text:
were efﬁciently compensated. The matrix effect that may occur at the earlier sample preparation stage was evaluated separately. While the oxidation step was generally not complete (yield ∼ 65\%), the conversion rates of {MCs} into {MMPB} remained within a consistent range of values regardless of matrix type. No signiﬁcant back-pressure was observed upon consecutive injections of oxidation-based samples, while the instrumental sensitivity remained unaffected. The herein described method could therefore be eligible for future large-scale monitoring surveys. The method was applied to a selection of surface water samples (n = 30) collected across the province of Québec, Canada, and the results were compared to those achieved by an individual variant analysis of 8 {MC} congeners and a commercial {ELISA} kit.},
	pages = {9--20},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Munoz, Gabriel and Vo Duy, Sung and Roy-Lachapelle, Audrey and Husk, Barry and Sauvé, Sébastien},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2017-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Munoz et al. - 2017 - Analysis of individual and total microcystins in s.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\UBFJY3B3\\Munoz et al. - 2017 - Analysis of individual and total microcystins in s.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ruiz-angel_are_2014,
	title = {Are analysts doing method validation in liquid chromatography?},
	volume = {1353},
	issn = {00219673},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967314008188},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.052},
	abstract = {Method validation is being applied in the reported analytical methods for decades. Even before this protocol was deﬁned, authors already somehow validated their methods without full awareness. They wished to assure the quality of their work. Validation is an applied approach to verify that a method is suitable and rugged enough to function as a quality control tool in different locations and times. The performance parameters and statistical protocols followed throughout a validation study vary with the source of guidelines. Before single laboratory validation, an analytical method should be fully developed and optimized. The purpose of the validation is to conﬁrm performance parameters that are determined during method development, and it should provide information on how the method will perform under routine use. An unstable method may require re-validation. Further method development and optimization will be needed if validation results do not meet the accepted performance standards. When possible, the validation protocol should also be conducted as a collaborative study by multiple laboratories, on different instruments, reagents, and standards. At this point, it would be interesting to know how people are validating their methods. Are they evaluating all deﬁned validation parameters? Are they indicating the followed guidelines? Is re-validation really currently used? Is validation performed by a single laboratory, or is it a collaborative work by several laboratories? Is it an evolving discipline? In this survey, we will try to answer these questions focused to the ﬁeld of liquid chromatography.},
	pages = {2--9},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Ruiz-Angel, M.J. and García-Alvarez-Coque, M.C. and Berthod, A. and Carda-Broch, S.},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2014-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ruiz-Angel et al. - 2014 - Are analysts doing method validation in liquid chr.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ALGR4IJV\\Ruiz-Angel et al. - 2014 - Are analysts doing method validation in liquid chr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wu_development_2010,
	title = {Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous quantitation of microcystin-{RR} and its metabolites in fish liver},
	volume = {1217},
	issn = {00219673},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967309019189},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.068},
	abstract = {A novel method for identiﬁcation and quantiﬁcation of microcystin-{RR} ({MC}-{RR}) and its metabolites ({MC}-{RR}-{GSH} and {MC}-{RR}-Cys) in the ﬁsh liver was developed and validated. These analytes were simultaneously extracted from ﬁsh liver using water containing {EDTA} with 5\% acetic acid, followed by a mixed-mode cation-exchange {SPE} (Oasis {MCX}) and subsequently determined by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry ({LC}–{ESI}-{ITMS}). Extraction parameters including volume and {pH} of eluting solvents, were optimized. Best recoveries were obtained by using 10 {mL} of 15\% ammonia solution in methanol. The mean recoveries at three concentrations (0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 ␮g g−1 dry weight [{DW}]) for {MC}-{RR}, {MC}-{RR}-{GSH} and {MC}-{RR}-Cys were 93.6–99\%, 68.1–73.6\% and 90.0–95.2\%, respectively. Method detection limit ({MDL}) were 4, 7 and 5 ng g−1 {DW} for {MC}-{RR}, {MC}-{RRGSH} and {MC}-{RR}-Cys, respectively. Limits of quantiﬁcation ({LOQs}) for {MC}-{RR}, {MC}-{RR}-{GSH} and {MC}-{RR}-Cys were calculated to be 10, 18 and 13 ng g−1 {DW}, respectively. Finally, this method was successfully applied to the identiﬁcation and quantiﬁcation of {MC}-{RR}, {MC}-{RR}-{GSH} and {MC}-{RR}-Cys in the liver of bighead carp with acute exposure of {MCs}.},
	pages = {1455--1462},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Wu, Laiyan and Xie, Ping and Chen, Jun and Zhang, Dawen and Liang, Gaodao},
	urldate = {2018-06-08},
	date = {2010-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Wu et al. - 2010 - Development and validation of a liquid chromatogra.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\KRXDNDSY\\Wu et al. - 2010 - Development and validation of a liquid chromatogra.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{poste_evaluating_2011,
	title = {Evaluating Microcystin Exposure Risk through Fish Consumption},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es200285c},
	doi = {10.1021/es200285c},
	abstract = {Microcystin is a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin that is found worldwide, and poses a serious threat to the ecological communities in which it is found as well as to those who rely on these waters for drinking, sanitation, or as a food source. Microcystin is known to accumulate in ﬁsh and other aquatic biota, however the prevalence of microcystin in ﬁsh tissue and the human health risks posed by microcystin exposure through ﬁsh consumption remain poorly resolved. Here we show that microcystin is pervasive in water and ﬁsh from several tropical (Ugandan) and temperate (North American) lakes, including lakes that support some of the largest freshwater ﬁsheries in the world. We establish that ﬁsh consumption can be an important and sometimes dominant route of microcystin exposure for humans, and can cause consumers to exceed recommended total daily intake guidelines for microcystin. These results highlight the importance of monitoring microcystin concentrations in ﬁsh, and the need to consider potential exposure to microcystin through ﬁsh consumption in order to adequately assess human exposure risk.},
	pages = {5806--5811},
	number = {13},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Poste, Amanda E. and Hecky, Robert E. and Guildford, Stephanie J.},
	urldate = {2018-06-01},
	date = {2011-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Poste et al. - 2011 - Evaluating Microcystin Exposure Risk through Fish .pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\8VAVLRSN\\Poste et al. - 2011 - Evaluating Microcystin Exposure Risk through Fish .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hewavitharana_internal_2009,
	title = {Internal Standard—Friend or Foe?},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1040-8347, 1547-6510},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408340903001201},
	doi = {10.1080/10408340903001201},
	abstract = {Internal standardization is a calibration technique that is commonly used to correct for procedural errors associated with quantitative analysis, thereby improving the accuracy of data. The commonly used protocol for internal standardization, presented through all analytical chemistry text books, relies upon a single point calibration for the compound that is used as the internal standard. Therefore, if the analyst is unaware of the linear range of the internal standard and uses a concentration that is outside the linear range, a severe loss of accuracy will occur. The severity is demonstrated through an example and precautions to prevent this problem are suggested. An alternative protocol for internal standardization that does not rely upon a single point calibration is also presented.},
	pages = {272--275},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Hewavitharana, A. K.},
	urldate = {2018-06-01},
	date = {2009-10-20},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Hewavitharana - 2009 - Internal Standard—Friend or Foe.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\MGZF9P3W\\Hewavitharana - 2009 - Internal Standard—Friend or Foe.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hewavitharana_matrix_2011,
	title = {Matrix matching in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with stable isotope labelled internal standards—Is it necessary?},
	volume = {1218},
	issn = {0021-9673},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967310016213},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.047},
	abstract = {Matrix matching is used in analysis to compensate for matrix effects that influence analytical response. It has been a widely discussed topic in electro-spray mass spectrometry where the ionization suppression is a major problem in accurate quantitative analysis. However, the unique strength of mass spectrometry to detect and quantify accurately a co-eluting stable isotope labelled internal standard offers an easy solution to the ionization suppression problem. Given the fact that it is impossible to match the matrix of the calibration standards with all samples, mass spectrometry allows accurate quantitation without the need for matrix matching, as long as the internal standard co-elutes with the analyte of interest. If the analyte and internal standard co-elute, the slope of the calibration curve analyte response/internal standard vs. analyte concentration is independent of the matrix composition, eliminating the need for matrix matching.},
	pages = {359--361},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Hewavitharana, Amitha K.},
	urldate = {2018-06-01},
	date = {2011-01-14},
	keywords = {Electro-spray {MS}, Ion suppression, Matrix effects, Stable isotope labelled internal standard},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\XIEPM5I9\\Hewavitharana - 2011 - Matrix matching in liquid chromatography–mass spec.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\9GYRT26U\\S0021967310016213.html:text/html}
}

@article{ibelings_accumulation_2007-1,
	title = {Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public health: A review},
	volume = {150},
	issn = {02697491},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0269749107002084},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2007.04.012},
	shorttitle = {Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public health},
	abstract = {This review summarizes and discusses the current understanding of human exposure to cyanobacterial toxins in ‘‘seafood’’ collected from freshwater and coastal areas. The review consists of three parts: (a) the existing literature on concentrations of cyanobacterial toxins in seafood is reviewed, and the likelihood of bioaccumulation discussed; (b) we derive cyanotoxin doses likely to occur through seafood consumption and propose guideline values for seafood and compare these to guidelines for drinking water; and (c) we discuss means to assess, control or mitigate the risks of exposure to cyanotoxins through seafood consumption. This is discussed in the context of two speciﬁc procedures, the food speciﬁc {HACCP}-approach and the water-speciﬁc Water Safety Plan approach by the {WHO}. Risks of exposure to cyanotoxins in food are sometimes underestimated. Risk assessments should acknowledge this and investigate the partitioning of exposure between drinking-water and food, which may vary depending on local circumstances.},
	pages = {177--192},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Pollution},
	author = {Ibelings, Bas W. and Chorus, Ingrid},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2007-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ibelings and Chorus - 2007 - Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwate.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\G8NZIP3V\\Ibelings and Chorus - 2007 - Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwate.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{jia_bioaccumulation_2014,
	title = {Bioaccumulation of microcystins ({MCs}) in four fish species from Lake Taihu, China: Assessment of risks to humans},
	volume = {487},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969714005312},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.037},
	shorttitle = {Bioaccumulation of microcystins ({MCs}) in four fish species from Lake Taihu, China},
	abstract = {Microcystins ({MCs}) are the toxic products of harmful algal blooms and they accumulate in ﬁsh. The accumulation of {MCs} in ﬁsh living in different trophic levels from different parts of Lake Taihu was determined. This information was then used to evaluate the risks posed by the {MCs} in ﬁsh to human health. The concentrations of three {MCs}, {MC}-{LR}, {MC}-{YR} and {MC}-{RR}, were quantiﬁed in the following four ﬁsh species: silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), using high performance liquid chromatography interfaced with tandem (triple quadrupole) mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations of {MCs} in the muscle, the kidney, the intestinal wall and the heart were signiﬁcantly different among the four ﬁshes except in the liver. C. carpio contained the highest mean concentration of {MCs} in the muscle (31.7 ± 12.1 ng/g, dry mass (dm)), whereas C. auratus had the highest mean concentrations of {MCs} in the liver (45.4 ± 44.5 ng/g, dm), kidney (114 ± 51.1 ng/g, dm), intestinal wall (2.04 × 103 ± 4.43 × 103 ng/g, dm) and heart (59.5 ± 26.7 ng/g, dm). The mean concentration of {MCs} in the intestinal walls of the ﬁsh species was signiﬁcantly higher than in other organs (p b 0.01). The ﬁsh from Meiliang Bay had signiﬁcantly higher concentrations of {MCs} than those from the centre, west or south banks of the lake (p b 0.01). The body lengths and masses of the ﬁsh were negatively correlated with the concentrations of {MCs} in the kidney (p b 0.05) and heart (p b 0.01). The average daily intake ({ADI}) of {MCs} in the muscle of all ﬁshes exceeded the provisional tolerable daily intake ({TDI}) set by World Health Organization. The estimated daily intakes of {MCs} in 55.6\% of the muscle samples exceeded the {TDI}. The {MCs} in the tissues of the ﬁsh from Lake Taihu pose potential risks to the health of humans who consume these four ﬁsh species.},
	pages = {224--232},
	journaltitle = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Jia, Junmei and Luo, Wei and Lu, Yonglong and Giesy, John P.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2014-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Jia et al. - 2014 - Bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) in four fish.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6B3C3XVP\\Jia et al. - 2014 - Bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) in four fish.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kohoutek_lc-ms_2010,
	title = {{LC}-{MS} analyses of microcystins in fish tissues overestimate toxin levels—critical comparison with {LC}-{MS}/{MS}},
	volume = {398},
	issn = {1618-2642, 1618-2650},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-010-3860-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-010-3860-z},
	pages = {1231--1237},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	author = {Kohoutek, J. and Adamovský, O. and Oravec, M. and Šimek, Z. and Palíková, M. and Kopp, R. and Bláha, L.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2010-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Kohoutek et al. - 2010 - LC-MS analyses of microcystins in fish tissues ove.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\U7HPELXK\\Kohoutek et al. - 2010 - LC-MS analyses of microcystins in fish tissues ove.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kopp_concentrations_2013-1,
	title = {Concentrations of microcystins in tissues of several fish species from freshwater reservoirs and ponds},
	volume = {185},
	issn = {0167-6369, 1573-2959},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-013-3285-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10661-013-3285-1},
	pages = {9717--9727},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
	author = {Kopp, Radovan and Palíková, Miroslava and Adamovský, Ondřej and Ziková, Andrea and Navrátil, Stanislav and Kohoutek, Jiří and Mareš, Jan and Bláha, Luděk},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2013-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Kopp et al. - 2013 - Concentrations of microcystins in tissues of sever.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\AS4E3GJL\\Kopp et al. - 2013 - Concentrations of microcystins in tissues of sever.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mackintosh_cyanobacterial_1990,
	title = {Cyanobacterial microcystin-{LR} is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants},
	volume = {264},
	issn = {00145793},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/0014-5793%2890%2980245-E},
	doi = {10.1016/0014-5793(90)80245-E},
	pages = {187--192},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{FEBS} Letters},
	author = {{MacKintosh}, Carol and Beattie, Kenneth A. and Klumpp, Susanne and Cohen, Philip and Codd, Geoffrey A.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {1990-05-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {MacKintosh et al. - 1990 - Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and spec.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\2F7KUV7I\\MacKintosh et al. - 1990 - Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and spec.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{martins_microcystin_2009,
	title = {Microcystin Dynamics in Aquatic Organisms},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1093-7404, 1521-6950},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10937400802545151},
	doi = {10.1080/10937400802545151},
	pages = {65--82},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B},
	author = {Martins, José C. and Vasconcelos, Vítor M.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2009-01-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Martins and Vasconcelos - 2009 - Microcystin Dynamics in Aquatic Organisms.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7KQ236MD\\Martins and Vasconcelos - 2009 - Microcystin Dynamics in Aquatic Organisms.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{neffling_detection_2010,
	title = {Detection of free and covalently bound microcystins in animal tissues by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {02697491},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0269749109005223},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.023},
	abstract = {Microcystins are cyanobacterial hepatotoxins capable of accumulation into animal tissues. The toxins act by inhibiting speciﬁc protein phosphatases and both non-covalent and covalent interactions occur. The 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid ({MMPB}) method determines the total, i.e. the sum of free and protein-bound microcystin in tissues. The aim of the method development in this paper was to tackle the problems with the {MMPB} methodology: the rather laborious workﬂow and the loss of material during different steps of the method. In the optimised workﬂow the oxidation recovery was of acceptable level (29–40\%), the extraction efﬁciency good (62–97\%), but the signal suppression effect from the matrix remained severe in our system (16–37\% signal left). The extraction efﬁciency for the determination of the free, extractable microcystins, was found to be good, 52–100\%, depending on the sample and the toxin variant and concentration.},
	pages = {948--952},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Pollution},
	author = {Neffling, Milla-Riina and Lance, Emilie and Meriluoto, Jussi},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2010-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Neffling et al. - 2010 - Detection of free and covalently bound microcystin.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\NDEQ77LP\\Neffling et al. - 2010 - Detection of free and covalently bound microcystin.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{nyakairu_assessment_2010,
	title = {Assessment of cyanobacteria toxins in freshwater fish: A case study of Murchison Bay (Lake Victoria) and Lake Mburo, Uganda},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {00410101},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041010109003821},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.024},
	shorttitle = {Assessment of cyanobacteria toxins in freshwater fish},
	abstract = {There is little information on the distribution of microcystins ({MCs}) in Oreochromis niloticus ({ON}) and Lates niloticus ({LN}) obtained from L. Mburo and Murchison Bay of L. Victoria. These ﬁshes are harvested and sold both for local human consumption and for export. The presence of {MC}-{RR}, {MC}-{LR} and {MC}-{YR} in different organs (gut, muscle and liver) was determined using Liquid Chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometry Detector ({LC}/ {MS}/{MS}). The total {MCs} in {ON} gut, muscle and liver were 1312.08, 208.65 and 73.10 ng {gÀ}1 from L. Mburo and 1479.24, 9.65 and 48.07 ng {gÀ}1 from Murchison Bay, respectively, while for {LN} from Murchison Bay they were 27.78, 1.86 and 3.74 ng {gÀ}1. Generally, in both lakes, {MC}-{RR} was the most dominant followed by {MC}-{YR} and {MC}-{LR}, respectively. Gut showed a high {MC} content, followed by liver and muscle, in that order. The presence of {MCs} in muscle indicated possible ﬁsh contamination, which implied that it was possible to transfer the toxins to humans who are at the end of the food chain. This poses a risk to them since the {MCs} are heat stable. The local authorities should warn the public of the risk of possible poisoning by eating the contaminated ﬁsh.},
	pages = {939--946},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Toxicon},
	author = {Nyakairu, George William Atwoki and Nagawa, Christine Betty and Mbabazi, Jolocam},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2010-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Nyakairu et al. - 2010 - Assessment of cyanobacteria toxins in freshwater f.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\8WH3RKCS\\Nyakairu et al. - 2010 - Assessment of cyanobacteria toxins in freshwater f.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{miles_thiol_2012,
	title = {Thiol Derivatization for {LC}-{MS} Identification of Microcystins in Complex Matrices},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es301808h},
	doi = {10.1021/es301808h},
	abstract = {Microcystins are a group of cyclic heptapeptides originating from cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria also produce a range of peptides and other compounds that can result in complex chromatograms when samples are analyzed by {LC}-{MS}. Derivatization with appropriate thiols (e.g., mercaptoethanol) of the oleﬁn in the α,β-unsaturated amide present in most microcystins was shown to simplify analysis of {LC}-{MS} chromatograms of sample extracts, making it much easier to identify peaks corresponding to candidate microcystins. Furthermore, interpretation of {MS}2 spectra was facilitated by addition of the mass associated with the thiol to the α,β-unsaturated amide of microcystins. Cyanotoxins containing Mdha or Dha reacted readily with thiols, whereas Mser, Ser, Mdhb, and thiol-derivatives of Mdha or Dha did not react under the conditions used. This approach therefore provides a convenient {LC}-{MS} method to obtain evidence for the presence of Mdha or Dha and can likely be used to diﬀerentiate between the isobaric amino acids Mdha and Dhb in candidate cyanotoxin peaks. When O-(2-mercaptoethyl)-O′-methyl-hexa(ethylene glycol) ({MEMHEG}) (Mwt. 356) was used as the thiol, the resulting derivatives eluted in an {LC}-{MS} mass window that was largely free of interferences. This approach simpliﬁes detection of candidate microcystin analogues even in the presence of complex mixtures of coeluting components. The method was used for qualitative analysis of a Microcystis aeruginosa culture from Lake Naivasha, Kenya, and the results were veriﬁed using precursor-ion scanning and high-resolution mass spectrometry.},
	pages = {8937--8944},
	number = {16},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Miles, Christopher O. and Sandvik, Morten and Nonga, Hezron E. and Rundberget, Thomas and Wilkins, Alistair L. and Rise, Frode and Ballot, Andreas},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2012-08-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Miles et al. - 2012 - Thiol Derivatization for LC-MS Identification of M.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\HN8M3R9G\\Miles et al. - 2012 - Thiol Derivatization for LC-MS Identification of M.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{miles_rapid_2017,
	title = {Rapid and Convenient Oxidative Release of Thiol-Conjugated Forms of Microcystins for Chemical Analysis},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0893-228X, 1520-5010},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00121},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00121},
	abstract = {Microcystins are potent cyclic heptapeptide toxins found in some cyanobacteria, and usually contain an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group that is readily conjugated to thiol-containing amino acids, peptides, and proteins in vivo and in vitro. Methods for deconjugating these types of adducts have recently been reported, but the reactions are slow or result in derivatized microcystins. Mercaptoethanol derivatives of a range of microcystins were therefore used as model compounds to develop deconjugation procedures in which the dialkyl sulﬁde linkage was oxidized to a sulfoxide or sulfone that, when treated with base, rapidly eliminated the adducted thiol as its sulfenate or sulﬁnate via β-elimination to aﬀord free microcystins with the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group intact. These free microcystins can be analyzed by {LC}/{MS} to determine the toxin proﬁle of bound microcystins. The method was tested on Cys- and {GSH}-derivatives of [Dha7]{MC}-{LR}. In solution, the deconjugation reactions were complete within minutes at {pH} 10.7 and within a few hours at {pH} 9.2. Oxidation of sulﬁdes to sulfoxides is easier and more rapid than oxidation to sulfones, allowing the use of milder oxidants and shorter reaction times. Oxidation of any methionine residues present in the microcystins occurs inevitably during these procedures, and interpretation of the microcystin proﬁle obtained by {LC}/{MS} analysis needs to take this into account. Oxidation of tryptophan residues and degradation of microcystins by excess oxidant were circumvented by the addition of Me2SO as a sacriﬁcial reducing agent. These methods may be useful for other compounds that undergo conjugation via thia-Michael addition, such as acrylamide and deoxynivalenol. Oxidation of sulﬁdes to sulfoxides can occur in vivo and could aﬀect the bioavailability of toxins and drugs conjugated via thia-Michael addition, potentially exacerbating oxidative stress by catalytically converting {GSH} to its sulfenate via conjugation, oxidation, and elimination to regenerate the free toxin.},
	pages = {1599--1608},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Chemical Research in Toxicology},
	author = {Miles, Christopher O.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2017-08-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Miles - 2017 - Rapid and Convenient Oxidative Release of Thiol-Co.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\A7XIH3C7\\Miles - 2017 - Rapid and Convenient Oxidative Release of Thiol-Co.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{miles_conjugation_2016,
	title = {Conjugation of Microcystins with Thiols Is Reversible: Base-Catalyzed Deconjugation for Chemical Analysis},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0893-228X, 1520-5010},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00028},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00028},
	shorttitle = {Conjugation of Microcystins with Thiols Is Reversible},
	abstract = {Microcystins are potent cyclic heptapeptide toxins found in many freshwater cyanobacteria. Most microcystins contain an α,β-unsaturated amide that can react with thiolcontaining amino acids, peptides, and proteins in vivo and in vitro. While soluble conjugates formed from small peptides can be extracted and analyzed directly by {LC}−{MS}, microcystins conjugated to proteins are analyzed after oxidative cleavage of their Adda side chains, but information on which microcystin analogues were present is lost. Observations during the development of thiol-derivatization-based {LC}−{MS} methods for microcystin analysis indicated that the reaction of thiols with microcystins was reversible. The kinetics of deconjugation was investigated with mercaptoethanol as a model thiol to identify suitable reaction conditions. A range of microcystins conjugated to mercaptoethanol, methanethiol, cysteine, and glutathione were then successfully deconjugated, demonstrating the feasibility of releasing conjugated forms of microcystins for chemical analysis. Reagents for removing the released thiols or for trapping the released microcystins increased the reaction rate. Optimization of methodologies based on this reaction should increase the method’s utility for measuring free and conjugated microcystins. The results also indicate that thiol-conjugated microcystins slowly release free microcystins, even at neutral {pH}, with consequences for assessment of toxin exposure, metabolism, and trophic transfer. A range of other common natural and environmental toxins, such as deoxynivalenol and acrylamide, also contain α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups and can be expected to behave in a similar manner.},
	pages = {860--870},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Chemical Research in Toxicology},
	author = {Miles, Christopher O. and Sandvik, Morten and Nonga, Hezron E. and Ballot, Andreas and Wilkins, Alistair L. and Rise, Frode and Jaabaek, J. Atle H. and Loader, Jared I.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2016-05-16},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Miles et al. - 2016 - Conjugation of Microcystins with Thiols Is Reversi.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\TJK5TK5Z\\Miles et al. - 2016 - Conjugation of Microcystins with Thiols Is Reversi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pham_first_2017,
	title = {First report on free and covalently bound microcystins in fish and bivalves from Vietnam: Assessment of risks to humans: Microcystins in fish and bivalves from Vietnam},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {07307268},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/etc.3858},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.3858},
	shorttitle = {First report on free and covalently bound microcystins in fish and bivalves from Vietnam},
	pages = {2953--2957},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},
	author = {Pham, Thanh-Luu and Shimizu, Kazuya and Dao, Thanh-Son and Motoo, Utsumi},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2017-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Pham et al. - 2017 - First report on free and covalently bound microcys.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\IY6A53ZP\\Pham et al. - 2017 - First report on free and covalently bound microcys.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pham_first_2017-1,
	title = {First report on free and covalently bound microcystins in fish and bivalves from Vietnam: Assessment of risks to humans: Microcystins in fish and bivalves from Vietnam},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {07307268},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/etc.3858},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.3858},
	shorttitle = {First report on free and covalently bound microcystins in fish and bivalves from Vietnam},
	pages = {2953--2957},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},
	author = {Pham, Thanh-Luu and Shimizu, Kazuya and Dao, Thanh-Son and Motoo, Utsumi},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2017-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Pham et al. - 2017 - First report on free and covalently bound microcys.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\3THQT5NC\\Pham et al. - 2017 - First report on free and covalently bound microcys.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{preece_transfer_2015-1,
	title = {Transfer of microcystin from freshwater lakes to Puget Sound, {WA} and toxin accumulation in marine mussels (Mytilus trossulus)},
	volume = {122},
	issn = {01476513},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0147651315300208},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.013},
	abstract = {Many eutrophic inland freshwater lakes in the Puget Sound Washington region produce toxic cyanobacteria blooms annually. While such blooms in lakes tend to be viewed as a localized phenomenon, there is signiﬁcant potential for downstream export of toxins to freshwater streams, and marine and brackish water environments. However, monitoring for cyanotoxins typically associated with freshwaters, such as the hepatotoxin, microcystin ({MC}) in marine receiving waters is rare. In 2013 we studied four eutrophic Puget Sound area lakes to assess both toxin transport to marine waters and its potential accumulation in marine shellﬁsh, speciﬁcally mussels. Shellﬁsh beds are extensive throughout Puget Sound, and recreational harvest occurs downstream of our study lakes, so a study goal was to also assess if shellﬁsh consumption poses a human health risk for {MC} exposure. We conﬁrm, for the ﬁrst time, freshwater to marine transfer of {MCs} in Puget Sound with subsequent bioaccumulation of {MC} by mussels. {ELISA} analysis estimated maximum {MC} concentrations in source lakes of 2700 μg/L, up to 0.34 μg/L in marine waters and 6.5 μg/kg in mussels. Conﬁrmatory analyses by {LC}-{MS}/{MS} on water and mussel samples identiﬁed {MC}-{LA} as the major toxin. Although we found relatively low {MC} levels in mussels, our study implies that potential concern for human food safety is justiﬁed and warrants further investigation. \& 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	pages = {98--105},
	journaltitle = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},
	author = {Preece, E.P. and Moore, Barry C. and Hardy, F. Joan},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2015-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Preece et al. - 2015 - Transfer of microcystin from freshwater lakes to P.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\QLQJ45KC\\Preece et al. - 2015 - Transfer of microcystin from freshwater lakes to P.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{preece_identifying_2015,
	title = {Identifying best methods for routine {ELISA} detection of microcystin in seafood},
	volume = {187},
	issn = {0167-6369, 1573-2959},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-014-4255-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s10661-014-4255-y},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
	author = {Preece, Ellen P. and Moore, Barry C. and Swanson, Mark E. and Hardy, F. Joan},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2015-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Preece et al. - 2015 - Identifying best methods for routine ELISA detecti.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\9JPTA98S\\Preece et al. - 2015 - Identifying best methods for routine ELISA detecti.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{rezaitabar_transfer_2017,
	title = {Transfer, tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystin {LR} in the phytoplanktivorous and carnivorous fish in Anzali wetland, with potential health risks to humans},
	volume = {575},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004896971632126X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.199},
	abstract = {This study was conducted to determine Microcystin {LR} concentration in the aquatic ecosystem of the Anzali wetland in Iran. Extraction and detection of {MC}-{LR} from the water and ﬁsh samples was conducted by the {SPE} and {HPLC}-{UV} apparatus. Our results showed that among toxic cyanobacteria, Anabaena was the dominant genera during the study period. The results indicated that {MC}-{LR} content in water ranged from 0.18 to 3.02 μg/L in dissolved fraction and undetectable level to 1.13 μg/L in cellular fraction, in all three seasons. The results of {PCA} revealed that the environmental parameters including {EC}, Chl-a, {PO}43-, {pH} and temperature were the most effective factors inﬂuencing the {MC}-{LR} production. Results further showed the mean concentration of {MC}-{LR} in muscle and liver of silver carp ranged from 10.12 to 40.98 and from undetectable to 44.34 μg/kg w.w, respectively. The mean concentration of {MC}-{LR} in northern pike was 15.18 to 35.1 μg/kg w.w in muscle and undetectable to 51.91 μg/kg w.w in liver samples. Our results suggest that consumption of ﬁsh harvested from the Anzali wetland seems to be unsafe for humans, based on obtained estimated daily intake values which were higher than the tolerable daily intake value recommended by {WHO}. In addition, bioaccumulation factor of {MC}-{LR} in edible tissues of ﬁsh was estimated based on lipid normalization. The results showed that the {BAF} of {MC}-{LR} in silver carp (1047 ± 185 L/kg of lipid) was lower than the northern pike (1272 ± 185 L/kg of lipid), although the difference was not signiﬁcant.},
	pages = {1130--1138},
	journaltitle = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Rezaitabar, Soheila and Esmaili Sari, Abbas and Bahramifar, Nader and Ramezanpour, Zohreh},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2017-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Rezaitabar et al. - 2017 - Transfer, tissue distribution and bioaccumulation .pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\UEZ4SCB4\\Rezaitabar et al. - 2017 - Transfer, tissue distribution and bioaccumulation .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{roy-lachapelle_total_2015,
	title = {Total Analysis of Microcystins in Fish Tissue Using Laser Thermal Desorption–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry ({LDTD}-{APCI}-{HRMS})},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0021-8561, 1520-5118},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02318},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02318},
	abstract = {Microcystins ({MCs}) are cyanobacterial toxins encountered in aquatic environments worldwide. Over 100 {MC} variants have been identiﬁed and have the capacity to covalently bind to animal tissue. This study presents a new approach for cell-bound and free microcystin analysis in ﬁsh tissue using sodium hydroxide as a digestion agent and Lemieux oxidation to obtain the 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid ({MMPB}) moiety, common to all microcystin congeners. The use of laser diode thermal desorption−atmospheric pressure chemical ionization coupled with Q-Exactive mass spectrometry ({LDTD}-{APCIHRMS}) led to an analysis time of approximately 10 s per sample and high-resolution detection. Digestion/oxidation and solid phase extraction recoveries ranged from 70 to 75\% and from 86 to 103\%, respectively. Method detection and quantiﬁcation limits values were 2.7 and 8.2 μg kg−1, respectively. Fish samples from cyanobacteria-contaminated lakes were analyzed, and concentrations ranging from 2.9 to 13.2 μg kg−1 were reported.},
	pages = {7440--7449},
	number = {33},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	author = {Roy-Lachapelle, Audrey and Solliec, Morgan and Sinotte, Marc and Deblois, Christian and Sauvé, Sébastien},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2015-08-26},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Roy-Lachapelle et al. - 2015 - Total Analysis of Microcystins in Fish Tissue Usin.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\69S2HGYK\\Roy-Lachapelle et al. - 2015 - Total Analysis of Microcystins in Fish Tissue Usin.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{schmidt_variations_2013-1,
	title = {Variations in the Microcystin Content of Different Fish Species Collected from a Eutrophic Lake},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2072-6651},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/5/5/992},
	doi = {10.3390/toxins5050992},
	abstract = {Microcystins produced from cyanobacteria can accumulate in fish tissues. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry ({LC}-{MS}/{MS}) is an attractive alternative to immunoassays for the determination of low concentrations of microcystins in tissues. Fish taken from Grand Lake St. Marys, a eutrophic lake in Ohio, {USA}, were analyzed for microcystin-{LR} in their fillets using {LC}-{MS}/{MS}. Of 129 fish tested for microcystins, only black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) tested positive for microcystin-{LR}. Less than 10\% of Pomoxis and 7\% of Cyprinus samples contained measurable levels of microcystin-{LR}. Statistical analysis yielded a p-value of 0.07 between Pomoxis and the pooled results of the other four fish species. However, this comparison was complicated by the large difference in sample size between species. Further sampling in Grand Lake St. Marys for microcystin-{LR} would help determine if microcystin-{LR} exposure occurs through foodweb transfer.},
	pages = {992--1009},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Toxins},
	author = {Schmidt, Justine and Shaskus, Mylynda and Estenik, John and Oesch, Carl and Khidekel, Roman and Boyer, Gregory},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2013-05-15},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Schmidt et al. - 2013 - Variations in the Microcystin Content of Different.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\MG942CPT\\Schmidt et al. - 2013 - Variations in the Microcystin Content of Different.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sedda_determination_2016,
	title = {Determination of microcystin-{LR} in clams (Tapes decussatus) of two Sardinian coastal ponds (Italy)},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0025326X},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025326X16302235},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.04.022},
	abstract = {The presence of microcystin-{LR} ({MC}-{LR}) was monitored in Tapes decussatus harvested in two Sardinian ponds (Cabras and Tortolì, Italy) in spring and summer. After solid phase extraction, samples were analyzed using a screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ({ELISA}) followed by a liquid chromatographic coupled to tandem mass spectrometer ({LC}–{MS}/{MS}) analysis. Results obtained through the {ELISA} test showed the presence of microcystins with a maximum concentration in August for Cabras pond (0.55 ng/g) and in September for Tortolì pond (0.85 ng/g). The {LC}–{MS}/{MS} analysis did not conﬁrm the presence of {MC}-{LR} suggesting that results obtained with the {ELISA} technique could be due to the presence of other microcystins. According to the tolerable daily intake suggested by the World Health Organization, these results hint that clams harvested in these ponds are safe for human health. These data can contribute to enrich the knowledge about the healthiness of Sardinian ponds and of their products.},
	pages = {317--320},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	author = {Sedda, Tiziana and Baralla, Elena and Varoni, Maria Vittoria and Pasciu, Valeria and Lorenzoni, Giuseppa and Demontis, Maria Piera},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2016-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Sedda et al. - 2016 - Determination of microcystin-LR in clams (Tapes de.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\E8MVX6NR\\Sedda et al. - 2016 - Determination of microcystin-LR in clams (Tapes de.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{slobodchikova_liquid_2018,
	title = {Liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry method for monitoring of 17 mycotoxins in human plasma for exposure studies},
	volume = {1548},
	issn = {00219673},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967318303236},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.030},
	abstract = {Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by ﬁlamentous fungi. Primary route of human exposure to mycotoxins is the intake of the contaminated food. Minimizing mycotoxin exposure is important for population health, as their chronic toxic effects have been associated with kidney and liver diseases, some types of cancer and immunosuppression. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a multiclass mycotoxin method suitable for exposure monitoring of mycotoxins in human plasma. A sensitive liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry method was developed for 17 mycotoxins: nivalenol ({NIV}), deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, {HT}-2 toxin, aﬂatoxin B1, aﬂatoxin B2, aﬂatoxin G1, aﬂatoxin G2, zearalenone, ␣-zearalenol (␣-{ZOL}), ␤-zearalenol, zearalanone, ␣-zeranol and, and ␤-zeranol. The method relies on three-step liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate to eliminate the need for immunoafﬁnity extraction and minimize ionization matrix effects. Chromatographic separation of mycotoxins, including all isomers, was achieved with pentaﬂuorophenyl column and water/methanol mobile phase. Mycotoxin detection and quantitation were performed using high-resolution mass spectrometry on {LTQ} Velos Orbitrap, in both positive and negative electrospray ionization ({ESI}(+) and ({ESI}(−)). The use of 0.02\% acetic acid as mobile phase additive for {ESI}(−) resulted in signiﬁcant increase in ionization efﬁciency ranging from 1.7 to 26 times for mycotoxins that ionize better in {ESI}(−). The optimized method was validated according to {FDA} guidance procedures. {LOQs} of all mycotoxins ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 ng/ml, except {NIV} which resulted in {LOQ} of 3 ng/ml because of low extraction recovery of this highly polar mycotoxin. Mean intra-day accuracy ranged from 85.8\% to 116.4\%, and intra-day precision (n = 6) ranged from 1.6\% to 12.5\% {RSD} for all mycotoxins except ␣-{ZOL} where mean accuracy ranged from 72.9\% to 97.2\%. Inter-day accuracy and precision were 85.6\%–111.5\% and 2.7–15.6\% {RSD} respectively, showing good analytical performance of the method for biomonitoring. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	pages = {51--63},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Slobodchikova, Irina and Vuckovic, Dajana},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2018-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Slobodchikova and Vuckovic - 2018 - Liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spect.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\TFEJK95T\\Slobodchikova and Vuckovic - 2018 - Liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spect.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{turner_development_2018,
	title = {Development and single-laboratory validation of a {UHPLC}-{MS}/{MS} method for quantitation of microcystins and nodularin in natural water, cyanobacteria, shellfish and algal supplement tablet powders},
	volume = {1074-1075},
	issn = {15700232},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S157002321731869X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.032},
	abstract = {A simple, rapid {UHPLC}-{MS}/{MS} method has been developed and optimised for the quantitation of microcystins and nodularin in wide variety of sample matrices. Microcystin analogues targeted were {MC}-{LR}, {MC}-{RR}, {MC}-{LA}, {MC}-{LY}, {MC}-{LF}, {LC}-{LW}, {MC}-{YR}, {MC}-{WR}, [Asp3] {MC}-{LR}, [Dha7] {MC}-{LR}, {MC}-{HilR} and {MC}-{HtyR}. Optimisation studies were conducted to develop a simple, quick and eﬃcient extraction protocol without the need for complex pre-analysis concentration procedures, together with a rapid sub 5 min chromatographic separation of toxins in shellﬁsh and algal supplement tablet powders, as well as water and cyanobacterial bloom samples. Validation studies were undertaken on each matrix-analyte combination to the full method performance characteristics following international guidelines. The method was found to be speciﬁc and linear over the full calibration range. Method sensitivity in terms of limits of detection, quantitation and reporting were found to be signiﬁcantly improved in comparison to {LC}-{UV} methods and applicable to the analysis of each of the four matrices. Overall, acceptable recoveries were determined for each of the matrices studied, with associated precision and within-laboratory reproducibility well within expected guidance limits. Results from the formalised ruggedness analysis of all available cyanotoxins, showed that the method was robust for all parameters investigated. The results presented here show that the optimised {LC}-{MS}/{MS} method for cyanotoxins is ﬁt for the purpose of detection and quantitation of a range of microcystins and nodularin in shellﬁsh, algal supplement tablet powder, water and cyanobacteria. The method provides a valuable early warning tool for the rapid, routine extraction and analysis of natural waters, cyanobacterial blooms, algal powders, food supplements and shellﬁsh tissues, enabling monitoring labs to supplement traditional microscopy techniques and report toxicity results within a short timeframe of sample receipt. The new method, now accredited to {ISO}17025 standard, is simple, quick, applicable to multiple matrices and is highly suitable for use as a routine, high-throughout, fast turnaround regulatory monitoring tool.},
	pages = {111--123},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography B},
	author = {Turner, Andrew D. and Waack, Julia and Lewis, Adam and Edwards, Christine and Lawton, Linda},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2018-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Turner et al. - 2018 - Development and single-laboratory validation of a .pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\4YANHMBJ\\Turner et al. - 2018 - Development and single-laboratory validation of a .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vudathala_analysis_2017,
	title = {Analysis of microcystin-{LR} and nodularin using triple quad liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and histopathology in experimental fish},
	volume = {138},
	issn = {00410101},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041010117302416},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.005},
	abstract = {Microcystins ({MCs}) are hepatotoxic cyanobacterial metabolites produced sporadically in aquatic environments under favorable environmental conditions. Afﬁnity of these toxins to covalently bind with protein phosphatases poses a challenge in their detection. Lemieux oxidation to release 2-methyl-3methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid ({MMPB}), a common moiety to all {MCs} congeners, has been used in detection of these compounds, however a lack of sensitivity has limited the usefulness of the method. In this study, modiﬁcations of the oxidation and solid phase extraction procedures, combined with a sensitive {LC}/{MS}/{MS} (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry) detection, have resulted in 25 ng/g method detection limits in both liver and plasma samples. Samples harvested from six ﬁngerling channel catﬁsh (Ictalurus punctatus) dosed intraperitoneally with a sublethal {MC}-{LR} dose of 250 mg/kg were analyzed, and microcystin concentrations ranging from 370 to 670 ng/g in plasma and 566e1030 ng/g in liver were detected. Similarly, 250 mg/kg nodularin-dosed channel catﬁsh ﬁsh were found to contain 835 e1520 ng/g in plasma and 933e1140 ng/g in liver. Detection of the toxins in serum and liver combined with the presence of histopathological lesions consistent with these hepatocellular toxin in exposed ﬁsh and no positive ﬁndings in the control ﬁsh demonstrates the usefulness of this analytical procedure for the diagnosis of suspected algal toxicity cases.},
	pages = {82--88},
	journaltitle = {Toxicon},
	author = {Vudathala, Daljit and Smith, Stephen and Khoo, Lester and Kuhn, David D. and Mainous, Mary E. and Steadman, James and Murphy, Lisa},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2017-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Vudathala et al. - 2017 - Analysis of microcystin-LR and nodularin using tri.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\PD33MXAN\\Vudathala et al. - 2017 - Analysis of microcystin-LR and nodularin using tri.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wang_sensitive_2015,
	title = {A sensitive method for the determination of total microcystins in water and sediment samples by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1759-9660, 1759-9679},
	url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4AY02457E},
	doi = {10.1039/C4AY02457E},
	pages = {759--765},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Methods},
	author = {Wang, C. and Tian, C. and Tian, Y. and Feng, B. and We, S. and Li, Y. and Wu, X. and Xiao, B.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Wang et al. - 2015 - A sensitive method for the determination of total .pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\2F5VQRXU\\Wang et al. - 2015 - A sensitive method for the determination of total .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{greer_uptake_2018,
	title = {Uptake and accumulation of Microcystin-{LR} based on exposure through drinking water: An animal model assessing the human health risk},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-23312-7},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-23312-7},
	shorttitle = {Uptake and accumulation of Microcystin-{LR} based on exposure through drinking water},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Greer, Brett and Meneely, Julie P. and Elliott, Christopher T.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2018-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Greer et al. - 2018 - Uptake and accumulation of Microcystin-LR based on.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\EB4M8AYX\\Greer et al. - 2018 - Uptake and accumulation of Microcystin-LR based on.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kondo_formation_1992,
	title = {Formation, characterization, and toxicity of the glutathione and cysteine conjugates of toxic heptapeptide microcystins},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {0893-228X, 1520-5010},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx00029a002},
	doi = {10.1021/tx00029a002},
	pages = {591--596},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Chemical Research in Toxicology},
	author = {Kondo, Fumio and Ikai, Yoshitomo and Oka, Hisao and Okumura, Masanao and Ishikawa, Naohisa and Harada, Kenichi and Matsuura, Kenji and Murata, Hideaki and Suzuki, Makoto},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {1992-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Kondo et al. - 1992 - Formation, characterization, and toxicity of the g.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\DAXD2EJH\\Kondo et al. - 1992 - Formation, characterization, and toxicity of the g.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mackintosh_cyanobacterial_1990-1,
	title = {Cyanobacterial microcystin-{LR} is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants},
	volume = {264},
	issn = {00145793},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/0014-5793%2890%2980245-E},
	doi = {10.1016/0014-5793(90)80245-E},
	pages = {187--192},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{FEBS} Letters},
	author = {{MacKintosh}, Carol and Beattie, Kenneth A. and Klumpp, Susanne and Cohen, Philip and Codd, Geoffrey A.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {1990-05-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {MacKintosh et al. - 1990 - Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and spec.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\GCR9MXLB\\MacKintosh et al. - 1990 - Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and spec.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{noauthor_cyanobacterial_1995,
	title = {The cyanobacterial toxin microcystin binds covalently to cysteine-273 on protein phosphatase 1},
	volume = {371},
	issn = {00145793},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/0014-5793%2895%2900888-G},
	doi = {10.1016/0014-5793(95)00888-G},
	abstract = {The interaction between protein phosphatase 1 ({PPl}) and microcystin ({MC}) was stable in 1\% {SDS} or 70\% formic acid indicative of a covalent interaction. Here we isolate the {MCbinding} peptide and demonstrate that Cys273 of {PPI} binds covalently to the methyl-dehydroalanine (Mdha) residue of the toxin. Mutation of Cys273 to Ala, Ser or Leu abolished covalent binding to {MC}, as did reduction of the Mdha residue of the toxin with ethanethiol. The abolition of covalent binding increased the {ICso} for toxin inhibition of {PPI} by 5- to 20-fold. The covalent binding of {MC} to protein serine/threonine phosphatases explains the failure to detect this toxin post-mortem in suspected cases of {MC} poisoning.},
	pages = {236--240},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {{FEBS} Letters},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {1995-09-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {1995 - The cyanobacterial toxin microcystin binds covalen.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ETN4WP7T\\1995 - The cyanobacterial toxin microcystin binds covalen.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{meissner_microcystin_2013,
	title = {Microcystin production revisited: conjugate formation makes a major contribution: Production of cyanobacterial toxins strongly underestimated},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {14622912},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1462-2920.12072},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12072},
	shorttitle = {Microcystin production revisited},
	abstract = {The impact of environmental stimuli on the production of the widespread cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin ({MC}) is under debate. Whereas transcriptional studies of the biosynthetic genes suggest a clear inﬂuence of light conditions on toxin production the data for the metabolite itself are inconsistent and highly strain-speciﬁc. Here, we have reassessed the {MC} content by using two immunological detection techniques that allow a parallel quantiﬁcation of {MC} in the methanolic extracts and the residual pellet fraction that contains high molecular weight proteins. Our results show a signiﬁcant proportion of {MC} in the protein bound fraction in strains of Microcystis and Planktothrix and of the related toxin nodularin ({NOD}) in Nodularia. Moreover, we could show a very strong increase of {MC} after high light illumination in the protein fraction contributing to a signiﬁcant overall increase in {MC} production under these conditions that is not seen in extracts analysed by {LC}-{MS} and {ELISA}. The fact that a considerable portion of {MC} is neglected with current analysis techniques was also conﬁrmed for selected ﬁeld samples. Immunoﬂuorescence studies suggest strain-speciﬁc differences in the amount of {MC} conjugate formation.},
	pages = {1810--1820},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Microbiology},
	author = {Meissner, Sven and Fastner, Jutta and Dittmann, Elke},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2013-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Meissner et al. - 2013 - Microcystin production revisited conjugate format.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\EKPNV9ET\\Meissner et al. - 2013 - Microcystin production revisited conjugate format.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mikhailov_identification_2003,
	title = {Identification of {ATP}-synthase as a novel intracellular target for microcystin-{LR}},
	volume = {142},
	issn = {00092797},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0009279702000753},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-2797(02)00075-3},
	abstract = {Microcystins ({MCs}) are a group of closely related cyclic heptapeptides produced by a variety of common cyanobacteria. These are potent and highly specific hepatotoxins, the toxicity of which is based upon their inhibition of type-1 ({PP}1) and type-2A ({PP}2A) protein phosphatases. Apart from protein phosphatases, it is not known whether these phosphataseinhibiting peptides could bind any other cellular proteins. We wanted to determine whether any possible unknown {MC}-adducts could explain the apoptotic effects observed at high concentrations of {MCs}. The question of other possible cellular proteins binding to {MCs} is also relevant when these compounds are employed for affinity purification of protein phosphatases. In {MC}-treated cell lysates, antibodies to {MC} recognized three protein adducts of 35 Á/37 and 55 {kD}. By immunochemical and proteomics approaches, these proteins were identified as the catalytic subunits of type-1 and type-2A protein phosphatases and the {ATP}-synthase betasubunit. The latter target could be associated with the suggested apoptosis-inducing potential of {MCs}.},
	pages = {223--237},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Chemico-Biological Interactions},
	author = {Mikhailov, Andrey and Härmälä-Braskén, Ann-Sofi and Hellman, Jukka and Meriluoto, Jussi and Eriksson, John E},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2003-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Mikhailov et al. - 2003 - Identification of ATP-synthase as a novel intracel.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\B2J3FEZ2\\Mikhailov et al. - 2003 - Identification of ATP-synthase as a novel intracel.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vela_exploring_2008,
	title = {Exploring the interaction of microcystin-{LR} with proteins and {DNA}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {08872333},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887233308001835},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2008.07.008},
	abstract = {The physiological role of microcystin-{LR} is still under discussion, and since binding of microcystin-{LR} to proteins different from their main cellular targets was described, we have performed experiments in order to explore this interaction. A non-speciﬁc interaction of microcystin-{LR} with a variety of soluble proteins in vitro is disrupted when using organic solvents such as methanol. The isoelectric point of proteins is not affected by their interaction with microcystin-{LR}, even though the presence of microcystin-{LR} alters the pool of peptides obtained by tryptic digestions. Under the conditions tested, microcystin-{LR} does not exhibit afﬁnity for {DNA}. Although it is unlikely that the non-speciﬁc binding of {microcystinLR} to proteins has a physiological meaning, one must be aware of the fact that determinations of the toxin extracted from any biological sample may be affected by the presence of proteins in the extracts. Consequently, we strongly recommend use organic solvents and to lyophilise the tissue samples to guarantee the accessibility of these organic solvents to microcystin-{LR} when performing experiments with tissue or cell extracts.},
	pages = {1714--1718},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Toxicology in Vitro},
	author = {Vela, L. and Sevilla, E. and Gonzalez, C. and Bes, M.T. and Fillat, M.F. and Peleato, M.L.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2008-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Vela et al. - 2008 - Exploring the interaction of microcystin-LR with p.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\LTWAWR77\\Vela et al. - 2008 - Exploring the interaction of microcystin-LR with p.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wei_microcystin-bound_2016-1,
	title = {Microcystin-Bound Protein Patterns in Different Cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa and Field Samples},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2072-6651},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/8/10/293},
	doi = {10.3390/toxins8100293},
	abstract = {Micocystin ({MC}) exists in Microcystis cells in two different forms, free and protein-bound. We examined the dynamic change in extracellular free {MCs}, intracellular free {MCs} and protein-bound {MCs} in both batch cultures and semi-continuous cultures, using high performance liquid chromatography and Western blot. The results showed that the free {MC} per cell remained constant, while the quantity of protein-bound {MCs} increased with the growth of Microcystis cells in both kinds of culture. Signiﬁcant changes in the dominant {MC}-bound proteins occurred in the late exponential growth phase of batch cultures, while the dominant {MC}-bound proteins in semi-continuous cultures remained the same. In ﬁeld samples collected at different months in Lake Taihu, the dominant {MC}-bound proteins were shown to be similar, but the amount of protein-bound {MC} varied and correlated with the intracellular {MC} content. We identiﬁed {MC}-bound proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis immunoblots and mass spectrometry. The 60 {kDa} chaperonin {GroEL} was a prominent {MC}-bound protein. Three essential glycolytic enzymes and {ATP} synthase alpha subunit were also major targets of {MC}-binding, which might contribute to sustained growth in semi-continuous culture. Our results indicate that protein-bound {MC} may be important for sustaining growth and adaptation of Microcystis sp.},
	pages = {293},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Toxins},
	author = {Wei, Nian and Hu, Lili and Song, Lirong and Gan, Nanqin},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2016-10-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Wei et al. - 2016 - Microcystin-Bound Protein Patterns in Different Cu.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\AJ2IPRW3\\Wei et al. - 2016 - Microcystin-Bound Protein Patterns in Different Cu.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{williams_evidence_1997,
	title = {Evidence for a Covalently Bound Form of Microcystin-{LR} in Salmon Liver and Dungeness Crab Larvae},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {0893-228X, 1520-5010},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx9601519},
	doi = {10.1021/tx9601519},
	pages = {463--469},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Chemical Research in Toxicology},
	author = {Williams, David E. and Craig, Marcia and Dawe, Sheila C. and Kent, Michael L. and Holmes, Charles F. B. and Andersen, Raymond J.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {1997-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Williams et al. - 1997 - Evidence for a Covalently Bound Form of Microcysti.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VAS3TGGC\\Williams et al. - 1997 - Evidence for a Covalently Bound Form of Microcysti.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{yuan_detection_2004,
	title = {Detection and analysis of the cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins microcystin and nodularin using {SELDI}-{TOF} mass spectrometry},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {00410101},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041010104003186},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.07.015},
	abstract = {Surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry ({SELDI}-{TOFMS}) was used to develop a new and useful method for determination and identiﬁcation of the cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxins: microcystin and nodularin. The technique, combining chromatography and {MS}, enables microcystin/nodularin capture, puriﬁcation, analysis, and processing from complex biological mixtures directly onto a hydrophobic chip. Factors affecting ion intensities, including matrix concentration and laser intensity, were investigated to optimize sensitivity of the method. Microcystins and nodularin were analyzed for femtomolar sensitivity (about 2.5 pg microcystin-{LR} in 2 ml water). Samples of blood sera and liver tissue were spiked with microcystin-{LR} and analyzed. The detection limit was 1 ng in 2 ml blood sera solution. Reactions of microcystins by compounds containing mercaptan groups, such as dithiothreitol, aminoethanethiol and protein phosphatase 1, were examined on the chip by mass spectrometry. Formation of the microcystin–dithiothreitol conjugate was used to conﬁrm the target compounds. The {MS}/{MS} data obtained showed the presence of the microcystin conjugate. The reaction position of the toxin with target compound was conﬁrmed by a series of {MS}/{MS} fragment ions. The protein proﬁle of microcystins reacting with protein phosphatase 1 was also obtained from the {SELDI}-{TOF} mass spectra.},
	pages = {561--570},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Toxicon},
	author = {Yuan, Moucun and Carmichael, Wayne W.},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2004-10},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Yuan and Carmichael - 2004 - Detection and analysis of the cyanobacterial pepti.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\YJJ8DI6R\\Yuan and Carmichael - 2004 - Detection and analysis of the cyanobacterial pepti.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zhang_transfer_2009,
	title = {Transfer, distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in the aquatic food web in Lake Taihu, China, with potential risks to human health},
	volume = {407},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969708012990},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.039},
	abstract = {In this paper, accumulation and distribution of microcystins ({MCs}) was examined monthly in six species of fish with different trophic levels in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China, from June to November 2005. Microcystins were analyzed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ({LC}-{ESI}-{MS}). Average recoveries of spiked fish samples were 67.7\% for {MC}-{RR}, 85.3\% for {MC}-{YR}, and 88.6\% for {MC}-{LR}. The {MCs} ({MC}-{RR} + {MC}-{YR} + {MC}-{LR}) concentration in liver and gut content was highest in phytoplanktivorous fish, followed by omnivorous fish, and was lowest in carnivorous fish; while {MCs} concentration in muscle was highest in omnivorous fish, followed by phytoplanktivorous fish, and was lowest in carnivorous fish. This is the first study reporting {MCs} accumulation in the gonad of fish in field. The main uptake of {MC}-{YR} in fish seems to be through the gills from the dissolved {MCs}. The {WHO} limit for tolerable daily intake was exceeded only in common carp muscle. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	pages = {2191--2199},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Zhang, Dawen and Xie, Ping and Liu, Yaqin and Qiu, Tong},
	urldate = {2018-05-30},
	date = {2009-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Zhang et al. - 2009 - Transfer, distribution and bioaccumulation of micr.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VNHT24UJ\\Zhang et al. - 2009 - Transfer, distribution and bioaccumulation of micr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{huckins_lipid-containing_1993,
	title = {Lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring organic contaminants in water},
	volume = {27},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es00048a028},
	pages = {2489--2496},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Huckins, James N. and Manuweera, Gamini K. and Petty, Jimmie D. and Mackay, Donald and Lebo, Jon A.},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {1993},
	file = {es00048a028.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZKN6HNTK\\es00048a028.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{huckins_development_2002,
	title = {Development of the Permeability/Performance Reference Compound Approach for In Situ Calibration of Semipermeable Membrane Devices},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es010991w},
	doi = {10.1021/es010991w},
	abstract = {Permeability/performance reference compounds ({PRCs}) are analytically noninterfering organic compounds with moderate to high fugacity from semipermeable membrane devices ({SPMDs}) that are added to the lipid prior to membrane enclosure. Assuming that isotropic exchange kinetics ({IEK}) apply and that {SPMD}−water partition coefficients are known, measurement of {PRC} dissipation rate constants during {SPMD} field exposures and laboratory calibration studies permits the calculation of an exposure adjustment factor ({EAF}). In theory, {PRC}-derived {EAF} ratios reflect changes in {SPMD} sampling rates (relative to laboratory data) due to differences in exposure temperature, membrane biofouling, and flow velocity−turbulence at the membrane surface. Thus, the {PRC} approach should allow for more accurate estimates of target solute/vapor concentrations in an exposure medium. Under some exposure conditions, the impact of environmental variables on {SPMD} sampling rates may approach an order of magnitude. The results of this study suggest that most of the effects of temperature, facial velocity−turbulence, and biofouling on the uptake rates of analytes with a wide range of hydrophobicities can be deduced from {PRCs} with a much narrower range of hydrophobicities. Finally, our findings indicate that the use of {PRCs} permits prediction of in situ {SPMD} sampling rates within 2-fold of directly measured values.},
	pages = {85--91},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.},
	author = {Huckins, James N. and Petty, Jimmie D. and Lebo, Jon A. and Almeida, Fernanda V. and Booij, Kees and Alvarez, David A. and Cranor, Walter L. and Clark, Randal C. and Mogensen, Betty B.},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {2002-01-01},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\CZ29SISH\\es010991w.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\2VK4W94R\\Huckins et al. - 2002 - Development of the PermeabilityPerformance Refere.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{huckins_lipid-containing_1993-1,
	title = {Lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring organic contaminants in water},
	volume = {27},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es00048a028},
	pages = {2489--2496},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Huckins, James N. and Manuweera, Gamini K. and Petty, Jimmie D. and Mackay, Donald and Lebo, Jon A.},
	urldate = {2017-08-23},
	date = {1993},
	file = {es00048a028.pdf:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6GF5AV58\\es00048a028.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{peltenburg_direct_2016-1,
	title = {Direct tissue sampling of diazepam and amitriptyline using mixed-mode {SPME} fibers: A feasibility study},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2468-1709},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170916300091},
	doi = {10.1016/j.forc.2016.07.006},
	shorttitle = {Direct tissue sampling of diazepam and amitriptyline using mixed-mode {SPME} fibers},
	abstract = {Here, we report on the applicability of the C18/{SCX} fiber (containing both C18 and strong cation exchange groups) as a direct sampling tool in tissue. An agarose gel model was used as semi-solid tissue surrogate, to mimic changes in matrix tortuosity as expected in tissue. Pork muscle was used as tissue source and was loaded with diazepam or amitriptyline using 24h incubation in spiked phosphate-buffered saline ({PBS}). Diazepam is neutral and its behavior is predictable based on the octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow). Amitriptyline is {\textgreater}99\% positively charged at {pH} 7.4, and is likely to behave differently in both agarose gel and tissue compared to neutral compounds. The proposed {SPME} method yielded detectable fiber concentrations after direct sampling in agarose gel and loaded tissue, including short sampling times and different loading concentrations in tissue. Sorption affinity of both diazepam and amitriptyline is decreased when sampling from agarose gel compared to {PBS}, due to the presence of different binding groups in agarose. Sorption affinities from tissue are even further decreased compared to agarose gel. This indicates that tissue contains even more binding sites for these compounds compared to agarose gel. Interestingly, for both compounds, equilibration in tissue occurred faster than equilibration in agarose gel or {PBS}, most likely caused by direct fiber contact or through facilitated transport. Although more research is needed to obtain good quantitative results, these results show that the C18/{SCX} fiber is a sensitive tool to determine tissue concentrations of neutral and cationic compounds.},
	pages = {51--57},
	journaltitle = {Forensic Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Forensic Chemistry},
	author = {Peltenburg, Hester and Graumans, Martien H. F. and Droge, Steven T. J. and Hermens, Joop L. M. and Bosman, Ingrid J.},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2016-08-01},
	keywords = {Solid-phase microextraction, Tissue sampling, Pharmaceuticals, Agarose gel, Cations},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\M3U8HFF8\\S2468170916300091.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\R2K266IP\\Peltenburg et al. - 2016 - Direct tissue sampling of diazepam and amitriptyli.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{jiang_study_2015-1,
	title = {Study of complex matrix effect on solid phase microextraction for biological sample analysis},
	volume = {1411},
	issn = {0021-9673},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967315011280},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.118},
	abstract = {Solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) has become a useful tool for in vivo monitoring the behavior of environmental organic pollutants in biological species due to its simplicity, relatively non-invasive, and cost-effective manner. However, the complex matrices in biological samples could significantly influence the extraction kinetic, and bias the quantification result. In this study, we investigated the effect of complex matrix on the extraction kinetic of {SPME} for biological sample analysis. Two sample matrices, phosphate-buffered saline ({PBS}) with bovine serum albumin ({BSA}) and agarose gel with {BSA} were used to simulate the biological fluid and tissue. Results showed that the addition of {BSA} significantly enhanced the mass transfer of organic compounds onto {SPME} fiber in both {PBS} buffer and gel sample. Enhancement factors ranging from 1.3 to 27, and 2.0 to 80 were found for all selected polyaromatic hydrocarbons ({PAHs}) in {PBS} buffer and agarose gel with {BSA} concentration of 0.1–5\%, respectively. Then, an improved theoretical model was applied to quantify the observed enhancement effect, and the result showed that the predicted sampling time constant agreed well with the experimental one in complex matrix. Furthermore, a simplified equation was proposed for the real biological sample analysis.},
	pages = {34--40},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Jiang, Ruifen and Xu, Jianqiao and Zhu, Fang and Luan, Tiangang and Zeng, Feng and Shen, Yong and Ouyang, Gangfeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2015-09-11},
	keywords = {Solid phase microextraction, Biological sample, Complex matrix, sampling},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\NM2IJEJ8\\S0021967315011280.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\NT86VW2H\\Jiang et al. - 2015 - Study of complex matrix effect on solid phase micr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zhang_vivo_2012,
	title = {In vivo sampling of environmental organic contaminants in fish by solid-phase microextraction},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993611003657},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.005},
	abstract = {Accumulation, fate and tissue distribution of environmental pharmaceuticals and personal-care products in exposed fish is an emerging area of research that has benefitted from recent advances in in vivo sampling, such as solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}). This review summarizes recent challenges and solutions associated with the application of in vivo {SPME} in freely moving fish, including questions of invasiveness, sequential sampling of individual fish, calibration methods, and interpretation of data and their ecotoxicological relevance. We also examine spatial and temporal resolution and associated technical parameters, such as sampling time and dimensions of the {SPME} probe. Relative to other in vivo sampling techniques, such as microdialysis, in vivo tissue collection or biosensors, {SPME} has distinct advantages in its simplicity and its ability to sample simultaneously various tissues and locations in a single fish in a relatively non-invasive, timely and cost-effective manner. Finally, we identify the challenges and the opportunities for in vivo monitoring of endogenous compounds by {SPME}, which could enable this approach to make a significant contribution to the burgeoning field of metabolomics.},
	pages = {31--39},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Zhang, Xu and Oakes, Ken D. and Wang, Shuang and Servos, Mark R. and Cui, Shufen and Pawliszyn, Janusz and Metcalfe, Chris D.},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2012-02-01},
	keywords = {Metabolomics, Pharmaceutical, Ecotoxicology, Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}), sampling, Endogenous compound, Environmental pollution, Fish, Organic contaminant, Personal-care product},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\H8PV9AE8\\S0165993611003657.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\7HTRPXUG\\Zhang et al. - 2012 - In vivo sampling of environmental organic contamin.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zhang_kinetically-calibrated_2011-1,
	title = {Kinetically-Calibrated Solid-Phase Microextraction Using Label-Free Standards and Its Application for Pharmaceutical Analysis},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac200032k},
	doi = {10.1021/ac200032k},
	abstract = {Pre-equilibrium solid-phase microextraction ({PE}-{SPME}) has attracted considerable research attention due to shorter sampling times and better temporal resolution than afforded by equilibrium {SPME} (E-{SPME}). However, the calibration of {PE}-{SPME} is often time-consuming and requires deuterated calibrants, which if available, are often expensive. To address these challenges, we propose a simple but versatile kinetic calibration method, in which nonisotopic (label-free) compounds of interest can supplant the use of deuterated analogues, and the need to determine partitioning coefficients inherent to earlier procedures has been eliminated. Using this approach, both free and total concentrations of analytes can be simultaneously measured within complex sample systems with high accuracy and precision. This calibration method was validated against established E-{SPME} and solid-phase extraction techniques through the measurement of selected pharmaceuticals in progressively complex matrixes including inorganic buffers, fish blood, and municipal wastewater effluents. This calibration approach may significantly improve time and cost-effectiveness, while improving the application of the {SPME} approach within highly dynamic systems.},
	pages = {2371--2377},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Zhang, Xu and Oakes, Ken D. and Luong, Di and Metcalfe, Chris D. and Pawliszyn, Janusz and Servos, Mark R.},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2011-03-15},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\AD4JHQ6A\\ac200032k.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\S9DGWW5P\\Zhang et al. - 2011 - Kinetically-Calibrated Solid-Phase Microextraction.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wu_vivo_2013,
	title = {In Vivo Fast Equilibrium Microextraction by Stable and Biocompatible Nanofiber Membrane Sandwiched in Microfluidic Device},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac4028438},
	doi = {10.1021/ac4028438},
	abstract = {In vivo analysis poses higher requirements about the biocompatibility, selectivity and speed of analytical method. In this study, an in vivo fast equilibrium microextraction method was developed with a biocompatible core–sheath electrospun nanofiber membrane sandwiched within a microfluidic unit. The polystyrene/collagen core–sheath nanofiber membrane was coaxially electrospun and strengthened with in situ glutaraldehyde cross-linking. This membrane not only kept high mass transfer rate, large extraction capacity and biomatrix resistance as our previously proposed membrane (Anal. Chem. 2013, 85 (12), 5924–5932), but also got much better mechanical strength and stability in water. The microfluidic device was designed to sandwich the membrane, and the blood in vivo can be introduced into it and get contact with the membrane repetitively. With this membrane and device, a 2-min equilibrium in vivo extraction method was established, validated in a simulated blood circulation system, and was used to monitor the pharmacokinetic profiles of desipramine in rabbits. The free and total concentration of desipramine in vivo was monitored with 10-min interval almost without rabbit blood consumed. The results met well with those of in vitro extraction, and a correlation factor of 0.99 was obtained.},
	pages = {11524--11531},
	number = {23},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Wu, Qian and Wu, Dapeng and Guan, Yafeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2013-12-03},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\R9G6XNEE\\ac4028438.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\BIHD7Q3N\\Wu et al. - 2013 - In Vivo Fast Equilibrium Microextraction by Stable.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{yeung_semi-automated_2012,
	title = {Semi-automated in vivo solid-phase microextraction sampling and the diffusion-based interface calibration model to determine the pharmacokinetics of methoxyfenoterol and fenoterol in rats},
	volume = {742},
	issn = {0003-2670},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267012001341},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.034},
	series = {A selection of papers presented at the 13th International Symposium on Advances in Extraction Technologies},
	abstract = {In vivo solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) can be used to sample the circulating blood of animals without the need to withdraw a representative blood sample. In this study, in vivo {SPME} in combination with liquid–chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}–{MS}/{MS}) was used to determine the pharmacokinetics of two drug analytes, R,R-fenoterol and R,R-methoxyfenoterol, administered as 5mgkg−1 i.v. bolus doses to groups of 5 rats. This research illustrates, for the first time, the feasibility of the diffusion-based calibration interface model for in vivo {SPME} studies. To provide a constant sampling rate as required for the diffusion-based interface model, partial automation of the {SPME} sampling of the analytes from the circulating blood was accomplished using an automated blood sampling system. The use of the blood sampling system allowed automation of all {SPME} sampling steps in vivo, except for the insertion and removal of the {SPME} probe from the sampling interface. The results from in vivo {SPME} were compared to the conventional method based on blood withdrawal and sample clean up by plasma protein precipitation. Both whole blood and plasma concentrations were determined by the conventional method. The concentrations of methoxyfenoterol and fenoterol obtained by {SPME} generally concur with the whole blood concentrations determined by the conventional method indicating the utility of the proposed method. The proposed diffusion-based interface model has several advantages over other kinetic calibration models for in vivo {SPME} sampling including (i) it does not require the addition of a standard into the sample matrix during in vivo studies, (ii) it is simple and rapid and eliminates the need to pre-load appropriate standard onto the {SPME} extraction phase and (iii) the calibration constant for {SPME} can be calculated based on the diffusion coefficient, extraction time, fiber length and radius, and size of the boundary layer. In the current study, the experimental calibration constants of 338.9±30mm−3 and 298.5±25mm−3 are in excellent agreement with the theoretical calibration constants of 307.9mm−3 and 316.0mm−3 for fenoterol and methoxyfenoterol respectively.},
	pages = {37--44},
	journaltitle = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	shortjournal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	author = {Yeung, Joanne Chung Yan and de Lannoy, Inés and Gien, Brad and Vuckovic, Dajana and Yang, Yingbo and Bojko, Barbara and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2012-09-12},
	keywords = {Automation, Solid-phase microextraction, Diffusion-based calibration, Fenoterol, Methoxyfenoterol, Pharmacokinetics studies},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\837EFDGV\\S0003267012001341.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\DCQ43THR\\Yeung et al. - 2012 - Semi-automated in vivo solid-phase microextraction.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{yeung_comparison_2010-1,
	title = {Comparison and validation of calibration methods for in vivo {SPME} determinations using an artificial vein system},
	volume = {665},
	issn = {0003-2670},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267010002850},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.002},
	abstract = {The success of in vivo solid phase microextraction ({SPME}) depends significantly on the selection of calibration method. Three kinetic in vivo {SPME} calibration methods are evaluated in this paper: (1) on-fibre standardization ({OFS}), (2) dominant pre-equilibrium desorption ({DPED}), and (3) the diffusion-based interface ({DBI}) model. These are compared in terms of precision, accuracy, and ease of experimental use by employing a flow device simulating an animal circulatory system. In addition, the kinetic calibration methods were validated against established {SPME} equilibrium extraction ({EE}) external calibration and a conventional sample preparation method involving protein precipitation. The comparison was performed using a hydrophilic drug fenoterol as the analyte of interest. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}–{MS}/{MS}) was used for the determinations. All three kinetic methods compared well with both {EE} extraction and the conventional method in terms of accuracy (93–119\%). In terms of precision, the {DBI} model had the best precision in whole blood and buffered phosphate saline solution with \%{RSD} similar to the standard techniques (9–15\%). {DPED} had the poorest precision of \%{RSD} (20–30\%) possibly due to errors associated with uncertainty in the amount of standard loaded on-fibre and remaining on the fibre after desorption. In addition, incurred errors could result due to the greater number of fibres used in comparison to the other two calibration methods. The precision of the {OFS} procedure was better than for {DPED} primarily because the use of multiple fibres is eliminated. In terms of the ease of use for calibration, the {DBI} model was the simplest and most convenient as it did not require standards once it had been calibrated or the uptake constant was calculated. This research suggests the potential use of {DBI} model as the best kinetic calibration method for future in-vein blood {SPME} investigations.},
	pages = {160--166},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	shortjournal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	author = {Yeung, Joanne Chung Yan and Vuckovic, Dajana and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2010-04-30},
	keywords = {{SPME}, Diffusion-based calibration, Dominant pre-equilibrium desorption, Equilibrium {SPME}, On-fibre standardization, Protein precipitation},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\FC4TXGM7\\S0003267010002850.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\PPF6TBR9\\Yeung et al. - 2010 - Comparison and validation of calibration methods f.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{xu_polyelectrolyte_2015,
	title = {Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Dispersed in Silicone Rubber for in Vivo Sampling in Fish Brains},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03036},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03036},
	abstract = {Direct detection of fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine in living fish brains was realized for the first time by using a novel solid-phase microextraction fiber, which was prepared by mixing the polyelectrolyte in the oligomer of silicone rubber and followed by in-mold heat-curing. The polyelectrolyte was finally encased in microcapsules dispersed in the cured silicone rubber. The fiber exhibited excellent interfiber reproducibility (5.4–7.1\%, n = 6), intrafiber reproducibility (3.7–4.6\%, n = 6), and matrix effect-resistant capacity. Due to the capacity of simultaneously extracting the neutral and the protonated species of the analytes at physiological {pH}, the fiber exhibited high extraction efficiencies to fluoxetine and norfluoxetine. Besides, the effect of the salinity on the extraction performance and the competitive sorption between the analytes were also evaluated. Based on the small-sized custom-made fiber, the concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in the brains of living fish, which were exposed to waterborne fluoxetine at an environmentally relevant concentration, were determined and found 4.4 to 9.2 and 5.0 to 9.2 times those in the dorsal-epaxial muscle. The fiber can be used to detect various protonated bioactive compounds in living animal tissues.},
	pages = {10593--10599},
	number = {20},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Xu, Jianqiao and Wu, Rongben and Huang, Shuyao and Yang, Muzi and Liu, Yan and Liu, Yuan and Jiang, Ruifen and Zhu, Fang and Ouyang, Gangfeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2015-10-20},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\S65PUC5N\\acs.analchem.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\GCWHKWWM\\Xu et al. - 2015 - Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Dispersed in Silicon.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{xu_application_2016-2,
	title = {Application of in vivo solid-phase microextraction in environmental analysis},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993616300152},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.003},
	series = {On-site and In-vivo Instrumentation and Applications},
	abstract = {Detection of pollutants in animals and plants is crucial for understanding their capability and assessing the risk they pose to the environment and ecology. At present, the research on this area has been benefited from the advances in in vivo solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}), which reduces the sacrifice of animals and plants, facilitates on-site sampling and sample preparation, enables detection of unstable analytes, and facilitates long-term monitoring. This study summarizes the recent applications of in vivo {SPME} in detecting pollutants in animals and plants. The samplers, quantification methods, and various cutting-edge applications are discussed in detail. The future trends of using in vivo {SPME} in environmental analysis are also discussed.},
	pages = {26--35},
	journaltitle = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{TrAC} Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Xu, Jianqiao and Chen, Guosheng and Huang, Shuyao and Qiu, Junlang and Jiang, Ruifen and Zhu, Fang and Ouyang, Gangfeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2016-12-01},
	keywords = {Animals, {SPME}, In vivo, Plants, Pollutants, Quantification, Samplers},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\RDT8F57R\\S0165993616300152.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\C4JP2657\\Xu et al. - 2016 - Application of in vivo solid-phase microextraction.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gao_vivo_2017-1,
	title = {In Vivo Selective Capture and Rapid Identification of Luteolin and Its Metabolites in Rat Livers by Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Microextraction},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0021-8561},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05269},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05269},
	abstract = {A method based on molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction ({MIP}-{SPME}) coupled with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry ({QTOF}-{MS}/{MS}) was developed for the detection of luteolin and its metabolites in vivo. The {MIP}-{SPME} fibers were first fabricated by dopamine and silane, and then luteolin {MIPs}-coated fibers were successfully prepared using luteolin, acrylamide ({AM}), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ({EGDMA}) as the template, functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. The characterizations of polymers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy ({SEM}), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ({FT}-{IR}), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method ({BET}). The properties involving adsorption and selective experiments were evaluated, and these results revealed that {MIP} fibers presented high adsorption capacity and selectivity to luteolin. Furthermore, the developed {MIP}-{SPME} coupled with the {LC}-{QTOF}-{MS}/{MS} method was adopted to capture and identify luteolin and its metabolites in rat livers in vivo, and eventually, apigenin, chrysoeriol, and diosmetin were rapidly identified as metabolites.},
	pages = {1158--1166},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {J. Agric. Food Chem.},
	author = {Gao, Die and Wang, Dan-Dan and Zhang, Qian and Yang, Feng-Qing and Xia, Zhi-Ning and Zhang, Qi-Hui and Yuan, Chun-Su},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2017-02-15},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\IPE28B7Q\\acs.jafc.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VQ4PQE27\\Gao et al. - 2017 - In Vivo Selective Capture and Rapid Identification.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{xu_polyelectrolyte_2015-1,
	title = {Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Dispersed in Silicone Rubber for in Vivo Sampling in Fish Brains},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03036},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03036},
	abstract = {Direct detection of fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine in living fish brains was realized for the first time by using a novel solid-phase microextraction fiber, which was prepared by mixing the polyelectrolyte in the oligomer of silicone rubber and followed by in-mold heat-curing. The polyelectrolyte was finally encased in microcapsules dispersed in the cured silicone rubber. The fiber exhibited excellent interfiber reproducibility (5.4–7.1\%, n = 6), intrafiber reproducibility (3.7–4.6\%, n = 6), and matrix effect-resistant capacity. Due to the capacity of simultaneously extracting the neutral and the protonated species of the analytes at physiological {pH}, the fiber exhibited high extraction efficiencies to fluoxetine and norfluoxetine. Besides, the effect of the salinity on the extraction performance and the competitive sorption between the analytes were also evaluated. Based on the small-sized custom-made fiber, the concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in the brains of living fish, which were exposed to waterborne fluoxetine at an environmentally relevant concentration, were determined and found 4.4 to 9.2 and 5.0 to 9.2 times those in the dorsal-epaxial muscle. The fiber can be used to detect various protonated bioactive compounds in living animal tissues.},
	pages = {10593--10599},
	number = {20},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Xu, Jianqiao and Wu, Rongben and Huang, Shuyao and Yang, Muzi and Liu, Yan and Liu, Yuan and Jiang, Ruifen and Zhu, Fang and Ouyang, Gangfeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2015-10-20},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\6JR2QWS2\\acs.analchem.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\MHP4GRI5\\Xu et al. - 2015 - Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Dispersed in Silicon.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{chen_environmental_2015,
	title = {Environmental fates of synthetic musks in animal and plant: An in vivo study},
	volume = {138},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653515007195},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.003},
	shorttitle = {Environmental fates of synthetic musks in animal and plant},
	abstract = {As emerging contaminants, synthetic musks ({SMs}) cause worldwide concern due to their bioaccumulation in biota. However, the environmental fates of {SMs} in biota are poorly understood. Here, for the first time, the uptake and elimination behaviors, as well as the transferable capacities, of {SMs} in living edible biota (fish and aloe) were revealed. Fish muscle was approximately 100–2000 times more efficient in accumulating {SMs} than was aloe leaf, and nitro musks showed a higher bioaccumulation potential than did polycyclic musks in biota. In addition, the transferable capabilities of {SMs} by root uptake in aloe were poor. This investigation also showed that both nitro musks and polycyclic musks that accumulated in biota exhibited excellent elimination rates in clean water, and the elimination rates were greater than 78\% and 80\% in fish (3d) and aloe (2d), respectively. Furthermore, the calculated results suggest that {SMs} might act as chemosensitizers and enhance the accumulation of normally excluded toxicants in biota in a real aquatic environment.},
	pages = {584--591},
	journaltitle = {Chemosphere},
	shortjournal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Chen, Guosheng and Jiang, Ruifen and Qiu, Junlang and Cai, Siying and Zhu, Fang and Ouyang, Gangfeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2015-11-01},
	keywords = {Solid-phase microextraction, Chemosensitizers, Edible biota, Environment fates, Synthetic musks},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\WNGAGKGB\\S0045653515007195.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\EW5MMPA6\\Chen et al. - 2015 - Environmental fates of synthetic musks in animal a.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bai_vivo_2013-1,
	title = {In Vivo Solid-Phase Microextraction with in Vitro Calibration: Determination of Off-Flavor Components in Live Fish},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac3033245},
	doi = {10.1021/ac3033245},
	shorttitle = {In Vivo Solid-Phase Microextraction with in Vitro Calibration},
	abstract = {The presence of off-flavor compounds in fish represents a significant economic problem encountered in aquaculture production. The off-flavor compounds are due to the absorption of substances produced by a range of microorganisms. Currently, a number of strategies have been used to prevent or limit the growth of these microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies via monitoring the concentrations of off-flavor compounds in the recirculating aquaculture system. In vivo solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}), a rapid and simple sample preparation method, will allow monitoring the concentration of off-flavor compounds in live fish. In this research, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-{MIB}) produced by cyanobacteria and actinomycetes, which are the major sources for “earthy” and “muddy” flavors in fish, were selected as representatives. In order to accurately quantify these compounds in fish muscle, two kinetic calibration methods, on-fiber standardization and measurement using predetermined sampling rate, were used as quantification methods, which were both validated by traditional methods. The detection limit of in vivo {SPME} in fish muscle was 0.12 ng/g for geosmin and 0.21 ng/g for 2-{MIB}, which are both below the human sensory thresholds.},
	pages = {2328--2332},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Bai, Ziwei and Pilote, Alexandre and Sarker, Pallab Kumer and Vandenberg, Grant and Pawliszyn, Janusz},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2013-02-19},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\ZZUU35UA\\ac3033245.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\VGA9E9SI\\Bai et al. - 2013 - In Vivo Solid-Phase Microextraction with in Vitro .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{xu_study_2016,
	title = {Study on the Diffusion-Dominated Solid-Phase Microextraction Kinetics in Semisolid Sample Matrix},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02673},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02673},
	abstract = {Solid-phase microextraction ({SPME}) kinetics in semisolid samples should be different from that in aqueous and gaseous samples, as convection is negligible in semisolid samples but dominates mass transfer in bulk phases of aqueous and gaseous samples. This study developed a mathematical model for describing {SPME} kinetics in semisolid samples by considering the diffusion of analytes in two compartments, i.e., the fiber coating and the ever-increasing diffusion domain in the sample matrix. The mathematical model predicted that {SPME} and the desorption of preloaded analytes from the fiber would be isotropic in semisolid samples, while {SPME} in semisolid samples would not follow the first order kinetics as in aqueous and gaseous samples. The predictions were proven true in the experiment of four pharmaceuticals in agarose gel. In return, it was observed in the experiment that {SPME} kinetics would deviate more significantly from the first order kinetics for the analytes with higher partition coefficients between the fiber and the sample matrix, which was well explained by the mathematical model developed in this study. In addition, {SPME} kinetics predicted by the model coincided well with the experimental results when the diffusion coefficients were at reasonable levels, which demonstrated that the model could be satisfactory for describing {SPME} kinetics in semisolid samples. The illustration of the nonfirst order {SPME} kinetics in semisolid samples can be valuable for evaluating the applicability of the existing pre-equilibrium calibration methods in semisolid samples.},
	pages = {8921--8925},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Xu, Jianqiao and Huang, Shuyao and Wei, Songbo and Yang, Muzi and Cao, Chenyang and Jiang, Ruifen and Zhu, Fang and Ouyang, Gangfeng},
	urldate = {2017-08-22},
	date = {2016-09-20},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\JZ4QJIRM\\acs.analchem.html:text/html;ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:C\:\\Users\\nazmula\\Zotero\\storage\\E325SRUV\\Xu et al. - 2016 - Study on the Diffusion-Dominated Solid-Phase Micro.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{xu_vivo_2014,
	title = {In Vivo Tracing Uptake and Elimination of Organic Pesticides in Fish Muscle},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5009032},
	doi = {10.1021/es5009032},
	abstract = {Bioconcentration factors ({BCFs}) measured in the laboratory are important for characterizing the bioaccumulative properties of chemicals entering the environment, especially the potential persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}), which can pose serious adverse effects on ecosystem and human health. Traditional lethal analysis methods are time-consuming and sacrifice too many experimental animals. In the present study, in vivo solid-phase microextraction ({SPME

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master