-positive patients were selected prior to commencing on ART from outpatient departments from three hospitals and followed-up at six months and interviewed with a questionnaire. RESULTS: A good proportion of patients were found to be adherent using both adherence instruments (visual analog scale = VAS 82.9%; Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group = AATCG 70.8%). After adjusting for significant socio-economic variables, both the VAS and the dose, schedule and food adherence indicator found levels of adherence amongst urban residents to be almost 3 times greater than that of rural residents. After adjusting for health-related variables, for both indicators better adherence was associated with low depression and poorer adherence was associated with poor environmental factors. Adjusted odds ratios for adherence when taking into account different behavioural variables were for both adherence indicators, discrimination experiences were associated with lower adherence, and higher scores in adherence information and behavioural skills were associated with higher adherence. For the VAS adherence indicator, higher social support scores were associated with higher adherence. For the dose, schedule and food adherence indicator, using herbal medicines for HIV was associated with lower adherence. CONCLUSION: For the patients in this study, particularly those not living in urban areas, additional support may be needed to ensure patients are able to attend appointments or obtain their medications more easily. Adherence information and behavioural skills as part of the IMB model should be strengthened to improve adherence. Further psychological support is also required and patients' perceived need for ARTs should be routinely assessed.},
affiliation = {Health Systems Research Unit, Social Aspect of HIV/AIDS and Health, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa. kpeltzer@hsrc.ac.za},
pages = {111},
volume = {10},
year = {2010},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-03-21 12:37:25 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-21 12:37:26 +0100},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-10-111},
pii = {1471-2458-10-111},
pmid = {20205721},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Peltzer-2010-BMC%20Public%20Health_Antiretroviral%20treat.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8332},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Royal:2004p2765,
author = {Charmaine D M Royal and Georgia M Dunston},
journal = {Nat Genet},
title = {Changing the paradigm from 'race' to human genome variation},
abstract = {Knowledge from the Human Genome Project and research on human genome variation increasingly challenges the applicability of the term 'race' to human population groups, raising questions about the validity of inferences made about 'race' in the biomedical and scientific literature. Despite the acknowledged contradictions in contemporary science, population-based genetic variation is continually used to explain differences in health between 'racial' and 'ethnic' groups. In this commentary we posit that resolution of apparent paradoxes in relating biology to 'race' and genetics requires thinking 'outside of the box'.},
affiliation = {National Human Genome Center, College of Medicine, Howard University, 2216 6th Street NW, Suite 207, Washington, DC 20059, USA. croyal@howard.edu <croyal@howard.edu>},
number = {11 Suppl},
pages = {S5--7},
volume = {36},
year = {2004},
month = {Nov},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Health Status, Genome: Human, Genetic Variation, Continental Population Groups},
date-added = {2010-01-13 14:22:53 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-13 14:22:53 +0100},
doi = {10.1038/ng1454},
pii = {ng1454},
pmid = {15508004},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Royal-2004-Nat%20Genet_Changing%20the%20paradig.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2765},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kovas:2006p5754,
author = {Yulia Kovas and Robert Plomin},
journal = {Trends Cogn Sci (Regul Ed)},
title = {Generalist genes: implications for the cognitive sciences},
abstract = {In the 'generalist genes' hypothesis, it is suggested that the same genes affect most cognitive abilities and disabilities. This recently proposed hypothesis is based on considerable multivariate genetic research showing that there is substantial genetic overlap between such broad areas of cognition as language, reading, mathematics and general cognitive ability. We assume that the hypothesis is correct and consider here its implications for cognitive neuroscience. In our opinion, the two key genetic concepts of pleiotropy (in which one gene affects many traits) and polygenicity (in which many genes affect a trait) that underlie the generalist genes hypothesis imply a 'generalist brain'. That is, the genetic input into brain structure and function is general not specific.},
affiliation = {Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. y.kovas@iop.kcl.ac.uk},
number = {5},
pages = {198--203},
volume = {10},
year = {2006},
month = {May},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Genetics, DNA, Cognition, RNA, Cognitive Science, Brain, Catechol O-Methyltransferase, Gene Expression, Animals},
date-added = {2010-02-15 20:29:27 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-04-07 11:09:28 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.001},
pii = {S1364-6613(06)00073-8},
pmid = {16580870},
URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH9-4JMKN4T-1&_user=2432700&_coverDate=05%252F31%252F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000057263&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2432700&md5=4d396745db92134905c91cff8ce294bb},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kovas-2006-Trends%20Cogn%20Sci%20(Regul%20Ed)_Generalist%20genes%20im.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5754},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Beyene:2007p4014,
author = {Joseph Beyene and David Tritchler and Shelley B Bull and Kevin C Cartier and Gudrun Jonasdottir and Aldi T Kraja and Na Li and Nora L Nock and Elena Parkhomenko and J Sunil Rao and Catherine M Stein and Rinku Sutradhar and Sandra Waaijenborg and Ke-Sheng Wang and Yuanjia Wang and Pavel Wolkow},
journal = {Genet Epidemiol},
title = {Multivariate analysis of complex gene expression and clinical phenotypes with genetic marker data},
abstract = {This paper summarizes contributions to group 12 of the 15th Genetic Analysis Workshop. The papers in this group focused on multivariate methods and applications for the analysis of molecular data including genotypic data as well as gene expression microarray measurements and clinical phenotypes. A range of multivariate techniques have been employed to extract signals from the multi-feature data sets that were provided by the workshop organizers. The methods included data reduction techniques such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis; latent variable models including structural equations and item response modeling; joint multivariate modeling techniques as well as multivariate visualization tools. This summary paper categorizes and discusses individual contributions with regard to multiple classifications of multivariate methods. Given the wide variety in the data considered, the objectives of the analysis and the methods applied, direct comparison of the results of the various papers is difficult. However, the group was able to make many interesting comparisons and parallels between the various approaches. In summary, there was a consensus among authors in group 12 that the genetic research community should continue to draw experiences from other fields such as statistics, econometrics, chemometrics, computer science and linear systems theory.},
affiliation = {Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. joseph@utstat.toronto.edu},
pages = {S103--9},
volume = {31 Suppl 1},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Gene Expression, Phenotype, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Humans, Multivariate Analysis, Genetic Markers},
date-added = {2010-01-18 15:03:13 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-18 15:03:14 +0100},
doi = {10.1002/gepi.20286},
pmid = {18046768},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4014},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Espeland:1989p6683,
author = {M A Espeland and S L Handelman},
journal = {Biometrics},
title = {Using latent class models to characterize and assess relative error in discrete measurements},
abstract = {Whenever a definitive standard is not available to mark accuracy in a classification process, discrete measurement error can be discussed only in relative terms. If strong assumptions concerning the underlying discrete processes can be made, latent class models allow one to characterize patterns of agreement/disagreement among raters while simultaneously producing "consensus" estimates of prevalence. A hypothetical definitive standard serves as the latent factor. The discrete data are treated as incomplete and log-linear models can be used to parameterize latent class models and extensions of latent class models. Data from the radiographic diagnosis of dental caries by five dentists were explored to estimate prevalence, assess relative error, and examine the validity of several traditional assumptions concerning diagnostic reliability. Latent class analysis allowed a more detailed description of diagnostic error than provided by commonly used summary statistics.},
affiliation = {Center for Prevention Research and Biometry, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103.},
number = {2},
pages = {587--99},
volume = {45},
year = {1989},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Biometry, Models: Statistical, Classification, Dental Caries},
date-added = {2010-03-05 22:07:54 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-05 22:07:55 +0100},
pmid = {2765639},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6683},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Mooradian:2006p11655,
author = {T A Mooradian and K S Swan},
journal = {Journal of Business Research},
title = {Personality-and-culture: The case of national extraversion and word-of-mouth},
abstract = {One advantage of the recently revitalized ``personality-and-culture'' paradigm is its capacity to describe both individual- and culture-level differences. Another advantage is personality-and-culture's foundation in the extensive heritage of theory development and empirics in personality psychology itself, in which traits have been related to a variety of observable behaviors and to underlying physiological, neurological, and genetic structures. Personality-and-culture also builds on recent, substantial methodological and analytic advances specific to cross-cultural research including progress in data collection capabilities, in computational power, and in tools for statistical analyses of bias and equivalence. This article reviews these advances in personality-and-culture and then report preliminary empirics linking nation-level extraversion to differences in preferences for interpersonal sources of product information (i.e., word-of-mouth), thus clarifying national differences in reliance on interpersonal sources of information and, most importantly, demonstrating the general value of the personality-and-culture approach.},
pages = {778--785},
volume = {59},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-05-11 22:51:25 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-11 22:52:22 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Mooradian-2006-Journal%20of%20Business%20Research_Personality-and-cult.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11655},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Hanmer:2010p6520,
author = {Janel Hanmer and David Vanness and Ronald Gangnon and Mari Palta and Dennis G Fryback},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
title = {Three methods tested to model SF-6D health utilities for health states involving comorbidity/co-occurring conditions},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Compare three commonly used methods to combine the impacts of multiple health conditions on SF-6D health utility scores. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We used data from the 1998-2004 Medicare Health Outcomes Survey to compare three commonly suggested models of multiple health conditions' impacts on health-related quality of life: additive, minimum, and multiplicative. We modeled SF-6D scores using information about 15 health conditions, both unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, education, and income. Model performance was assessed using mean squared error, mean predictive error by number of health conditions, and mean predictive error for groups with specific combinations of health conditions. RESULTS: Ninety-five thousand one hundred ninety-five observations were used for model estimation, and 94,794 observations were used for model testing. The adjusted models always had better performance than the unadjusted models. The multiplicative model showed smaller mean predictive error than the other models in both those younger than 65 years and those 65 years and older. Mean predictive error for the multiplicative model was generally within the minimally important difference of the SF-6D. CONCLUSION: All tested models are imperfect in these Medicare data, but the multiplicative model performed best.},
affiliation = {Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53703, USA.},
number = {3},
pages = {331--341},
volume = {63},
year = {2010},
month = {Mar},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-02-23 08:42:54 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-23 08:42:58 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.013},
pii = {S0895-4356(09)00220-0},
pmid = {19896802},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Hanmer-2010-Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Epidemiology_Three%20methods%20tested-1.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6520},
rating = {3}
}

@article{Scherag:2009p3735,
author = {Andr{\'e} Scherag and Johannes Hebebrand and Helmut Sch{\"a}fer and Hans-Helge M{\"u}ller},
journal = {Biometrics},
title = {Flexible designs for genomewide association studies},
abstract = {Genomewide association studies attempting to unravel the genetic etiology of complex traits have recently gained attention. Frequently, these studies employ a sequential genotyping strategy: A large panel of markers is examined in a subsample of subjects, and the most promising markers are genotyped in the remaining subjects. In this article, we introduce a novel method for such designs enabling investigators to, for example, modify marker densities and sample proportions while strongly controlling the family-wise type I error rate. Loss of efficiency is avoided by redistributing conditional type I error rates of discarded markers. Our approach can be combined with cost optimal designs and entails a greater flexibility than all previously suggested designs. Among other features, it allows for marker selections based upon biological criteria instead of statistical criteria alone, or the option to modify the sample size at any time during the course of the project. For practical applicability, we develop a new algorithm, subsequently evaluate it by simulations, and illustrate it using a real data set.},
affiliation = {Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.},
number = {3},
pages = {815--21},
volume = {65},
year = {2009},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Genetic Markers, Algorithms, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Chromosome Mapping, Humans, Research Design, Data Interpretation: Statistical},
date-added = {2010-01-16 20:57:53 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-16 20:57:53 +0100},
doi = {10.1111/j.1541-0420.2008.01174.x},
pii = {BIOM1174},
pmid = {19173695},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3735},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Fayers:2004p7339,
author = {Peter M Fayers},
journal = {J Biopharm Stat},
title = {Quality-of-life measurement in clinical trials--the impact of causal variables},
abstract = {The theory of measurement scales, and in particular multi-item scales, has been extensively developed in educational testing, psychometric testing, personality testing, and consumer research. These scales are usually either based upon traditional psychometric models or modern theory using item response theory. However, clinical measuring instruments, including health-related quality-of-life questionnaires, frequently have different underlying principles and so the adoption of such approaches can be inappropriate. The fundamental statistical distinction between indicator and causal variables can be used to explain why psychometric methods fail. So-called clinimetric approaches may sometimes be more relevant, and clinimetric and psychometric ideas should be combined to yield a suitable measuring instrument. Recognition of the role of causal variables enables informed decisions to be made regarding scale development, validation, and scoring.},
