text:
In the last year, work has shown that the prevalence of celiac disease has increased dramatically, not simply due to increased detection. Also, undiagnosed celiac disease may be associated with increased mortality. Significant progress has been made in understanding how gliadin peptides can cross the intestinal border and access the immune system. New genetic loci and candidate genes that may contribute to the risk of celiac disease and its overlap with type 1 diabetes mellitus have been identified. Novel deamidated gliadin peptides antibodies have better diagnostic accuracy over native gliadin-based tests. The inclusion of duodenal bulb biopsy specimens may increase the rate of celiac disease detection. The spectrum of celiac disease likely includes a minority of patients with mild enteropathy. A practical seven-item instrument may facilitate standardized evaluation of gluten-free diet adherence. Finally, refractory celiac disease, although rare, is associated with a poor prognosis. SUMMARY: Celiac disease is a global health problem that requires a multidisciplinary and increasingly cooperative multinational research effort.},
   keywords = {Animals
Autoantibodies/immunology
Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy
Biopsy, Needle
Celiac Disease/epidemiology/genetics/*immunology/*therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free/*methods
Disease Models, Animal
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/methods
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Glutens/*immunology/metabolism
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/pathology
Intestine, Small/immunology/pathology
Male
Mice
Prevalence
Risk Assessment
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0267-1379},
   Accession Number = {20040864},
   DOI = {10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283365263},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rubio-Tapia, A. and Murray, J. A.},
   title = {Classification and management of refractory coeliac disease},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {59},
   number = {4},
   pages = {547-57},
   note = {1468-3288
Rubio-Tapia, Alberto
Murray, Joseph A
T32 AI007047-29/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
T32 AI-07047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK057892/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK057892-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK-57892/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
T32 AI007047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Review
England
Gut. 2010 Apr;59(4):547-57. doi: 10.1136/gut.2009.195131.},
   abstract = {Refractory coeliac disease (RCD) is defined by persistent or recurrent malabsorptive symptoms and villous atrophy despite strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for at least 6-12 months in the absence of other causes of non-responsive treated coeliac disease and overt malignancy. Symptoms are often severe and require additional therapeutic intervention besides a GFD. RCD can be classified as type 1 (normal intraepithelial lymphocyte phenotype), or type 2 (defined by the presence of abnormal (clonal) intraepithelial lymphocyte phenotype). Patients with RCD may never have responded to a GFD or may have relapsed despite adherence and initial response to the GFD. RCD type 1 usually improves after treatment with a combination of aggressive nutritional support, adherence to a GFD, and alternative pharmacological therapies. By contrast, clinical response to alternative therapies in RCD type 2 is less certain and the prognosis is poor. Severe complications such as ulcerative jejunitis and enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma may occur in a subgroup of patients with RCD. The aims of this article are to (1) review recent advances in the diagnosis and management of patients with RCD, and (2) describe current and novel methods for classification of patients with RCD into categories that are useful to predict outcome and direct treatment.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/classification/*diagnosis/*therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Diet, Gluten-Free
Humans
Immunophenotyping
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
Prognosis
T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
Treatment Failure},
   ISSN = {0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {20332526},
   DOI = {10.1136/gut.2009.195131},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rubio-Tapia, A. and Rahim, M. W. and See, J. A. and Lahr, B. D. and Wu, T. T. and Murray, J. A.},
   title = {Mucosal recovery and mortality in adults with celiac disease after treatment with a gluten-free diet},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {105},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1412-20},
   note = {1572-0241
Rubio-Tapia, Alberto
Rahim, Mussarat W
See, Jacalyn A
Lahr, Brian D
Wu, Tsung-Teh
Murray, Joseph A
T32 AI07047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
T32 AI007047-29/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK057892/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK57892/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R01 DK057892-09/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK084567/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
T32 AI007047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Jun;105(6):1412-20. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.10. Epub 2010 Feb 9.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Clinical response is typically observed in most adults with celiac disease (CD) after treatment with a gluten-free diet (GFD). The rate of mucosal recovery is less certain. The aims of this study were (1) to estimate the rate of mucosal recovery after GFD in a cohort of adults with CD, and (2) to assess the clinical implications of persistent mucosal damage after GFD. METHODS: The study group included adults with biopsy-proven CD evaluated at the Mayo Clinic who had duodenal biopsies at diagnosis and at least one follow-up intestinal biopsy to assess mucosal recovery after starting a GFD. The primary outcomes of interest were mucosal recovery and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Of 381 adults with biopsy-proven CD, 241 (73% women) had both a diagnostic and follow-up biopsy available for re-review. Among these 241, the Kaplan-Meier rate of confirmed mucosal recovery at 2 years following diagnosis was 34% (95% confidence interval (CI): 27-40%), and at 5 years was 66% (95% CI: 58-74%). Most patients (82%) had some clinical response to GFD, but it was not a reliable marker of mucosal recovery (P=0.7). Serological response was associated with confirmed mucosal recovery (P=0.01). Poor compliance to GFD (P<0.01), severe CD defined by diarrhea and weight loss (P<0.001), and total villous atrophy at diagnosis (P<0.001) were strongly associated with persistent mucosal damage. There was a trend toward an association between achievement of mucosal recovery and a reduced rate of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio=0.13, 95% CI: 0.02-1.06, P=0.06), adjusted for gender and age. CONCLUSIONS: Mucosal recovery was absent in a substantial portion of adults with CD after treatment with a GFD. There was a borderline significant association between confirmed mucosal recovery (vs. persistent damage) and reduced mortality independent of age and gender. Systematic follow-up with intestinal biopsies may be advisable in patients diagnosed with CD as adults.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/mortality/pathology
Cohort Studies
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {20145607},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2010.10},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Rubio-Tapia, A. and Talley, N. J. and Gurudu, S. R. and Wu, T. T. and Murray, J. A.},
   title = {Gluten-free diet and steroid treatment are effective therapy for most patients with collagenous sprue},
   journal = {Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {8},
   number = {4},
   pages = {344-349.e3},
   note = {1542-7714
Rubio-Tapia, Alberto
Talley, Nicholas J
Gurudu, Suryakanth R
Wu, Tsung-Teh
Murray, Joseph A
R01 DK057892/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
T32 AI007047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
DK-57892/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
T32 AI-07047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Apr;8(4):344-349.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.12.023. Epub 2010 Jan 6.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Collagenous sprue (CS) is characterized by the presence of a distinctive band of subepithelial collagen deposition in the small bowel. We evaluated the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with CS. METHODS: Thirty patients with CS were identified at the 3 Mayo Clinic sites between 1993 and 2009. Clinical data from medical records were reviewed. RESULTS: The study cohort was 70% female (age range, 53-91 years). Most patients had severe diarrhea and weight loss. Hospitalization to treat dehydration was necessary in 16 (53%) patients. Associated immune-mediated diseases were noted in 70% of the patients; celiac disease was the most frequent. Other associated diseases were microscopic colitis, hypothyroidism, and autoimmune enteropathy. The median thickness of the layer of subepithelial collagen deposition in the small bowel was 29 mum (20-56.5 mum). Subepithelial collagen deposition in the colon or stomach was noted in 8 patients. A clinical response was observed in 24 (80%) patients after treatment with a combination of a gluten-free diet and immunosuppressive drugs. Histologic improvement was confirmed in 9 patients, with complete remission in 5. Two patients died (1 of complications of CS and 1 of another illness). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with CS are treated effectively with a combination of gluten-free diet and steroids. CS is often associated with collagen deposition or chronic inflammation in other segments of the gastrointestinal tract as well as other immune-mediated disorders.},
   keywords = {Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Colitis, Collagenous/*diet therapy/*drug therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Immunologic Factors/*therapeutic use
Male
Middle Aged
Steroids/*therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1542-3565},
   Accession Number = {20060071},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cgh.2009.12.023},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sabanis, D. and Lebesi, D. and Tzia, C.},
   title = {Development of fibre-enriched gluten-free bread: a response surface methodology study},
   journal = {Int J Food Sci Nutr},
   volume = {60 Suppl 4},
   pages = {174-90},
   note = {1465-3478
Sabanis, Dimitrios
Lebesi, Dimitra
Tzia, Constantina
Journal Article
England
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009;60 Suppl 4:174-90. doi: 10.1080/09637480902721196.},
   abstract = {The enrichment of gluten-free (GF) baked products with dietary fibre (DF) seems to be necessary since it has been reported that coeliac patients have generally a low intake of DF due to their GF diet. Response surface methodology was used to optimize a fibre-enriched GF bread formulation based on corn starch, rice flour and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. Maize fibre and water were the predictor variables (factors), and loaf specific volume, crumb firmness and crumb L value were the dependent variables (responses) used to assess the product quality. The optimal formulation, determined from the data, contained 6.5% maize fibre and 102.5% water, starch/flour base. The developed mathematical models for the measured responses could be successfully used for their prediction during baking. Shelf-life study of the optimized formulation revealed that bread stored under modified atmosphere packaging exhibited lower crumb firmness and moisture content values, and thus remained softer through storage. Scanning electron microscopy of the crumb showed a continuum matrix between starch and maize fibre, in the optimized formulation, obtaining a more aerated structure.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Bread/*analysis
Chemical Phenomena
Color
Cooking/*methods
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Fiber/*analysis
Female
Flour/analysis
Food Handling/methods
Food, Fortified/*analysis
Functional Food/*analysis
Humans
Hypromellose Derivatives
Male
Methylcellulose/analogs & derivatives/chemistry
Models, Statistical
Oryza/chemistry
Quality Control
Seeds/chemistry
Sensation
Starch/analysis/ultrastructure
Water/analysis
Young Adult
Zea mays/chemistry},
   ISSN = {0963-7486},
   Accession Number = {19330631},
   DOI = {10.1080/09637480902721196},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sabel'nikova, E. A. and Krums, L. M. and Vorob'eva, N. N. and Gudkova, R. B.},
   title = {[Celiac disease in the elderly patients]},
   journal = {Eksp Klin Gastroenterol},
   number = {12},
   pages = {48-53},
   note = {Sabel'nikova, E A
Krums, L M
Vorob'eva, N N
Gudkova, R B
English Abstract
Journal Article
Russia (Federation)
Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2010;(12):48-53.},
   abstract = {The incidence of celiac disease in the elderly patients in recent years is increasing and is 7.2% of all examinees. More than half of patients with onset of the disease is characterized by severe malabsorption syndrome III degree and is diagnosed in a short time from the first signs of illness. The rest of celiac disease occurs in small symptom long form, so that the diagnosis was first established over 10 years and over from the beginning of the disease. Late diagnosis of celiac disease in the elderly patients, and hence non-gluten-free diet increases the risk of complications such as cancer.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
*Aging
Celiac Disease/complications/*diagnosis/*therapy
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Neoplasms/diagnosis/etiology/therapy},
   ISSN = {1682-8658 (Print)
1682-8658},
   Accession Number = {21560621},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sabel'nikova, E. A. and Parfenov, A. I. and Krums, L. M. and Belousova, N. L.},
   title = {[The problems of organization of diet nutrition at the patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease) in Russia]},
