text:
/Paper/p1623},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Machin:1998p5987,
author = {D Machin and S Weeden},
journal = {Stat Med},
title = {Suggestions for the presentation of quality of life data from clinical trials},
abstract = {Quality of life (QOL) data is complex since it is both multidimensional and longitudinal. This complexity is compounded with its unbalanced nature through missing observations as a consequence of patient non-compliance with assessment schedules, and, for example, in cancer clinical trials data absence due to patient attrition often through death. QOL data poses difficulties for presentation and analysis and hence interpretation. This paper illustrates, using data from a randomized trial of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party, a step-by-step approach to presentation of QOL data. This begins with a description of compliance and its relationship with patient attrition caused by death, to a final summary profile to indicate change over time. We recognize that no single summary statistic is likely to be able to encapsulate all the subtleties of QOL data. We stress the importance of examining data graphically before performing detailed analysis and also to facilitate interpretation in the final clinical report. Although a description of analytical methods is not the purpose of this paper, we draw attention to the need for imputing missing values and to the (multi-level) modelling approach to summarizing the data, both essential adjuncts to the less formal methods described here.},
affiliation = {MRC Cancer Trials Office, Cambridge, U.K.},
number = {5-7},
pages = {711--24},
volume = {17},
year = {1998},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Lung Neoplasms, Models: Statistical, Great Britain, Quality of Life, Authorship, Neoplasms, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans},
date-added = {2010-02-18 23:30:38 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-18 23:30:38 +0100},
pii = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980315/15)17:5/7<711::AID-SIM816>3.0.CO;2-H},
pmid = {9549818},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5987},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Martinovich:1996,
author = {Z Martinovich and S Saunders and KI Howard},
journal = {Psychotherapy Research},
title = {Some comments on "assessing clinical significance"},
abstract = {The strategies for extending clinical significance (CS) methodology, suggested by Tingey et al., have considerable merit. They also serve to highlight the difficulties encountered with CS methodology in general. Problems encountered with the original methodology may be compounded, not solved, by such extensions For example, problems around lack of agreement about the appropriateness of certain measures, and the questionable psychometric properties of measures, are likely to be exacerbated, not lessened, when attempting to measure social impact. Similarly, the proposal that multiple normative groups be identified to provide the impact factor does not resolve the original difficulty of identifying and discriminating more obviously diverse groups, such as functional and dysfunctional. Other problems with the proposed extensions, such as using criterion c (Jacobon and Truax, 1991) with non-normal distributions, are discussed. Some recommendations regarding these problems are made.},
pages = {124--132},
volume = {6},
year = {1996},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:35:29 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:35:30 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1013},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Edwards:2001p14218,
author = {Jeffrey R Edwards},
title = {Ten Difference Score Myths},
abstract = {Difference scores have been widely used in studies of fit, similarity, and agree- ment. Despite their widespread use, difference scores suffer from numerous meth- odological problems. These problems can be mitigated or avoided with polyno- mial regression analysis, and this method has become increasingly prevalent during the past decade. Unfortunately, a number of potentially damaging myths have be- gun to spread regarding the drawbacks of difference scores and the advantages of polynomial regression. If these myths go unchecked, difference scores and the problems they create are likely to persist in studies of fit, similarity, and agreement. This article reviews 10 difference score myths and attempts to dispel these myths, focusing on studies conducted since polynomial regression was formally intro- duced as an alternative to difference scores.},
year = {2001},
date-added = {2010-08-22 20:54:52 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-08-22 20:55:58 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Edwards-2001-_Ten%20Difference%20Score.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p14218},
rating = {5}
}

@article{Karpievitch:2009p13187,
author = {Yuliya V Karpievitch and Elizabeth G Hill and Anthony P Leclerc and Alan R Dabney and Jonas S Almeida},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
title = {An introspective comparison of random forest-based classifiers for the analysis of cluster-correlated data by way of RF++},
abstract = {Many mass spectrometry-based studies, as well as other biological experiments produce cluster-correlated data. Failure to account for correlation among observations may result in a classification algorithm overfitting the training data and producing overoptimistic estimated error rates and may make subsequent classifications unreliable. Current common practice for dealing with replicated data is to average each subject replicate sample set, reducing the dataset size and incurring loss of information. In this manuscript we compare three approaches to dealing with cluster-correlated data: unmodified Breiman's Random Forest (URF), forest grown using subject-level averages (SLA), and RF++ with subject-level bootstrapping (SLB). RF++, a novel Random Forest-based algorithm implemented in C++, handles cluster-correlated data through a modification of the original resampling algorithm and accommodates subject-level classification. Subject-level bootstrapping is an alternative sampling method that obviates the need to average or otherwise reduce each set of replicates to a single independent sample. Our experiments show nearly identical median classification and variable selection accuracy for SLB forests and URF forests when applied to both simulated and real datasets. However, the run-time estimated error rate was severely underestimated for URF forests. Predictably, SLA forests were found to be more severely affected by the reduction in sample size which led to poorer classification and variable selection accuracy. Perhaps most importantly our results suggest that it is reasonable to utilize URF for the analysis of cluster-correlated data. Two caveats should be noted: first, correct classification error rates must be obtained using a separate test dataset, and second, an additional post-processing step is required to obtain subject-level classifications. RF++ is shown to be an effective alternative for classifying both clustered and non-clustered data. Source code and stand-alone compiled versions of command-line and easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) versions of RF++ for Windows and Linux as well as a user manual (Supplementary File S2) are available for download at: http://sourceforge.org/projects/rfpp/ under the GNU public license.},
affiliation = {Department of Statistics, Texas A{\&}M University, College Station, Texas, USA. yuliya@stat.tamu.edu},
number = {9},
pages = {e7087},
volume = {4},
year = {2009},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Models: Statistical, Cluster Analysis, Computer Simulation, Gene Expression Profiling, Spectrometry: Mass: Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization, Algorithms, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Software, Pattern Recognition: Automated, Models: Genetic},
date-added = {2010-06-26 11:21:43 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-26 11:21:43 +0200},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0007087},
pmid = {19763254},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Karpievitch-2009-PLoS%20ONE_An%20introspective%20com.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13187},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Richardson:2004,
author = {JD Richardson},
journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
title = {Isolating frequency scale effects on self-reported loneliness},
abstract = {Response options presented on questionnaires affect self-reports concerning the frequency of loneliness. Two experiments using items from the UCLA Loneliness Scale---Version 3 (ULS) presented participants with either of two response option ranges. In Experiment 1, response options in the high-frequency condition ranged from ``Every Day'' to ``Never.'' In the low-frequency condition, response options ranged from ``Once a month or more often'' to ``Never.'' In Experiment 2, response options ranged from ``Every Day'' to ``Never'' in the high-frequency condition and from ``Once a week or more often'' to ``Never'' in the low-frequency condition. Results confirmed that self-reported frequency of experiences related to loneliness increased when participants were presented with response options emphasizing higher frequency. Implications for the ULS in particular, and questionnaire design in general, are discussed.},
number = {1},
pages = {235--244},
volume = {36},
year = {2004},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:34:18 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p959},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Evans:2003p1852,
author = {D M Evans and S E Medland},
journal = {Ann Hum Genet},
title = {A note on including phenotypic information from monozygotic twins in variance components QTL linkage analysis},
abstract = {Williams {\&} Blangero (1999) derived closed form expressions for the power of a univariate variance components test of linkage for a variety of pedigree structures. We have extended their results by investigating the effect of including monozygotic twins in the design on the power to detect linkage. Specifically, we determined the power associated with a pedigree of size three, where individuals one and two were monozygotic twins and individual three was a full sibling to the twins. The power of this sampling unit was uniformly greater than the power obtained from a sib-pair under the same genetic model. The reason for this was that addition of a second monozygotic twin provided another estimate of the sibling correlation for the particular IBD class. In addition, when the total heritability of the trait was <50%, the number of individuals that needed to be phenotyped was less than that with sib-pairs alone. However, a pedigree consisting of a monozygotic pair and sibling was never as informative as a sib-trio, presumably because the sib-trio provided information about allele sharing between three individuals, whereas the monozygotic twins and sibling unit only provided one such relationship. We conclude that including a monozygotic twin in the analysis is an economical strategy, since only one twin needs to be genotyped.},
affiliation = {Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Joint Genetics Program, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. davide@well.ox.ac.uk},
number = {Pt 6},
pages = {613--7},
volume = {67},
year = {2003},
month = {Nov},
language = {eng},
keywords = {research design, Quantitative Trait Loci, Phenotype, Twins, Humans, Models: Genetic, Pedigree, Linkage (Genetics)},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:28:36 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:28:36 +0100},
pmid = {14641249},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Evans-2003-Ann%20Hum%20Genet_A%20note%20on%20including.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1852},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Borsboom:2004p5507,
author = {Denny Borsboom and Gideon J Mellenbergh and Jaap van Heerden},
journal = {Psychological Review},
title = {The concept of validity},
abstract = {This article advances a simple conception of test validity: A test is valid for measuring an attribute if (a) the attribute exists and (b) variations in the attribute causally produce variation in the measurement outcomes. This conception is shown to diverge from current validity theory in several respects. In particular, the emphasis in the proposed conception is on ontology, reference, and causality, whereas current validity theory focuses on epistemology, meaning, and correlation. It is argued that the proposed conception is not only simpler but also theoretically superior to the position taken in the existing literature. Further, it has clear theoretical and practical implications for validation research. Most important, validation research must not be directed at the relation between the measured attribute and other attributes but at the processes that convey the effect of the measured attribute on the test scores.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. dborsboom@uva.nl.},
number = {4},
pages = {1061--71},
volume = {111},
year = {2004},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Reproducibility of Results, Psychological Tests, Humans},
date-added = {2010-02-12 14:55:47 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-12 14:55:52 +0100},
doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.1061},
pii = {2004-19012-010},
pmid = {15482073},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Borsboom-2004-Psychological%20Review_The%20concept%20of%20valid.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5507},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Baroni:2006p2320,
author = {M Baroni and S Evert},
title = {Statistical methods for corpus exploitation},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-01-10 12:39:02 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 12:39:26 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Baroni-2006-_Statistical%20methods.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2320},
rating = {0}
}

@misc{Aas:2004,
author = {Kjersti Aas},
journal = {Miscellaneous},
title = {Modelling the dependence structure of financial assets: A survey of four copulas},
year = {2004},
month = {Dec},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:37:35 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:40:14 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Aas-2004-Miscellaneous_Modelling%20the%20depend.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1122},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Pearson:2008p3100,
author = {Thomas A Pearson and Teri A Manolio},
journal = {JAMA},
title = {How to interpret a genome-wide association study},
abstract = {Genome-wide association (GWA) studies use high-throughput genotyping technologies to assay hundreds of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and relate them to clinical conditions and measurable traits. Since 2005, nearly 100 loci for as many as 40 common diseases and traits have been identified and replicated in GWA studies, many in genes not previously suspected of having a role in the disease under study, and some in genomic regions containing no known genes. GWA studies are an important advance in discovering genetic variants influencing disease but also have important limitations, including their potential for false-positive and false-negative results and for biases related to selection of study participants and genotyping errors. Although these studies are clearly many steps removed from actual clinical use, and specific applications of GWA findings in prevention and treatment are actively being pursued, at present these studies mainly represent a valuable discovery tool for examining genomic function and clarifying pathophysiologic mechanisms. This article describes the design, interpretation, application, and limitations of GWA studies for clinicians and scientists for whom this evolving science may have great relevance.},
affiliation = {Office of Population Genomics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2154, USA.},
number = {11},
pages = {1335--44},
volume = {299},
year = {2008},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Terminology as Topic, Quality Control, Genetic Research, Patient Selection, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Genomics, Genetics: Medical, Research Design, Genotype},
date-added = {2010-01-14 20:18:50 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-14 20:18:50 +0100},
doi = {10.1001/jama.299.11.1335},
pii = {299/11/1335},
pmid = {18349094},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Pearson-2008-JAMA_How%20to%20interpret%20a%20g.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3100},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Johnson:2009p9198,
author = {Wendy Johnson and Brian M Hicks and Matt McGue and William G Iacono},
journal = {Intelligence},
title = {How Intelligence and Education Contribute to Substance Use: Hints from the Minnesota Twin Family Study},
abstract = {In old and even middle age, there are associations between physical health and both intelligence and education. This may occur because intelligence and/or education exert effects on lifestyle choices that, in turn, affect later health. Substance use is one aspect of lifestyle choice in young adulthood that could play such a role. The effects of intelligence and/or education on substance use could be direct and environmental, or indirect due to the presence of confounding genetic and shared family influences. We used the Minnesota Twin Family Study to distinguish these effects in males and females at age 24. In contrast to prevailing expectations, there were moderately negative direct nonshared environmental effects of both IQ and education on both smoking and drinking in both males and females. That is, controlling for positive family background effects in the form of both genetic and shared environmental influences, both higher IQ and greater education were associated with greater alcohol and nicotine use. These effects were accounted for by alcohol and nicotine use at age 17. Our results suggest that genetic and family-culture variables confound the associations between intelligence and education and substance use in young adults, rendering them indirect. Further research is needed to understand the roles of IQ and education in alcohol and nicotine use and their relative impacts on physical health throughout the lifespan.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.},
number = {6},
pages = {613--624},
volume = {37},
year = {2009},
month = {Nov},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-03-22 13:38:05 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:29:16 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.intell.2008.12.003},
pmid = {20161515},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Johnson-2009-Intelligence_How%20Intelligence%20and.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9198},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Taylor:2008p5610,
author = {Kent D Taylor and Stephan R Targan and Ling Mei and Andrew F Ippoliti and Dermot McGovern and Emebet Mengesha and Lily King and Jerome I Rotter},
journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
title = {IL23R haplotypes provide a large population attributable risk for Crohn's disease},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The IL-23 pathway plays a pivotal role in the development of chronic mucosal inflammation seen in the inflammatory bowel diseases. Multiple studies have now established the contribution of the interleukin 23 receptor gene (IL23R) to Crohn's disease (CD) risk in general and of the IL23R R381Q variant in particular. The aim of this work was to estimate the total contribution of this gene to CD risk test using a haplotype approach. METHODS: In all, 763 CD subjects and 254 controls were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL23R gene using Illumina and ABI methods. Haplotypes were assigned using PHASEv2 and tested for association with CD by chi-square and permutation. RESULTS: Haplotypes with both increased and decreased risk for CD were observed in 2 of the 4 observed blocks (Block 2 H1: 55.4% control, 64% CD, P = 0.019; H2: 64.5% control, 54.4% CD, P = 0.006; Block 3 H1: 55.8% control, 64.4% CD, P = 0.013; H2: 47.0% control, 36.6% CD, P = 0.001). The population attributable risk for these haplotypes was substantially larger than that estimated for the IL23R R381Q variant (Block 2 H1 and block 3 H1 approximately 20%, compared with approximately 4% for Block 3 H6, containing the variant). CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that IL23R makes a substantial contribution to CD susceptibility, larger than that estimated from the population frequency of the R381Q variant. These observations also support the expectation that finding "hits" from genomewide association studies will be but an important chapter in the story of unraveling the genetic contribution to CD, rather than the final chapter that brings clarity to all the plot twists of a complicated story.},
affiliation = {Medical Genetics Institute {\&} Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA. kent.taylor@cshs.org},
number = {9},
pages = {1185--91},
volume = {14},
year = {2008},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Phenotype, Receptors: Interleukin, Crohn Disease, Cohort Studies, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Haplotypes, Los Angeles, Case-Control Studies},
date-added = {2010-02-12 15:47:18 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-12 15:47:18 +0100},
doi = {10.1002/ibd.20478},
pmid = {18470928},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Taylor-2008-Inflamm%20Bowel%20Dis_IL23R%20haplotypes%20pro.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5610},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kuhnert:2003p7576,
author = {Petra M Kuhnert and Kim-Anh Do},
journal = {Behav Genet},
title = {Fitting genetic models to twin data with binary and ordered categorical responses: a comparison of structural equation modelling and Bayesian hierarchical models},
abstract = {We compare Bayesian methodology utilizing free-ware BUGS (Bayesian Inference Using Gibbs Sampling) with the traditional structural equation modelling approach based on another free-ware package, Mx. Dichotomous and ordinal (three category) twin data were simulated according to different additive genetic and common environment models for phenotypic variation. Practical issues are discussed in using Gibbs sampling as implemented by BUGS to fit subject-specific Bayesian generalized linear models, where the components of variation may be estimated directly. The simulation study (based on 2000 twin pairs) indicated that there is a consistent advantage in using the Bayesian method to detect a "correct" model under certain specifications of additive genetics and common environmental effects. For binary data, both methods had difficulty in detecting the correct model when the additive genetic effect was low (between 10 and 20%) or of moderate range (between 20 and 40%). Furthermore, neither method could adequately detect a correct model that included a modest common environmental effect (20%) even when the additive genetic effect was large (50%). Power was significantly improved with ordinal data for most scenarios, except for the case of low heritability under a true ACE model. We illustrate and compare both methods using data from 1239 twin pairs over the age of 50 years, who were registered with the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Twin Registry (ATR) and presented symptoms associated with osteoarthritis occurring in joints of the hand.},
affiliation = {The Ecology Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. p.kuhnert@zen.uq.edu.au},
number = {4},
pages = {441--54},
volume = {33},
year = {2003},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Databases: Factual, Humans, Middle Aged, Models: Genetic, Models: Statistical, Bayes Theorem, Monte Carlo Method},
date-added = {2010-03-15 23:09:20 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:09:06 +0200},
pii = {466581},
pmid = {14574143},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kuhnert-2003-Behav%20Genet_Fitting%20genetic%20mode.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7576},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dawe:2004p9641,
author = {Sharon Dawe and Matthew J Gullo and Natalie J Loxton},
journal = {Addict Behav},
title = {Reward drive and rash impulsiveness as dimensions of impulsivity: implications for substance misuse},
abstract = {One of the primary personality dimensions or traits that has consistently been linked to substance abuse is impulsivity. However, impulsivity is not a homogenous construct and although many of the measures of impulsivity are correlated, the most recent review of published factor analytic studies has proposed two independent dimensions of impulsivity: reward sensitivity, reflecting one of the primary dimension of J. A. Gray's personality theory, and rash impulsiveness. These two facets of impulsivity derived from the field of personality research parallel recent developments in the neurosciences where changes in the incentive value of rewarding substances has been linked to alterations in neural substrates involved in reward seeking and with a diminished capacity to inhibit behavior due to chronic drug exposure. In this paper, we propose a model that integrates the findings from research into individual differences with recent models of neural substrates implicated in the development of substance misuse.},
affiliation = {School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Q 4111, Australia. s.dawe@griffith.edu.au},
number = {7},
pages = {1389--405},
volume = {29},
year = {2004},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Impulsive Behavior, Humans, Models: Psychological, Substance-Related Disorders, Dopamine, Brain, Signal Transduction, Personality, Reward},
date-added = {2010-03-25 14:51:27 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:12:35 +0200},
doi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.06.004},
pii = {S0306460304002187},
pmid = {15345272},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dawe-2004-Addict%20Behav_Reward%20drive%20and%20ras.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9641},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Jaffrezic:2000p10217,
author = {F Jaffr{\'e}zic and S D Pletcher},
journal = {Genetics},
title = {Statistical models for estimating the genetic basis of repeated measures and other function-valued traits},
abstract = {The genetic analysis of characters that are best considered as functions of some independent and continuous variable, such as age, can be a complicated matter, and a simple and efficient procedure is desirable. Three methods are common in the literature: random regression, orthogonal polynomial approximation, and character process models. The goals of this article are (i) to clarify the relationships between these methods; (ii) to develop a general extension of the character process model that relaxes correlation stationarity, its most stringent assumption; and (iii) to compare and contrast the techniques and evaluate their performance across a range of actual and simulated data. We find that the character process model, as described in 1999 by Pletcher and Geyer, is the most successful method of analysis for the range of data examined in this study. It provides a reasonable description of a wide range of different covariance structures, and it results in the best models for actual data. Our analysis suggests genetic variance for Drosophila mortality declines with age, while genetic variance is constant at all ages for reproductive output. For growth in beef cattle, however, genetic variance increases linearly from birth, and genetic correlations are high across all observed ages.},
affiliation = {Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland.},
number = {2},
pages = {913--22},
volume = {156},
year = {2000},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Models: Statistical, Regression Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Computer Simulation, Models: Genetic, Animals, Quantitative Trait: Heritable, Phenotype, Aging},
date-added = {2010-04-02 10:50:08 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-02 10:50:08 +0200},
pmid = {11014836},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Jaffr%C3%A9zic-2000-Genetics_Statistical%20models%20f.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p10217},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Orlando:2000p2695,
author = {M Orlando and D Thissen},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
title = {Likelihood-Based Item-Fit Indices for Dichotomous Item Response Theory Models},
number = {1},
pages = {50--64},
volume = {24},
year = {2000},
date-added = {2010-01-13 10:13:22 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:16:53 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Orlando-2000-Applied%20Psychological%20Measurement_Likelihood-Based%20Ite.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2695},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lukociene:2009p6240,
author = {O Lukociene and J K Vermunt},
title = {Logistic regression analysis with multidimensional random effects: A comparison of three approaches},
abstract = {This paper investigates the performance of three types of random coefficients logistic regression models; that is, models using parametric, semi-parametric, and nonpara- metric specifications of the distribution of the random effects. Whereas earlier studies fo- cussed on models with a single random effect, here we look at models with multidimensional random effects (intercepts and slopes). Moreover, also the performance of a semi-parametric approach -- using mixture regression models with number of latent classes is selected using the BIC -- is investigated.
One of the main conclusions of our study is that the good results obtained with the non- parametric approach in the unidimensional case do not generalize to the multidimensional case. Parametric and semi-parametric approaches are much better in terms of bias and rel- ative efficiency than the nonparametric approach. For the fixed-effects estimation, a para- metric approach is the preferred method when the underlying assumption of the parametric model holds. In other situations, the semi-parametric approach is the best choice.},
year = {2009},
date-added = {2010-02-19 21:16:43 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-19 21:17:45 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Lukociene-2009-_Logistic%20regression.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6240},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Glahn:2007p9774,
author = {David C Glahn and Paul M Thompson and John Blangero},
journal = {Hum Brain Mapp},
title = {Neuroimaging endophenotypes: strategies for finding genes influencing brain structure and function},
abstract = {It is vitally important to identify the genetic determinants of complex brain-related disorders such as autism, dementia, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. However, the search for genes predisposing individuals to these illnesses has been hampered by their genetic and phenotypic complexity and by reliance upon phenomenologically based qualitative diagnostic systems. Neuroimaging endophenotypes are quantitative indicators of brain structure or function that index genetic liability for an illness. These indices will significantly improve gene discovery and help us to understand the functional consequences of specific genes at the level of systems neuroscience. Here, we review the feasibility of using neuroanatomic and neuropsychological measures as endophenotypes for brain-related disorders. Specifically, we examine specific indices of brain structure or function that are genetically influenced and associated with neurological and psychiatric illness. In addition, we review genetic approaches that capitalize on the use of quantitative traits, including those derived from brain images.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry and Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA. glahn@uthscsa.edu},
number = {6},
pages = {488--501},
volume = {28},
year = {2007},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Brain Diseases, Brain, Linkage (Genetics), Humans, Diagnostic Imaging, Phenotype},
date-added = {2010-03-26 19:19:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-06-09 20:12:03 +0200},
doi = {10.1002/hbm.20401},
pmid = {17440953},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Glahn-2007-Hum%20Brain%20Mapp_Neuroimaging%20endophe.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9774},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Dalmasso:2008p4968,
author = {Cyril Dalmasso and Emmanuelle G{\'e}nin and David-Alexandre Tr{\'e}gouet},
journal = {Genetics},
title = {A weighted-Holm procedure accounting for allele frequencies in genomewide association studies},
abstract = {In the context of genomewide association studies where hundreds of thousand of polymorphisms are tested, stringent thresholds on the raw association test P-values are generally used to limit false-positive results. Instead of using thresholds based on raw P-values as in Bonferroni and sequential Sidak (SidakSD) corrections, we propose here to use a weighted-Holm procedure with weights depending on allele frequency of the polymorphisms. This method is shown to substantially improve the power to detect associations, in particular by favoring the detection of rare variants with high genetic effects over more frequent ones with lower effects.},
affiliation = {Universit{\'e} Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.},
number = {1},
pages = {697--702},
volume = {180},
year = {2008},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Alleles, Coronary Artery Disease, Gene Frequency, Polymorphism: Genetic, Models: Genetic, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Neoplasms, Genome, Models: Statistical, Odds Ratio, Linkage Disequilibrium},
date-added = {2010-02-03 21:02:51 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-03 21:02:57 +0100},
doi = {10.1534/genetics.108.089839},
pii = {genetics.108.089839},
pmid = {18723893},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dalmasso-2008-Genetics_A%20weighted-Holm%20proc.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4968},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Meijer:1997p2701,
author = {R R Meijer},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
title = {Person Fit and Criterion-Related Validity: An Extension of the Schmitt, Cortina, and Whitney Study},
number = {2},
pages = {99--113},
volume = {21},
year = {1997},
date-added = {2010-01-13 10:20:32 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:16:54 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Meijer-1997-Applied%20Psychological%20Measurement_Person%20Fit%20and%20Crite.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2701},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lee:1999,
author = {L Lee and A Brittingham and R Tourangeau and P Ching and G Willis},
journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},
title = {Are reporting errors due to encoding limitations or retrieval failure? Surveys of child vaccination as a case study},
abstract = {Surveys of childhood vaccinations are often highly inaccurate, due to parental misreporting. We conducted three experiments to examine the source of the inaccuracies. In Experiment 1, we provided parents with memory aids; these aids did little to improve reporting accuracy. Two further experiments asked whether parents forgot what they knew about their children's vaccinations, or whether they never knew the information. In Experiment 2 we surveyed parents both immediately and ten weeks after their child's medical visit. Accuracy was only slightly better than chance immediately afterwards; ten weeks later performance had not changed significantly. Experiment 3 compared reports in both recall and recognition conditions. Although the recognition condition lowered the response burden on parents it did not produce more accurate reports. We conclude that low levels of accuracy in parental reports on vaccinations appear to reflect poor initial encoding rather than retrieval failure.},
pages = {43--63},
volume = {13},
year = {1999},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:15:39 +0200},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p982},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Borsboom:2008p5472,
author = {D Borsboom},
journal = {Measurement},
title = {A Tour Guide to the Latent Realm},
abstract = {Achilles and the tortoise want to predict peoples' running performance from their age. In determining age the tortoise has cleverly asked his participants for their passports and has noted their date of birth, before letting them run half the distance between Achilles and himself. Achilles, however, has given his participants a questionnaire consisting of statements such as, ``I feel old,'' ``I don't run as fast as I used to,'' and ``I admit to wearing a toupee.'' Unsure about what to do with the data so gathered, they decide to solicit advice from methodological experts. After some inquiries, Achilles and the tortoise end up at Dr. Maraun's office, where they find him playing language games with Dr. Halpin.},
affiliation = {University of Amsterdam},
pages = {134--146},
volume = {6},
year = {2008},
date-added = {2010-02-12 14:12:54 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-12 14:13:57 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Borsboom-2008-Measurement_A%20Tour%20Guide%20to%20the.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5472},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Khosla:2004p2803,
author = {N Khosla},
title = {Dimensionality reduction using factor analysis},
year = {2004},
date-added = {2010-01-13 14:34:36 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-11 09:52:01 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Khosla-2004-_Dimensionality%20reduc-1.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2803},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dewey:2002p12971,
author = {Deborah Dewey and Bonnie J Kaplan and Susan G Crawford and Brenda N Wilson},
journal = {Human Movement Science},
title = {Developmental coordination disorder: associated problems in attention, learning, and psychosocial adjustment},
abstract = {This study investigated the problems of attention, learning and psychosocial adjustment evidenced by children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Forty-five children identified with DCD, 51 children identified as being suspect for DCD and 78 comparison children without motor problems on standardized tests of motor function participated in this study. Results revealed that both children with DCD and children suspect for DCD obtained significantly poorer scores on measures of attention and learning (reading, writing and spelling) than comparison children. Children with DCD and those suspect for DCD were also found to evidence a relatively high level of social problems and display a relatively high level of somatic complaints based on parent report. These findings indicate that all children with movement problems are at risk for problems in attention, learning and psychosocial adjustment. Assessment of children with movement problems, regardless of the degree or severity of these problems should examine a wide range of functions in addition to motor functioning. Such an approach, would assist in determining the types of intervention that would provide the most benefit to these children.},
affiliation = {Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta T2T 5C7, Canada.},
number = {5-6},
pages = {905--18},
volume = {21},
year = {2002},
month = {Dec},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Social Adjustment, Male, Motor Skills Disorders, Comorbidity, Wechsler Scales, Neuropsychological Tests, Learning Disorders, Female, Child, Motor Skills, Humans, Personality Assessment},
date-added = {2010-06-25 22:28:06 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-25 22:28:07 +0200},
pii = {S016794570200163X},
pmid = {12620725},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dewey-2002-Human%20Movement%20Science_Developmental%20coordi.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12971},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Knoblauch:2008p5527,
author = {K Knoblauch and L T Maloney},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
title = {MLDS: Maximum Likelihood Difference Scaling in R},
abstract = {The MLDS package in the R programming language can be used to estimate perceptual scales based on the results of psychophysical experiments using the method of difference scaling. In a difference scaling experiment, observers compare two supra-threshold differ- ences (a,b) and (c,d) on each trial. The approach is based on a stochastic model of how the observer decides which perceptual difference (or interval) (a,b) or (c,d) is greater, and the parameters of the model are estimated using a maximum likelihood criterion. We also propose a method to test the model by evaluating the self-consistency of the esti- mated scale. The package includes an example in which an observer judges the differences in correlation between scatterplots. The example may be readily adapted to estimate perceptual scales for arbitrary physical continua.},
number = {2},
volume = {25},
year = {2008},
date-added = {2010-02-12 15:23:49 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-12 15:24:32 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Knoblauch-2008-Journal%20of%20Statistical%20Software_MLDS%20Maximum%20Likeli.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5527},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Humphreys:1984p3012,
author = {M S Humphreys and W Revelle},
journal = {Psychological Review},
title = {Personality, Motivation, and Performance: A Theory of the Relationship Between Individual Differences and Information Processing},
abstract = {We introduce a model to relate the personality dimensions of introversion-extra- version, achievement motivation, and anxiety to efficient cognitive performance. We show how these personality dimensions in combination with situational mod- erators (e.g., success, failure, time pressure, incentives, time of day, and stimulant drugs) affect the motivational constructs of arousal and effort. We propose a general information-processing model that accounts for the systematic effects of these mo- tivational states on certain task components (sustained information transfer and some aspect of short-term memory). We combine empirical generalizations about task components in a structural model and derive testable predictions that differ- entiate alternative motivational hypotheses.},
number = {2},
pages = {153--184},
volume = {91},
year = {1984},
date-added = {2010-01-13 23:25:56 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-13 23:26:56 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Humphreys-1984-Psychological%20Review_Personality%20Motivat.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3012},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cellini:2006p1327,
author = {Elena Cellini and Benedetta Nacmias and Maria Brecelj-Anderluh and Ana Bad{\'\i}a-Casanovas and Laura Bellodi and Claudette Boni and Daniela Di Bella and Xavier Estivill and Fernando Fernandez-Aranda and Christine Foulon and Susan Friedel and Mojca Gabrovsek and Philip Gorwood and Monica Gratacos and Julien Guelfi and Johannes Hebebrand and Anke Hinney and Jo Holliday and Xun Hu and Andreas Karwautz and Amelie Kipman and Radovan Komel and Carlo Maria Rotella and Marta Ribases and Valdo Ricca and Lucia Romo and Martina Tomori and Janet Treasure and Gudrun Wagner and David A Collier and Sandro Sorbi and EC Framework V 'Factors in Healthy Eating' consortium},
journal = {Psychiatr Genet},
title = {Case-control and combined family trios analysis of three polymorphisms in the ghrelin gene in European patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa},
affiliation = {Department of Neurology and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.},
number = {2},
pages = {51--2},
volume = {16},
year = {2006},
month = {Apr},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Anorexia Nervosa, Male, Europe, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Female, Ghrelin, Amino Acid Substitution, Polymorphism: Single Nucleotide, Case-Control Studies, Humans, European Continental Ancestry Group, Bulimia, Peptide Hormones},
date-added = {2010-01-07 11:37:18 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-07 11:37:19 +0100},
doi = {10.1097/01.ypg.0000194444.89436.e9},
pii = {00041444-200604000-00003},
pmid = {16538179},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1327},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Levy:2006p1555,
author = {R Levy and R J Mislevy and S Sinharay},
title = {Posterior Predictive Model Checking for Multidimensionality in Item Response Theory},
abstract = {If data exhibit multidimensionality, key conditional independence assumptions of
unidimensional models do not hold. The current work pursues posterior predictive model checking, a flexible family of model checking procedures, as a tool for criticizing models due to unaccounted for dimensions. Factors hypothesized to influence dimensionality and dimensionality assessment are couched in conditional covariance theory and conveyed via geometric representations of multidimensionality. A simulation study investigates the model checking tools in the context of item response theory for dichotomous observables, in which a unidimensional model is fit to data that follow a compensatory multidimensional model. Key findings include support for the hypothesized effects of the manipulated factors with regard to their influence on dimensionality assessment and the superiority of certain discrepancy measures for conducting posterior predictive model checking on dimensionality assessment.},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-01-07 16:40:20 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-07 16:41:01 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Levy-2006-_Posterior%20Predictive.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1555},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lawford:2001p8494,
author = {J Lawford and N Volavka and C Eiser},
journal = {Pediatr Rehabil},
title = {A generic measure of Quality of Life for children aged 3-8 years: results of two preliminary studies},
abstract = {Preliminary findings from the development of a new quality of life (QoL) measure for children aged 3-8 years are presented in two studies. Thirty-six children (5-6 years) completed a 10-item measure in Study 1, which included ratings of their abilities and 'happiness'. The children also completed an established QoL measure and 24 parents completed a proxy QoL measure. Preliminary support for the face and construct validity of the new measure is reported. There were correlations between the children's scores on the two measures (p < 0.05). However, child and parent scores were not correlated (p = 0.65). Twenty-four children (3-4 years) completed a modified version of the new QoL measure in Study 2, which consisted of 23 items. The internal reliability of the measure and the speed of children's responses allowed comparison of the efficacy of two response formats. Significant differences in speed were found in children's responses using different response formats, and differences in the internal consistency of the measure. Eighteen parents completed a proxy QoL measure, as in Study 1. Child and parent scores on the two measures were not correlated (p = 0.23). These studies highlight the difficulties in obtaining self-report QoL data from children below 5 years.},
affiliation = {Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, UK. j.lawford@sheffield.ac.uk},
number = {4},
pages = {197--207},
volume = {4},
year = {2001},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Child: Preschool, Interviews as Topic, Self Assessment (Psychology), Reproducibility of Results, Humans, Child, Female, Quality of Life, Psychometrics, Male},
date-added = {2010-03-21 18:01:02 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-21 18:01:02 +0100},
doi = {10.1080/13638490210124033},
pmid = {12160360},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p8494},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Tranah:2000p3064,
author = {T Tranah and A Hill},
journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
title = {Assessment of delinquent adolescents using Achenbach's Teacher's Report Form},
abstract = {The Teacher's Report Form was administered to 178 boys (12$\pm$17 years old) resident in a Children's Home specialising in children with severe emotional and behavioural problems. Most boys had a history of offending and had been unmanageable in their numerous previous placements. The syndrome profiles gained are presented and it is notable that while the investigated sample do present signi{\textregistered}cantly high scores on expected syndromes (Delinquent Behaviour and Aggressive Behaviour), on other syndromes their scores are more in line with `non-referred' samples. Comparisons between boys placed in Secure units and Open units found few signi{\textregistered}cant differences. However, analyses comparing boys of different ages found that younger boys gained markedly higher Externalising scores.},
pages = {109--117},
volume = {29},
year = {2000},
date-added = {2010-01-14 11:30:00 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-05-24 09:45:11 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Tranah-2000-Personality%20and%20Individual%20Differences_Assessment%20of%20delinq-1.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3064},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Elhan:2008p13748,
author = {Atilla Halil Elhan and Derya Oztuna and Sehim Kutlay and Ay{\c s}e A K{\"u}{\c c}{\"u}kdeveci and Alan Tennant},
journal = {BMC musculoskeletal disorders},
title = {An initial application of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) for measuring disability in patients with low back pain},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent approaches to outcome measurement involving Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) offer an approach for measuring disability in low back pain (LBP) in a way that can reduce the burden upon patient and professional. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of CAT in LBP for measuring disability as defined in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) which includes impairments, activity limitation, and participation restriction. METHODS: 266 patients with low back pain answered questions from a range of widely used questionnaires. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify disability dimensions which were then subjected to Rasch analysis. Reliability was tested by internal consistency and person separation index (PSI). Discriminant validity of disability levels were evaluated by Spearman correlation coefficient (r), intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC(2,1)] and the Bland-Altman approach. A CAT was developed for each dimension, and the results checked against simulated and real applications from a further 133 patients. RESULTS: Factor analytic techniques identified two dimensions named "body functions" and "activity-participation". After deletion of some items for failure to fit the Rasch model, the remaining items were mostly free of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) for age and gender. Reliability exceeded 0.90 for both dimensions. The disability levels generated using all items and those obtained from the real CAT application were highly correlated (i.e. > 0.97 for both dimensions). On average, 19 and 14 items were needed to estimate the precise disability levels using the initial CAT for the first and second dimension. However, a marginal increase in the standard error of the estimate across successive iterations substantially reduced the number of items required to make an estimate. CONCLUSION: Using a combination approach of EFA and Rasch analysis this study has shown that it is possible to calibrate items onto a single metric in a way that can be used to provide the basis of a CAT application. Thus there is an opportunity to obtain a wide variety of information to evaluate the biopsychosocial model in its more complex forms, without necessarily increasing the burden of information collection for patients.},
affiliation = {1Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey. ahelhan@yahoo.com},
pages = {166},
volume = {9},
year = {2008},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Questionnaires, Disability Evaluation, Adult, Reproducibility of Results, Low Back Pain, Middle Aged, Humans, Diagnosis: Computer-Assisted, Female, Male},
date-added = {2010-07-24 12:35:00 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-24 12:35:00 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2474-9-166},
pii = {1471-2474-9-166},
pmid = {19094219},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Elhan-2008-BMC%20musculoskeletal%20disorders_An%20initial%20applicati.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13748},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Swendsen:2000p9231,
author = {J D Swendsen and K R Merikangas},
journal = {Clin Psychol Rev},
title = {The comorbidity of depression and substance use disorders},
abstract = {Depression and substance use disorders are highly prevalent in the general population and often co-occur within the same individual. This association is most commonly explained either by a causal relationship or a shared etiologic factor underlying both disorders. In light of these mechanisms of association, this article summarizes evidence from clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic epidemiologic studies. Details of a large family study designed to addresses key methodological and conceptual issues identified in the review are also presented. The association of alcoholism with depression is likely to be attributable to causal factors rather than a shared etiology, but the scarcity of information for other classes of substance use disorders precludes similar conclusions regarding their association with depression. The lack of unidirectional and consistent patterns of association for depression and substance use disorders indicates that multiple mechanisms of comorbidity are likely to be simultaneously active in this population.},
affiliation = {Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3223, USA.},
number = {2},
pages = {173--89},
volume = {20},
year = {2000},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Depressive Disorder, Epidemiologic Studies, Substance-Related Disorders, Male, Comorbidity, Female, Family Health, Humans},
date-added = {2010-03-22 13:38:42 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-22 13:38:42 +0100},
pii = {S0272-7358(99)00026-4},
pmid = {10721496},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Swendsen-2000-Clin%20Psychol%20Rev_The%20comorbidity%20of%20d.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p9231},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Feng:2009p4942,
author = {Rui Feng and Gongfu Zhou and Meizhuo Zhang and Heping Zhang},
journal = {Biometrics},
title = {Analysis of twin data using SAS},
abstract = {SUMMARY: Twin studies are essential for assessing disease inheritance. Data generated from twin studies are traditionally analyzed using specialized computational programs. For many researchers, especially those who are new to twin studies, understanding and using those specialized computational programs can be a daunting task. Given that SAS (Statistical Analysis Software) is the most popular software for statistical analysis, we suggest that the use of SAS procedures for twin data may be a helpful alternative and demonstrate that we can obtain similar results from SAS to those produced by specialized computational programs. This numerical validation is practically useful, because a natural concern with general statistical software is whether it can deal with data that are generated from special study designs such as twin studies and if it can test a particular hypothesis. We concluded through our extensive simulation that SAS procedures can be used easily as a very convenient alternative to specialized programs for twin data analysis.},
affiliation = {Department of Biostatistics, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.},
number = {2},
pages = {584--9},
volume = {65},
year = {2009},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Twin Studies as Topic, Epidemiologic Research Design, Twins, Computer Simulation, Software, Models: Statistical, Biometry, Risk Assessment, Algorithms, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Data Interpretation: Statistical},
date-added = {2010-02-03 20:58:36 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-03 20:58:36 +0100},
doi = {10.1111/j.1541-0420.2008.01098.x},
pii = {BIOM1098},
pmid = {18647295},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Feng-2009-Biometrics_Analysis%20of%20twin%20dat.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4942},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Armstrong:1998,
author = {Ronald D Armstrong and Douglas H Jones},
journal = {Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics},
title = {Optimization of classical reliability in test construction},
number = {1},
pages = {1--17},
volume = {23},
year = {1998},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:24 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2029},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Reich:2005p3547,
author = {David Reich and Nick Patterson and Philip L De Jager and Gavin J McDonald and Alicja Waliszewska and Arti Tandon and Robin R Lincoln and Cari DeLoa and Scott A Fruhan and Philippe Cabre and Odile Bera and Gilbert Semana and M Ann Kelly and David A Francis and Kristin G Ardlie and Omar Khan and Bruce A C Cree and Stephen L Hauser and Jorge R Oksenberg and David A Hafler},
journal = {Nat Genet},
title = {A whole-genome admixture scan finds a candidate locus for multiple sclerosis susceptibility},
abstract = {Multiple sclerosis is a common disease with proven heritability, but, despite large-scale attempts, no underlying risk genes have been identified. Traditional linkage scans have so far identified only one risk haplotype for multiple sclerosis (at HLA on chromosome 6), which explains only a fraction of the increased risk to siblings. Association scans such as admixture mapping have much more power, in principle, to find the weak factors that must explain most of the disease risk. We describe here the first high-powered admixture scan, focusing on 605 African American cases and 1,043 African American controls, and report a locus on chromosome 1 that is significantly associated with multiple sclerosis.},
affiliation = {Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. reich@receptor.med.harvard.edu},
number = {10},
pages = {1113--8},
volume = {37},
year = {2005},
month = {Oct},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Chromosomes: Human: Pair 1, Chromosome Mapping, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome: Human, Multiple Sclerosis, Humans, African Americans},
date-added = {2010-01-15 21:00:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:42:16 +0200},
doi = {10.1038/ng1646},
pii = {ng1646},
pmid = {16186815},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Reich-2005-Nat%20Genet_A%20whole-genome%20admix.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3547},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Saxton:2005,
author = {J Saxton and K B Kastango and L Hugonot-Diener and F Boller and M Verny and C E Sarles and R R Girgis and E Devouche and P Mecocci and B G Pollock and S T DeKosky},
journal = {American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry},
title = {Development of a Short Form of the Severe Impairment Battery},
number = {11},
volume = {13},
year = {2005},
date-added = {2010-01-10 11:33:19 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-10 11:33:25 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Saxton-2005-American%20Journal%20of%20Geriatric%20Psychiatry_Development%20of%20a%20Sho.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1929},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Mukherjee:2010p2504,
author = {B Mukherjee and J Ahn and S B Gruber and M Ghosh and N Chatterjee},
journal = {Biometrics},
title = {Case--Control Studies of Gene--Environment Interaction: Bayesian Design and Analysis},
abstract = {With increasing frequency, epidemiologic studies are addressing hypotheses regarding gene-environment interac- tion. In many well-studied candidate genes and for standard dietary and behavioral epidemiologic exposures, there is often substantial prior information available that may be used to analyze current data as well as for designing a new study. In this article, first, we propose a proper full Bayesian approach for analyzing studies of gene--environment interaction. The Bayesian approach provides a natural way to incorporate uncertainties around the assumption of gene--environment independence, often used in such an analysis. We then consider Bayesian sample size determination criteria for both estimation and hypothesis testing regarding the multiplicative gene--environment interaction parameter. We illustrate our proposed methods using data from a large ongoing case--control study of colorectal cancer investigating the interaction of N-acetyl transferase type 2 (NAT2) with smoking and red meat consumption. We use the existing data to elicit a design prior and show how to use this information in allocating cases and controls in planning a future study that investigates the same interaction parameters. The Bayesian design and analysis strategies are compared with their corresponding frequentist counterparts.},
affiliation = {Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan},
year = {2010},
keywords = {Molecular epidemiology of colorectal cancer, Highest posterior density interval, Case-only design, Multinomial-Dirichlet, Gene--environment independence, Posterior odds},
date-added = {2010-01-12 13:39:37 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-12 13:41:42 +0100},
doi = {10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01357.x},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Mukherjee-2010-Biometrics_Case%E2%80%93Control%20Studies.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2504},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Kempen:1999p13145,
author = {G I Kempen and E I Brilman and A V Ranchor and J Ormel},
journal = {Soc Sci Med},
title = {Morbidity and quality of life and the moderating effects of level of education in the elderly},
abstract = {The moderating effect of level of education (as an indicator of socioeconomic status) on the associations between chronic medical morbidity and six domains of health-related quality of life (physical function, role function, social function, health perceptions, bodily pain and mental health) is studied in a large community-dwelling elderly sample (N = 5279). The results showed that health-related quality of life is substantially affected by chronic medical morbidity, and that level of education has weak, but significant unique contributions to physical function, social function, health perceptions, and mental health. We did not find substantial evidence for the differential vulnerability hypothesis. At best, low education might amplify the negative effects of the number of chronic medical conditions on mental health only, but this result was not confirmed in four specific disease groups.},
affiliation = {Department of Medical Sociology, Maastricht University, Netherlands. g.kempen@medsoc.unimaas.nl},
number = {1},
pages = {143--9},
volume = {49},
year = {1999},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Male, Prospective Studies, Educational Status, Socioeconomic Factors, Longitudinal Studies, Aged, Netherlands, Female, Regression Analysis, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Health Status, Humans, Questionnaires},
date-added = {2010-06-26 11:06:52 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-06-26 11:06:52 +0200},
pii = {S027795369900129X},
pmid = {10414847},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Kempen-1999-Soc%20Sci%20Med_Morbidity%20and%20qualit.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13145},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Goldberg:1993p13835,
author = {L R Goldberg},
title = {The structure of personality traits: Vertical and horizontal aspects},
year = {1993},
date-added = {2010-07-29 17:15:40 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 17:17:39 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Goldberg-1993-_The%20structure%20of%20per.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13835},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Gilad:2008p545,
author = {Yoav Gilad and Scott A Rifkin and Jonathan K Pritchard},
journal = {Trends Genet},
title = {Revealing the architecture of gene regulation: the promise of eQTL studies},
abstract = {Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping studies have become a widely used tool for identifying genetic variants that affect gene regulation. In these studies, expression levels are viewed as quantitative traits, and gene expression phenotypes are mapped to particular genomic loci by combining studies of variation in gene expression patterns with genome-wide genotyping. Results from recent eQTL mapping studies have revealed substantial heritable variation in gene expression within and between populations. In many cases, genetic factors that influence gene expression levels can be mapped to proximal (putatively cis) eQTLs and, less often, to distal (putatively trans) eQTLs. Beyond providing great insight into the biology of gene regulation, a combination of eQTL studies with results from traditional linkage or association studies of human disease may help predict a specific regulatory role for polymorphic sites previously associated with disease.},
affiliation = {Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. gilad@uchicago.edu},
number = {8},
pages = {408--15},
volume = {24},
year = {2008},
month = {Aug},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Quantitative Trait Loci, Gene Expression Regulation, Genetic Complementation Test, Humans, Chromosome Mapping, Phenotype, Models: Genetic, Animals},
date-added = {2010-01-03 14:17:26 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 14:17:27 +0100},
doi = {10.1016/j.tig.2008.06.001},
pii = {S0168-9525(08)00177-7},
pmid = {18597885},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Gilad-2008-Trends%20Genet_Revealing%20the%20archit.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p545},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lee:2009p911,
author = {Christopher Lee and Alexander Alekseyenko and C Titus Brown},
journal = {Proceedings of the 8th Python in Science Conference (SciPy 2009)},
title = {Exploring the future of bioinformatics data sharing and mining with Pygr and Worldbase},
abstract = {Worldbase is a virtual namespace for scientific data sharing that can be accessed via ``from pygr import worldbase``. Worldbase enables users to access, save and share complex datasets as easily as simply giv- ing a specific name for a commonly-used dataset (e.g. Bio.Seq.Genome.HUMAN.hg17 for draft 17 of the human genome). Worldbase transparently takes care of all issues of how to access the dataset, what code must be imported to use it, what dependencies on other datasets it may have, and how to make use of its relations with other datasets as specified by its schema. Worldbase works with a wide variety of ``back-end'' storage, including data stored on local file systems, relational databases such as MySQL, remote services via XMLRPC, and ``downloadable'' resources that can be obtained from the network but automatically installed locally by Worldbase.},
affiliation = {Department of Chemistry Biochemistry, UCLA, 611 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA},
pages = {1--6},
year = {2009},
date-added = {2010-01-03 18:53:25 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 18:54:38 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Lee-2009-Proceedings%20of%20the%208th%20Python%20in%20Science%20Conference%20(SciPy%202009)_Exploring%20the%20future.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p911},
rating = {0}
}

@book{Hastie2001,
author = {T Hastie and R Tibshirani and J Friedman},
journal = {Book},
title = {The elements of statistical learning},
year = {2001},
date-added = {2010-01-12 14:26:51 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-12 14:26:52 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2549},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Zwinderman:1990p5988,
author = {A H Zwinderman},
journal = {Stat Med},
title = {The measurement of change of quality of life in clinical trials},
abstract = {A model is presented for the measurement of change of quality of life in clinical trials with time under the influence of one or more treatments. Quality of life is regarded as a multidimensional latent variable, and is measured through dichotomous item responses on a number of points in time. Change of quality of life is 'explained' with a latent logistic regression model which may include parameters for the time process, the effects of clinical treatments, and interaction parameters. By assuming the absence of patient/time interaction within treatment groups, the parameters of the time process and the treatment effects can be estimated independently of the latent quality of life parameters at the start of the treatment. Consequently, differential mortality, censoring mechanisms, and other mechanisms causing missing data can be ignored.},
affiliation = {Department of Medical Statistics, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.},
number = {8},
pages = {931--42},
volume = {9},
year = {1990},
month = {Aug},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Quality of Life, Probability, Reproducibility of Results, Diphosphonates, Models: Statistical, Breast Neoplasms, Time Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Clinical Trials as Topic, Survival Analysis, Female, Humans},
date-added = {2010-02-18 23:30:48 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-02-18 23:30:48 +0100},
pmid = {2218195},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p5988},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Manderino:1991p13487,
author = {G L Manderino and J C Leicht and J L Mulshine and G T Gooch},
journal = {Br J Cancer Suppl},
title = {Cross validation of cluster analysis using immunostained multi-tissue tumour block slides},
abstract = {We assayed the panel of SCLC MAbs using multi-tissue tumour block (MTTB) slides obtained from Dr. Hector Battifora (City of Hope Hospital, Duarte CA). MTTB slides contain up to 100 different formalin-fixed tumour tissue specimens and can be immunostained with as little as 50 microliters of antibody solution. In this study, the MAbs in the SCLC panel were used to stain slides from a MTTB comprised of eight normal, ten SCLC, ten squamous cell, ten adenocarcinoma and five undifferentiated lung cancer tissues. Many MAbs in the SCLC panel failed to immunostain the lung MTTB whereas many others showed significant immunoreactivity. Of those MAbs that stained SCLC tissue, none was found to be specific; these MAbs also stained NSCLC tissues or normal lung tissues. Some MAbs in the panel immunostained SCLC and NSCLC tissues, but were also reactive to normal lung tissue as well as other normal tissue specimens. A major advantage of immunostaining MTTBs with a panel of MAbs is that we were able to compare the immunoreactivity of the MAbs on a total of 128 different tissues requiring only 100 microliters of antibody solution using only two MTTB slides per MAb. Although this study was preliminary and certain technical problems in assembling the MTTB as well as optimising the immunostaining procedure for handling 98 or more MAbs simultaneously remain, the MTTB technique remains promising.},
affiliation = {Department of Cancer Research and Immunology, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064.},
pages = {60--3},
volume = {14},
year = {1991},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Humans, Carcinoma: Squamous Cell, Carcinoma: Small Cell, Cluster Analysis, Antibodies: Monoclonal, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Adenocarcinoma, Lung Neoplasms},
date-added = {2010-07-01 22:21:28 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-01 22:21:28 +0200},
pmid = {1645574},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Manderino-1991-Br%20J%20Cancer%20Suppl_Cross%20validation%20of.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p13487},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Schwarz:1985,
author = {N Schwarz and H Hippler and B Deutsch and F Strack},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
title = {Response scales: Effects of category range on reported behavior and comparative judgments},
pages = {388--395},
volume = {49},
year = {1985},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:34:17 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:34:18 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1010},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cotler:2001p4527,
author = {S J Cotler and R Patil and R A McNutt and T Speroff and G Banaad-Omiotek and D R Ganger and H Rosenblate and S Kaur and S Cotler and D M Jensen},
journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
title = {Patients' values for health states associated with hepatitis C and physicians' estimates of those values},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis C is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis in the United States. Little information is available regarding how persons with hepatitis C view health with their disease. We studied patients' perceptions about the value of hepatitis C health states and evaluated whether physicians understand their patients' perspectives about this disease. METHODS: A total of 50 consecutive persons with hepatitis C were surveyed when they presented as new patients to a hepatology practice. Subjects provided utility assessments (preference values) for five hepatitis C health states and for treatment side effects. They also stated their threshold for accepting antiviral therapy. Five hepatologists used the same scales to estimate their patients' responses. RESULTS: On average, patients believed that hepatitis C without symptoms was associated with an 11% reduction in preference value from that of life without infection, and the most serious condition (severe symptoms, cirrhosis) was believed to carry a 73% decrement. Patients judged the side effects of antiviral therapy quite unfavorably, and their median stated threshold for accepting treatment was a cure rate of 80%. Physicians' estimates were not significantly associated with patients' preference values for hepatitis C health states, treatment side effects, or with patients' thresholds for accepting treatment. In multivariate analysis, patients' stated thresholds for taking treatment were significantly associated with their decisions regarding therapy (beta = -2.72+/-1.21, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: There was little agreement between patients' preference values about hepatitis C and their physicians' estimates of those values. Utility analysis could facilitate shared decision making about hepatitis C.},
affiliation = {Department of Medicine, RUSH-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.},
number = {9},
pages = {2730--6},
volume = {96},
year = {2001},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Male, Humans, Patient Satisfaction, Middle Aged, Health Status, Adult, Severity of Illness Index, Physicians, Female, Hepatitis C},
date-added = {2010-01-29 22:14:07 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-29 22:14:07 +0100},
doi = {10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04132.x},
pii = {S0002-9270(01)02694-6},
pmid = {11569703},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Cotler-2001-Am%20J%20Gastroenterol_Patients'%20values%20for.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p4527},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Virtanen:2009p381,
author = {Marianna Virtanen and Archana Singh-Manoux and Jane E Ferrie and David Gimeno and Michael G Marmot and Marko Elovainio and Markus Jokela and Jussi Vahtera and Mika Kivim{\"a}ki},
journal = {Am J Epidemiol},
title = {Long working hours and cognitive function: the Whitehall II Study},
abstract = {This study examined the association between long working hours and cognitive function in middle age. Data were collected in 1997-1999 (baseline) and 2002-2004 (follow-up) from a prospective study of 2,214 British civil servants who were in full-time employment at baseline and had data on cognitive tests and covariates. A battery of cognitive tests (short-term memory, Alice Heim 4-I, Mill Hill vocabulary, phonemic fluency, and semantic fluency) were measured at baseline and at follow-up. Compared with working 40 hours per week at most, working more than 55 hours per week was associated with lower scores in the vocabulary test at both baseline and follow-up. Long working hours also predicted decline in performance on the reasoning test (Alice Heim 4-I). Similar results were obtained by using working hours as a continuous variable; the associations between working hours and cognitive function were robust to adjustments for several potential confounding factors including age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, income, physical diseases, psychosocial factors, sleep disturbances, and health risk behaviors. This study shows that long working hours may have a negative effect on cognitive performance in middle age.},
affiliation = {Centre of Expertise for Work Organizations, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland. marianna.virtanen@ttl.fi},
number = {5},
pages = {596--605},
volume = {169},
year = {2009},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Workload, Adult, Humans, Male, Follow-Up Studies, Female, Government, Analysis of Variance, Aged, Cognition, Employment, Confounding Factors (Epidemiology), Middle Aged, Psychological Tests, England, Cognition Disorders, Risk Factors},
date-added = {2010-01-03 11:50:56 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 11:50:56 +0100},
doi = {10.1093/aje/kwn382},
pii = {kwn382},
pmid = {19126590},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Virtanen-2009-Am%20J%20Epidemiol_Long%20working%20hours%20a.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p381},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Damon:2008p3425,
author = {C Damon and P Pinel and M Perrot and V Michel and E Duchesnay and J B Poline and B Thirion},
journal = {MICCAI},
title = {Discriminating between populations of subjects based on fMRI data using sparse features selection and SRDA classifier},
year = {2008},
date-added = {2010-01-15 15:14:58 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-15 15:17:14 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Damon-2008-MICCAI_Discriminating%20betwe.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3425},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dupuy:2007p2569,
author = {Alain Dupuy and Richard M Simon},
journal = {Journal of The National Cancer Institute},
title = {Critical review of published microarray studies for cancer outcome and guidelines on statistical analysis and reporting},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Both the validity and the reproducibility of microarray-based clinical research have been challenged. There is a need for critical review of the statistical analysis and reporting in published microarray studies that focus on cancer-related clinical outcomes. METHODS: Studies published through 2004 in which microarray-based gene expression profiles were analyzed for their relation to a clinical cancer outcome were identified through a Medline search followed by hand screening of abstracts and full text articles. Studies that were eligible for our analysis addressed one or more outcomes that were either an event occurring during follow-up, such as death or relapse, or a therapeutic response. We recorded descriptive characteristics for all the selected studies. A critical review of outcome-related statistical analyses was undertaken for the articles published in 2004. RESULTS: Ninety studies were identified, and their descriptive characteristics are presented. Sixty-eight (76%) were published in journals of impact factor greater than 6. A detailed account of the 42 studies (47%) published in 2004 is reported. Twenty-one (50%) of them contained at least one of the following three basic flaws: 1) in outcome-related gene finding, an unstated, unclear, or inadequate control for multiple testing; 2) in class discovery, a spurious claim of correlation between clusters and clinical outcome, made after clustering samples using a selection of outcome-related differentially expressed genes; or 3) in supervised prediction, a biased estimation of the prediction accuracy through an incorrect cross-validation procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The most common and serious mistakes and misunderstandings recorded in published studies are described and illustrated. Based on this analysis, a proposal of guidelines for statistical analysis and reporting for clinical microarray studies, presented as a checklist of "Do's and Don'ts," is provided.},
affiliation = {Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.},
number = {2},
pages = {147--57},
volume = {99},
year = {2007},
month = {Jan},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Treatment Outcome, Humans, Medical Records, Neoplasms, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Reproducibility of Results, Bias (Epidemiology), Cluster Analysis, Gene Expression Regulation: Neoplastic, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Predictive Value of Tests},
date-added = {2010-01-12 22:22:47 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-12 22:22:47 +0100},
doi = {10.1093/jnci/djk018},
pii = {99/2/147},
pmid = {17227998},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dupuy-2007-Journal%20of%20The%20National%20Cancer%20Institute_Critical%20review%20of%20p.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2569},
rating = {0}
}

@misc{Douglas:2001,
author = {J Douglas and D Bolt and S Hartz and M Becker and J Newman},
journal = {Miscellaneous},
title = {Applications of Item Response Theory in Psychiatry},
year = {2001},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:22 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:40:14 +0200},
URL = {http://ist.inserm.fr/BASIS/elgis/fqmat/atelier/DDW?W%253DDOC_NUM+%253D+127%2526M%253D9%2526K%253D1876%2526R%253DY%2526U%253D1},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1179},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{McGilloway:2010p12031,
author = {Angela McGilloway and Ruth E Hall and Tennyson Lee and Kamaldeep S Bhui},
journal = {BMC Psychiatry},
title = {A systematic review of personality disorder, race and ethnicity: prevalence, aetiology and treatment},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although psychoses and ethnicity are well researched, the importance of culture, race and ethnicity has been overlooked in Personality Disorders (PD) research. This study aimed to review the published literature on ethnic variations of prevalence, aetiology and treatment of PD. METHOD: A systematic review of studies of PD and race, culture and ethnicity including a narrative synthesis of observational data and meta-analyses of prevalence data with tests for heterogeneity. RESULTS: There were few studies with original data on personality disorder and ethnicity. Studies varied in their classification of ethnic group, and few studies defined a specific type of personality disorder. Overall, meta-analyses revealed significant differences in prevalence between black and white groups (OR 0.476, CIs 0.248 - 0.915, p = 0.026) but no differences between Asian or Hispanic groups compared with white groups. Meta-regression analyses found that heterogeneity was explained by some study characteristics: a lower prevalence of PD was reported among black compared with white patients in UK studies, studies using case-note diagnoses rather than structured diagnostic interviews, studies of borderline PD compared with the other PD, studies in secure and inpatient compared with community settings, and among subjects with co-morbid disorders compared to the rest. The evidence base on aetiology and treatment was small. CONCLUSION: There is some evidence of ethnic variations in prevalence of personality disorder but methodological characteristics are likely to account for some of the variation. The findings may indicate neglect of PD diagnosis among ethnic groups, or a true lower prevalence amongst black patients. Further studies are required using more precise cultural and ethnic groups.},
number = {1},
pages = {33},
volume = {10},
year = {2010},
month = {May},
language = {ENG},
date-added = {2010-05-24 10:27:05 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-24 10:27:13 +0200},
doi = {10.1186/1471-244X-10-33},
pii = {1471-244X-10-33},
pmid = {20459788},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/McGilloway-2010-BMC%20Psychiatry_A%20systematic%20review-1.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p12031},
rating = {4}
}

@article{Church:2003p11168,
author = {A Timothy Church and Fernando A Ortiz and Marcia S Katigbak and Tatyana V Avdeyeva and Alice M Emerson and Jos{\'e} de Jes{\'u}s Vargas Flores and Joselina Ib{\'a}{\~n}ez Reyes},
journal = {J Pers Soc Psychol},
title = {Measuring individual and cultural differences in implicit trait theories},
abstract = {A new measure of implicit theories or beliefs regarding the traitedness versus contextuality of behavior was developed and tested across cultures. In Studies 1 (N = 266) and 2 (N = 266), these implicit beliefs dimensions were reliably measured and replicated across U.S. college student samples and validity evidence was provided. In Study 3, their structure replicated well across an individualistic culture (the United States; N = 249) and a collectivistic culture (Mexico; N = 268). Implicit trait and contextual beliefs overlapped only modestly with implicit entity theory beliefs and were predicted by self-construals in ways that generally supported cultural psychology hypotheses. Implicit trait beliefs were fairly strongly endorsed in both cultures, suggesting that such beliefs may be universally held.},
affiliation = {Department of Educational Leadership and Counseling Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-2136, USA. church@mail.wsu.edu},
number = {2},
pages = {332--47},
volume = {85},
year = {2003},
month = {Aug},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Personality Inventory, Humans, Individuality, Personality, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Male, Students, Mexico, Factor Analysis: Statistical, Analysis of Variance, Female, Adult, Models: Psychological, United States},
date-added = {2010-04-25 21:14:20 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:35:33 +0200},
pmid = {12916574},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Church-2003-J%20Pers%20Soc%20Psychol_Measuring%20individual.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11168},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Degerine:1979p3421,
author = {S Degerine},
journal = {Annales de l'IHP, section B},
title = {Lois de von Mises et lois li{\'e}es},
number = {1},
pages = {63--77},
volume = {15},
year = {1979},
date-added = {2010-01-15 14:58:05 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-15 14:58:59 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Degerine-1979-Annales%20de%20l'IHP%20section%20B_Lois%20de%20von%20Mises%20et.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3421},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Temme:2006p3325,
author = {D Temme and H Kreis and L Hildebrandt},
title = {PLS Path Modeling -- A Software Review},
abstract = {After years of stagnancy, PLS path modeling has recently attracted renewed interest from applied researchers in marketing. At the same time, the availability of software alternatives to Lohm{\"o}ller's LVPLS package has considerably increased (PLS-Graph, PLS-GUI, SPAD-PLS, SmartPLS). To help the user to make an informed decision, the existing programs are reviewed; their strengths and weaknesses are identified. Furthermore, analyzing simulated data reveals that the signs of weights/factor loadings and path coefficients can vary considerably across the different programs. Thus, applied researchers should treat the interpretation of their results with caution. Compared to programs for analysis of covariance structure models (LISREL approach), PLS path modeling software is on equal footing regarding ease of use, but clearly lags behind in terms of methodological capabilities.},
affiliation = {Institute of Marketing, Humboldt-Universit{\"a}t zu Berlin, Germany},
year = {2006},
date-added = {2010-01-15 12:13:45 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-15 12:15:01 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Temme-2006-_PLS%20Path%20Modeling%20%E2%80%93.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3325},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lohr:2000p7345,
author = {K N Lohr},
journal = {Med Care},
title = {Health outcomes methodology symposium: summary and recommendations},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Interest in the philosophy and techniques of the assessment of health outcomes has burgeoned, prompting research funding agencies and others to examine traditional and emerging methods for outcome measurement. OBJECTIVES: This report summarizes the presentations and discussions at and research recommendations stemming from an invitational symposium on health outcomes methodology convened in September 1999. RESEARCH DESIGN: The summary is based on the preliminary drafts of all formal reports and discussions, transcripts of all presentations and plenary discussions, and notes from breakout groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Existing health outcomes measures drawn from classic test theory and emerging approaches based on item response theory offer exciting opportunities for appreciably expanded applications in biomedical and health services research, clinical practice and decision making, and policy development. The major research agenda reflects the significance of this field of endeavor, its widening acceptance both at home and abroad, and its increasing applicability to many different patient and user communities. Of particular moment are the following: (1) refining and expanding of measurement techniques that rely on item response theory and making these approaches more understandable to potential users; (2) improving measurement tools to make them more culturally appropriate for diverse populations and more conceptually and psychometrically equivalent across such groups; (3) addressing longstanding issues in preference- and utility-based approaches, particularly in the elicitation of preference responses and scoring instruments; and (4) enhancing the ways in which data from outcomes measurement tools are calibrated against commonly understood clinical and lay metrics, are interpreted, and are made usable for different decision-makers.},
affiliation = {Health Services and Policy Research Program, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA. klohr@rti.org},
number = {9 Suppl},
pages = {II194--208},
volume = {38},
year = {2000},
month = {Sep},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Cultural Diversity, Humans, Quality of Life, Health Services Research, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), United States, Research Design, Health Status Indicators},
date-added = {2010-03-10 20:23:42 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:39:29 +0200},
pmid = {10982107},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7345},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Emons:2008p2708,
author = {W H M Emons},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
title = {Nonparametric Person-Fit Analysis of Polytomous Item Scores},
abstract = {Person-fit methods are used to uncover atypical test performance as reflected in the pattern of scores on individual items in a test. Unlike parametric person-fit statistics, nonparametric person-fit statistics do not require fitting a parametric test theory model. This study investigates the effectiveness of generalizations of nonparametric person-fit statistics to polytomous item response data. A simulation study using varying test and item characteristics shows that a simple count of the Guttman errors is effective in detecting serious person misfit. The simulation study further shows that in most conditions a simple nonparametric person-fit statistic is as effective as a commonly used parametric person-fit statistic in detecting deviant item score vectors. An empirical example illustrates the use of the nonparametric person-fit statistics in real data.},
number = {3},
pages = {224--247},
volume = {32},
year = {2008},
date-added = {2010-01-13 10:25:42 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:16:53 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Emons-2008-Applied%20Psychological%20Measurement_Nonparametric%20Person.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p2708},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Sommerfelt:2000p7943,
author = {K Sommerfelt and H W Andersson and K Sonnander and G Ahlsten and B Ellertsen and T Markestad and G Jacobsen and H J Hoffman and L Bakketeig},
journal = {Arch Dis Child},
title = {Cognitive development of term small for gestational age children at five years of age},
abstract = {AIM: To assess the relative significance for cognitive development of small for gestational age, parental demographic factors, and factors related to the child rearing environment. METHODS: IQ of a population based cohort of 338 term infants who were small for gestational age (SGA) and without major handicap, and a random control sample of 335 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants were compared at 5 years of age. RESULTS: The mean non-verbal IQ was four points lower, while the mean verbal IQ was three points lower for the children in the SGA group. The results were not confounded by parental demographic or child rearing factors. However, parental factors, including maternal non-verbal problem solving abilities, and child rearing style, accounted for 20% of the variance in non-verbal IQ, while SGA versus AGA status accounted for only 2%. The comparable numbers for verbal IQ were 30 and 1%. Furthermore, we found no evidence that the cognitive development of SGA children was more sensitive to a non-optimal child rearing environment than that of AGA children. Maternal smoking at conception was associated with a reduction in mean IQ comparable to that found for SGA status, and this effect was the same for SGA and AGA children. The cognitive function of asymmetric SGA was comparable to that of symmetric SGA children. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that child cognitive development is strongly associated with parental factors, but only marginally associated with intrauterine growth retardation.},
affiliation = {Department of Pediatrics, University of Bergen, Barneklinikken, 5021 Haukeland Sykehus, Norway. ksom@haukeland.no},
number = {1},
pages = {25--30},
volume = {83},
year = {2000},
month = {Jul},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Problem Solving, Infant: Small for Gestational Age, Socioeconomic Factors, Case-Control Studies, Psychometrics, Child Rearing, Intelligence Tests, Infant: Newborn, Child Development, Cognition, Humans, Child: Preschool, Cohort Studies, Mothers, Smoking},
date-added = {2010-03-20 19:27:49 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-20 19:27:49 +0100},
pmid = {10868995},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Sommerfelt-2000-Arch%20Dis%20Child_Cognitive%20developmen.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7943},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Tritchler:2005p3296,
author = {D Tritchler and S Fallah and J Beyene},
journal = {Computational Statistics},
title = {A spectral clustering method for microarray data},
abstract = {This paper considers a clustering method motivated by a multivariate analysis of variance model and computationally based on eigenanalysis (thus the term ``spectral'' in the title). Our focus is on large problems, and we present the method in the context of clustering genes using microarray expression data. We provide an e􏱫cient computational algorithm and discuss its properties and interpretation in statistical and geometric terms. Leukemia and Melanoma data sets are analyzed to demonstrate the use of the method, and simulations are carried out to compare our method with two other clustering algorithms. We extend the method to enable supervision by either gene or array characteristics.},
pages = {63--76},
volume = {49},
year = {2005},
date-added = {2010-01-14 21:23:57 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 19:24:32 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Tritchler-2005-Computational%20Statistics_A%20spectral%20clusterin.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3296},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Anonymous:2010p11174,
title = {Impact of Item Phrasing on Detection of Differential Item Functioning: An Empirical Study of the Chinese General Self-Concept Scale},
date-added = {2010-04-25 21:26:22 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-04-25 21:26:36 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Impact%20of%20Item%20Phras.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11174},
read = {Yes},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Vermunt:2008p3188,
author = {J K Vermunt},
title = {Mixture models for multilevel data sets},
year = {2008},
date-added = {2010-01-14 20:47:29 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-14 20:47:59 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Vermunt-2008-_Mixture%20models%20for%20m.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p3188},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Eisen:2007,
author = {SV Eisen and G Ranganathan and P Seal and A 3rd Spiro},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral Health Serv Research},
title = {Measuring clinically meaningful change following mental health treatment.},
abstract = {Assessment of clinically meaningful change is useful for treatment planning, monitoring progress, and evaluating treatment response. Outcome studies often assess statistically significant change, which may not be clinically meaningful. Study objectives are to: (1) evaluate responsiveness of the BASIS-24 using three methods for determining clinically meaningful change: reliable change index (RCI), effect size (ES), and standard error of measurement (SEM); and (2) determine which method provides an estimate of clinically meaningful change most concordant with other change measures. BASIS-24 assessments were obtained at two time points for 1,397 inpatients and 850 outpatients. The proportion showing clinically meaningful change using each method was compared to the proportion showing change in global mental health, retrospectively reported change, and clinician-assessed change. BASIS-24 demonstrated responsiveness at both aggregate and individual levels. Regarding clinically meaningful improvement and decline, SEM was most concordant with all three outcome measures; regarding no change, RCI was most concordant with all three measures.},
number = {3},
pages = {272--289},
volume = {34},
year = {2007},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:35:29 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:35:29 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1014},
rating = {0}
}

@article{DuMouchel:1983p6317,
author = {W H DuMouchel and G J Duncan},
journal = {JAMA},
title = {Using Sample Survey Weights in Multiple Regression Analyses of Stratified Samples},
number = {383},
pages = {535--543},
volume = {78},
year = {1983},
date-added = {2010-02-20 21:12:16 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-07-29 20:01:34 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/DuMouchel-1983-JAMA_Using%20Sample%20Survey.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p6317},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Buckholtz:2008p7221,
author = {J W Buckholtz and J H Callicott and B Kolachana and A R Hariri and T E Goldberg and M Genderson and M F Egan and V S Mattay and D R Weinberger and A Meyer-Lindenberg},
journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
title = {Genetic variation in MAOA modulates ventromedial prefrontal circuitry mediating individual differences in human personality},
abstract = {Little is known about neural mechanisms underlying human personality and temperament, despite their considerable importance as highly heritable risk mediators for somatic and psychiatric disorders. To identify these circuits, we used a combined genetic and imaging approach focused on Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA), encoding a key enzyme for monoamine metabolism previously associated with temperament and antisocial behavior. Male carriers of a low-expressing genetic variant exhibited dysregulated amygdala activation and increased functional coupling with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Stronger coupling predicted increased harm avoidance and decreased reward dependence scores, suggesting that this circuitry mediates a part of the association of MAOA with these traits. We utilized path analysis to parse the effective connectivity within this system, and provide evidence that vmPFC regulates amygdala indirectly by influencing rostral cingulate cortex function. Our data implicate a neural circuit for variation in human personality under genetic control, provide an anatomically consistent mechanism for vmPFC-amygdala interactions underlying this variation, and suggest a role for vmPFC as a superordinate regulatory area for emotional arousal and social behavior.},
affiliation = {Neuroimaging Core Facility, National Institute for Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-1365, USA.},
number = {3},
pages = {313--24},
volume = {13},
year = {2008},
month = {Mar},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Photic Stimulation, Facial Expression, Oxygen, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Brain Mapping, Genetic Variation, Humans, Prefrontal Cortex, Female, Models: Biological, Personality, Adult, Individuality, Image Processing: Computer-Assisted, Monoamine Oxidase, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neural Pathways},
date-added = {2010-03-08 19:31:47 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-03-08 19:31:47 +0100},
doi = {10.1038/sj.mp.4002020},
pii = {4002020},
pmid = {17519928},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Buckholtz-2008-Mol%20Psychiatry_Genetic%20variation%20in.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p7221},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Hidalgo:2004,
author = {M D Hidalgo and J A L\'oPez-Pina},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
title = {Differential Item Functioning Detection and Effect Size: A Comparison between Logistic Regression and Mantel-Haenszel Procedures},
abstract = {This article compares several procedures in their efficacy for detecting differential item functioning (DIF): logistic regression analysis, the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) procedure, and the modified Mantel-Haenszel procedure by Mazor, Clauser, and Hambleton. It also compares the effect size measures that these procedures provide. In this study, different conditions of item parameters (difficulty and discrimination) and DIF magnitude were manipulated. Furthermore, both uniform and nonuniform DIF conditions were simulated. Results suggest that logistic regression analysis generally detected more items with DIF than the standard MH procedure and the modified MH procedure for symmetrical nonuniform DIF. The DIF effect size measures based on logistic regression, however, appeared to be insensitive to the specified DIF conditions.},
number = {6},
pages = {903--915},
volume = {64},
year = {2004},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:38:21 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:38:22 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1167},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Cleveland:1993p1754,
author = {W S Cleveland},
title = {A Model for Studying Display Methods of Statistical Graphics},
abstract = {A method of statistical graphics consists of two parts: a selection of statistical information to be displayed and a selection of a visual display method to encode the information. Some display methods lead to effi- cient, accurate visual decoding of encoded informa- tion, and others lead to inefficient, inaccurate decod- ing. It is only through rigorous studies of visual decod- ing that informed judgments can be made about how to chose display methods.	A model has been devel- oped to provide a framework for the study of visual decoding. The model consists of three parts: (1) a two-way classification of information on displays --- quantitative-scale, quantitative-physical, categorical- scale, and categorical-physical; (2) a division of the visual processing of graphical displays into pattern per- ception and table look-up; (3) a specification of visual operations that are employed to carry out pattern per- ception and table look-up. Display methods are as- sessed by studying the visual operations to which they lead.	Studies use the theory and experimental tech- nique of various areas of vision research including psy- chophysics, cognitive psychology, and computational vision. This process is illustrated by studies of three display methods: visual reference grids for graphs with juxtaposed panels and common scales, encoding a cat- egorical variable on a scatterplot by the type of plot- ting symbol, and choosing the aspect ratio of a factor- response graph.},
year = {1993},
date-added = {2010-01-09 21:03:11 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-09 21:03:38 +0100},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Cleveland-1993-_A%20Model%20for%20Studying.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1754},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Lewis:1992,
author = {G Lewis and AJ Pelosi and R Araya and G Dunn},
journal = {Psychol Med},
title = {Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers},
abstract = {Many of the standardized interviews currently used in psychiatry require the interviewer to use expert psychiatric judgements in deciding upon the presence or absence of psychopathology. However, when case definitions are standardized it is customary for clinical judgements to be replaced with rules. The Clinical Interview Schedule was therefore revised, in order to increase standardization, and to make it suitable for use by 'lay' interviewers in assessing minor psychiatric disorder in community, general hospital, occupational and primary care research. Two reliability studies of the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) were conducted in primary health care clinics in London and Santiago, Chile. Both studies compared psychiatrically trained interviewer(s) with lay interviewer(s). Estimates of the reliability of the CIS-R compared favourably with the results of studies of other standardized interviews. In addition, the lay interviewers were as reliable as the psychiatrists and did not show any bias in their use of the CIS-R. Confirmatory factor analysis models were also used to estimate the reliabilities of the CIS-R and self-administered questionnaires and indicated that traditional measures of reliability are probably overestimates.},
number = {2},
pages = {465--486},
volume = {22},
year = {1992},
date-added = {2010-01-03 19:36:09 +0100},
date-modified = {2010-01-03 19:36:10 +0100},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p1062},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Dray:2003p11585,
author = {S Dray and D Chessel and J Thioulouse},
journal = {Ecology},
title = {Co-inertia analysis and the linking of ecological data tables},
abstract = {Ecological studies often require studying the common structure of a pair of data tables. Co-inertia analysis is a multivariate method for coupling two tables. It is often neglected by ecologists who prefer the widely used methods of redundancy analysis and canonical correspondence analysis. We present the co-inertia criterion for measuring the adequacy between two data sets. Co-inertia analysis is based on this criterion as are ca- nonical correspondence analysis or canonical correlation analysis, but the latter two have additional constraints. Co-inertia analysis is very flexible and allows many possibilities for coupling. Co-inertia analysis is suitable for quantitative and/or qualitative or fuzzy envi- ronmental variables. Moreover, various weighting of sites and various transformations and/ or centering of species data are available for this method. Hence, more ecological consid- erations can be taken into account in the statistical procedures. Moreover, the principle of this method is very general and can be easily extended to the case of distance matrices or to the case of more than two tables. Simulated ecological data are used to compare the co- inertia approach with other available methods.},
number = {11},
pages = {3078--3089},
volume = {84},
year = {2003},
date-added = {2010-05-09 18:28:46 +0200},
date-modified = {2010-05-09 18:29:53 +0200},
local-url = {file://localhost/Users/chl/Dropbox/Papers/Dray-2003-Ecology_Co-inertia%20analysis-1.pdf},
uri = {papers://58407365-8DEB-4C7D-995B-6322E39C7022/Paper/p11585},
rating = {0}
}

@article{Rao:2009p5967,
author = {Deepa Rao and Seung W Choi and David Victorson and Rita Bode and Amy Peterman and Allen Heinemann and David Cella},
journal = {Qual Life Res},
title = {Measuring stigma across neurological conditions: the development of the stigma scale for chronic illness (SSCI)},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Most measures of stigma are illness specific and do not allow for comparisons across conditions. As part of a study of health-related quality of life for people with neurological disorders, our team developed an instrument to assess the stigma for people with chronic illnesses. METHODS: We based item content on literature review, responses from focus groups, and cognitive interviews. We then administered the items to people with neurological disorders for psychometric testing. RESULTS: Five hundred eleven participants completed items of the stigma scale. Exploratory factor analysis produced two factors that were highly correlated (r = 0.81). Confirmatory factor analysis produced high standardized loadings on an overall stigma factor (0.68-0.94), with poorer loadings on the two sub-domains (-0.12 to 0.53). These results demonstrated a sufficiently unidimensional scale that corresponded with the bifactor model. Item response theory modeling suggested good model fit, and differential item functioning analyses indicated that the 24-item scale showed potential for measurement equivalence across conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our efforts produced a stigma scale that had promising psychometric properties. Further study can provide additional information about the SSCI and its benefit in measuring the impact of stigma across conditions.},
affiliation = {Center on Outcomes, Research and Education, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, IL, USA. deepa-rao@northwestern.edu},
number = {5},
pages = {585--95},
volume = {18},
year = {2009},
month = {Jun},
language = {eng},
keywords = {Chronic Disease, Humans, Male, Interviews as Topic, Quality of Life, Focus Groups, Health Status,

repository: sergiud/bibtex-spirit

repo_name: sergiud/bibtex-spirit

gha_license_id: MIT