affiliation = {Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. P.Fayers@abdn.ac.uk},
number = {1},
pages = {155--76},
volume = {14},
year = {2004},
month = {Feb},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Psychometrics, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Quality of Life},
date-added = {2010-03-10 20:23:27 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:32:23 +0200},
pmid = {15027506},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7339},
rating = {4}
}

@article{SchultzLarsen:2007p6328,
author = {Kirsten Schultz-Larsen and Svend Kreiner and Rikke Kirstine Lomholt},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
title = {Mini-Mental Status Examination: mixed Rasch model item analysis derived two different cognitive dimensions of the MMSE},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study published in two companion papers assesses properties of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with the purpose of improving the efficiencies of the methods of screening for cognitive impairment and dementia. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: An item analysis by conventional and mixed Rasch models was used to explore empirically derived cognitive dimensions of the MMSE, to assess item bias, and to construct diagnostic cut-points. The scores of 1,189 elderly residents were analyzed. RESULTS: Two dimensions of cognitive function, which are statistically and conceptually different from those obtained in previous studies, were derived. The corresponding sum scales were (1) age-correlated MMSE scale (A-MMSE scale: orientation to time, attention/calculation, naming, repetition, and three-stage command) and (2) non-age-correlated MMSE scale (B-MMSE scale: orientation to place, registration, recall, reading, and copying). The "writing" item was not included due to differential effects of age and sex. The analysis also showed that the study sample consisted of two cognitively different groups of elderly. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that a two-scale solution is a stable and statistically supported framework for interpreting data obtained by means of the MMSE. Supplementary analyses are presented in the companion paper to explore the performance of this item response theory calibration as a screening test for dementia.},
affiliation = {Center for Elder Research, {\O}ster S{\o}gade 18, 2, DK-1357 Copenhagen K, Denmark. ksl09@bbh.hosp.dk},
number = {3},
pages = {268--79},
volume = {60},
year = {2007},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Cognition, Denmark, Sex Distribution, Attention, Bias (Epidemiology), Mass Screening, Mental Recall, Age Distribution, Humans, Aged: 80 and over, Psychometrics, Dementia, Neuropsychological Tests, Models: Psychological, Orientation, Female, Mental Status Schedule, Cognition Disorders, Male, Aged},
date-added = {2010-02-23 08:18:40 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-23 08:18:40 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.06.007},
pii = {S0895-4356(06)00238-1},
pmid = {17292021},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Schultz-Larsen-2007-Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Epidemiology_Mini-Mental%20Status%20E.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6328},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Smedley:2009p5046,
author = {Damian Smedley and Syed Haider and Benoit Ballester and Richard Holland and Darin London and Gudmundur Thorisson and Arek Kasprzyk},
journal = {BMC Genomics},
title = {BioMart--biological queries made easy},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biologists need to perform complex queries, often across a variety of databases. Typically, each data resource provides an advanced query interface, each of which must be learnt by the biologist before they can begin to query them. Frequently, more than one data source is required and for high-throughput analysis, cutting and pasting results between websites is certainly very time consuming. Therefore, many groups rely on local bioinformatics support to process queries by accessing the resource's programmatic interfaces if they exist. This is not an efficient solution in terms of cost and time. Instead, it would be better if the biologist only had to learn one generic interface. BioMart provides such a solution. RESULTS: BioMart enables scientists to perform advanced querying of biological data sources through a single web interface. The power of the system comes from integrated querying of data sources regardless of their geographical locations. Once these queries have been defined, they may be automated with its "scripting at the click of a button" functionality. BioMart's capabilities are extended by integration with several widely used software packages such as BioConductor, DAS, Galaxy, Cytoscape, Taverna. In this paper, we describe all aspects of BioMart from a user's perspective and demonstrate how it can be used to solve real biological use cases such as SNP selection for candidate gene screening or annotation of microarray results. CONCLUSION: BioMart is an easy to use, generic and scalable system and therefore, has become an integral part of large data resources including Ensembl, UniProt, HapMap, Wormbase, Gramene, Dictybase, PRIDE, MSD and Reactome. BioMart is freely accessible to use at http://www.biomart.org.},
affiliation = {Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. damian@ebi.ac.uk},
pages = {22},
volume = {10},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Internet, Databases: Genetic, Database Management Systems, Computational Biology, User-Computer Interface},
date-added = {2010-02-05 20:00:32 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:19:59 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2164-10-22},