   journal = {Eksp Klin Gastroenterol},
   number = {3},
   pages = {107-10},
   note = {Sabel'nikova, E A
Parfenov, A I
Krums, L M
Belousova, N L
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Russia (Federation)
Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2010;(3):107-10.},
   abstract = {Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac Disease)--is an autoimmune inflammatory disease, with hyper Regenerative atrophy of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, that is precipitated by the ingestion of gluten, a component of wheat rye, barley, protein. Exclusion of dietary gluten results in healing of the mucosa of the small intestine. The main method of treatment and prevention of complications of celiac disease is strict lifelong adherence to gluten-free diet (AGD), which reduces the quality of life of patients. The labeling of all foods and greater variety of gluten-free products, reducing their cost, psychological support doctors and nutritionists will improve their quality of life.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/*economics/epidemiology/therapy
Celiac Disease/*economics/epidemiology/therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free/*economics/*methods
*Food Labeling
*Glutens
Humans
Russia/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1682-8658 (Print)
1682-8658},
   Accession Number = {20496799},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Said, Y. and Fehri, W. and Lahidheb, D. and Trabelsi, S. and Haouala, H. and Najjar, T.},
   title = {[Celiac disease and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a fortuitous association?]},
   journal = {Presse Med},
   volume = {39},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1099-100},
   note = {2213-0276
Said, Yosra
Fehri, Wafa
Lahidheb, Dhaker
Trabelsi, Senda
Haouala, Habib
Najjar, Taoufik
Case Reports
Letter
France
Presse Med. 2010 Oct;39(10):1099-100. doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2010.05.014. Epub 2010 Jul 24.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/etiology
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention & control
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnosis/diet therapy/epidemiology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Dyspnea/etiology
Humans
Male
Prevalence
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {0755-4982},
   Accession Number = {20656449},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.lpm.2010.05.014},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sanchez, E. and Donat, E. and Ribes-Koninckx, C. and Calabuig, M. and Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Intestinal Bacteroides species associated with coeliac disease},
   journal = {J Clin Pathol},
   volume = {63},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1105-11},
   note = {1472-4146
Sanchez, Ester
Donat, Ester
Ribes-Koninckx, Carmen
Calabuig, Miguel
Sanz, Yolanda
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Clin Pathol. 2010 Dec;63(12):1105-11. doi: 10.1136/jcp.2010.076950. Epub 2010 Oct 23.},
   abstract = {AIMS: To characterise the predominant species of bacterial populations associated with duodenal biopsies of paediatric patients with active and treated coeliac disease. METHODS: 20 biopsy specimens from patients with active coeliac disease, 12 from patients with treated coeliac disease, and eight from age-matched controls were evaluated for comparative purposes. Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations were analysed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis using group-specific primers. RESULTS: Bacteroides diversity was higher in biopsy specimens from controls than in those from patients with active and treated coeliac disease. Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides fragilis/Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis and Bacteroides ovatus were more abundant in controls than in patients with coeliac disease (p<0.05). Bacteroides vulgatus was more frequently detected in controls than in patients with treated coeliac disease (p<0.01). Bacteroides dorei was more common in patients with active coeliac disease than in those with treated coeliac disease and control children (p<0.01). Bifidobacterium diversity was higher in patients with coeliac disease than in controls. Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis were more prevalent in patients with active coeliac disease than in patients with treated coeliac disease and control children. A higher LAB diversity was found in patients with treated coeliac disease and controls than in patients with active coeliac disease. Weissella spp and Lactobacillus fermentum were more frequently detected in patients with treated coeliac disease than in controls and patients with active coeliac disease. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and LAB populations in the duodenum of Spanish children with typical coeliac disease (active and treated) and controls differ in diversity and species composition; this could contribute to features of the disease.},
   keywords = {Bacteroides/*classification/isolation & purification
Bifidobacterium/classification/isolation & purification
Biodiversity
Biopsy
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*microbiology/pathology
Child
Child, Preschool
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis/methods
Duodenum/*microbiology/pathology
Female
Humans
Infant
Male
Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods},
   ISSN = {0021-9746},
   Accession Number = {20972239},
   DOI = {10.1136/jcp.2010.076950},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sander, C. S. and Hertecant, J. and Abdulrazzaq, Y. M. and Berger, T. G.},
   title = {Severe exfoliative erythema of malnutrition in a child with coexisting coeliac and Hartnup's disease},
   journal = {Clin Exp Dermatol},
   volume = {34},
   number = {2},
   pages = {178-82},
   note = {1365-2230
Sander, C S
Hertecant, J
Abdulrazzaq, Y M
Berger, T G
Case Reports
Journal Article
England
Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009 Mar;34(2):178-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02773.x. Epub 2008 Nov 6.},
   abstract = {Exfoliative erythema of malnutrition is a collective term for skin lesions caused by a combination of multiple deficiencies in vitamins, microelements, essential fatty acids and amino acids. We report a 3-year-old Iraqi girl with malnutrition due to coexisting coeliac and Hartnup's disease. On admission to hospital, she presented with kwashiorkor, anaemia, hepatitis and hypoalbuminia. She had severe skin changes with erythema, desquamation, erosions and diffuse hyperpigmentation involving the whole integument, particularly the perioral area, trunk and legs. She also had angular cheilitis, glossitis, conjunctivitis and diffuse alopecia. After treatment with a high-protein gluten-free diet and supplementation with vitamins and microelements there was a rapid improvement in the skin lesions. The severity of the skin lesions in this case can be explained by the coexistence of two metabolic diseases causing complex malnutrition.},
   keywords = {Alopecia/complications
*Celiac Disease/complications/diet therapy/pathology
*Child Nutrition Disorders/complications/diet therapy
Child, Preschool
Diet, Gluten-Free
*Erythema/diet therapy/etiology/pathology
Female
Glossitis/complications
Glutens/*adverse effects
*Hartnup Disease/complications/diet therapy/pathology
Humans
Parents/education
Skin/pathology
Treatment Outcome
Vitamins/administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {0307-6938},
   Accession Number = {19018792},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02773.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sanson, E. and Gassler, N. and Trautwein, C. and Wasmuth, H. E.},
   title = {Cavitating mesenteric lymph node syndrome: a rare complication of refractory celiac disease},
   journal = {Z Gastroenterol},
   volume = {48},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1133-7},
   note = {1439-7803
Sanson, E
Gassler, N
Trautwein, C
Wasmuth, Hermann E
Case Reports
Journal Article
Germany
Z Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep;48(9):1133-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1109948. Epub 2010 Sep 13.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an immune-mediated enteropathy characterized by mucosal inflammation and villous atrophy of the small bowel upon exposure to ingested gluten. Refractory celiac disease (RCD), defined as persisting villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia despite strict gluten-free diet, is a rare form of celiac disease with poor prognosis due to a higher rate of severe complications such as life-threatening malnutrition or the development of intestinal T-cell lymphoma. The cavitating mesenteric lymph node syndrome (CMLNS) represents a rare complication of celiac disease with unknown pathogenesis which is associated with but not restricted to RCD and not necessarily associated with a malignant course. We here report a 64-year-old patient who was referred to us with a history of refractory celiac disease. During further diagnostic work-up multiple intraabdominal cystic structures were detected by a computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging. A laparotomy was performed to exclude T-cell lymphoma. Histology of the intraabdominal cysts revealed the diagnosis of cavitating mesenteric lymph node syndrome as the underlying cause of the masses. Steroid therapy was initiated which led to complete regression of diarrhoea but did not induce a diminution of mesenteric lymph nodes. Three years after the diagnosis of CMLNS, the patient presented with an acute abdomen due to a small bowel perforation caused by an enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma. We discuss the differential diagnoses of intraabdominal masses in celiac disease and review the current literature on CMLNS.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*complications/*diagnosis/drug therapy
Chronic Disease
Cysts/*diagnosis/drug therapy/*etiology
Humans
Male
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis/*diagnosis/drug therapy/*etiology
Middle Aged
Rare Diseases/diagnosis/drug therapy/etiology
Steroids/therapeutic use
Treatment Failure},
   ISSN = {0044-2771},
   Accession Number = {20839163},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0028-1109948},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Santana-Porben, S. and Castellanos-Fernandez, M.},
   title = {[Malnutrition in adults with gastrointestinal disorders: a new reservoir of celiac disease?]},
   journal = {Rev Gastroenterol Mex},
   volume = {74},
   number = {3},
   pages = {202-12},
   note = {Santana-Porben, S
Castellanos-Fernandez, M
English Abstract
Journal Article
Mexico
Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2009;74(3):202-12.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To present the diagnostic process of CD Celiac disease among adults showing variable signs of nutritional derangements assisted at two tertiary-level health care institutions in Havana City (Cuba) between 2004 - 2007 for non-exhaustively characterized gastrointestinal disorders. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Clinical, serological, histo-pathological and nutritional findings were integrated into an ad hoc created scoring system. Weight gain was monitored during the study observation window. RESULTS: Twenty-eight presumptive celiac patients were identified among those assisted. CD diagnosis was as follows: Confirmed: 17.9% (Score: 9.2 +/- 0.4); Highly likely: 60.7% (Score: 6.6 +/- 1.1); Non-conclusive: 32.1% (Score: 4.7 +/- 0.5); respectively. Ninety-two point eight percent of subjects were malnourished at the moment of the first interview. Total intestinal villi atrophy was observed in less than one-third of the identified celiac patients. Tittering of antibodies associated with CD was as follows: Anti-gliadin: Completed: 25; Positive: 72.0%; Anti-transglutaminase: Completed: 11; Positive: 54.5%. Nutritional replenishment actions comprised: Diet gluten withdrawal (100.0%); Vitamins and minerals prescription (92.9%); supplementary Enteral Nutrition (57.2%); and Parenteral Nutrition (21.4%). Weight gain was of 400 grams in 80.8% of CD patients after 33.7 days of follow- up; and of 700 grams in 13 of them after 321 days. The scoring system presented in this study could be useful for diagnosis and treatment of CD: a condition that keeps baffling physicians and nutritionists alike.},
   keywords = {Aged
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/pathology/therapy
Cuba
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*diagnosis
Humans
Intestines/pathology
Male
Malnutrition/*complications/etiology
Middle Aged
Nutritional Status
Nutritional Support
Weight Gain},
   ISSN = {0375-0906 (Print)
0375-0906},
   Accession Number = {19858008},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Novel perspectives in celiac disease therapy},
   journal = {Mini Rev Med Chem},
   volume = {9},
   number = {3},
   pages = {359-67},
   note = {Sanz, Yolanda
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Netherlands
Mini Rev Med Chem. 2009 Mar;9(3):359-67.},
   abstract = {Currently the only treatment for celiac disease is adherence to a strict gluten-free diet; however, compliance with this diet is complex and other alternatives are called for. Herein, we review recent developments in the design of novel therapeutic strategies to counteract the pathogenic effects of the interactions between gluten peptides and their specific biological targets.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/drug therapy/etiology/immunology/*therapy
Cell Adhesion Molecules/antagonists & inhibitors
Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors/therapeutic use
Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Glutens/immunology/metabolism
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Peptide Hydrolases/therapeutic use
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors},
   ISSN = {1389-5575 (Print)
1389-5575},
   Accession Number = {19275728},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult humans},
   journal = {Gut Microbes},
   volume = {1},
   number = {3},
   pages = {135-7},
   note = {1949-0984
Sanz, Yolanda
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Gut Microbes. 2010 May-Jun;1(3):135-7. doi: 10.4161/gmic.1.3.11868. Epub 2010 Mar 16.},
   abstract = {Diet is a major environmental factor influencing gut microbiota diversity and functionality, which might be relevant to subjects following dietary therapies. Celiac disease (CD) is an enteropathy caused by an aberrant immune response to cereal gluten proteins and the only therapy is the adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). In this context, a preliminary study was conducted to establish whether the GFD in itself could modify the composition and immune properties of the gut microbiota. The trial included 10 healthy subjects (30.3 years-old), which were submitted to a GFD over one month. Analysis of fecal microbiota and dietary intake indicated that numbers of healthy gut bacteria decreased, while numbers of unhealthy bacteria increased parallel to reductions in the intake of polysaccharides after following the GFD. Fecal samples of subjects under a GFD, which represent an altered microbiota, also exerted lower immune stimulatory effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells than those of subjects on a regular gluten-containing diet. This addendum presents further discussion on the rationale behind these findings, limitations of the study and possible consequences of dietary counselling in the care process of celiac disease patients.},
   keywords = {Adult
Bacteria/drug effects/*isolation & purification
Bacterial Adhesion
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/immunology/microbiology
Cytokines/immunology
Diet, Gluten-Free/*adverse effects
Feces/microbiology
Female
Health Status
Humans
Intestines/*immunology/*microbiology
Male
celiac disease
gluten-free diet
gut microbiota
immunity
polysaccharides
prebiotics
probiotics},
   ISSN = {1949-0976},
   Accession Number = {21327021},
   DOI = {10.4161/gmic.1.3.11868},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Saturni, L. and Ferretti, G. and Bacchetti, T.},
   title = {The gluten-free diet: safety and nutritional quality},
   journal = {Nutrients},
   volume = {2},
   number = {1},
   pages = {16-34},
   note = {2072-6643
Saturni, Letizia
Ferretti, Gianna
Bacchetti, Tiziana
Journal Article
Review
Switzerland
Nutrients. 2010 Jan;2(1):16-34. doi: 10.3390/nu2010016. Epub 2010 Jan 14.},
   abstract = {The prevalence of celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune enteropathy, characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, atrophy of intestinal villi and several clinical manifestations has increased in recent years. Subjects affected by CD cannot tolerate gluten protein, a mixture of storage proteins contained in several cereals (wheat, rye, barley and derivatives). Gluten free-diet remains the cornerstone treatment for celiac patients. Therefore the absence of gluten in natural and processed foods represents a key aspect of food safety of the gluten-free diet. A promising area is the use of minor or pseudo-cereals such as amaranth, buckwheat, quinoa, sorghum and teff. The paper is focused on the new definition of gluten-free products in food label, the nutritional properties of the gluten-free cereals and their use to prevent nutritional deficiencies of celiac subjects.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Edible Grain
Food Labeling
Food Safety
Humans
Malnutrition/*prevention & control
avenin
celiac disease
gliadin
gluten-free diet
hordein
minor cereals
pseudo-cereals
secalin},
   ISSN = {2072-6643},
   Accession Number = {22253989},
   DOI = {10.3390/nu2010016
10.3390/nu20100016},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Saurer, L. and Mueller, C.},
   title = {T cell-mediated immunoregulation in the gastrointestinal tract},
   journal = {Allergy},
   volume = {64},
   number = {4},
   pages = {505-19},
   note = {1398-9995
Saurer, L
Mueller, C
Journal Article
Review
Denmark
Allergy. 2009 Apr;64(4):505-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01965.x. Epub 2009 Feb 10.},
   abstract = {In the intestinal tract, only a single layer of epithelial cells separates innate and adaptive immune effector cells from a vast amount of antigens. Here, the immune system faces a considerable challenge in tolerating commensal flora and dietary antigens while preventing the dissemination of potential pathogens. Failure to tightly control immune reactions may result in detrimental inflammation. In this respect, 'conventional' regulatory CD4(+) T cells, including naturally occurring and adaptive CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) T cells, Th3 and Tr1 cells, have recently been the focus of considerable attention. However, regulatory mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa are highly complex, including adaptations of nonhaematopoietic cells and innate immune cells as well as the presence of unconventional T cells with regulatory properties such as resident TCRgammadelta or TCRalphabeta CD8(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes. This review aims to summarize the currently available knowledge on conventional and unconventional regulatory T cell subsets (Tregs), with special emphasis on clinical data and the potential role or malfunctioning of Tregs in four major human gastrointestinal diseases, i.e. inflammatory bowel diseases, coeliac disease, food allergy and colorectal cancer. We conclude that the clinical data confirms some but not all of the findings derived from experimental animal models.},
   keywords = {Animals
Gastric Mucosa/*immunology
Humans
*Immunity, Mucosal
Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology
T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0105-4538},
   Accession Number = {19210347},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01965.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Savilahti, E. and Kolho, K. L. and Westerholm-Ormio, M. and Verkasalo, M.},
   title = {Clinics of coeliac disease in children in the 2000s},
   journal = {Acta Paediatr},
   volume = {99},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1026-30},
   note = {1651-2227
Savilahti, E
Kolho, K-L
Westerholm-Ormio, M
Verkasalo, M
Journal Article
Norway
Acta Paediatr. 2010 Jul;99(7):1026-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01740.x. Epub 2010 Feb 25.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical picture of patients with coeliac disease (CD) and the change in its presentation over the past decades. STUDY DESIGN: Patients with CD were identified and clinical data collected from hospital records over a 6-year period (2000-2005). RESULTS: Altogether 197 patients aged 0.6-15.9 (mean 7.2) years were identified. They were found amongst the child population served by the hospital, the mean number of children at age 0.5-16 years was 268 000 during 2000-2005. The presenting symptom amongst the youngest patients (<3 years) was chronic diarrhoea (in 67%), and amongst older patients, abdominal pain. At the time of diagnosis, growth was severely retarded (height <2 SD for age) in 6.6%; mean height was -0.06 SD and weight + 1% for height. After diet treatment for a mean of 6 months, both height and weight increased significantly. Anaemia and iron deficiency were present in 25% and 43% of patients respectively. Intraepithelial T-cell receptor gamma/delta cells were pathologic in all 150 specimens studied. CONCLUSIONS: The presentation of CD depends on age. Even when we found six times more patients than during years 1976-1985 in the same hospital, published data on the prevalence of CD suggest that we found only a small minority of children with CD.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Adolescent
Anemia/etiology
Celiac Disease/complications/diagnosis/diet therapy/*epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Diarrhea/etiology
Epithelial Cells/pathology
Female
Finland
Growth Disorders/etiology
Humans
Infant
Iron/deficiency
Male
Medical Records
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
Retrospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0803-5253},
   Accession Number = {20199495},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01740.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Schippa, S. and Iebba, V. and Barbato, M. and Di Nardo, G. and Totino, V. and Checchi, M. P. and Longhi, C. and Maiella, G. and Cucchiara, S. and Conte, M. P.},
   title = {A distinctive 'microbial signature' in celiac pediatric patients},
   journal = {BMC Microbiol},
   volume = {10},
   pages = {175},
   note = {1471-2180
Schippa, Serena
Iebba, Valerio
Barbato, Maria
Di Nardo, Giovanni
Totino, Valentina
Checchi, Monica Proietti
Longhi, Catia
Maiella, Giulia
Cucchiara, Salvatore
Conte, Maria Pia
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
BMC Microbiol. 2010 Jun 17;10:175. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-175.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Celiac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine in which dietary gluten ingestion leads to a chronic enteropathy. Recently, scientific evidence suggested a potential role of gut microbiota in CD. To have a snapshot of dominant duodenal microbiota we analyzed the mucosa-associated microbiota of 20 children with CD, before and after a gluten-free diet (GFD) regimen, and of 10 controls. Total DNA was extracted from duodenal biopsies and amplification products of 16S ribosomal DNA were compared by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE). TTGE profiles were analyzed by statistical multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The average number of bands in TTGE profiles was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in active (n.b. 16.7 +/- 0.7) and inactive states (n.b. 13.2 +/- 0.8) than in controls (n.b. 3.7 +/- 1.3). Mean interindividual similarity index was 54.9% +/- 14.9% for active disease, 55.6% +/- 15.7% for remission state and 21.8% +/- 30.16% for controls. Similarity index between celiac children before and after GFD treatment was 63.9% +/- 15.8%. Differences in microbiota biodiversity were among active and remission state (P = 0.000224) and amid active CD and controls (P < 0.001). Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli were detected more often in CD patients than in controls (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results highlighted a peculiar microbial TTGE profile and a significant higher biodiversity in CD pediatric patients' duodenal mucosa. The possible pathophysiological role of these microbial differences needs further characterization.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
Biodiversity
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*microbiology
Child
Child, Preschool
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Infant
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
Male
Molecular Sequence Data
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1471-2180},
   Accession Number = {20565734},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-2180-10-175},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Schmidt, C. and Kasim, E. and Schlake, W. and Gerken, G. and Giese, T. and Stallmach, A.},
   title = {TNF-alpha antibody treatment in refractory collagenous sprue: report of a case and review of the literature},
   journal = {Z Gastroenterol},
   volume = {47},
   number = {6},
   pages = {575-8},
   note = {1439-7803
Schmidt, C
Kasim, E
Schlake, W
Gerken, G
Giese, T
Stallmach, A
Case Reports
Journal Article
Review
Germany
Z Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun;47(6):575-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1109057. Epub 2009 Jun 16.},
   abstract = {Collagenous sprue (CS) is a rare disease characterized by celiac type small bowel malabsorption that is resistant to gluten free diet (GFD) and is associated with a poor prognosis. Our aim was to assess the properties of the monoclonal TNF-alpha antibody infliximab in a patient with high-dose steroid refractory CS. A 27-year-old man developed watery diarrhea with weight loss and abdominal pain. Duodenal biopsies showed a subtotal villous atrophy with an extensive subepithelial layer of collagenous fibers. An apparent GFD did not reduce symptoms. High dose steroid treatment (75 mg prednisone) in combination with azathioprine (150 mg) reduced diarrhea but did not induce complete remission. Based on strongly elevated mucosal TNF-alpha transcript concentrations we introduced infliximab (5 mg/kg body weight) into therapy. After two applications the patient's symptoms quickly improved. During the following year no recurrence of diarrhea has been observed. This case suggests that infliximab is an effective treatment in complicated cases of collagenous sprue.},
   keywords = {Adult
Antibodies, Monoclonal/*administration & dosage/immunology
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/*drug therapy/immunology
Chronic Disease
Drug Resistance
Humans
Infliximab
Male
Treatment Outcome
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology},
   ISSN = {0044-2771},
   Accession Number = {19533547},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0028-1109057},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Schuppan, D. and Junker, Y. and Barisani, D.},
   title = {Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {137},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1912-33},
   note = {1528-0012
Schuppan, Detlef
Junker, Yvonne
Barisani, Donatella
1R21DK073254-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Gastroenterology. 2009 Dec;137(6):1912-33. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.008. Epub 2009 Sep 18.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease has become one of the best-understood HLA-linked disorders. Although it shares many immunologic features with inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease is uniquely characterized by (1) a defined trigger (gluten proteins from wheat and related cereals), (2) the necessary presence of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8, and (3) the generation of circulating autoantibodies to the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2). TG2 deamidates certain gluten peptides, increasing their affinity to HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8. This generates a more vigorous CD4(+) T-helper 1 T-cell activation, which can result in intestinal mucosal inflammation, malabsorption, and numerous secondary symptoms and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, gluten elicits innate immune responses that act in concert with the adaptive immunity. Exclusion of gluten from the diet reverses many disease manifestations but is usually not or less efficient in patients with refractory celiac disease or associated autoimmune diseases. Based on the advanced understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease, targeted nondietary therapies have been devised, and some of these are already in phase 1 or 2 clinical trials. Examples are modified flours that have been depleted of immunogenic gluten epitopes, degradation of immunodominant gliadin peptides that resist intestinal proteases by exogenous endopeptidases, decrease of intestinal permeability by blockage of the epithelial ZOT receptor, inhibition of intestinal TG2 activity by transglutaminase inhibitors, inhibition of gluten peptide presentation by HLA-DQ2 antagonists, modulation or inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, and induction of oral tolerance to gluten. These and other experimental therapies will be discussed critically.},
   keywords = {Animals
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/genetics/immunology/*therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Disease Models, Animal
Gastrointestinal Agents/*therapeutic use
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Glutens/*immunology
HLA Antigens/genetics
Humans
Immunity, Innate/drug effects
*Immunotherapy/methods
Intestinal Mucosa/*drug effects/immunology
Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology/therapy
Predictive Value of Tests
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*drug effects/immunology
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {19766641},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.008},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Scrimgeour, A. G. and Condlin, M. L.},
   title = {Zinc and micronutrient combinations to combat gastrointestinal inflammation},
   journal = {Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care},
   volume = {12},
   number = {6},
   pages = {653-60},
   note = {1473-6519
Scrimgeour, Angus G
Condlin, Michelle L
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Review
England
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Nov;12(6):653-60. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283308dd6.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To examine current evidence for dietary supplementation with zinc and other micronutrients for primary prevention of multiple micronutrient deficiencies that are known to result from therapies used in the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: Epidemiological observations and clinical findings have strengthened the concept that both nutritional deficiencies and nutritional excesses impair the gastrointestinal response(s) and alter susceptibility to inflammation and other diseases. The interaction of micronutrient intake, biochemical indicators of nutritional status, and four specific gastrointestinal inflammation states are reviewed. These conditions include celiac disease and concomitant micronutrient deficiencies resulting from the sustained adherence to a gluten-free diet; micronutrient nutrition as an important determinant of immunity for two major types of inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease; and HIV/AIDS-related diarrhea and concomitant micronutrient deficiencies which may be exacerbated by the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. SUMMARY: For each inflammation 'state', enhancement of micronutrient status can improve immunocompetance and minimize therapeutic side-effects. The impact of single-micronutrient deficiencies on immune responses, and the possible impact of uncorrected micronutrient status are discussed.},
   keywords = {Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*drug therapy
Deficiency Diseases/drug therapy
Diarrhea/*drug therapy/etiology
Diet, Gluten-Free/adverse effects
Dietary Supplements
Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects
HIV Infections/complications
Humans
Immunity/*drug effects
Inflammation/*drug therapy
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Micronutrients/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Zinc/pharmacology/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1363-1950},
   Accession Number = {19684516},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283308dd6},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sealey-Voyksner, J. A. and Khosla, C. and Voyksner, R. D. and Jorgenson, J. W.},
   title = {Novel aspects of quantitation of immunogenic wheat gluten peptides by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry},
   journal = {J Chromatogr A},
   volume = {1217},
   number = {25},
   pages = {4167-83},
   note = {1873-3778
Sealey-Voyksner, Jennifer A
Khosla, Chaitan
Voyksner, Robert D
Jorgenson, James W
1R41DK68890-1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Netherlands
J Chromatogr A. 2010 Jun 18;1217(25):4167-83. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.067. Epub 2010 Feb 1.},
   abstract = {A novel, specific and sensitive non-immunological liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based assay has been developed to detect and quantify trace levels of wheat gluten in food and consumer products. Detection and quantification of dietary gluten is important, because gluten is a principle trigger of a variety of immune diseases including food allergies and intolerances. One such disease, celiac sprue, can cause intestinal inflammation and enteropathy in patients who are exposed to dietary gluten. At present, immunochemistry is the leading analytical method for gluten detection in food. Consequently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), such as the sandwich or competitive type assays, are the only commercially available methods to ensure that food and consumer products are accurately labeled as gluten-free. The availability of a comprehensive, fast and economic alternative to the immunological ELISA may also facilitate research towards the development of new drugs, therapies and food processing technologies to aid patients with gluten intolerances and for gluten-free labeling and certification purposes. LC-MS is an effective and efficient analytical technique for the study of cereal grain proteins and to quantify trace levels of targeted dietary gluten peptides in complex matrices. Initial efforts in this area afforded the unambiguous identification and structural characterization of six unique physiologically relevant wheat gluten peptides. This paper describes the development and optimization of an LC-MS/MS method that attempts to provide the best possible accuracy and sensitivity for the quantitative detection of trace levels of these six peptides in various food and consumer products. The overall performance of this method was evaluated using native cereal grains. Experimental results demonstrated that this method is capable of detecting and quantifying select target peptides in food over a range from 10pg/mg to 100ng/mg (corresponding to approximately 0.01-100ppm). Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for the six target peptides were determined to range from 1 to 30pg/mg and 10-100pg/mg respectively. Reproducibility of the assay was demonstrated by evaluation of calibration data as well as data collected from the analysis of quality control standards over a period of four consecutive days. The average coefficient of determination (R(2)) for each peptide was consistently found to be >0.995 with residuals ranging from approximately 80% to 110%. Spike recovery data for each peptide in various matrices was evaluated at a concentration level near the approximate LOQ for each, as well as at higher concentration levels (30 and 60ng/mg). The average range of accuracy of detection for all peptides at the lower concentration level was determined to be 90% (+/-11), while accuracy at the 30 and 60ng/mg levels was 98% (+/-5%) and 98% (+/-3%), respectively. The usefulness and capabilities of this method are presented in a practical application to prospectively screen a variety of common commercially available (native and processed) gluten-containing and gluten-free foods and products.},
   keywords = {Antigens, Plant/*analysis/immunology
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/*methods
Food Analysis
Glutens/*analysis/immunology
Peptides/*analysis/immunology
Tandem Mass Spectrometry/*methods
Triticum/*chemistry/immunology},
   ISSN = {0021-9673},
   Accession Number = {20181349},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.067},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sehgal, Y.},
   title = {Wrong question},
   journal = {Can Fam Physician},
   volume = {55},
   number = {5},
   pages = {471; author reply 471-2},
   note = {1715-5258
Sehgal, Yogi
Comment
Letter
Canada
Can Fam Physician. 2009 May;55(5):471; author reply 471-2.},
   keywords = {Biopsy
*Celiac Disease/diagnosis/diet therapy/economics
Clinical Competence
Diagnosis, Differential
Diet, Gluten-Free/*methods
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Humans
Insurance, Health/*economics},
   ISSN = {0008-350x},
   Accession Number = {19439695},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Selimoglu, M. A. and Karabiber, H.},
   title = {Celiac disease: prevention and treatment},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {44},
   number = {1},
   pages = {4-8},
   note = {1539-2031
Selimoglu, Mukadder Ayse
Karabiber, Hamza
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Jan;44(1):4-8. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181b7ead2.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is a common multisystemic disorder that may be diagnosed at any age. Owing to the increasing prevalence, prevention strategies, including encouragement of breastfeeding and introduction of small amounts of gluten whereas still on breastfeeding at fourth to sixth month of age, become more important than before. For avoiding complications of celiac disease, a strict gluten-free diet is essential. A lifelong gluten-free diet may bring about difficulties as avoiding gluten completely is problematic owing to the contamination with gluten of presumably gluten free foods. New therapeutic approaches include enzyme supplementation, correction of the intestinal barrier defect against gluten entry, blocking of gliadin presentation by human leukocyte antigen blockers and tissue transglutaminase inhibitors.},
   keywords = {Animals
Breast Feeding
Celiac Disease/immunology/prevention & control/*therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Enzymes/therapeutic use
Gliadin/immunology
Glutens/*administration & dosage/immunology
HLA Antigens/immunology
Humans
Infant
Intestines/metabolism
Transglutaminases/antagonists & inhibitors},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {20027009},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181b7ead2},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Selinger, C. P.},
   title = {Celiac disease and the heart},
   journal = {South Med J},
   volume = {102},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1001-2},
   note = {1541-8243
Selinger, Christian P
Comment
Editorial
United States
South Med J. 2009 Oct;102(10):1001-2. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181b502b3.},
   keywords = {Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/*complications/therapy
Celiac Disease/*complications/diet therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Humans
Patient Compliance},
   ISSN = {0038-4348},
   Accession Number = {19738531},
   DOI = {10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181b502b3},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sethi, G. R. and Singhal, K. K. and Puri, A. S. and Mantan, M.},
   title = {Benefit of gluten-free diet in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in association with celiac disease},
   journal = {Pediatr Pulmonol},
   volume = {46},
   number = {3},
   pages = {302-5},
   note = {1099-0496
Sethi, Gulshan R
Singhal, Kamal K
Puri, Amarender S
Mantan, Mukta
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011 Mar;46(3):302-5. doi: 10.1002/ppul.21357. Epub 2010 Oct 21.},
   abstract = {Lane-Hamilton syndrome refers to the uncommon co-occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and celiac disease (CD). Three children aged between 7 and 14 years with IPH were detected to have co-existing non-diarrheal CD. Institution of gluten-free diet in each of the three children resulted in amelioration of the pulmonary symptoms along with improvement of anthropometric parameters and hemoglobin over a short-term follow-up period of 8-17 months. Inhaled/oral steroids and immunosuppressants could be weaned off after dietary exclusion therapy in each of the three children. Gluten free diet should be instituted in all patients diagnosed with Lane-Hamilton syndrome. It ameliorates both the pulmonary as well as the intestinal symptoms although the precise mechanism of the pulmonary response is as yet unclear.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Celiac Disease/*complications/*diet therapy
Child
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Hemosiderosis/*complications/*diet therapy
Humans
Lung Diseases/*complications/*diet therapy
Male
Lane-Hamilton syndrome
celiac disease
gluten-free diet
idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis},
   ISSN = {1099-0496},
   Accession Number = {20967850},
   DOI = {10.1002/ppul.21357},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shah, S. and Leffler, D.},
   title = {Celiac disease: an underappreciated issue in women’s health},
   journal = {Womens Health (Lond)},
   volume = {6},
   number = {5},
   pages = {753-66},
   note = {1745-5065
Shah, Sveta
Leffler, Daniel
K23 DK082619/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
K23 DK082619-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
R03 DK095937/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Review
United States
