text:
atial statistics},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {128--142},
title = {{Putting the ‘landscape' in landscape genetics}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800917},
volume = {98},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Socolar2016,
abstract = {To design robust protected area networks, accurately measure species losses, or understand the processes that maintain species diversity, conservation science must consider the organization of biodiversity in space. Central is beta-diversity - the component of regional diversity that accumulates from compositional differences between local species assemblages. We review how beta-diversity is impacted by human activities, including farming, selective logging, urbanization, species invasions, overhunting, and climate change. Beta-diversity increases, decreases, or remains unchanged by these impacts, depending on the balance of processes that cause species composition to become more different (biotic heterogenization) or more similar (biotic homogenization) between sites. While maintaining high beta-diversity is not always a desirable conservation outcome, understanding beta-diversity is essential for protecting regional diversity and can directly assist conservation planning. Beta-diversity reveals the spatial scaling of diversity loss.Beta-diversity illuminates mechanisms of regional diversity maintenance.Human activities cause beta-diversity to increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.Conservation significance of beta-diversity shift depends on local diversity dynamics.},
author = {Socolar, Jacob B. and Gilroy, James J. and Kunin, William E. and Edwards, David P.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.11.005},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Socolar et al. - 2016 - How Should Beta-Diversity Inform Biodiversity Conservation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
keywords = {Alpha-diversity,Beta-diversity,Biodiversity conservation,Biotic homogenization,Diversity partitioning,Gamma-diversity,Pairwise dissimilarities,Spatial scaling,Species-area relationships},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {67--80},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{How Should Beta-Diversity Inform Biodiversity Conservation?}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.11.005 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471500289X},
volume = {31},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Mihoub2017,
author = {Mihoub, Jean-Baptiste and Henle, Klaus and Titeux, Nicolas and Brotons, Llu{\'{i}}s and Brummitt, Neil A. and Schmeller, Dirk S.},
doi = {10.1038/srep41591},
issn = {2045-2322},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
month = {jan},
number = {December 2016},
pages = {41591},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Setting temporal baselines for biodiversity: the limits of available monitoring data for capturing the full impact of anthropogenic pressures}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep41591 http://www.nature.com/articles/srep41591},
volume = {7},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Fletcher2016,
author = {Fletcher, Robert J. and Burrell, Noah S. and Reichert, Brian E. and Vasudev, Divya and Austin, James D.},
doi = {10.1007/s40823-016-0009-6},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fletcher et al. - 2016 - Divergent Perspectives on Landscape Connectivity Reveal Consistent Effects from Genes to Communities.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2364-494X},
journal = {Current Landscape Ecology Reports},
keywords = {Conservation planning,Dispersal,Graph theory,Habitat fragmentation,Habitat loss,Network,conservation planning,dispersal,fragmentation,graph theory,habitat,habitat loss,network},
month = {jul},
publisher = {Current Landscape Ecology Reports},
title = {{Divergent Perspectives on Landscape Connectivity Reveal Consistent Effects from Genes to Communities}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40823-016-0009-6},
year = {2016}
}
@incollection{Bitterman1965,
abstract = {Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative To Phyletic Gradualism},
author = {Eldredge, Niles and Gould, Stephen J},
booktitle = {Models In Paleobiology},
doi = {10.1037/h0022328},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eldredge, Gould - 1972 - Punctuated Equilibria An Alternative To Phyletic Gradualism.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0877353255},
issn = {0003066X},
number = {6},
pages = {82--115},
pmid = {7929860671564967288},
title = {{Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative To Phyletic Gradualism}},
url = {http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/classictexts/eldredge.pdf http://content.apa.org/journals/amp/20/6/396},
volume = {20},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Jetz2007,
abstract = {Over the past few decades, land-use and climate change have led to substantial range contractions and species extinctions. Even more dramatic changes to global land cover are projected for this century. We used the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios to evaluate the exposure of all 8,750 land bird species to projected land-cover changes due to climate and land-use change. For this first baseline assessment, we assumed stationary geographic ranges that may overestimate actual losses in geographic range. Even under environmentally benign scenarios, at least 400 species are projected to suffer {\textgreater}50{\%} range reductions by the year 2050 (over 900 by the year 2100). Although expected climate change effects at high latitudes are significant, species most at risk are predominantly narrow-ranged and endemic to the tropics, where projected range contractions are driven by anthropogenic land conversions. Most of these species are currently not recognized as imperiled. The causes, magnitude and geographic patterns of potential range loss vary across socioeconomic scenarios, but all scenarios (even the most environmentally benign ones) result in large declines of many species. Whereas climate change will severely affect biodiversity, in the near future, land-use change in tropical countries may lead to yet greater species loss. A vastly expanded reserve network in the tropics, coupled with more ambitious goals to reduce climate change, will be needed to minimize global extinctions.},
author = {Jetz, Walter and Wilcove, David S and Dobson, Andrew P},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.0050157},
editor = {Mace, Georgina M},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2007/Jetz, Wilcove, Dobson{\_}2007{\_}Projected impacts of climate and land-use change on the global diversity of birds.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1544-9173},
issn = {1545-7885},
journal = {PLoS Biology},
keywords = {Animals,Biodiversity,Birds,Climate,Climate-Change,Forecasting,Geography,Greenhouse Effect,Population Dynamics,Prediction,birds},
mendeley-tags = {Biodiversity,Climate-Change,Prediction,birds},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {e157},
pmid = {17550306},
title = {{Projected Impacts of Climate and Land-Use Change on the Global Diversity of Birds}},
url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050157},
volume = {5},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Wiens2009,
abstract = {A major focus of conservation is on protecting areas to ensure the persistence of biological diversity. Because such areas may be large, not easily accessible, subject to change, and sensitive to the surrounding landscape, remote sensing can be a valuable tool in establishing and managing protected areas. We describe three case studies to illustrate how remote sensing can contribute to setting priorities for conservation actions, monitoring the status of conservation targets, and evaluating the effectiveness of conservation strategies. In the Connecticut River watershed, remote sensing has been used to assess flood regimes and identify key areas of floodplain forests and their context for conservation planning. At Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, remote sensing has provided information to assess the effectiveness of management strategies to restore fire to the longleaf pine sandhills ecosystem, control invasive species, and prioritize annual prescribed burns. In eastern US forests, remote sensing is being used to evaluate the ecological condition and changes at properties where direct access would be difficult. As the resolution and capacities of remote-sensing technology continue to develop, however, several issues are becoming increasingly important. It is essential that the spatial and temporal resolution of remote-sensing data be matched to the relevant scales of biodiversity, major threats, and management actions. Data layers must be compatible, both in scale and in measurement properties, and key patterns must be distinguished from irrelevant detail, especially at the finer scales of application in local management. Combining remote sensing with ground surveys can expand the array of information used in management and contribute to the ecological interpretation of remote-sensing data. Because conservation funds are always limited, remote sensing also must be cost effective. This requires balancing the wealth of detail afforded by ever-finer resolution of remote-sensing data with what is actually needed to implement sound conservation and management. Remote sensing is a valuable tool, but it is not a panacea for all of the challenges of conservation monitoring and management.},
author = {Wiens, John and Sutter, Robert and Anderson, Mark and Blanchard, Jon and Barnett, Analie and Aguilar-Amuchastegui, Naikoa and Avery, Chadwick and Laine, Stephen},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2008.06.020},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wiens et al. - 2009 - Selecting and conserving lands for biodiversity The role of remote sensing.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Connecticut River,Conservation,Ecological monitoring,Eglin Air Force Base,Forest management,Remote sensing},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1370--1381},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Selecting and conserving lands for biodiversity: The role of remote sensing}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.06.020 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425709000479},
volume = {113},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Pasquarella2016,
abstract = {With over 30 years of directly comparable Landsat satellite observations now freely available, and new imagery being added to the Landsat archive every day, Landsat time series analysis affords novel opportunities for ecosystem mapping, environmental monitoring and comparative ecology. This study presents a series of data-driven examples that illustrate the potential of using Landsat time series to further the study of land cover characterization, vegetation phenology and landscape dynamics. Our goal is to showcase how ecosystem properties and dynamics manifest in the Landsat data record, laying the foundation for better integration of remote sensing and ecology using Landsat time series. Our results suggest that time series provide valuable information on ecosystem cover, use and condition that could advance understanding of ecosystem function, resilience and dynamics. We have only just begun to understand how to use the complete record of Landsat observations for the study of ecology, and we hope this work will encourage future studies on quantifying and analyzing relationships between time series data, ecosystems and ecological processes.},
author = {Pasquarella, Valerie J. and Holden, Christopher E. and Kaufman, Les and Woodcock, Curtis E.},
doi = {10.1002/rse2.24},
editor = {Nagendra, Harini and He, Kate},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pasquarella et al. - 2016 - From imagery to ecology leveraging time series of all available Landsat observations to map and monitor ecos.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2056-3485},
issn = {20563485},
journal = {Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation},
keywords = {ecosystem dynamics,ecosystem structure,land cover,landsat,time series,vegetation},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {152--170},
title = {{From imagery to ecology: leveraging time series of all available Landsat observations to map and monitor ecosystem state and dynamics}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/rse2.24},
volume = {2},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Herzog2006,
abstract = {The intensity of agricultural production was assessed in 25 landscape test sites across temperate Europe using a standardised farmer questionnaire. The intensity indicators, nitrogen input (to arable crops and to permanent grassland), density of livestock units and number of pesticide applications (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and retardants), were recorded and integrated into an overall intensity index. All three components were needed to appropriately characterise the intensity of agricultural management. Four hypotheses were tested. (i) A low diversity of crops is related to higher intensity. The contrary was observed, namely because diverse crop rotations contained a higher share of crops which are more demanding in terms of nitrogen and of plant protection. (ii) Intensity decreases when there is more permanent grassland. This was confirmed by our study. (iii) Large farms are managed more intensively. There was no relation between farm size and intensity. (iv) Large fields are managed more intensively. There was a tendency towards higher nitrogen input and livestock density in landscapes with larger fields but only a few of the results were statistically significant. The aggregated overall intensity index was of limited usefulness mainly because of limitations in interpretability. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Herzog, F. and Steiner, B. and Bailey, D. and Baudry, J. and Billeter, R. and Buk{\'{a}}cek, R. and {De Blust}, G. and {De Cock}, R. and Dirksen, J. and Dormann, C.F. and {De Filippi}, R. and Frossard, E. and Liira, J. and Schmidt, T. and St{\"{o}}ckli, R. and Thenail, C. and van Wingerden, W. and Bugter, R.},
doi = {10.1016/j.eja.2005.07.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Herzog et al. - 2006 - Assessing the intensity of temperate European agriculture at the landscape scale.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1161-0301},
issn = {11610301},
journal = {European Journal of Agronomy},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Crop diversity,Farm size,Grassland,Intensity index,Livestock density,Nitrogen,Pesticide,Plot size,Water quality},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {165--181},
pmid = {1452},
title = {{Assessing the intensity of temperate European agriculture at the landscape scale}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1161030105000742},
volume = {24},
year = {2006}
}
@article{White2007,
abstract = {Body size is perhaps the most fundamental property of an organism and is related to many biological traits, including abundance. The relationship between abundance and body size has been extensively studied in an attempt to quantify the form of the relationship and to understand the processes that generate it. However, progress has been impeded by the underappreciated fact that there are four distinct, but interrelated, relationships between size and abundance that are often confused in the literature. Here, we review and distinguish between these four patterns, and discuss the linkages between them. We argue that a synthetic understanding of size-abundance relationships will result from more detailed analyses of individual patterns and from careful consideration of how and why the patterns are related. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {White, Ethan P. and Ernest, S.K. Morgan and Kerkhoff, Andrew J. and Enquist, Brian J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.03.007},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/White et al. - 2007 - Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {323--330},
pmid = {17399851},
title = {{Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534707000985},
volume = {22},
year = {2007}
}
@article{See2006,
abstract = {This paper presents a methodology for the comparison of different land cover datasets and illustrates how this can be extended to create a hybrid land cover product. The datasets used in this paper are the GLC-2000 and MODIS land cover products. The methodology addresses: 1) the harmonization of legend classes from different global land cover datasets and 2) the uncertainty associated with the classification of the images. The first part of the methodology involves mapping the spatial disagreement between the two land cover products using a combination of fuzzy logic and expert knowledge. Hotspots of disagreement between the land cover datasets are then identified to determine areas where other sources of data such as TM/ETM images or detailed regional and national maps can be used in the creation of a hybrid land cover dataset},
author = {See, L.M. and Fritz, S},
doi = {10.1109/TGRS.2006.874750},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/See, Fritz - 2006 - A method to compare and improve land cover datasets application to the GLC-2000 and MODIS land cover products.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0196-2892},
issn = {0196-2892},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Fuzzy logic,Image classification,Remote sensing,Uncertainty,Vegetation mapping},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1740--1746},
title = {{A method to compare and improve land cover datasets: application to the GLC-2000 and MODIS land cover products}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=1645274},
volume = {44},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Fu2017,
author = {Fu, Zheng and Li, Dejun and Hararuk, Oleksandra and Schwalm, Christopher and Luo, Yiqi and Yan, Liming and Niu, Shuli},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa8a5c},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fu et al. - 2017 - Recovery time and state change of terrestrial carbon cycle after disturbance.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1748-9326},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {104004},
title = {{Recovery time and state change of terrestrial carbon cycle after disturbance}},
url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/12/i=10/a=104004?key=crossref.05701a81d4fc7d0bd47f29384f32b7e7},
volume = {12},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Brooks2002,
abstract = {Nearly half the world's vascular plant species and one-third of terrestrial vertebrates are endemic to 25 “hotspots” of biodiversity, each of which has at least 1500 endemic plant species. None of these hotspots have more than one-third of their pristine habitat remaining. Historically, they covered 12{\%} of the land's sur- face, but today their intact habitat covers only 1.4{\%} of the land. As a result of this habitat loss, we expect many of the hotspot endemics to have either become extinct or—because much of the habitat loss is recent— to be threatened with extinction. We used World Conservation Union [IUCN] Red Lists to test this expectation. Overall, between one-half and two-thirds of all threatened plants and 57{\%} of all threatened terrestrial verte- brates are hotspot endemics. For birds and mammals, in general, predictions of extinction in the hotspots based on habitat loss match numbers of species independently judged extinct or threatened. In two classes of hotspots the match is not as close. On oceanic islands, habitat loss underestimates extinction because intro- duced species have driven extinctions beyond those caused by habitat loss on these islands. In large hotspots, conversely, habitat loss overestimates extinction, suggesting scale dependence (this effect is also apparent for plants). For reptiles, amphibians, and plants, many fewer hotspot endemics are considered threatened or ex- tinct than we would expect based on habitat loss. This mismatch is small in temperate hotspots, however, sug- gesting that many threatened endemic species in the poorly known tropical hotspots have yet to be included on the IUCN Red Lists. We then asked in which hotspots the consequences of further habitat loss (either abso- lute or given current rates of deforestation) would be most serious. Our results suggest that the Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests of Tanzania-Kenya, Philippines, and Polynesia-Micronesia can least afford to lose more habitat and that, if current deforestation rates continue, the Caribbean, Tropical Andes, Philippines, Me- soamerica, Sundaland, Indo-Burma, Madagascar, and Choc{\'{o}}–Dari{\'{e}}n–Western Ecuador will lose the most spe- cies in the near future. Without urgent conservation intervention, we face mass extinctions in the hotspots.},
author = {Brooks, Thomas M. and Mittermeier, Russell A. and Mittermeier, Cristina G. and {Da Fonseca}, Gustavo A B and Rylands, Anthony B. and Konstant, William R. and Flick, Penny and Pilgrim, John and Oldfield, Sara and Magin, Georgina and Hilton-Taylor, Craig},
doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00530.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2002/Brooks et al.{\_}2002{\_}Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0888-8892},
issn = {08888892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Tropical},
mendeley-tags = {Biodiversity,Tropical},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {909--923},
pmid = {2070},
title = {{Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00530.x/full http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00530.x},
volume = {16},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Midolo2018,
author = {Midolo, Gabriele and Alkemade, Rob and Schipper, Aafke M. and Ben{\'{i}}tez‐L{\'{o}}pez, Ana and Perring, Michael P. and {De Vries}, Wim},
doi = {10.1111/geb.12856},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Midolo et al. - 2018 - Impacts of nitrogen addition on plant species richness and abundance A global meta‐analysis.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1466-822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
number = {January},
pages = {geb.12856},
title = {{Impacts of nitrogen addition on plant species richness and abundance: A global meta‐analysis}},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/geb.12856},
year = {2018}
}
@incollection{Fisher2017,
author = {Fisher, Jonathan R.B.},
booktitle = {Effective Conservation Science: Data Not Dogma},
doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0011},
isbn = {9780198808978},
keywords = {Agricultural expansion,Habitat conversion,Human population growth,Land use},
title = {{Global agricultural expansion: The sky isn't falling (yet)}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Asner2005,
abstract = {Amazon deforestation has been measured by remote sensing for three decades. In comparison, selective logging has been mostly invisible to satellites. We developed a large-scale, high-resolution, automated remote-sensing analysis of selective logging in the top five timber-producing states of the Brazilian Amazon. Logged areas ranged from 12,075 to 19,823 square kilometers per year (T14{\%}) between 1999 and 2002, equivalent to 60 to 123{\%} of previously reported deforestation area. Up to 1200 square kilometers per year of logging were observed on conservation lands. Each year, 27 million to 50 million cubic meters of wood were extracted, and a gross flux of {\`{E}}0.1 billion metric tons of carbon was destined for release to the atmosphere by logging.},
author = {Asner, G. P.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1118051},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Asner - 2005 - Selective Logging in the Brazilian Amazon.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0036-8075},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {amazonia,brazilian amazon,carbon,neotropical forest,selective logging},
month = {oct},
number = {5747},
pages = {480--482},
pmid = {16239474},
title = {{Selective Logging in the Brazilian Amazon}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1118051},
volume = {310},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Lindstrom2013,
abstract = {Although climate change is acknowledged to affect population dynamics and species distribution, details of how community composition is affected are still lacking. We investigate whether ongoing changes in bird community composi- tion can be explained by contemporary changes in summer temperatures, using four independent long-term bird census schemes from Sweden (up to 57 yr); two at the national scale and two at local scales. The change in bird community composition was represented by a community temperature index (CTI) that reflects the balance in abundance between low- and high-temperature dwelling species. In all schemes, CTI tracked patterns of temperature increase, stability or decrease remarkably well, with a lag period of 1–3 yr. This response was similar at both the national and local scale. However, the communities did not respond fast enough to cope with temperature increase, suggesting that community composition lags behind changes in temperature. The change in CTI was caused mainly by changes in species' relative abundances, and less so by changes in species composition. We conclude that ongoing changes in bird community struc- ture are driven to a large extent by contemporary changes in climate and that CTI can be used as a simple indicator for how bird communities respond.},
author = {Lindstr{\"{o}}m, {\AA}ke and Green, Martin and Paulson, G{\"{o}}ran and Smith, Henrik G. and Devictor, Vincent},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07799.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lindstr{\"{o}}m et al. - 2013 - Rapid changes in bird community composition at multiple temporal and spatial scales in response to recent clim.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1600-0587},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {313--322},
title = {{Rapid changes in bird community composition at multiple temporal and spatial scales in response to recent climate change}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07799.x},
volume = {36},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Solar2015,
author = {Solar, Ricardo Ribeiro De Castro and Barlow, Jos and Ferreira, Joice and Berenguer, Erika and Lees, Alexander C. and Thomson, James R. and Louzada, J{\'{u}}lio and Mau{\'{e}}s, M{\'{a}}rcia and Moura, N{\'{a}}rgila G. and Oliveira, Victor H. F. and Chaul, J{\'{u}}lio C. M. and Schoereder, Jos{\'{e}} Henrique and Vieira, Ima C{\'{e}}lia Guimar{\~{a}}es and {Mac Nally}, Ralph and Gardner, Toby a.},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12494},
editor = {Cornell, Howard},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Solar et al. - 2015 - How pervasive is biotic homogenization in human-modified tropical forest landscapes.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {2015,amazon forest,diversity partitioning,ecology letters,land-cover change,landscape divergence,multi-taxa,nestedness,turnover},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {1108--1118},
title = {{How pervasive is biotic homogenization in human-modified tropical forest landscapes?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.12494},
volume = {18},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Anderson2018,
author = {Anderson, Christopher B.},
doi = {10.1111/ele.13106},
editor = {Haddad, Nick},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/ele.13106.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {biodiversity monitoring,biogeography,earth observations,modelling,pattern,scale,spatial},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {1572--1585},
title = {{Biodiversity monitoring, earth observations and the ecology of scale}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.13106},
volume = {21},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Daskin2015,
abstract = {1. Large mammalian herbivores (LMH) exert strong effects on plants in tropical savannas, and many wild LMH populations are declining. However, predicting the impacts of these declines on vegetation structure remains challenging. 2. Experiments suggest that tree cover can increase rapidly following LMH exclusion. Yet it is unclear whether these results scale up to predict ecosystem-level impacts of LMH declines, which often alter fire regimes, trigger compensatory responses of other herbivores, and accompany anthropogenic land-use changes. Moreover, theory predicts that grazers and browsers should have opposing effects on tree cover, further complicating efforts to forecast the outcomes of community-wide declines. 3. We used the near-extirpation of grazing and browsing LMH from Gorongosa National Park during the Mozambican Civil War (1977-1992) as a natural experiment to test whether megafaunal collapse increased tree cover. We classified herbaceous and tree cover in satellite images taken (a) at the onset of war in 1977 and (b) in 2012, two decades after hostilities ceased. 4. Throughout the 3620-km2 park, proportional tree cover increased by 34{\%} (from 0.29 to 0.39)—an addition of 362 km2. Four of the park's five major habitat zones (including miombo woodland, Acacia-Combretum-palm savanna, and floodplain grassland) showed even greater increases in tree cover (51–134{\%}), with an average increase of 94{\%} in ecologically critical Rift Valley habitats. Only in the eastern Cheringoma Plateau, which had historically low wildlife densities, did tree cover decrease (by 5{\%}). 5. The most parsimonious explanation for these results is that reduced browsing pressure enhanced tree growth, survival, and/or recruitment; we found no directional trends in rainfall or fire that could explain increased tree cover. 6. Synthesis Catastrophic large-herbivore die-offs in Mozambique's flagship national park were followed by 35 years of woodland expansion, most severely in areas where pre-war wildlife biomass was greatest. These findings suggest that browsing release supersedes grazer-grass-fire feedbacks in governing ecosystem-level tree cover, consistent with smaller-scale experimental results, although the potentially complementary effect of CO2 fertilization cannot be definitively ruled out. Future work in Gorongosa will reveal whether recovering LMH populations reverse this trend, or alternatively whether woody encroachment hinders ongoing restoration efforts.},
author = {Daskin, Joshua H and Stalmans, Marc and Pringle, Robert M},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.12483},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Daskin, Stalmans, Pringle - 2015 - Ecological legacies of civil war 35-year increase in savanna tree cover following wholesale large-mam.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00220477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {Hexagon satellite,biodiversity loss,bush encroachment,elephants Loxodonta africana,extinction,plant–herbivore interactions,remote sensing,top-down effects,tree-grass coexistence,trophic cascade},
month = {sep},
number = {October},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
title = {{Ecological legacies of civil war: 35-year increase in savanna tree cover following wholesale large-mammal declines}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2745.12483},
year = {2015}
}
@misc{DiGregorio2000,
abstract = {ABSTRACT The Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) has been developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to meet the need for improved access to reliable and standardized information on land cover and land cover change. LCCS is a comprehensive, standardized a priori classification system designed to meet specific user requirements, and created for mapping exercises, independent of the scale or means used to map. It enables a comparison of land cover classes regardless of data source, thematic discipline or country. The LCCS system enhances the standardization process and minimizes the problem of dealing with a very large amount of pre-defined classes. To facilitate the complex classification process and ensure standardization, innovative software has been developed to guide the user to select the appropriate class. The following manual accompanies version 2 of the LCCS software, which has been developed on the experience gained from numerous FAO/UNEP and country mapping activities including the Africover East Africa Project. The new version of the LCCS software is fully compatible with the previous version to ensure continuity of past and future LCCS mapping activities. Land},
author = {Di-Gregorio, Antonio},
booktitle = {FAO},
isbn = {9251053278},
issn = {1684-8241},
keywords = {classification,classification system,harmonization.,land cover,standardization},
pages = {212},
title = {{Land Cover Classification System(LCCS), version2: Classification Concepts and User Manual}},
url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=xUyVNK98gTkC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Laurance2014a,
abstract = {The number and extent of roads will expand dramatically this century. Globally, at least 25 million kilometres of new roads are anticipated by 2050; a 60{\%} increase in the total length of roads over that in 2010. Nine-tenths of all road construction is expected to occur in developing nations, including many regions that sustain exceptional biodiversity and vital ecosystem services. Roads penetrating into wilderness or frontier areas are a major proximate driver of habitat loss and fragmentation, wildfires, overhunting and other environmental degradation, often with irreversible impacts on ecosystems. Unfortunately, much road proliferation is chaotic or poorly planned, and the rate of expansion is so great that it often overwhelms the capacity of environmental planners and managers. Here we present a global scheme for prioritizing road building. This large-scale zoning plan seeks to limit the environmental costs of road expansion while maximizing its benefits for human development, by helping to increase agricultural production, which is an urgent priority given that global food demand could double by mid-century. Our analysis identifies areas with high environmental values where future road building should be avoided if possible, areas where strategic road improvements could promote agricultural development with relatively modest environmental costs, and /`conflict areas/' where road building could have sizeable benefits for agriculture but with serious environmental damage. Our plan provides a template for proactively zoning and prioritizing roads during the most explosive era of road expansion in human history.},
author = {Laurance, William F. and Clements, Gopalasamy Reuben and Sloan, Sean and O'Connell, Christine S. and Mueller, Nathan D. and Goosem, Miriam and Venter, Oscar and Edwards, David P. and Phalan, Ben and Balmford, Andrew and {Van Der Ree}, Rodney and Arrea, Irene Burgues},
doi = {10.1038/nature13717},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Laurance et al. - 2014 - A global strategy for road building.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0028-0836},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {aug},
number = {7517},
pages = {229--232},
pmid = {25162528},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{A global strategy for road building}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7517/full/nature13717.html{\%}5Cnhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7517/pdf/nature13717.pdf http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature13717},
volume = {513},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Schultz2016,
abstract = {The performance of Landsat time series (LTS) of eight vegetation indices (VIs) was assessed for monitoring deforestation across the tropics. Three sites were selected based on differing remote sensing observation frequencies, deforestation drivers and environmental factors. The LTS of each VI was analysed using the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend (BFAST) Monitor method to identify deforestation. A robust reference database was used to evaluate the performance regarding spatial accuracy, sensitivity to observation frequency and combined use of multiple VIs. The canopy cover sensitive Normalized Difference Fraction Index (NDFI) was the most accurate. Among those tested, wetness related VIs (Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) and the Tasselled Cap wetness (TCw)) were spatially more accurate than greenness related VIs (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Tasselled Cap greenness (TCg)). When VIs were fused on feature level, spatial accuracy was improved and overestimation of change reduced. NDVI and NDFI produced the most robust results when observation frequency varies.},
author = {Schultz, Michael and Clevers, Jan G.P.W. and Carter, Sarah and Verbesselt, Jan and Avitabile, Valerio and Quang, Hien Vu and Herold, Martin},
doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2016.06.020},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schultz et al. - 2016 - Performance of vegetation indices from Landsat time series in deforestation monitoring.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03032434},
journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
month = {oct},
number = {May 2012},
pages = {318--327},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Performance of vegetation indices from Landsat time series in deforestation monitoring}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2016.06.020 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303243416301040},
volume = {52},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Foster2003,
abstract = {Recognition of the importance of land-use history and its legacies in most ecological systems has been a major factor driving the recent focus on human activity as a legitimate and essential subject of environmental science. Ecologists, conservationists, and natural resource policymakers now recognize that the legacies of land-use activities continue to influence ecosystem structure and function for decades or centuries—or even longer—after those activities have ceased. Consequently, recognition of these historical legacies adds explanatory power to our understanding of modern conditions at scales from organisms to the globe and reduces missteps in anticipating or managing for future conditions. As a result, environmental history emerges as an integral part of ecological science and conservation planning. By considering diverse ecological phenomena, ranging from biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles to ecosystem resilience to anthropogenic stress, and by examining terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in temperate to tropical biomes, this article demonstrates the ubiquity and importance of land-use legacies to environmental science and management.},
author = {Foster, David and Swanson, Frederick and Aber, John and Burke, Ingrid and Brokaw, Nicholas and Tilman, David and Knapp, Alan},
doi = {10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0077:TIOLUL]2.0.CO;2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Foster et al. - 2003 - The Importance of Land-Use Legacies to Ecology and Conservation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3568},
issn = {0006-3568},
journal = {BioScience},
keywords = {conservation,disturbance,ecosystem process,land use,natural resource management},
number = {1},
pages = {77--88},
pmid = {3977},
title = {{The Importance of Land-Use Legacies to Ecology and Conservation}},
volume = {53},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Kandasamy2013,
abstract = {Moderate resolution satellite sensors including MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) already provide more than 10 yr of observations well suited to describe and understand the dynamics of earth's surface. However, these time series are associated with significant uncertainties and incomplete because of cloud cover. This study compares eight methods designed to improve the continuity by filling gaps and consistency by smoothing the time course. It includes methods exploiting the time series as a whole (iterative caterpillar singular spectrum analysis (ICSSA), empirical mode decomposition (EMD), low pass filtering (LPF) and Whittaker smoother (Whit)) as well as methods working on limited temporal windows of a few weeks to few months (adaptive Savitzky–Golay filter (SGF), temporal smoothing and gap filling (TSGF), and asymmetric Gaussian function (AGF)), in addition to the simple climatological LAI yearly profile (Clim). Methods were applied to the MODIS leaf area index product for the period 2000–2008 and over 25 sites showed a large range of seasonal patterns. Performances were discussed with emphasis on the balance achieved by each method between accuracy and roughness depending on the fraction of missing observations and the length of the gaps. Results demonstrate that the EMD, LPF and AGF methods were failing because of a significant fraction of gaps (more than 20{\%}), while ICSSA, Whit and SGF were always providing estimates for dates with missing data. TSGF (Clim) was able to fill more than 50{\%} of the gaps for sites with more than 60{\%} (80{\%}) fraction of gaps. However, investigation of the accuracy of the reconstructed values shows that it degrades rapidly for sites with more than 20{\%} missing data, particularly for ICSSA, Whit and SGF. In these conditions, TSGF provides the best performances that are significantly better than the simple Clim for gaps shorter than about 100 days. The roughness of the reconstructed temporal profiles shows large differences between the various methods, with a decrease of the roughness with the fraction of missing data, except for ICSSA. TSGF provides the smoothest temporal profiles for sites with a {\%} gap {\textgreater} 30{\%}. Conversely, ICSSA, LPF, Whit, AGF and Clim provide smoother profiles than TSGF for sites with a {\%} gap {\textless} 30{\%}. Impact of the accuracy and smoothness of the reconstructed time series were evaluated on the timing of phenological stages. The dates of start, maximum and end of the season are estimated with an accuracy of about 10 days for the sites with a {\%} gap {\textless} 10{\%} and increases rapidly with the {\%} gap. TSGF provides more accurate estimates of phenological timing up to a {\%} gap {\textless} 60{\%}.},
author = {Kandasamy, S. and Baret, F. and Verger, A. and Neveux, P. and Weiss, M.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-10-4055-2013},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kandasamy et al. - 2013 - A comparison of methods for smoothing and gap filling time series of remote sensing observations - application.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1040552013},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {4055--4071},
title = {{A comparison of methods for smoothing and gap filling time series of remote sensing observations - application to MODIS LAI products}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/10/4055/2013/},
volume = {10},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Winter2013,
abstract = {Researchers occasionally have to work with an extremely small sample size, defined herein as N ≤ 5. Some methodologists have cautioned against using the t-test when the sample size is extremely small, whereas others have suggested that using the t-test is feasible in such a case. The present simulation study estimated the Type I error rate and statistical power of the one- and two-sample ttests for normally distributed populations and for various distortions such as unequal sample sizes, unequal variances, the combination of unequal sample sizes and unequal variances, and a lognormal population distribution. Ns per group were varied between 2 and 5. Results show that the t-test provides Type I error rates close to the 5{\%} nominal value in most of the cases, and that acceptable power (i.e., 80{\%}) is reached only if the effect size is very large. This study also investigated the behavior of the Welch test and a rank-transformation prior to conducting the t-test (t-testR). Compared to the regular t-test, the Welch test tends to reduce statistical power and the t-testR yields false positive rates that deviate from 5{\%}. This study further shows that a paired t-test is feasible with extremely small Ns if the within-pair correlation is high. It is concluded that there are no principal objections to using a t-test with Ns as small as 2. A final cautionary note is made on the credibility of research findings when sample sizes are small.},
author = {Winter, J},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Winter - 2013 - Using the Student ' s t -test with extremely small sample sizes.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1531-7714},
issn = {1531-7714},
journal = {Practcial Assessment, Research {\&} Evalutaion},
number = {10},
pages = {1--12},
pmid = {90455014},
title = {{Using the Student ' s t -test with extremely small sample sizes}},
volume = {18},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Biesmeijer2006,
abstract = {Despite widespread concern about declines in pollination services, little is known about the patterns of change in most pollinator assemblages. By studying bee and hoverfly assemblages in Britain and the Netherlands, we found evidence of declines (pre-versus post-1980) in local bee diversity in both countries; however, divergent trends were observed in hoverflies. Depending on the assemblage and location, pollinator declines were most frequent in habitat and flower specialists, in univoltine species, and/or in nonmigrants. In conjunction with this evidence, outcrossing plant species that are reliant on the declining pollinators have themselves declined relative to other plant species. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest a causal connection between local extinctions of functionally linked plant and pollinator species.},
author = {Biesmeijer, J C and Roberts, S P M and Reemer, M and Ohlem{\"{u}}ller, R and Edwards, M and Peeters, T and Schaffers, a P and Potts, S G and Kleukers, R and Thomas, C D and Settele, J and Kunin, W E},
doi = {10.1126/science.1127863},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Biesmeijer et al. - 2006 - Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0036-8075},
issn = {1095-9203},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
keywords = {Animal Migration,Animals,Bees,Biodiversity,Diptera,Ecosystem,Environment,Flowers,Great Britain,Insect-Plant decline,Netherlands,Paper,Plants,Pollen,Population Dynamics},
mendeley-tags = {Insect-Plant decline,Paper},
month = {jul},
number = {5785},
pages = {351--4},
pmid = {16857940},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
title = {{Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857940 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5785/351.short},
volume = {313},
year = {2006}
}
@article{SORK2010,
abstract = {The article discusses various reports published within the issue including one on the landscape genetics, one on the influence of different landscape variables to gene flow in two pond breeding amphibians, and one on the genetic diversity and structure in terrestrial and marine systems.},
author = {Sork, Victoria L. and Waits, Lisette},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04786.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Sork, Waits - 2010 - Contributions of landscape genetics - Approaches, insights, and future potential.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0962-1083},
issn = {09621083},
journal = {Molecular Ecology},
keywords = {adaptation,conservation biology,gene flow,landscape ecology,landscape genetics,population genetics},
month = {sep},
number = {17},
pages = {3489--3495},
pmid = {20723050},
title = {{Contributions of landscape genetics - Approaches, insights, and future potential}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04786.x},
volume = {19},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Oliver2015b,
abstract = {The composition of species communities is changing rapidly through drivers such as habitat loss and climate change, with potentially serious consequences for the resilience of ecosystem functions on which humans depend. To assess such changes in resilience, we analyse trends in the frequency of species in Great Britain that provide key ecosystem functions-specifically decomposition, carbon sequestration, pollination, pest control and cultural values. For 4,424 species over four decades, there have been significant net declines among animal species that provide pollination, pest control and cultural values. Groups providing decomposition and carbon sequestration remain relatively stable, as fewer species are in decline and these are offset by large numbers of new arrivals into Great Britain. While there is general concern about degradation of a wide range of ecosystem functions, our results suggest actions should focus on particular functions for which there is evidence of substantial erosion of their resilience.},
author = {Oliver, Tom H. and Isaac, Nick J. B. and August, Tom A. and Woodcock, Ben A. and Roy, David B. and Bullock, James M.},
doi = {10.1038/ncomms10122},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/ncomms10122.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2041-1723 (Electronic)$\backslash$r2041-1723 (Linking)},
issn = {2041-1723},
journal = {Nature Communications},
month = {dec},
number = {1},
pages = {10122},
pmid = {26646209},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Declining resilience of ecosystem functions under biodiversity loss}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10122 http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10122},
volume = {6},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Trøjelsgaard2012,
abstract = {Aim Interacting communities of species are organized into complex networks, and network analysis is reckoned to be a strong tool for describing their architecture. Many species assemblies show strong macroecological patterns, e.g. increasing species richness with decreasing latitude, but whether this latitudinal diversity gradient scales up to entities as complex as networks is unknown.We investigated this using a dataset of 54 community-wide pollination networks and hypothesized that pollination networks would display a latitudinal and altitudinal species rich- ness gradient, increasing specialization towards the tropics, and that network topol- ogy would be affected by current climate. Location Global. Methods Each network was organized as a presence/absence matrix, consisting of P plant species, A pollinator species and their links. From these matrices, network parameters were estimated. Additionally, data about geography (latitude, eleva- tion), climate at the network site (temperature, precipitation) and sampling effort (observation days) and extent (study-plot size) were gathered. Analyses were done using simultaneous autoregressive modelling (SAR). Results Species richness did not vary strongly with either latitude or elevation. However, network modularity decreased significantly with latitude whereas mean number of links per plant species (Lp ) and A/P ratio peaked at mid-latitude.Above 500m a.s.l., A/P ratio decreased and mean number of links per pollinator species (La ) increased with elevation. Lp displayed mid-ambient peaks with temperature and nestedness and modularity displayed linear relationships with precipitation. Main conclusion Pollination networks showed macroecological patterns. No strong latitudinal or altitudinal gradient in species richness was observed. Lp and the A/P ratio peaked at mid-latitude whereas modularity decreased linearly. Both patterns are suggestive of a more specialized interaction structure towards the tropics. In particular, mean annual precipitation appeared influential on network topology as both nestedness and modularity varied significantly. Importantly, cor- rected regressions suggest that neither sampling effort nor extent affected the observed patterns. Keywords},
author = {Tr{\o}jelsgaard, Kristian and Olesen, Jens M.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2012.00777.x},
editor = {Shipley, Bill},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tr{\o}jelsgaard, Olesen - 2013 - Macroecology of pollination networks.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1466-8238},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Climate change,Ecological networks,Geographical gradients,Macroecology,Pollination,Sampling effort,Species interactions,climate change,d u c t,ecological networks,geographical gradients,i n t ro,i o n,macroecology,pollination,sampling effort,species interactions},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {149--162},
title = {{Macroecology of pollination networks}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2012.00777.x},
volume = {22},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Ellis2013a,
abstract = {Human use of land is a major cause of the global environmental changes that define the Anthropocene. Archaeological and paleoecological evidence confirm that human populations and their use of land transformed ecosystems at sites around the world by the late Pleistocene and historical models indicate this transformation may have reached globally significant levels more than 3000 years ago. Yet these data in themselves remain insufficient to conclusively date the emergence of land use as a global force transforming the biosphere, with plausible dates ranging from the late Pleistocene to AD 1800. Conclusive empirical dating of human transformation of the terrestrial biosphere will require unprecedented levels of investment in sustained inter- disciplinary collaboration and the development of a geospatial cyberinfrastructure to collate and integrate the field observations of archaeologists, paleoecologists, paleoenvironmental scientists, environmental historians, geoscientists, geographers and other human and environmental scientists globally from the Pleistocene to the present. Existing field observations may yet prove insufficient in terms of their spatial and temporal coverage, but by assessing these observations within a spatially explicit statistically robust global framework, major observational gaps can be identified, stimulating data gathering in underrepresented regions and time periods. Like the Anthropocene itself, building scientific understanding of the human role in shaping the biosphere requires both sustained effort and leveraging the most powerful social systems and technologies ever developed on this planet.},
author = {Ellis, Erle C. and Fuller, Dorian Q. and Kaplan, Jed O. and Lutters, Wayne G.},
doi = {10.12952/journal.elementa.000018},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ellis et al. - 2013 - Dating the Anthropocene Towards an empirical global history of human transformation of the terrestrial biosphere.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2325-1026},
issn = {2325-1026},
journal = {Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene},
month = {dec},
number = {Figure 1},
pages = {000018},
title = {{Dating the Anthropocene: Towards an empirical global history of human transformation of the terrestrial biosphere}},
url = {https://www.elementascience.org/articles/10.12952/journal.elementa.000018 http://www.elementascience.org/articles/10.12952/journal.elementa.000018},
volume = {1},
year = {2013}
}
@article{DePalma2015,
author = {{De Palma}, Adriana and Kuhlmann, Michael and Roberts, Stuart P.M. and Potts, Simon G. and B{\"{o}}rger, Luca and Hudson, Lawrence N. and Lysenko, Igor and Newbold, Tim and Purvis, Andy},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.12524},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/De Palma et al. - 2015 - Ecological traits affect the sensitivity of bees to land-use pressures in European agricultural landscapes.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00218901},
journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {1567--1577},
title = {{Ecological traits affect the sensitivity of bees to land-use pressures in European agricultural landscapes}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2664.12524},
volume = {52},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Carrara2010,
abstract = {Species-energy theory posits that energy availability regulates population sizes, extinction rates and ultimately species richness. This theory has focused mostly on total energy as a measure of energy availability. However, because energy variation can also influence population sizes and extinction rates, species-energy theory should arguably consider simultaneously both total energy and its variation. Using data on species richness of land birds and mammals, we compared the fit of three species-energy models including total energy, energy variation or both combined. We show that the combination of total energy and energy variation has greater predictive power than any of them considered separately. We also evaluate three crucial assumptions of this modified species-energy theory and show that they are supported by available data. These results illuminate the current debate on climate change, given that both average conditions and variability of climatic conditions are likely to change in the future.},
author = {Carrara, Rodolfo and V{\'{a}}zquez, Diego P.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05756.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Carrara, V{\'{a}}zquez - 2010 - The species-energy theory a role for energy variability.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0906-7590},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {942--948},
title = {{The species-energy theory: a role for energy variability}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05756.x},
volume = {33},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Vicente-Serrano2012,
abstract = {AbstractIn this study, the authors provide a global assessment of the performance of different drought indices for monitoring drought impacts on several hydrological, agricultural, and ecological response variables. For this purpose, they compare the performance of several drought indices [the standardized precipitation index (SPI); four versions of the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI); and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI)] to predict changes in streamflow, soil moisture, forest growth, and crop yield. The authors found a superior capability of the SPEI and the SPI drought indices, which are calculated on different time scales than the Palmer indices to capture the drought impacts on the aforementioned hydrological, agricultural, and ecological variables. They detected small differences in the comparative performance of the SPI and the SPEI indices, but the SPEI was the drought index that best captured the responses of the assessed variables to drought in summer, the seas...},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M. and Beguer{\'{i}}a, Santiago and Lorenzo-Lacruz, Jorge and Camarero, Jes{\'{u}}s Julio and L{\'{o}}pez-Moreno, Juan I. and Azorin-Molina, Cesar and Revuelto, Jes{\'{u}}s and Mor{\'{a}}n-Tejeda, Enrique and Sanchez-Lorenzo, Arturo},
doi = {10.1175/2012EI000434.1},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Vicente-Serrano et al. - 2012 - Performance of Drought Indices for Ecological, Agricultural, and Hydrological Applications.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1087-3562},
issn = {1087-3562},
journal = {Earth Interactions},
keywords = {Agricultural droughts,Drought index,Drought vulnerability,Hydrological droughts,Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration inde,Standardized precipitation index},
month = {sep},
number = {10},
pages = {1--27},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{Performance of Drought Indices for Ecological, Agricultural, and Hydrological Applications}},
url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2012EI000434.1},
volume = {16},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Henle2014,
author = {Henle, Klaus and Grobelnik, Vesna and Potts, Simon G and Scott, Anna V. and Kunin, William E and Gunton, Richard M. and Matsinos, Yiannis and Simil{\"{a}}, Jukka and Pantis, John D. and Klenke, Rienhard and Settele, Josef and Penev, Lyubomir},
booktitle = {Scaling in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation},
doi = {10.3897/ab.e1169},
editor = {Henle, Klaus and Potts, Simon and Kunin, William and Matsinos, Yiannis and Simila, Jukka and Pantis, John and Grobelnik, Vesna and Penev, Lyubomir and Settele, Josef},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Henle et al. - 2014 - Scaling in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {978-954-642-740-3},
keywords = {biodiversity conservation,ling in ecology and},
month = {jan},
pages = {13--18},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {{Scaling in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation}},
url = {http://ab.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=1169},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Wood2011,
abstract = {Recent work by Reiss and Ogden provides a theoretical basis for sometimes preferring restricted maximum likelihood (REML) to generalized cross-validation (GCV) for smoothing parameter selection in semiparametric regression. However, existing REML or marginal likelihood (ML) based methods for semiparametric generalized linear models (GLMs) use iterative REML or ML estimation of the smoothing parameters of working linear approximations to the GLM. Such indirect schemes need not converge and fail to do so in a non-negligible proportion of practical analyses. By contrast, very reliable prediction error criteria smoothing parameter selection methods are available, based on direct optimization of GCV, or related criteria, for the GLM itself. Since such methods directly optimize properly defined functions of the smoothing parameters, they have much more reliable convergence properties. The paper develops the first such method for REML or ML estimation of smoothing parameters. A Laplace approximation is used to obtain an approximate REML or ML for any GLM, which is suitable for efficient direct optimization. This REML or ML criterion requires that Newton-Raphson iteration, rather than Fisher scoring, be used for GLM fitting, and a computationally stable approach to this is proposed. The REML or ML criterion itself is optimized by a Newton method, with the derivatives required obtained by a mixture of implicit differentiation and direct methods. The method will cope with numerical rank deficiency in the fitted model and in fact provides a slight improvement in numerical robustness on the earlier method of Wood for prediction error criteria based smoothness selection. Simulation results suggest that the new REML and ML methods offer some improvement in mean-square error performance relative to GCV or Akaike's information criterion in most cases, without the small number of severe undersmoothing failures to which Akaike's information criterion and GCV are prone. This is achieved at the same computational cost as GCV or Akaike's information criterion. The new approach also eliminates the convergence failures of previous REML- or ML-based approaches for penalized GLMs and usually has lower computational cost than these alternatives. Example applications are presented in adaptive smoothing, scalar on function regression and generalized additive model selection.},
author = {Wood, Simon N.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wood - 2011 - Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1369-7412},
issn = {13697412},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)},
keywords = {Adaptive smoothing,Generalized additive mixed model,Generalized additive model,Generalized cross-validation,Marginal likelihood,Model selection,Penalized generalized linear model,Penalized regression splines,Restricted maximum likelihood,Scalar on function regression,Stable computation},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {3--36},
title = {{Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x},
volume = {73},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Valladares2012,
author = {Valladares, Graciela and Cagnolo, Luciano and Salvo, Adriana},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19671.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2012/Valladares, Cagnolo, Salvo{\_}2012{\_}Forest fragmentation leads to food web contraction.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
keywords = {Forest,Fragmentation,Herbivor,Plant-Animal Network,Study},
mendeley-tags = {Forest,Fragmentation,Herbivor,Plant-Animal Network,Study},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {299--305},
title = {{Forest fragmentation leads to food web contraction}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19671.x},
volume = {121},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Ratajczak2018,
author = {Ratajczak, Zak and Carpenter, Stephen R and Ives, Anthony R and Kucharik, Christopher J and Ramiadantsoa, Tanjona and Stegner, M Allison and Williams, John W and Zhang, Jien and Turner, Monica G},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.013},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ratajczak et al. - 2018 - Abrupt Change in Ecological Systems Inference and Diagnosis.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {513--526},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Abrupt Change in Ecological Systems: Inference and Diagnosis}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.013 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534718300910 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534718300910},
volume = {33},
year = {2018}
}
@article{DeVries2015a,
author = {DeVries, Ben and Decuyper, Mathieu and Verbesselt, Jan and Zeileis, Achim and Herold, Martin and Joseph, Shijo},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2015.08.020},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DeVries et al. - 2015 - Tracking disturbance-regrowth dynamics in tropical forests using structural change detection and Landsat time se.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Disturbance-regrowth dynamics,Landsat,Structural change monitoring,Time series analysis,Tropical forests},
month = {nov},
pages = {320--334},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Tracking disturbance-regrowth dynamics in tropical forests using structural change detection and Landsat time series}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425715301061},
volume = {169},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Vogelmann2012a,
abstract = {The focus of the study was to assess gradual changes occurring throughout a range of natural ecosystems using decadal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM. +) time series data. Time series data stacks were generated for four study areas: (1) a four scene area dominated by forest and rangeland ecosystems in the southwestern United States, (2) a sagebrush-dominated rangeland in Wyoming, (3) woodland adjacent to prairie in northwestern Nebraska, and (4) a forested area in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Through analyses of time series data, we found evidence of gradual systematic change in many of the natural vegetation communities in all four areas. Many of the conifer forests in the southwestern US are showing declines related to insects and drought, but very few are showing evidence of improving conditions or increased greenness. Sagebrush communities are showing decreases in greenness related to fire, mining, and probably drought, but very few of these communities are showing evidence of increased greenness or improving conditions. In Nebraska, forest communities are showing local expansion and increased canopy densification in the prairie-woodland interface, and in the White Mountains high elevation understory conifers are showing range increases towards lower elevations. The trends detected are not obvious through casual inspection of the Landsat images. Analyses of time series data using many scenes and covering multiple years are required in order to develop better impressions and representations of the changing ecosystem patterns and trends that are occurring. The approach described in this paper demonstrates that Landsat time series data can be used operationally for assessing gradual ecosystem change across large areas. Local knowledge and available ancillary data are required in order to fully understand the nature of these trends. {\textcopyright} 2012.},
author = {Vogelmann, James E. and Xian, George and Homer, Collin and Tolk, Brian},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2011.06.027},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Vogelmann et al. - 2012 - Monitoring gradual ecosystem change using Landsat time series analyses Case studies in selected forest and ran.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Vogelmann et al. - 2012 - Monitoring gradual ecosystem change using Landsat time series analyses Case studies in selected forest and (2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Ecosystem trends,Forest decline,Forest expansion,Landsat time series,Sagebrush loss},
month = {jul},
pages = {92--105},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Monitoring gradual ecosystem change using Landsat time series analyses: Case studies in selected forest and rangeland ecosystems}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.06.027 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425712000429},
volume = {122},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Veron2015,
author = {Veron, Simon and Davies, T Jonathan and Cadotte, Marc W and Clergeau, Philippe and Pavoine, Sandrine},
doi = {10.1111/brv.12228},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Veron et al. - 2015 - Predicting loss of evolutionary history Where are we.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14647931},
journal = {Biological Reviews},
keywords = {000,10,1111,12228,2015,brv,doi,l,pp,rev},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {271--291},
title = {{Predicting loss of evolutionary history: Where are we?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/brv.12228},
volume = {92},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Lawson2015,
author = {Lawson, Callum R. and Vindenes, Yngvild and Bailey, Liam and van de Pol, Martijn},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12437},
editor = {Drake, John},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lawson et al. - 2015 - Environmental variation and population responses to global change.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {2015,climate change,climate fluctuations,climate variation,demographic rates,ecology letters,extreme events,func-,global warming,stochastic growth rate,temperature variation,thermal performance,tional type},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {724--736},
title = {{Environmental variation and population responses to global change}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.12437},
volume = {18},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Banks2013,
author = {Banks, Sam C. and Cary, Geoffrey J. and Smith, Annabel L. and Davies, Ian D. and Driscoll, Don a. and Gill, a. Malcolm and Lindenmayer, David B. and Peakall, Rod},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2013.08.005},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Banks et al. - 2013 - How does ecological disturbance influence genetic diversity.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {670--679},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{How does ecological disturbance influence genetic diversity?}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534713002097},
volume = {28},
year = {2013}
}
@misc{Hafen2016,
author = {Hafen, Ryan},
title = {{stlplus: Enhanced Seasonal Decomposition of Time Series by Loess}},
url = {https://cran.r-project.org/package=stlplus},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ahrends2011,
abstract = {Over the last few decades, resources for descriptive taxonomy and biodiversity inventories have substantially declined, and they are also globally unequally distributed. This could result in an overall decline in the quality of biodiversity data as well as geographic biases, reducing the utility and reliability of inventories. We tested this hypothesis with tropical tree records (n = 24,024) collected from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania, between 1980 and 2007 by 13 botanists, whose collections represent 80{\%} of the total plant records for this region. Our results show that botanists with practical training in tropical plant identification record both more species and more species of conservation concern (20 more species, two more endemic and one more threatened species per 250 specimens) than untrained botanists. Training and the number of person-days in the field explained 96{\%} of the variation in the numbers of species found, and training was the most important predictor for explaining recorded numbers of threatened and endemic species. Data quality was related to available facilities, with good herbarium access significantly reducing the proportions of misidentifications and misspellings. Our analysis suggests that it may be necessary to account for recorder training when comparing diversity across sites, particularly when assessing numbers of rare and endemic species, and for global data portals to provide such information. We also suggest that greater investment in the training of botanists and in the provisioning of good facilities would substantially increase recording efficiency and data reliability, thereby improving conservation planning and implementation on the ground. ?? 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Ahrends, Antje and Rahbek, Carsten and Bulling, Mark T. and Burgess, Neil D. and Platts, Philip J. and Lovett, Jon C. and Kindemba, Victoria Wilkins and Owen, Nisha and Sallu, Albert Ntemi and Marshall, Andrew R. and Mhoro, Boniface E. and Fanning, Eibleis and Marchant, Rob},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2010.08.008},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2011/Ahrends et al.{\_}2011{\_}Conservation and the botanist effect.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Biodiversity inventories,Conservation priorities,Declining resources for taxonomy,Observer effect,Plant diversity,Tropical forests},
pages = {131--140},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Conservation and the botanist effect}},
volume = {144},
year = {2011}
}
@article{SCHREY2011,
abstract = {Fire is a complex event that maintains many ecological systems. The Florida Sand Skink (Plestiodon reynoldsi) is precinctive to Florida Scrub, a habitat that is maintained by infrequent fire. We characterize the effect of fire on genetic diversity and genetic differentiation at eight microsatellite loci in the Florida Sand Skink (n = 470) collected from 30 replicate sites over three 'time since last fire' categories at the Archbold Biological Station. Long unburned sites had greater allelic richness and expected heterozygosity than either recently or intermediately burned sites. More recently, burned sites had greater standard deviations of allelic richness and private allelic richness. Expected heterozygosity positively correlated with 'time since fire' (r = 0.36, P = 0.05) and abundance (r = 0.53, P = 0.002). There was a significant spatial component to genetic differentiation, and results indicate individuals rarely disperse {\textgreater} 1 km. Genetic differentiation was positively correlated with geographic distance in long unburned units (r = 0.59, P = 0.04), yet this relationship was disrupted by fire in recently (r = 0.00, 1) and intermediately (r = -0.81, 0.05) burned areas. Simulations indicate that demographic changes to a local population could have generated the observed differences among 'time since fire' categories. Our findings indicate that infrequent fire may be beneficial to the Florida Sand Skink and that local populations begin to recover from changes attributable to the fire after 10 years. Too frequent fires may reduce genetic diversity because it may take multiple generations for local populations to recover.},
author = {SCHREY, AARON W. and FOX, ALICIA M. and MUSHINSKY, HENRY R. and McCOY, EARL D.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04925.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/SCHREY et al. - 2011 - Fire increases variance in genetic characteristics of Florida Sand Skink (Plestiodon reynoldsi) local populations.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0962-1083},
issn = {09621083},
journal = {Molecular Ecology},
keywords = {fire,genetic diversity,local disturbance,microsatellites},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {56--66},
pmid = {21091560},
title = {{Fire increases variance in genetic characteristics of Florida Sand Skink (Plestiodon reynoldsi) local populations}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04925.x},
volume = {20},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Vogelmann2016,
author = {Vogelmann, James E. and Gallant, Alisa L. and Shi, Hua and Zhu, Zhe},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.060},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Vogelmann et al. - 2016 - Perspectives on monitoring gradual change across the continuity of Landsat sensors using time-series data.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Continuous change detection,ETM+,Gradual change,Landsat data continuity,OLI,TM,Time series,landsat data continuity},
month = {nov},
pages = {258--270},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Perspectives on monitoring gradual change across the continuity of Landsat sensors using time-series data}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003442571630089X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003442571630089X},
volume = {185},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Meyfroidt2015,
abstract = {Research into land and social-ecological systems science could benefit from improved clarity in the terminology used for causal analysis and a structured way to make causal inferences. Here I identify two aspects of causality, i.e. causal effects and causal mechanisms, and discuss explanation in historical sciences. I then propose definitions for the major terms used for causal relations, including driver, (spatial) determinant, location and contextual factor, proximate and underlying factors. Finally, I discuss the contribution of various operational approaches, including time series and counterfactual approaches for assessing causal effects and process-tracing approaches for establishing causal mechanisms. Having a coherent concept of causality, agreeing on a precise vocabulary and harnessing our tools with the clear purpose of establishing both causal effects and causal mechanisms should strengthen causal explanations for single cases, for drawing policy-relevant lessons and for theoretical development...},
author = {Meyfroidt, Patrick},
doi = {10.1080/1747423X.2015.1117530},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Meyfroidt - 2015 - Approaches and terminology for causal analysis in land systems science.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1747-423X},
journal = {Journal of Land Use Science},
month = {dec},
number = {February},
pages = {1--27},
title = {{Approaches and terminology for causal analysis in land systems science}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1747423X.2015.1117530},
volume = {4248},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Csaikl1998,
abstract = {Four DNA extraction protocols were compared for ability to produce DNA from the leaves or needles of several species: oak, elm, pine, fir, poplar and maize (fresh materials) and rhododendron (silica dried or frozen material). With the exception of maize and poplar, the species are known to be difficult for DNA extraction. Two protocols represented classical procedures for lysis and purification, and the other two were a combination of classical lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography. The DNA obtained from all procedures was quantified and tested by PCR and Southern hybridisation.Test results indicated superiority of one of the four protocols; a combination of CTAB lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography which enabled DNA extraction from all seven species. A second protocol also produced DNA from leaves or needles of all species investigated and was well suited for PCR applications but not Southern hybridisations. The remaining protocols produced DNA from some but not all species tested. Abbreviations: CTAB, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; EtOH, Ethanol; TBE, tris-borate-EDTA.},
author = {Csaikl, UM and Bastian, H and Brettschneider, R and Gauch, S and Meir, A and Schauerte, M and Scholz, F and Sperisen, C and Vornam, B. and Ziegenhagen, B},
doi = {10.1023/A:1007428009556},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1998/Csaikl et al.{\_}1998{\_}Comparative analysis of different DNA extraction protocols a fast, universal maxi-preparation of high quality plant D.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Plant Molecular Biology Reporter},
keywords = {DNA extraction,M13 fingerprinting,PCR,Paper,RFLP,Study,cpDNA,fingerprinting,forest trees,method,plant,rDNA,rhododendron},
mendeley-tags = {Paper,Study},
number = {1},
pages = {69--86},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Comparative analysis of different DNA extraction protocols: a fast, universal maxi-preparation of high quality plant DNA for genetic evaluation and phylogenetic studies}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/MV66J32R03637672.pdf},
volume = {16},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Tucker1981,
abstract = {Red and photographic-infrared spectral data collected on 21 dates over the growing season with a hand-held radiometer were quantitatively correlated with total dry-matter accumulation in winter wheat. The spectral data were found to be highly related to vigor and condition of the plant canopy. Two periods of drought stress and subsequent recovery from it were readily apparent in the spectral data. Simple ratios of the spectral radiance data compensated for variations in solar intensities and, when integrated over the growing season, explained 79{\%} of the variation in total above-ground accumulation of dry matter. A satellite system is proposed to provide large-area assessment of total dry accumulation or net primary production from terrestrial vegetation.},
author = {Tucker, Compton J. and Holben, Brent N. and Elgin, James H. and McMurtrey, James E.},
doi = {10.1016/0034-4257(81)90018-3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1981/Tucker et al.{\_}1981{\_}Remote sensing of total dry-matter accumulation in winter wheat.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {GIS,Vegetation},
mendeley-tags = {GIS,Vegetation},
month = {jan},
pages = {171--189},
title = {{Remote sensing of total dry-matter accumulation in winter wheat}},
volume = {11},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Tiemann2015,
author = {Tiemann, L. K. and Grandy, A. S and Atkinson, E. E. and Marin-Spiotta, Erika and McDaniel, M. D.},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12453},
editor = {Hooper, David},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tiemann et al. - 2015 - Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {crop rotation,ecology letters,microbial community,soil carbon,soil nitrogen,soil organic matter},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {761--771},
title = {{Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.12453},
volume = {18},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Hemp2006b,
abstract = {Kilimanjaro has a large variety of forest types over an altitudinal range of 3000 m containing over 1200 vascular plant species. Montane Ocotea forests occur on the wet southern slope. Cassipourea and Juniperus forests grow on the dry northern slope. Subalpine Erica forests at 4100 m represent the highest elevation cloud forests in Africa. In contrast to this enormous biodiversity, the degree of endemism is low. However, forest relicts in the deepest valleys of the cultivated lower areas suggest that a rich forest flora inhabited Mt Kilimanjaro in the past, with restricted-range species otherwise only known from the Eastern Arc mountains. The low degree of endemism on Kilimanjaro may result from destruction of lower altitude forest rather than the relatively young age of the mountain. Another feature of the forests of Kilimanjaro is the absence of a bamboo zone, which occurs on all other tall mountains in East Africa with a similarly high rainfall. Sinarundinaria alpina stands are favoured by elephants and buffaloes. On Kilimanjaro these megaherbivores occur on the northern slopes, where it is too dry for a large bamboo zone to develop. They are excluded from the wet southern slope forests by topography and humans, who have cultivated the foothills for at least 2000 years. This interplay of biotic and abiotic factors could explain not only the lack of a bamboo zone on Kilimanjaro but also offers possible explanations for the patterns of diversity and endemism. Kilimanjaro's forests can therefore serve as a striking example of the large and long-lasting influence of both animals and humans on the African landscape.},
author = {Hemp, Andreas},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00679.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hemp - 2006 - Vegetation of Kilimanjaro Hidden endemics and missing bamboo.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0141-6707},
issn = {01416707},
journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {Africa,East African mountains,Forest disturbance by herbivores,Sinarundinaria alpina,Tropical montane forest,Vegetation zones},
mendeley-tags = {Africa},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {305--328},
title = {{Vegetation of Kilimanjaro: Hidden endemics and missing bamboo}},
volume = {44},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Cohen2016,
author = {Cohen, Warren B. and Yang, Zhiqiang and Stehman, Stephen V. and Schroeder, Todd a. and Bell, David M. and Masek, Jeffrey G. and Huang, Chengquan and Meigs, Garrett W.},
doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2015.10.042},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cohen et al. - 2016 - Forest disturbance across the conterminous United States from 1985–2012 The emerging dominance of forest decline.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03781127},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
month = {jan},
pages = {242--252},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Forest disturbance across the conterminous United States from 1985–2012: The emerging dominance of forest decline}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037811271500599X},
volume = {360},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ruggieri2013,
abstract = {Given distinct climatic periods in the various facets of the Earth's climate system, many attempts have been made to determine the exact timing of ‘change points' or regime boundaries. However, identification of change points is not always a simple task. A time series containing N data points has approximately Nk distinct placements of k change points, rendering brute force enumeration futile as the length of the time series increases. Moreover, how certain are we that any one placement of change points is superior to the rest? This paper introduces a Bayesian Change Point algorithm which provides uncertainty estimates both in the number and location of change points through an efficient probabilistic solution to the multiple change point problem. To illustrate its versatility, the Bayesian Change Point algorithm is used to analyse both the NOAA/NCDC annual global surface temperature anomalies time series and the much longer $\delta$18O record of the Plio-Pleistocene. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2012 Royal Meteorological Society},
author = {Ruggieri, Eric},
doi = {10.1002/joc.3447},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ruggieri - 2013 - A Bayesian approach to detecting change points in climatic records.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1097-0088},
issn = {08998418},
journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
keywords = {Bayesian analysis,Change point,Dynamic programming,Time series},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {520--528},
title = {{A Bayesian approach to detecting change points in climatic records}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/joc.3447},
volume = {33},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Geldmann2013,
author = {Geldmann, Jonas and Barnes, Megan and Coad, Lauren and Craigie, Ian D. and Hockings, Marc and Burgess, Neil D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.018},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Geldmann et al. - 2013 - Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
month = {may},
pages = {230--238},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320713000670},
volume = {161},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Melo2018,
author = {Melo, Isabel and Ochoa‐Quintero, Jose Manuel and {Oliveira Roque}, Fabio and Dalsgaard, Bo},
doi = {10.1111/jofo.12272},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/Melo{\_}et{\_}al-2018-Journal{\_}of{\_}Field{\_}Ornithology.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0273-8570},
journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {303--314},
title = {{A review of threshold responses of birds to landscape changes across the world}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jofo.12272 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jofo.12272},
volume = {89},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Verburg2013,
author = {Verburg, Peter H and Erb, Karl-Heinz and Mertz, Ole and Espindola, Giovana},
doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2013.08.001},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Verburg et al. - 2013 - Land System Science between global challenges and local realities.pdf:pdf},
issn = {18773435},
journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {433--437},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Land System Science: between global challenges and local realities}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877343513000936},
volume = {5},
year = {2013}
}
@article{DeVries2016a,
author = {DeVries, Ben and Pratihast, Arun Kumar and Verbesselt, Jan and Kooistra, Lammert and Herold, Martin},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0147121},
editor = {Vadrevu, Krishna Prasad},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DeVries et al. - 2016 - Characterizing Forest Change Using Community-Based Monitoring Data and Landsat Time Series.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {e0147121},
title = {{Characterizing Forest Change Using Community-Based Monitoring Data and Landsat Time Series}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147121},
volume = {11},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Shackelford2017,
author = {Shackelford, Nancy and Starzomski, Brian M. and Banning, Natasha C. and Battaglia, Loretta L. and Becker, Alistair and Bellingham, Peter J. and Bestelmeyer, Brandon and Catford, Jane A. and Dwyer, John M. and Dynesius, Mats and Gilmour, James and Hallett, Lauren M. and Hobbs, Richard J. and Price, Jodi and Sasaki, Takehiro and Tanner, Edmund V. J. and Standish, Rachel J.},
doi = {10.1111/ecog.02383},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Shackelford et al. - 2017 - Isolation predicts compositional change after discrete disturbances in a global meta-study.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {6503251521},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {1256--1266},
title = {{Isolation predicts compositional change after discrete disturbances in a global meta-study}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ecog.02383},
volume = {40},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Miguet2015,
author = {Miguet, Paul and Jackson, Heather B. and Jackson, Nathan D. and Martin, Amanda E. and Fahrig, Lenore},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-015-0314-1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Miguet et al. - 2015 - What determines the spatial extent of landscape effects on species.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0921-2973},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Habitat fragmentation,Landscape size,Multi-scale model,Scale of response,Spatial scale},
month = {aug},
number = {6},
pages = {1177--1194},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{What determines the spatial extent of landscape effects on species?}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-015-0314-1},
volume = {31},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Harris2014,
author = {Harris, Rebecca Mary B. and Grose, Michael R. and Lee, Greg and Bindoff, Nathaniel L. and Porfirio, Luciana L. and Fox-Hughes, Paul},
doi = {10.1002/wcc.291},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harris et al. - 2014 - Climate projections for ecologists.pdf:pdf},
issn = {17577780},
journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
keywords = {Climate-Change,Macroecology,Prediction},
mendeley-tags = {Climate-Change,Macroecology,Prediction},
month = {sep},
number = {5},
pages = {621--637},
title = {{Climate projections for ecologists}},
volume = {5},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Dutrieux2016,
author = {Dutrieux, Lo{\"{i}}c P and Jakovac, Catarina C and Latifah, Siti H and Kooistra, Lammert},
doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2015.11.018},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dutrieux et al. - 2016 - Reconstructing land use history from Landsat time-series.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03032434},
journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
month = {may},
pages = {112--124},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Reconstructing land use history from Landsat time-series}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2015.11.018 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303243415300647},
volume = {47},
year = {2016}
}
@article{DeFries1994,
abstract = {Abstract Phenological differences among vegetation types, reflected in temporal variations in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from satellite data, have been used to classify land cover at continental scales. Extending this technique to global scales raises several issues: identifying land cover types that are spectrally distinct and applicable at the global scale; accounting for phasing of seasons in different parts of the world; validating results in the absence of reliable information on global land cover; and acquiring high quality global data sets of satellite sensor data for input to land cover classifications. For this study, a coarse spatial resolution (one by one degree) data set of monthly NDVI values for 1987 was used to explore these methodological issues. A result of a supervised, maximum likelihood classification of eleven cover types is presented to illustrate the feasibility of using satellite sensor data to increase the accuracy of global land cover information, although the result has not been validated systematically. Satellite sensor data at finer spatial resolutions that include other bands in addition to NDVI, as well as methodologies to better identify and describe gradients between cover types, could increase the accuracy of results of global land cover data sets derived from satellite sensor data.},
author = {DeFries, R. S. and Townshend, J. R. G.},
doi = {10.1080/01431169408954345},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DeFries, Townshend - 1994 - NDVI-derived land cover classifications at a global scale.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0143116940},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
month = {nov},
number = {17},
pages = {3567--3586},
pmid = {620},
title = {{NDVI-derived land cover classifications at a global scale}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431169408954345},
volume = {15},
year = {1994}
}
@article{KleinGoldewijk2011,
abstract = {Descri{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da ferramenta HYDE, base de dados georreferenciada de altera{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es de uso do solo e demografia},
author = {{Klein Goldewijk}, Kees and Beusen, Arthur and {Van Drecht}, Gerard and {De Vos}, Martine},
doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2011/Klein Goldewijk et al.{\_}2011{\_}The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1466-8238},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Agricultural development,Cropland,DGVM,EMIC,ESM,GIS,Historical population,Human impact,IPCC,Land use,Macroecology,Pasture,Population},
mendeley-tags = {GIS,Land use,Macroecology,Population},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {73--86},
title = {{The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x},
volume = {20},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Zomer2016,
abstract = {Agroforestry systems and tree cover on agricultural land make an important contribution to climate change mitigation, but are not systematically accounted for in either global carbon budgets or national carbon accounting. This paper assesses the role of trees on agricultural land and their significance for carbon sequestration at a global level, along with recent change trends. Remote sensing data show that in 2010, 43{\%} of all agricultural land globally had at least 10{\%} tree cover and that this has increased by 2{\%} over the previous ten years. Combining geographically and bioclimatically stratified Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 default estimates of carbon storage with this tree cover analysis, we estimated 45.3 PgC on agricultural land globally, with trees contributing {\textgreater}75{\%}. Between 2000 and 2010 tree cover increased by 3.7{\%}, resulting in an increase of {\textgreater}2 PgC (or 4.6{\%}) of biomass carbon. On average, globally, biomass carbon increased from 20.4 to 21.4 tC ha −1 . Regional and country-level variation in stocks and trends were mapped and tabulated globally, and for all countries. Brazil, Indonesia, China and India had the largest increases in biomass carbon stored on agricultural land, while Argentina, Myanmar, and Sierra Leone had the largest decreases. Global carbon, water and nutrient cycles have all been profoundly impacted by the historical and ongoing increase of agricultural production worldwide 1–4 . Both land use change to agriculture and agricultural production have contributed, and continue to contribute, significantly to the projected impacts of global climatic warming 5 , with notable implications for food security 6–8 . Within this context, tree cover on agricultural land has the poten-tial to make an important contribution to climate change mitigation 9–12 . The global role of tree-based carbon sequestration on agricultural land is thus far poorly understood and possibly has been significantly underesti-mated. Agricultural production and ongoing land use change contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for 24{\%} globally 13 . Almost 50{\%} of all potentially vegetated land surface globally has been converted to croplands, pastures and rangelands 1,3,4 , and these continue to expand to feed the planet's growing population 8 . Today most of this expansion is taking place in the tropics where an estimated 80{\%} of this expan-sion is replacing forests 14 . Within this context, there is an increasing global recognition of the need for incen-tives for agricultural practices that reduce carbon emissions from both crop and livestock production 12 . Recent negotiations within UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have considered a broader land use agreement, combining the proposed mechanisms for 'Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries' (REDD+) with incentives to reduce GHG emissions from agriculture 15 . Agroforestry -a diversified set of agricultural production systems that integrate trees in the agricultural land-scape -is often discussed in this regard as a strategy that can be used both for adaptation and mitigation. It is extensively practiced throughout tropical and developing countries, with an estimated 1.2 billion people around the world dependent upon agroforestry farming systems 16},
author = {Zomer, Robert J. and Neufeldt, Henry and Xu, Jianchu and Ahrends, Antje and Bossio, Deborah and Trabucco, Antonio and van Noordwijk, Meine and Wang, Mingcheng},
doi = {10.1038/srep29987},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2016/Zomer et al.{\_}2016{\_}Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carb.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2045-2322 (Electronic) 2045-2322 (Linking)},
issn = {2045-2322},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
month = {sep},
number = {1},
pages = {29987},
pmid = {27435095},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep29987 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep29987},
volume = {6},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Walker2010,
abstract = {1. Chronosequences and associated space-for-time substitutions are an important and often necessary tool for studying temporal dynamics of plant communities and soil development across multiple time-scales. However, they are often used inappropriately, leading to false conclusions about ecological patterns and processes, which has prompted recent strong criticism of the approach. Here, we evaluate when chronosequences may or may not be appropriate for studying community and ecosystem development. 2. Chronosequences are appropriate to study plant succession at decadal to millennial time-scales when there is evidence that sites of different ages are following the same trajectory. They can also be reliably used to study aspects of soil development that occur between temporally linked sites over time-scales of centuries to millennia, sometimes independently of their application to shorter-term plant and soil biological communities. 3. Some characteristics of changing plant and soil biological communities (e.g. species richness, plant cover, vegetation structure, soil organic matter accumulation) are more likely to be related in a predictable and temporally linear manner than are other characteristics (e.g. species composition and abundance) and are therefore more reliably studied using a chronosequence approach. 4. Chronosequences are most appropriate for studying communities that are following convergent successional trajectories and have low biodiversity, rapid species turnover and low frequency and severity of disturbance. Chronosequences are least suitable for studying successional trajectories that are divergent, species-rich, highly disturbed or arrested in time because then there are often major difficulties in determining temporal linkages between stages. 5. Synthesis. We conclude that, when successional trajectories exceed the life span of investigators and the experimental and observational studies that they perform, temporal change can be successfully explored through the judicious use of chronosequences.},
author = {Walker, Lawrence R. and Wardle, David A. and Bardgett, Richard D. and Clarkson, Bruce D.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01664.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Walker et al. - 2010 - The use of chronosequences in studies of ecological succession and soil development.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-0477},
issn = {00220477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {Chronosequences,Disturbance,Plant communities,Retrogression,Soil biological communities,Soil development,Succession,Temporal change},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {725--736},
title = {{The use of chronosequences in studies of ecological succession and soil development}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01664.x},
volume = {98},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Bonebrake2017,
author = {Bonebrake, Timothy C. and Brown, Christopher J. and Bell, Johann D. and Blanchard, Julia L. and Chauvenet, Alienor and Champion, Curtis and Chen, I-Ching and Clark, Timothy D. and Colwell, Robert K. and Danielsen, Finn and Dell, Anthony I. and Donelson, Jennifer M. and Eveng{\aa}rd, Birgitta and Ferrier, Simon and Frusher, Stewart and Garcia, Raquel A. and Griffis, Roger B. and Hobday, Alistair J. and Jarzyna, Marta A. and Lee, Emma and Lenoir, Jonathan and Linnetved, Hlif and Martin, Victoria Y. and McCormack, Phillipa C. and McDonald, Jan and McDonald-Madden, Eve and Mitchell, Nicola and Mustonen, Tero and Pandolfi, John M. and Pettorelli, Nathalie and Possingham, Hugh and Pulsifer, Peter and Reynolds, Mark and Scheffers, Brett R. and Sorte, Cascade J. B. and Strugnell, Jan M. and Tuanmu, Mao-Ning and Twiname, Samantha and Verg{\'{e}}s, Adriana and Villanueva, Cecilia and Wapstra, Erik and Wernberg, Thomas and Pecl, Gretta T.},
doi = {10.1111/brv.12344},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bonebrake et al. - 2017 - Managing consequences of climate-driven species redistribution requires integration of ecology, conservation a.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14647931},
journal = {Biological Reviews},
month = {jun},
title = {{Managing consequences of climate-driven species redistribution requires integration of ecology, conservation and social science}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/brv.12344},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Mueller2012a,
abstract = {In the coming decades, a crucial challenge for humanity will be meeting future food demands without undermining further the integrity of the Earth's environmental systems. Agricultural systems are already major forces of global environmental degradation, but population growth and increasing consumption of calorie- and meat-intensive diets are expected to roughly double human food demand by 2050 (ref. 3). Responding to these pressures, there is increasing focus on 'sustainable intensification' as a means to increase yields on underperforming landscapes while simultaneously decreasing the environmental impacts of agricultural systems. However, it is unclear what such efforts might entail for the future of global agricultural landscapes. Here we present a global-scale assessment of intensification prospects from closing 'yield gaps' (differences between observed yields and those attainable in a given region), the spatial patterns of agricultural management practices and yield limitation, and the management changes that may be necessary to achieve increased yields. We find that global yield variability is heavily controlled by fertilizer use, irrigation and climate. Large production increases (45{\%} to 70{\%} for most crops) are possible from closing yield gaps to 100{\%} of attainable yields, and the changes to management practices that are needed to close yield gaps vary considerably by region and current intensity. Furthermore, we find that there are large opportunities to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture by eliminating nutrient overuse, while still allowing an approximately 30{\%} increase in production of major cereals (maize, wheat and rice). Meeting the food security and sustainability challenges of the coming decades is possible, but will require considerable changes in nutrient and water management.},
author = {Mueller, Nathaniel D. and Gerber, James S. and Johnston, Matt and Ray, Deepak K. and Ramankutty, Navin and Foley, Jonathan a.},
doi = {10.1038/nature11420},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mueller et al. - 2012 - Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0028-0836},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {aug},
number = {7419},
pages = {254--257},
pmid = {22932270},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11420 http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature11420},
volume = {490},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Chen2011,
abstract = {The scan-line corrector (SLC) of the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor failed in 2003, resulting in about 22{\%} of the pixels per scene not being scanned. The SLC failure has seriously limited the scientific applications of ETM+ data. While there have been a number of methods developed to fill in the data gaps, each method has shortcomings, especially for heterogeneous landscapes. Based on the assumption that the same-class neighboring pixels around the un-scanned pixels have similar spectral characteristics, and that these neighboring and un-scanned pixels exhibit similar patterns of spectral differences between dates, we developed a simple and effective method to interpolate the values of the pixels within the gaps. We refer to this method as the Neighborhood Similar Pixel Interpolator (NSPI). Simulated and actual SLC-off ETM+ images were used to assess the performance of the NSPI. Results indicate that NSPI can restore the value of un-scanned pixels very accurately, and that it works especially well in heterogeneous regions. In addition, it can work well even if there is a relatively long time interval or significant spectral changes between the input and target image. The filled images appear reasonably spatially continuous without obvious striping patterns. Supervised classification using the maximum likelihood algorithm was done on both gap-filled simulated SLC-off data and the original "gap free" data set, and it was found that classification results, including accuracies, were very comparable. This indicates that gap-filled products generated by NSPI will have relevance to the user community for various land cover applications. In addition, the simple principle and high computational efficiency of NSPI will enable processing large volumes of SLC-off ETM+ data. {\textcopyright} 2011.},
author = {Chen, Jin and Zhu, Xiaolin and Vogelmann, James E. and Gao, Feng and Jin, Suming},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2010.12.010},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chen et al. - 2011 - A simple and effective method for filling gaps in Landsat ETM SLC-off images.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Gap filling,SLC-off},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {1053--1064},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{A simple and effective method for filling gaps in Landsat ETM+ SLC-off images}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.12.010 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425710003482},
volume = {115},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Farwig2009,
abstract = {Habitat loss and fragmentation lead to changes in species richness and composition which may affect ecosystem services. Yet, few studies distinguish between the effects of habitat loss and isolation, or how multiple ecosystem services may be affected simultaneously. We investigated the effects of variation in cover of woody and open semi-natural habitats and isolation from forest on the relative functioning of pollination, seed predation and insect scavenging in agricultural landscapes. We established 30 sites in grassland locations in the Swiss plateau around Berne. The sites varied independently in their isolation from forest edges, in the percentage of woody habitats and in the percentage of open semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape (500 m radius). We experimentally exposed primroses, sunflower seeds and cricket corpses during spring 2008. None of the three studied services was affected by variation in woody or open semi-natural habitat cover. However, the proportion of flowers setting seed was significantly reduced by isolation from forest. Further, seed predation and insect scavenging were significantly lower at isolated sites than at sites connected to woody habitat. This pattern was particularly pronounced for seeds and insect corpses that were enclosed by wire netting and thus inaccessible to vertebrates. Thus, all three studied services responded quite similarly to the landscape context. The observed small-scale determination of seed set, seed predation and insect scavenging contrasts with larger-scale determination of pollination and insect pest control found in other studies.},
author = {Farwig, Nina and Bailey, Debra and Bochud, Est{\'{e}}e and Herrmann, John D. and Kindler, Eveline and Reusser, Niklaus and Sch{\"{u}}epp, Christof and Schmidt-Entling, Martin H.},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-009-9376-2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/Farwig et al.{\_}2009{\_}Isolation from forest reduces pollination, seed predation and insect scavenging in Swiss farmland.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0921-2973},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {Ecosystem service,Forest,Habitat fragmentation,Habitat loss,Isolation,Open semi-natural habitat,Paper,Pollination,Seed-Dispersal,Swiss plateau},
mendeley-tags = {Isolation,Paper,Pollination,Seed-Dispersal},
month = {jun},
number = {7},
pages = {919--927},
title = {{Isolation from forest reduces pollination, seed predation and insect scavenging in Swiss farmland}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10980-009-9376-2},
volume = {24},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Baselga2013,
abstract = {Several measures of multiple site dissimilarity have been proposed to quantify the overall heterogeneity in assemblage composition among any number of sites. It is also a common practice to quantify such overall heterogeneity by averaging pairwise dissimilarities between all pairs of sites in the pool. However, pairwise dissimilarities do not account for patterns of co-occurrence among more than two sites. In consequence, the average of pairwise dissimilarities may not accurately refl ect the overall compositional heterogeneity within a pool of more than two sites. Here I use several idealized examples to illustrate why pairwise dissimilarity measures fail to properly quantify overall heterogeneity. Th ereafter, the eff ect of this potential problem in empirical patterns is exemplifi ed with data of world amphibians. In conclusion, when the attribute of interest is the overall heterogeneity in a pool of sites (i.e. beta diversity) or its turnover or nestedness components, only multiple site dissimilarity measures are recommended.},
author = {Baselga, Andr{\'{e}}s},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.00124.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Baselga - 2013 - Multiple site dissimilarity quantifies compositional heterogeneity among several sites, while average pairwise dissimil.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1600-0587},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {124--128},
title = {{Multiple site dissimilarity quantifies compositional heterogeneity among several sites, while average pairwise dissimilarity may be misleading}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.00124.x},
volume = {36},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Maxwell2018,
author = {Maxwell, Aaron E. and Warner, Timothy A. and Fang, Fang},
doi = {10.1080/01431161.20