pii = {1471-2164-10-22},
pmid = {19144180},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Smedley-2009-BMC%20Genomics_BioMart--biological.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5046},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Smits:2003p12896,
author = {D J M Smits and Paul De Boeck and N D Verhelst},
journal = {Behavior research methods},
title = {Estimation of the MIRID: A program and a SAS-based approach},
abstract = {The MIRID CML program is a program for the estimation of the parameter values of two different componential IRT models: the Rasch--MIRID and the OPLM--MIRID (Butter, 1994; Butter, De Boeck, {\&} Verhelst, 1998). To estimate the parameters of both models, the program uses a CML approach. The model parameters can also be estimated with a MML approach that can be implemented in PROC NLMIXED of SAS Version 8. Both the MIRID CML program and the MML SAS approach are explained and compared in a simulation study. The results showed that they did about equally well in estimating the values of the item parameters but that there were some differences in the estimation of the person parameters, as could be expected from the differential assumptions regarding the distribution of the persons. The SAS MML approach is much slower than the MIRID CML program, but it is more flexible.},
number = {4},
pages = {537--549},
volume = {35},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-06-24 13:53:12 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:46:12 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Smits-2003-Behavior%20research%20methods_Estimation%20of%20the%20MI.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12896},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Shih:2010p10893,
author = {Ching-Hsiang Shih and Chia-Chun Li and Ching-Tien Shih and Kun-Tsan Lin and Ching-Shui Lo},
journal = {Res Dev Disabil},
title = {Extended Automatic Pointing Assistive Program--a pointing assistance program to help people with developmental disabilities improve their pointing efficiency},
abstract = {The latest research adopted software technology to improve pointing performance is through an Automatic Pointing Assistive Program (APAP). However, APAP has some limitations. This study evaluated whether two children with developmental disabilities would be able to improve their pointing performance through an Extended Automatic Pointing Assistive Program (EAPAP), which solves the limitations of APAP. Initially, both participants had their baseline sessions. Then intervention started with the first participant. When her performance was consolidated, new baseline and intervention occurred with the second participant. Finally, both participants were exposed to the maintenance phase, in which their pointing performance improved significantly. Data indicated that both participants improved their pointing efficiency with the use of EAPAP and remained highly successful through the maintenance phase. Results of this study showed that, with the assistance of EAPAP, participants can position targets quickly, easily and accurately, thus helping the disabled to solve their pointing problems.},
affiliation = {Department of Special Education, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC. schee@mail.ndhu.edu.tw},
number = {3},
pages = {672--9},
volume = {31},
year = {2010},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
date-added = {2010-04-10 03:35:53 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-10 03:35:53 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.ridd.2010.01.006},
pii = {S0891-4222(10)00007-7},
pmid = {20185270},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Shih-2010-Res%20Dev%20Disabil_Extended%20Automatic%20P.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10893},
rating = {0}
}

@article{FDA:2009p5007,
author = {FDA},
title = {Guidance for Industry
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims},
affiliation = {U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)},
year = {2009},
date-added = {2010-02-05 00:08:39 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-05 00:09:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/FDA-2009-_Guidance%20for%20Industr.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5007},
rating = {3}
}

@article{Gullo:2008p11996,
author = {Matthew J Gullo and Sharon Dawe},
journal = {Neurosci Biobehav Rev},
title = {Impulsivity and adolescent substance use: rashly dismissed as "all-bad"?},
abstract = {The initial use of illicit drugs and alcohol typically occurs during adolescence. Individual differences in impulsivity and related constructs are consistently identified as key factors in the initiation and later problematic use of substances. Consequently, impulsivity is generally regarded as a negative trait; one that conveys only risk. However, what is often overlooked in addiction science is the positive role facets of trait impulsivity can play in everyday life and adaptive functioning. The following review aims to summarize recent advances in the psychobiology of impulsivity, including current perspectives on how it can convey risk for substance misuse. The review will also consider the importance of adolescence as a phase of life characterized by substantial neurodevelopment and natural increases in impulsivity. Uniquely, the review aims to reframe thinking on adolescent impulsivity to include the positive with the negative, and discuss how such thinking can benefit efforts for early intervention and future research.},
affiliation = {School of Psychology, Mt. Gravatt Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia.},
number = {8},
pages = {1507--18},
volume = {32},
year = {2008},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Personality, Impulsive Behavior, Substance-Related Disorders, Adolescent Behavior, Adolescent, Models: Psychological, Humans, Cognition Disorders, Risk Factors},
date-added = {2010-05-23 17:25:15 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-23 17:25:18 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.06.003},
pii = {S0149-7634(08)00097-3},
pmid = {18588911},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Gullo-2008-Neurosci%20Biobehav%20Rev_Impulsivity%20and%20adol.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11996},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Verhelst:2000aa,
author = {N D Verhelst},
title = {Estimating the Reliability of a Test from a Single Test Administration},
abstract = {The article discusses methods of estimating the reliability of a test from a single test administration. In the first part a review of existing indices is given, supplemented with two heuristics to approximate Guttman{\'\i}s λ4 and a new similar coefficient. Special attention is given to the greatest lower bound, to its meaning as well as to the problems in computing it. In the second part the relation between Cronbach{\'\i}s α and the reliability is studied by means of a factorial model for the item scores. This part gives some useful formulae to appreciate the amount with which the reliability is underestimated when α is used as its estimand. In the last part, the sampling distribution of the indices is investigated by means of two simulation studies, showing that the indices exhibit severe bias, the direction of which depends partly on the factorial structure of the test. For three indices the bias is modeled. The model describes the bias accurately for all cases studied in the simulation studies. It is shown how this bias correction may be applied in the case of a single data set.},
year = {2000},
month = {Mar},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:39:03 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:39:03 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Verhelst-2000-_Estimating%20the%20Relia.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1196},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Teresi:2009p6239,
author = {J A Teresi and K Ocepek-Welikson and M Kleinman and J P Eimicke and P K Crane and R N Jones and J-S Lai and S W Choi and R D Hays and B B Reeve and S P Reise and P A Pilkonis and D Cella},
journal = {Psychology Science Quarterly},
title = {Analysis of differential item functioning in the depression item bank from the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS): An item response theory approach},
abstract = {The aims of this paper are to present findings related to differential item functioning (DIF) in the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) depression item bank, and to discuss potential threats to the validity of results from studies of DIF. The 32 depression items studied were modified from several widely used instruments. DIF analyses of gender, age and education were performed using a sample of 735 individuals recruited by a survey polling firm. DIF hypotheses were generated by asking content experts to indicate whether or not they expected DIF to be present, and the direction of the DIF with respect to the studied comparison groups. Primary analyses were conducted using the graded item response model (for polytomous, ordered response category data) with likelihood ratio tests of DIF, accompanied by magnitude measures. Sensitivity analyses were performed using other item response models and approaches to DIF detection. Despite some caveats, the items that are recommended for exclusion or for separate calibration were "I felt like crying" and "I had trouble enjoying things that I used to enjoy." The item, "I felt I had no energy," was also flagged as evidencing DIF, and recommended for additional review. On the one hand, false DIF detection (Type 1 error) was controlled to the extent possible by ensuring model fit and purification. On the other hand, power for DIF detection might have been compromised by several factors, including sparse data and small sample sizes. Nonetheless, practical and not just statistical significance should be considered. In this case the overall magnitude and impact of DIF was small for the groups studied, although impact was relatively large for some individuals.},
number = {2},
pages = {148--180},
volume = {51},
year = {2009},
date-added = {2010-02-19 21:12:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:46:06 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Teresi-2009-Psychology%20Science%20Quarterly_Analysis%20of%20differen.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6239},
rating = {4}
}

@article{teMarvelde:2006p1610,
author = {J M te Marvelde and C A W Glas and G Van Landeghem and J Van Damme},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
title = {Application of Multidimensional Item Response Theory Models to Longitudinal Data},
abstract = {The application of multidimensional item response theory (IRT) models to longitudinal educational surveys where students are repeatedly measured is discussed and exemplified. A marginal maximum likelihood (MML) method to estimate the parameters of a multidimensional generalized partial credit model for repeated measures is presented. It is shown that model fit can be evaluated using Lagrange multiplier tests. Two tests are presented: the first aims at evaluation of the fit of the item response functions and the second at the constancy of the item location parameters over time points. The outcome of the latter test is compared with an analysis using scatter plots and linear regression. An analysis of data from a school effectiveness study in Flanders (Belgium) is presented as an example of the application of these methods. In the example, it is evaluated whether the concepts ``academic self-concept,'' ``well-being at school,'' and ``attentiveness in the classroom'' were constant during the secondary school period.},
affiliation = {University of Twente, the Netherlands},
number = {1},
pages = {5--34},
volume = {66},
year = {2006},
keywords = {marginal maximum likelihood estimation, repeated measures, multidimensional IRT models, panel data, longitudinal data, Item response theory, generalized partial credit model},
date-added = {2010-01-07 17:06:45 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-07 17:10:52 +0100},
doi = {10.1177/0013164405282490},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/te%20Marvelde-2006-Educational%20and%20Psychological%20Measurement_Application%20of%20Multi.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1610},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Zhou:2005p5056,
author = {Yi-Hong Zhou and Kenneth R Hess and Longjian Liu and Mark E Linskey and W K Alfred Yung},
journal = {Neuro-oncology},
title = {Modeling prognosis for patients with malignant astrocytic gliomas: quantifying the expression of multiple genetic markers and clinical variables},
abstract = {The disparate lengths of survival among patients with malignant astrocytic gliomas (anaplastic astrocytomas [AAs] and glioblastoma multiforme [GBM]) cannot be adequately accounted for by clinical variables (patient age, histology, and recurrent status). Using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we quantified the expression of four genes that were putative prognostic markers (CDK4, IGFBP2, MMP2, and RPS9) in a set of 43 AAs, 41 GBMs, and seven adjacent normal brain tissues. We previously explicated the expression and prognostic value of PAX6, PTEN, VEGF, and EGFR in these glioma tissues and established a comprehensive prognostic model (Zhou et al., 2003). This study attempts to improve that model by including four additional genetic markers, which exhibited a differential expression (P < 0.001) among tumor grades and between tumor and normal tissues. By including eight log-scaled gene expression variables, three clinical variables, and interaction terms among the eight genes, we established a prognostic model that accounted for two thirds of the variation (R2) in survival for this set of patients. To improve the R2 of the model without compromising its clinical utility, our data demonstrated that incorporating genes from different pathways markedly strengthens the model. Spearman rank correlation analysis of gene expression demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) between the expression of IGFBP2-MMP2 and IGFBP2-VEGF in GBMs, but not in AAs. This finding suggests that the expression of IGFBP2 is associated with pathways activated specifically in GBMs that result in enhancing invasiveness and angiogenesis.},
affiliation = {Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. yzhou@uams.edu},
number = {4},
pages = {485--94},
volume = {7},
year = {2005},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Astrocytoma, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Models: Statistical, Matrix Metalloproteinase 2, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2, Humans, Ribosomal Proteins, Tumor Markers: Biological, Genetic Markers, Prognosis, Brain Neoplasms, Gene Expression},
date-added = {2010-02-05 20:02:43 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-05 20:02:43 +0100},
doi = {10.1215/S1152851704000730},
pmid = {16212813},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5056},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Konig:2007p1452,
author = {I R K{\"o}nig and J D Malley and C Weimar and H-C Diener and A Ziegler and German Stroke Study Collaboration},
journal = {Stat Med},
title = {Practical experiences on the necessity of external validation},
abstract = {The validity of prognostic models is an important prerequisite for their applicability in practical clinical settings. Here, we report on a specific prognostic study on stroke patients and describe how we explored the prediction performance of our model. We considered two practically highly relevant generalization aspects, namely, the model's performance in patients recruited at a later time point (temporal transportability) and in medical centers different from those used for model building (geographic transportability). To estimate the accuracy of the model, we investigated classical internal validation techniques and leave-one-center-out cross validation (CV). Prognostic models predicting functional independence of stroke patients were developed in a training set using logistic regression, support vector machines, and random forests (RFs). Tenfold CV and leave-one-center-out CV were employed to estimate temporal and geographic transportability of the models. For temporal and external validation, the resulting models were used to classify patients from a later time point and from different clinics. When applying the regression model or the RFs, accuracy in the temporal validation data was well predicted from classical internal validation. However, when predicting geographic transportability all approaches had difficulties. We observed that the leave-one-center-out CV yielded better estimates than classical CV. On the basis of our results, we conclude that external validation in patients from different clinics is required before a prognostic model can be applied in practice. Even validating the model in patients recruited merely at a later time point does not suffice to predict how it may fare with regard to another clinic.},
affiliation = {Institut f{\"u}r Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universit{\"a}t zu L{\"u}beck, L{\"u}beck, Germany.},
number = {30},
pages = {5499--511},
volume = {26},
year = {2007},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Multicenter Studies as Topic, Epidemiologic Research Design, Prognosis, Humans, Decision Trees, Validation Studies as Topic, Brain Ischemia, Logistic Models, Confidence Intervals, Recovery of Function, Artificial Intelligence, Germany},
date-added = {2010-01-07 12:24:10 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-08-24 14:19:31 +0200},
doi = {10.1002/sim.3069},
pmid = {17907249},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/K%C3%B6nig-2007-Stat%20Med_Practical%20experience.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1452},
rating = {3}
}

@misc{Kemkes:2006,
author = {Graeme Kemkes and Troy Vasiga and Gordon Cormack},
journal = {Miscellaneous},
title = {Objective scoring for computing competition tasks},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:24 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kemkes-2006-Miscellaneous_Objective%20scoring%20fo.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2152},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Flora:2004p11416,
author = {David B Flora and Patrick J Curran},
journal = {Psychological Methods},
title = {An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data},
abstract = {Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is widely used for examining hypothesized relations among ordinal variables (e.g., Likert-type items). A theoretically appropriate method fits the CFA model to polychoric correlations using either weighted least squares (WLS) or robust WLS. Importantly, this approach assumes that a continuous, normal latent process determines each observed variable. The extent to which violations of this assumption undermine CFA estimation is not well-known. In this article, the authors empirically study this issue using a computer simulation study. The results suggest that estimation of polychoric correlations is robust to modest violations of underlying normality. Further, WLS performed adequately only at the largest sample size but led to substantial estimation difficulties with smaller samples. Finally, robust WLS performed well across all conditions.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.},
number = {4},
pages = {466--91},
volume = {9},
year = {2004},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Factor Analysis: Statistical, Models: Psychological},
date-added = {2010-05-01 16:41:01 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-01 16:41:01 +0200},
doi = {10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466},
pii = {2004-21445-005},
pmid = {15598100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Flora-2004-Psychological%20Methods_An%20empirical%20evaluat.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11416},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Polatajko:2005p12926,
author = {Helene J Polatajko and Noemi Cantin},
journal = {Semin Pediatr Neurol},
title = {Developmental coordination disorder (dyspraxia): an overview of the state of the art},
abstract = {A large number of school-aged children present with motor-based performance problems that have significant negative effects on their ability to participate fully in the daily activities of home, school, and play. These children have a neurodevelopmental disorder most commonly known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD). These children are frequently brought to the attention of the family doctor and referred to health care professionals in search of answers and services. Therapists treating these children have a large number of intervention approaches at their disposal. This paper presents an overview of these approaches and a review of the available evidence. The evidence for the older, deficit-oriented approaches remains inconclusive, at best; whereas the task-oriented approaches, seem to be better supported. While more work is needed to validate the use of the task-oriented approaches, the results suggest that a shift in perspective from a deficit-oriented to a task-oriented perspective would be appropriate.},
affiliation = {Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. h.polatajko@utoronto.ca},
number = {4},
pages = {250--8},
volume = {12},
year = {2005},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Apraxias, Humans, Motor Skills Disorders, Child: Preschool, Child, Disabled Children, Developmental Disabilities},
date-added = {2010-06-25 21:47:16 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-25 21:47:16 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.spen.2005.12.007},
pii = {S1071-9091(05)00085-9},
pmid = {16780296},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12926},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Siroky:2009p1227,
author = {David S Siroky},
journal = {Statistics Surveys},
title = {Navigating Random Forests and related
advances in algorithmic modeling},
abstract = {This article addresses current methodological research on non- parametric Random Forests. It provides a brief intellectual history of Ran- dom Forests that covers CART, boosting and bagging methods. It then introduces the primary methods by which researchers can visualize results, the relationships between covariates and responses, and the out-of-bag test set error. In addition, the article considers current research on universal consistency and importance tests in Random Forests. Finally, several uses for Random Forests are discussed, and available software is identified.},
affiliation = {The MacMillan Center, Yale University, Box 208206, New Haven, CT. 06511},
pages = {147--163},
volume = {3},
year = {2009},
keywords =

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib