text:
microorganisms and proteins, and (ii) immunosuppression to counteract hypersensitivity against innocuous antigens. The latter mechanism is called 'oral tolerance' when induced via the gut. Similar mechanisms are suppressive against commensal bacteria. Such two-layered anti-inflammatory defense explains why persistent allergy to dietary proteins is not more common, with the exception of gluten intolerance (celiac disease) where abrogation of mucosal homeostasis is overt. Thus, mucosally induced tolerance is generally a robust adaptive mechanism in view of the fact that a ton of food may pass annually through the gut of an adult - regularly giving rise to uptake of intact dietary antigens in the nanogram range after a meal. However, the immunoregulatory network and the epithelial barrier are poorly developed in the neonatal period, which therefore is critical with regard to priming for allergy. Notably, the postnatal development of mucosal immune homeostasis depends on appropriate microbial colonization. In this process, antigen-presenting cells are 'decision makers', linking innate and adaptive immunity. Their microbe-sensing function is influenced by both microbial products and dietary constituents, including vitamin A and lipids such as polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids.},
   keywords = {Animals
Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
Gastrointestinal Tract/immunology/microbiology
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Hypersensitivity/*immunology
Immune Tolerance/*physiology
Immunity
Immunity, Innate
Immunity, Mucosal/*physiology
Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/immunology
Intestinal Mucosa/*growth & development/immunology},
   ISSN = {1661-6677 (Print)
1661-6677},
   Accession Number = {19710513},
   DOI = {10.1159/000235781},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Broide, E. and Scapa, E. and Bloch, O. and Shapiro, M. and Kimchi, N. A. and Ben-Yehudah, G. and Rapoport, M. J.},
   title = {Evidence for aberrant regulation of MAP kinase signal transduction pathway in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with active celiac disease},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {54},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1270-5},
   note = {1573-2568
Broide, E
Scapa, E
Bloch, O
Shapiro, M
Kimchi, N A
Ben-Yehudah, G
Rapoport, M J
Journal Article
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2009 Jun;54(6):1270-5. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0480-y. Epub 2008 Sep 12.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aberrant signaling via the p21/mitogen-activated proteins (MAP) kinase pathway has been described in lymphocytes of patients with various autoimmune diseases. There is little published data about the intracellular mediators and signals that regulate expression and activity of transcription factors and their effect on celiac disease induction and progression. AIM: To investigate the possible involvement of MAP kinase pathway in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in celiac disease and its correlation with disease activity. METHODS: Expression of the total and activated forms of two MAP kinases [extracellular response kinase (ERK) and c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK)] were studied by Western blots in PBMC of 17 untreated and 19 treated celiac patients, and 17 controls. Seven of these untreated celiac patients were studies before and after 6 months of gluten-free diet. RESULTS: Phosphorylated ERK of active celiac disease patients was significantly lower compared with controls (P < 0.01) and was increased towards normal after 6 month of gluten-free diet (P < 0.01). Phosphorylated JNK was increased significantly in the untreated celiac group (P < 0.01) and normalized towards the control level after 6 months of gluten-free diet (P < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Aberrant MAP-kinase pathway activity is associated with active celiac disease (CD). Further studies should examine the potential role of this aberration in pathogenesis of CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Celiac Disease/*metabolism
Child
Female
Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
Humans
Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*metabolism
Male
Middle Aged
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism
Signal Transduction/*physiology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {18787952},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-008-0480-y},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Brown, K. J. and Jewells, V. and Herfarth, H. and Castillo, M.},
   title = {White matter lesions suggestive of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis attributed to celiac disease},
   journal = {AJNR Am J Neuroradiol},
   volume = {31},
   number = {5},
   pages = {880-1},
   note = {1936-959x
Brown, K J
Jewells, V
Herfarth, H
Castillo, M
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010 May;31(5):880-1. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A1826. Epub 2009 Nov 12.},
   abstract = {CD is an autoimmune-mediated disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Initial symptom presentation is variable and can include neurologic manifestations that may comprise ataxia, neuropathy, dizziness, epilepsy, and cortical calcifications rather than gastrointestinal-hindering diagnosis and management. We present a case of a young man with progressive neurologic symptoms and brain MR imaging findings worrisome for ALS. During the diagnostic work-up, endomysium antibodies were discovered, and CD was confirmed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with duodenal biopsies. MR imaging findings suggestive of ALS improved after gluten-free diet institution.},
   keywords = {Adult
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/*etiology/*pathology
Celiac Disease/*complications/*pathology
Diffusion Tensor Imaging/*methods
Humans
Male
Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/*pathology},
   ISSN = {0195-6108},
   Accession Number = {19910450},
   DOI = {10.3174/ajnr.A1826},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Burk, K. and Farecki, M. L. and Lamprecht, G. and Roth, G. and Decker, P. and Weller, M. and Rammensee, H. G. and Oertel, W.},
   title = {Neurological symptoms in patients with biopsy proven celiac disease},
   journal = {Mov Disord},
   volume = {24},
   number = {16},
   pages = {2358-62},
   note = {1531-8257
Burk, Katrin
Farecki, Marie-Louise
Lamprecht, Georg
Roth, Guenter
Decker, Patrice
Weller, Michael
Rammensee, Hans-Georg
Oertel, Wolfang
Journal Article
United States
Mov Disord. 2009 Dec 15;24(16):2358-62. doi: 10.1002/mds.22821.},
   abstract = {In celiac disease (CD), the gut is the typical manifestation site but atypical neurological presentations are thought to occur in 6 to 10% with cerebellar ataxia being the most frequent symptom. Most studies in this field are focused on patients under primary neurological care. To exclude such an observation bias, patients with biopsy proven celiac disease were screened for neurological disease. A total of 72 patients with biopsy proven celiac disease (CD) (mean age 51 +/- 15 years, mean disease duration 8 +/- 11 years) were recruited through advertisements. All participants adhered to a gluten-free diet. Patients were interviewed following a standard questionnaire and examined clinically for neurological symptoms. Medical history revealed neurological disorders such as migraine (28%), carpal tunnel syndrome (20%), vestibular dysfunction (8%), seizures (6%), and myelitis (3%). Interestingly, 35% of patients with CD reported of a history of psychiatric disease including depression, personality changes, or even psychosis. Physical examination yielded stance and gait problems in about one third of patients that could be attributed to afferent ataxia in 26%, vestibular dysfunction in 6%, and cerebellar ataxia in 6%. Other motor features such as basal ganglia symptoms, pyramidal tract signs, tics, and myoclonus were infrequent. 35% of patients with CD showed deep sensory loss and reduced ankle reflexes in 14%. Gait disturbances in CD do not only result from cerebellar ataxia but also from proprioceptive or vestibular impairment. Neurological problems may even develop despite strict adherence to a gluten-free diet.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Biopsy/methods
Celiac Disease/*complications/*diagnosis
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Nervous System Diseases/*etiology
Neurologic Examination/methods},
   ISSN = {0885-3185},
   Accession Number = {19845007},
   DOI = {10.1002/mds.22821},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Buzby, M.},
   title = {Celiac disease: the endocrine connection},
   journal = {J Pediatr Nurs},
   volume = {25},
   number = {4},
   pages = {311-3},
   note = {1532-8449
Buzby, Marianne
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr Nurs. 2010 Aug;25(4):311-3. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2010.04.011.},
   abstract = {CD is an immune-mediated enteropathy caused by genetically predisposed individuals eating gluten-containing foods (Catassi et al., 2007; Celiac Working Group et al., 2008; Green & Cellier, 2007; Hill et al., 2005). There are several endocrine disorders that are associated with CD. In many of these cases, CD does not present with the typical gastrointestinal symptoms. Nurses working with children who have endocrine conditions need to consider CD as part of the differential and follow-up care plan. This awareness will facilitate more efficient diagnosis and minimize the risk of conditions associated with untreated CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
*Celiac Disease/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
Comorbidity
Delayed Diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
Diet, Gluten-Free
*Endocrine System Diseases/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy
Genetic Testing
Humans
Mass Screening
Pediatric Nursing
Prevalence
United States/epidemiology},
   ISSN = {0882-5963},
   Accession Number = {20620815},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.pedn.2010.04.011},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cabrera-Chavez, F. and de la Barca, A. M.},
   title = {Bovine milk intolerance in celiac disease is related to IgA reactivity to alpha- and beta-caseins},
   journal = {Nutrition},
   volume = {25},
   number = {6},
   pages = {715-6},
   note = {1873-1244
Cabrera-Chavez, Francisco
de la Barca, Ana Maria Calderon
Comment
Letter
United States
Nutrition. 2009 Jun;25(6):715-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.01.006. Epub 2009 Mar 5.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease triggered mainly by ingestion of wheat gluten proteins. However, some other dietary proteins, such as those of cow's milk, induce celiac disease-like symptoms in some patients with celiac disease. Different approaches have been done to detect the component responsible for this problem, including the possibility of gluten peptides present in cow's milk.},
   keywords = {Animals
Caseins/*immunology
Cattle
Celiac Disease/blood/*immunology
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Epitopes
Gliadin/*immunology
Glutens/administration & dosage/immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood/*immunology
Milk/chemistry
Milk Hypersensitivity},
   ISSN = {0899-9007},
   Accession Number = {19268534},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.nut.2009.01.006},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cabrera-Chavez, F. and Rouzaud-Sandez, O. and Sotelo-Cruz, N. and Calderon de la Barca, A. M.},
   title = {Bovine milk caseins and transglutaminase-treated cereal prolamins are differentially recognized by IgA of celiac disease patients according to their age},
   journal = {J Agric Food Chem},
   volume = {57},
   number = {9},
   pages = {3754-9},
   note = {1520-5118
Cabrera-Chavez, Francisco
Rouzaud-Sandez, Ofelia
Sotelo-Cruz, Norberto
Calderon de la Barca, Ana M
Journal Article
United States
J Agric Food Chem. 2009 May 13;57(9):3754-9. doi: 10.1021/jf802596g.},
   abstract = {The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) has increased worldwide, which could be related to some dietary proteins in infant regimens and/or new food processes, affecting CD-predisposed infants and older children or adults differentially. IgA reactivity to human and bovine caseins, as well as yogurt caseins and prolamins from wheat or maize breads, microbial transglutaminase (mTG)-treated or not, was evaluated in three patient groups: G1, <2 years old; G2, approximately 3 years old; and G3 >8 years old. Human caseins were not recognized by IgA, whereas IgA reactivity of G2 and G3 was higher to bovine milk caseins. Immunoreactivity of G1 to yogurt caseins was lower and comparable to controls, with no effects due to mTG treatment. However, mTG treatment increased reactivity of G3 to wheat and maize prolamins. IgA immunoreactivity of CD patients to caseins and mTG-treated or not prolamins was age-dependent, which could reflect a differential manifestation of the effects of such proteins on the intestinal barrier.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aging/*immunology
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Bread/analysis
Caseins/chemistry/*immunology
Cattle
Celiac Disease/*immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Glutens/chemistry
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood/*immunology
Infant
Milk/chemistry
Milk, Human/chemistry
Molecular Sequence Data
Prolamins/*immunology
Transglutaminases/*pharmacology
Triticum/chemistry
Yogurt/analysis
Zea mays/chemistry},
   ISSN = {0021-8561},
   Accession Number = {19290628},
   DOI = {10.1021/jf802596g},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cakal, B. and Beyazit, Y. and Koklu, S. and Akbal, E. and Biyikoglu, I. and Yilmaz, G.},
   title = {Elevated adenosine deaminase levels in celiac disease},
   journal = {J Clin Lab Anal},
   volume = {24},
   number = {5},
   pages = {323-6},
   note = {1098-2825
Cakal, Basak
Beyazit, Yavuz
Koklu, Seyfettin
Akbal, Erdem
Biyikoglu, Ibrahim
Yilmaz, Gulsen
Comparative Study
Journal Article
United States
J Clin Lab Anal. 2010;24(5):323-6. doi: 10.1002/jcla.20410.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is a genetically based chronic inflammatory disorder of the small bowel induced by the dietary gluten and possibly other environmental cofactors. The objective of this study was to investigate the relation of adenosine deaminase (ADA), a cytoplasmic enzyme involved in the catabolism of purine bases, as an index of altered immune response, with adult CD patients. ADA has been shown to increase in several inflammatory conditions, but there is no literature data indicating an alteration in CD. Serum levels of ADA were investigated in newly diagnosed 20 CD patients. ADA levels were compared in patients with CD and in healthy controls. Correlation analysis was also performed between ADA and other serum markers of CD (anti-gliadin and anti-endomysial antibodies) Mean serum ADA levels were significantly elevated in CD patients compared with control group. ROC curve analysis suggested that the optimum ADA level cut-off point for CD was 12.27 U/l. At a cut-off value of 12.27 U/l, the sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 100%. There was no statistically significant correlation between ADA and anti-gliadin and anti-endomisium antibodies. Serum ADA levels elevated significantly in CD patients, suggesting a partial role in activated T-cell response in the disease pathophysiology. ADA can be used as a supportive diagnostic marker in patients with CD.},
   keywords = {Adenosine Deaminase/*blood
Adult
Biomarkers/*blood
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*enzymology
Female
Humans
Male
ROC Curve},
   ISSN = {0887-8013},
   Accession Number = {20872567},
   DOI = {10.1002/jcla.20410},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Caldas, C. A. and Lage, L. V. and de Carvalho, J. F.},
   title = {Behcet's disease associated with celiac disease: a very rare association},
   journal = {Rheumatol Int},
   volume = {30},
   number = {4},
   pages = {523-5},
   note = {1437-160x
Caldas, Cezar Augusto Muniz
Lage, Lais Verderame
de Carvalho, Jozelio Freire
Case Reports
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Rheumatol Int. 2010 Feb;30(4):523-5. doi: 10.1007/s00296-009-0955-y. Epub 2009 May 15.},
   abstract = {There are common findings between Behcet's disease (BD) and celiac disease (CD); however, association in the same patient is a rarity. We relate the third case in the literature of this overlap in a 40-year-old woman with history of obstipation since her childhood. She also presented asymmetric polyarthralgia, loss of weight, anemia, oral recurrent aphthas (>3/year) and genital ulcerations, inflammatory lower back pain, bowel bleeding and abdominal colic. Afterwards, she presented episodes of erythema nodosum, superficial thrombophlebitis, pseudofolliculitis and aseptic meningitis, thus fulfilling criteria for BD. Due to persistence of the digestive complaints, a gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed. The biopsy showed chronic duodenitis with intraepithelial lymphocytosis, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy. Endomysial antibody was positive. She fulfilled the diagnosis criteria for CD; a gluten-free diet was applied with clinical improvement. Ascertaining whether pathogenic mechanisms are common in these two conditions requires further investigation.},
   keywords = {Adult
Behcet Syndrome/*complications/pathology
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnosis/diet therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Female
Humans
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0172-8172},
   Accession Number = {19444447},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00296-009-0955-y},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Calder, P. C. and Albers, R. and Antoine, J. M. and Blum, S. and Bourdet-Sicard, R. and Ferns, G. A. and Folkerts, G. and Friedmann, P. S. and Frost, G. S. and Guarner, F. and Lovik, M. and Macfarlane, S. and Meyer, P. D. and M'Rabet, L. and Serafini, M. and van Eden, W. and van Loo, J. and Vas Dias, W. and Vidry, S. and Winklhofer-Roob, B. M. and Zhao, J.},
   title = {Inflammatory disease processes and interactions with nutrition},
   journal = {Br J Nutr},
   volume = {101 Suppl 1},
   pages = {S1-45},
   note = {1475-2662
Calder, P C
Albers, R
Antoine, J-M
Blum, S
Bourdet-Sicard, R
Ferns, G A
Folkerts, G
Friedmann, P S
Frost, G S
Guarner, F
Lovik, M
Macfarlane, S
Meyer, P D
M'Rabet, L
Serafini, M
van Eden, W
van Loo, J
Vas Dias, W
Vidry, S
Winklhofer-Roob, B M
Zhao, J
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
Br J Nutr. 2009 May;101 Suppl 1:S1-45. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509377867.},
   abstract = {Inflammation is a stereotypical physiological response to infections and tissue injury; it initiates pathogen killing as well as tissue repair processes and helps to restore homeostasis at infected or damaged sites. Acute inflammatory reactions are usually self-limiting and resolve rapidly, due to the involvement of negative feedback mechanisms. Thus, regulated inflammatory responses are essential to remain healthy and maintain homeostasis. However, inflammatory responses that fail to regulate themselves can become chronic and contribute to the perpetuation and progression of disease. Characteristics typical of chronic inflammatory responses underlying the pathophysiology of several disorders include loss of barrier function, responsiveness to a normally benign stimulus, infiltration of inflammatory cells into compartments where they are not normally found in such high numbers, and overproduction of oxidants, cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids and matrix metalloproteinases. The levels of these mediators amplify the inflammatory response, are destructive and contribute to the clinical symptoms. Various dietary components including long chain omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, plant flavonoids, prebiotics and probiotics have the potential to modulate predisposition to chronic inflammatory conditions and may have a role in their therapy. These components act through a variety of mechanisms including decreasing inflammatory mediator production through effects on cell signaling and gene expression (omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, plant flavonoids), reducing the production of damaging oxidants (vitamin E and other antioxidants), and promoting gut barrier function and anti-inflammatory responses (prebiotics and probiotics). However, in general really strong evidence of benefit to human health through anti-inflammatory actions is lacking for most of these dietary components. Thus, further studies addressing efficacy in humans linked to studies providing greater understanding of the mechanisms of action involved are required.},
   keywords = {Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diet therapy/physiopathology
Cardiovascular Diseases/diet therapy/physiopathology
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/physiopathology
Humans
Inflammation/diet therapy/*physiopathology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diet therapy/physiopathology
Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology
Obesity/diet therapy/physiopathology
Respiratory Hypersensitivity/diet therapy/physiopathology
Skin Diseases/diet therapy/physiopathology},
   ISSN = {0007-1145},
   Accession Number = {19586558},
   DOI = {10.1017/s0007114509377867},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Capriles, V. D. and Martini, L. A. and Areas, J. A.},
   title = {Metabolic osteopathy in celiac disease: importance of a gluten-free diet},
   journal = {Nutr Rev},
   volume = {67},
   number = {10},
   pages = {599-606},
   note = {1753-4887
Capriles, Vanessa D
Martini, Ligia A
Areas, Jose Alfredo G
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
United States
Nutr Rev. 2009 Oct;67(10):599-606. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00232.x.},
   abstract = {Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) is frequently found in individuals with untreated celiac disease (CD), possibly due to calcium and vitamin D malabsorption, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and misbalanced bone remodeling. A gluten-free diet (GFD) promotes a rapid increase in BMD that leads to complete recovery of bone mineralization in children. Children may attain normal peak bone mass if the diagnosis is made and treatment is given before puberty, thereby preventing osteoporosis in later life. A GFD improves, but rarely normalizes, BMD in patients diagnosed with CD in adulthood. In some cases, nutritional supplementation may be necessary. More information on therapeutic alternatives is needed.},
   keywords = {Bone Demineralization, Pathologic/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy
Bone Density/*physiology
Bone Remodeling
Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage
Celiac Disease/*complications/diet therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Dietary Supplements
Early Diagnosis
Female
Fractures, Bone/complications
Humans
Inflammation
Intestinal Absorption
Male
Osteoporosis/complications/prevention & control
Vitamin D/administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {0029-6643},
   Accession Number = {19785691},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00232.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Capristo, E. and Malandrino, N. and Farnetti, S. and Mingrone, G. and Leggio, L. and Addolorato, G. and Gasbarrini, G.},
   title = {Increased serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration in celiac disease after gluten-free diet treatment correlates with body fat stores},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {43},
   number = {10},
   pages = {946-9},
   note = {1539-2031
Capristo, Esmeralda
Malandrino, Noemi
Farnetti, Sara
Mingrone, Geltrude
Leggio, Lorenzo
Addolorato, Giovanni
Gasbarrini, Giovanni
Journal Article
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009 Nov-Dec;43(10):946-9. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181978e4d.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration correlates with increased cardiovascular risk. A great prevalence of celiac disease (CD) was reported among patients with low HDL-C concentration, and gluten-free diet (GFD) treatment seems to normalize lipid profile. We evaluated blood lipids and body composition in 26 CD patients with low HDL-C level (<1.0 mmol/L) at diagnosis and after GFD. STUDY: A case-control study. METHODS: The diagnosis was based on histologic evidence of subtotal or total duodenal villous atrophy. Patients were studied before and after GFD treatment (14.2+/-1.4 mo) with biopsy-proven return to normal of the duodenal mucosa. HDL-C was enzymatically assessed after precipitation of very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein with heparin-magnesium. Apolipoprotein (Apo)-AI level was assessed by immunoturbidimetric assay; triglycerides by an enzymatic colorimetric method. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Body composition improved after GFD, with increasing body weight (P<0.05) essentially owing to increased fat mass (FM) (P<0.01), rather than fat-free mass (P=0.064). Total cholesterol and HDL-C were lower in untreated compared with treated patients (P<0.001 and P<0.0001). Apo-AI level increased significantly after GFD (1.20+/-0.22 vs. 1.46+/-0.17 g/L; P<0.0001). Apo-AI, sex, and FM were all significant determinants of HDL-C level; a positive correlation (R=0.68; P<0.0001) was found between increase in HDL-C level and in FM after GFD treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Restoration of lipid profile in CD patients after GFD treatment may be explained by an increase in both Apo-AI secretion by intestinal cells and body fat stores.},
   keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon/methods
Adipose Tissue/*metabolism
Apolipoprotein A-I/*metabolism
Body Composition
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/metabolism
Cholesterol, HDL/blood
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Intestines/cytology/metabolism
Male
Sex Factors},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {19809359},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181978e4d},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Caproni, M. and Antiga, E. and Melani, L. and Fabbri, P.},
   title = {Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis},
   journal = {J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol},
   volume = {23},
   number = {6},
   pages = {633-8},
   note = {1468-3083
Caproni, M
Antiga, E
Melani, L
Fabbri, P
Italian Group for Cutaneous Immunopathology
Journal Article
Review
England
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009 Jun;23(6):633-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03188.x. Epub 2009 Mar 10.},
   abstract = {Dermatitis herpetiformis is a rare disease that should be considered the cutaneous expression of a gluten-sensitive enteropathy indistinguishable from celiac disease. Dermatitis herpetiformis is often misdiagnosed and to date no guidelines for the management of dermatitis herpetiformis have been published in Literature. The present guidelines have been prepared for dermatologists by the Group for Cutaneous Immunopathology of the Italian Society of Dermatology and Venereology. They reflect the best data available at the time of preparation and the clinical experience of the authors and the members of the Italian Group for Cutaneous Immunopathology. The diagnosis of dermatitis herpetiformis is established clinically, histologically, immunopathologically and serologically. A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the treatment of choice for patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Dapsone and/or other drugs should be used during the period until the GFD is effective. In conclusion, the present guidelines provide evidence-based guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis.},
   keywords = {Dermatitis Herpetiformis/*diagnosis/*therapy
Humans
*Practice Guidelines as Topic},
   ISSN = {0926-9959},
   Accession Number = {19470076},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03188.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Caputo, I. and Barone, M. V. and Martucciello, S. and Lepretti, M. and Esposito, C.},
   title = {Tissue transglutaminase in celiac disease: role of autoantibodies},
   journal = {Amino Acids},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {693-9},
   note = {1438-2199
Caputo, Ivana
Barone, Maria Vittoria
Martucciello, Stefania
Lepretti, Marilena
Esposito, Carla
Journal Article
Review
Austria
Amino Acids. 2009 Apr;36(4):693-9. doi: 10.1007/s00726-008-0120-z. Epub 2008 Jul 4.},
   abstract = {In celiac disease (CD), gluten, the disease-inducing toxic component in wheat, induces the secretion of IgA-class autoantibodies which target tissue transglutaminase (tTG). These autoantibodies are produced in the small-intestinal mucosa, and, during gluten consumption, they can also be detected in patients' serum but disappear slowly from the circulation on a gluten-free diet. Interestingly, after adoption of a gluten-free diet the serum autoantibodies disappear from the circulation more rapidly than the small-intestinal mucosal autoantibody deposits. The finding of IgA deposits on extracellular tTG in the liver, kidney, lymph nodes and muscles of patients with CD indicates that tTG is accessible to the gut-derived autoantibodies. Although the specific autoantibody response directed against tTG is very characteristic in celiac patients, their role in the immunopathology of the celiac mucosal lesion is a matter of debate. Here we report a brief summary of anti-tTG antibody effects demonstrating that these antibodies are functional and not mere bystanders in the disease pathogenesis. In fact, they inhibit intestinal epithelial cell differentiation, induce intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, increase epithelial permeability and activate monocytes and disturb angiogenesis.},
   keywords = {Autoantibodies/*immunology/pharmacology
Celiac Disease/chemically induced/*immunology/pathology
Cell Differentiation/drug effects
Cell Proliferation/drug effects
GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*immunology
Glutens/adverse effects/immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/immunology
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
Transglutaminases/antagonists & inhibitors/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0939-4451},
   Accession Number = {18600381},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00726-008-0120-z},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Caputo, I. and Lepretti, M. and Martucciello, S. and Esposito, C.},
   title = {Enzymatic strategies to detoxify gluten: implications for celiac disease},
   journal = {Enzyme Res},
   volume = {2010},
   pages = {174354},
   note = {2090-0414
Caputo, Ivana
Lepretti, Marilena
Martucciello, Stefania
Esposito, Carla
Journal Article
United States
Enzyme Res. 2010 Oct 7;2010:174354. doi: 10.4061/2010/174354.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is a permanent intolerance to the gliadin fraction of wheat gluten and to similar barley and rye proteins that occurs in genetically susceptible subjects. After ingestion, degraded gluten proteins reach the small intestine and trigger an inappropriate T cell-mediated immune response, which can result in intestinal mucosal inflammation and extraintestinal manifestations. To date, no pharmacological treatment is available to gluten-intolerant patients, and a strict, life-long gluten-free diet is the only safe and efficient treatment available. Inevitably, this may produce considerable psychological, emotional, and economic stress. Therefore, the scientific community is very interested in establishing alternative or adjunctive treatments. Attractive and novel forms of therapy include strategies to eliminate detrimental gluten peptides from the celiac diet so that the immunogenic effect of the gluten epitopes can be neutralized, as well as strategies to block the gluten-induced inflammatory response. In the present paper, we review recent developments in the use of enzymes as additives or as processing aids in the food biotechnology industry to detoxify gluten.},
   ISSN = {2090-0414},
   Accession Number = {21048862},
   DOI = {10.4061/2010/174354},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Caristo, E. and Tognato, E. and Di Dio, G. and Rapa, A. and Fonio, P.},
   title = {[Increasing prevalence of celiac children with negative serum antigliadin antibodies]},
   journal = {Minerva Pediatr},
   volume = {62},
   number = {2},
   pages = {119-23},
   note = {Caristo, E
Tognato, E
Di Dio, G
Rapa, A
Fonio, P
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article
Italy
Minerva Pediatr. 2010 Apr;62(2):119-23.},
   abstract = {AIM: In the last few years we noted an increasing number of children with celiac disease with negative serum anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) a useful serologic test to monitor compliance to gluten-free diet. The aim of this study was to verify diagnostic accuracy of AGA and compare clinical characteristics of AGA-negative with AGA-positive celiac children. METHODS: The authors analyzed serum of AGA-negative celiac children with 3 Elisa kits, and compared clinical and anthropometric data of AGA-negative with AGA-positive celiac children. Celiac disease was diagnosed with small bowel biopsy, and total IgA were determined. Children with IgA-deficiency were excluded. RESULTS: When retested with two other commercial kits, serum values of AGA-negative children were confirmed in all but one. In the last 14 years a diagnosis of celiac disease was performed in 166 children, in 56 of them (33.7%) antigliadin antibodies were negative. Preva-lence of AGA-negative celiac children increased significantly in the last years (from 23% before 2002 to 39.8% after 2002, P=0.04). AGA-negative children were significantly older (7.8 years vs. 3.7 years, P=0.0007) they complained more frequently of abdominal pain (55%, vs. 25,4% P=0.04) and less frequently of anaemia (8% vs. 24.5% P=0.012) and were less likely to have a classical celiac triad (5.3 vs. 22%, P=0.004) than AGA-positive children. CONCLUSION: Serum AGA seem no longer useful for monitoring compliance to gluten-free diet. In children where AGA are negative at diagnosis, when the child eats a normal amount of gluten, they are going to remain negative even after poor compliance.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Antibodies/blood
Celiac Disease/blood/*diagnosis/*epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Gliadin/immunology
Hematologic Tests
Humans
Infant
Male
Prevalence
Reproducibility of Results},
   ISSN = {0026-4946 (Print)
0026-4946},
   Accession Number = {20440230},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Carroccio, A. and Di Prima, L. and Noto, D. and Fayer, F. and Ambrosiano, G. and Villanacci, V. and Lammers, K. and Lafiandra, D. and De Ambrogio, E. and Di Fede, G. and Iacono, G. and Pogna, N.},
   title = {Searching for wheat plants with low toxicity in celiac disease: Between direct toxicity and immunologic activation},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {43},
   number = {1},
   pages = {34-9},
   note = {1878-3562
Carroccio, Antonio
Di Prima, Lidia
Noto, Davide
Fayer, Francesca
Ambrosiano, Giuseppe
Villanacci, Vincenzo
Lammers, Karen
Lafiandra, Domenico
De Ambrogio, Enzo
Di Fede, Gaetana
Iacono, Giuseppe
Pogna, Norberto
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2011 Jan;43(1):34-9. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.05.005. Epub 2010 Jun 15.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Natural or induced variations in the noxiousness of gluten proteins for celiac disease (CD) patients are currently being investigated for their potential in breeding wheat crops with reduced toxicity. AIMS: We evaluated the bread wheat line C173 for its effects on the in vitro-grown duodenal mucosa of CD patients. METHODS: In vitro-grown duodenal mucosa biopsies of 19 CD patients on a gluten-free diet were exposed to peptic/tryptic-digested prolamins from bread wheat line C173 lacking gliadin-glutenin subunits, analyzed for morphology, cytokine and anti-tTG antibody production, and compared with mucosa biopsies exposed to prolamins from wild-type cv. San Pastore. RESULTS: Duodenal mucosa biopsies exposed to prolamins from C173 and San Pastore released higher amounts of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-10 and anti-tTG antibodies in the culture medium than untreated controls. The line C173 differed from cv. San Pastore as it did not produce negative effects on enterocyte height, suggesting that manipulating prolamin composition can affect innate immune responses of CD mucosa to wheat gluten. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that this gliadin-deficient wheat has a lower direct toxicity but activates an immunologic reaction of the duodenal mucosa like that of the common wheat species.},
   keywords = {Antibodies/metabolism
Celiac Disease/immunology/*metabolism/pathology
Gene Deletion
Humans
Interferon-gamma/metabolism
Interleukin-10/metabolism
Interleukin-2/metabolism
Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/*metabolism/pathology
Prolamins/immunology/*toxicity
Tissue Culture Techniques
Triticum/genetics/immunology/*toxicity},
   ISSN = {1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {20554485},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2010.05.005},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Casella, G. and Villanacci, V. and Di-Bella, C. and de-Marco, E. and Pagni, F. and Drera, E. and Ortenzi, R. and Baldini, V. and Bassotti, G.},
   title = {Colonoscopic findings in coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet},
   journal = {Rev Esp Enferm Dig},
   volume = {102},
   number = {9},
   pages = {538-41},
   note = {Casella, G
Villanacci, V
Di-Bella, C
de-Marco, E
Pagni, F
Drera, E
Ortenzi, R
Baldini, V
Bassotti, G
Journal Article
Spain
Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2010 Sep;102(9):538-41.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: to date, there are few data on colonoscopic findings in patients with celiac disease, and most of these obtained in patients with iron deficiency anaemia. AIMS: we assessed colonoscopic findings in unselected patients with coeliac disease, since there are no studies available also considering morphological aspects, and there is literature suggestion of increased prevalence of colorectal tumours. MATERIAL AND METHODS: colonoscopies with multiple biopsies were retrospectively analyzed in 42 coeliac disease patients on gluten-free diet above age 40; 16 had clinical or laboratory features of iron deficiency anaemia. Mucosal biopsies were evaluated for the presence of intraepithelial lymphocytes and of mucosal eosinophils, in addition to conventional histologic assessment, and compared with those obtained in 15 controls. RESULTS: macroscopic abnormalities (polyps, diverticula, inflammatory changes) were found in 26% of patients. Microscopic abnormalities (lymphocytic colitis, melanosis coli, rectal histiocytosis) were found in 36% of patients. None of these findings was found in controls. Coeliac disease patients had significantly higher eosinophil score than controls in the right colon, whereas this was not significantly different between groups in the left colon. CONCLUSIONS: colonoscopic findings in coeliac disease on gluten-free diet may reveal significant findings, even in patients without iron deficiency anaemia. There is the need of further studies in larger cohorts of patients to establish whether colonoscopy in these patients may be clinically useful.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/*pathology
*Colonoscopy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Retrospective Studies},
   ISSN = {1130-0108 (Print)
1130-0108},
   Accession Number = {20883070},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cassio, A. and Ricci, G. and Baronio, F. and Miniaci, A. and Bal, M. and Bigucci, B. and Conti, V. and Cicognani, A.},
   title = {Long-term clinical significance of thyroid autoimmunity in children with celiac disease},
   journal = {J Pediatr},
   volume = {156},
   number = {2},
   pages = {292-5},
   note = {1097-6833
Cassio, Alessandra
Ricci, Giampaolo
Baronio, Federico
Miniaci, Angela
Bal, Milva
Bigucci, Barbara
Conti, Veronica
Cicognani, Alessandro
Journal Article
United States
J Pediatr. 2010 Feb;156(2):292-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.08.047. Epub 2009 Oct 20.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term outcome of thyroid function and autoimmunity in a large series of children with celiac disease. STUDY DESIGN: This longitudinal, retrospective study (duration of follow-up, 8.9 +/- 4.0 years) was conducted at the Pediatric Department, University of Bologna, Italy. One hundred thirty-five consecutive patients diagnosed between June 1990 and December 2004 and followed on a gluten-free diet were examined. Inclusion criteria were good dietary compliance and duration of follow-up for at least 3 years. RESULTS: Of 101 patients who never showed positive antithyroid titers during the follow-up, 86 remained euthyroid; 15 showed high thyroid-stimulating hormone values at diagnosis that normalized in 11 cases after 12 to 18 months of gluten withdrawal. Of 31 patients with persistently positive antibody titers, 23 (74%) remained consistently euthyroid during the follow-up and 8 (26%) had a subclinical hypothyroidism. The prevalence of cases with positive antibodies was similar in children with growth retardation or gastroenterological symptoms at diagnosis and different durations of gluten exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of antithyroid antibodies in children with celiac disease has a low predictive value for the development of thyroid hypofunction during the indicated surveillance period. Longer follow-up is needed.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Autoantibodies/blood
Celiac Disease/*epidemiology/immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/immunology
Growth Disorders/epidemiology/immunology
Humans
Hypothyroidism/epidemiology/immunology
Italy/epidemiology
Male
Peroxidase/immunology
Prevalence
Retrospective Studies
Thyroglobulin/immunology
Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/*epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control
Thyrotropin/blood},
   ISSN = {0022-3476},
   Accession Number = {19846116},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.08.047},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Castellanos-Rubio, A. and Santin, I. and Irastorza, I. and Sanchez-Valverde, F. and Castano, L. and Vitoria, J. C. and Bilbao, J. R.},
   title = {A regulatory single nucleotide polymorphism in the ubiquitin D gene associated with celiac disease},
   journal = {Hum Immunol},
   volume = {71},
   number = {1},
   pages = {96-9},
   note = {1879-1166
Castellanos-Rubio, Ainara
Santin, Izortze
Irastorza, Inaki
Sanchez-Valverde, Felix
Castano, Luis
Vitoria, Juan Carlos
Bilbao, Jose Ramon
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Hum Immunol. 2010 Jan;71(1):96-9. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.09.359.},
   abstract = {An aberrant immune response triggered by dietary gluten is the main driving force underlying celiac disease (CD), but other biologic pathways that are dysregulated also participate in disease development. Genetic variation within these pathways might influence expression, contributing to susceptibility to CD. We have investigated the implication of ubiquitin D (UBD), a member of the ubiquitin-proteasome system that is strongly upregulated in the intestinal mucosa of active CD. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of intestinal biopsy sample pairs (at diagnosis vs treated) from 30 CD patients confirmed overexpression of UBD in active disease tissue (fold change = 8.3; p = 0.0022). In silico prediction tools identified rs11724 as a putative regulatory single nucleotide polymorphism and association analysis of 468 CD patients and 459 controls revealed that the minor rs11724*C allele was more frequent among patients (minor allele frequency = 0.44 vs 0.39; odds ratio [OR] = 1.23; p = 0.028) and suggested a dominant allele effect (OR = 1.49; p = 0.0045). Correlation of the rs11724 genotype and UBD mRNA levels (OR = 0.76; p = 0.0021) further supports its implication in disease development.},
   keywords = {Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*genetics/pathology
Child, Preschool
Female
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Male
*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Ubiquitins/*genetics
Up-Regulation},
   ISSN = {0198-8859},
   Accession Number = {19808075},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.humimm.2009.09.359},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Castellanos-Rubio, A. and Santin, I. and Martin-Pagola, A. and Irastorza, I. and Castano, L. and Vitoria, J. C. and Bilbao, J. R.},
   title = {Long-term and acute effects of gliadin on small intestine of patients on potentially pathogenic networks in celiac disease},
   journal = {Autoimmunity},
   volume = {43},
   number = {2},
   pages = {131-9},
   note = {1607-842x
Castellanos-Rubio, Ainara
Santin, Izortze
Martin-Pagola, Ainhoa
Irastorza, Inaki
Castano, Luis
Vitoria, Juan Carlos
Bilbao, Jose Ramon
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Autoimmunity. 2010 Mar;43(2):131-9. doi: 10.3109/08916930903225229.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is a complex, immune-mediated intolerance to gliadin that develops in genetically susceptible individuals. Although the main driving force of the disease is an aberrant autoimmune response, several other pathogenic mechanisms, many still unidentified, are also involved. In order to describe at a network level the alterations provoked by a gliadin insult on the intestinal mucosa of patients, we compared the expression profiles of biopsies from 9 active and 9 treated patients (long-term effects of gliadin), and of 10 biopsies from gluten-free diet treated patients that were incubated in vitro with or without gliadin (acute effects) and integrated significantly altered transcripts into potentially pathogenic biological processes. Using information on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and Gene Ontology terms represented among the differentially expressed genes, we observed important dysfunction in several complex networks, including those related to cell-cell communication, intracellular signaling, ubiquitin-proteasome system, cell cycle/apoptosis and extracellular matrix. The reconstruction of the role of these biological networks in the development of the intestinal lesion in CD provides a comprehensive picture of key events that contribute to the disease, and could point towards novel functional candidates that might be potential therapeutic targets or responsible for genetic susceptibility.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*genetics
Gene Expression/*drug effects
Gene Expression Profiling
Gliadin/*pharmacology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/*drug effects
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Signal Transduction/*drug effects
Time},
   ISSN = {0891-6934},
   Accession Number = {19814655},
   DOI = {10.3109/08916930903225229},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Castillo-Ortiz, J. D. and Duran-Barragan, S. and Sanchez-Ortiz, A. and Ramos-Remus, C.},
   title = {[Anti-transglutaminase, antigladin and ultra purified anti-gladin antibodies in patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis]},
   journal = {Reumatol Clin},
   volume = {7},
   number = {1},
   pages = {27-9},
   note = {1885-1398
Castillo-Ortiz, Jose Dionisio
Duran-Barragan, Sergio
Sanchez-Ortiz, Adriana
Ramos-Remus, Cesar
English Abstract
Journal Article
Spain
Reumatol Clin. 2011 Jan-Feb;7(1):27-9. doi: 10.1016/j.reuma.2010.03.006. Epub 2010 Jun 23.},
   abstract = {UNLABELLED: Celiac disease (CD) is an enteric disease caused by dietary gluten in individuals with genetic predisposition. One of the clinical manifestations of CD is the peripheral arthritis that may simulate RA. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of anti-gliadin (aGL), anti-tissue transglutaminase (aTGT) and ultra purified anti-gliadin (AGLU) antibodies in patients with RA. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. We included consecutive patients diagnosed as RA (ACR). Demographic and clinical data was registered by direct interview and serum levels of aGL, aTGT y aGLU were determined using ELISA. RESULTS: Eighty-five RA patients were included; 87% were women. Mean age was 44+/-12 years, mean disease duration 12 +/-9 years. aGL IgG antibodies were positive in 16 patients, IgA aGL antibodies in 29 patients, aGLU in 14 patients and only one patient had aTGT. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible that CD may be the correct diagnosis in a patient with polyarthritis, even if the patient meets the ACR criteria for RA. In other words, CD should be considered among the differential diagnoses in a patient with poly-arthritis.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Antibody Specificity
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*diagnosis/immunology
Autoantibodies/blood/*immunology
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/immunology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Delayed Diagnosis
*Diagnostic Errors
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
GTP-Binding Proteins/*immunology
Gliadin/*immunology
Humans
Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology
Male
Middle Aged
Transglutaminases/*immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1699-258x},
   Accession Number = {21794776},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.reuma.2010.03.006},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Catassi, C. and Fasano, A.},
   title = {Celiac disease diagnosis: simple rules are better than complicated algorithms},
   journal = {Am J Med},
   volume = {123},
   number = {8},
   pages = {691-3},
   note = {1555-7162
Catassi, Carlo
Fasano, Alessio
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Am J Med. 2010 Aug;123(8):691-3. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.02.019.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is the only treatable autoimmune disease, provided that a correct diagnosis is achieved and a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet is implemented. The current diagnostic algorithm for celiac disease includes initial screening serological tests, followed by a confirmatory small intestinal biopsy showing the autoimmune insult typical of celiac disease. The biopsy, considered the diagnostic gold standard, has been recently questioned as a reliable and conclusive test for every case. Indeed, the wide variability of celiac disease-related findings suggests that it is difficult to conceptualize the diagnostic process into rigid algorithms that do not always cover the clinical complexity of this disease. Instead we find clinically useful the shifting to a quantitative approach that can be defined as the "4 out of 5" rule: the diagnosis of celiac disease is confirmed if at least 4 of the following 5 criteria are satisfied: typical symptoms of celiac disease; positivity of serum celiac disease immunoglobulin, A class autoantibodies at high titer; human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 or DQ8 genotypes; celiac enteropathy at the small bowel biopsy; and response to the gluten-free diet.},
   keywords = {Algorithms
Autoantibodies/analysis
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/genetics/immunology/pathology
HLA Antigens/analysis
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/pathology},
   ISSN = {0002-9343},
   Accession Number = {20670718},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.02.019},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cerf-Bensussan, N.},
   title = {Autoimmunity and diet},
   journal = {Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program},
   volume = {64},
   pages = {91-9; discussion 99-104, 251-7},
   note = {Cerf-Bensussan, Nadine
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Switzerland
Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2009;64:91-9; discussion 99-104, 251-7. doi: 10.1159/000235785. Epub 2009 Aug 19.},
   abstract = {Whether diet may influence autoimmunity has been the subject of many unsolved debates. Interestingly, growing evidence indicates a large overlap between the mechanisms controlling tolerance to dietary antigens and autoimmunity. To discuss these links, we will focus on two model human diseases. The first one is IPEX syndrome due to mutations in the X-linked foxp3 gene. Studies of this disease underscore the role of regulatory FOXP3+ T cells in controlling the reactivity against self antigens and the response to dietary proteins in humans. The second is celiac disease, a complex poly-genic disease where exposure to dietary wheat proteins can trigger an autoimmune-like attack of the intestine frequently associated with the onset of extra-digestive autoimmune disorders. In the later disease, recent work shed light on the mechanisms that drive the intestinal inflammatory response to gluten and suggests impairment of immunoregulatory mechanisms that control intestinal tolerance and autoimmunity. Yet the exact role of gluten in the pathogenesis of extra-intestinal autoimmunity has not been elucidated. Interestingly, recent work indicates that dietary factors, including vitamin A and breast milk feeding, can protect against the development of harmful responses to dietary proteins. It is unclear whether this protection can apply to the prevention of autoimmunity.},
   keywords = {Animals
Autoantibodies/immunology
Autoimmunity/*physiology
Celiac Disease/etiology/*immunology
*Diet/adverse effects
Dietary Proteins/*immunology
GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
Glutens/adverse effects/immunology
Humans
Immune Tolerance/*physiology
Immunologic Factors/physiology
Milk, Human/immunology
Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/etiology/*immunology
Syndrome
T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Transglutaminases/immunology
Vitamin A/administration & dosage},
   ISSN = {1661-6677 (Print)
1661-6677},
   Accession Number = {19710517},
   DOI = {10.1159/000235785},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chauhan, J. C. and Kumar, P. and Dutta, A. K. and Basu, S. and Kumar, A.},
   title = {Assessment of dietary compliance to gluten free diet and psychosocial problems in Indian children with celiac disease},
   journal = {Indian J Pediatr},
   volume = {77},
   number = {6},
   pages = {649-54},
   note = {0973-7693
Chauhan, J C
Kumar, Praveen
Dutta, A K
Basu, Srikanta
Kumar, Arun
Journal Article
India
Indian J Pediatr. 2010 Jun;77(6):649-54. doi: 10.1007/s12098-010-0092-3. Epub 2010 Jun 8.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess dietary compliance to Gluten Free Diet (GFD), to identify barriers to compliance and to study the impact of diet on the psychosocial behavior of children with celiac disease. METHODS: Children diagnosed with celiac disease and followed up for more than 6 months, were assessed for dietary compliance. After this assessment, patients were subjected to an interview, consisting of self administered questionnaire, by the investigator who was blinded to initial results of initial assessment. Psychosocial parameters were assessed by standard Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) containing 35 items. Dietary compliant and non-compliant groups were compared for assessed factors affecting the dietary compliance. Cases were also compared to healthy controls for psychosocial parameters. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients were assessed for dietary compliance: 53(75%) were found to be dietary compliant, 13(18%) dietary non-compliant while 4 had doubtful dietary compliance. Final analysis was done for 64 patients who had complete assessment; 4 patients with doubtful dietary compliance and 2 patients who had incomplete assessment, were excluded. Dietary compliance was higher in younger children (>80%) compared to adolescents (44%); in children with higher maternal education; in parents having better knowledge and understanding of disease. Compliance was better in nuclear families; with less number of siblings (68.3% of compliant had <2 siblings compared to 23% in non-compliant); in families with higher per capita income. Dietary compliance was also better in children who presented with typical symptoms of celiac disease (72% of dietary compliant presented with loose motion as presenting symptom compared to only 15% in non-compliant). Celiac children had problems related to adjustment such as difficulty in maintaining diet at school, restaurants, trips, etc.45% patients complained that their teachers don't understand the nature of their disease. Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) score was above cut-off in 4 children of dietary non-compliant group. Few individual PSC items such as complaints of aches and pains; is irritable, angry; does not listen to the rules, blames other for mistakes; teases others; refuses to share, were more common in celiac children than control. CONCLUSIONS: Noncompliance to gluten free dietary regimen is seen in 18 % of cases. Dietary noncompliance is more common in the adolescent age group, in joint families and those who have more number of siblings. Dietary restrictions have impact on child's social activities and thus psychosocial parameters (PSC score) are better in the dietary compliant group.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*diet therapy/*psychology
Child
Child, Preschool
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Humans
India
Patient Compliance/*psychology
Poverty
Risk Assessment
Risk Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires},
   ISSN = {0019-5456},
   Accession Number = {20532683},
   DOI = {10.1007/s12098-010-0092-3},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cheng, J. and Brar, P. S. and Lee, A. R. and Green, P. H.},
   title = {Body mass index in celiac disease: beneficial effect of a gluten-free diet},
   journal = {J Clin Gastroenterol},
   volume = {44},
   number = {4},
   pages = {267-71},
   note = {1539-2031
Cheng, Jianfeng
Brar, Pardeep S
Lee, Anne R
Green, Peter H R
Journal Article
United States
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr;44(4):267-71. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181b7ed58.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is concern about celiac disease patients being overweight and gaining more weight while on a gluten-free diet (GFD). AIM: To investigate body mass index (BMI) and effect of GFD on BMI of celiac disease patients in the United States where obesity is a systematic problem. METHODS: BMI at diagnosis and after 2.8 years (mean) on a GFD were compared with national data. RESULTS: Among our patients (n=369, 67.2% female), 17.3% were underweight, 60.7% normal, 15.2% overweight, and 6.8% obese. All patients were followed by a dietitian. Compared with national data, females had lower BMI (21.9 vs. 24.2, P<0.0001) and fewer were overweight (11% vs. 21%, P<0.0001); more males had a normal BMI (59.5% vs. 34%, P<0.0001) and fewer were underweight (9.1% vs. 26.7%, P<0.0001). Factors associated with low BMI were female sex, Marsh IIIb/c histology, and presentation with diarrhea. On GFD, 66% of those who were underweight gained weight, whereas 54% of overweight and 47% of obese patients lost weight. CONCLUSIONS: A GFD had a beneficial impact on BMI, underweight patients gained weight and overweight/obese patients lost weight. The improvement in BMI adds to the impetus to diagnose celiac disease. Expert dietary counseling may be a major factor in the beneficial effects we noted.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Body Mass Index
Celiac Disease/complications/*diet therapy/pathology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Obesity/complications/pathology
Overweight
Prevalence
Reference Values
Thinness/complications/pathology
United States},
   ISSN = {0192-0790},
   Accession Number = {19779362},
   DOI = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181b7ed58},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Chicco, D. and Taddio, A. and Sinagra, G. and Di Lenarda, A. and Ferrara, F. and Moretti, M. and Martelossi, S. and Di Toro, N. and Ventura, A. and Not, T.},
   title = {Speeding up coeliac disease diagnosis in cardiological settings},
   journal = {Arch Med Sci},
   volume = {6},
   number = {5},
   pages = {728-32},
   note = {1896-9151
Chicco, Daniela
Taddio, Andrea
Sinagra, Gianfranc
Di Lenarda, Andrea
Ferrara, Fortunato
Moretti, Michele
Martelossi, Stefano
Di Toro, Nicola
Ventura, Alessandro
Not, Tarcisio
Journal Article
Poland
Arch Med Sci. 2010 Oct;6(5):728-32. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2010.17088. Epub 2010 Oct 26.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: High prevalence of coeliac disease (CD) has been reported among patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We evaluated the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of screening for CD by rapid test of anti-transglutaminase antibodies in the cardiology outpatients' clinic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We screened the blood samples of 104 patients with DCM, 44 of their first-degree relatives, 63 diseased controls and 101 healthy controls for the presence of anti-transglutaminase antibodies in a drop of whole blood using a rapid assay. This test was compared to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the anti-endomysium antibody test. RESULTS: Our rapid test was positive in three (2.9%) DCM patients, in one (2%) relative and in one (1%) healthy control. These subjects were positive at both control assays. Two DCM patients had iron-deficient anaemia. The healthy relative was asymptomatic, while the healthy control experienced extreme asthenia. The relative refused intestinal biopsy, while the others showed histological evidence of CD. During the gluten-free diet, the patient with the worst left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) underwent heart transplant, and LVEF values improved in the other two. Anaemia and tiredness resolved in all patients. CONCLUSION: Early detection of CD in a cardiological setting allows prompt treatment with a gluten-free diet of gluten-dependent complaints with potential benefits for the course of DCM.},
   keywords = {anti-transglutaminase antibodies
coeliac disease
dilative cardiomyopathy
screening},
   ISSN = {1734-1922},
   Accession Number = {22419932},
   DOI = {10.5114/aoms.2010.17088},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ciacci, C. and Maiuri, L. and Russo, I. and Tortora, R. and Bucci, C. and Cappello, C. and Santonicola, A. and Luciani, A. and Passananti, V. and Iovino, P.},
   title = {Efficacy of budesonide therapy in the early phase of treatment of adult coeliac disease patients with malabsorption: an in vivo/in vitro pilot study},
   journal = {Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol},
   volume = {36},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1170-6},
   note = {1440-1681
Ciacci, C
Maiuri, L
Russo, I
Tortora, R
Bucci, C
Cappello, C
Santonicola, A
Luciani, A
Passananti, V
Iovino, P
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Australia
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009 Dec;36(12):1170-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05211.x. Epub 2009 May 19.},
   abstract = {1. Budesonide is a glucocorticosteroid with a local anti-inflammatory effect. Coeliac disease is an immune-mediated disease caused by gluten ingestion in intolerant patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of budesonide in malabsorptive coeliac patients and its effect in an in vitro gliadin challenge. 2. Twenty coeliac patients with malabsorption were enrolled in the present study and were randomly assigned to one of two 4 week treatments: (i) a gluten-free diet alone; or (ii) a gluten-free diet plus 6 mg budesonide daily. At the end of 4 weeks treatment, all patients underwent clinical evaluation, laboratory tests and self-evaluation of well-being using a visual analogue scale. Intestinal biopsies from five coeliac patients (selected randomly) and four non-coeliac disease controls who underwent upper endoscopy for intestinal bleeding were challenged with gliadin (0.5 mg/mL) and budesonide (10-30 microg/mL) for 3 and 24 h. Biopsies were tested by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence for known markers of inflammation. 3. Treatment of patients with 6 mg budesonide daily for 4 weeks resulted in increased bodyweight, a decreased number of evacuations and decreased stool weight compared with patients on a gluten-free diet alone for 4 weeks. Well-being scores were higher in patients treated with both a gluten-free diet and budesonide compared with those receiving a gluten-free diet alone. 4. In vitro studies showed that budesonide reduced epithelial tyrosine phosphorylation and expression of histocompatibility leucocyte antigen complex DR (HLA-DR) elicited by gliadin-derived peptides. In addition, the expression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in the lamina propria was reduced in patients treated with both gliadin and budesonide compared with patients treated with gliadin alone. Budesonide alone decreased HLA-DR in crypt enterocytes, as well as ICAM-1 and COX-2 expression in the lamina propria of biopsy specimen of coeliac patients. Budesonide had no effect in control samples. 5. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that budesonide shows efficacy in the treatment of symptoms in adult coeliac patients with overt malabsorption. The mechanism underlying the effects of budesonide in reducing symptoms was elucidated by in vitro studies involving a gliadin challenge.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Budesonide/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Celiac Disease/*drug therapy
Cells, Cultured
Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenum/drug effects/metabolism/pathology
Female
Gliadin/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology
Humans
Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
Intestinal Absorption/*drug effects
Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/metabolism
Male
Middle Aged
Pilot Projects
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0305-1870},
   Accession Number = {19473192},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05211.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Ciccocioppo, R. and Finamore, A. and Mengheri, E. and Millimaggi, D. and Esslinger, B. and Dieterich, W. and Papola, F. and Colangeli, S. and Tombolino, V. and Schuppan, D. and Corazza, G. R.},
   title = {Isolation and characterization of circulating tissue transglutaminase-specific T cells in coeliac disease},
   journal = {Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol},
   volume = {23},
   number = {1},
   pages = {179-91},
   note = {Ciccocioppo, R
Finamore, A
Mengheri, E
Millimaggi, D
Esslinger, B
Dieterich, W
Papola, F
Colangeli, S
Tombolino, V
Schuppan, D
Corazza, G R
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010 Jan-Mar;23(1):179-91.},
   abstract = {Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) was identified as the humoral autoantigen in coeliac disease, but whether it can also serve as T cell autoantigen is still unknown. We aimed, therefore, to firstly explore the presence of TG2-specific T cells in peripheral blood of ten adult patients (four active, i.e. carrying both serological and histological features of the disease; four treated, i.e. with proven mucosal recovery and disappearance of specific antibodies after an adequate period of gluten free diet; and two potential coeliacs, i.e. carrying the serological stigmata of the disease, but not the intestinal lesions), and four healthy controls (two carrying the HLA-DQ2 haplotype of susceptibility to the disease), and secondly to carry out a detailed in vitro characterization of the isolated antigen-specific T cells. T cell lines were first established by means of weekly stimulation with human recombinant TG2 followed by generation of T cell clones through distribution of T cells on plates at one cell/well limiting dilution and further rounds of stimulation. Antigen specificity and HLA-DQ2 restriction were both assessed by evaluating the proliferative response to TG2 in the absence and presence of human sera blocking HLA-DQ2 molecules, after exclusion of impurities in the antigen preparation. Immune phenotyping of T cell clones was performed by flow cytometry, and the expression of IL-1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TGF-beta, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha was determined by ELISA assay on the supernatants of these clones. A total of 91 T cell clones were isolated from the three HLA-DQ2-positive, active patients, but none from the other patients and controls. The immune phenotyping showed that the majority of them (85.7 percent) were CD3/CD4+ and only a small percentage (14.3 percent) were CD3/CD8+, all carried the TCR alphabeta, and had a memory phenotype. The cytokine profile showed high levels of IFN-gamma and IL-6 that, together with the absence of IL-4, placed these T cell clones in the T helper type 1-like category. Further in vitro analysis was carried out on 32/91 CD4+ clones and showed a specific and dose-dependent proliferative response towards TG2 and an HLA-DQ2 restriction. Finally, when incubating duodenal mucosal specimens of treated patients with the supernatant of TG2-specific T cell clones, characteristic disease lesions were found, indicating a role for TG2-specific cellular immune response in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.},
   keywords = {Adult
Celiac Disease/etiology/*immunology
Cell Separation
Female
GTP-Binding Proteins/*immunology
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
Humans
Immunophenotyping
Interferon-gamma/physiology
Lymphocyte Activation
Male
Middle Aged
T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
Transglutaminases/*immunology},
   ISSN = {0394-6320 (Print)
0394-6320},
   Accession Number = {20377989},
   DOI = {10.1177/039463201002300116},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cil, T. and Altintas, A. and Isikdogan, A. and Pasa, S. and Bayan, K. and Batun, S. and Buyukbayram, H.},
   title = {Screening for Celiac disease in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients},
   journal = {Turk J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {20},
   number = {2},
   pages = {87-92},
   note = {2148-5607
Cil, Timucin
Altintas, Abdullah
Isikdogan, Abdurrahman
Pasa, Semir
Bayan, Kadim
Batun, Sabri
Buyukbayram, Huseyin
Journal Article
Turkey
Turk J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun;20(2):87-92.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: Celiac disease is an abnormal T cell-mediated immune response against dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. The aim of our prospective study was to evaluate the frequency of Celiac disease in patients with lymphoma and to determine the usefulness of the anti-gliadin and anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA) for diagnosis of Celiac disease in this patient group. METHODS: We studied 119 patients with previously or newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 60 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma who presented at the hematology and medical oncology divisions of Dicle University Hospital in Turkey between December 2002 and January 2006. Serological screening for Celiac disease was performed in all patients by searching for serum anti-gliadin immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G, and EMA immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G. RESULTS: In the Hodgkin's lymphoma group, anti-gliadin immunoglobulin A was detected in 9 (15%) patients (3 male, 6 female), and antigliadin immunoglobulin G was detected in 21 (35%) patients (15 male, 6 female). In the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma group, antigliadin immunoglobulin A was detected in 6 (5%) patients (2 M male 4 female), and anti-gliadin immunoglobulin G was detected in 30 (25.2%) patients (18 male, 12 female). EMA immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G were not detected in the Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our report is the first to describe the frequency of Celiac disease in patients with lymphoma in the southeast region of Turkey. In our study, there was no evidence that Celiac disease is a pre-malignant condition for lymphoma. Serological screening for Celiac disease in lymphoma patients does not seem to be necessary.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Autoantibodies/blood
Celiac Disease/blood/*epidemiology
Comorbidity
Female
Gliadin/blood/immunology
Hodgkin Disease/blood/*epidemiology
Hospitals, University/statistics & numerical data
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood
Immunoglobulin G/blood
Incidence
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/blood/*epidemiology
Male
Mass Screening
Middle Aged
Turkey/epidemiology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {1300-4948},
   Accession Number = {19530040},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Colecchia, A. and Di Biase, A. R. and Scaioli, E. and Festi, D.},
   title = {Coeliac disease and autoimmune hepatitis: Gluten-free diet can influence liver disease outcome},
   journal = {Dig Liver Dis},
   volume = {43},
   number = {3},
   pages = {247},
   note = {1878-3562
Colecchia, Antonio
Di Biase, Anna Rita
Scaioli, Eleonora
Festi, Davide
Comment
Letter
Netherlands
Dig Liver Dis. 2011 Mar;43(3):247. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.09.011. Epub 2010 Dec 9.},
   keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
Celiac Disease/*complications/*diet therapy/drug therapy
Child
Combined Modality Therapy
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Hepatitis, Autoimmune/*complications/*diet therapy/drug therapy
Humans
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1590-8658},
   Accession Number = {21145795},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.dld.2010.09.011},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Collado, M. C. and Donat, E. and Ribes-Koninckx, C. and Calabuig, M. and Sanz, Y.},
   title = {Specific duodenal and faecal bacterial groups associated with paediatric coeliac disease},
   journal = {J Clin Pathol},
   volume = {62},
   number = {3},
   pages = {264-9},
   note = {1472-4146
Collado, M C
Donat, E
Ribes-Koninckx, C
Calabuig, M
Sanz, Y
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
J Clin Pathol. 2009 Mar;62(3):264-9. doi: 10.1136/jcp.2008.061366. Epub 2008 Nov 7.},
   abstract = {AIMS: To identify specific gut bacteria associated with coeliac disease (CD) at diagnosis and after treatment with a gluten-free diet (GFD) in a paediatric population. METHODS: 30 and 18 faecal samples from untreated and treated CD patients and 25 and 8 biopsy samples from untreated and treated CD patients, respectively, were analysed. In addition, 30 faecal and 8 biopsy samples from control children were evaluated for comparative purposes. Gut bacterial groups were quantified by real-time PCR. RESULTS: Bacteroides and Clostridium leptum groups were more abundant in faeces and biopsies of CD patients than in controls regardless of the stage of the disease. E coli and Staphylococcus counts were also higher in faeces and biopsies of non-treated CD patients than in those of controls, but their levels were normalised after treatment with a GFD. Bifidobacterium levels were lower in faeces of both groups of CD patients and in biopsies of untreated CD patients compared to controls. Similar bacterial groups were related to CD in biopsies and faeces, indicating that faecal microbiota partly reflects that of the small intestine in CD patients, and could constitute a convenient biological index of this disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Duodenal and faecal microbiota is unbalanced in children with untreated CD and only partially restored after long-term treatment with a GFD, constituting a novel factor linked to this disorder.},
   keywords = {Bacteria/classification/*isolation & purification
Bacterial Typing Techniques/methods
Biopsy
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/diet therapy/*microbiology/pathology
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenum/*microbiology
Feces/*microbiology
Female
Humans
Male
Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods},
   ISSN = {0021-9746},
   Accession Number = {18996905},
   DOI = {10.1136/jcp.2008.061366},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Colleran, G. C. and Cronin, K. C. and Casey, M. and Bennani, F. and Tobbia, I. and Barry, K.},
   title = {Enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma: common in coeliac disease},
   journal = {BMJ Case Rep},
   volume = {2009},
   note = {1757-790x
Colleran, Gabrielle Christina
Cronin, Kevin Christopher
Casey, Mary
Bennani, Fadel
Tobbia, Iqdam
Barry, Kevin
Journal Article
England
BMJ Case Rep. 2009;2009. pii: bcr06.2008.0270. doi: 10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0270. Epub 2009 Feb 23.},
   abstract = {A 56-year-old male admitted with haematemesis and epigastric pain and severe weight loss on a background of coeliac disease. Computed tomography (CT) abdomen revealed a thickening of the mucosal folds of a short segment of jejunum. He deteriorated and had an exploratory laparotomy and bowel resection with side-side jejojejunal stapled anastomosis and extended right hemicolectomy and ileocolic anastomosis. Histology demonstrated multifocal high-grade malignant T cell lymphoma. Coeliac disease is a very common lifelong disorder. It is associated with osteoporosis, infertility, autoimmune disorders and increased risk of malignancy including an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) especially of the T cell type. Enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma is associated with a very poor prognosis. There is significant evidence that adherence to a gluten-free diet decreases the risk of developing enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma and helps to prevent development of autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis in patients with coeliac disease.},
   ISSN = {1757-790x},
   Accession Number = {21686880},
   DOI = {10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0270},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Collins, C. E. and Koay, P.},
   title = {Xerophthalmia because of dietary-induced vitamin a deficiency in a young Scottish man},
   journal = {Cornea},
   volume = {29},
   number = {7},
   pages = {828-9},
   note = {1536-4798
Collins, Cian E
Koay, Peter
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
Cornea. 2010 Jul;29(7):828-9. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181bd9ed5.},
   abstract = {Vitamin A deficiency causing xerophthalmia, although a major public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa, is rarely seen in people living in developed countries. In such cases, it is usually associated with severe malnutrition caused by intestinal disorders, such as celiac disease, pancreatitis, or extensive bowel surgery. Dietary-induced vitamin A deficiency leading to xerophthalmia has rarely been reported in the United Kingdom. In this case, we report on a young man who presented with corneal xerosis and whose history of corneal ulceration had not been linked to his restricted diet, which resulted in vitamin A deficiency. Unlike other cases, this young man had no history of psychiatric illness and led a normal active lifestyle.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Diet
Humans
Male
Vitamin A/administration & dosage
Vitamin A Deficiency/*complications/drug therapy
Xerophthalmia/*etiology},
   ISSN = {0277-3740},
   Accession Number = {20489600},
   DOI = {10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181bd9ed5},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Constantin, C. and Touraev, A. and Heberle-Bors, E. and Quirce, S. and Huber, W. D. and Valenta, R.},
   title = {Detection of antigens reactive to IgE and IgA during wheat seed maturation and in different wheat cultivars},
   journal = {Int Arch Allergy Immunol},
   volume = {149},
   number = {3},
   pages = {181-7},
   note = {1423-0097
Constantin, Claudia
Touraev, Alisher
Heberle-Bors, Erwin
Quirce, Santiago
Huber, Wolf Dietrich
Valenta, Rudolf
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Switzerland
Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009;149(3):181-7. doi: 10.1159/000199713. Epub 2009 Feb 12.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dietary intake of wheat causes hypersensitivity reactions in patients suffering from IgE-mediated food allergy and coeliac disease. AIM: To study the expression of IgE- and IgA-reactive antigens during wheat seed maturation and in different wheat cultivars. METHODS: Summer wheat was grown in a glasshouse and seeds were harvested at defined maturation stages. Mature seeds were obtained from 13 different defined cultivars. Protein extracts were prepared from different maturation stages and cultivars with a standardized procedure based on seed weight and analysed by IgE and IgA immunoblotting using sera from clinically defined patients suffering from wheat allergy or coeliac disease. RESULTS: With a few exceptions the expression of IgE- and IgA-reactive wheat antigens increased during wheat seed maturation. Wheat cultivars could be identified in which the expression of certain IgE- and IgA-reactive components was strongly reduced or not detectable. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of IgE- and IgA-reactive antigens depends on wheat seed maturation and varies in different wheat cultivars.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Allergens/immunology
Antigens, Plant/analysis/*immunology
Celiac Disease/immunology
Female
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/blood/*immunology
Immunoglobulin E/blood/*immunology
Male
Middle Aged
Plant Extracts/immunology
Seed Storage Proteins/immunology
Seeds/growth & development/*immunology
Triticum/*immunology
Wheat Hypersensitivity/blood/*immunology},
   ISSN = {1018-2438},
   Accession Number = {19218810},
   DOI = {10.1159/000199713},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Copelton, D. A. and Valle, G.},
   title = {"You don't need a prescription to go gluten-free": the scientific self-diagnosis of celiac disease},
   journal = {Soc Sci Med},
   volume = {69},
   number = {4},
   pages = {623-31},
   note = {1873-5347
Copelton, Denise A
Valle, Giuseppina
Journal Article
England
Soc Sci Med. 2009 Aug;69(4):623-31. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.012. Epub 2009 Jun 24.},
   abstract = {We explore the social process of celiac disease diagnosis using fieldwork in the United States with two celiac support groups, interviews, and a virtual ethnography of an online discussion board. Distinguishing between medical diagnosis, self-diagnosis, and scientific self-diagnosis, we examine patients' varied paths to diagnosis and their attempts to legitimize symptoms as celiac disease. Web-based direct-access testing (DAT) permits patients to bypass physician requisition for testing in their diagnostic quest. While such laboratories do not diagnose disease per se, they provide the consumer with the scientific information necessary to self-diagnose. This scientific self-diagnosis grants individuals greater legitimacy for their claims of an illness identity than self-diagnosis alone, but less legitimacy than medical diagnosis. We examine the implications of scientific self-diagnosis for the social construction of diagnosis and professional and lay ways of knowing.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/diet therapy
*Consumer Health Information
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Internet
Interviews as Topic
Male
Middle Aged
Physician-Patient Relations
*Self Care
*Self-Help Groups
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0277-9536},
   Accession Number = {19559513},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.012},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Coplan, B.},
   title = {Common signs and symptoms, and a diagnosis that is often overlooked},
   journal = {Jaapa},
   volume = {22},
   number = {12},
   pages = {40-5},
   note = {Coplan, Bettie
Case Reports
Journal Article
United States
JAAPA. 2009 Dec;22(12):40-5.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Adult
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/*etiology
Celiac Disease/complications/*diagnosis/diet therapy
Chronic Disease
Constipation/*etiology
Female
Headache/etiology
Humans
Stomatitis, Aphthous/etiology},
   ISSN = {1547-1896 (Print)
0893-7400},
   Accession Number = {24887467},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Corvo, M. and Ghiglioni, D. and Gemellaro, L. and Sarratud, T. and Fiocchi, A.},
   title = {[Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of allergic diseases in children]},
   journal = {Pediatr Med Chir},
   volume = {31},
   number = {4},
   pages = {153-9},
   note = {Corvo, M
Ghiglioni, D
Gemellaro, L
Sarratud, T
Fiocchi, A
English Abstract
Journal Article
Italy
Pediatr Med Chir. 2009 Jul-Aug;31(4):153-9.},
   abstract = {Gastrointestinal food allergies are a spectrum of disorders that result from adverse immune responses to dietary antigens. The disorders include immediate gastrointestinal hypersensitivity, allergic eosinophilic esophagitis, gastritis, gastroenterocolitis, proctitis, dietary protein enterocolitis, enteropathy and celiac disease. Additional disorders sometimes attributed to food allergy include colic, gastroesophageal reflux and constipation. The pediatrician faces several challenges in dealing with these disorders because diagnosis requires differentiating allergic disorders from many other causes of similar symptoms and therapy requires identification of causal foods, application of therapeutic diets and/or medications and monitoring for resolution of these disorders.},
   keywords = {Child
Food Hypersensitivity/*complications/diagnosis
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*etiology
Humans},
   ISSN = {0391-5387 (Print)
0391-5387},
   Accession Number = {19839397},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cosnes, J.},
   title = {[Diagnosis of celiac disease in a young woman]},
   journal = {Gastroenterol Clin Biol},
   volume = {33},
   number = {6-7},
   pages = {518-20},
   note = {Cosnes, J
Case Reports
Journal Article
France
Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2009 Jun-Jul;33(6-7):518-20. doi: 10.1016/j.gcb.2009.02.021. Epub 2009 Mar 21.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology
Adult
Biopsy
Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/therapy
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Patient Compliance
Stomach/pathology},
   ISSN = {0399-8320 (Print)
0399-8320},
   Accession Number = {19304425},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.gcb.2009.02.021},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cseh, A. and Vasarhelyi, B. and Szalay, B. and Molnar, K. and Nagy-Szakal, D. and Treszl, A. and Vannay, A. and Arato, A. and Tulassay, T. and Veres, G.},
   title = {Immune phenotype of children with newly diagnosed and gluten-free diet-treated celiac disease},
   journal = {Dig Dis Sci},
   volume = {56},
   number = {3},
   pages = {792-8},
   note = {1573-2568
Cseh, Aron
Vasarhelyi, Barna
Szalay, Balazs
Molnar, Kriszta
Nagy-Szakal, Dorottya
Treszl, Andras
Vannay, Adam
Arato, Andras
Tulassay, Tivadar
Veres, Gabor
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
Dig Dis Sci. 2011 Mar;56(3):792-8. doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1363-6. Epub 2010 Aug 5.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent data suggest the involvement of both the adaptive and the innate immune system in celiac disease (CD). However, little is known about the immune phenotype of children with CD and its alteration upon dietary intervention. AIMS: We characterized the prevalence of major interacting members of the adaptive and innate immune system in peripheral blood of newly diagnosed children with CD and tested its alteration with the improvement of clinical signs after the introduction of gluten-free diet (GFD). METHODS: Peripheral blood was taken from ten children with biopsy-proven CD at the time of diagnosis and after the resolution of clinical symptoms following GFD. As controls, 15 children with functional abdominal pain were enrolled. The prevalence of the cells of adaptive and innate immunity was measured with labeled antibodies against surface markers and intracellular FoxP3 using a flow cytometer. RESULTS: Patients with CD were found to have lower T helper, Th1 and natural killer (NK), NKT and invariant NKT cell prevalence and with higher prevalence of activated CD4(+) cells, myeloid dendritic cells (DC) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR-4 positive DCs and monocytes compared to controls. After resolution of symptoms on GFD, the majority of these changes normalized, although the prevalence of NK and NKT cell, DC and TLR-2 expressing DCs and monocytes remained abnormal. CONCLUSIONS: The immune phenotype in childhood CD indicates the implication of both adaptive and innate immune system. The normalization of immune abnormalities occurs on GFD, but the kinetics of this process probably differs among different cell types.},
   keywords = {Adaptive Immunity
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Celiac Disease/diagnosis/*diet therapy/*immunology
Child, Preschool
Dendritic Cells/immunology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
Glutens/adverse effects/immunology
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
Male
Monocytes/immunology
Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
Phenotype
Pilot Projects
T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
Th1 Cells/immunology
Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology
Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology},
   ISSN = {0163-2116},
   Accession Number = {20683660},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10620-010-1363-6},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cummins, A. G. and Alexander, B. G. and Chung, A. and Teo, E. and Woenig, J. A. and Field, J. B. and Thompson, F. M. and Roberts-Thomson, I. C.},
   title = {Morphometric evaluation of duodenal biopsies in celiac disease},
   journal = {Am J Gastroenterol},
   volume = {106},
   number = {1},
   pages = {145-50},
   note = {1572-0241
Cummins, Adrian G
Alexander, Basile G
Chung, Adrian
Teo, Edward
Woenig, Josh A
Field, John B J
Thompson, Fiona M
Roberts-Thomson, Ian C
Comparative Study
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
United States
Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;106(1):145-50. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.313. Epub 2010 Aug 24.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The Marsh classification is a semiquantitative method for the diagnosis and monitoring of changes in duodenal biopsies in celiac disease. We have explored the possibility that quantitative changes in villous area and crypt length (morphometry) may provide better information on changes in duodenal morphology, particularly after the introduction of a gluten-free diet. METHODS: We measured villous height, apical and basal villous widths, and crypt length in 57 adults with celiac disease and 83 control subjects. Villous area was calculated as a trapezoid approximation. Serial changes in villous area and crypt length were determined at regular intervals for up to 4 years after the introduction of a gluten-free diet. Morphometric changes were also correlated with Marsh grade, self-reported adherence to a gluten-free diet, and changes in celiac serology. RESULTS: The gluten-free diet resulted in a progressive increase in villous area and a progressive decrease in crypt length. Morphometric improvement reached a plateau after 6-12 months with mean villous area attaining a value approximately half that of control subjects. Morphometric data were more sensitive than Marsh grade. Improvement in morphometric indices was significantly associated with the disappearance of anti-endomysial IgA antibody but not with dietary compliance. CONCLUSIONS: Morphometry is a sensitive way to document changes in duodenal biopsies in celiac disease. In adults treated with a gluten-free diet, it is uncommon for villous area to return to values observed in control subjects, but morphometric improvement is associated with the disappearance of anti-endomysial IgA antibody.},
   keywords = {Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Analysis of Variance
Biopsy, Needle
Case-Control Studies
Celiac Disease/*diet therapy/*pathology/physiopathology
*Diet, Gluten-Free
Duodenoscopy/methods
Duodenum/*pathology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Male
Microdissection
Middle Aged
Monitoring, Physiologic/methods
Patient Compliance
Reference Values
Risk Assessment
Sex Factors
Time Factors
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0002-9270},
   Accession Number = {20736938},
   DOI = {10.1038/ajg.2010.313},
   year = {2011},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Cummins, A. G. and Roberts-Thomson, I. C.},
   title = {Prevalence of celiac disease in the Asia-Pacific region},
   journal = {J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {24},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1347-51},
   note = {1440-1746
Cummins, Adrian G
Roberts-Thomson, Ian C
Journal Article
Australia
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Aug;24(8):1347-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05932.x.},
   abstract = {The development of sensitive and specific serological assays for celiac disease has led to a revision of the prevalence of this disease in many countries. In the Asia-Pacific region, prevalence has been determined in only a minority of countries but those with prevalence rates of 1:50-1:500 adults include Australia, Iran, Israel, New Zealand, Syria and Turkey. In contrast, celiac disease appears to be extremely rare in Japan and may be rare in China. In India, prevalence rates are high in the northern states but much lower in the southern states. In individual countries, important determinants of prevalence include the per capita consumption of wheat and the frequency of a specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type genetically defined as HLA-DQB1*02 (*0201 or *0202) and serologically defined as HLA-DQ2. These determinants predict low prevalence rates for celiac disease in the Pacific Islands, South-East Asia and eastern China but higher rates in countries west of India and China. There is also the potential for a rising incidence of celiac disease if traditional rice-based diets are replaced by Western-style diets with a higher content of wheat products.},
   keywords = {Adult
Asia/epidemiology
Australia/epidemiology
Celiac Disease/*ethnology/*etiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Diet/adverse effects
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Glutens/adverse effects
HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
HLA-DQ beta-Chains
Humans
Infant
New Zealand/epidemiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Triticum/adverse effects},
   ISSN = {0815-9319},
   Accession Number = {19702902},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05932.x},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {da Silva Neves, M. M. and Gonzalez-Garcia, M. B. and Nouws, H. P. and Delerue-Matos, C. and Santos-Silva, A. and Costa-Garcia, A.},
   title = {Celiac disease diagnosis and gluten-free food analytical control},
   journal = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
   volume = {397},
   number = {5},
   pages = {1743-53},
   note = {1618-2650
da Silva Neves, Marta Maria Pereira
Gonzalez-Garcia, Maria Begona
Nouws, Hendrikus Petrus Antonius
Delerue-Matos, Cristina
Santos-Silva, Alice
Costa-Garcia, Agustin
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Germany
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010 Jul;397(5):1743-53. doi: 10.1007/s00216-010-3753-1. Epub 2010 May 6.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy, characterized by an inappropriate T-cell-mediated immune response to the ingestion of certain dietary cereal proteins in genetically susceptible individuals. This disorder presents environmental, genetic, and immunological components. CD presents a prevalence of up to 1% in populations of European ancestry, yet a high percentage of cases remain underdiagnosed. The diagnosis and treatment should be made early since untreated disease causes growth retardation and atypical symptoms, like infertility or neurological disorders. The diagnostic criteria for CD, which requires endoscopy with small bowel biopsy, have been changing over the last few decades, especially due to the advent of serological tests with higher sensitivity and specificity. The use of serological markers can be very useful to rule out clinical suspicious cases and also to help monitor the patients, after adherence to a gluten-free diet. Since the current treatment consists of a life-long gluten-free diet, which leads to significant clinical and histological improvement, the standardization of an assay to assess in an unequivocal way gluten in gluten-free foodstuff is of major importance.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/*diet therapy/genetics/pathology
Food Analysis/*methods
Glutens/*analysis
Humans},
   ISSN = {1618-2642},
   Accession Number = {20446081},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00216-010-3753-1},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dahlbom, I. and Korponay-Szabo, I. R. and Kovacs, J. B. and Szalai, Z. and Maki, M. and Hansson, T.},
   title = {Prediction of clinical and mucosal severity of coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis by quantification of IgA/IgG serum antibodies to tissue transglutaminase},
   journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr},
   volume = {50},
   number = {2},
   pages = {140-6},
   note = {1536-4801
Dahlbom, Ingrid
Korponay-Szabo, Ilma R
Kovacs, Judit B
Szalai, Zsuzsanna
Maki, Markku
Hansson, Tony
Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Feb;50(2):140-6. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a81384.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We analysed whether the quantification of autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase could be used to predict mucosal destruction and disease severity in patients with gluten sensitivity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred seventy patients with coeliac disease (CD), comprising 52 children with severe malabsorption (group I), 59 children with mild symptoms (group II), 59 adults (group III), 134 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), and 131 disease controls, were studied. Serial serum samples of patients in groups I and II on a gluten-free diet were also included. Serum levels of antibodies against recombinant tissue transglutaminase were determined with ELISA using standard curves for quantification of antibodies. RESULTS: Immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (IgA-TGA) were detected in all of the patients with CD and in 95% of the DH patients. The IgA-TGA and IgG-TGA levels were higher in group I (P < 0.001). The IgG-TGA levels and positivity rate in group I (100%) were higher than in group II (81%), group III (73%), and the DH group (67%). Elevated IgA-TGA and IgG-TGA levels in combination predicted a more severe small intestinal atrophy (P < 0.0001) with a specificity of 99% for Marsh IIIb-IIIc (flat) lesions. The kinetics of the IgA-TGA decrease during diet differed between groups I and II. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of IgA-TGA and IgG-TGA antibodies were associated with the grade of mucosal villous atrophy and a more severe clinical presentation. The combined measurement of IgA-TGA and IgG-TGA enables a noninvasive prediction of small intestinal villous atrophy with high accuracy, and may reduce the need for a biopsy in patients with suspected CD.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Autoantibodies/*blood
Celiac Disease/enzymology/*immunology/pathology
Child
Child, Preschool
Dermatitis Herpetiformis/enzymology/*immunology/pathology
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Humans
Immunoglobulin A/*blood
Immunoglobulin G/*blood
Intestinal Mucosa/*pathology
Intestine, Small/pathology
Middle Aged
Transglutaminases/*immunology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0277-2116},
   Accession Number = {19841593},
   DOI = {10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a81384},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Dall'Asta, C. and Galaverna, G. and Mangia, M. and Sforza, S. and Dossena, A. and Marchelli, R.},
   title = {Free and bound fumonisins in gluten-free food products},
   journal = {Mol Nutr Food Res},
   volume = {53},
   number = {4},
   pages = {492-9},
   note = {1613-4133
Dall'Asta, Chiara
Galaverna, Gianni
Mangia, Mattia
Sforza, Stefano
Dossena, Arnaldo
Marchelli, Rosangela
Journal Article
Germany
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Apr;53(4):492-9. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200800088.},
   abstract = {In this work a multiresidual LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous detection of free and bound fumonisins is described, which allowed for a very low LOD and a very good recovery for all the analytes. The method was applied to the determination of free and bound fumonisins in several gluten-free products from the Italian market. Free fumonisins were found to occur in 90% of the samples: the overall median value was below the EU legal limit for foods for human consumption (800 microg/kg). Nonetheless, fumonisins occurred in several samples at concentrations above the legal limit, reaching also very strong contamination levels (maximum concentration level: 3310 microg/kg). Anyway, considering the limited diet of people suffering of the celiac disease or allergic to other wheat proteins, the incidence of fumonisin contamination may be envisaged as problematic. Furthermore, bound fumonisins were found to be present in all the analysed samples at similar or even higher amounts than the free forms. In many cases the sum of free and bound fumonisins exceeded the EU legal limit for total fumonisins also for those samples characterized by a low contamination of free fumonisins, thus opening a new important task to be addressed for the risk assessment in this field.},
   keywords = {Chromatography, Liquid
Fumonisins/*analysis
Glutens/*analysis
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
Zea mays/chemistry/*microbiology},
   ISSN = {1613-4125},
   Accession Number = {19199285},
   DOI = {10.1002/mnfr.200800088},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Daniels, A. H. and Jurgensmeier, D. and McKee, J. and Harrison, M. W. and d'Amato, C. R.},
   title = {Acute celiac artery compression syndrome after surgical correction of Scheuermann kyphosis},
   journal = {Spine (Phila Pa 1976)},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {E149-52},
   note = {1528-1159
Daniels, Alan H
Jurgensmeier, Darin
McKee, Jason
Harrison, Marvin W
d'Amato, Charles R
Case Reports
Journal Article
Review
United States
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Feb 15;34(4):E149-52. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181918f05.},
   abstract = {STUDY DESIGN: A case of acute celiac artery compression syndrome after spinal fusion in a patient with Scheuermann kyphosis is reported. OBJECTIVE: To describe the unusual complication of acute celiac artery compression after surgical kyphosis correction, to outline diagnostic methods, and to review the pertinent literature. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Chronic celiac artery compression syndrome is well described, yet there is only 1 reported case of acute celiac artery compression after surgical correction of kyphosis. There have been no previous reports of this complication leading to foregut ischemic necrosis after correction of Scheuermann kyphosis. METHODS: Case report and literature review. RESULTS: After an anterior release and posterior spinal fusion for a 106 degrees kyphotic deformity performed under 1 anesthetic, our patient developed a perforated gastric antrum on postoperative day 5, evolving to ischemic necrosis of the stomach, gallbladder, and spleen discovered on postoperative day 7. Abdominal angiography indicated that his celiac artery had been occluded at its origin. After this event, the patient required a prolonged intensive care hospital stay and required a Roux-en-Y gastro-jejeunostomy reconstruction. He is now doing well at 1-year follow-up with independent ambulation and a regular diet. CONCLUSION: Acute celiac artery compression after surgical kyphosis correction is a rare but potentially serious adverse event. Spinal deformity surgeons and intensivists should be aware of this entity, and should have a high index of suspicion for it if sepsis of unknown origin, an acute abdomen, or elevated liver enzymes are encountered after surgery after correction of a kyphotic deformity.},
   keywords = {Acute Disease
Adolescent
Arterial Occlusive Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*etiology/surgery
*Celiac Artery/diagnostic imaging/surgery
Constriction, Pathologic
Digestive System Surgical Procedures
Gallbladder/blood supply
Humans
Ischemia/diagnostic imaging/*etiology/surgery
Liver/blood supply
Male
Necrosis
Radiography
Scheuermann Disease/diagnostic imaging/*surgery
Spinal Fusion/*adverse effects
Spleen/blood supply
Stomach/blood supply
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {0362-2436},
   Accession Number = {19214085},
   DOI = {10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181918f05},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {d'Annunzio, G. and Giannattasio, A. and Poggi, E. and Castellano, E. and Calvi, A. and Pistorio, A. and Barabino, A. and Lorini, R.},
   title = {Beta-cell autoimmunity in pediatric celiac disease: the case for routine screening?},
   journal = {Diabetes Care},
   volume = {32},
   number = {2},
   pages = {254-6},
   note = {1935-5548
d'Annunzio, Giuseppe
Giannattasio, Alessandro
Poggi, Elena
Castellano, Emanuela
Calvi, Angela
Pistorio, Angela
Barabino, Arrigo
Lorini, Renata
Journal Article
United States
Diabetes Care. 2009 Feb;32(2):254-6. doi: 10.2337/dc08-1487. Epub 2008 Nov 18.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of beta-cell autoimmunity and the usefulness of a type 1 diabetes screening in patients with celiac disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We measured GAD antibodies (GADAs), insulinoma-associated protein 2 antigens (IA-2As), and insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) in 188 young Italian patients with celiac disease (66 male [35.1%]). Mean age at celiac disease diagnosis was 5.4 years (0.5-17.1), and mean celiac disease duration was 4.2 years (0-28.8). Celiac disease was diagnosed by jejunal biopsy after positivity for endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody was confirmed. RESULTS: GADAs were positive in seven patients (3.7%), and IA-2As were positive in two patients. IAAs were negative in all cases. Metabolic evaluation was normal, and no patients developed diabetes during follow-up. There was no significant association among beta-cell autoimmunity and sex, age, pubertal stage, family history, or coexistence of other autoimmune disorders; compliance to a gluten-free diet was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed a low prevalence of beta-cell autoimmunity and do not support a precocious screening for beta-cell autoimmunity in young celiac disease patients.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Age of Onset
Autoantibodies/blood
Autoimmune Diseases/*epidemiology
Autoimmunity
Celiac Disease/*immunology
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Humans
Infant
Insulin Antibodies/blood
Insulin-Secreting Cells/*immunology
Italy
Male},
   ISSN = {0149-5992},
   Accession Number = {19017767},
   DOI = {10.2337/dc08-1487},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Das, G. and Baglioni, P.},
   title = {Coeliac disease: does it always present with gastrointestinal symptoms?},
   journal = {Qjm},
   volume = {103},
   number = {12},
   pages = {999-1000},
   note = {1460-2393
Das, G
Baglioni, P
Case Reports
Letter
England
QJM. 2010 Dec;103(12):999-1000. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcq046. Epub 2010 Apr 11.},
   keywords = {Adult
Antibodies/blood
Calcium/metabolism
Celiac Disease/*complications/diagnosis
Diet, Gluten-Free
Humans
Male
Seizures/*etiology
Transglutaminases/immunology
Treatment Outcome},
   ISSN = {1460-2393},
   Accession Number = {20385568},
   DOI = {10.1093/qjmed/hcq046},
   year = {2010},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {Daum, S. and Ipczynski, R. and Schumann, M. and Wahnschaffe, U. and Zeitz, M. and Ullrich, R.},
   title = {High rates of complications and substantial mortality in both types of refractory sprue},
   journal = {Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol},
   volume = {21},
   number = {1},
   pages = {66-70},
   note = {1473-5687
Daum, Severin
Ipczynski, Rainer
Schumann, Michael
Wahnschaffe, Ulrich
Zeitz, Martin
Ullrich, Reiner
Journal Article
England
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Jan;21(1):66-70. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328307c20c.},
   abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Refractory sprue (RS) is a rare malabsorption syndrome defined by persisting small bowel villous atrophy despite a strict gluten-free diet. The clinical picture and long-term outcome of RS is highly variable and is not well described. AIM: To define underlying and accompanying diseases and clinical outcome in consecutive patients with RS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical and histological data from patients with RS at our department were analyzed retrospectively. RS was defined as villous atrophy and malabsorption despite a strict gluten-free diet persisting without improvement for more than 6 months or requiring earlier therapeutic intervention. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients with RS were identified (23 RS type I, nine RS type II). Follow-up period was 55 (12-372) months. Two patients progressed from RS type I into type II. Thrombembolic events occurred in nine cases, and additional autoimmune diseases were found in 17 patients. Overt intestinal T-cell lymphoma developed in four patients with RS type II. Three patients with RS type II died during the observation period owing to intestinal T-cell lymphoma and four with RS type I owing to infectious complications. Five-year cumulative survival was 90% (95% confidence interval 76-100) in patients with RS type I and higher than in patients with RS type II (53%, 12-94%; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: RS comprises a very heterogenous group of patients with long-term survival seen even in single patients with RS type II. Overall, survival is shorter in RS type II in comparison with RS type I. Patients with RS type I, however, show similar rates of disease-related complications as well as substantial mortality.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Autoimmune Diseases/complications
Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology
Celiac Disease/*complications/diet therapy/*mortality
Chronic Disease
Diet, Gluten-Free
Disease-Free Survival
Female
Humans
Intestinal Neoplasms/etiology
Kidney Calculi/etiology
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/etiology
Male
Middle Aged
Retrospective Studies
Thromboembolism/etiology
Venous Thrombosis/etiology
Young Adult},
   ISSN = {0954-691x},
   Accession Number = {19011576},
   DOI = {10.1097/MEG.0b013e328307c20c},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de Boissieu, D. and Dupont, C.},
   title = {[Celiac disease in children]},
   journal = {Arch Pediatr},
   volume = {16},
   number = {3},
   pages = {306-8},
   note = {de Boissieu, D
Dupont, C
Case Reports
Journal Article
France
Arch Pediatr. 2009 Mar;16(3):306-8. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2008.12.005. Epub 2009 Feb 8.},
   keywords = {Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/therapy
Child, Preschool
Chronic Disease
Diagnosis, Differential
Diarrhea/*etiology
Diet, Gluten-Free
Female
Humans
Patch Tests},
   ISSN = {0929-693X (Print)
0929-693x},
   Accession Number = {19203866},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.arcped.2008.12.005},
   year = {2009},
   type = {Ref–rence Type}
}

@article{
   author = {de Kauwe, A. L. and Chen, Z. and Anderson, R. P. and Keech, C. L. and Price, J. D. and Wijburg, O. and Jackson, D. C. and Ladhams, J. and Allison, J. and McCluskey, J.},
   title = {Resistance to celiac disease in humanized HLA-DR3-DQ2-transgenic mice expressing specific anti-gliadin CD4+ T cells},
   journal = {J Immunol},
   volume = {182},
   number = {12},
   pages = {7440-50},
   note = {1550-6606
de Kauwe, Andrea L
Chen, Zhenjun
Anderson, Robert P
Keech, Catherine L
Price, Jason D
Wijburg, Odilia
Jackson, David C
Ladhams, Jodi
Allison, Janette
McCluskey, James
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Immunol. 2009 Jun 15;182(12):7440-50. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900233.},
   abstract = {Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory enteropathy caused by cellular immunity to dietary gluten. More than 90% of patients carry HLA-DQ2 encoded by HLA-DQA1*05 and DQB1*02, and gluten-specific CD4(+) T cells from intestinal biopsies of these patients are HLA-DQ2-restricted, produce Th1 cytokines and preferentially recognize gluten peptides deamidated by tissue transglutaminase. We generated mice lacking murine MHC class II genes that are transgenic for human CD4 and the autoimmunity and celiac disease-associated HLA-DR3-DQ2 haplotype. Immunization with the alpha-gliadin 17-mer that incorporates the overlapping DQ2-alpha-I and DQ2-alpha-II epitopes immunodominant in human celiac disease generates peptide-specific HLA-DQ2-restricted CD4(+) T cells. When exposed to dietary gluten, naive or gliadin-primed mice do not develop pathology. Coincident introduction of dietary gluten and intestinal inflammation resulted in low-penetrance enteropathy and tissue transglutaminase-specific IgA. Two further strains of trans

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