Womens Health (Lond). 2010 Sep;6(5):753-66. doi: 10.2217/whe.10.57.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy that is secondary to gluten ingestion and classically associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnosis is based on serology and confirmatory duodenal biopsy, and the only treatment is lifelong avoidance of gluten. CD has been increasingly recognized to encompass a wide variety of manifestations that are relevant to women’s health, including infertility, adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduced BMD. Currently, CD is underdiagnosed, largely owing to lack of recognition of the diverse manifestations by general practitioners. Increased awareness of the clinical spectrum of this disease, as well as targeted testing in at-risk individuals (including women with unexplained infertility and previous adverse pregnancy outcomes, and in specific populations with reduced BMD) is greatly needed in order to improve rates of diagnosis.},
   keywords = {Bone Density
*Celiac Disease/diagnosis/physiopathology/therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Fertility
Glutens/metabolism
Humans
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Outcome
Prevalence
*Women's Health},
   ISSN = {1745-5057},
   Accession Number = {20887172},
   DOI = {10.2217/whe.10.57},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shakeri, R. and Zamani, F. and Sotoudehmanesh, R. and Amiri, A. and Mohamadnejad, M. and Davatchi, F. and Karakani, A. M. and Malekzadeh, R. and Shahram, F.},
   title = {Gluten sensitivity enteropathy in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis},
   journal = {BMC Gastroenterol},
   volume = {9},
   pages = {44},
   note = {1471-230x
Shakeri, Ramin
Zamani, Farhad
Sotoudehmanesh, Rasoul
Amiri, Afsaneh
Mohamadnejad, Mehdi
Davatchi, Fereydoun
Karakani, Ali Mohammadi
Malekzadeh, Reza
Shahram, Farhad
Journal Article
England
BMC Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun 17;9:44. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-9-44.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten-containing grains in susceptible individuals. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) may be the sole manifestation of GSE. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gluten sensitivity enteropathy (GSE) in a large group of patients with RAS and assess the efficacy of gluten free diet (GFD) on the improvement of aphthous lesions in those who were diagnosed with GSE. METHODS: Two hundred and forty seven patients with RAS were included. The patients had at least three aphthous attacks per year. Patients were screened by IgA anti-endomysial antibody (EMA), IgA anti tissue transglutaminase (TTG) and serum IgA level. Those with a positive serology underwent endoscopic biopsies of the duodenal mucosa and patients with negative serology were excluded. The diagnosis of GSE was based on a positive serological test and abnormal duodenal histology. For patients with GSE, gluten free diet was recommended. RESULTS: Six out of 247 RAS patients had positive TTG test alone, and one had positive EMA and TTG. All 7 patients with positive serologic tests underwent duodenal biopsies. Histological findings were compatible with GSE in all of them (Marsh I in four patients, Marsh II in two patients and Marsh IIIB in one another.). The mean age of GSE patients was 27.42 +/- 10.56 (range, 13 to 40) years old. They were suffering from RAS for an average duration of 4.5 years. All of the 7 GSE patients had not responded to the routine anti-aphthae medications, including topical corticosteroids, tetracycline and colchicine. Four patients who adhered to a strict gluten-free diet showed noticeable improvement in their aphthous lesions over a period of 6 months. CONCLUSION: A significant minority (e.g. 2.83%) of RAS patients have GSE. This could be compared with the 0.9% prevalence of GSE in the general population of Iran. This study suggests that evaluation for celiac disease is appropriate in patients with RAS. Additionally, the unresponsiveness to conventional anti-aphthae treatment could be an additional risk indicator.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/*epidemiology/pathology
Child
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenum/pathology
Female
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
Iran/epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Secondary Prevention
Stomatitis, Aphthous/*complications
Transglutaminases/immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1471-230x},
   Accession Number = {19534771},
   DOI = {10.1186/1471-230x-9-44},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shemesh, A. and Endevelt, R. and Monnickendam, S. M.},
   title = {Importance of nutritional assessment and collaboration between physicians and registered dietitians in detecting celiac disease: two case studies},
   journal = {J Am Diet Assoc},
   volume = {109},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1445-8},
   note = {1878-3570
Shemesh, Aviva
Endevelt, Ronit
Monnickendam, Shlomo M
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Aug;109(8):1445-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.014.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Anemia/diagnosis/etiology
Celiac Disease/complications/*diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
Dietetics/*standards
Female
Humans
*Interdisciplinary Communication
Malnutrition/diagnosis/etiology
*Nutrition Assessment
Primary Health Care/*standards},
   ISSN = {0002-8223},
   Accession Number = {19631054},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.014},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Shewry, P. R.},
   title = {Wheat},
   journal = {J Exp Bot},
   volume = {60},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1537-53},
   note = {1460-2431
Shewry, P R
BBS/E/C/00004953/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
J Exp Bot. 2009;60(6):1537-53. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erp058.},
   abstract = {Wheat is the dominant crop in temperate countries being used for human food and livestock feed. Its success depends partly on its adaptability and high yield potential but also on the gluten protein fraction which confers the viscoelastic properties that allow dough to be processed into bread, pasta, noodles, and other food products. Wheat also contributes essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins, and beneficial phytochemicals and dietary fibre components to the human diet, and these are particularly enriched in whole-grain products. However, wheat products are also known or suggested to be responsible for a number of adverse reactions in humans, including intolerances (notably coeliac disease) and allergies (respiratory and food). Current and future concerns include sustaining wheat production and quality with reduced inputs of agrochemicals and developing lines with enhanced quality for specific end-uses, notably for biofuels and human nutrition.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/etiology
Gardening
Glutens/immunology
Humans
Nutritive Value
*Triticum/chemistry/immunology/metabolism
Wheat Hypersensitivity/etiology},
   ISSN = {0022-0957},
   Accession Number = {19386614},
   DOI = {10.1093/jxb/erp058},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Silano, M. and Agostoni, C. and Guandalini, S.},
   title = {Effect of the timing of gluten introduction on the development of celiac disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {16},
   number = {16},
   pages = {1939-42},
   note = {2219-2840
Silano, Marco
Agostoni, Carlo
Guandalini, Stefano
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr 28;16(16):1939-42.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is a permanent auto-immune enteropathy, triggered in genetically predisposed individuals by the ingestion of dietary gluten. Gluten is the alcohol-soluble protein component of the cereals wheat, rye and barley. CD is a multifactorial condition, originating from the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The necessary environmental trigger is gluten, while the genetic predisposition has been identified in the major histocompatibility complex region on chromosome 6p21, with over 90% of CD patients expressing HLA DQ2 and the remaining celiac patients express DQ8. The fact that only about 4% of DQ2/8-positive individuals exposed to gluten develop CD, has led to the recognition that other genetic and environmental factors are also necessary. In the last few years, several epidemiological studies have suggested that the timing of the introduction of gluten, as well as the pattern of breastfeeding, may play an important role in the subsequent development of CD. Here, we present and review the most recent evidences regarding the effect of timing of gluten introduction during weaning, the amount of gluten introduced and simultaneous breastfeeding, on the development of CD.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/immunology
Autoimmunity
Biopsy
Breast Feeding
Celiac Disease/*etiology/*immunology
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/ultrastructure
Duodenum/pathology
Environment
Glutens/*adverse effects
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
Models, Genetic
Transglutaminases/chemistry/immunology
Weaning},
   ISSN = {1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {20419830},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Silano, M. and Vincentini, O. and De Vincenzi, M.},
   title = {Toxic, immunostimulatory and antagonist gluten peptides in celiac disease},
   journal = {Curr Med Chem},
   volume = {16},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1489-98},
   note = {Silano, Marco
Vincentini, Olimpia
De Vincenzi, Massimo
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(12):1489-98.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is an increasingly diagnosed, permanent autoimmune enteropathy, triggered, in susceptible individuals, by the ingestion of gluten, the alcohol - soluble protein fraction of some cereals, such as wheat, rye and barley. The main protein of wheat gluten is called gliadin, the similar proteins of rye and barley are secalin and hordein, respectively. Approximately 96% of CD patients express the HLA molecule DQ2, while the remainder mostly express the less common haplotype DQ8, reflecting the pivotal role of these molecules in the pathogenesis of CD. Because of their aminoacid sequence and tri-dimensional structure, gluten peptides selectively bind to these HLA alleles present on the surface of antigen presenting cells and then they are presented to the T lymphocytes in intestinal mucosa, thus starting the inflammatory immune response. CD is defined by the characteristic histological changes of small bowel mucosa: villous atrophy, crypts hyperplasia and T cells infiltration of the lamina propria, along with the increase of the number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes. The withdrawal of the gluten- containing food from the diet determines a complete recovery of the intestinal mucosa, whereas the reintroduction causes a relapse of the disease. This review focuses on the description of gluten peptides that elicit the mucosal immune response via the activation of innate and adaptive immunity in CD. It also describes the antagonist gluten peptides, obtained by artificial modification of gluten T epitopes or naturally occurring in the alcohol protein fraction of a cultivar of durum wheat, able to immuno-modulate the pathogenic immune response of CD.},
   keywords = {*Adjuvants, Immunologic/toxicity
Amino Acid Sequence
Celiac Disease/immunology/*physiopathology
Glutens/*toxicity
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*drug effects
Models, Biological
Molecular Sequence Data
*Peptides/toxicity},
   ISSN = {0929-8673 (Print)
0929-8673},
   Accession Number = {19355902},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Silva, T. S. and Furlanetto, T. W.},
   title = {[Diagnosis of celiac disease in adults]},
   journal = {Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)},
   volume = {56},
   number = {1},
   pages = {122-6},
   note = {Silva, Tatiana Sudbrack da Gama e
Furlanetto, Tania Weber
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
Brazil
Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2010 Jan-Feb;56(1):122-6.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is found in genetically predisposed individuals, and characterized by an intolerance to ingestion of gluten, contained in cereals such as barley, rye, wheat and malt. Clinical manifestations of CD vary from asymptomatic patients to severe forms of malabsorption syndromes, which may involve multiple systems and increase the risk of some malignancies. Diagnosis of CD requires a high degree of suspicion. There is no single test for the diagnosis, which is reached after a combination of clinical and laboratory data. The first step for diagnosis is a serum test such as tissue antitransglutaminase, antibodies or antiendomisio. If serum result is positive, prompt duodenal biopsy is necessary for diagnostic confirmation. An IgA deficiency, which occurs in 3% of patients with DC, may lead to false-negatives because serology is based on IgA. Another situation of false-negative tests is diet restriction of gluten; therefore diagnostic investigation must be carried out during a diet containing gluten. The screening for CD in asymptomatic individuals is not indicated.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis
Humans},
   ISSN = {0104-4230 (Print)
0104-4230},
   Accession Number = {20339798},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Silvester, J. A. and Rashid, M.},
   title = {Coeliac disease and a gluten-free diet},
   journal = {Bmj},
   volume = {338},
   pages = {b380},
   note = {1756-1833
Silvester, Jocelyn Anne
Rashid, Mohsin
Journal Article
England
BMJ. 2009 Feb 19;338:b380. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b380.},
   keywords = {Adult
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*diet therapy/psychology
Child
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans},
   ISSN = {0959-535x},
   Accession Number = {19228765},
   DOI = {10.1136/bmj.b380},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Silvester, J. A. and Rashid, M.},
   title = {Long-term management of patients with celiac disease: current practices of gastroenterologists in Canada},
   journal = {Can J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {24},
   number = {8},
   pages = {499-509},
   note = {1916-7237
Silvester, Jocelyn Anne
Rashid, Mohsin
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Canada
