text:
},
author = {Payne, Richard J. and Dise, Nancy B. and Field, Christopher D. and Dore, Anthony J. and Caporn, Simon J.M. and Stevens, Carly J.},
doi = {10.1002/fee.1528},
isbn = {1540-9309},
issn = {15409295},
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
month = {sep},
number = {8},
pages = {431--436},
title = {{Nitrogen deposition and plant biodiversity: past, present, and future}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fee.1528},
volume = {15},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Fensholt2012,
abstract = {Semi-arid areas, defined as those areas of the world where water is an important limitation for plant growth, have become the subject of increased interest due to the impacts of current global changes and sustainability of human lifestyles. While many ground-based reports of declining vegetation productivity have been published over the last decades, a number of recent publications have shown a nuanced and, for some regions, positive picture. With this background, the paper provides an analysis of trends in vegetation greenness of semi-arid areas using AVHRR GIMMS from 1981 to 2007. The vegetation index dataset is used as a proxy for vegetation productivity and trends are analyzed for characterization of changes in semi-arid vegetation greenness. Calculated vegetation trends are analyzed with gridded data on potential climatic constraints to plant growth to explore possible causes of the observed changes. An analysis of changes in the seasonal variation of vegetation greenness and climatic drivers is conducted for selected regions to further understand the causes of observed inter-annual vegetation changes in semi-arid areas across the globe. It is concluded that semi-arid areas, across the globe, on average experience an increase in greenness (0.015 NDVI units over the period of analysis). Further it is observed that increases in greenness are found both in semi-arid areas where precipitation is the dominating limiting factor for plant production (0.019 NDVI units) and in semi-arid areas where air temperature is the primarily growth constraint (0.013 NDVI units). Finally, in the analysis of changes in the intra-annual variation of greenness it is found that seemingly similar increases in greenness over the study period may have widely different explanations. This implies that current generalizations, claiming that land degradation is ongoing in semi-arid areas worldwide, are not supported by the satellite based analysis of vegetation greenness. ?? 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
author = {Fensholt, Rasmus and Langanke, Tobias and Rasmussen, Kjeld and Reenberg, Anette and Prince, Stephen D. and Tucker, Compton and Scholes, Robert J. and Le, Quang Bao and Bondeau, Alberte and Eastman, Ron and Epstein, Howard and Gaughan, Andrea E. and Hellden, Ulf and Mbow, Cheikh and Olsson, Lennart and Paruelo, Jose and Schweitzer, Christian and Seaquist, Jonathan and Wessels, Konrad},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2012.01.017},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fensholt et al. - 2012 - Greenness in semi-arid areas across the globe 1981–2007 — an Earth Observing Satellite based analysis of trends.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {AVHRR GIMMS NDVI,Air temperature,Incoming shortwave radiation,MODIS NDVI,Phenology,Precipitation,Semi-arid,Vegetation greenness},
month = {jun},
pages = {144--158},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Greenness in semi-arid areas across the globe 1981–2007 — an Earth Observing Satellite based analysis of trends and drivers}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.01.017 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425712000545},
volume = {121},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Powers2019,
abstract = {Habitat transformations caused by human land-use change are considered major drivers of ongoing biodiversity loss1,2,3, and their impact on biodiversity is expected to increase further this century4,5,6. Here, we used global decadal land-use projections to year 2070 for a range of shared socioeconomic pathways, which are linked to particular representative concentration pathways, to evaluate potential losses in range-wide suitable habitat and extinction risks for approximately 19,400 species of amphibians, birds and mammals. Substantial declines in suitable habitat are identified for species worldwide, with approximately 1,700 species expected to become imperilled due to land-use change alone. National stewardship for species highlights certain South American, Southeast Asian and African countries that are in particular need of proactive conservation planning. These geographically explicit projections and model workflows embedded in the Map of Life infrastructure are provided to facilitate the scrutiny, improvements and future updates needed for an ongoing and readily updated assessment of changing biodiversity. These forward-looking assessments and informatics tools are intended to support national conservation action and policies for addressing climate change and land-use change impacts on biodiversity.},
author = {Powers, Ryan P. and Jetz, Walter},
doi = {10.1038/s41558-019-0406-z},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Powers, Jetz - 2019 - Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1758-678X},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
month = {mar},
publisher = {Springer US},
title = {{Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios}},
url = {http://feeds.nature.com/{~}r/nclimate/rss/current/{~}3/xWWqygxDduc/s41558-019-0406-z?utm{\_}source=researcher{\_}app{\&}utm{\_}medium=referral{\&}utm{\_}campaign=MKEF{\_}USG{\_}Researcher{\_}inbound http://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0406-z},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Winfree2009,
abstract = {Pollinators may be declining globally, a matter of concern because animal pollination is required by most of the world's plant species, including many crop plants. Human land use and the loss of native habitats is thought to be an important driver of decline for wild, native pollinators, yet the findings of published studies on this topic have never been quantitatively synthesized. Here we use meta-analysis to synthesize the literature on how bees, the most important group of pollinators, are affected by human disturbances such as habitat loss, grazing, logging, and agriculture. We obtained 130 effect sizes from 54 published studies recording bee abundance and/or species richness as a function of human disturbance. Both bee abundance and species richness were significantly, negatively affected by disturbance. However, the magnitude of the effects was not large. Furthermore, the only disturbance type showing a significant negative effect, habitat loss and fragmentation, was statistically significant only in systems where very little natural habitat remains. Therefore, it would be premature to draw conclusions about habitat loss having caused global pollinator decline without first assessing the extent to which the existing studies represent the status of global ecosystems. Future pollinator declines seem likely given forecasts of increasing land-use change.},
author = {Winfree, Rachael and Aguilar, Ramiro and V{\'{a}}zquez, Diego P. DP and Lebuhn, Gretchen and Aizen, Marcelo a.},
doi = {10.1890/08-1245.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/Winfree et al.{\_}2009{\_}A meta-analysis of bees' responses to anthropogenic disturbance.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012-9658},
issn = {00129658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Apis mellifera,Bee abundance,Bee species richness,Bombus,Ecosystem service,Global change,Habitat loss,Land-use change,Meta-analysis,Pollination,Pollinator,Pollinator decline,apis mellifera,bee abundance,bee species richness,bombus,change,ecosystem service,global,habitat loss,land-use change,meta-analysis,pollination,pollinator,pollinator decline},
number = {8},
pages = {2068--2076},
pmid = {19739369},
title = {{A meta-analysis of bees' responses to anthropogenic disturbance}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/08-1245.1},
volume = {90},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Chase2002,
abstract = {The diversity of life is heterogeneously distributed across the Earth. A primary cause for this pattern is the heterogeneity in the amount of energy, or primary productivity (the rate of carbon fixed through photosynthesis), available to the biota in a given location. But the shape of the relationship between productivity and species diversity is highly variable. In many cases, the relationship is 'hump-shaped', where diversity peaks at intermediate productivity. In other cases, diversity increases linearly with productivity. A possible reason for this discrepancy is that data are often collected at different spatial scales. If the mechanisms that determine species diversity vary with spatial scale, then so would the shape of the productivity-diversity relationship. Here, we present evidence for scale-dependent productivity-diversity patterns in ponds. When the data were viewed at a local scale (among ponds), the relationship was hump-shaped, whereas when the same data were viewed at a regional scale (among watersheds), the relationship was positively linear. This dependence on scale results because dissimilarity in local species composition within regions increased with productivity.},
author = {Chase, Jonathan M and Leibold, Mathew A},
doi = {10.1038/416427a},
isbn = {0028-0836},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {mar},
number = {6879},
pages = {427--430},
pmid = {11919631},
title = {{Spatial scale dictates the productivity–biodiversity relationship}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/416427a},
volume = {416},
year = {2002}
}
@article{John2008,
abstract = {Changes in species composition and diversity are the inevitable consequences of climate change, as well as land use and land cover change. Predicting species richness at regional spatial scales using remotely sensed biophysical variables has emerged as a viable mechanism for monitoring species distribution. In this study, we evaluate the utility of MODIS-based productivity (GPP and EVI) and surface water content (NDSVI and LSWI) in predicting species richness in the semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia, China. We found that these metrics correlated well with plant species richness and could be used in biome- and life form-specific models. The relationships were evaluated on the basis of county-level data recorded from the Flora of Inner Mongolia, stratified by administrative (i.e., counties), biome boundaries (desert, grassland, and forest), and grouped by life forms (trees, grasses, bulbs, annuals and shrubs). The predictor variables included: the annual, mean, maximum, seasonal midpoint (EVImid), standard deviation of MODIS-derived GPP, EVI, LSWI and NDSVI. The regional pattern of species richness correlated with GPPSD (R2 = 0.27), which was also the best predictor for bulbs, perennial herbs and shrubs (R2 = 0.36, 0.29 and 0.40, respectively). The predictive power of models improved when counties with {\textgreater} 50{\%} of cropland were excluded from the analysis, where the seasonal dynamics of productivity and species richness deviate patterns in natural systems. When stratified by biome, GPPSD remained the best predictor of species richness in grasslands (R2 = 0.30), whereas the most variability was explained by NDSVImax in forests (R2 = 0.26), and LSWIavg in deserts (R2 = 0.61). The results demonstrated that biophysical estimates of productivity and water content can be used to predict plant species richness at the regional and biome levels. ?? 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
author = {John, Ranjeet and Chen, Jiquan and Lu, Nan and Guo, Ke and Liang, Cunzhu and Wei, Yafen and Noormets, Asko and Ma, Keping and Han, Xingguo},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2007.09.013},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/John et al. - 2008 - Predicting plant diversity based on remote sensing products in the semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {China,EVI,GPP,Inner Mongolia,LSWI,MODIS,NDSVI,Plant species richness,Semi-arid regions},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {2018--2032},
title = {{Predicting plant diversity based on remote sensing products in the semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425708000266},
volume = {112},
year = {2008}
}
@article{RandallHughes2007,
abstract = {Two major foci of ecological research involve reciprocal views of the relationship between biodiversity and disturbance: disturbance determines community diversity or diversity determines realized disturbance severity. Here, we present an initial attempt to synthesize these two approaches in order to understand whether feedbacks occur, and what their effects on patterns of diversity might be. Our review of published experiments shows that (i) disturbance severity can be both a cause and a consequence of local diversity in a wide range of ecosystems and (ii) shapes of the unidirectional relationships between diversity and disturbance can be quite variable. To explore how feedbacks between diversity and disturbance might operate to alter expected patterns of diversity in nature, we develop and then evaluate a conceptual model that decomposes the relationships into component parts, considering sequentially the effect of diversity on disturbance severity, and the effect of realized disturbance on diversity loss, subsequent recruitment, and competitive exclusion. Our model suggests that feedbacks can increase mean values of richness, decrease variability, and alter the patterns of correlation between diversity and disturbance in nature. We close by offering ideas for future research to help fill gaps in our understanding of reciprocal relationships among ecological variables like diversity and disturbance.},
author = {{Randall Hughes}, A. and Byrnes, Jarrett E. and Kimbro, David L. and Stachowicz, John J.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01075.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Randall Hughes et al. - 2007 - Reciprocal relationships and potential feedbacks between biodiversity and disturbance.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1461-023X},
issn = {1461-023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Disturbance,Ecosystem function,Feedback,Intermediate disturbance hypothesis,Stability},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {849--864},
pmid = {17663718},
title = {{Reciprocal relationships and potential feedbacks between biodiversity and disturbance}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01075.x},
volume = {10},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Pesaresi2013,
abstract = {A general framework for processing high and very-high resolution imagery in support of a Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) is presented together with a discussion on the results of the first operational test of the production workflow. The test involved the mapping of 24.3 million km2 of the Earth surface spread in four continents, corresponding to an estimated population of 1.3 billion people in 2010. The resolution of the input image data ranges from 0.5 to 10 meters, collected by a heterogeneous set of platforms including satellite SPOT (2 and 5), CBERS 2B, RapidEye (2 and 4), WorldView (1 and 2), GeoEye 1, QuickBird 2, Ikonos 2, and airborne sensors. Several imaging modes were tested including panchromatic, multispectral and pan-sharpened images. A new fully automatic image information extraction, generalization and mosaic workflow is presented that is based on multiscale textural and morphological image features extraction. New image feature compression and optimization are introduced, together with new learning and classification techniques allowing for the processing of HR/VHR image data using low-resolution thematic layers as reference. A new systematic approach for quality control and validation allowing global spatial and thematic consistency checking is proposed and applied. The quality of the results are discussed by sensor, band, resolution, and eco-regions. Critical points, lessons learned and next steps are highlighted.},
author = {Pesaresi, Martino and Huadong, Guo and Blaes, Xavier and Ehrlich, Daniele and Ferri, Stefano and Gueguen, Lionel and Halkia, Matina and Kauffmann, Mayeul and Kemper, Thomas and Lu, Linlin and Marin-Herrera, Mario A. and Ouzounis, Georgios K. and Scavazzon, Marco and Soille, Pierre and Syrris, Vasileios and Zanchetta, Luigi},
doi = {10.1109/JSTARS.2013.2271445},
isbn = {1939-1404},
issn = {1939-1404},
journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Built-up density,CSL,PANTEX,global human settlement layer,linear regression,urban limits},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {2102--2131},
title = {{A Global Human Settlement Layer From Optical HR/VHR RS Data: Concept and First Results}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6578177/},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Fewster2000,
author = {Fewster, Rachel M and Buckland, Stephen T and Siriwardena, Gavin M and Stephen, R},
doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1970:AOPTFF]2.0.CO;2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2000/Fewster et al.{\_}2000{\_}Analysis of Population Trends for Farmland Birds Using Generalized Additive Models.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012-9658},
issn = {1939-9170},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {bird census schemes,british birds,change points,common birds census,farmland,generalized additive models,hirds,jectory,log-linear poisson regression,nonlinear trend,population tra-,spatiotemporal models,trend analysis},
number = {7},
pages = {1970--1984},
pmid = {3071},
title = {{Analysis of Population Trends for Farmland Birds Using Generalized Additive Models}},
volume = {81},
year = {2000}
}
@article{ANDERSON2010,
abstract = {Landscape features exist at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and these naturally affect spatial genetic structure and our ability to make inferences about gene flow. This article discusses how decisions about sampling of genotypes (including choices about analytical methods and genetic markers) should be driven by the scale of spatial genetic structure, the time frame that landscape features have existed in their current state, and all aspects of a species' life history. Researchers should use caution when making inferences about gene flow, especially when the spatial extent of the study area is limited. The scale of sampling of the landscape introduces different features that may affect gene flow. Sampling grain should be smaller than the average home-range size or dispersal distance of the study organism and, for raster data, existing research suggests that simplifying the thematic resolution into discrete classes may result in low power to detect effects on gene flow. Therefore, the methods used to characterize the landscape between sampling sites may be a primary determinant for the spatial scale at which analytical results are applicable, and the use of only one sampling scale for a particular statistical method may lead researchers to overlook important factors affecting gene flow. The particular analytical technique used to correlate landscape data and genetic data may also influence results; common landscape-genetic methods may not be suitable for all study systems, particularly when the rate of landscape change is faster than can be resolved by common molecular markers.},
author = {Anderson, Corey Devin and Epperson, Bryan K. and Fortin, Marie Jos{\'{e}}e and Holderegger, Rolf and James, Patrick M a and Rosenberg, Michael S. and Scribner, Kim T. and Spear, Stephen},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04757.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Anderson et al. - 2010 - Considering spatial and temporal scale in landscape-genetic studies of gene flow.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0962-1083},
issn = {09621083},
journal = {Molecular Ecology},
keywords = {autocorrelation,dispersal,gene flow,sampling,space-time processes,spatial genetic structure},
month = {sep},
number = {17},
pages = {3565--3575},
pmid = {20723051},
title = {{Considering spatial and temporal scale in landscape-genetic studies of gene flow}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04757.x},
volume = {19},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Petchey2015,
author = {Petchey, Owen L. and Pontarp, Mikael and Massie, Thomas M. and K{\'{e}}fi, Sonia and Ozgul, Arpat and Weilenmann, Maja and Palamara, Gian Marco and Altermatt, Florian and Matthews, Blake and Levine, Jonathan M. and Childs, Dylan Z. and McGill, Brian J. and Schaepman, Michael E. and Schmid, Bernhard and Spaak, Piet and Beckerman, Andrew P. and Pennekamp, Frank and Pearse, Ian S.},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12443},
editor = {Vasseur, David},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Petchey et al. - 2015 - The ecological forecast horizon, and examples of its uses and determinants.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {dynamics,ecology letters,ecosystems,environmental change,forecasting,futures,mikael,owen l,petchey,prediction,scenarios},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {597--611},
title = {{The ecological forecast horizon, and examples of its uses and determinants}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.12443},
volume = {18},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Mayr2012,
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Component-wise boosting algorithms have evolved into a popular estimation scheme in biomedical regression settings. The iteration number of these algorithms is the most important tuning parameter to optimize their performance. To date, no fully automated strategy for determining the optimal stopping iteration of boosting algorithms has been proposed.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS: We propose a fully data-driven sequential stopping rule for boosting algorithms. It combines resampling methods with a modified version of an earlier stopping approach that depends on AIC-based information criteria. The new "subsampling after AIC" stopping rule is applied to component-wise gradient boosting algorithms.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: The newly developed sequential stopping rule outperformed earlier approaches if applied to both simulated and real data. Specifically, it improved purely AIC-based methods when used for the microarray-based prediction of the recurrence of metastases for stage II colon cancer patients.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: The proposed sequential stopping rule for boosting algorithms can help to identify the optimal stopping iteration already during the fitting process of the algorithm, at least for the most common loss functions.},
author = {Mayr, A. and Hofner, B. and Schmid, M.},
doi = {10.3414/ME11-02-0030},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mayr, Hofner, Schmid - 2012 - The Importance of Knowing When to Stop.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1000490262},
issn = {0026-1270},
journal = {Methods of Information in Medicine},
keywords = {Early stopping,Gradient boosting,Penalized regression,Resampling methods,Variable selection},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {178--186},
pmid = {22344292},
title = {{The Importance of Knowing When to Stop}},
url = {http://www.schattauer.de/index.php?id=1214{\&}doi=10.3414/ME11-02-0030},
volume = {51},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Chao2009,
abstract = {Biodiversity sampling is labor intensive, and a substantial fraction of a biota is often represented by species of very low abundance, which typically remain undetected by biodiversity surveys. Statistical methods are widely used to estimate the asymptotic number of species present, including species not yet detected. Additional sampling is required to detect and identify these species, but richness estimators do not indicate how much sampling effort (additional individuals or samples) would be necessary to reach the asymptote of the species accumulation curve. Here we develop the first statistically rigorous nonparametric method for estimating the minimum number of additional individuals, samples, or sampling area required to detect any arbitrary proportion (including 100{\%}) of the estimated asymptotic species richness. The method uses the Chao1 and Chao2 nonparametric estimators of asymptotic richness, which are based on the frequencies of rare species in the original sampling data. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we randomly subsampled individuals or quadrats from two large biodiversity inventories (light trap captures of Lepidoptera in Great Britain and censuses of woody plants on Barro Colorado Island [BCI], Panama). The simulation results suggest that the method performs well but is slightly conservative for small sample sizes. Analyses of the BCI results suggest that the method is robust to nonindependence arising from small-scale spatial aggregation of species occurrences. When the method was applied to seven published biodiversity data sets, the additional sampling effort necessary to capture all the estimated species ranged from 1.05 to 10.67 times the original sample (median approximately equal to 2.23). Substantially less effort is needed to detect 90{\%} of the species (0.33-1.10 times the original effort; median approximately equal to 0.80). An Excel spreadsheet tool is provided for calculating necessary sampling effort for either abundance data or replicated incidence data.},
author = {Chao, Anne and Colwell, Robert K. and Lin, Chih W. and Gotelli, Nicholas J.},
doi = {10.1890/07-2147.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chao et al. - 2009 - Sufficient sampling for asymptotic minimum species richness estimators.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012-9658},
issn = {00129658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Asymptotic species richness estimators,Biodiversity sampling,Sample size,Turing's frequency formula},
number = {4},
pages = {1125--1133},
pmid = {19449706},
title = {{Sufficient sampling for asymptotic minimum species richness estimators}},
volume = {90},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Pfeifer2012a,
abstract = {ABSTRACT Aim Earth observation (EO) products are a valuable alternative to spectral veg- etation indices.We discuss the availability of EO products for analysing patterns in macroecology, particularly related to vegetation, on a range of spatial and temporal scales. Location Global. Methods We discuss four groups of EO products: land cover/cover change, veg- etation structure and ecosystem productivity, fire detection, and digital elevation models. We address important practical issues arising from their use, such as assumptions underlying product generation, product accuracy and product trans- ferability between spatial scales. We investigate the potential of EO products for analysing terrestrial ecosystems. Results Land cover, productivity and fire products are generated from long-term data using standardized algorithms to improve reliability in detecting change of land surfaces. Their global coverage renders them useful for macroecology. Their spatial resolution (e.g. GLOBCOVER vegetation, 300 m; MODIS vegetation and fire, ?500 m; ASTER digital elevation, 30 m) can be a limiting factor. Canopy structure and productivity products are based on physical approaches and thus are independent of biome-specific calibrations. Active fire locations are provided in near-real time, while burnt area products show actual area burnt by fire. EO products can be assimilated into ecosystem models, and their validation informa- tion can be employed to calculate uncertainties during subsequent modelling. Main conclusions Owing to their global coverage and long-termcontinuity, EO end products can significantly advance the field of macroecology. EO products allow analyses of spatial biodiversity, seasonal dynamics of biomass and produc- tivity, and consequences of disturbances on regional to global scales. Remaining drawbacks include inter-operability between products from different sensors and accuracy issues due to differences between assumptions and models underlying the generation of differentEOproducts.Our review explains the nature of EOproducts and how they relate to particular ecological variables across scales to encourage their wider use in ecological applications. Keywords},
author = {Pfeifer, Marion and Disney, Mathias and Quaife, Tristan and Marchant, Rob},
doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00712.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pfeifer et al. - 2012 - Terrestrial ecosystems from space a review of earth observation products for macroecology applications.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1466-8238},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Biogeography,Earth observation,Fire patterns,Fire rhythms,Global patterns,LAI,Land cover,Productivity,Remote sensing},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {603--624},
pmid = {177},
title = {{Terrestrial ecosystems from space: a review of earth observation products for macroecology applications}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00712.x},
volume = {21},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Magurran2004,
abstract = {The diversity of a set of species refers to the joint dissimilarity of the species in the set. This paper discusses the measurement of diversity from the set of pairwise distances between the species in the set. A measure called the effective number of species is developed from a non-parametric probability inequality and is shown to have a simple interpretation in terms of comparing linear experiments. Keywords:},
address = {Oxford},
author = {Magurran, Anne E.},
booktitle = {Wiley-Blackwell},
isbn = {0632056339},
issn = {1608-5914},
keywords = {biodiversity,methodology,nature conservation,species diversity,species richness,techniques},
mendeley-tags = {biodiversity,methodology,nature conservation,species diversity,species richness,techniques},
publisher = {Blackwell publishing company},
title = {{Measuring Biological Diversity}},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Gutzwiller2015,
author = {Gutzwiller, Kevin J. and Riffell, Samuel K. and Flather, Curtis H.},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-015-0233-1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gutzwiller, Riffell, Flather - 2015 - Avian abundance thresholds, human-altered landscapes, and the challenge of assemblage-level conser.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0921-2973},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {Abrupt spatial changes,Bird–landscape thresholds,Geographic ranges,Internal structure,Landscape planning and management,Threshold pervasiveness and diversity,abrupt spatial changes {\'{a}},bird,landscape,landscape planning and management,pervasiveness and diversity,thresholds {\'{a}} geographic ranges,{\'{a}} internal structure {\'{a}},{\'{a}} threshold},
month = {dec},
number = {10},
pages = {2095--2110},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{Avian abundance thresholds, human-altered landscapes, and the challenge of assemblage-level conservation}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-015-0233-1},
volume = {30},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Verheyen2012,
abstract = {1. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is expected to change forest understorey plant community composition and diversity, but results of experimental addition studies and observational studies are not yet conclusive. A shortcoming of observational studies, which are generally based on resurveys or sampling along large deposition gradients, is the occurrence of temporal or spatial confounding factors. 2. We were able to assess the contribution of N deposition versus other ecological drivers on forest understorey plant communities by combining a temporal and spatial approach. Data from 1205 (semi-)permanent vegetation plots taken from 23 rigorously selected understorey resurvey studies along a large deposition gradient across deciduous temperate forest in Europe were compiled and related to various local and regional driving factors, including the rate of atmospheric N deposition, the change in large herbivore densities and the change in canopy cover and composition. 3. Although no directional change in species richness occurred, there was considerable floristic turnover in the understorey plant community and a shift in species composition towards more shade-tolerant and nutrient-demanding species. However, atmospheric N deposition was not important in explaining the observed eutrophication signal. This signal seemed mainly related to a shift towards a denser canopy cover and a changed canopy species composition with a higher share of species with more easily decomposed litter. 4. Synthesis. Our multi-site approach clearly demonstrates that one should be cautious when drawing conclusions about the impact of atmospheric N deposition based on the interpretation of plant community shifts in single sites or regions due to other, concurrent, ecological changes. Even though the effects of chronically increased N deposition on the forest plant communities are apparently obscured by the effects of canopy changes, the accumulated N might still have a significant impact. However, more research is needed to assess whether this N time bomb will indeed explode when canopies will open up again.},
author = {Verheyen, Kris and Baeten, Lander and {De Frenne}, Pieter and Bernhardt-R{\"{o}}mermann, Markus and Brunet, J{\"{o}}rg and Cornelis, Johnny and Decocq, Guillaume and Dierschke, Hartmut and Eriksson, Ove and H{\'{e}}dl, Radim and Heinken, Thilo and Hermy, Martin and Hommel, Patrick and Kirby, Keith and Naaf, Tobias and Peterken, George and Petř{\'{i}}k, Petr and Pfadenhauer, J{\"{o}}rg and {Van Calster}, Hans and Walther, Gian-Reto and Wulf, Monika and Verstraeten, Gorik},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01928.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Verheyen et al. - 2012 - Driving factors behind the eutrophication signal in understorey plant communities of deciduous temperate forest.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2745},
issn = {00220477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {(semi-)permanent plots,Atmospheric deposition,Determinants of plant community diversity and stru,Ellenberg indicator values,Forest herbs,Forest management,Large herbivores,North-western Europe,Resurveys},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {352--365},
title = {{Driving factors behind the eutrophication signal in understorey plant communities of deciduous temperate forests}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01928.x},
volume = {100},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Kaartinen2011,
abstract = {1. With habitat fragmentation spreading around the world, there is a pressing need to understand its impacts on local food webs. To date, few studies have examined the effects of landscape context on multiple local communities in a quantitative, spatially realistic setting. 2. To examine how the isolation of a food web affects its structure, we construct local food webs of specialist herbivores and their natural enemies on 82 individual oaks (Quercus robur) growing in different landscape contexts. 3. Across this set of webs, we find that communities in isolated habitat patches not only contained fewer species than did well-connected ones, but also differed in species composition. 4. Surprisingly, the effects observed in terms of species composition were not reflected in the quantitative interaction structure of local food webs: landscape context had no detectable effect on either the interaction evenness, linkage density, connectance, generality or vulnerability of local webs. 5. We conclude that the quantitative structure of food webs may be stable in the face of habitat fragmentation, despite clear-cut impacts on individual species. This finding offers hope-inspiring news for conservation, but should clearly be verified by empirical studies across both naturally and more recently fragmented systems.},
author = {Kaartinen, Riikka and Roslin, Tomas},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01811.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2011/Kaartinen, Roslin{\_}2011{\_}Shrinking by numbers landscape context affects the species composition but not the quantitative structure of loca.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1365-2656},
journal = {The Journal of animal ecology},
keywords = {Animals,Biodiversity,Biota,Ecosystem,Feeding Behavior,Finland,Food Chain,Insects,Insects: parasitology,Landscape,Parasitioids,Plant-Animal Network,Quercus,Species Specificity,Trees,Wasps},
mendeley-tags = {Landscape,Parasitioids,Plant-Animal Network},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {622--31},
pmid = {21323923},
title = {{Shrinking by numbers: landscape context affects the species composition but not the quantitative structure of local food webs.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21323923},
volume = {80},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Jiang2008,
abstract = {The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) was developed as a standard satellite vegetation product for the Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS). EVI provides improved sensitivity in high biomass regions while minimizing soil and atmosphere influences, however, is limited to sensor systems designed with a blue band, in addition to the red and near-infrared bands, making it difficult to generate long-term EVI time series as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) counterpart. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a 2-band EVI (EVI2), without a blue band, which has the best similarity with the 3-band EVI, particularly when atmospheric effects are insignificant and data quality is good. A linearity-adjustment factor ?? is proposed and coupled with the soil-adjustment factor L used in the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) to develop EVI2. A global land cover dataset of Terra MODIS data extracted over land community validation and FLUXNET test sites is used to develop the optimal parameter (L, ?? and G) values in EVI2 equation and achieve the best similarity between EVI and EVI2. The similarity between the two indices is evaluated and demonstrated with temporal profiles of vegetation dynamics at local and global scales. Our results demonstrate that the differences between EVI and EVI2 are insignificant (within ?? 0.02) over a very large sample of snow/ice-free land cover types, phenologies, and scales when atmospheric influences are insignificant, enabling EVI2 as an acceptable and accurate substitute of EVI. EVI2 can be used for sensors without a blue band, such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and may reveal different vegetation dynamics in comparison with the current AVHRR NDVI dataset. However, cross-sensor continuity relationships for EVI2 remain to be studied. ?? 2008 Elsevier Inc.},
author = {Jiang, Z and Huete, A and Didan, K and Miura, T},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2008.06.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jiang et al. - 2008 - Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {EVI,EVI2,Linearization,MODIS,Vegetation indices},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {3833--3845},
title = {{Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425708001971},
volume = {112},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Hemp2005,
abstract = {The disappearing glaciers of Kilimanjaro are attracting broad interest. Less conspicuous but ecologically far more significant is the associated increase of frequency and intensity of fires on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, which leads to a downward shift of the upper forest line by several hundred meters as a result of a drier (warmer) climate since the last century. In contrast to common belief, global warming does not necessarily cause upward migration of plants and animals. Here, it is shown that on Kilimanjaro the opposite trend is under way, with consequences more harmful than those due to the loss of the showy ice cap of Africa's highest mountain.},
author = {Hemp, Andreas},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00968.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hemp - 2005 - Climate change-driven forest fires marginalize the impact of ice cap wasting on Kilimanjaro.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2486},
issn = {1354-1013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {Alpine vegetation,Climate change,East Africa,Erica,Forest fires,Montane,Subalpine cloud forest,Vegetation change,Vegetation zones},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1013--1023},
title = {{Climate change-driven forest fires marginalize the impact of ice cap wasting on Kilimanjaro}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00968.x},
volume = {11},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Huete2002,
abstract = {We evaluated the initial 12 months of vegetation index product availability from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Earth Observing System-Terra platform. Two MODIS vegetation indices (VI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI), are produced at 1-km and 500-m resolutions and 16-day compositing periods. This paper presents an initial analysis of the MODIS NDVI and EVI performance from both radiometric and biophysical perspectives. We utilize a combination of site-intensive and regionally extensive approaches to demonstrate the performance and validity of the two indices. Our results showed a good correspondence between airborne-measured, top-of-canopy reflectances and VI values with those from the MODIS sensor at four intensively measured test sites representing semi-arid grass/shrub, savanna, and tropical forest biomes. Simultaneously derived field biophysical measures also demonstrated the scientific utility of the MODIS VI. Multitemporal profiles of the MODIS VIs over numerous biome types in North and South America well represented their seasonal phenologies. Comparisons of the MODIS-NDVI with the NOAA-14, 1-km AVHRR-NDVI temporal profiles showed that the MODIS-based index performed with higher fidelity. The dynamic range of the MODIS VIs are presented and their sensitivities in discriminating vegetation differences are evaluated in sparse and dense vegetation areas. We found the NDVI to asymptotically saturate in high biomass regions such as in the Amazon while the EVI remained sensitive to canopy variations. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.},
author = {Huete, a. and Didan, K. and Miura, T. and Rodriguez, E.P and Gao, X. and Ferreira, L.G},
doi = {10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00096-2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Huete et al. - 2002 - Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {NDVI or EVI},
mendeley-tags = {NDVI or EVI},
month = {nov},
number = {1-2},
pages = {195--213},
pmid = {22129206},
title = {{Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425702000962},
volume = {83},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Daniel2016,
abstract = {1.A wide range of spatially explicit simulation models have been developed to forecast landscape dynamics, including models for projecting changes in both vegetation and land use. While these models have generally been developed as separate applications, each with a separate purpose and audience, they share many common features.2.We present a general framework, called a state-and-transition simulation model (STSM), which captures a number of these common features, accompanied by a software product, called ST-Sim, to build and run such models. The STSM method divides a landscape into a set of discrete spatial units and simulates the discrete state of each cell forward as a discrete-time-inhomogeneous stochastic process. The method differs from a spatially-interacting Markov chain in several important ways, including the ability to add discrete counters such as age and time-since-transition as state variables, to specify one-step transition rates as either probabilities or target areas, and to represent multiple types of transitions between pairs of states.3.We demonstrate the STSM method using a model of land use/land cover change (LULC) for the state of Hawai'i, USA. Processes represented in this example include expansion/contraction of agricultural lands, urbanization, wildfire, shrub encroachment into grassland and harvest of tree plantations; the model also projects shifts in moisture zones due to climate change. Key model output includes projections of the future spatial and temporal distribution of LULC classes and moisture zones across the landscape over the next 50 years.4.STSMs can be applied to a wide range of landscapes, including questions of both land use change and vegetation dynamics. Because the method is inherently stochastic, it is well suited for characterizing uncertainty in model projections. When combined with the ST-Sim software, STSMs offer a simple yet powerful means for developing a wide range of models of landscape dynamics.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
author = {Daniel, Colin J. and Frid, Leonardo and Sleeter, Benjamin M. and Fortin, Marie Jos{\'{e}}e},
doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.12597},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Daniel et al. - 2016 - State-and-transition simulation models A framework for forecasting landscape change.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2041210X},
journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {Land-use change,Landscape dynamics,Landscape ecology,Markov chain,Modelling,ST-Sim,Spatial,Stochastic},
pages = {1413--1423},
title = {{State-and-transition simulation models: A framework for forecasting landscape change}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ewers2013,
abstract = {Landscape ecology plays a vital role in understanding the impacts of land-use change on biodiversity, but it is not a predictive discipline, lacking theoretical models that quantitatively predict biodiversity patterns from first principles. Here, we draw heavily on ideas from phylogenetics to fill this gap, basing our approach on the insight that habitat fragments have a shared history. We develop a landscape 'terrageny', which represents the historical spatial separation of habitat fragments in the same way that a phylogeny represents evolutionary divergence among species. Combining a random sampling model with a terrageny generates numerical predictions about the expected proportion of species shared between any two fragments, the locations of locally endemic species, and the number of species that have been driven locally extinct. The model predicts that community similarity declines with terragenetic distance, and that local endemics are more likely to be found in terragenetically distinctive fragments than in large fragments. We derive equations to quantify the variance around predictions, and show that ignoring the spatial structure of fragmented landscapes leads to over-estimates of local extinction rates at the landscape scale. We argue that ignoring the shared history of habitat fragments limits our ability to understand biodiversity changes in human-modified landscapes.},
author = {Ewers, Robert M. and Didham, Raphael K. and Pearse, William D. and Lefebvre, V{\'{e}}ronique and Rosa, Isabel M D and Carreiras, Jo{\~{a}}o M B and Lucas, Richard M. and Reuman, Daniel C.},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12160},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ewers et al. - 2013 - Using landscape history to predict biodiversity patterns in fragmented landscapes.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1461-0248 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1461-023X (Linking)},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {Distance-dissimilarity curve,Habitat fragmentation,Habitat loss,Landscape divergence hypothesis,Nested communities,Neutral model,Random sampling,Spatial autocorrelation,Spatial insurance,Vicariance model},
number = {10},
pages = {1221--1233},
pmid = {23931035},
title = {{Using landscape history to predict biodiversity patterns in fragmented landscapes}},
volume = {16},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Haberl2007,
abstract = {Human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP), the aggregate impact of land use on biomass available each year in ecosystems, is a prominent measure of the human domination of the biosphere. We present a comprehensive assessment of global HANPP based on vegetation modeling, agricultural and forestry statistics, and geographical information systems data on land use, land cover, and soil degradation that localizes human impact on ecosystems. We found an aggregate global HANPP value of 15.6 Pg C/yr or 23.8{\%} of potential net primary productivity, of which 53{\%} was contributed by harvest, 40{\%} by land-use-induced productivity changes, and 7{\%} by human-induced fires. This is a remarkable impact on the biosphere caused by just one species. We present maps quantifying human-induced changes in trophic energy flows in ecosystems that illustrate spatial patterns in the human domination of ecosystems, thus emphasizing land use as a pervasive factor of global importance. Land use transforms earth's terrestrial surface, resulting in changes in biogeochemical cycles and in the ability of ecosystems to deliver services critical to human well being. The results suggest that large-scale schemes to substitute biomass for fossil fuels should be viewed cautiously because massive additional pressures on ecosystems might result from increased biomass harvest.},
author = {Haberl, Helmut and Erb, K Heinz and Krausmann, Fridolin and Gaube, Veronika and Bondeau, Alberte and Plutzar, Christoph and Gingrich, Simone and Lucht, Wolfgang and Fischer-Kowalski, Marina},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0704243104},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Haberl et al. - 2007 - Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth's terrestrial ecosystems.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0027-8424},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
number = {31},
pages = {12942--12947},
pmid = {17616580},
title = {{Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth's terrestrial ecosystems.}},
volume = {104},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Pocock2012,
abstract = {Understanding species' interactions and the robustness of interaction networks to species loss is essential to understand the effects of species' declines and extinctions. In most studies, different types of networks (such as food webs, parasitoid webs, seed dispersal networks, and pollination networks) have been studied separately. We sampled such multiple networks simultaneously in an agroecosystem. We show that the networks varied in their robustness; networks including pollinators appeared to be particularly fragile. We show that, overall, networks did not strongly covary in their robustness, which suggests that ecological restoration (for example, through agri-environment schemes) benefitting one functional group will not inevitably benefit others. Some individual plant species were disproportionately well linked to many other species. This type of information can be used in restoration management, because it identifies the plant taxa that can potentially lead to disproportionate gains in biodiversity.},
author = {Pocock, Michael J.O. MJO Michael J O and Memmott, Jane and Evans, Darren M DM and Memmott, Jane},
doi = {10.1126/science.1214915},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pocock et al. - 2012 - The robustness and restoration of a network of ecological networks.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0036-8075},
issn = {1095-9203},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
keywords = {Agriculture,Animals,Biodiversity,Biological,Ecology and Environment,Ecosystem,Extinction,Food Chain,Great Britain,Insects,Insects: physiology,Models,Parasites,Parasites: physiology,Plant Physiological Phenomena,Pollination,Vertebrates,Vertebrates: physiology},
month = {feb},
number = {6071},
pages = {973--7},
pmid = {22363009},
title = {{The robustness and restoration of a network of ecological networks.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22363009 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6071/973.short http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6071/973},
volume = {335},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hurlbert2007,
abstract = {Most studies examining continental-to-global patterns of species richness rely on the overlaying of extent-of-occurrence range maps. Because a species does not occur at all locations within its geographic range, range-map-derived data represent actual distributional patterns only at some relatively coarse and undefined resolution. With the increasing availability of high-resolution climate and land-cover data, broad-scale studies are increasingly likely to estimate richness at high resolutions. Because of the scale dependence of most ecological phenomena, a significant mismatch between the presumed and actual scale of ecological data may arise. This may affect conclusions regarding basic drivers of diversity and may lead to errors in the identification of diversity hotspots. Here, we examine avian range maps of 834 bird species in conjunction with geographically extensive survey data sets on two continents to determine the spatial resolutions at which range-map data actually characterize species occurrences and patterns of species richness. At resolutions less than 2 degrees ( approximately 200 km), range maps overestimate the area of occupancy of individual species and mis-characterize spatial patterns of species richness, resulting in up to two-thirds of biodiversity hotspots being misidentified. The scale dependence of range-map accuracy poses clear limitations on broad-scale ecological analyses and conservation assessments. We suggest that range-map data contain less information than is generally assumed and provide guidance about the appropriate scale of their use.},
author = {Hurlbert, Allen H and Jetz, Walter},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0704469104},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hurlbert, Jetz - 2007 - Species richness, hotspots, and the scale dependence of range maps in ecology and conservation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0027-8424},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {Animals,Birds,Conservation of Natural Resources,Ecology,Species Specificity},
month = {aug},
number = {33},
pages = {13384--13389},
pmid = {17686977},
title = {{Species richness, hotspots, and the scale dependence of range maps in ecology and conservation}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17686977 http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0704469104},
volume = {104},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Tracewski2016,
abstract = {Conservation actions need to be prioritised, often taking into account species' extinction risk. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List provides an accepted objective framework for the assessment of extinction risk, but field data to apply the IUCN Red List criteria are often limited. Information collected through remote sensing can inform these assessments, and forests are perhaps the best-studied habitat type for use in this approach. Using an open-access 30 m resolution map of tree cover and its change between 2000 and 2012, the extent of forest cover and loss within the distributions of 11,186 forest-dependent amphibians, birds and mammals worldwide was assessed. Sixteen species have experienced sufficiently high rates of forest loss to be considered at elevated extinction risk under Red List criterion A, owing to inferred rapid population declines. This number would increase to 23 if data deficient species (i.e., those with insufficient information previously to apply the Red List criteria) were included. Some 484 species (855 if data deficient species are included) may be considered at elevated extinction risk under Red List criterion B2, owing to restricted areas of occupancy resulting from little forest cover remaining within their ranges. This would increase the proportion of species of conservation concern by 32.8{\%} for amphibians, 15.1{\%} for birds and 24.7{\%} for mammals. Central America, the Northern Andes, Madagascar, the Eastern Arc forests in Africa and the islands of South-East Asia are hotspots for these species. The analyses illustrate the utility of satellite imagery for global extinction risk assessment and measurement of progress towards international environmental agreement targets. We highlight areas for which subsequent analyses could be performed on satellite image data in order to improve our knowledge of extinction risk of species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
author = {Tracewski, {\L}ukasz and Butchart, Stuart H.M. and {Di Marco}, Moreno and Ficetola, Gentile F. and Rondinini, Carlo and Symes, Andy and Wheatley, Hannah and Beresford, Alison E. and Buchanan, Graeme M.},
doi = {10.1111/cobi.12715},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tracewski et al. - 2016 - Toward quantification of the impact of 21st-century deforestation on the extinction risk of terrestrial verteb.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {08888892},
issn = {08888892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
keywords = {IUCN Red List,Lista Roja UICN,conservaci{\'{o}}n de especies,conservation prioritization,forest loss,habitat loss,priorizaci{\'{o}}n de la conservaci{\'{o}}n,p{\'{e}}rdida de bosques,p{\'{e}}rdida de h{\'{a}}bitat,remote sensing,species conservation,teledetecci{\'{o}}n},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {1070--1079},
pmid = {26991445},
title = {{Toward quantification of the impact of 21st-century deforestation on the extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/cobi.12715},
volume = {30},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Hyndman2008,
abstract = {Automatic forecasts of large numbers of univariate time series are often needed in business and other contexts. We describe two automatic forecasting algorithms that have been implemented in the forecast package for R. The first is based on innovations state space models that underly exponential smoothing methods. The second is a step-wise algorithm for forecasting with ARIMA models. The algorithms are applicable to both seasonal and non-seasonal data, and are compared and illustrated using four real time series. We also briefly describe some of the other functionality available in the forecast package.},
author = {Hyndman, Rob J and Khandakar, Yeasmin},
doi = {10.18637/jss.v027.i03},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hyndman, Khandakar - 2008 - Automatic Time Series Forecasting The forecast Package for R.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1548-7660},
issn = {1548-7660},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
keywords = {arima models,automatic forecasting,exponential smoothing,prediction inter-,r,state space models,time series,vals},
number = {3},
pages = {1--22},
pmid = {258205200001},
title = {{Automatic Time Series Forecasting: The forecast Package for R}},
url = {http://www.jstatsoft.org/v27/i03 http://www.jstatsoft.org/v27/i03/},
volume = {27},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Lewis2015,
author = {Lewis, Simon L and Edwards, David P and Galbraith, David},
doi = {10.1126/science.aaa9932},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lewis, Edwards, Galbraith - 2015 - Increasing human dominance of tropical forests.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {aug},
number = {6250},
pages = {827--832},
title = {{Increasing human dominance of tropical forests}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aaa9932},
volume = {349},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Bunn2000,
abstract = {We use focal-species analysis to apply a graph-theoretic approach to landscape connectivity in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. In doing so we demonstrate the utility of a mathematical graph as an ecological construct with respect to habitat connectivity. Graph theory is a well established mainstay of information technology and is concerned with highly efficient network flow. It employs fast algorithms and compact data structures that are easily adapted to landscape-level focal species analysis. American mink (Mustela vison) and prothonotary warblers (Protonotaria citrea) share the same habitat but have different dispersal capabilities, and therefore provide interesting comparisons on connections in the landscape. We built graphs using GIS coverages to define habitat patches and determined the functional distance between the patches with least-cost path modeling. Using graph operations concerned with edge and node removal we found that the landscape is fundamentally connected for mink and fundamentally unconnected for prothonotary warblers. The advantage of a graph-theoretic approach over other modeling techniques is that it is a heuristic framework which can be applied with very little data and improved from the initial results. We demonstrate the use of graph theory in a metapopulation context, and suggest that graph theory as applied to conservation biology can provide leverage on applications concerned with landscape connectivity.},
author = {Bunn, A G and Urban, D L and Keitt, T H},
doi = {10.1006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bunn, Urban, Keitt - 2000 - Landscape connectivity A conservation application of graph theory.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0301-4797},
issn = {03014797},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
keywords = {American mink,Mustela vison,Protonotaria citrea,connectivity,focal species,graph theory,landscape ecology,metapopulations,modeling,prothonotary warblers},
number = {June},
pages = {265--278},
pmid = {2460},
title = {{Landscape connectivity: A conservation application of graph theory}},
url = {http://www.idealibrary.com},
volume = {59},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Peterson2002,
abstract = {Landscapes are strongly shaped by the degree of interaction between pattern and process. This paper examines how ecological memory, the degree to which an ecological process is shaped by its past modifications of a landscape, influences landscape dynamics. I use a simulation model to examine how ecological memory shapes the landscape dynamics produced by the interaction of vegetative regrowth and fire. The model illustrated that increased ecological memory increased the strength and spatial extent of landscape pattern. The extent of these changes depended upon the relative rates of vegetative recovery and fire initiation. When ecological memory is strong, landscape pattern is persistent; pattern tends to be maintained rather than destroyed by fire. The generality of the simulation model suggests that these results may also apply to disturbance processes other than fire. The existence of ecological memory in ecosystems may allow processes to produce ecological pattern that can entrain other ecosystem variables. The methods presented in this paper to analyze pattern in model ecosystems could be used to detect such pattern in actual ecosystems.},
author = {Peterson, Garry D.},
doi = {10.1007/s10021-001-0077-1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Peterson - 2002 - Contagious Disturbance, Ecological Memory, and the Emergence of Landscape Pattern.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1002100100771},
issn = {1432-9840},
journal = {Ecosystems},
keywords = {Autocorrelation,Keystone processes,Landscape ecology,Patch dynamics,Scale,Self-organization,Spatial dynamics},
month = {jun},
number = {4},
pages = {329--338},
pmid = {1939},
title = {{Contagious Disturbance, Ecological Memory, and the Emergence of Landscape Pattern}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10021-001-0077-1},
volume = {5},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Calenge2007,
author = {Calenge, Cl{\'{e}}ment},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2007/Calenge{\_}2007{\_}Exploring habitat selection by wildlife with adehabitat.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of statistical software},
keywords = {Method-Paper,Modelling,data analysis,ecology,exploration,habitat selection,k-select analysis,radio-},
mendeley-tags = {Method-Paper,Modelling},
number = {6},
pages = {2--19},
publisher = {American Statistical Association},
title = {{Exploring habitat selection by wildlife with adehabitat}},
url = {http://www.jstatsoft.org/v22/i06/paper},
volume = {22},
year = {2007}
}
@article{VanderHoek2013,
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Identifying persistence and extinction thresholds in species-habitat relationships is a major focal point of ecological research and conservation. However, one major concern regarding the incorporation of threshold analyses in conservation is the lack of knowledge on the generality and transferability of results across species and regions. We present a multi-region, multi-species approach of modeling threshold responses, which we use to investigate whether threshold effects are similar across species and regions.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We modeled local persistence and extinction dynamics of 25 forest-associated breeding birds based on detection/non-detection data, which were derived from repeated breeding bird atlases for the state of Vermont. We did not find threshold responses to be particularly well-supported, with 9 species supporting extinction thresholds and 5 supporting persistence thresholds. This contrasts with a previous study based on breeding bird atlas data from adjacent New York State, which showed that most species support persistence and extinction threshold models (15 and 22 of 25 study species respectively). In addition, species that supported a threshold model in both states had associated average threshold estimates of 61.41{\%} (SE = 6.11, persistence) and 66.45{\%} (SE = 9.15, extinction) in New York, compared to 51.08{\%} (SE = 10.60, persistence) and 73.67{\%} (SE = 5.70, extinction) in Vermont. Across species, thresholds were found at 19.45-87.96{\%} forest cover for persistence and 50.82-91.02{\%} for extinction dynamics.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Through an approach that allows for broad-scale comparisons of threshold responses, we show that species vary in their threshold responses with regard to habitat amount, and that differences between even nearby regions can be pronounced. We present both ecological and methodological factors that may contribute to the different model results, but propose that regardless of the reasons behind these differences, our results merit a warning that threshold values cannot simply be transferred across regions or interpreted as clear-cut targets for ecosystem management and conservation.},
author = {van der Hoek, Yntze and Renfrew, Rosalind and Manne, Lisa L},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0055996},
editor = {Lindborg, Regina},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/van der Hoek, Renfrew, Manne - 2013 - Assessing Regional and Interspecific Variation in Threshold Responses of Forest Breeding Birds thr.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
keywords = {Animals,Biological,Birds,Breeding,Conservation of Natural Resources,Ecosystem,Extinction,New York,Population Density,Population Dynamics,Trees,Vermont},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {e55996},
pmid = {23409106},
title = {{Assessing Regional and Interspecific Variation in Threshold Responses of Forest Breeding Birds through Broad Scale Analyses}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3567043{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055996},
volume = {8},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Phiri2017,
author = {Phiri, Darius and Morgenroth, Justin},
doi = {10.3390/rs9090967},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Phiri, Morgenroth - 2017 - Developments in Landsat Land Cover Classification Methods A Review.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2072-4292},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {classification methods,land cover,landsat,obia,pixel-based,remote sensing},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {967},
title = {{Developments in Landsat Land Cover Classification Methods: A Review}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/9/967},
volume = {9},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Buschke2014,
author = {Buschke, Falko T. and {De Meester}, Luc and Brendonck, Luc and Vanschoenwinkel, Bram},
doi = {10.1111/ecog.00860},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2014/Buschke et al.{\_}2014{\_}Partitioning the variation in African vertebrate distributions into environmental and spatial components - exploring.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {450--461},
title = {{Partitioning the variation in African vertebrate distributions into environmental and spatial components - exploring the link between ecology and biogeography}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.00860/full http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ecog.00860},
volume = {38},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Taillie2018,
author = {Taillie, Paul J. and Burnett, Ryan D and Roberts, Lance Jay and Campos, Brent R and Peterson, M Nils and Moorman, Christopher E.},
doi = {10.1002/ecs2.2291},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Taillie et al. - 2018 - Interacting and non-linear avian responses to mixed-severity wildfire and time since fire.pdf:pdf},
issn = {21508925},
journal = {Ecosphere},
keywords = {2018 the authors,accepted 3 may 2018,access article under the,any medium,commons attribution,copyright,corresponding editor,distance sampling,distribution and reproduction in,disturbance,is properly cited,joseph a,lamanna,license,provided the original work,pyrodiversity,received 10 january 2018,revised 2 may 2018,sierra nevada,succession,terms of the creative,this is an open,which permits use},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {e02291},
title = {{Interacting and non-linear avian responses to mixed-severity wildfire and time since fire}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ecs2.2291},
volume = {9},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Liu2012,
author = {Liu, Desheng and Cai, Shanshan},
doi = {10.1080/00045608.2011.596357},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Liu, Cai - 2012 - A Spatial-Temporal Modeling Approach to Reconstructing Land-Cover Change Trajectories from Multi-temporal Satellite Im.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0004-5608},
journal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers},
month = {nov},
number = {6},
pages = {1329--1347},
title = {{A Spatial-Temporal Modeling Approach to Reconstructing Land-Cover Change Trajectories from Multi-temporal Satellite Imagery}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045608.2011.596357},
volume = {102},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Menke2012,
abstract = {Forest fragmentation and local disturbance are prevailing threats to tropical forest ecosystems and affect frugivore communities and animal seed dispersal in different ways. However, very little is known about the effects of anthropogenic forest edges and of local disturbance on the structure and robustness of plant–frugivore networks. We carried out focal tree observations to record the frugivore species feeding on eight canopy tree species in the forest interior and at forest–farmland edges in a little and a highly disturbed part of a Kenyan rain forest. For each frugivore species, we recorded its body mass and its forest dependence. We examined how forest edge and local disturbance affected the abundance, the richness and the composition of the frugivore community and tested whether forest edge and local disturbance affected plant frugivore networks. Abundance and species richness of frugivores were higher at edges than in the forest interior. Forest visitors and small-bodied frugivores increased, while forest specialists decreased in abundance at forest edges. The changes in frugivore community composition resulted in plant–frugivore networks that were more connected, more nested and more robust against species extinctions at forest–farmland edges than in the forest interior. Network specialization was lower at forest edges than in the forest interior because at the edges plant specialization on frugivores was very low in small-fruited species. In contrast, small-fruited plants were more specialized than large-fruited plants in the forest interior. Our findings suggest that forest-visiting birds may stabilize seed-dispersal services for small-fruited plant species at rain forest margins, while seed-dispersal services for large-fruited plant species may be disrupted at forest edges due to the decrease of large-bodied frugviores. To assess the ultimate consequences of bird movements from farmland to forest edges for ecosystem functioning, future studies are required to investigate the seed-dispersal qualities provided by forest-visiting bird species in the tropics.},
author = {Menke, Sebastian and B{\"{o}}hning-Gaese, Katrin and Schleuning, Matthias},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20210.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2012/Menke, B{\"{o}}hning-Gaese, Schleuning{\_}2012{\_}Plant-frugivore networks are less specialized and more robust at forest-farmland edges than in the.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
keywords = {Birds,Edge,Forests,Fragmentation,Plant-Animal Network},
mendeley-tags = {Birds,Edge,Forests,Fragmentation,Plant-Animal Network},
month = {jan},
number = {November 2011},
pages = {no--no},
title = {{Plant-frugivore networks are less specialized and more robust at forest-farmland edges than in the interior of a tropical forest}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20210.x},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Tulloch2015,
author = {Tulloch, Ayesha I. T. and Barnes, Megan D. and Ringma, Jeremy and Fuller, Richard A. and Watson, James E. M.},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.12547},
editor = {Mori, Akira},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tulloch et al. - 2015 - Understanding the importance of small patches of habitat for conservation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00218901},
journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
month = {oct},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
title = {{Understanding the importance of small patches of habitat for conservation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2664.12547},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Braaten2015,
author = {Braaten, Justin D. and Cohen, Warren B. and Yang, Zhiqiang},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2015.08.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Braaten, Cohen, Yang - 2015 - Automated cloud and cloud shadow identification in Landsat MSS imagery for temperate ecosystems.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Automated cloud masking,Change detection,Landsat MSS,Large area mapping,Time series analysis},
month = {nov},
pages = {128--138},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Automated cloud and cloud shadow identification in Landsat MSS imagery for temperate ecosystems}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425715300948},
volume = {169},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Begue2018,
author = {B{\'{e}}gu{\'{e}}, Agn{\`{e}}s and Arvor, Damien and Bellon, Beatriz and Betbeder, Julie and de Abelleyra, Diego and {P. D. Ferraz}, Rodrigo and Lebourgeois, Valentine and Lelong, Camille and Sim{\~{o}}es, Margareth and {R. Ver{\'{o}}n}, Santiago},
doi = {10.3390/rs10010099},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/B{\'{e}}gu{\'{e}} et al. - 2018 - Remote Sensing and Cropping Practices A Review.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {agroforestry,crop succession,cropping pattern,cropping system,fallow,harvest,intercropping,irrigation,multiple cropping,rotation,soil tillage},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {99},
title = {{Remote Sensing and Cropping Practices: A Review}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/1/99},
volume = {10},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Campagnolo2016,
abstract = {Satellite derived surface albedo and view-angle corrected surface reflectance products serve as the key inputs for an array of climate, biogeochemical, and hydrologic modeling efforts. This research effort is particularly focused on establishing the effective spatial resolution of the global MODIS and VIIRS Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR) and Albedo products. The standard MODIS Products (MCD43) are created by fitting a kernel-driven, semi-empirical BRDF model to multi-date, multi-angular surface reflectance data to establish the surface reflectance anisotropy of a location. Emphasis on a particular date within the rolling multi-date period has resulted in a daily product reported on a 500 m Sinusoidal grid tiling system. While anecdotal and theoretical experiences have suggested that this product would be representative of a larger surface area than the 500 m grid, this research both quantifies that effect, and verifies that the spatial effective resolution is consistently less than 1 km for MODIS. Results for 500 m VIIRS NBAR product show an improvement of approximately 250 m in spatial effective resolution along the scan direction. In addition to their use in modeling, the MODIS BRDF/Albedo/NBAR products (and into the future with the analogous VIIRS products) are increasingly being relied upon to monitor vegetation phenology, identify land cover and land cover disturbance, track snow fall and melt, and establish surface energy balance variability. Thus, this research provides the quantification both for MODIS and VIIRS necessary for the effective use of these products by the global modeling and monitoring communities.},
author = {Campagnolo, Manuel L. and Sun, Qingsong and Liu, Yan and Schaaf, Crystal and Wang, Zhuosen and Rom{\'{a}}n, Miguel O.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.033},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Campagnolo et al. - 2016 - Estimating the effective spatial resolution of the operational BRDF, albedo, and nadir reflectance products f.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Albedo,BRDF,Gridded spatial resolution,MCD43,MODIS,NBAR,VIIRS,VNP43},
month = {mar},
pages = {52--64},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Estimating the effective spatial resolution of the operational BRDF, albedo, and nadir reflectance products from MODIS and VIIRS}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.033 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425715302546},
volume = {175},
year = {2016}
}
@misc{RTeam2014,
address = {Vienna, Austria},
author = {{R Core Team}},
publisher = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
title = {{R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing}},
url = {https://www.r-project.org/},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Skidmore2015,
author = {Skidmore, Andrew K. and Pettorelli, Nathalie and Coops, Nicholas C. and Geller, Gary N. and Hansen, Matthew and Lucas, Richard and M{\"{u}}cher, Caspar A. and O'Connor, Brian and Paganini, Marc and Pereira, Henrique Miguel and Schaepman, Michael E. and Turner, Woody and Wang, Tiejun and Wegmann, Martin},
doi = {10.1038/523403a},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Skidmore et al. - 2015 - Environmental science Agree on biodiversity metrics to track from space.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {jul},
number = {7561},
pages = {403--405},
title = {{Environmental science: Agree on biodiversity metrics to track from space}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/523403a},
volume = {523},
year = {2015}
}
@misc{McGarigal2012,
abstract = {Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available at the following web site: http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html},
address = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst},
author = {McGarigal, Kevin and Cushman, Samuel A. and Neel, MC and Ene, E},
keywords = {FRAGSTATS,Fragmentation,Method-Paper,Software},
mendeley-tags = {FRAGSTATS,Fragmentation,Method-Paper,Software},
title = {{FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps}},
url = {http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Vicente-Serrano2010,
abstract = {The authors propose a new climatic drought index: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The SPEI is based on precipitation and temperature data, and it has the advantage of combining multiscalar character with the capacity to include the effects of temperature variability on drought assessment. The procedure to calculate the index is detailed and involves a climatic water balance, the accumulation of deficit/surplus at different time scales, and adjustment to a log-logistic probability distribution. Mathematically, the SPEI is similar to the standardized precipitation index (SPI), but it includes the role of temperature. Because the SPEI is based on a water balance, it can be compared to the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (sc-PDSI). Time series of the three indices were compared for a set of observatories with different climate characteristics, located in different parts of the world. Under global warming conditions, only the sc-PDSI and SPEI identified an increase in drought severity associated with higher water demand as a result of evapotranspiration. Relative to the sc-PDSI, the SPEI has the advantage of being multiscalar. which is crucial for drought analysis and monitoring.},
author = {Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M. and Beguer{\'{i}}a, Santiago and L{\'{o}}pez-Moreno, Juan I.},
doi = {10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Vicente-Serrano, Beguer{\'{i}}a, L{\'{o}}pez-Moreno - 2010 - A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming The Standardized Precipitation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0894-8755},
issn = {0894-8755},
journal = {Journal of Climate},
month = {apr},
number = {7},
pages = {1696--1718},
title = {{A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index}},
url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1},
volume = {23},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Hemp2006a,
abstract = {Natural flora, vegetation, diversity and structure of 62 traditional coffee-banana plantations on Kilimanjaro were investigated and compared with the other vegetation formations on this volcano on basis of over 1400 plots following the method of Braun-Blanquet. The vegetation of the so-called Chagga homegardens belongs floristically to the formation of ruderal vegetation forming two main communities that are determined by altitude. These coffee-banana plantations maintain a high biodiversity with about 520 vascular plant species including over 400 non-cultivated plants. Most species (194) occurring in the Chagga homegardens are forest species, followed by 128 ruderal species, including 41 neophytes. Typical of the agroforestry system of the Chagga homegardens is their multilayered vegetation structure similar to a tropical montane forest with trees, shrubs, lianas, epiphytes and herbs. Beside relicts of the former forest cover, which lost most of their former habitats, there are on the other hand (apophytic) forest species, which were directly or indirectly favoured by the land use of the Chagga people. High demand of wood, the introduction of coffee varieties that are sun-tolerant and low coffee prizes on the world marked endanger this effective and sustainable system. {\textcopyright} Springer 2006.},
author = {Hemp, Andreas},
doi = {10.1007/s10531-004-8230-8},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2006/Hemp{\_}2006{\_}The Banana Forests of Kilimanjaro Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chagga Homegardens.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0960-3115},
issn = {0960-3115},
journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
keywords = {Agroforestry,Apophytes,Coffee-banana planations,East Africa,Epiphytes,Kilimanjaro,Neophytes,Ruderal vegetation,Tropical montane forest},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {1193--1217},
title = {{The Banana Forests of Kilimanjaro: Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chagga Homegardens}},
volume = {15},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Scales2008,
abstract = {This paper appeared, subsequent to peer review and by Cambridge University Press, in Environmental Conservation, 2008; vol 35(no 2), pp. 160-172. {\textcopyright} 2008 Cambridge University Press. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online{\&}aid=2010496{\&}fulltextType=RA{\&}fileId=S0376892908004840},
author = {Scales, BR and Marsden, SJ},
doi = {10.1017/S0376892908004840},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2008/Scales, Marsden{\_}2008{\_}Biodiversity in small-scale tropical agroforests a review of species richness and abundance shifts and the factors.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0376-8929},
issn = {0376-8929},
journal = {Environmental Conservation},
keywords = {Agroforestry,Biodiversity,Forest Gardens,Homegardens,Swiggen,Tropical Agriculture},
month = {aug},
number = {02},
pages = {160--172},
title = {{Biodiversity in small-scale tropical agroforests: a review of species richness and abundance shifts and the factors influencing them}},
volume = {35},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Bascompte2007,
abstract = {The mutually beneficial interactions between plants and their animal pollinators and seed dispersers have been paramount in the generation of Earth's biodiversity. These mutualistic interactions often involve dozens or even hundreds of species that form complex networks of interdependences. Understanding how coevolution proceeds in these highly diversified mutualisms among free-living species presents a conceptual challenge. Recent work has led to the unambiguous conclusion that mutualistic networks are very heterogeneous (the bulk of the species have a few interactions, but a few species are much more connected than expected by chance), nested (specialists interact with subsets of the species with which generalists interact), and built on weak and asymmetric links among species. Both ecological variables (e.g., phenology, local abundance, and geographic range) and past evolutionary history may explain such network patterns. Network structure has important implications for the coexistence and stability of species as well as for the coevolutionary process. Mutualistic networks can thus be regarded as the architecture of biodiversity.},
author = {Bascompte, Jordi and Jordano, Pedro},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095818},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2007/Bascompte, Jordano{\_}2007{\_}Plant-Animal Mutualistic Networks The Architecture of Biodiversity.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1543-592X},
journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
keywords = {Plant-Animal Network,Review,coevolution,complex networks,mutualism,pollination,seed},
mendeley-tags = {Plant-Animal Network,Review},
month = {dec},
number = {1},
pages = {567--593},
title = {{Plant-Animal Mutualistic Networks: The Architecture of Biodiversity}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095818},
volume = {38},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Kuussaari2009,
abstract = {Local extinction of species can occur with a substantial delay following habitat loss or degradation. Accumulating evidence suggests that such extinction debts pose a significant but often unrecognized challenge for biodiversity conservation across a wide range of taxa and ecosystems. Species with long generation times and populations near their extinction threshold are most likely to have an extinction debt. However, as long as a species that is predicted to become extinct still persists, there is time for conservation measures such as habitat restoration and landscape management. Standardized long-term monitoring, more high-quality empirical studies on different taxa and ecosystems and further development of analytical methods will help to better quantify extinction debt and protect biodiversity. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Kuussaari, Mikko and Bommarco, Riccardo and Heikkinen, Risto K. and Helm, Aveliina and Krauss, Jochen and Lindborg, Regina and {\"{O}}ckinger, Erik and P{\"{a}}rtel, Meelis and Pino, Joan and Rod{\`{a}}, Ferran and Stefanescu, Constant{\'{i}} and Teder, Tiit and Zobel, Martin and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.011},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuussaari et al. - 2009 - Extinction debt a challenge for biodiversity conservation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {564--571},
pmid = {19665254},
title = {{Extinction debt: a challenge for biodiversity conservation}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534709001918},
volume = {24},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hamilton1981,
author = {Hamilton, A. C.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2028.1981.tb00647.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hamilton - 1981 - The quaternary history of African forests its relevance to conservation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0141-6707},
journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
month = {mar},
number = {1-2},
pages = {1--6},
title = {{The quaternary history of African forests: its relevance to conservation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1981.tb00647.x},
volume = {19},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Verburg2015,
author = {Verburg, Peter H. and Crossman, Neville and Ellis, Erle C. and Heinimann, Andreas and Hostert, Patrick and Mertz, Ole and Nagendra, Harini and Sikor, Thomas and Erb, Karl-Heinz and Golubiewski, Nancy and Grau, Ricardo and Grove, Morgan and Konat{\'{e}}, Souleymane and Meyfroidt, Patrick and Parker, Dawn C. and Chowdhury, Rinku Roy and Shibata, Hideaki and Thomson, Allison and Zhen, Lin},
doi = {10.1016/j.ancene.2015.09.004},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Verburg et al. - 2015 - Land system science and sustainable development of the earth system A global land project perspective.pdf:pdf},
issn = {22133054},
journal = {Anthropocene},
month = {dec},
pages = {29--41},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Land system science and sustainable development of the earth system: A global land project perspective}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213305415300151 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213305415300151},
volume = {12},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Sandom2014,
author = {Sandom, Christopher and Faurby, S{\o}ren and Sandel, Brody and Svenning, J.-C.},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.3254},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Sandom et al. - 2014 - Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {ecology,palaeontology},
month = {jun},
number = {1787},
pages = {20133254--20133254},
title = {{Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change}},
url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.3254},
volume = {281},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Homer2015,
author = {Homer, C.G. and Dewitz, J.A. and Yang, L. and Jin, S. and Danielson, P. and Xian, G. and Coulston, J. and Herold, N.D. and Wickham, J.D. and Megown, K. and {Homer, C., Dewitz, J., Yang, L., Jin, S., Danielson, P., Xian, G., Coulston, J., Herold, N., Wickham, J., and Megown}, K.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/Isbell{\_}et{\_}al-2015-Ecology{\_}Letters.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Homer et al. - 2015 - Completion of the 2011 national land cover database for the conterminous United States- representing a decade of l.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1070-9878},
issn = {1070-9878},
journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {346--354},
title = {{Completion of the 2011 national land cover database for the conterminous United States- representing a decade of land cover change information}},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Limin{\_}Yang5/publication/282254893{\_}Completion{\_}of{\_}the{\_}2011{\_}National{\_}Land{\_}Cover{\_}Database{\_}for{\_}the{\_}Conterminous{\_}United{\_}States{\_}-{\_}Representing{\_}a{\_}Decade{\_}of{\_}Land{\_}Cover{\_}Change{\_}Information/links/5693bbc808aeab58a9a2a661/Completio},
volume = {81},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Porter-Bolland2012,
abstract = {This paper assesses the role of protected and community managed forests for the long term maintenance of forest cover in the tropics. Through a meta-analysis of published case-studies, we compare land use/cover change data for these two broad types of forest management and assess their performance in maintaining forest cover. Case studies included 40 protected areas and 33 community managed forests from the peer reviewed literature. A statistical comparison of annual deforestation rates and a Qualitative Comparative Analysis were conducted. We found that as a whole, community managed forests presented lower and less variable annual deforestation rates than protected forests. We consider that a more resilient and robust forest conservation strategy should encompass a regional vision with different land use types in which social and economic needs of local inhabitants, as well as tenure rights and local capacities, are recognized. Further research for understanding institutional arrangements that derive from local governance in favor of tropical forest conservation is recommended. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier B.V..},
author = {Porter-Bolland, Luciana and Ellis, Edward a. and Guariguata, Manuel R. and Ruiz-Mall{\'{e}}n, Isabel and Negrete-Yankelevich, Simoneta and Reyes-Garc{\'{i}}a, Victoria},
doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.034},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2012/Porter-Bolland et al.{\_}2012{\_}Community managed forests and forest protected areas An assessment of their conservation effectiveness across.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0378-1127},
issn = {03781127},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
keywords = {Community managed forests,Land use/cover change,Meta-analysis,Protected areas,Qualitative Comparative Analysis,Tropical deforestation},
month = {mar},
pages = {6--17},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Community managed forests and forest protected areas: An assessment of their conservation effectiveness across the tropics}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.034 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112711003215},
volume = {268},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Luyssaert2011,
abstract = {Forest management and disturbances affect forest soils and biomass carbon stocks, emissions to the atmosphere, and radiative forcing. The conventional approaches to quantifying the intensity of land management based on net primary productivity (NPP) are limited because they lack a sound ecological basis. These limitations are especially evident for forests. This study proposes a new way of characterizing the degree of management and disturbance in forest stands that do not experience a change in classification, i.e., they remain forests. The proposed index, called land use and disturbance intensity (LUDI), uses the relationship between stand density and diameter at breast height for a relatively unmanaged/pristine baseline forest and different management schemes, in conjunction with the self-thinning relationship, to calculate the difference between potential and actual biomass storage. The LUDI distinguishes between the long and short timescales associated with management and disturbance. This capacity s...},
author = {Luyssaert, S. and Hessenm{\"{o}}ller, D. and von L{\"{u}}pke, N. and Kaiser, S. and Schulze, E. D.},
doi = {10.1890/10-2395.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Luyssaert et al. - 2011 - Quantifying land use and disturbance intensity in forestry, based on the self-thinning relationship.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1051-0761},
issn = {1051-0761},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
keywords = {Carbon cycle,Forestry,Germany,Human appropriation,Management intensity,Operational intensity,Planning intensity},
month = {dec},
number = {8},
pages = {3272--3284},
title = {{Quantifying land use and disturbance intensity in forestry, based on the self-thinning relationship}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-2395.1},
volume = {21},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Rosauer2014,
abstract = {Compared to species turnover, patterns of phylogenetic turnover provide extra information about the spatial structure of biodiversity, for example providing more informative comparisons between the biota of sites which share no species. To harness this information for broad-scale spatial analysis, we present phylo-GDM, a technique for interpolating the spatial structure of phylogenetic turnover between sampled locations in relation to environment, based on generalised dissimilarity modelling (GDM). Using a database of over 150 000 location records for 114 myobatrachid frog species in Australia, linked to a species-level phylogeny inferred from 2467 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA, we calculated species and phylogenetic turnover between pairs of sites. We show how phylogenetic turnover extended the range of informative comparison of compositional turnover to more biologically and environmentally dissimilar sites. We generated GDM models which predict species and phylogenetic turnover across Australia, and tested the fit of models for different ages within the phylogeny to find the phylogenetic tree depth at which the relationship to current day environment is greatest. We also incorporated explanatory variables based on biogeographic patterns, to represent broad-scale turnover resulting from divergent evolutionary histories. We found that while the predictive power of our models was lower for full phylogenetic turnover than for species turnover, models based on the more recent components of the phylogeny (closer to the tips) outperformed species models and full phylogenetic models. Phylo-GDM has considerable potential as a method for incorporating phylogenetic relationships into biodiversity analyses in ways not previously possible. Because phylogenies do not require named taxa, phylo-GDM may also provide a means of including lineages with poorly resolved taxonomy (e.g. from metagenomic sequencing) into biodiversity planning and phylogeographic analysis. {\textcopyright} 2013 The Authors.},
author = {Rosauer, Dan F. and Ferrier, Simon and Williams, Kristen J. and Manion, Glenn and Keogh, J. Scott and Laffan, Shawn W.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00466.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2014/Rosauer et al.{\_}2014{\_}Phylogenetic generalised dissimilarity modelling a new approach to analysing and predicting spatial turnover in the.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
keywords = {Method-Paper,Phylogenetic,Turnover},
mendeley-tags = {Method-Paper,Phylogenetic,Turnover},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {21--32},
title = {{Phylogenetic generalised dissimilarity modelling: a new approach to analysing and predicting spatial turnover in the phylogenetic composition of communities}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00466.x},
volume = {37},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Lupo2007,
abstract = {A straightforward method for categorizing temporal patterns of land-cover change is presented. Two successive years of enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data derived from the Moderate Resolution Imagery Spectrometer (MODIS) were analysed. Five phenological indicators were extracted. Based on the interannual difference of each of the five indicators, indices of change in phenology were calculated. An unsupervised classification of these five indices of change applied to pixels characterized by a high change magnitude led to the identification of seven categories of land-cover change patterns. Thirty-one per cent of the change pixels could clearly be explained by a difference in only one or two phenological indicators, e. g. a shift in the start of the growing season or an interruption of the growing season due to floods. The remaining change pixels were explained by a combination of more than two indices of change. The output of this analysis is an allocation of change pixels to broad categories of land-cover change as a preliminary step for finer resolution analyses.},
author = {Lupo, F and Linderman, M and Vanacker, V and Bartholom{\'{e}}, E. and Lambin, E F},
doi = {10.1080/01431160600921943},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lupo et al. - 2007 - Categorization of land‐cover change processes based on phenological indicators extracted from time series of vegeta.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0143-1161},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Imaging Science {\&} Photographic Technology,Remote Sensing,africa,avhrr data,classification,climate,modis,precipitation,satellite imagery,seasonality,temperature,variability},
month = {jun},
number = {11},
pages = {2469--2483},
title = {{Categorization of land‐cover change processes based on phenological indicators extracted from time series of vegetation index data}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431160600921943},
volume = {28},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Christensen2018,
abstract = {While studies increasingly document long-term change in community composition, whether long-term change occurs gradually or via rapid reorganization events remains unclear. We used Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and a change-point model to examine the long-term dynamics of a desert rodent community undergoing compositional change over a 38-year span. Our approach detected three rapid reorganization events, where changes in the relative abundances of dominant and rare species occurred, and a separate period of increased variance in the structure of the community. These events coincided with time periods-possibly related to climate events-where the total abundance of rodents was extremely low. There are a variety of processes that could link low abundance events with a higher probability of rapid ecological transitions, including higher importance of stochastic processes (i.e., competitive interactions or priority effects) and the removal of structuring effects of competitive dominants or incumbent species. Continued study of the dynamics of community change will provide important information not only on the processes structuring communities, but will also provide guidance for forecasting how communities will undergo change in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
author = {Christensen, Erica M. and Harris, David J. and Ernest, S. K.Morgan},
doi = {10.1002/ecy.2373},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2018/Christensen{\_}et{\_}al-2018-Ecology.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0000000256},
issn = {00129658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Latent Dirichlet Allocation,community composition,community dynamics,desert rodents,extreme climatic events,long-term data,temporal dynamics},
month = {jun},
number = {7},
pages = {1523--1529},
title = {{Long-term community change through multiple rapid transitions in a desert rodent community}},
url = {http://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2373 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ecy.2373},
volume = {99},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Cumming2012,
author = {Cumming, Graeme S. and Gaidet, Nicolas and Ndlovu, Mduduzi},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02711.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2012/Cumming, Gaidet, Ndlovu{\_}2012{\_}Towards a unification of movement ecology and biogeography conceptual framework and a case study on Afrotro.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03050270},
journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
keywords = {Macroecology,Movement,africa,alopochen aegyptiaca,anas erythrorhyncha,anatidae,biogeography,correspondence,cumming,dispersal,graeme s,movement,niche,percy,species range},
mendeley-tags = {Macroecology,Movement},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {1401--1411},
title = {{Towards a unification of movement ecology and biogeography: conceptual framework and a case study on Afrotropical ducks}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02711.x},
volume = {39},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Joppa2008,
abstract = {Tropical moist forests contain the majority of terrestrial species. Human actions destroy between 1 and 2 million km(2) of such forests per decade, with concomitant carbon release into the atmosphere. Within these forests, protected areas are the principle defense against forest loss and species extinctions. Four regions-the Amazon, Congo, South American Atlantic Coast, and West Africa-once constituted about half the world's tropical moist forest. We measure forest cover at progressively larger distances inside and outside of protected areas within these four regions, using datasets on protected areas and land-cover. We find important geographical differences. In the Amazon and Congo, protected areas are generally large and retain high levels of forest cover, as do their surroundings. These areas are protected de facto by being inaccessible and will likely remain protected if they continue to be so. Deciding whether they are also protected de jure-that is, whether effective laws also protect them-is statistically difficult, for there are few controls. In contrast, protected areas in the Atlantic Coast forest and West Africa show sharp boundaries in forest cover at their edges. This effective protection of forest cover is partially offset by their very small size: little area is deep inside protected area boundaries. Lands outside protected areas in the Atlantic Coast forest are unusually fragmented. Finally, we ask whether global databases on protected areas are biased toward highly protected areas and ignore "paper parks." Analysis of a Brazilian database does not support this presumption.},
author = {Joppa, Lucas N and Loarie, Scott R and Pimm, Stuart L},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0802471105},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Joppa, Loarie, Pimm - 2008 - On the protection of protected areas.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0027-8424},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {Brazil,Conservation of Natural Resources,Databases as Topic,Geography,Satellite Communications,Trees},
month = {may},
number = {18},
pages = {6673--6678},
pmid = {18451028},
title = {{On the protection of "protected areas"}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451028 http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0802471105},
volume = {105},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Longacre2005,
author = {Longacre, A and Scott, L. Ridgway and Levine, Jerrold S.},
doi = {10.1142/S0219720005001600},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Longacre, Scott, Levine - 2005 - Linear independence of pairwise comparisons of DNA microarray data.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0219-7200},
journal = {Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology},
keywords = {abbreviations,dna microarray,false-positive rates,independent comparisons,non-differentially expressed,threshold dividing differentially from,$\lambda$},
month = {dec},
number = {06},
pages = {1243--1262},
title = {{Linear independence of pairwise comparisons of DNA microarray data}},
url = {http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0219720005001600},
volume = {03},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Hansen2013,
abstract = {Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {1011.1669v3},
author = {Hansen, M. C. and Potapov, P. V. and Moore, R. and Hancher, M. and Turubanova, S. a. and Tyukavina, A. and Thau, D. and Stehman, S. V. and Goetz, S. J. and Loveland, T. R. and Kommareddy, A. and Egorov, A. and Chini, L. and Justice, C. O. and Townshend, J. R. G.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1244693},
eprint = {1011.1669v3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hansen et al. - 2013 - High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hansen et al. - 2013 - High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0036-8075 (Linking)},
issn = {1095-9203},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {Brazil,Conservation of Natural Resources,Geographic Mapping,Indonesia,Maps as Topic,Trees},
month = {nov},
number = {6160},
pages = {850--3},
pmid = {24233722},
title = {{High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24233722},
volume = {342},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Rittenhouse2012,
abstract = {Abstract: Changes in land use and land cover have affected and will continue to affect biological diversity worldwide. Yet, understanding the spatially extensive effects of land-cover change has been challenging because data that are consistent over space and time are lacking. We used the U.S. National Land Cover Dataset Land Cover Change Retrofit Product and North American Breeding Bird Survey data to examine land-cover change and its associations with diversity of birds with principally terrestrial life cycles (landbirds) in the conterminous United States. We used mixed-effects models and model selection to rank associations by ecoregion. Land cover in 3.22{\%} of the area considered in our analyses changed from 1992 to 2001, and changes in species richness and abundance of birds were strongly associated with land-cover changes. Changes in species richness and abundance were primarily associated with changes in nondominant types of land cover, yet in many ecoregions different types of land cover were associated with species richness than were associated with abundance. Conversion of natural land cover to anthropogenic land cover was more strongly associated with changes in bird species richness and abundance than persistence of natural land cover in nearly all ecoregions and different covariates were most strongly associated with species richness than with abundance in 11 of 17 ecoregions. Loss of grassland and shrubland affected bird species richness and abundance in forested ecoregions. Loss of wetland was associated with bird abundance in forested ecoregions. Our findings highlight the value of understanding changes in nondominant land cover types and their association with bird diversity in the United States.},
author = {Rittenhouse, Chadwick D. and Pidgeon, Anna M. and Albright, Thomas P. and Curlbert, Patrick D. and Clayton, Murray K. and Flather, Curtis H. and Masek, Jeffrey G. and Radeloff, Volker C.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01867.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Rittenhouse et al. - 2012 - Land-Cover Change and Avian Diversity in the Conterminous United States.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1523-1739},
issn = {08888892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
keywords = {Abundance,Biodiversity,Conservation,Land-cover change,North American Breeding Bird Survey,Richness},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {821--829},
pmid = {22731630},
title = {{Land-Cover Change and Avian Diversity in the Conterminous United States}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01867.x},
volume = {26},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hadley2012,
abstract = {Animal-mediated pollination is essential for both ecosystem services and conservation of global biodiversity, but a growing body of work reveals that it is negatively affected by anthropogenic disturbance. Landscape-scale disturbance results in two often inter-related processes: (1) habitat loss, (2) disruptions of habitat configuration (i.e. fragmentation). Understanding the relative effects of such processes is critical in designing effective management strategies to limit pollination and pollinator decline. We reviewed existing published work from 1989 to 2009 and found that only six of 303 studies considering the influence of landscape context on pollination separated the effects of habitat loss from fragmentation. We provide a synthesis of the current landscape, behavioural, and pollination ecology literature in order to present preliminary multiple working hypotheses explaining how these two landscape processes might independently influence pollination dynamics. Landscape disturbance primarily influences three components of pollination interactions: pollinator density, movement, and plant demography. We argue that effects of habitat loss on each of these components are likely to differ substantially from the effects of fragmentation, which is likely to be more complex and may influence each pollination component in contrasting ways. The interdependency between plants and animals inherent to pollination systems also has the possibility to drive cumulative effects of fragmentation, initiating negative feedback loops between animals and the plants they pollinate. Alternatively, due to their asymmetrical structure, pollination networks may be relatively robust to fragmentation. Despite the potential importance of independent effects of habitat fragmentation, its effects on pollination remain largely untested. We postulate that variation across studies in the effects of 'fragmentation' owes much to artifacts of the sampling regimes adopted, particularly (1) incorrectly separating fragmentation from habitat loss, and (2) mis-matches in spatial scale between landscapes studied and the ecological processes of interest. The field of landscape pollination ecology could be greatly advanced through the consideration and quantification of the matrix, landscape functional connectivity, and pollinator movement behaviour in response to these elements. Studies designed to disentangle the independent effects of habitat loss and fragmentation are essential for gaining insight into landscape-mediated pollination declines, implementing effective conservation measures, and optimizing ecosystem services in complex landscapes.},
author = {Hadley, Adam S and Betts, Matthew G},
doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00205.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2012/Hadley, Betts{\_}2012{\_}The effects of landscape fragmentation on pollination dynamics absence of evidence not evidence of absence.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1469-185X},
journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
keywords = {behavioural ecology,conservation,habitat fragmentation,habitat loss,landscape ecology,pollination ecology,pollinator movement,species interactions},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {526--44},
pmid = {22098594},
title = {{The effects of landscape fragmentation on pollination dynamics: absence of evidence not evidence of absence.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22098594},
volume = {87},
year = {2012}
}
@article{VonWehrden2014,
abstract = {The ``land sharing versus land sparing{\{}''{\}} concept provides a framework for comparing potential land use patterns in terms of trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and agricultural yields at a landscape scale. Here, we raise two additional aspects to be considered in the sparing/sharing debate, supported by a review of available literature. First, beta and gamma (instead of alpha) diversity measures capture landscape scale variance in biodiversity in response to land use changes and should be considered for the long-term management of agricultural landscapes. Moreover, beta and gamma diversity may better account for comparisons of biodiversity between spared and shared land use options. Second, land use history has a pronounced influence on the complexity and variance in agricultural habitat niches at a landscape scale, which in turn may determine the relevance of sparing or sharing land use options. Appropriate and comparable biodiversity metrics and the recognition of landscape history are two vital preconditions in aligning biological conservation goals with maximized yields within the sparing/sharing framework.},
author = {von Wehrden, Henrik and Abson, David J. and Beckmann, Michael and Cord, Anna F. and Klotz, Stefan and Seppelt, Ralf},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-014-0038-7},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/von Wehrden et al. - 2014 - Realigning the land-sharingland-sparing debate to match conservation needs considering diversity scales and.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1098001400},
issn = {0921-2973},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {Agricultural landscape,Beta-diversity,Biodiversity,Land management,Yields},
month = {jul},
number = {6},
pages = {941--948},
title = {{Realigning the land-sharing/land-sparing debate to match conservation needs: considering diversity scales and land-use history}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-014-0038-7},
volume = {29},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Kelly2017,
author = {Kelly, L. T. and Brotons, L},
doi = {10.1126/science.aam7672},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kelly, Brotons - 2017 - Using fire to promote biodiversity.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {mar},
number = {6331},
pages = {1264--1265},
title = {{Using fire to promote biodiversity}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aam7672},
volume = {355},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Barlow2016,
author = {Barlow, Jos and Lennox, Gareth D

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib