text:
@article{
   title = {Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: recommendations for diagnosis--the Porto criteria},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {41},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-7},
   note = {IBD Working Group of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
Guideline
Journal Article
Practice Guideline
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Jul;41(1):1-7.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease may present before the age of 20 years in 25% to 30% of all patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Reported incidence figures vary considerably depending on the collection of data. Multicenter, multinational collaboration is needed when studying pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. The essential first step is uniformity in the work-up and criteria used for diagnosis. The Porto diagnostic criteria presented here provide the tool that is needed. These criteria are the result of consensus reached by the ESPGHAN inflammatory bowel disease working group. Diagnosis of Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, endoscopy and histology and radiology. Every child suspected of inflammatory bowel disease should undergo a complete diagnostic program consisting of colonoscopy with ileal intubation, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and (in all cases except in definite ulcerative colitis) radiologic contrast imaging of the small bowel. Multiple biopsies from all segments of the gastrointestinal tract are needed for a complete histologic evaluation. A diagnosis of indeterminate colitis cannot be made unless a full diagnostic program has been performed.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Biopsy
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/pathology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/*methods
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {15990620},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ahmed, F. E.},
   title = {Role of genes, the environment and their interactions in the etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Expert Rev Mol Diagn},
   volume = {6},
   number = {3},
   pages = {345-63},
   note = {1744-8352
Ahmed, Farid E
Journal Article
Review
England
Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2006 May;6(3):345-63.},
   abstract = {Few of the studied genes demonstrate association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Three mutations in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 gene have consistently shown to be independent risk factors for Crohn's disease, but none of the alleles exhibited high sensitivity or specificity for IBD. Linkage analysis implicated several loci on various chromosomes, and epistasis has been demonstrated. The etiopathogenesis of IBD remains unknown, and environmental contribution to their pathogenesis is evident from genetic studies that demonstrated incomplete monozygotic twins concordandance rate for both Crohn's and ulcerative colitis. Smoking has shown an opposite effect on disease phenotype, with an adverse effect on disease course for Crohn's disease, but a slight beneficial effect in ulcerative colitis. The contribution of infectious agents to susceptibility to IBD appears to be strong. However, the role of nutrition on the etiology and therapy of IBD is not clear. Inconsistencies in environmental risk factors could be due to gene-environment interactions, making it essential to study the role of genetics and environmental contribution to the etiopathology of IBD. Transgenic or knockout mice, such as interleukin-10(-/-), T-cell receptor alpha(-/-), Galphai(2) (-/-) and N-cadherin(-/-), develop colitis-like inflammation similar to humans. Therefore, animal models must be further studied to explore mechanistic interactions.},
   keywords = {Animals
Disease Models, Animal
Environment
Genetic Linkage
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*etiology/*genetics
Mice
Mice, Transgenic
Models, Biological
*Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
Phenotype
Risk Factors
Sensitivity and Specificity},
   ISSN = {1473-7159},
   Accession Number = {16706738},
   DOI = {10.1586/14737159.6.3.345},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Akobeng, A. K.},
   title = {Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {42},
   number = {5},
   pages = {589-90},
   note = {1536-4801
Akobeng, Anthony K
Comment
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 May;42(5):589-90.},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16707988},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000221896.45910.9a},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Andoh, A. and Hirashima, M. and Maeda, H. and Hata, K. and Inatomi, O. and Tsujikawa, T. and Sasaki, M. and Takahashi, K. and Fujiyama, Y.},
   title = {Serum selenoprotein-P levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {21},
   number = {5},
   pages = {574-9},
   note = {Andoh, Akira
Hirashima, Masaki
Maeda, Hiroaki
Hata, Kazunori
Inatomi, Osamu
Tsujikawa, Tomoyuki
Sasaki, Masaya
Takahashi, Kazuhiko
Fujiyama, Yoshihide
Journal Article
United States
Nutrition. 2005 May;21(5):574-9.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Selenoprotein-P is a selenium-rich serum protein that carries more than 50% of serum selenium. We evaluated changes in serum selenoprotein-P levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Serum selenoprotein-P levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Twenty healthy individuals (controls), 34 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 37 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) were studied. RESULTS: A highly significant correlation was found between the serum selenium and selenoprotein-P levels. There was no significant difference in serum selenoprotein-P levels between healthy controls (average 3.4+/-0.8 microg/mL, n=20) and patients with ulcerative colitis (3.0+/-1.0 microg/mL, n=34). Serum selenoprotein-P levels were significantly lower in patients with CD (average 1.8+/-0.5 microg/mL, n=37). Serum selenoprotein-P levels were significantly lower in the elemental diet group of patients who had CD (average 1.4+/-0.4 microg/mL, n=17) than in the non-elemental diet group of patients who had CD (average 2.1+/-0.3 microg/mL, n=20). CONCLUSION: We found that the serum selenoprotein-P level is decreased in patients with CD. It may be a useful marker to monitor the systemic selenium status in various disorders.},
   keywords = {Adult
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood
Crohn Disease/blood
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*blood
Male
Nutritional Status
Proteins/*metabolism
Selenium/*blood
Selenoprotein P
Selenoproteins
Spectrophotometry, Atomic/methods},
   ISSN = {0899-9007 (Print)
0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {15850963},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2004.08.025},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Attvall, E. and Frigyesi, A. and Sternby, B.},
   title = {What is the impact of resistance to activated protein C (Leiden mutation to factor V) in inflammatory bowel disease?},
   journal = {Int J Colorectal Dis},
   volume = {21},
   number = {7},
   pages = {705-10},
   note = {Attvall, Emma
Frigyesi, Attila
Sternby, Berit
Journal Article
Germany
Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Oct;21(7):705-10. Epub 2006 Jan 13.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Resistance to activated protein C (APCR) caused by the Leiden mutation to factor V is the most common cause of inherited thrombosis. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are considered to have an increased risk of thromboembolic complications, and the role of APCR as a cause has previously been investigated. In this study, we investigated if APCR was associated with non-thrombotic morbidities in IBD. PATIENTS/METHODS: Of 951 patients asked to participate, 389 agreed by returning a signed informed consent and filled questionnaire and took the blood test for APCR. Self-reported IBD-related surgery was used as a rough indicator for increased morbidity. RESULTS: APCR was present in 6.6% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD; 10/152) and in 12.7% of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients (30/237). The difference of 6.1% is significant (p=0.039). Among patients with CD and APCR, 9 out of 10 had had surgery, significantly more than among those without APCR (81/142). In patients with UC and APCR, 10 out of 30 had had surgery, still significantly more than in those without APCR (36/207). For the whole group of IBD patients, APCR is associated with a significantly increased risk for thrombosis (p=0.0018), and for the UC group (8/28) p=0.0029, but not for the CD patients alone (2/9), p=0.2323. No other significant differences could be shown for parameters normally related to increased morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: APCR in IBD was associated with an increased frequency of IBD-related surgery, which may warrant screening for APCR in therapy-resistant IBD. In patients with APCR, it may be more difficult and/or important to control inflammation.},
   keywords = {Activated Protein C Resistance/*complications
Adult
Age Distribution
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Alcohol Drinking
Body Mass Index
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Crohn Disease/*complications
Diabetes Complications
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Tobacco},
   ISSN = {0179-1958 (Print)
0179-1958},
   Accession Number = {16411113},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00384-005-0067-4},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Auvin, S. and Molinie, F. and Gower-Rousseau, C. and Brazier, F. and Merle, V. and Grandbastien, B. and Marti, R. and Lerebours, E. and Dupas, J. L. and Colombel, J. F. and Salomez, J. L. and Cortot, A. and Turck, D.},
   title = {Incidence, clinical presentation and location at diagnosis of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective population-based study in northern France (1988-1999)},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {41},
   number = {1},
   pages = {49-55},
   note = {Auvin, Stephane
Molinie, Florence
Gower-Rousseau, Corinne
Brazier, Franck
Merle, Veronique
Grandbastien, Bruno
Marti, Raymond
Lerebours, Eric
Dupas, Jean-Louis
Colombel, Jean-Frederic
Salomez, Jean-Louis
Cortot, Antoine
Turck, Dominique
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Jul;41(1):49-55.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence and location at diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents in northern France between 1988 and 1999. METHODS: A 12-year prospective population-based study was conducted by gastroenterologists and pediatric gastroenterologists of northern France (1,312,141 children <17 years of age). RESULTS: From 1988 to 1999, 509 cases of childhood inflammatory bowel disease were recorded (7.2% of all inflammatory bowel disease cases in Northern France): 367 Crohn disease, 122 ulcerative colitis and 20 indeterminate colitis. The mean standardized incidence was 3.1/10(5) for inflammatory bowel disease as a whole (2.3 for Crohn disease, 0.8 for ulcerative colitis and 0.12 for indeterminate colitis). Crohn disease location at diagnosis was: small bowel and colon (71%), colon only (10%) and small bowel only (19%). Location of initial ulcerative colitis was: proctitis (11%), left colitis (57%) and pancolitis (32%). Although ulcerative colitis incidence remained stable (0.8), Crohn disease incidence increased from 2.1 in 1988 to 1990 to 2.6 in 1997 to 1999 (P = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of Crohn disease in the children of northern France showed an increasing trend (20%; not significant) during the 12-year period while the incidence of ulcerative colitis remained stable. In the entire population(children and adults)the incidence of Crohn disease increased significantly (+23%; P < 0.001), while the incidence of ulcerative colitis decreased (-17%; P < 0.0001).},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology/pathology
Colon/*pathology
Crohn Disease/epidemiology/pathology
Female
France/epidemiology
Humans
Incidence
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology/*pathology
Intestine, Small/*pathology
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Odds Ratio
*Population Surveillance
Prospective Studies},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {15990630},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Banerjee, S. and Bishop, W. P.},
   title = {Evolution of thiopurine use in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in an academic center},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {43},
   number = {3},
   pages = {324-30},
   note = {1536-4801
Banerjee, Sanjoy
Bishop, Warren P
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Sep;43(3):324-30.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We evaluated how our use of thiopurines was altered by determination of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) level and drug dose adjustment guided by a 6-mercaptopurine metabolite assay. We further examined whether these resulted in better selection of the drug dose, improved control of disease, and decreased corticosteroid use in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 101 pediatric patients with IBD receiving a stable dose of azathioprine (AZA) for 4 months or longer. The study group (n = 64) consisted of patients who received AZA and had metabolite levels measured. The comparison group (n = 37) consisted of patients who were receiving AZA before the availability of metabolite measurement. The TPMT level was measured in study group patients before starting AZA. RESULTS: Patients with normal TPMT level received a higher starting dose of AZA than in patients who were heterozygous for TPMT deficiency (1.7 vs 0.9 mg/[kg x d], P < 0.0001). Study group patients received a higher starting dose (1.6 vs 1.2 mg/[kg x d], P = 0.001) and a higher final dose of AZA (2.4 vs 1.7 mg/[kg x d], P < 0.0001) compared with patients in the comparison group. These patients also had more dose adjustments (0.8 vs 0.4 mg/kg, P < 0.002). The number of disease exacerbations per patient per year was 55% less in the study group (95% CI, 17%-76%, P < 0.0001). The study group patients received less prednisone (P < 0.0001) and had lower disease activity scores (P < 0.05). There was no difference between groups in infliximab use or surgery rate. CONCLUSIONS: Azathioprine dose adjustment using a 6-mercaptopurine metabolite assay was associated with use of higher doses, improved control of disease and decreased corticosteroid use in pediatric patients with IBD.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/analogs &
derivatives/blood
Adolescent
Adult
Azathioprine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/drug therapy
Crohn Disease/blood/drug therapy
Erythrocytes/chemistry/enzymology
Female
Guanine Nucleotides/blood
Heterozygote
Humans
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy
Male
Methyltransferases/blood/deficiency/genetics
Prednisone/administration & dosage
Remission Induction
Retrospective Studies
Thionucleotides/blood},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16954954},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000228135.31793.9f},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Beattie, R. M. and Croft, N. M. and Fell, J. M. and Afzal, N. A. and Heuschkel, R. B.},
   title = {Inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Arch Dis Child},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {426-32},
   note = {1468-2044
Beattie, R M
Croft, N M
Fell, J M
Afzal, N A
Heuschkel, R B
Journal Article
Review
England
Arch Dis Child. 2006 May;91(5):426-32.},
   abstract = {Twenty five per cent of inflammatory bowel disease presents in childhood. Growth and nutrition are key issues in the management with the aim of treatment being to induce and then maintain disease remission with minimal side effects. Only 25% of Crohn's disease presents with the classic triad of abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhoea. Most children with ulcerative colitis have blood in the stool at presentation. Inflammatory markers are usually although not invariably raised at presentation (particularly in Crohn's disease). Full investigation includes upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and ileocolonoscopy. Treatment requires multidisciplinary input as part of a clinical network led by a paediatrician with special expertise in the management of the condition.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/genetics/therapy
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/genetics/therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/genetics/therapy},
   ISSN = {0003-9888},
   Accession Number = {16632672},
   DOI = {10.1136/adc.2005.080481},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Beaugerie, L.},
   title = {[What is inflammatory bowel disease?]},
   journal = {Rev Prat},
   volume = {55},
   number = {9},
   pages = {943-8},
   note = {Beaugerie, Laurent
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
France
Rev Prat. 2005 May 15;55(9):943-8.},
   abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic conditions of unknown origin that result from continuous or intermittent inflammation of a part of the intestinal wall. The main classic types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and indeterminate colitis that cannot be classified accurately as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease with pure colonic involvement. The two main subtypes of microscopic colitis, namely lymphocytic and collagenous colitis, fulfill the criteria that define IBD and should be considered as true IBD.},
   keywords = {Colon/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/genetics},
   ISSN = {0035-2640 (Print)
0035-2640},
   Accession Number = {16052965},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bousvaros, A. and Sylvester, F. and Kugathasan, S. and Szigethy, E. and Fiocchi, C. and Colletti, R. and Otley, A. and Amre, D. and Ferry, G. and Czinn, S. J. and Splawski, J. B. and Oliva-Hemker, M. and Hyams, J. S. and Faubion, W. A. and Kirschner, B. S. and Dubinsky, M. C.},
   title = {Challenges in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {12},
   number = {9},
   pages = {885-913},
   note = {Bousvaros, Athos
Sylvester, Francisco
Kugathasan, Subra
Szigethy, Eva
Fiocchi, Claudio
Colletti, Richard
Otley, Anthony
Amre, Devendra
Ferry, George
Czinn, Steven J
Splawski, Judy B
Oliva-Hemker, Maria
Hyams, Jeffrey S
Faubion, William A
Kirschner, Barbara S
Dubinsky, Marla C
Challenges in Pediatric IBD Study Groups
Consensus Development Conference
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Sep;12(9):885-913.},
   abstract = {It is estimated that of the >1 million individuals in the United States with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), approximately 100,000 are children. IBD that begins in childhood affects the individual at a critical period of growth and development. Children with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis may experience complications such as growth failure, school absence, and depression. In addition, because children with IBD have fewer environmental confounders such as smoking, children may be an excellent population to study microbial and immune interactions. Despite these opportunities, the discipline of pediatric IBD investigation is still in its infancy. In September of 2005, a group of investigators with expertise in pediatric IBD met in Boston (Massachusetts) to review the current status of childhood IBD research and to develop research priorities that warranted funding from the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. The group included pediatricians, internists, basic scientists, clinical investigators, and members of the administrative staff and board of the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. The research needs in respective areas were outlined by the heads of 10 focus groups, each with expertise in their respective fields (genetics, psychosocial issues, epidemiology, microbiology, immunology, quality improvement, pharmacogenomics, nutrition, growth and skeletal health, and clinical trials). Before the conference, heads of the research focus groups developed their proposals with experts in the field. At the end of the conference, members of the focus groups and members of the steering committee rated the proposed areas of study in terms of feasibility and importance. It was recommended that the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America focus its initial efforts in pediatric IBD in 5 areas: the effects of inflammation on growth and skeletal development, the genetics of early-onset IBD, the development of quality improvement interventions to standardize and improve clinical care of children with IBD, the immunology of childhood IBD, and the diagnosis and treatment of psychosocial sequelae of childhood IBD. At the conclusion of the meeting, investigators discussed the formation of a multicenter collaborative network to advance clinical and basic research in the field.},
   keywords = {Child
Humans
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/physiopathology/psychology/therapy
Pediatrics/methods/standards
Research},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {16954808},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mib.0000228358.25364.8b},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Bregenzer, N. and Lange, A. and Furst, A. and Gross, V. and Scholmerich, J. and Andus, T.},
   title = {Patient education in inflammatory bowel disease does not influence patients knowledge and long-term psychosocial well-being},
   journal = {Z Gastroenterol},
   volume = {43},
   number = {4},
   pages = {367-71},
   note = {Bregenzer, N
Lange, A
Furst, A
Gross, V
Scholmerich, J
Andus, T
Clinical Trial
Controlled Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Germany
Z Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr;43(4):367-71.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patient education is accepted in many disciplines as a valid component of disease management in chronic diseases. The aim of this prospective study was to analyze the effects of an education program in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: 145 patients with inflammatory bowel disease were prospectively included: 73 were educated in four sessions, 72 were educated after the one year evaluation period (control group). The following topics were presented: pathogenesis, diagnostic procedures, course of disease, medical and surgical treatment, nutrition, social problems and support, stress management, and coping with the disease. RESULTS: The repeated measurement two-way analysis of variances showed no effects of the patient education program on disease-related knowledge, depression and quality of life. CONCLUSION: This patient education program was not able to increase disease-related knowledge or psychosocial variables in patients with IBD. However, most of the patients were very satisfied with the education program, since as judged by their own assessment it helped them to act responsibly for themselves and their disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Colitis, Ulcerative/*psychology/therapy
Crohn Disease/*psychology/therapy
Curriculum
Depression/psychology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Education as Topic/*methods
Patient Satisfaction
Prospective Studies
Quality of Life/*psychology
Self Care/psychology
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0044-2771 (Print)
0044-2771},
   Accession Number = {15830302},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-2004-813867},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brogan, P. A. and Malik, M. and Shah, N. and Kilday, J. P. and Ramsay, A. and Shah, V. and Murch, S. H. and Thomson, M. A. and Walker-Smith, J. A. and Lindley, K. J. and Milla, P. J. and Dillon, M. J.},
   title = {Systemic vasculitis: a cause of indeterminate intestinal inflammation},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {42},
   number = {4},
   pages = {405-15},
   note = {Brogan, P A
Malik, M
Shah, N
Kilday, J P
Ramsay, A
Shah, V
Murch, S H
Thomson, M A
Walker-Smith, J A
Lindley, K J
Milla, P J
Dillon, M J
Case Reports
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Apr;42(4):405-15.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Indeterminate intestinal inflammation may result from a variety of inflammatory conditions in addition to ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. The primary systemic vasculitides may present with intestinal inflammation and an indeterminate colitis. We set out to describe a series of children with primary systemic vasculitis who initially presented with clinical features suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to establish criteria that might help discriminate between IBD and primary systemic vasculitis. METHODS: Ten children (6 boys, median age at presentation 8.9 years, range 0.9-14.5 years) satisfied inclusion criteria. RESULTS: All had abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea (6 of 10 bloody) and laboratory evidence of a severe acute phase response. Extraintestinal clinical features included vasculitic rash, renal impairment, myalgia, testicular pain and polyarthritis. Endoscopy showed vascular changes or other macroscopic findings suggestive of vasculitis in 5 of 10 patients. Gut histology revealed indeterminate chronic inflammatory mucosal changes and one patient with small artery fibrinoid necrosis in the submucosal vessels. Extraintestinal biopsy was performed in 6 patients and had a higher yield for the demonstration of vasculitis than intestinal biopsy. The results of selective visceral angiography was suggestive of vasculitis in all patients, but was normal in 7 cases of treatment-unresponsive classic IBD. Treatment comprised corticosteroid and azathioprine in all patients. Cyclophosphamide was given to 7 of 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Extraintestinal manifestations and inflammatory responses that may be disproportionate to the degree of intestinal inflammation provide clues to the presence of an underlying primary systemic vasculitis, and these data suggest that selective visceral angiography plays a key role in the diagnosis of vasculitis in this context. It is important to identify and treat any vasculitic component because failure to do so may result in consequential morbidity or mortality.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Acute-Phase Reaction
Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Diagnosis, Differential
Diarrhea/etiology
Female
Humans
Infant
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/etiology/pathology
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Male
Vasculitis/complications/*diagnosis/pathology
Weight Loss},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16641579},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000215305.63417.26},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cameron, D.},
   title = {Diagnostic role of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {40},
   number = {3},
   pages = {383},
   note = {Cameron, Don
Comment
Letter
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Mar;40(3):383.},
   keywords = {Cecum
Colitis, Ulcerative
Colon
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Duodenum/pathology
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/*methods
Esophagus/pathology
Humans
Ileum/pathology
Rectum/pathology
Stomach/pathology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {15735499},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Canani, R. B. and de Horatio, L. T. and Terrin, G. and Romano, M. T. and Miele, E. and Staiano, A. and Rapacciuolo, L. and Polito, G. and Bisesti, V. and Manguso, F. and Vallone, G. and Sodano, A. and Troncone, R.},
   title = {Combined use of noninvasive tests is useful in the initial diagnostic approach to a child with suspected inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {42},
   number = {1},
   pages = {9-15},
   note = {Canani, Roberto Berni
de Horatio, Laura Tanturri
Terrin, Gianluca
Romano, Maria Teresa
Miele, Erasmo
Staiano, Annamaria
Rapacciuolo, Luciano
Polito, Gaetano
Bisesti, Vincenzo
Manguso, Francesco
Vallone, Gianfranco
Sodano, Antonio
Troncone, Riccardo
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Jan;42(1):9-15.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of the combined use of fecal calprotectin (FC), anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA), perinuclear staining antineutrophil antibody (pANCA), small intestinal permeability test (IP), and bowel wall ultrasonography measurement (BWUS) in the diagnostic work-up of children with suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: All children referred for initial assessment of possible IBD were eligible. Patients with symptoms or signs (right-lower quadrant mass, perianal disease, or hematochezia) mandating a complete work-up for IBD were excluded. All enrolled patients underwent a clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and endoscopic evaluation including biopsy examinations. The immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA ASCA, IgG pANCA, FC, IP, and BWUS were tested in all patients at the initial assessment. RESULTS: A final diagnosis of IBD was made in 27 patients: 17 Crohn disease and 10 ulcerative colitis. Eighteen children had other gastrointestinal diagnoses (8 functional bowel disorders, 5 food allergy-mediated diseases, 4 infectious enterocolitis, 1 familial Mediterranean fever). In patients with simultaneous abnormal values of FC, BWUS, and ASCA/pANCA, the estimated probability of having IBD was 99.47%. Patients with negative results on all tests had a 0.69% of probability of IBD. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of noninvasive diagnostic tests into the initial diagnostic approach may avoid unnecessary invasive procedures and facilitate clinical decision-making when the diagnosis of IBD in children is initially uncertain.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/*analysis
Antibodies, Fungal/*analysis
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/immunology/pathology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/immunology/pathology
Diagnosis, Differential
Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods/*standards
Feces/chemistry
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/immunology/pathology
Intestine, Small/diagnostic imaging/pathology/physiology
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/*analysis
Male
Permeability
Reproducibility of Results
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/immunology
Sensitivity and Specificity
Ultrasonography},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16385247},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Carvalho, R. S. and Abadom, V. and Dilworth, H. P. and Thompson, R. and Oliva-Hemker, M. and Cuffari, C.},
   title = {Indeterminate colitis: a significant subgroup of pediatric IBD},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {12},
   number = {4},
   pages = {258-62},
   note = {Carvalho, Ryan S
Abadom, Vivian
Dilworth, Harrison P
Thompson, Richard
Oliva-Hemker, Maria
Cuffari, Carmen
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Apr;12(4):258-62.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Indeterminate colitis (IC) is a subgroup of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that cannot be characterized as either ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD). Our aims are to determine the prevalence of IC in our pediatric patient population and to describe its clinical presentation, natural history,and disease distribution. METHODS: We performed a retrospective database analysis of all children diagnosed with IBD at the Johns Hopkins Children's IBD Center between 1996 and 2001. Patient demographics, including age, sex, and age at disease onset, were tallied. Disease distribution was identified on the basis of a review of all endoscopic, colonoscopic, histopathological, and radiological records. All of the patients were followed up clinically to determine the extent of disease progression on the basis of the initial diagnosis of IC. RESULTS: Among 250 children registered in the database, 127 (50.8%) had a diagnosis of CD, 49 (19.6%) had UC, and 74(29.6%) had IC. Patients with IC had a significantly younger mean +/- SEM age (9.53 +/- 4.8 years) at diagnosis compared with patients with CD (12.4 +/- 3.8 years; P < 0.001) but not compared with patients with UC (7.41 +/- 3.5 years). Among the patients with IC, 59 (79.7%) had a pancolitis at diagnosis, and the remaining 15 had left-sided disease that progressed to a pancolitis within a mean of 6 years. Twenty-five patients (33.7%) with an initial diagnosis of IC were reclassified to either CD or UC after a median follow-up of 1.9 years (range 0.6-4.5 years). Forty-nine patients (66.2%) maintained their diagnosis of IC after a mean follow-up of 7 years (SEM 2.5 years). CONCLUSIONS: IC is a distinct pediatric subgroup of IBD with a prevalence that is higher than that observed in adults. Children with IC have an early age of disease onset and a disease that rapidly progresses to pancolitis. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the clinical implications of this pediatric IBD subgroup.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age Distribution
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Colonoscopy
Diagnosis, Differential
Disease Progression
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Male
Prevalence
Prognosis
Retrospective Studies
United States/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {16633047},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.MIB.0000215093.62245.b9},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Colletti, R. B.},
   title = {Next steps on the thiopurine methyltransferase 6-thioguanine nucleotide pathway},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {43},
   number = {3},
   pages = {282-3},
   note = {1536-4801
Colletti, Richard B
Comment
Editorial
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Sep;43(3):282-3.},
   keywords = {6-Mercaptopurine/administration & dosage/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Azathioprine/administration & dosage/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
Crohn Disease/drug therapy
Erythrocytes/chemistry
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Methyltransferases/genetics/*metabolism
Nucleotides/*metabolism
Remission Induction
Thioguanine/blood/*metabolism},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16954947},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000237940.50791.70},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cosnes, J. and Seksik, P. and Nion-Larmurier, I. and Beaugerie, L. and Gendre, J. P.},
   title = {Prior appendectomy and the phenotype and course of Crohn's disease},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {12},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1235-42},
   note = {Cosnes, Jacques
Seksik, Philippe
Nion-Larmurier, Isabelle
Beaugerie, Laurent
Gendre, Jean-Pierre
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb 28;12(8):1235-42.},
   abstract = {AIM: To determine whether prior appendectomy modifies the phenotype and severity of Crohn's disease. METHODS: Appendectomy status and smoking habits were specified by direct interview in 2838 patients consecutively seen between 1995 and 2004. Occurrence of complications and therapeutic needs were reviewed retrospectively. Additionally, annual disease activity was assessed prospectively between 1995 and 2004 in patients who had not had ileocecal resection and of a matched control group. RESULTS: Compared to 1770 non-appendectomized patients, appendectomized patients more than 5 years before Crohn's disease diagnosis (n=716) were more often females, smokers, with ileal disease. Cox regression showed that prior appendectomy was positively related to the risk of intestinal stricture (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.36; P=0.02) and inversely related to the risk of perianal fistulization (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 0.83; P=0.002). No difference was observed between the two groups regarding the therapeutic needs, except for an increased risk of surgery in appendectomized patients, attributable to the increased prevalence of ileal disease. Between 1995 and 2004, Crohn's disease was active during 50% of years in appendectomized patients (1318 out of 2637 patient-years) and 51% in non-appendectomized patients (1454 out of 2841 patient-years; NS). CONCLUSION: Prior appendectomy is associated with a more proximal disease and has an increased risk of stricture and a lesser risk of anal fistulization. However, the severity of the disease is unaffected.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
*Appendectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology/physiopathology
Crohn Disease/complications/*pathology/*physiopathology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Intestinal Fistula/epidemiology/etiology
Male
Middle Aged
Odds Ratio
Phenotype
Prospective Studies
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
Smoking
Time Factors},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {16534877},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Damen, G. M. and Hol, J. and de Ruiter, L. and Bouquet, J. and Sinaasappel, M. and van der Woude, J. and Laman, J. D. and Hop, W. C. and Buller, H. A. and Escher, J. C. and Nieuwenhuis, E. E.},
   title = {Chemokine production by buccal epithelium as a distinctive feature of pediatric Crohn disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {42},
   number = {2},
   pages = {142-9},
   note = {Damen, Gerard M
Hol, Jeroen
de Ruiter, Lilian
Bouquet, Jan
Sinaasappel, Maarten
van der Woude, Janneke
Laman, Jon D
Hop, Wim C J
Buller, Hans A
Escher, Johanna C
Nieuwenhuis, Edward E S
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Feb;42(2):142-9.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) represent an aberrant immune response by the mucosal immune system to luminal bacteria. Because the oral mucosa harbors the first epithelial cells that interact with microorganisms, we assessed the immunologic activity of buccal epithelium in children with IBD and adults with Crohn disease. METHODS: Buccal epithelial cells were obtained from 17 children and 14 adults with Crohn disease, 18 children with ulcerative colitis, and 40 controls. Cells were cultured with and without microbial stimulation. Chemokine levels were determined in culture supernatants by cytometric bead array and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. CXCL-8 production was studied by immunohistochemical analysis of these cells. CXCL-8 production by lipopolysaccharide stimulated monocyte-derived dendritic cells from these patients was determined. RESULTS: Compared with controls, pediatric ulcerative colitis patients, and adult Crohn disease patients, only in children with Crohn disease did buccal epithelial cells exhibit enhanced production of CXCL-8, CXCL-9, and CXCL-10. In vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or zymosan resulted in a further increase of chemokine levels only in cells from pediatric Crohn disease patients. CXCL-8 production by stimulated monocyte-derived dendritic cells from children with Crohn disease was equal to that of children with ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS: Buccal epithelium of children with Crohn disease is immunologically active, even in the absence of oral lesions. The enhanced chemokine production is associated with pediatric Crohn disease and appears restricted to cells derived from the epithelial barrier. Assessment of chemokine production by buccal epithelial cells may become a new, rapid, noninvasive test for screening and classification of IBD in children.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Case-Control Studies
Chemokines, CXC/*biosynthesis
Child
Child, Preschool
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/immunology/pathology
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/immunology/pathology
Epithelial Cells/immunology/metabolism
Female
Humans
Immunity, Mucosal
Immunohistochemistry
Infant
Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
Male
Middle Aged
Mouth Mucosa/*immunology/*metabolism
Severity of Illness Index
Zymosan/pharmacology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116 (Print)
0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {16456405},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000189336.70021.8a},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Delgado Plasencia, L. and Arteaga Gonzalez, I. and Lopez-Tomassetti Fernandez, E. M. and Martin Malagon, A. and Diaz Luis, H. and Carrillo Pallares, A.},
   title = {Restorative proctocolectomy with an ileoanal pouch: the role of laparoscopy},
   journal = {Rev Esp Enferm Dig},
   volume = {98},
   number = {6},
   pages = {420-8},
   note = {Delgado Plasencia, L
Arteaga Gonzalez, I
Lopez-Tomassetti Fernandez, E M
Martin Malagon, A
Diaz Luis, H
Carrillo Pallares, A
Journal Article
Spain
Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2006 Jun;98(6):420-8.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The Aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate early experience with laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy by analyzing the perioperative results of surgical treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven major surgeries were performed in six patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and ulcerative colitis. All procedures were performed under laparoscopy at our third-level hospital from June 2003 to October 2004. RESULTS: Mean surgical time was 287.5 +/- 80.7 min, and median blood loss was 300 +/- 249.0 cc. There were no conversions; return of peristalsis began at 32 +/- 12.4 h; average time to first oral intake was 64.0 +/- 32.8 h, and mean duration of hospital stay was 9.3 +/- 1.2 days. There was one case of perineal sepsis due to ileal pouch-anal anastomotic leakage, which was successfully treated with oral intake restriction, parenteral nutrition, and intra-rectal drainage. The most common postoperative complication was postoperative ileus. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the laparoscopic approach to restorative proctocolectomy may be considerably improved in our center. Particular aspects for improvement include efforts to achieve lower operating and hospitalization times to equate our results with those reported by multicenter studies for laparoscopic colon cancer surgery. In our opinion, learning and further training opportunities should be encouraged to improve surgeon experience in the field of laparoscopy, preferably at centers specializing in restorative proctocolectomy.},
   keywords = {Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/*surgery
Adult
Aged
Colitis, Ulcerative/surgery
*Colonic Pouches
*Digestive System Surgical Procedures
Female
Humans
*Laparoscopy
Male
Middle Aged
*Proctocolectomy, Restorative
Retrospective Studies},
   ISSN = {1130-0108 (Print)
1130-0108},
   Accession Number = {16948541},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dubuquoy, L. and Rousseaux, C. and Thuru, X. and Peyrin-Biroulet, L. and Romano, O. and Chavatte, P. and Chamaillard, M. and Desreumaux, P.},
   title = {PPARgamma as a new therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel diseases},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {55},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1341-9},
   note = {Dubuquoy, L
Rousseaux, C
Thuru, X
Peyrin-Biroulet, L
Romano, O
Chavatte, P
Chamaillard, M
Desreumaux, P
Journal Article
Review
England
Gut. 2006 Sep;55(9):1341-9.},
   abstract = {The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma(PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor highly expressed in the colon and playing a key role in bacterial induced inflammation. Regulation of colon inflammation by this receptor has been well demonstrated in many experimental models of colitis but also in patients with ulcerative colitis, characterised by impaired expression of PPARgamma confined to their colon epithelial cells. Recent data showing that PPARgamma was the major functional receptor mediating the common aminosalicylate activities in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have also reinforced the roles of this receptor in the control of intestinal inflammation. The aims of this review are to discuss the potential roles of PPARgamma in the physiopathology of IBD, as well as the emerging therapeutic strategies targeting this receptor.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
Colon/metabolism/microbiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/*physiopathology
Ligands
Mesalamine/pharmacology
PPAR gamma/agonists/*physiology},
   ISSN = {0017-5749 (Print)
0017-5749},
   Accession Number = {16905700},
   DOI = {10.1136/gut.2006.093484},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Duerr, R. H. and Taylor, K. D. and Brant, S. R. and Rioux, J. D. and Silverberg, M. S. and Daly, M. J. and Steinhart, A. H. and Abraham, C. and Regueiro, M. and Griffiths, A. and Dassopoulos, T. and Bitton, A. and Yang, H. and Targan, S. and Datta, L. W. and Kistner, E. O. and Schumm, L. P. and Lee, A. T. and Gregersen, P. K. and Barmada, M. M. and Rotter, J. I. and Nicolae, D. L. and Cho, J. H.},
   title = {A genome-wide association study identifies IL23R as an inflammatory bowel disease gene},
   journal = {Science},
   volume = {314},
   number = {5804},
   pages = {1461-3},
   note = {1095-9203
Duerr, Richard H
Taylor, Kent D
Brant, Steven R
Rioux, John D
Silverberg, Mark S
Daly, Mark J
Steinhart, A Hillary
Abraham, Clara
Regueiro, Miguel
Griffiths, Anne
Dassopoulos, Themistocles
Bitton, Alain
Yang, Huiying
Targan, Stephan
Datta, Lisa Wu
Kistner, Emily O
Schumm, L Philip
Lee, Annette T
Gregersen, Peter K
Barmada, M Michael
Rotter, Jerome I
Nicolae, Dan L
Cho, Judy H
DK62413/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
U01 DK062413/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK62431/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
U01 DK062432/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
U01 DK062429/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK063491-039004/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK62429/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK62420/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK063491/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
U01 DK062422/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK62422/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK063491-029004/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK063491-019004/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
U01 DK062423/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
P30 DK063491-049004/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK62432/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
DK62423/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
U01 DK062420/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
U01 DK062431/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1461-3. Epub 2006 Oct 26.},
   abstract = {The inflammatory bowel diseases Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are common, chronic disorders that cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal bleeding. To identify genetic factors that might contribute to these disorders, we performed a genome-wide association study. We found a highly significant association between Crohn's disease and the IL23R gene on chromosome 1p31, which encodes a subunit of the receptor for the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-23. An uncommon coding variant (rs11209026, c.1142G>A, p.Arg381Gln) confers strong protection against Crohn's disease, and additional noncoding IL23R variants are independently associated. Replication studies confirmed IL23R associations in independent cohorts of patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. These results and previous studies on the proinflammatory role of IL-23 prioritize this signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease.},
   keywords = {Alleles
Case-Control Studies
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
Crohn Disease/*genetics
Genetic Markers
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genetic Testing
Genome, Human
Haplotypes
Humans
Interleukin-23/metabolism
Jews/genetics
Linkage Disequilibrium
*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Receptors, Interleukin/*genetics/physiology
Signal Transduction},
   ISSN = {0036-8075},
   Accession Number = {17068223},
   DOI = {10.1126/science.1135245},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Eidelwein, A. P. and Cuffari, C. and Abadom, V. and Oliva-Hemker, M.},
   title = {Infliximab efficacy in pediatric ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {11},
   number = {3},
   pages = {213-8},
   note = {Eidelwein, Alexandra P
Cuffari, Carmen
Abadom, Vivian
Oliva-Hemker, Maria
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005 Mar;11(3):213-8.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The effects of infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antibody, have been well established in adult patients with inflammatory and fistulizing Crohn's disease. This study evaluates short- and long-term efficacy of infliximab in children with ulcerative colitis. METHODS: All pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis who received infliximab between July 2001 and November 2003 at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center were identified. Short- and long-term outcomes and adverse reactions were evaluated. RESULTS: Twelve pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis received infliximab for treatment of fulminant colitis (3 patients), acute exacerbation of colitis (3), steroid-dependent colitis (5), and steroid-refractory colitis (1). Nine patients had a complete short-term response, and 3 had partial improvement. The mean per patient dose of corticosteroid after the first infliximab infusion decreased from 45 mg/day at the first infusion to 22.2 mg/day at 4 weeks (P = 0.02) and 7.8 mg/day at 8 weeks (P = 0.008). Eight patients were classified as long-term responders with a median follow-up time of 10.4 months. Of the 4 long-term nonresponders, 3 underwent colectomy, and the fourth has ongoing chronic symptoms. Three of 4 long-term nonresponders were steroid-refractory compared with 1 of 8 long-term responders. Patients receiving 6-mercaptopurine had a better response to infliximab. CONCLUSION: Infliximab should be considered in the treatment of children with symptoms of acute moderate to severe ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Adult
Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Child
Child, Preschool
Colectomy
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy/pathology
Female
Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Humans
Infliximab
Male
Retrospective Studies
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {15735427},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Faure, M. and Mettraux, C. and Moennoz, D. and Godin, J. P. and Vuichoud, J. and Rochat, F. and Breuille, D. and Obled, C. and Corthesy-Theulaz, I.},
   title = {Specific amino acids increase mucin synthesis and microbiota in dextran sulfate sodium-treated rats},
   journal = {J Nutr},
   volume = {136},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1558-64},
   note = {Faure, Magali
Mettraux, Christine
Moennoz, Denis
Godin, Jean-Philippe
Vuichoud, Jacques
Rochat, Florence
Breuille, Denis
Obled, Christiane
Corthesy-Theulaz, Irene
Journal Article
United States
J Nutr. 2006 Jun;136(6):1558-64.},
   abstract = {During the anabolic response associated with inflammation, mucin synthesis and colonic protection may be compromised by the limited availability of specific amino acids. We therefore determined the effect of dietary amino acid supplementation on the microbiota, mucin status, and mucosal damage in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated rats. From 8 d before to 28 d after colitis induction, male Sprague-Dawley rats (10 mo old, n = 8/group) were fed a control diet supplemented or not with 2 different doses of an amino acid cocktail containing L-threonine, L-serine, L-proline, and L-cysteine. All diets were isonitrogenous (adjusted with L-alanine). The higher dose of amino acids increased the number of Muc2-containing goblet cells in the surface epithelium of the ulcerated area, stimulated mucin production in the colon, and restored the mucin amino acid composition and mucosal content to healthy, control values. The colonic mucin synthesis rate was specifically stimulated by 95%, whereas the protein turnover was unchanged. All bacterial populations, markedly altered by the DSS treatment, were promoted. In conclusion, in inflammatory situations, an increase in threonine, serine, proline, and cysteine dietary supply can promote mucin synthesis, reequilibrate the gut microbiota, and thus favor colonic protection and mucosal healing.},
   keywords = {Amino Acids/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Animals
Anticoagulants/*pharmacology
Body Weight/drug effects
Colitis, Ulcerative/prevention & control
Dextran Sulfate/*pharmacology
Disease Models, Animal
Feces/microbiology
Goblet Cells/drug effects/*pathology
Intestines/*drug effects/metabolism
Male
Mucin-2
Mucins/*biosynthesis/genetics
Organ Size/drug effects
Proteins/*metabolism
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
   ISSN = {0022-3166 (Print)
0022-3166},
   Accession Number = {16702321},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Galvez, J. and Rodriguez-Cabezas, M. E. and Zarzuelo, A.},
   title = {Effects of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {49},
   number = {6},
   pages = {601-8},
   note = {Galvez, Julio
Rodriguez-Cabezas, M Elena
Zarzuelo, Antonio
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005 Jun;49(6):601-8.},
   abstract = {The chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), namely Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, appear to be derived from an inappropriate reaction towards a luminal agent, most probably driven by the intestinal microflora, which upregulates the synthesis and release of different pro-inflammatory mediators, thus contributing to tissue damage that characterizes these intestinal conditions. Several studies have reported that IBD is associated with impairment in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate. They are produced in the large bowel by anaerobic bacterial fermentation of undigested dietary carbohydrates and fiber polysaccharides, with butyrate being considered as the major fuel source for colonocytes. These SCFAs have been proposed to play a key role in the maintenance of colonic homeostasis. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider therapeutic approaches that increase colonic SCFA production, as it can be achieved by administration of dietary fiber to IBD patients. Unfortunately, there is quite limited documentation of efficacy of dietary fiber in properly designed trials. This review discusses the rationale, available evidence for the use of dietary fiber and its mechanisms of action in the treatment and prevention of IBDs.},
   keywords = {Animals
Colon/metabolism
Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Disease Models, Animal
Fatty Acids, Volatile/biosynthesis/physiology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/prevention & control/*therapy},
   ISSN = {1613-4125 (Print)
1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {15841496},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.200500013},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gassull, M. A.},
   title = {Review article: the intestinal lumen as a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {24 Suppl 3},
   pages = {90-5},
   note = {Gassull, M A
Journal Article
Review
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Oct;24 Suppl 3:90-5.},
   abstract = {Undigested carbohydrates reaching the colon can act as competitors for epithelial bacterial receptors, making it difficult for noncommensal bacteria to adhere to them. On the contrary, fermentation of these carbohydrates by anaerobic flora produces - among other substrates - butyrate that is involved in numerous important metabolic processes. These include the provision of energy to the colonocytes, the enhancement of sodium and water absorption and the synthesis of mucus and cell membranes. In addition, butyrate inhibits the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NFkappaB, which exerts a potent anti-inflammatory activity. Clinical experience with probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is controversial. Whereas some probiotic preparations appear to be useful in ulcerative colitis (UC) and pouchitis, most attempts to use probiotics for treating or preventing recurrence in Crohn's disease have failed. It should be pointed out that - unlike in the small bowel - the colon and ileal pouches are well-established microbiological ecosystems with increasing amounts of a wide variety of bacterial strains. These bacterial strains have a high degree of metabolic interaction with luminal nutrients and a greater probability of developing dysbiosis. With this in mind, the rationale for using pre- and probiotics appears to be stronger for colonic IBD (UC or Crohn's colitis) and pouchitis than for IBD mostly involving the small bowel.},
   keywords = {*Enterobacteriaceae
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy
Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology
Intestines/*microbiology
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {0269-2813 (Print)
0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {16961752},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03067.x},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gibson, P. R. and Iser, J.},
   title = {Inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Aust Fam Physician},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {233-7},
   note = {Gibson, Peter R
Iser, John
Journal Article
Review
Australia
Aust Fam Physician. 2005 Apr;34(4):233-7.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing in frequency in Australia. General practitioners play an important role in early diagnosis and in a multidisciplinary approach to managing such patients. Keeping abreast of evolving concepts, particularly in treatment, is challenging. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to address key issues in diagnosis and management to better equip general practitioners for their role in multidisciplinary management of patients with IBD. DISCUSSION: Making the diagnosis can be difficult, but is facilitated by appropriate clinical suspicion and sensible judgment as to who undergoes diagnostic tests such as colonoscopy. Treatment of ulcerative colitis has changed little in recent years, except for our improved ability to deliver mesalazine to the large bowel via the recent availability of several oral and rectal preparations. Prevention of relapse using these is an important strategy in the majority of patients. Treatment of Crohn disease is changing due to more realistic concepts of the natural history of the disease and the development of new, powerful anti-inflammatory therapies. Attention to issues other than intestinal inflammation such as nutrition, education and counselling, remain important in achieving optimal management.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/therapy
Colonoscopy
Colorectal Neoplasms/etiology
Crohn Disease/diagnosis/therapy
Diarrhea/etiology
Digestive System Surgical Procedures
Family Practice/*methods/standards
Humans
Immunosuppression/methods
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/*diagnosis/*therapy
Mesalamine/therapeutic use
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {0300-8495 (Print)
0300-8495},
   Accession Number = {15861742},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Gilman, J. and Shanahan, F. and Cashman, K. D.},
   title = {Altered levels of biochemical indices of bone turnover and bone-related vitamins in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {23},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1007-16},
   note = {Gilman, J
Shanahan, F
Cashman, K D
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Apr 1;23(7):1007-16.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-associated osteopenia may be related to pathological rates of bone turnover; however, the literature shows mixed results. AIM: To compare bone biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease patients (Crohn's disease: n = 68, and ulcerative colitis: n = 32, separately) with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. SUBJECTS: Patients and controls were recruited from Cork University Hospital and Cork City area, respectively. RESULTS: Relative to that in their respective controls, Crohn's disease (n = 47) and ulcerative colitis (n = 26) patients (i.e. excluding supplement users) had significantly (P < 0.05-0.001) higher serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (by 27% and 63%, respectively) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (by 15% and 21%, respectively) and urinary Type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides concentrations (by 87% and 112%, respectively). Relative to that in their respective controls, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients had significantly (P < 0.01) lower serum total osteocalcin (by 20% and 42%, respectively) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (by 37% and 42%, respectively), while serum parathyroid hormone levels were similar. In the combined patient group (n = 100), undercarboxylated osteocalcin was positively associated with bone markers. CONCLUSIONS: Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients have altered bone turnover relative to that in healthy controls.},
   keywords = {Adult
Alkaline Phosphatase/blood
Biomarkers/*analysis/blood/urine
Bone Density
Bone Diseases, Metabolic/blood/*metabolism/urine
Bone Resorption/blood/etiology/urine
Colitis, Ulcerative/blood/complications/urine
Collagen Type I/urine
Crohn Disease/blood/complications/urine
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/*metabolism/urine
Male
Osteocalcin/blood
Osteogenesis/physiology
Parathyroid Hormone/blood
Peptides/urine
Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives/blood},
   ISSN = {0269-2813 (Print)
0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {16573803},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02835.x},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Greifer, M. K. and Markowitz, J. F.},
   title = {Update in the treatment of paediatric ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Expert Opin Pharmacother},
   volume = {7},
   number = {14},
   pages = {1907-18},
   note = {1744-7666
Greifer, Melanie K
Markowitz, James F
Journal Article
Review
England
Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006 Oct;7(14):1907-18.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis is an important disease in the paediatric population. Ulcerative colitis is one of the chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, and is medically incurable. However, the arsenal of medications has grown as knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease advances. This review looks at the classical treatments for children with ulcerative colitis, including the 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids and imunomodulators, as well as biological therapy and other, newer modalities.},
   keywords = {*Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Adult
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use
Child
Clinical Trials as Topic
*Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use
*Pediatrics
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1465-6566},
   Accession Number = {17020417},
   DOI = {10.1517/14656566.7.14.1907},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Grzymislawski, M. and Derc, K. and Sobieska, M. and Wiktorowicz, K.},
   title = {Microheterogeneity of acute phase proteins in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {World J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {12},
   number = {32},
   pages = {5191-5},
   note = {Grzymislawski, Marian
Derc, Katarzyna
Sobieska, Magdalena
Wiktorowicz, Krzysztof
Journal Article
United States
World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Aug 28;12(32):5191-5.},
   abstract = {AIM: To estimate the serum alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and transferrin (Tf) concentrations and to evaluate the microheterogeneity of these acute phase proteins in patients with ulcerative colitis. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 17 healthy control subjects were studied. The patients were categorised as severe (n = 9), moderate (n = 10) and mild groups (n = 8) using Truelove and Witts' classification of ulcerative colitis. Microheterogeneity of ACT, AGP and Tf was analysed by crossed immunoaffinity electrophoresis (CIAE) with concanavalin A. In all serum samples standard electrophoresis of serum proteins was performed, iron (Fe) concentration, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also measured. RESULTS: Our patients suffering from ulcerative colitis had significantly higher serum ACT and AGP concentrations and lower serum transferrin concentration in comparison to healthy subjects. Changes in concentrations of acute phase proteins were dependent on the activity of the inflammatory process. The glycosylation patterns of transferrin were related to the inflammation status. We also observed the correlation between ACT and AGP concentrations, patterns of transferrin glycosylation and changes in standard protein electrophoresis or blood cell count. CONCLUSION: The glycosylation patterns of transferrin obtained from patients suffering from ulcerative colitis are highly branched and sialylated compared with those obtained from healthy subjects. In contrast, the glycosylation patterns of transferrin do not differ according to the activity index of ulcerative colitis. The microheterogeneity patterns of AGP and ACT are similar in ulcerative colitis patients and healthy subjects.},
   keywords = {Acute-Phase Proteins/*biosynthesis/*physiology
Adult
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/*blood
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Orosomucoid/*biosynthesis
Transferrin/*biosynthesis
alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin/*blood},
   ISSN = {1007-9327 (Print)
1007-9327},
   Accession Number = {16937531},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Guarner, F.},
   title = {Inulin and oligofructose: impact on intestinal diseases and disorders},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {93 Suppl 1},
   pages = {S61-5},
   note = {Guarner, Francisco
Journal Article
Review
England
Br J Nutr. 2005 Apr;93 Suppl 1:S61-5.},
   abstract = {A large and diverse variety of bacteria have evolved and adapted to live in the human intestinal habitat in a symbiotic arrangement that influences both physiology and pathology in the host. Symbiosis between host and flora can be optimised by prebiotics. Inulin-type fructans have been shown to improve the metabolic functions of the commensal flora. Clinical and experimental data suggest that they also improve the gut mucosal barrier. Furthermore, modulation of the trophic functions of the flora by these prebiotics could help in the prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases. The anti-inflammatory effects of inulin or oligofructose have been assessed in the rat model of distal colitis induced by dextran sodium sulphate, which histologically resembles human ulcerative colitis, and in the trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid model that resembles human Crohn's disease. Both inulin and oligofructose stimulate colonic production of SCFA and favour the growth of indigenous lactobacilli and/or bifidobacteria. These effects are associated with reduced mucosal inflammation and decreased mucosal lesion scores. Inulin has also been tested in a placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with relapsing pouchitis. Treatment reduced endoscopic and histological parameters of inflammation of the pouch mucosa. Inulin and oligofructose may offer an opportunity to prevent chronic inflammatory intestinal disorders, and this potential should be tested in further clinical studies.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bacterial Infections/*diet therapy/immunology/microbiology
Bifidobacterium
Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diet therapy/immunology/microbiology
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/microbiology
Inulin/*administration & dosage
Lactobacillus
Models, Animal
Oligosaccharides/*administration & dosage
Probiotics/administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {0007-1145 (Print)
0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {15877897},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hanauer, S. B.},
   title = {Review article: high-dose aminosalicylates to induce and maintain remissions in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {24 Suppl 3},
   pages = {37-40},
   note = {Hanauer, S B
Journal Article
Review
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Oct;24 Suppl 3:37-40.},
   abstract = {Sulfasalazine was the first aminosalicylate to be used for induction and maintenance therapy of ulcerative colitis (UC). Initial trials demonstrated a dose response that was compromised by dose-related intolerance. Recognition that the 5-aminosalicylic acid moiety (5-ASA, mesalazine) is the active ingredient of sulfasalazine has allowed the development of sulpha-free formulations of mesalazine and alternative azo-bond derivatives (olsalazine, balsalazide) that substantially reduce the dose-related (and allergic) consequences of the sulfapyridine moiety of sulfasalazine. Dose-ranging studies of mesalazine formulations for induction of remission have demonstrated increased efficacy of oral mesalazine up to 4-4.8 g/day, particularly in patients with more moderate disease activity. Combination therapy with oral and rectal mesalazine provide additional efficacy for patients with both distal and extensive colitis. The mesalazine formulations have dose-related benefits without dose-related side effects. In contrast, the azo-bond formulations are compromised by secretory diarrhoea at doses providing greater than 2-2.4 g/day of mesalazine. There are less data regarding dose-related benefits of aminosalicylates to maintain remissions in UC greater than 1.6 g/day of mesalazine, although the absence of dose-related side effects allows continuation of the same inductive dose through maintenance treatment without dose-related toxicity.},
   keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*administration & dosage
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Drug Administration Schedule
Humans
Mesalamine/*administration & dosage
Remission Induction/methods
Sulfasalazine/*administration & dosage
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0269-2813 (Print)
0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {16961743},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03058.x},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Haskey, N. and Dahl, W. J.},
   title = {Synbiotic therapy: a promising new adjunctive therapy for ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Nutr Rev},
   volume = {64},
   number = {3},
   pages = {132-8},
   note = {Haskey, Natasha
Dahl, Wendy J
Journal Article
Review
United States
Nutr Rev. 2006 Mar;64(3):132-8.},
   abstract = {Prebiotic and probiotic therapies are new strategies being used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Recent evidence suggests that the administration of select prebiotics and probiotics, alone or in combination (the latter called "synbiotic" therapy) may improve the clinical outcome of patients with ulcerative colitis. We report a case of a pediatric ulcerative colitis patient who showed increased length of remission, resolution of symptoms, and improved quality of life following the administration of synbiotic therapy. The literature supporting the use of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic therapies in adult ulcerative colitis is also reviewed.},
   keywords = {*Bifidobacterium
Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology/*therapy
Humans
Intestines/*microbiology
Probiotics/*therapeutic use
Quality of Life
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0029-6643 (Print)
0029-6643},
   Accession Number = {16572600},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hoffmann, J. C. and Zeitz, M.},
   title = {[S3 guideline by the German Society of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases and the Competence Network of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel diseases on diagnosis and therapy of ulcerative colitis. An update]},
   journal = {Med Klin (Munich)},
   volume = {100},
   number = {1},
   pages = {43-50},
   note = {Hoffmann, Jorg C
Zeitz, Martin
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen und das Kompetenznetz chronisch entzundliche Darmerkrankungen
Consensus Development Conference
Guideline
Journal Article
Practice Guideline
Review
Germany
Med Klin (Munich). 2005 Jan 15;100(1):43-50.},
   keywords = {Administration, Oral
Administration, Rectal
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage/economics
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration &
dosage/economics/*therapeutic use
Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis/*drug therapy/economics
Combined Modality Therapy
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
*Evidence-Based Medicine/economics
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/economics/therapeutic use
Mesalamine/administration & dosage
National Health Programs/economics
Parenteral Nutrition, Total},
   ISSN = {0723-5003 (Print)
0723-5003},
   Accession Number = {15654542},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00063-005-1119-9},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hyams, J. S.},
   title = {Inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Pediatr Rev},
   volume = {26},
   number = {9},
   pages = {314-20},
   note = {1526-3347
Hyams, Jeffrey S
Journal Article
Review
United States
Pediatr Rev. 2005 Sep;26(9):314-20.},
   keywords = {Adenocarcinoma/etiology
Arthralgia/etiology
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*diagnosis/genetics/immunology/*therapy
Colonic Neoplasms/etiology
Colonic Pouches
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/genetics/immunology/*therapy
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Humans
Prognosis
Risk Factors},
   ISSN = {0191-9601},
   Accession Number = {16140873},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Hyman, N. H. and Cataldo, P. and Osler, T.},
   title = {Urgent subtotal colectomy for severe inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Dis Colon Rectum},
   volume = {48},
   number = {1},
   pages = {70-3},
   note = {Hyman, Neil H
Cataldo, Peter
Osler, Turner
Journal Article
United States
Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Jan;48(1):70-3.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of subtotal colectomy and outcomes after this procedure in the modern era of immunosuppressive agents and primary pelvic pouch surgery. METHODS: All patients undergoing subtotal colectomy with ileostomy for ulcerative colitis or Crohn's colitis from July 1, 1990 to June 30, 2003 were identified from a prospective database. Only patients who were operated on while hospitalized for disease exacerbation were included in the analysis. Age at colectomy, preoperative days in the hospital, postoperative length of stay, and complications were recorded. The medical records were then reviewed for duration of disease, preoperative diagnosis, use of steroids and immunomodulators, parenteral nutrition, endoscopy findings, albumin level, postoperative diagnosis, and ultimate disposition. RESULTS: One hundred one patients underwent subtotal colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease during the study period. Seventy-four patients met all the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 35.9 (range, 18-86) years. Median duration of disease was 36 (0-240) months, but 28 patients had colitis for less than 1 year, whereas 10 patients had disease of greater than 10 years duration at the time of colectomy. Median preoperative hospital stay was 7 (range, 0-43) days and median postoperative length of stay was 6.5 (range, 4-37) days. Sixty-six patients underwent surgery for refractory exacerbation, 5 for free perforation, 2 for abscess, and 1 patient for hemorrhage. Twenty-seven patients (36.5 percent) had a change in diagnosis after surgery. Complications occurred in 17 patients (23 percent), including 8 cases of central venous catheter-associated thrombosis; 7 of these occurred in patients who had been hospitalized for more than a week before surgery. In the ulcerative colitis patients, 31 of 52 ultimately underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, but 20 (39 percent) chose either completion proctectomy or no further surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Subtotal colectomy with ileostomy remains a safe and effective treatment for patients requiring urgent surgery for severe inflammatory bowel disease. Because of the substantial incidence of change in diagnosis and satisfaction in many patients with an ileostomy, subtotal colectomy with ileostomy may be preferable to primary ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, even when a pouch is considered safe.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
*Colectomy/adverse effects/methods
Female
Humans
*Ileostomy
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*surgery
Length of Stay
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Satisfaction
*Postoperative Complications
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0012-3706 (Print)
0012-3706},
   Accession Number = {15690660},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ikeda, H. and Ishimaru, Y. and Takayasu, H. and Fujino, J. and Kisaki, Y. and Otani, Y. and Yamagishi, J. and Tahara, K.},
   title = {Efficacy of granulocyte apheresis in pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis: a pilot study},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {43},
   number = {5},
   pages = {592-6},
   note = {1536-4801
Ikeda, Hitoshi
Ishimaru, Yuki
Takayasu, Hajime
Fujino, Junko
Kisaki, Yoshiyuki
Otani, Yushi
Yamagishi, Junko
Tahara, Kazunori
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Nov;43(5):592-6.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Granulocyte apheresis (GCAP), involving the removal of granulocytes from the blood, may improve clinical symptoms and facilitate a reduction in the dose of steroids in adult patients with ulcerative colitis. As a preliminary trial, GCAP was used to taper the dose of steroids in 4 pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis. METHODS: Three males and 1 female ranging from 11 to 17 years old were treated with GCAP once per week for 5 consecutive weeks/course. The ages of patients at clinical onset ranged from 8 to 12 years and the length of time from the clinical onset to GCAP treatment ranged from 28 to 58 months (median, 38.5 months). RESULTS: In 2 patients, symptoms and signs indicating disease activity improved after 2 courses of GCAP. Laboratory data and endoscopic findings also improved after treatment and the clinical efficacy was judged to be excellent in these patients. In 1 patient, GCAP improved laboratory and endoscopic hallmarks, but bloody stools persisted. Finally, the treatment was ineffective in the fourth patient who eventually underwent surgery. CONCLUSIONS: GCAP is effective in improving clinical symptoms and may play an important role in converting steroid therapy to other treatments in children with steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*therapy
Female
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
*Granulocytes
Humans
*Leukapheresis
Male
Mesalamine/therapeutic use
Pilot Projects
Prednisolone/therapeutic use
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {17130733},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Kanauchi, O. and Matsumoto, Y. and Matsumura, M. and Fukuoka, M. and Bamba, T.},
   title = {The beneficial effects of microflora, especially obligate anaerobes, and their products on the colonic environment in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Curr Pharm Des},
   volume = {11},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1047-53},
   note = {Kanauchi, Osamu
Matsumoto, Yoshiaki
Matsumura, Masae
Fukuoka, Masamichi
Bamba, Tadao
Journal Article
Review
Netherlands
Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(8):1047-53.},
   abstract = {Because intestinal microflora play a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is currently some interest in alternating the composition of the microflora toward a potentially more remedial community. This paper summarizes the clinical and experimental efficacy of the manipulation of microflora by the use of antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics in IBD. Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) is a prebiotic whose unique characteristics make it highly suitable for applications in IBD. It also helps prolong remission in remissive ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and also attenuates clinical activity in non-remissive UC patients. GBF has shown to be converted into a preferential nutrient, butyrate, for colonocytes through the action of Eubacterium and Bifidobacterium, and this bacterial butyrate can provide anti-inflammatory effects. The probiotic approaches for IBD include VSL#3, Nissle1917, Clostridium butyricum, and Bifidobacterium-fermented milk. In this paper, we summarize the distinctive role of another probiotic, Eubacterium limosum (E. limosum), which is a commensal microorganism that is promoted by GBF administration. The metabolites of E. limosum included butyrate, which can accelerate intestinal epithelial growth and inhibit IL-6 production. This new probiotic approach may be useful as an adjunctive IBD treatment in the future. Although these strategies hold great promise and appear to be useful in some settings, more experimental and clinical studies are needed to firmly establish their relevance.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bacteria, Anaerobic/*physiology
Colon/*microbiology/pathology
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*microbiology/pathology
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/pathology},
   ISSN = {1381-6128 (Print)
1381-6128},
   Accession Number = {15777254},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Keefer, L. and Stepanski, E. J. and Ranjbaran, Z. and Benson, L. M. and Keshavarzian, A.},
   title = {An initial report of sleep disturbance in inactive inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {J Clin Sleep Med},
   volume = {2},
   number = {4},
   pages = {409-16},
   note = {Keefer, Laurie
Stepanski, Edward J
Ranjbaran, Ziba
Benson, Laura M
Keshavarzian, Ali
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Clin Sleep Med. 2006 Oct 15;2(4):409-16.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is an increased prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms, peptic ulcer disease, and colon cancer in night-shiftworkers, whose sleep is commonly disrupted. Sleep complaints are an extrapyramidal symptom of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Sleep disruption may contribute to increased medical morbidity by weakening the ability of the immune system to protect against endotoxins-this pathway could be of potential importance to the pathogenesis and/or clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic immunoinflammatory gastrointestinal disorder associated with marked reductions in quality of life. This is the first study to comprehensively examine sleep concerns in patients with IBD. METHODS: Sixteen patients with biopsy-proven inactive IBD (8 with Crohn disease and 8 with ulcerative colitis), 9 patients with IBS, and 7 healthy controls completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire, SF-12, and a single overnight polysomnogram. Polysomnography and arousals were scored according to standard criteria. Multivariate analyses were used to compare subjective and objective sleep parameters between groups and to identify associations between sleep complaints and quality of life. RESULTS: Patients with IBD did not seem to significantly differ from patients with IBS, who have established sleep complaints. On polysomnography, total sleep time differentiated the 3 groups well, with the IBS and IBD groups appearing numerically similar. Whereas IBS and IBD groups were similar with respect to observed sleep parameters, IBS patients did report the most concerns, consistent with earlier research suggesting that hyperarousal and perceptual differences may contribute to symptom reporting. CONCLUSION: Sleep parameters greatly influenced quality of life in both groups and highlight the need to address sleep concerns as part of IBD management.},
   keywords = {Adult
Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology
Crohn Disease/epidemiology
Female
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Quality of Life/psychology
Sleep Stages/physiology
Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {1550-9389 (Print)
1550-9389},
   Accession Number = {17557469},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lemann, M. and Allez, M.},
   title = {[Treatment strategies for inflammatory bowel disease]},
   journal = {Rev Prat},
   volume = {55},
   number = {9},
   pages = {984-92},
   note = {Lemann, Marc
Allez, Matthieu
English Abstract
Journal Article
Review
France
Rev Prat. 2005 May 15;55(9):984-92.},
   abstract = {In patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the objective is to achieve clinical remission. For ulcerative colitis (UC), oral or rectal aminosalycilates are widely used, and in more severe flares, corticoids and occasionally ciclosporine. In active Crohn's disease, corticosteroids represent the main treatment; budesonide must be preferred, as this steroid is better tolerated than prednisone. In patients refractory or intolerant to steroids, infliximab or artificial nutrition can be considered. Maintenance treatment is indicated in most of IBD patients. 5-ASA derivates are preferred in UC; in case of failure, azathioprine can be used. In Crohn's disease, azathioprine or methotrexate are more widely used; maintenance with infliximab is an option in case of failure. Surgery is mainly indicated for complications or in patients resistant to medical treatment.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Aminosalicylic Acids/therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*therapy
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors},
   ISSN = {0035-2640 (Print)
0035-2640},
   Accession Number = {16052969},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lochs, H. and Dejong, C. and Hammarqvist, F. and Hebuterne, X. and Leon-Sanz, M. and Schutz, T. and van Gemert, W. and van Gossum, A. and Valentini, L. and Lubke, H. and Bischoff, S. and Engelmann, N. and Thul, P.},
   title = {ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Gastroenterology},
   journal = {Clin Nutr},
   volume = {25},
   number = {2},
   pages = {260-74},
   note = {Lochs, H
Dejong, C
Hammarqvist, F
Hebuterne, X
Leon-Sanz, M
Schutz, T
van Gemert, W
van Gossum, A
Valentini, L
DGEM (German Society for Nutritional Medicine)
Lubke, H
Bischoff, S
Engelmann, N
Thul, P
ESPEN (European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition)
Consensus Development Conference
Journal Article
Practice Guideline
England
Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;25(2):260-74. Epub 2006 May 15.},
   abstract = {Undernutrition as well as specific nutrient deficiencies have been described in patients with Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and short bowel syndrome (SBS). The present guideline gives evidence-based recommendations for the indication, application and type of formula of enteral nutrition (EN) (oral nutritional supplements (ONS) or tube feeding (TF)) in these patients. It was developed in an interdisciplinary consensus-based process in accordance with officially accepted standards and is based on all relevant publications since 1985. ONS and/or TF in addition to normal food is indicated in undernourished patients with CD or CU to improve nutritional status. In active CD EN is the first line therapy in children and should be used as sole therapy in adults mainly when treatment with corticosteroids is not feasible. No significant differences have been shown in the effects of free amino acid, peptide-based and whole protein formulae for TF. In remission ONS is recommended only in steroid dependent patients in CD. In patients with SBS TF should be introduced in the adaptation phase and should be changed with progressing adaptation to ONS in addition to normal food.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
Crohn Disease/therapy
Enteral Nutrition/*standards
Europe
Gastroenterology/*standards
Humans
Practice Patterns, Physicians'
Short Bowel Syndrome/therapy},
   ISSN = {0261-5614 (Print)
0261-5614},
   Accession Number = {16698129},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.clnu.2006.01.007},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Lucarelli, S. and Borrelli, O. and Paganelli, M. and Capocaccia, P. and Frediani, T. and Ferri, F. and Cucchiara, S.},
   title = {Vertebral fractures and increased sensitivity to corticosteroids in a child with ulcerative colitis: successful use of pamidronate},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {43},
   number = {4},
   pages = {533-5},
   note = {1536-4801
Lucarelli, Sandra
Borrelli, Osvaldo
Paganelli, Massimiliano
Capocaccia, Paolo
Frediani, Tullio
Ferri, Federica
Cucchiara, Salvatore
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Oct;43(4):533-5.},
   keywords = {Back Pain/etiology
Bone Density/drug effects
Bone Density Conservation Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Child
Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications
Diphosphonates/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Female
Fractures, Compression/drug therapy/etiology
Glucocorticoids/*adverse effects
Humans
Lumbar Vertebrae
Osteoporosis/chemically induced/drug therapy/etiology
Recurrence
Spinal Fractures/chemically induced/*drug therapy/etiology},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {17033531},
   DOI = {10.1097/01.mpg.0000249535.34676.d4},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Macfarlane, S. and Furrie, E. and Kennedy, A. and Cummings, J. H. and Macfarlane, G. T.},
   title = {Mucosal bacteria in ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {93 Suppl 1},
   pages = {S67-72},
   note = {Macfarlane, S
Furrie, E
Kennedy, A
Cummings, J H
Macfarlane, G T
Journal Article
England
Br J Nutr. 2005 Apr;93 Suppl 1:S67-72.},
   abstract = {Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an acute and chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown aetiology, although bacterial species belonging to the normal colonic microbiota are known to be involved in its initiation and maintenance. Several organisms have been linked to the disease; however, mucosa-associated bacteria are more likely to be involved than their luminal counterparts, due to their close proximity to the host epithelium. Comparative bacteriological analyses were done on rectal biopsies to investigate differences in mucosal bacteria in patients with UC and healthy controls. Complex bacterial communities were found in both groups, with significant reductions in bifidobacterial numbers in UC, which suggested that they might have a protective role in the disease. Accordingly, a therapy for treating UC was designed, with the aim of modifying the mucosal microbiota to increase bifidobacterial colonisation and reduce inflammation. Ranges of mucosal and faecal bifidobacteria were tested for their substrate preferences and their abilities to survive under a variety of environmental conditions. A synbiotic comprising a probiotic (Bifidobacterium longum) isolated from healthy rectal mucosa combined with a prebiotic (oligofructose-enriched inulin - Synergy 1) was developed. The treatment was used in a randomised controlled trial involving eighteen patients with active UC, for a period of 1 month. Rectal biopsies were collected at the beginning and end of the study. Bacteriological analysis and transcription levels of epithelium-related immune markers were assessed. Results demonstrated that short-term synbiotic treatment resulted in increased bifidobacterial colonisation of the rectal mucosa and induced significant reductions in the expression of molecules that control inflammation in active UC.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Bifidobacterium/isolation & purification/*physiology
Case-Control Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/diet therapy/immunology/*microbiology
*Colon
Combined Modality Therapy
Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage
Dietary Supplements
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/*microbiology
Middle Aged
Oligosaccharides/administration & dosage
*Probiotics
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Rectum/microbiology},
   ISSN = {0007-1145 (Print)
0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {15877898},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {MacLean, C. H. and Mojica, W. A. and Newberry, S. J. and Pencharz, J. and Garland, R. H. and Tu, W. and Hilton, L. G. and Gralnek, I. M. and Rhodes, S. and Khanna, P. and Morton, S. C.},
   title = {Systematic review of the effects of n-3 fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease},
   journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {82},
   number = {3},
   pages = {611-9},
   note = {MacLean, Catherine H
Mojica, Walter A
Newberry, Sydne J
Pencharz, James
Garland, Rena Hasenfeld
Tu, Wenli
Hilton, Lara G
Gralnek, Ian M
Rhodes, Shannon
Khanna, Puja
Morton, Sally C
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Review
United States
Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;82(3):611-9.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: n-3 Fatty acids are purported to have health effects in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but studies have reported mixed results. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to synthesize published and unpublished evidence to determine estimates of the effect of n-3 fatty acids on clinical outcomes in IBD and whether n-3 fatty acids modify the effects of or need for treatment with other agents. DESIGN: Computerized databases were searched for studies of n-3 fatty acids in immune-mediated diseases from 1966 to 2003. We also contacted experts in the nutraceutical industry to identify unpublished studies; however, none were identified. RESULTS: Reviewers identified 13 controlled trials that assessed the effects of n-3 fatty acids on clinical, sigmoidoscopic, or histologic scores; rates of induced remission or relapse; or requirements for steroids and other immunosuppressive agents in Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis. Most clinical trials were of good quality. Fewer than 6 were identified that assessed the effects of n-3 fatty acids on any single outcome of clinical, endoscopic, or histologic scores or remission or relapse rates. Consistent across 3 studies was the finding that n-3 fatty acids reduce corticosteroid requirements, although statistical significance was shown in only 1 of these studies. CONCLUSION: The available data are insufficient to draw conclusions about the effects of n-3 fatty acids on clinical, endoscopic, or histologic scores or remission or relapse rates.},
   keywords = {Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic
Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*therapeutic use
Humans
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy/pathology
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Recurrence
Remission Induction
Severity of Illness Index
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0002-9165 (Print)
0002-9165},
   Accession Number = {16155275},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Magee, E. A. and Edmond, L. M. and Tasker, S. M. and Kong, S. C. and Curno, R. and Cummings, J. H.},
   title = {Associations between diet and disease activity in ulcerative colitis patients using a novel method of data analysis},
   journal = {Nutr J},
   volume = {4},
   pages = {7},
   note = {1475-2891
Magee, Elizabeth A
Edmond, Laurie M
Tasker, Shiona M
Kong, San Choon
Curno, Richard
Cummings, John H
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Nutr J. 2005 Feb 10;4:7.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relapsing nature and varying geographical prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) implicates environmental factors such as diet in its aetiology. METHODS: In order to determine which foods might be related to disease activity in UC a new method of dietary analysis was developed and applied. Eighty-one UC patients were recruited at all stages of the disease process. Following completion of a 7 d diet diary, clinical assessment including a sigmoidoscopic examination (scale 0 (normal mucosa) to 6 (very active disease)) was conducted. Food weights for each person were adjusted (divided) by the person's calorific intake for the week. Each food consumed was given a food sigmoidoscopy score (FSS) calculated by summing the products of the (adjusted) weight of food consumed and sigmoidoscopy score for each patient and occurrence of food and dividing by the total (adjusted) weight of the food consumed by all 81 patients. Thus, foods eaten in large quantities by patients with very active disease have high FSSs and vice versa. Foods consumed by <10 people or weighing <1 kg for the whole group were excluded, leaving 75 foods. RESULTS: High FSS foods were characterized by high levels of the anti-thiamin additive sulfite (Mann-Whitney, p < 0.001), i.e. bitter, white wine, burgers, soft drinks from concentrates, sausages, lager and red wine. Caffeine also has anti-thiamin properties and decaffeinated coffee was associated with a better clinical state than the caffeine containing version. Beneficial foods (average intake per week) included pork (210 g), breakfast cereals (200 g), lettuce (110 g), apples and pears (390 g), milk (1250 ml), melon (350 g), bananas (350 g), bacon (120 g), beef and beef products (500 g), tomatoes (240 g), soup (700 g), citrus fruits (300 g), fish (290 g), yogurt (410 g), cheese (110 g), potatoes (710 g) and legumes (120 g). CONCLUSIONS: The dietary analysis method described provides a new tool for establishing relationships between diet and disease and indicates a potentially therapeutic diet for UC.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Animals
Beer/analysis
Caffeine/analysis
Cattle
Coffee/chemistry
Colitis, Ulcerative/*physiopathology
Dairy Products/analysis
*Diet
Diet Records
Edible Grain/chemistry
Female
Food Additives
Fruit/chemistry
Humans
Male
Meat/analysis
Meat Products/analysis
Middle Aged
Milk/chemistry
Sigmoidoscopy
Sulfites/analysis
Swine
Thiamine/analysis/antagonists & inhibitors
Vegetables/chemistry
Wine/analysis},
   ISSN = {1475-2891},
   Accession Number = {15705205},
   DOI = {10.1186/1475-2891-4-7},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Makharia, G. K. and Sachdev, V. and Gupta, R. and Lal, S. and Pandey, R. M.},
   title = {Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody does not differentiate between Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {52},
   number = {1},
   pages = {33-9},
   note = {Makharia, Govind K
Sachdev, Vikas
Gupta, Rajiva
Lal, Suman
Pandey, R M
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Jan;52(1):33-9. Epub 2006 Dec 8.},
   abstract = {The clinical, morphological, and histological features of intestinal tuberculosis (IT) and Crohn's disease (CD) mimic so much, that it becomes difficult to differentiate between them. The sensitivity of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA) IgG and ASCA IgA in CD is 60%-80%, whereas the specificity is almost 90%. There are no reports of study of ASCA in patients with IT, nor has it ever been used to differentiate CD from IT. Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC; n=25), CD (n=59), and IT (n=30) and 21 healthy controls were included in this study. The location and behavior of CD were classified according to the Modified Montreal classification. Five milliliters of blood was taken from them and serum was stored at -70 degrees C. ASCA antibodies (both IgG and IgA) were estimated using commercially available ELISA kits (AESKU Diagnostics, Germany). Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody was measured by indirect immunofluorescence test. ASCA IgA was positive in 4.7%, 28%, 33.9%, and 43.3% and ASCA IgG was positive in 4.7%, 24%, 50.8%, and 46.6% of healthy controls and patients with UC, CD, and IT, respectively. Either ASCA IgG or ASCA IgA was positive in 9.5%, 40%, 61% and 66.6% of healthy controls, UC, CD, and IT, respectively. ANCA was positive in 0%, 32%, 10.1%, and 6.6% of healthy controls, UC, CD, and IT, respectively. ASCA IgG was positive in a significantly higher number of patients with CD (P<0.0001) and IT (P<0.0001) in comparison to healthy controls. ASCA IgA was positive in a significantly higher number of patients with UC (P<0.04), CD (P<0.013), and IT (P<0.006) in comparison to healthy controls. In comparisons between diseases, ASCA IgG was positive in significantly more patients with CD (P<0.001) and IT (P<0.001) in comparison to UC. There was no significant difference in ASCA IgA (33.9% vs. 43.3%), ASCA IgG (50.86% vs. 46.6%), or ANCA (10.7%, 7.4%) in patients with CD and IT, respectively. There was no correlation between ASCA and duration, location and behavior of CD, and IT. We conclude that ASCA IgG and ASCA IgA do not help to differentiate between IT and CD.},
   keywords = {Adult
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/blood
Antibodies, Fungal/*blood
Biomarkers/blood
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/immunology
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Immunoglobulin G/blood
Male
Middle Aged
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*immunology
Sensitivity and Specificity
Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/*diagnosis/immunology},
   ISSN = {0163-2116 (Print)
0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {17160471},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-006-9527-0},
   year = {2007},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Marakhouski, Y. and Fixa, B. and Holoman, J. and Hulek, P. and Lukas, M. and Batovsky, M. and Rumyantsev, V. G. and Grigoryeva, G. and Stolte, M. and Vieth, M. and Greinwald, R.},
   title = {A double-blind dose-escalating trial comparing novel mesalazine pellets with mesalazine tablets in active ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Aliment Pharmacol Ther},
   volume = {21},
   number = {2},
   pages = {133-40},
   note = {Marakhouski, Y
Fixa, B
Holoman, J
Hulek, P
Lukas, M
Batovsky, M
Rumyantsev, V G
Grigoryeva, G
Stolte, M
Vieth, M
Greinwald, R
International Salofalk Study Group
Clinical Trial
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Jan 15;21(2):133-40.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mesalazine as the treatment standard for ulcerative colitis can be applied in different galenical preparations. AIM: A novel formulation of mesalazine pellets with delayed and prolonged release characteristics was compared with conventional Eudragit L-coated tablets. Furthermore, the effect of mesalazine dose escalation on nonresponders was evaluated in both treatment groups. METHODS: A total of 233 patients with mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis were randomized to receive either mesalazine (1.5 g/day in three doses) as pellets (n = 115) or tablets (n = 118) for 8 weeks. At insufficient response, the dose was increased to 3.0 g. RESULTS: The clinical remission rate (clinical activity index < or = 4) for pellets was 67% vs. 68% for tablets which statistically proved to be not inferior (significance level alpha = 2.5%). In patients without dose increase, the remission rate was 47% (pellets) vs. 42% (tablets). Endoscopic improvement was observed in 80% (pellets) vs. 83% (tablets), and histological improvement in 48% (pellets) vs. 52% (tablets) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Mesalazine pellets are as effective as tablets in the treatment of mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis. Dose escalation to 3.0 g/day is a valid option for nonresponders to a starting dose of 1.5 g/day.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*administration & dosage
Colitis, Ulcerative/*drug therapy
Double-Blind Method
Female
Humans
Male
Mesalamine/*administration & dosage
Middle Aged
Recurrence
Tablets
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0269-2813 (Print)
0269-2813},
   Accession Number = {15679762},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02312.x},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Martinez, J. A. and Williams, C. S. and Amann, J. M. and Ellis, T. C. and Moreno-Miralles, I. and Washington, M. K. and Gregoli, P. and Hiebert, S. W.},
   title = {Deletion of Mtgr1 sensitizes the colonic epithelium to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis},
   journal = {Gastroenterology},
   volume = {131},
   number = {2},
   pages = {579-88},
   note = {Martinez, J Andres
Williams, Christopher S
Amann, Joseph M
Ellis, Tiffany C
Moreno-Miralles, Isabel
Washington, M Kay
Gregoli, Paul
Hiebert, Scott W
5P30DK58404-03/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
CA68485/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
R01-CA112005/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
R01-CA64140/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
T32-DK07673/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
Gastroenterology. 2006 Aug;131(2):579-88.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: The disruption of homeostasis between proliferation and apoptosis in the colonic epithelium contributes to the pathogenesis of human ulcerative colitis. Mice lacking the transcriptional corepressor myeloid translocation gene related-1 (Mtgr1) display impaired secretory cell lineage development in the small intestine and an increase in proliferation in the crypts of both the small and large intestines. Despite the increase in proliferating cells, the colons of Mtgr1-null mice have a normal cell lineage distribution and normal architecture. To uncover colonic phenotypes in Mtgr1(-/-) mice, we stressed the colonic epithelium with low-molecular-weight dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), which is a well-studied model of murine ulcerative colitis. METHODS: Mtgr1-null mice were given 3% DSS in their drinking water for 4 days and the colons examined at various times thereafter for ulceration and for changes in proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS: Treatment with DSS resulted in severe colitis in Mtgr1(-/-) mice, at least partially due to increased epithelial apoptosis rates. Transplantation of wild-type and Mtgr1-null bone marrow into irradiated wild-type mice demonstrated that the severe DSS-induced ulceration seen in Mtgr1-null mice was due to a colonic, rather than a hematologic, defect. Importantly, the epithelium of DSS-treated Mtgr1-null mice failed to completely regenerate, showing changes consistent with chronic colitis, even 10 weeks after a single DSS treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that Mtgr1 has an important role in crypt survival and regeneration after colonic epithelial ulceration.},
   keywords = {Animals
Apoptosis
Cell Proliferation/drug effects
Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/metabolism/*pathology
Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
Disease Models, Animal
Female
Follow-Up Studies
*Gene Deletion
In Situ Nick-End Labeling
Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/metabolism/*pathology
Male
Mice
Phosphoproteins/*genetics
RNA/*genetics
Repressor Proteins/*genetics
Severity of Illness Index},
   ISSN = {0016-5085 (Print)
0016-5085},
   Accession Number = {16890610},
   DOI = {10.1053/j.gastro.2006.06.009},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Meier, C. B. and Hegazi, R. A. and Aisenberg, J. and Legnani, P. E. and Nilubol, N. and Cobrin, G. M. and Duerr, R. H. and Gorfine, S. R. and Bauer, J. J. and Sachar, D. B. and Plevy, S. E.},
   title = {Innate immune receptor genetic polymorphisms in pouchitis: is CARD15 a susceptibility factor?},
   journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis},
   volume = {11},
   number = {11},
   pages = {965-71},
   note = {Meier, Carmen B
Hegazi, Refaat A
Aisenberg, James
Legnani, Peter E
Nilubol, Naris
Cobrin, Gena M
Duerr, Richard H
Gorfine, Stephen R
Bauer, Joel J
Sachar, David B
Plevy, Scott E
R01 DK54452/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005 Nov;11(11):965-71.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pouchitis is a frequent complication after ileal pouch-anal anastamosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to determine whether genetic polymorphisms in the innate immune receptors toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and caspase activation and recruitment domain family member 15 (CARD15) genes are associated with pouchitis. METHODS: From a retrospectively ascertained cohort of patients with UC 5 to 12 years after IPAA (n = 101), subjects were classified into 3 groups: no pouchitis (n = 52); 1 to 2 episodes per year (n = 11), and more than 2 episodes per year (n = 38). Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the tlr4 gene (D299G, T399I) were determined by a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based fluorogenic probe technique; and card15 polymorphisms (L1007fsinsC, R702W, G908R) were determined by pyrosequencing. RESULTS: Pouchitis affected 49% (49/101) of the study population. No correlation between pouchitis and the presence of TLR4 polymorphisms was found. The percentage of patients who harbored CARD15 mutations was significantly higher in patients with pouchitis than in patients without pouchitis (18% versus 8%; P < 0.05); 24% of pouchitis patients with more than 2 episodes per year harbored CARD15 mutations (P < 0.01 compared with the no pouchitis group). The CARD15 insertion mutation L1007fsinsC was present in 14% of patients with pouchitis and in 0% without pouchitis (P < 0.05). All patients who carried L1007fsinsC developed more than 2 episodes per year. CONCLUSIONS: CARD15 polymorphisms are seen in greater frequency in patients with pouchitis after IPAA for UC. These findings, if borne out in prospective analyses, suggest that CARD15 mutations, particularly L1007fsinsC, may predispose to the development of pouchitis after IPAA for UC.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Case-Control Studies
Cohort Studies
Colitis, Ulcerative/surgery
Colonic Pouches
Female
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*genetics/physiology
Male
Middle Aged
Mutation
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein
*Polymorphism, Genetic
Pouchitis/*genetics
Retrospective Studies},
   ISSN = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998},
   Accession Number = {16239841},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Meier, R. and Steuerwald, M.},
   title = {Place of probiotics},
   journal = {Curr Opin Crit Care},
   volume = {11},
   number = {4},
   pages = {318-25},
   note = {Meier, Remy
Steuerwald, Michael
Journal Article
Review
United States
Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005 Aug;11(4):318-25.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review reports on the recent progress understanding mechanisms of action and clinical applications of probiotics. RECENT FINDINGS: New insights on regulating mechanisms of intestinal commensal bacteria to prevent and treat different gastrointestinal diseases have been reported. Some probiotics, though not all, exert beneficial effects by modulating the mucosal barrier function and immune activity. It seems that a combination of different probiotics is more effective than a single strain. It was demonstrated that not only viable bacteria administered to the intestinal tract but also isolated probiotic DNA is active, even if injected subcutaneously. There is reasonable evidence to recommend probiotics in infectious diarrhoea for prevention and treatment (mainly in children) and to prevent antibiotic-induced gastrointestinal side effects. Furthermore, probiotics are effective in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis and preventing and treating pouchitis. Promising positive effects were published in major surgery patients (gastric resection, pancreatic resection, liver transplantation) and in severe necrotising acute pancreatitis. SUMMARY: Increasing knowledge on probiotics is exciting, but in the near future it must be defined which probiotics (single strains or a combination) are most effective in specific diseases. Well-designed, randomized clinical trials are still required to further define the role of probiotics as preventive and therapeutic agents.},
   keywords = {Colitis, Ulcerative/diet therapy
Critical Care/*methods
Crohn Disease/diet therapy
Dysentery/diet therapy
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*diet therapy
Humans
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diet therapy
Perioperative Care/methods
Pouchitis/diet therapy
Probiotics/*therapeutic use},
   ISSN = {1070-5295 (Print)
1070-5295},
   Accession Number = {16015109},
   year = {2005},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Mohamed-Hussein, A. A. and Mohamed, N. A. and Ibrahim, M. E.},
   title = {Changes in pulmonary function in patients with ulcerative colitis},
   journal = {Respir Med},
   volume = {101},
   number = {5},
   pages = {977-82},
   note = {Mohamed-Hussein, Aliae A R

repository: KociOrges/pytag

repo_name: KociOrges/pytag