Can J Gastroenterol. 2010 Aug;24(8):499-509.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-term follow-up of patients with celiac disease is important for monitoring their clinical status, dietary compliance and complications. AIM: To examine the current practices of Canadian gastroenterologists providing long-term care to patients with celiac disease. METHODS: All gastroenterologists in Canada (n=585) were surveyed regarding their practice demographics, familiarity with celiac disease practice guidelines, and follow-up clinical examination and investigations. RESULTS: Of the 585 surveys mailed to gastroenterologists, 567 were expected to be returned. A total of 242 completed surveys (43%) were received. Of these, 237 (184 adult, 51 pediatric and two mixed) had an active practice that included patients with celiac disease. Long-term follow-up care was provided routinely by 76% of respondents. Follow-up consisted of annual clinic visits (67%), dietary review (77%), reinforcement of the need for adherence to a gluten-free diet (90%) and recommending membership in an advocacy group (65%). Physical examination was performed by 78%; most ordered laboratory tests including serology (65%).Adult gastroenterologists performed routine follow-up intestinal biopsy more often than their pediatric counterparts (46% versus 10%), but performed serology less frequently (48% versus 86%). Pediatric patients were more likely to be followed by a multidisciplinary team. All pediatric gastroenterologists were familiar with at least one celiac disease practice guideline, whereas 15% of adult gastroenterologists were not familiar with any practice guideline. The majority of gastroenterologists who did not routinely provide follow-up expected care to be provided by the patient's primary physician (86%). CONCLUSIONS: Most gastroenterologists in Canada who responded to the survey provided long-term follow-up care to patients with celiac disease. The diverse practices reported underscore the need to develop consensus-based guidelines for long-term care of these patients.},
   keywords = {Adult
Canada
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/pathology/*therapy
Child
*Continuity of Patient Care
Diet, Gluten-Free
Disease Management
Female
Humans
Intestines/pathology
Male
Practice Guidelines as Topic
*Practice Patterns, Physicians'},
   ISSN = {0835-7900},
   Accession Number = {20711529},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sima, H. and Hekmatdoost, A. and Ghaziani, T. and Alavian, S. M. and Mashayekh, A. and Zali, M. R.},
   title = {The prevalence of celiac autoantibodies in hepatitis patients},
   journal = {Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol},
   volume = {9},
   number = {3},
   pages = {157-62},
   note = {Sima, Hamidreza
Hekmatdoost, Azita
Ghaziani, Tahereh
Alavian, Seyed Moayyed
Mashayekh, Ameneh
Zali, Mohammad Reza
Journal Article
Iran
Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010 Sep;9(3):157-62. doi: 09.03/ijaai.157162.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease has been associated with other autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hepatitis, moreover it is known that T cell mediated immune response to dietary gluten and released cytokines are important for the entheropathy seen in celiac disease. We investigated celiac autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Sera from 84 patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) type 1 and 88 patients with Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) were tested for Immunoglobulin A and G antibodies to Gliadin, Immunoglobulin A antibodies to tissue transglutaminase using enzyme immunoassay, and Immunoglobulin A anti-endomysial antibodies by both indirect immunofluorescence, and enzyme immunoassay. The patients positive for anti-endomysial antibodies and/or anti tissue transglutaminase antibodies were considered for deuodenal biopsy. The study was approved by Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Ethics Committee and all patients gave their written informed consent to participate.Immunoglobulin A anti-endomysial and Immunoglobulin A anti-gliadin antibodies were positive in two out of 84 patients with AIH. Moreover, Immunoglobulin A anti-gliadin antibodies were positive in another patient who was also positive for anti tissue transglutaminase antibodies. Tissue transglutaminase antibodies were positive in eight (9.1%) of 88 patients with CHB, two of which were also positive for anti-endomysial antibodies. One of the patients with CHB was only positive for anti-endomysial antibodies.Compared with the general population, the prevalence of celiac autoantibodies in CHB and AIH patients is relatively high, and it is noteworthy that most positive patients were asymptomatic for celiac disease. We suggest screening for celiac disease before and during treatment in patients with viral and autoimmune hepatitis.},
   keywords = {*Autoantibodies
Celiac Disease
*Gliadin
Hepatitis
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/immunology
Prevalence},
   ISSN = {1735-1502 (Print)
1735-1502},
   Accession Number = {20952805},
   DOI = {09.03/ijaai.157162},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Simondi, D. and Pellicano, R. and Reggiani, S. and Pallavicino, F. and David, E. and Sguazzini, C. and Bonagura, A. G. and La Terra, A. and Rizzetto, M. and Astegiano, M.},
   title = {A retrospective study on a cohort of patients with lymphocytic colitis},
   journal = {Rev Esp Enferm Dig},
   volume = {102},
   number = {6},
   pages = {381-4},
   note = {Simondi, D
Pellicano, R
Reggiani, S
Pallavicino, F
David, E
Sguazzini, C
Bonagura, A G
La Terra, A
Rizzetto, M
Astegiano, M
Journal Article
Spain
Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2010 Jun;102(6):381-4.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The term "microscopic colitis" includes lymphocytic colitis (LC) and collagenous colitis, bearing common clinical presentation distinguishable only by histopathological examination of colonic biopsies. This study reports on demographic and clinical characteristics, and outcome of a cohort of patients with LC. METHODS: Demographic, clinical and histopathological data were reviewed. Every patient underwent total colonoscopy with multiple biopsies examined by an expert pathologist. Diagnosis of LC was confirmed if histopathological criteria were present. Routine laboratory tests were collected to rule out other diagnosis. RESULTS: We included 80 patients (28 males; mean age: 46.4 years). At diagnosis, 71 patients (88%) reported diarrhea, 46 (58%) abdominal pain, 21 (36%) weight loss, 10 (13%) nausea. Regarding autoimmune or inflammatory diseases accompanying LC, thyroid disorders and celiac disease (CD) ranked first. Moreover, in over 10% of patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, duodenal biopsies showed villi alterations classified as Marsh I damage, without clinical and serological data for diagnosis of CD. Mesalazine and oral topical steroids (budesonide or beclomethasone) were used to treat LC in 34 (43%) and 32 (39%) of patients, respectively, with similar percentages of clinical response (approximately 80%). CONCLUSIONS: The need for total colonoscopy with multiple biopsies in all patients with chronic watery diarrhea was confirmed. Since the association between CD and LC exists, additional tests should be performed in patients not responding to gluten-free diet or to LC specific therapy to exclude the other condition. Mesalazine obtained a similar outcome than oral steroids in this cohort.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
*Colitis, Lymphocytic/diagnosis/therapy
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Retrospective Studies
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1130-0108 (Print)
1130-0108},
   Accession Number = {20575599},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Simone, R. and Brizzolara, R. and Chiappori, A. and Milintenda-Floriani, F. and Natale, C. and Greco, L. and Schiavo, M. and Bagnasco, M. and Pesce, G. and Saverino, D.},
   title = {A functional soluble form of CTLA-4 is present in the serum of celiac patients and correlates with mucosal injury},
   journal = {Int Immunol},
   volume = {21},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1037-45},
   note = {1460-2377
Simone, Rita
Brizzolara, Renata
Chiappori, Alessandra
Milintenda-Floriani, Francesca
Natale, Clelia
Greco, Luigi
Schiavo, Mara
Bagnasco, Marcello
Pesce, Giampaola
Saverino, Daniele
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Int Immunol. 2009 Sep;21(9):1037-45. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxp069. Epub 2009 Jul 22.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is a multifactorial disorder influenced by environmental, genetic and immunological factors. Increasing evidence showed CTLA-4 gene as an important susceptibility locus for autoimmune disorders. A native soluble cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (sCTLA-4), lacking of transmembrane sequence, has been described in several autoimmune diseases. We aimed to evaluate the presence of increased sCTLA-4 concentration in the serum of patients with CD and the possible immunoregulatory function. Blood samples were collected from 160 CD patients; sCTLA-4 levels were evaluated by ELISA, western blot and reverse transcription-PCR. The capability of serum sCTLA-4 to modulate T-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro was evaluated by two-way mixed leukocyte reaction assay. We demonstrated high levels of sCTLA-4 in serum of untreated celiac patients. Additionally, we observed that sCTLA-4 concentrations are related to gluten intake and that a correlation between autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase and sCTLA-4 concentration exists. Moreover, sCTLA-4 levels correlate with the degree of mucosal damage. Conversely, no correlation between sCTLA4 levels and the HLA-related risk was observed. Finally, we show that sCTLA-4 from sera of CD patients displays functional activities. These results strongly suggest a regulation of sCTLA-4 synthesis depending on the presence or absence of dietary gluten and imply a possible immunomodulatory effect on cytotoxic T lymphocyte functions. In gluten-exposed patients, serum sCTLA-4 levels might provide insight about mucosal injury.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Antigens, CD/blood/*immunology
Atrophy/pathology
Autoantibodies/blood
CTLA-4 Antigen
Celiac Disease/blood/genetics/*immunology/pathology
Cell Proliferation
Child
Child, Preschool
Down-Regulation
Genotype
Glutens/metabolism
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Infant
Intestinal Mucosa/enzymology/*pathology
Middle Aged
T-Lymphocytes/cytology
Transglutaminases/immunology},
   ISSN = {0953-8178},
   Accession Number = {19625381},
   DOI = {10.1093/intimm/dxp069},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Solakivi, T. and Kaukinen, K. and Kunnas, T. and Lehtimaki, T. and Maki, M. and Nikkari, S. T.},
   title = {Serum fatty acid profile in celiac disease patients before and after a gluten-free diet},
   journal = {Scand J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {44},
   number = {7},
   pages = {826-30},
   note = {1502-7708
Solakivi, Tiina
Kaukinen, Katri
Kunnas, Tarja
Lehtimaki, Terho
Maki, Markku
Nikkari, Seppo Tapio
Journal Article
England
Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(7):826-30. doi: 10.1080/00365520902912589.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Celiac disease (CD) is characterized by villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia and inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa leading to disturbed epithelial transport. In untreated CD, fat malabsorption can occur. The aim of this study was to investigate the profile of serum fatty acids in newly detected CD before and after treatment with a gluten-free diet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum samples were obtained from 50 adults with active CD showing small-bowel mucosal villous atrophy, from the same patients in remission after treatment with a gluten-free diet, and from 59 controls. Serum fatty acids were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Especially the proportions of arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) and the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 family docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) were decreased in subjects with active CD. Serum levels of these fatty acids increased during remission, but still remained significantly lower than control values. Levels of unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were generally increased in subjects with CD compared with those in controls. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CD, determination of serum fatty acid composition can be considered if the dietary history or symptoms suggest an inadequate supply of long-chain fatty acids.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*blood/*diet therapy
Chromatography, Gas
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Fatty Acids/*blood
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Statistics, Nonparametric},
   ISSN = {0036-5521},
   Accession Number = {19391064},
   DOI = {10.1080/00365520902912589},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sollid, L. M. and Lundin, K. E.},
   title = {Diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease},
   journal = {Mucosal Immunol},
   volume = {2},
   number = {1},
   pages = {3-7},
   note = {1935-3456
Sollid, L M
Lundin, K E A
Comment
Journal Article
United States
Mucosal Immunol. 2009 Jan;2(1):3-7. doi: 10.1038/mi.2008.74. Epub 2008 Oct 29.},
   abstract = {The understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease has made huge advances in recent years. The disease is caused by an inappropriate immune response to dietary gluten proteins. This immune response is controlled by CD4(+) T cells in the lamina propria that recognize gluten peptides in the context of disease predisposing HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 molecules.(1, 2) These T cells are specific for proline- and glutamine-rich gluten peptides that are resistant to proteolysis and that have been become deamidated by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Strikingly, celiac disease patients produce antibodies to this same enzyme when exposed to dietary gluten. Here we discuss how the new insight in the pathogenesis has lead to development of new diagnostics and nourished research into novel treatments.},
   keywords = {Antibodies/immunology
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/immunology/surgery/*therapy
Glutens/immunology
Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
Humans
T-Lymphocytes/immunology},
   ISSN = {1933-0219},
   Accession Number = {19079329},
   DOI = {10.1038/mi.2008.74},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Someya, N. and Endo, M. Y. and Fukuba, Y. and Hirooka, Y. and Hayashi, N.},
   title = {Effects of a mental task on splanchnic blood flow in fasting and postprandial conditions},
   journal = {Eur J Appl Physiol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1107-13},
   note = {1439-6327
Someya, Nami
Endo, Masako Yamaoka
Fukuba, Yoshiyuki
Hirooka, Yoshitaka
Hayashi, Naoyuki
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Apr;108(6):1107-13. doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1316-y. Epub 2009 Dec 19.},
   abstract = {We tested the hypothesis that a mental task attenuates the meal-induced vasodilation in the splanchnic vasculature. Ten subjects performed a 5-min colour-word conflict test (CWT) under fasting and postprandial conditions. Subjects in the postprandial condition had ingested solid food with an energy content of 300 kcal (1,255 kJ) before either performing the CWT (mental task trial) or resting (resting control trial). The mean blood velocities (MBV) in the coeliac artery (CA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured. The MBV in the CA and SMA were divided by the MAP to assess the vascular conductance (VC). The MBV in the CA and SMA were significantly increased by the CWT under fasting conditions. In the postprandial condition, the MBV in the CA and SMA significantly increased immediately after the meal in both the mental task and resting control trials. The VC in the SMA, but not in the CA, was significantly decreased by the CWT under fasting conditions. In the postprandial conditions, there was no significant difference in the VC in both arteries between mental task and resting control trials. These results suggest that a mental task exerts different effects on the CA and SMA under fasting but not postprandial condition. The vasoconstrictive effect of a mental task on the SMA does not counter the vasodilatory effect of meal ingestion.},
   keywords = {Adult
Blood Flow Velocity/physiology
Cognition/*physiology
Fasting/*physiology
Female
Humans
Male
Postprandial Period/*physiology
Splanchnic Circulation/*physiology
Vasoconstriction/physiology},
   ISSN = {1439-6319},
   Accession Number = {20024578},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00421-009-1316-y},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Soni, S. and Badawy, S. Z.},
   title = {Celiac disease and its effect on human reproduction: a review},
   journal = {J Reprod Med},
   volume = {55},
   number = {1-2},
   pages = {3-8},
   note = {Soni, Shelly
Badawy, Shawky Z A
Journal Article
Review
United States
J Reprod Med. 2010 Jan-Feb;55(1-2):3-8.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an intestinal inflammatory disease that is triggered by gluten in the diet. Patients present with a wide array of symptoms due to malabsorption that include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating and weight loss. In women, this disease may have implications on menstrual and reproductive health. The symptom complex includes delayed menarche, early menopause, secondary amenorrhea, infertility, recurrent miscarriages and intrauterine growth restriction. These women benefit from early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, celiac disease should be considered and screening tests performed on women presenting with menstrual and reproductive problems and treated accordingly. The objective of this article is to review the current literature on celiac disease and its association with the above-mentioned disorders.},
   keywords = {Abortion, Habitual/diagnosis/etiology
Amenorrhea/diagnosis/etiology
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnosis
Female
Fetal Growth Retardation/diagnosis/etiology
Humans
Infertility, Female/diagnosis/*etiology
Menopause, Premature
Menstruation Disturbances/diagnosis/*etiology
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis/*etiology},
   ISSN = {0024-7758 (Print)
0024-7758},
   Accession Number = {20337200},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Soro, S. and Sanchez de la Nieta, M. D. and Rivera, F.},
   title = {[Coeliac disease and membranous nephropathy]},
   journal = {Nefrologia},
   volume = {29},
   number = {5},
   pages = {479-81},
   note = {Soro, S
Sanchez de la Nieta, M D
Rivera, F
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article
Spain
Nefrologia. 2009;29(5):479-81. doi: 10.3265/Nefrologia.2009.29.5.5324.en.full.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease results from the interaction between gluten and immune, genetic, and environmental factors. Although the main clinical manifestations are derived from gastrointestinal system, it has been described some renal diseases, especially chronic glomerulonephritis. We describe a young female patient with celiac disease that it appears after delivery. Moreover, she develops simultaneously nephrotic proteinuria and microhematuria as a result of membranous nephropathy. The treatment with gluten-free diet and other conservative measures (ACEI and statin) is followed by clinical improvement and simultaneous decrease of tissue antitransglutaminase IgA-antibodies and complete remission of proteinuria. We review the relationship between celiac disease and membranous nephropathy and the role of diet in the management of both diseases.},
   keywords = {Adult
Celiac Disease/*complications
Female
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/*complications
Humans},
   ISSN = {0211-6995 (Print)
0211-6995},
   Accession Number = {19820761},
   DOI = {10.3265/Nefrologia.2009.29.5.5324.en.full},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Soto Iglesias, S. and Vazquez Rodriguez, S. and Ulla Rocha, J. L. and Baltar Arias, R. and Diaz Saa, W. and Barrio Antoranz, J. and Gonzalez Carrera, V. and Vazquez Astray, E.},
   title = {[Onset of celiac disease after acute hepatitis B infection]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {33},
   number = {1},
   pages = {17-20},
   note = {Soto Iglesias, Santiago
Vazquez Rodriguez, Sergio
Ulla Rocha, Jose Luis
Baltar Arias, Ruth
Diaz Saa, Wenceslada
Barrio Antoranz, Jose
Gonzalez Carrera, Victor
Vazquez Astray, Enrique
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article
Spain
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Jan;33(1):17-20. doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2009.06.005. Epub 2009 Sep 10.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is characterized by small intestinal mucosal injury and nutrient malabsorption in genetically susceptible individuals following dietary ingestion of gluten. The pathogenesis of the disease involves interactions between environmental, genetic, and immunologic factors. Transient infections or increased permeability of the mucosa may facilitate disease onset induced by the uptake of gluten peptides into a microenvironmental milieu in the small intestinal mucosa. We present two patients with onset of celiac disease after resolution of acute hepatitis B virus infection. The physiopathology of celiac disease is discussed and possible explanations for this association are proposed.},
   keywords = {Acute Disease
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*etiology
Hepatitis B/*complications
Humans
Male
Middle Aged},
   ISSN = {0210-5705 (Print)
0210-5705},
   Accession Number = {19744748},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.gastrohep.2009.06.005},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Sponzilli, I. and Chiari, G. and Iovane, B. and Scarabello, C. and Gkliati, D. and Monti, G. and Fanciullo, L. and de'Angelis, G. L. and Vanelli, M.},
   title = {Celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes: impact of gluten free diet on diabetes management},
   journal = {Acta Biomed},
   volume = {81},
   number = {3},
   pages = {165-70},
   note = {Sponzilli, Ivonne
Chiari, Giovanni
Iovane, Brunella
Scarabello, Chiara
Gkliati, Dimitra
Monti, Giorgia
Fanciullo, Lavinia
de'Angelis, Gian Luigi
Vanelli, Maurizio
Journal Article
Italy
Acta Biomed. 2010 Dec;81(3):165-70.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: Background and aim of the work the coexistence of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) has been long established. METHODS: Between January 2000 and December 2009, biopsy-proven CD was diagnosed in 12 children with T1D, giving a prevalence of 4.8 % in our out-patient clinic population. For each patient with coexisting T1D and CD, two control subjects with T1D and without CD who matched for age, sex and duration of diabetes were chosen. Prospective study follow up lasted 24 months. At the enrolment time, and at 2-month intervals, time from diagnosis of T1D to diagnosis of CD, presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, HbA1c value, body mass index (BMI), Height and Weight SDS were collected by a single observer. Daily insulin requirements were also retained. RESULTS: In 3 children, CD predated the onset of T1D and these children were excluded from the analysis. The 9 children who subsequently developed CD became earlier diabetic than control group (p=0.002). Eight of these children had CD diagnosis within 1 year after T1D onset. Seven out of 9 children were positive for TTG antibodies and all were positive for EMA. A significant increase in insulin requirement was found in CD children after 1 year of GFD (p= 0.02). The mean HbAlc value in CD children was higher than in the control subjects (p<0.01).A significant increase in the insulin requirement after 1 year in the GFD compliant children was found. There was a significant improvement in height-SDS after institution of GFD in the GFD-compliant children. Families of children with both T1D and CD reported higher burden than those affected by T1D only (p=0.001). The health care providers perceived family burden to increase with CD appearance (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study supports the importance of screening for CD in children with T1D 1. The early treatment with GFD of biopsy-confirmed CD children promotes a significant catch-up growth and prevents a growth failure during the follow-up.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/*epidemiology/immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Comorbidity
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*epidemiology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated
Humans
Male
Retrospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0392-4203 (Print)
0392-4203},
   Accession Number = {22530453},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Squintani, G. and Ferrari, S. and Caramaschi, P. and Cavallaro, T. and Refatti, N. and Rizzuto, N. and Tonin, P.},
   title = {Multineuropathy in a patient with HBV infection, polyarteritis nodosa and celiac disease},
   journal = {Rheumatol Int},
   volume = {29},
   number = {5},
   pages = {579-81},
   note = {1437-160x
Squintani, Giovanna
Ferrari, Sergio
Caramaschi, Paola
Cavallaro, Tiziana
Refatti, Nicola
Rizzuto, Nicola
Tonin, Paola
Case Reports
Journal Article
Germany
Rheumatol Int. 2009 Mar;29(5):579-81. doi: 10.1007/s00296-008-0704-7. Epub 2008 Sep 23.},
   abstract = {We report on the first association of celiac disease, polyarteritis nodosa and HBV infection in a patient who developed a neuropathy. On admission his general and neurological conditions were severely compromised. Haematological test revealed HBV infection and high levels of antibodies to tissue transglutaminase, endomysium, gliadin. EMG showed sensory-motor asymmetric axonal neuropathy. A sural nerve biopsy revealed fibre loss, axonal degeneration with asymmetrical distribution and fascicular ischaemia. A duodenal biopsy was consistent with celiac disease. The patient was treated with immunosuppressive and antiviral therapy, and gluten-free diet with good result. Celiac disease can be related to a higher risk of autoimmune disorders and may have contributed to the development of multineuropathy in this patient.},
   keywords = {Antibodies/immunology
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Celiac Disease/*complications/drug therapy/pathology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Gliadin/immunology
Hepatitis B/*complications/pathology
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Male
Middle Aged
Polyarteritis Nodosa/*complications/pathology
Polyneuropathies/*pathology
Transglutaminases/immunology
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0172-8172},
   Accession Number = {18810449},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00296-008-0704-7},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Steele, R.},
   title = {Diagnosis and management of coeliac disease in children},
   journal = {Postgrad Med J},
   volume = {87},
   number = {1023},
   pages = {19-25},
   note = {1469-0756
Steele, Richard
Crf
Journal Article
Review
England
Postgrad Med J. 2011 Jan;87(1023):19-25. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2008.075838. Epub 2010 Dec 3.},
   abstract = {Coeliac disease (CD) remains under diagnosed with only 10-20% of patients identified. Genes encoding HLA DQ2 or DQ8 are found in the vast majority of those with CD and testing for their presence can be useful to rule out the possibility CD. CD is more common in certain ethnic groups including those of North Indian origin. The classical presentation tends to occur in younger children, while atypical presentations occur at an older age. The number of children being diagnosed with CD is increasing; this may be due to greater recognition of the more atypical presentations, improved serologic tests, and the screening of asymptomatic groups at increased risk, but may also be due to an overall increased prevalence. Although serologic testing has become more reliable, there still remain significant problems around testing, particularly in those <18 months of age. All children should undergo a duodenal biopsy on a gluten containing diet in order to diagnose CD before recommending a gluten-free diet (GFD). A GFD should be offered to all children diagnosed with CD even when perceived as asymptomatic, as there is significant morbidity associated with CD later in life.},
   keywords = {Age Factors
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenum/pathology
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Infant
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {0032-5473},
   Accession Number = {21131614},
   DOI = {10.1136/pgmj.2008.075838},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stenberg, P. and Roth, B. and Wollheim, F. A.},
   title = {Peptidylarginine deiminases and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: a reflection of the involvement of transglutaminase in coeliac disease},
   journal = {Eur J Intern Med},
   volume = {20},
   number = {8},
   pages = {749-55},
   note = {1879-0828
Stenberg, Pal
Roth, Bodil
Wollheim, Frank A
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Eur J Intern Med. 2009 Dec;20(8):749-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2009.08.007. Epub 2009 Sep 19.},
   abstract = {Post-translational modifications are associated with certain autoimmune diseases. For example, in the initial steps of coeliac disease (CD), transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) catalyzes a post-translational deamidation of specific glutamine residues in dietary gluten, resulting in antibodies against both modified gliadin and against TG2. Anti-TG2 has become a specific biomarker for CD. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the presence of antibodies against citrullinated peptides (ACPA) characterizes a distinct subset of this inflammatory disorder. Moreover, antibodies against the enzyme that catalyzes the citrullination (peptidylarginine deiminase; PAD) are found in RA. Their relation to disease severity indicates a possible pathogenetic role. Thus, in two major autoimmune diseases (CD and RA), antibodies are present against a post-translationally modified substrate and against the calcium-dependent thiol-enzyme (TG2 and PAD, respectively) responsible for the modification. This review highlights the similarities between the TGs and the PADs and their putative pathogenetic roles in autoimmune diseases. Possible mechanisms of the effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on RA are discussed. By reflecting the progress in CD, the pathogenesis of ACPA-positive RA can be hypothesized where expression and regulation of PADs play significant roles. Indeed, autoimmune diseases should be studied collectively as well as individually. The new insight may lead towards innovative pharmacotherapeutic principles.},
   keywords = {Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects
Autoantibodies/immunology
Biomarkers/blood
Celiac Disease/blood/enzymology/*etiology/immunology
Citrulline/metabolism
GTP-Binding Proteins/blood/*physiology
Humans
Hydrolases/blood/immunology/*physiology
Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology/physiology
Rheumatic Fever/enzymology/*etiology/immunology
Smoking/adverse effects
Transglutaminases/blood/*physiology},
   ISSN = {0953-6205},
   Accession Number = {19892302},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ejim.2009.08.007},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stenman, S. M. and Lindfors, K. and Venalainen, J. I. and Hautala, A. and Mannisto, P. T. and Garcia-Horsman, J. A. and Kaukovirta-Norja, A. and Auriola, S. and Mauriala, T. and Maki, M. and Kaukinen, K.},
   title = {Degradation of coeliac disease-inducing rye secalin by germinating cereal enzymes: diminishing toxic effects in intestinal epithelial cells},
   journal = {Clin Exp Immunol},
   volume = {161},
   number = {2},
   pages = {242-9},
   note = {1365-2249
Stenman, S M
Lindfors, K
Venalainen, J I
Hautala, A
Mannisto, P T
Garcia-Horsman, J A
Kaukovirta-Norja, A
Auriola, S
Mauriala, T
Maki, M
Kaukinen, K
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Clin Exp Immunol. 2010 Aug;161(2):242-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04119.x. Epub 2010 Jun 15.},
   abstract = {Currently the only treatment for coeliac disease is a lifelong gluten-free diet excluding food products containing wheat, rye and barley. There is, however, only scarce evidence as to harmful effects of rye in coeliac disease. To confirm the assumption that rye should be excluded from the coeliac patient's diet, we now sought to establish whether rye secalin activates toxic reactions in vitro in intestinal epithelial cell models as extensively as wheat gliadin. Further, we investigated the efficacy of germinating cereal enzymes from oat, wheat and barley to hydrolyse secalin into short fragments and whether secalin-induced harmful effects can be reduced by such pretreatment. In the current study, secalin elicited toxic reactions in intestinal Caco-2 epithelial cells similarly to gliadin: it induced epithelial cell layer permeability, tight junctional protein occludin and ZO-1 distortion and actin reorganization. In high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS), germinating barley enzymes provided the most efficient degradation of secalin and gliadin peptides and was thus selected for further in vitro analysis. After germinating barley enzyme pretreatment, all toxic reactions induced by secalin were ameliorated. We conclude that germinating enzymes from barley are particularly efficient in the degradation of rye secalin. In future, these enzymes might be utilized as a novel medical treatment for coeliac disease or in food processing in order to develop high-quality coeliac-safe food products.},
   keywords = {Avena/enzymology
Caco-2 Cells
Celiac Disease/*immunology
Cell Membrane/drug effects
Cytoskeleton/drug effects
Edible Grain/*enzymology
Electric Impedance
*Germination
Gliadin/immunology/metabolism
Glutens/immunology/*metabolism/*toxicity
Hordeum/enzymology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/*drug effects
Membrane Proteins/metabolism
Occludin
Pepsin A/metabolism
Peptide Fragments/analysis/metabolism/pharmacology
Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
Permeability/drug effects
Phosphoproteins/metabolism
Secale/*chemistry
Tight Junctions/drug effects/metabolism
Triticum/chemistry/enzymology
Trypsin/metabolism
Zonula Occludens-1 Protein},
   ISSN = {0009-9104},
   Accession Number = {20560983},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04119.x},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stenman, S. M. and Venalainen, J. I. and Lindfors, K. and Auriola, S. and Mauriala, T. and Kaukovirta-Norja, A. and Jantunen, A. and Laurila, K. and Qiao, S. W. and Sollid, L. M. and Mannisto, P. T. and Kaukinen, K. and Maki, M.},
   title = {Enzymatic detoxification of gluten by germinating wheat proteases: implications for new treatment of celiac disease},
   journal = {Ann Med},
   volume = {41},
   number = {5},
   pages = {390-400},
   note = {1365-2060
Stenman, Satumarja M
Venalainen, Jarkko I
Lindfors, Katri
Auriola, Seppo
Mauriala, Timo
Kaukovirta-Norja, Anu
Jantunen, Anna
Laurila, Kaija
Qiao, Shuo-Wang
Sollid, Ludvig M
Mannisto, Pekka T
Kaukinen, Katri
Maki, Markku
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Ann Med. 2009;41(5):390-400. doi: 10.1080/07853890902878138.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Currently the only treatment for celiac disease is a lifelong gluten-free diet. The diet is, however, often burdensome, and thus new treatment options are warranted. We isolated proteases from germinating wheat grain naturally meant for total digestion of wheat storage proteins and investigated whether these enzymes can diminish toxic effects of gluten in vitro and ex vivo. METHODS: Pepsin and trypsin digested (PT) gliadin was pretreated with proteases from germinating wheat, whereafter the degradation was analyzed by HPLC-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy) and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The toxicity of cleaved PT-gliadin products was assessed in Caco-2 epithelial cells, celiac patient-derived T cells, and in human small intestinal mucosal organ culture biopsies. RESULTS: Proteases from germinating wheat degraded gliadin into small peptide fragments, which, unlike unprocessed PT-gliadin, did not increase epithelial permeability, induce cytoskeletal rearrangement or changes in ZO-1 expression in Caco-2 cells. Pretreated gliadin did not stimulate T cell proliferation in vitro or enhance the production of autoantibodies to culture supernatants and the activation of CD25+ lymphocytes in the organ culture to the same extent as unprocessed PT-gliadin. DISCUSSION: Germinating wheat enzymes reduce the toxicity of wheat gliadin in vitro and ex vivo. Further studies are justified to develop an alternative therapy for celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Biopsy
Caco-2 Cells
Celiac Disease/enzymology/pathology/*therapy
Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Female
Gliadin/*pharmacokinetics
Humans
Inactivation, Metabolic
Intestine, Small/immunology/metabolism/pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism
Prognosis
T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Triticum/enzymology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0785-3890},
   Accession Number = {19353359},
   DOI = {10.1080/07853890902878138},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stepanek, J.},
   title = {[Gluten-free diet in the treatment of coeliac disease and psoriasis]},
   journal = {Cas Lek Cesk},
   volume = {148},
   number = {2},
   pages = {99},
   note = {Stepanek, Jan
Letter
Czech Republic
Cas Lek Cesk. 2009;148(2):99.},
   keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/diet therapy
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Psoriasis/*diet therapy},
   ISSN = {0008-7335 (Print)
0008-7335},
   Accession Number = {19637447},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stojiljkovic, V. and Todorovic, A. and Pejic, S. and Kasapovic, J. and Saicic, Z. S. and Radlovic, N. and Pajovic, S. B.},
   title = {Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in small intestinal mucosa of children with celiac disease},
   journal = {Clin Biochem},
   volume = {42},
   number = {13-14},
   pages = {1431-7},
   note = {1873-2933
Stojiljkovic, Vesna
Todorovic, Ana
Pejic, Snezana
Kasapovic, Jelena
Saicic, Zorica S
Radlovic, Nedeljko
Pajovic, Snezana B
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Clin Biochem. 2009 Sep;42(13-14):1431-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.06.009. Epub 2009 Jun 25.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To explain the role of oxidative stress in the pathology of celiac disease. DESIGN AND METHODS: The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of glutathione and lipid hydroperoxides were measured in the samples of small intestinal biopsies from 39 children with different forms of the disease and in 19 control subjects. RESULTS: The activities of analyzed enzymes varied significantly between the examined groups. An increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase was observed in patients with active and silent celiac disease, while the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase and the glutathione content were significantly reduced. The level of lipid hydroperoxides was significantly elevated in these groups. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidative stress is an important factor in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. The antioxidant capacity of celiac patients is significantly reduced, mostly by a depletion of glutathione. Natural antioxidants and appropriate dietary supplements could be important complements to the classic therapy of celiac disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antioxidants/*metabolism
Catalase/metabolism
Celiac Disease/*metabolism/pathology
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Glutathione/metabolism
Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism
Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism
Glutathione Reductase/metabolism
Humans
Infant
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism/pathology
Intestine, Small/metabolism/pathology
*Lipid Peroxidation
Male
Serbia
Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism},
   ISSN = {0009-9120},
   Accession Number = {19560448},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.06.009},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Stuckey, C. and Lowdon, J. and Howdle, P.},
   title = {Joint BAPEN and British Society of Gastroenterology Symposium on 'Coeliac disease: basics and controversies'. Dietitians are better than clinicians in following up coeliac disease},
   journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
   volume = {68},
   number = {3},
   pages = {249-51},
   note = {1475-2719
Stuckey, Claire
Lowdon, Jacqui
Howdle, Peter
Congresses
England
Proc Nutr Soc. 2009 Aug;68(3):249-51. doi: 10.1017/S0029665109001347. Epub 2009 Jun 3.},
   abstract = {It seems obvious to healthcare professionals that patients with coeliac disease should receive regular follow-up. Surprisingly, there is little evidence that patients benefit in terms of reduced morbidity or mortality. However, several authoritative bodies have published guidelines on the management of coeliac disease that recommend regular follow-up. There is good evidence that compliance with a gluten-free diet reduces the risk of complications such as osteoporosis or small bowel lymphoma. Compliance is enhanced particularly by education about the disease and the gluten-free diet and by support from peers or professionals. Such input can be provided by regular follow-up, which thereby should improve compliance and hence long-term health. The consensus of the recommendations for follow-up suggests an annual review by a physician and dietitian. At annual follow-up the disease status can be checked and nutritional advice can be given, including checking the adequacy of, and the compliance with, the gluten-free diet. Complications and associated medical conditions can be sought, genetic risks explained and support and reassurance given. Specialist dietitians have particular expertise in relation to diet and nutritional management; specialist clinicians have a broader range of expertise in many aspects of management of the disease. A team approach for providing follow-up is the ideal, with a clinician and dietitian, both with expertise in coeliac disease, being involved. No one particular group of healthcare professionals is necessarily better than the other at providing follow-up.},
   keywords = {*Celiac Disease/complications/d

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag