text:
3-0026-4},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-02-04},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Ng, W. H. and Chan, Y. L. and Sung, J. Y. and Lee, Y. T. and Lee, S. F. and Chung, S. S. C.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {211--217}
}

@article{kim_analysis_2012,
	title = {Analysis of the {BOLD} {Characteristics} in {Pass}-{Band} {bSSFP} {fMRI}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0899-9457},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646401/},
	doi = {10.1002/ima.21296},
	abstract = {Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) has been proposed as an alternative method to acquire the blood oxygenation level dependent contrast. Particularly, pass-band bSSFP functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is believed to utilize the T2 sensitivity of bSSFP in a relatively wide and flat off-resonance frequency band of the bSSFP profile. The method has a potential to provide higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) efficiency with reduced imaging artifacts compared to conventional approaches. Previous experimental results suggested that the level of the functional contrast and its characteristics are significantly influenced by the sequence parameters. However, few of these contrast characteristics have been investigated systematically. In this study, a computer simulation was performed to investigate the sources of functional contrast and the influence of scan parameters on the functional contrast to elucidate the contrast characteristics of pass-band bSSFP fMRI. Experiments were performed to validate the simulation results.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-06-17},
	journal = {International journal of imaging systems and technology},
	author = {Kim, Taek Soo and Lee, Jongho and Lee, Jin Hyung and Glover, Gary H. and Pauly, John M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23661904},
	pmcid = {PMC3646401},
	pages = {23--32}
}

@article{chyou_two-dimensional_2004,
	title = {Two-{Dimensional} {Phase} {Unwrapping} with a {Multichannel} {Least}-{Mean}-{Square} {Algorithm}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0003-6935, 1539-4522},
	url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-43-30-5655},
	doi = {10.1364/AO.43.005655},
	language = {en},
	number = {30},
	urldate = {2014-05-20},
	journal = {Applied Optics},
	author = {Chyou, Jin-Jung and Chen, Shean-Jen and Chen, Yi-Kuang},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {5655}
}

@article{heiberg_longitudinal_2013,
	title = {Longitudinal strain from velocity encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a validation study},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	shorttitle = {Longitudinal strain from velocity encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/15/1/15/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-15-15},
	abstract = {Regional myocardial function is typically evaluated by visual assessment by experienced users, or by methods requiring substantial post processing time. Visual assessment is subjective and not quantitative. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop and validate a simple method to derive quantitative measures of regional wall function from velocity encoded Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR), and provide associated normal values for longitudinal strain.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-01-24},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Heiberg, Einar and Pahlm-Webb, Ulrika and Agarwal, Shruti and Bergvall, Erik and Fransson, Helen and Steding-Ehrenborg, Katarina and Carlsson, Marcus and Arheden, Håkan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {15}
}

@article{ding_fast_2007,
	title = {Fast prostate segmentation in 3D {TRUS} images based on continuity constraint using an autoregressive model},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0094-2405},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/18072477},
	abstract = {In this article a new slice-based 3D prostate segmentation method based on a continuity constraint, implemented as an autoregressive (AR) model is described. In order to decrease the propagated segmentation error produced by the slice-based 3D segmentation method, a continuity constraint was imposed in the prostate segmentation algorithm. A 3D ultrasound image was segmented using the slice-based segmentation method. Then, a cross-sectional profile of the resulting contours was obtained by intersecting the 2D segmented contours with a coronal plane passing through the midpoint of the manually identified rotational axis, which is considered to be the approximate center of the prostate. On the coronal cross-sectional plane, these intersections form a set of radial lines directed from the center of the prostate. The lengths of these radial lines were smoothed using an AR model. Slice-based 3D segmentations were performed in the clockwise and in the anticlockwise directions, where clockwise and anticlockwise are defined with respect to the propagation directions on the coronal view. This resulted in two different segmentations for each 2D slice. For each pair of unmatched segments, in which the distance between the contour generated clockwise and that generated anticlockwise was greater than 4 mm, a method was used to select the optimal contour. Experiments performed using 3D prostate ultrasound images of nine patients demonstrated that the proposed method produced accurate 3D prostate boundaries without manual editing. The average distance between the proposed method and manual segmentation was 1.29 mm. The average intraobserver coefficient of variation (i.e., the standard deviation divided by the average volume) of the boundaries segmented by the proposed method was 1.6\%. The average segmentation time of a 352 x 379 x 704 image on a Pentium IV 2.8 GHz PC was 10 s.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Ding, Mingyue and Chiu, Bernard and Gyacskov, Igor and Yuan, Xiaping and Drangova, Maria and Downey, Dònal B and Fenster, Aaron},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {18072477},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Male, Models, Statistical, Prostate, Prostatic Neoplasms, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, Regression Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Ultrasonography},
	pages = {4109--4125}
}

@article{thunberg_accuracy_2003,
	title = {Accuracy and reproducibility in phase contrast imaging using {SENSE}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14587017},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10634},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of phase contrast imaging using the sensitivity encoding (SENSE) method at different reduction factors. Analytical expressions were derived that state how reproducibility is influenced for velocity and flow measurements. Computer simulations, and in vitro and in vivo studies were performed in order to validate these expressions and to assess how accuracy is affected when different reduction factors are applied. It was shown that reproducibility depends on the reduction and geometry factors. Since the geometry factor varies spatially, so does the reproducibility for phase contrast imaging. In areas with high geometry factors, the standard deviation (SD) may become so large that aliasing occurs. The accuracy of phase contrast imaging is not influenced directly when SENSE is used, but may be indirectly influenced due to high SDs of the measured phase that may subsequently cause aliasing. The current results show that it is possible to achieve accurate flow measurements even at high reduction factors. By taking the geometry factor into account, it may be possible to find areas where phase contrast imaging is accurate even at high reduction factors.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-08-30},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Thunberg, Per and Karlsson, Matts and Wigström, Lars},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {14587017},
	keywords = {Blood Flow Velocity, Computer Simulation, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {1061--1068}
}

@article{odille_model-based_2010,
	title = {Model-based reconstruction for cardiac cine {MRI} without {ECG} or breath holding},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/20432296},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22312},
	abstract = {This paper describes an acquisition and reconstruction strategy for cardiac cine MRI that does not require the use of electrocardiogram or breath holding. The method has similarities with self-gated techniques as information about cardiac and respiratory motion is derived from the imaging sequence itself; here, by acquiring the center k-space line at the beginning of each segment of a balanced steady-state free precession sequence. However, the reconstruction step is fundamentally different: a generalized reconstruction by inversion of coupled systems is used instead of conventional gating. By correcting for nonrigid cardiac and respiratory motion, generalized reconstruction by inversion of coupled systems (GRICS) uses all acquired data, whereas gating rejects data acquired in certain motion states. The method relies on the processing and analysis of the k-space central line data: local information from a 32-channel cardiac coil is used in order to automatically extract eigenmodes of both cardiac and respiratory motion. In the GRICS framework, these eigenmodes are used as driving signals of a motion model. The motion model is defined piecewise, so that each cardiac phase is reconstructed independently. Results from six healthy volunteers, with various slice orientations, show improved image quality compared to combined respiratory and cardiac gating.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2010-12-08},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Odille, Freddy and Uribe, Sergio and Batchelor, Philip G and Prieto, Claudia and Schaeffter, Tobias and Atkinson, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20432296},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Computer Simulation, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Models, Anatomic, Models, Cardiovascular, Reproducibility of Results, Respiratory Mechanics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Subtraction Technique},
	pages = {1247--1257}
}

@article{purcell_nuclear_1946,
	title = {Nuclear {Magnetic} {Resonance} {Absorption} in {Hydrogen} {Gas}},
	volume = {70},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.70.986},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.70.986},
	number = {11-12},
	urldate = {2011-03-08},
	journal = {Physical Review},
	author = {Purcell, E. M. and Pound, R. V. and Bloembergen, N.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1946},
	pages = {986}
}

@article{turley_distributed_2013,
	title = {Distributed spirals: {A} new class of three-dimensional k-space trajectories},
	volume = {70},
	copyright = {© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {Distributed spirals},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.24475/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.24475},
	abstract = {This work presents a new class of three-dimensional spiral based-trajectories for sampling magnetic resonance data. The distributed spirals trajectory efficiently traverses a cylinder or sphere or intermediate shape in k-space. The trajectory is shown to be nearly as efficient as a conventional stack of spirals trajectory in terms of scan time and signal-to-noise ratio, while reducing coherent aliasing in all three spatial directions and reducing Gibbs ringing due to the nature of collecting data from a sphere in k-space. The trajectory uses a single two-dimensional spiral waveform with the addition of a single orthogonal waveform which is scaled with each repetition, making it relatively easy to implement. Blurring from off-resonance only occurs in two dimensions due to the temporal nature of the sampling. Magn Reson Med 70:413–419, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-07-26},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Turley, Dallas C. and Pipe, James G.},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {golden angle, k-space trajectory, spiral MRI},
	pages = {413--419}
}

@article{jeffery_effects_2011,
	title = {Effects of cardiac motion on 3D contrast‐enhanced {MR} angiography of the carotid arteries},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.22657/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22657},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-02-28},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Jeffery, Dean and Emery, Derek J and Wilman, Alan H},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {cardiac pulsation, carotid artery, carotid motion, contrast‐enhanced MR angiography, translation},
	pages = {532--538}
}

@article{tei_doppler_1996,
	title = {Doppler echocardiographic index for assessment of global right ventricular function},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {0894-7317},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0894731796904769},
	doi = {10.1016/S0894-7317(96)90476-9},
	abstract = {Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function remains difficult and challenging. However, there is considerable clinical need for a simple, reproducible, and reliable parameter of right ventricular function in patients with right-sided heart disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical value of a Doppler-derived index, combining systolic and diastolic intervals of the right cycle, in assessing global right ventricular function in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. The study population comprised 26 consecutive patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and 37 age-matched normal subjects. The sum of right ventricular isovolumetric contraction time and isovolumetric relaxation time was obtained by subtracting right ventricular ejection time from the interval between cessation and onset of the tricuspid inflow velocities with pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. An index of combined right ventricular systolic and diastolic function was obtained by dividing the sum of both isovolumetric intervals by ejection time. The index was compared with available parameters of systolic or diastolic function, clinical symptoms, and survival. Right ventricular isovolumetric contraction time and isovolumetric relaxation time were prolonged significantly in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (85 ± 41 msec and 135 ± 43 msec) compared with normal subjects (38 ± 7 msec and 49 ± 9 msec, respectively; p \< 0.001). Ejection time was shortened significantly in patients with pulmonary hypertension (241 ± 43 msec versus normal [322 ± 21 msec]; p \< 0.001). However, the index was the single most powerful variable to discriminate patients with primary pulmonary hypertension from normal subjects (0.93 ± 0.34 versus 0.28 ± 0.04; p \< 0.001) and was the strongest predictor of clinical status and survival. The index was not significantly affected by heart rate, right ventricular pressure, right ventricular dilation, or tricuspid regurgitation. It is well known that right ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction coexist in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. This article reports the use of an easily obtainable Doppler-derived index that combines elements of systolic and diastolic function. This index appears to be a useful noninvasive means that correlates with symptoms and survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-08-12},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography},
	author = {Tei, Chuwa and Dujardin, Karl S. and Hodge, David O. and Bailey, Kent R. and McGoon, Michael D. and Tajik, A.Jamil and Seward, James B.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {838--847}
}

@article{irarrazabal_spatially_1993,
	title = {Spatially resolved and localized real-time velocity distribution},
	volume = {30},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910300209/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910300209},
	abstract = {A technique is presented for collecting the spin velocity distribution as a function of position and time. It uses a multidimensional excitation pulse to select a cylinder, giving localization in two dimensions. Resolution in the third spatial dimension is achieved in the readout. During readout, an oscillating gradient encodes the acquired data in both one spatial (dimension (x) and one veioclty dimension (v). Two acquisitions (42 ms each) are needed to get a complete coverage of kx — kv, space, which makes this technique real-time. The data is interpolated from the nonuniformly sampled kx, — kv, space to a Cartesian frame with a gridding scheme to take advantage of the Fast Fourier Transform. The technique was successfully applied to phantoms and normal volunteers, giving reasonable real-time measurements of velocity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-01-24},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Irarrazabal, Pablo and Hu, Bob S. and Pauly, John M. and Nishimura, Dwight G.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {MRI, velocity measurement},
	pages = {207--212}
}

@article{foll_visualization_2009,
	title = {Visualization of multidirectional regional left ventricular dynamics by high-temporal-resolution tissue phase mapping},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.21634/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.21634},
	abstract = {PurposeTo apply high-temporal-resolution tissue phase mapping (TPM) to derive a detailed representation of normal regional myocardial motion in a large cohort of 58 normal subjects (three age groups) and one patient with dilated cardiomyopathy.Materials and MethodsAnalysis included transformation of the acquired myocardial velocities into radial, circumferential, and long-axis motion components representing left ventricular (LV) function with a spatiotemporal resolution of 1.3 × 2.6 × 8 mm3 and 13.8 msec, respectively. To compare multidirectional regional myocardial velocities between groups of subjects, a multisegment and multislice visualization model was employed. Regional myocardial motion was mapped onto the visualization model to display the current status of myocardial motion from base to apex as in-plane velocity vector fields in conjunction with color-coded long-axis plane motion. Moreover, correlation analysis was used to investigate regional differences in myocardial dynamics.ResultsAge-related changes in LV myocardial velocities resulted in significant differences of peak and time-to-peak velocities in the radial and long-axis directions. Correlation analysis revealed clearly visible regional differences in the temporal evolution of long-axis and circumferential velocities, particularly between the youngest and oldest age groups. Comparison of pathological LV motion with age-matched volunteers indicated marked regional alterations in myocardial velocities and dynamics.ConclusionHigh-temporal-resolution TPM in combination with a schematic visualization model and correlation analysis permits the identification of local changes in myocardial velocities associated with different age groups and a common LV pathology. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:1043–1052. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-07-23},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Föll, Daniela and Jung, Bernd and Staehle, Felix and Schilli, Elfriede and Bode, Christoph and Hennig, Jürgen and Markl, Michael},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Heart, cardiac function, myocardial motion, phase contrast, tissue phase mapping},
	pages = {1043--1052}
}

@techreport{litov_realisation_nodate,
	title = {Réalisation d'un fantôme de flux pour le contrôle qualité en {IRM}},
	url = {http://www.utc.fr/tsibh/public/abih/12/stage/litov/index.html},
	author = {Litov, Mark}
}

@article{pedersen_k-t_2009,
	title = {k-t {PCA}: temporally constrained k-t {BLAST} reconstruction using principal component analysis},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {k-t {PCA}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/19585603},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22052},
	abstract = {The k-t broad-use linear acquisition speed-up technique (BLAST) has become widespread for reducing image acquisition time in dynamic MRI. In its basic form k-t BLAST speeds up the data acquisition by undersampling k-space over time (referred to as k-t space). The resulting aliasing is resolved in the Fourier reciprocal x-f space (x = spatial position, f = temporal frequency) using an adaptive filter derived from a low-resolution estimate of the signal covariance. However, this filtering process tends to increase the reconstruction error or lower the achievable acceleration factor. This is problematic in applications exhibiting a broad range of temporal frequencies such as free-breathing myocardial perfusion imaging. We show that temporal basis functions calculated by subjecting the training data to principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to constrain the reconstruction such that the temporal resolution is improved. The presented method is called k-t PCA.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Pedersen, Henrik and Kozerke, Sebastian and Ringgaard, Steffen and Nehrke, Kay and Kim, Won Yong},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19585603},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques, Cluster Analysis, Computer Graphics, Computer Simulation, Heart, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Biological, Models, Statistical, Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Phantoms, Imaging, Principal Component Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Subtraction Technique, User-Computer Interface, k-t BLAST/SENSE, parallel imaging},
	pages = {706--716}
}

@article{schwitter_magnetic_2000,
	title = {Magnetic resonance-based assessment of global coronary flow and flow reserve and its relation to left ventricular functional parameters: a comparison with positron emission tomography},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {1524-4539},
	shorttitle = {Magnetic resonance-based assessment of global coronary flow and flow reserve and its relation to left ventricular functional parameters},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

Measurement of coronary sinus blood flow (CSF) by phase-contrast magnetic resonance (PC-MR) imaging at rest and during hyperemia may allow noninvasive assessment of global coronary hemodynamics.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Sixteen healthy volunteers (age, 22 to 32 years) were examined with MR and PET in random order within 1 to 2 days. At rest and during hyperemia (dipyridamole 0.56 mg/kg), CSF was measured by a cine PC-MR technique (temporal resolution, 40 ms; spatial resolution, 1.25x0.8 mm(2)), and myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured by [(13)N]NH(3) PET. PET and MR agreed closely for coronary flow reserve (CFR; mean difference, 2.2+/-14.7\%; Bland-Altman method). CSF divided by either total left ventricular mass or an estimate of drained myocardium (LVM(drain)) correlated highly with PET flow data (r=0.93 and 0.95, respectively) and with measures of oxygen demand, ie, heart rate, afterload-corrected fiber shortening, and peak systolic stress determined by MR (overall correlation coefficients, 0.81 and 0.87, respectively, multivariate analysis). CSF/LVM(drain) did not differ significantly from PET-derived MBF (difference, 3.6+/-16.6\%). In orthotopic heart transplant recipients (n=9), CFR was reduced and blood supply-demand relationships at rest were shifted toward higher flows (P{\textless}0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

This integrated MR approach allows comprehensive assessment of autoregulated and hyperemic coronary flow and is suitable for serial measurements in patients. In transplanted hearts, elevated resting flow is the major cause of reduced CFR.},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Schwitter, J and DeMarco, T and Kneifel, S and von Schulthess, G K and Jörg, M C and Arheden, H and Rühm, S and Stumpe, K and Buck, A and Parmley, W W and Lüscher, T F and Higgins, C B},
	month = jun,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {10851206},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Pressure, Coronary Angiography, Coronary Circulation, Female, Heart Transplantation, Heart rate, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Male, Nitrogen Radioisotopes, Reference Values, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Ventricular Function, Left},
	pages = {2696--2702}
}

@article{siegler_supine_2011,
	title = {Supine breast {MRI}},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/jmri.22605/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22605},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-10-28},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Siegler, Peter and Holloway, Claire M. B and Causer, Petrina and Thevathasan, Gilbert and Plewes, Donald B},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {breast MRI, breast cancer, image aid, supine positioning},
	pages = {1212--1217}
}

@article{kozerke_heart_1999,
	title = {Heart motion adapted cine phase‐contrast flow measurements through the aortic valve},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199911)42:5<970::AID-MRM18>3.0.CO;2-I/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199911)42:5<970::AID-MRM18>3.0.CO;2-I},
	abstract = {A method for magnetic resonance cine velocity mapping through heart valves with adaptation of both slice offset and angulation according to the motion of the valvular plane of the heart is presented. By means of a subtractive labeling technique, basal myocardial markers are obtained and automatically extracted for quantification of heart motion at the valvular level. The captured excursion of the basal plane is used to calculate the slice offset and angulation of each required time frame for cine velocity mapping. Through-plane velocity offsets are corrected by subtracting velocities introduced by basal plane motion from the measured velocities. For evaluation of the method, flow measurements downstream from the aortic valve were performed both with and without slice adaptation in 11 healthy volunteers and in four patients with aortic regurgitation. Maximum through-plane motion at the aortic root level as calculated from the labeled markers averaged 8.9 mm in the volunteers and 6.5 mm in the patients. The left coronary root was visible in 2–4 (mean: 2.2) time frames during early diastole when imaging with a spatially fixed slice. Time frames obtained with slice adaptation did not contain the coronary roots. Motion correction increased the apparent regurgitant volume by 5.7 ± 0.4 ml for patients with clinical aortic regurgitation, for an increase of approximately 50\%. The proposed method provides flow measurements with correction for through-plane motion perpendicular to the aortic root between the valvular annulus and the coronary ostia throughout the cardiac cycle. Magn Reson Med 42:970–978, 1999.  © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-01-06},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Kozerke, Sebastian and Scheidegger, Markus B and Pedersen, Erik M and Boesiger, Peter},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {aortic valve flow, through‐plane motion, velocity mapping},
	pages = {970--978}
}

@article{thompson_high_2002-1,
	title = {High {Temporal} {Resolution} {Phase} {Contrast} {MRI} {With} {Multiecho} {Acquisitions}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	abstract = {Velocity imaging with phase contrast (PC) MRI is a noninvasive tool for quantitative blood flow measurement in vivo. A shortcoming of conventional PC imaging is the reduction in temporal resolution as compared to the corresponding magnitude imaging. For the measurement of velocity in a single direction, the temporal resolution is halved because one must acquire two differentially flow-encoded images for every PC image frame to subtract out non-velocity-related image phase information. In this study, a high temporal resolution PC technique which retains both the spatial resolution and breath-hold length of conventional magnitude imaging is presented. Improvement by a factor of 2 in the temporal resolution was achieved by acquiring the differentially flow-encoded images in separate breath-holds rather than interleaved within a single breath-hold. Additionally, a multiecho readout was incorporated into the PC experiment to acquire more views per unit time than is possible with the single gradient-echo technique. A total improvement in temporal resolution by ∼5 times over conventional PC imaging was achieved. A complete set of images containing velocity data in all three directions was acquired in four breath-holds, with a temporal resolution of 11.2 ms and an in-plane spatial resolution of 2 mm × 2 mm.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Thompson, Richard B. and McVeigh, Elliot R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11870837},
	pmcid = {2396327},
	pages = {499--512}
}

@article{seeger_optimization_2010,
	title = {Optimization of k-space trajectories for compressed sensing by {Bayesian} experimental design},
	volume = {63},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.22180/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22180},
	abstract = {The optimization of k-space sampling for nonlinear sparse MRI reconstruction is phrased as a Bayesian experimental design problem. Bayesian inference is approximated by a novel relaxation to standard signal processing primitives, resulting in an efficient optimization algorithm for Cartesian and spiral trajectories. On clinical resolution brain image data from a Siemens 3T scanner, automatically optimized trajectories lead to significantly improved images, compared to standard low-pass, equispaced, or variable density randomized designs. Insights into the nonlinear design optimization problem for MRI are given. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-01-27},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Seeger, Matthias and Nickisch, Hannes and Pohmann, Rolf and Schölkopf, Bernhard},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, compressed sensing, experimental design, k-space optimization, sparse reconstruction, sub-Nyquist},
	pages = {116--126}
}

@article{manke_respiratory_2002,
	title = {Respiratory motion in coronary magnetic resonance angiography: {A} comparison of different motion models},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	shorttitle = {Respiratory motion in coronary magnetic resonance angiography},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.10112/full},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.10112},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2011-04-05},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Manke, Dirk and Nehrke, Kay and B�rnert, Peter and R�sch, Peter and D�ssel, Olaf},
	month = jun,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {661--671}
}

@article{deriche_fast_1990,
	title = {Fast algorithms for low-level vision},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0162-8828},
	doi = {10.1109/34.41386},
	abstract = {A recursive filtering structure is proposed that drastically reduces the computational effort required for smoothing, performing the first and second directional derivatives, and carrying out the Laplacian of an image. These operations are done with a fixed number of multiplications and additions per output point independently of the size of the neighborhood considered. The key to the approach is, first, the use of an exponentially based filter family and, second, the use of the recursive filtering. Applications to edge detection problems and multiresolution techniques are considered, and an edge detector allowing the extraction of zero-crossings of an image with only 14 operations per output element at any resolution is proposed. Various experimental results are shown},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
	author = {Deriche, R.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {Computer architecture, Computer vision, Detectors, Filtering, Filters, Image edge detection, Image processing, Laplace equations, Laplacian, Pattern analysis, computational effort, edge detection, filtering and prediction theory, image resolution, low-level vision, multiresolution techniques, recursive filtering structure, smoothing, zero-crossings},
	pages = {78--87}
}

@article{nehrke_prospective_2005,
	title = {Prospective correction of affine motion for arbitrary {MR} sequences on a clinical scanner},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/16200564},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20686},
	abstract = {The concept of prospective 3D affine motion correction was generalized, based on the Bloch equations, for signal excitation and sampling using arbitrary MR sequences. The technique was implemented on a clinical MRI scanner for Cartesian, radial, and spiral imaging sequences, as well as for 2D spatially selective RF excitation pulses. A patient-specific motion model steered by real-time navigators was employed to account for the additional degrees of freedom provided by the affine motion model. Different navigator concepts (multiple spatial and temporal navigators, quadratic navigators and other motion sensors) were investigated, with the aim of improving the correlation between navigator information and the motion model. Experiments on moving phantoms are presented to prove the technical feasibility of the approach. In vivo experiments on coronary MRA and renal MRI show the potential of the method for cardiac and abdominal applications hampered by respiratory motion.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Nehrke, Kay and Börnert, Peter},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16200564},
	keywords = {Adult, Algorithms, Artifacts, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Movement, Phantoms, Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {1130--1138}
}

@article{mohiaddin_cine_1997,
	title = {Cine {MR} {Fourier} velocimetry of blood flow through cardiac valves: comparison with {Doppler} echocardiography},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	shorttitle = {Cine {MR} {Fourier} velocimetry of blood flow through cardiac valves},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9243384},
	abstract = {Noninvasive measurement of blood flow velocity through the cardiac valves has important clinical applications. A wide variety of MR methods are available for flow measurement. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of cine MR Fourier velocimetry to measure flow through healthy cardiac valves and to compare MR and Doppler peak velocity measurements. Ten healthy volunteers (age mean +/- SD, 24 +/- 4 years) without history of valvular disease were studied. Four of the subjects were females. In each subject, aortic, pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid valves were evaluated with MR and Doppler imaging. A whole-body mobile MR machine was used, operating at .5-T with actively shielded magnetic field gradient coils on all three axes capable of 20 mT/m at a slew rate of 60 mT/ m/msec. The heart rate during MR and Doppler studies was not significantly different. The mean difference between the two studies was 2 beats/min, with a 95\% confidence interval of -22 beats/min, +25 beats/ min. Peak systolic flow velocity in the aortic and pulmonary valves and peak diastolic flow velocity in the mitral and tricuspid valves measured with MRI and Doppler echocardiography correlated well. The mean difference between the two measurements (MR-Doppler) was 63 mm/sec, with a 95\% confidence interval of -180 mm/sec, +310 mm/sec. The agreement between two observers interpreting the same MR velocity maps was close. The mean difference between their two measurements was 23 mm/sec, with a 95\% confidence interval of -20 mm/sec, +60 mm/sec. There was no significant difference between MR and Doppler imaging or between the two MR observers. MR Fourier velocimetry has the necessary ease, reliability, and speed to measure blood flow through the cardiac valves, although measurement of late diastolic flow in the atrioventricular valves is limited. Measurement of peak blood velocity through the cardiac valves by this method showed satisfactory agreement with Doppler, but its clinical application for assessing diseased cardiac valves must be established.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2012-08-03},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Mohiaddin, R H and Gatehouse, P D and Henien, M and Firmin, D N},
	month = aug,
	year = {1997},
	pmid = {9243384},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Flow Velocity, Coronary Circulation, Echocardiography, Doppler, Female, Fourier Analysis, Heart Valves, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Time Factors},
	pages = {657--663}
}

@article{bi_contrast-enhanced_2005,
	title = {Contrast-enhanced 4D radial coronary artery imaging at 3.0 {T} within a single breath-hold},
	volume = {54},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.20575/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20575},
	abstract = {Coronary magnetic resonance angiography data are usually acquired during mid-diastole of each heartbeat to minimize cardiac motion related artifacts. The proper trigger delay time, which may vary widely among subjects, must be determined individually for each subject before data acquisition to achieve optimal image quality. These complications could be resolved by acquiring contiguous cardiac phase images through the cardiac cycle. In this study, we used a radial sampling technique to acquire 3D cine coronary artery images at 3 T within a single breath-hold. An extravascular, paramagnetic contrast agent was i.v. administered to improve the blood signal intensity. Relatively high temporal resolution and spatial resolution were achieved simultaneously with radial sampling, parallel data acquisition, and interleaved sliding window image reconstruction. Volunteer studies demonstrate the feasibility of this technique in acquiring 4D coronary artery images and the flexibility in postprocessing of 3D image sets. Magn Reson Med 54:470–475, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Bi, Xiaoming and Park, Jaeseok and Larson, Andrew C. and Zhang, Qiang and Simonetti, Orlando and Li, Debiao},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {3 T, contrast medium, coronary arteries, high-field imaging, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), radial sampling},
	pages = {470--475}
}

@article{jenkinson_fast_2003,
	title = {Fast, automated, {N}-dimensional phase-unwrapping algorithm},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10354},
	abstract = {This work investigates the general problem of phase unwrapping for arbitrary N-dimensional phase maps. A cost function-based approach is outlined that leads to an integer programming problem. To solve this problem, a best-pair-first region merging approach is adopted as the optimization method. The algorithm was implemented and tested with 3D MRI medical data for venogram studies, as well as for fMRI applications in EPI unwarping and rapid, automated shimming.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Jenkinson, Mark},
	month = jan,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12509838},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Veins},
	pages = {193--197}
}

@article{bock_vivo_2011,
	title = {In vivo noninvasive 4D pressure difference mapping in the human aorta: {Phantom} comparison and application in healthy volunteers and patients},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {In vivo noninvasive 4D pressure difference mapping in the human aorta},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.22907/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22907},
	abstract = {In this work, we present a systematic phantom comparison and clinical application of noninvasive pressure difference mapping in the human aorta based on time-resolved 3D phase contrast data. Relative pressure differences were calculated based on integration and iterative refinement of pressure gradients derived from MR-based three-directional velocity vector fields (flow-sensitive 4D MRI with spatial/temporal resolution ∼ 2.1 mm3/40 ms) using the Navier-Stokes equation. After in vitro study using a stenosis phantom, time-resolved 3D pressure gradients were systematically evaluated in the thoracic aorta in a group of 12 healthy subjects and 6 patients after repair for aortic coarctation. Results from the phantom study showed good agreement with expected values and standard methods (Bernoulli). Data of healthy subjects showed good intersubject consistency and good agreement with the literature. In patients, pressure waveforms showed elevated peak values. Pressure gradients across the stenosis were compared with reference measurements from Doppler ultrasound. The MRI findings demonstrated a significant correlation (r = 0.96, P {\textless} 0.05) but moderate underestimation (14.7\% ± 15.5\%) compared with ultrasound when the maximum pressure difference for all possible paths connecting proximal and distal locations of the stenosis were used. This study demonstrates the potential of the applied approach to derive additional quantitative information such as pressure gradients from time-resolved 3D phase contrast MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-10-11},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Bock, Jelena and Frydrychowicz, Alex and Lorenz, Ramona and Hirtler, Daniel and Barker, Alex J and Johnson, Kevin M and Arnold, Raoul and Burkhardt, Hans and Hennig, Juergen and Markl, Michael},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Aorta, blood pressure gradients, flow sensitive PC‐MRI, hemodynamic, relative pressure difference},
	pages = {1079--1088}
}

@article{helzel_[real-time_1993,
	title = {[{Real}-time flow--determination of inferior vena cava on 2 different levels using {RACE} pulse sequence in {MRI}. {Assessment} of the total hepatic vein flow volume as an indirect parameter of liver perfusion]},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {1438-9029},
	doi = {10.1055/s-2008-1032639},
	abstract = {A new and simple parameter for quantitative evaluation of liver perfusion is outlined: post-sinusoidal quantitative measurement of the entire liver venous flow: This is a result of the differences in evaluated flow volumes at two different levels in the inferior V. cava. The first level ist the height of diaphragm, and the second is situated just cranial of the renal vessels. Normal values obtained from a group of healthy volunteers are presented. A gradient-echo pulse sequence called RACE, enabling flow measurements in real-time, is outlined.},
	language = {ger},
	number = {3},
	journal = {RöFo: Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Röntgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin},
	author = {Helzel, M V and Müller, E},
	month = mar,
	year = {1993},
	pmid = {8453076},
	keywords = {Adult, Blood Flow Velocity, Hepatic Veins, Humans, Liver Circulation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Portal System, Ultrasonography},
	pages = {230--237}
}

@article{uribe_fourdimensional_2009,
	title = {Four‐dimensional (4D) flow of the whole heart and great vessels using real‐time respiratory self‐gating},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.22090/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22090},
	abstract = {Four-dimensional (4D) flow imaging has been used to study flow patterns and pathophysiology, usually focused on specific thoracic vessels and cardiac chambers. Whole-heart 4D flow at high measurement accuracy covering the entire thoracic cardiovascular system would be desirable to simplify and improve hemodynamic assessment. This has been a challenge because compensation of respiratory motion is difficult to achieve, but it is paramount to limit artifacts and improve accuracy. In this work we propose a self-gating technique for respiratory motion-compensation integrated into a whole-heart 4D flow acquisition that overcomes these challenges. Flow components are measured in all three directions for each pixel over the complete cardiac cycle, and 1D volume projections are obtained at certain time intervals for respiratory gating in real time during the acquisition. The technique was tested in 15 volunteers, in which stroke volumes (SVs) in the great arteries showed excellent agreement with standard 2D phase-contrast (PC) scans. In contrast, nongated 4D flow with two averages had substantial disagreement with 2D flow. Applied to patients with congenital cardiac left-to-right shunting, the precision of flux data was highly beneficial. The methodology presented here has the potential to allow a complete study of flow pathophysiology of the thoracic cardiovascular system from a single free-breathing scan. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-10-13},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Uribe, Sergio and Beerbaum, Philipp and Sørensen, Thomas Sangild and Rasmusson, Allan and Razavi, Reza and Schaeffter, Tobias},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {4D flow imaging, Hemodynamic assessment, congenital heart disease, self‐gating, whole heart},
	pages = {984--992}
}

@article{gens_two-dimensional_2003,
	title = {Two-dimensional phase unwrapping for radar interferometry: {Developments} and new challenges},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0143-1161},
	shorttitle = {Two-dimensional phase unwrapping for radar interferometry},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0143116021000016725},
	doi = {10.1080/0143116021000016725},
	abstract = {The growing interest in the applications of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry led to an increasing demand for reliable phase unwrapping techniques. Research efforts have been spent on the understanding of the principles in order to develop more robust algorithms with improved computational characteristics. Numerous algorithms have been proposed to solve the two-dimensional phase unwrapping problem. This paper reviews the basic concepts of phase unwrapping and gives an overview on the major processing strategies for solving the problem. It presents the developments in phase unwrapping with special reference to SAR interferometry and indicates the trends and new challenges in this field.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-05-20},
	journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
	author = {Gens, R.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {703--710}
}

@article{vuissoz_analysis_2010,
	title = {Analysis of cardio-respiratory motion of the heart {Using} {GRICS} (first insights)},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Vuissoz, P. A. and Odille, F. and Fernandez, B. and Lohezic, M. and Benhadid, A. and Mandry, D. and Felblinger, J.},
	year = {2010}
}

@article{kolbitsch_highly_2011,
	title = {Highly efficient whole‐heart imaging using radial phase encoding‐phase ordering with automatic window selection},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/mrm.22888/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22888},
	abstract = {Three dimensional (3D) whole-heart magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important imaging modality to assess cardiovascular diseases. The main challenges for 3D whole-heart MRI are long acquisition times, required to achieve high spatial resolution, and image artefacts due to physiological motion. Here we propose to overcome these problems by the combination of an interleaved Radial Phase Encoding trajectory and the Phase Ordering with Automatic Window Selection method. This Radial Phase Encoding-Phase Ordering with Automatic Window Selection approach yields fast 3D whole-heart imaging with a high isotropic resolution and high navigator efficiency even for extremely irregular breathing. Numerical simulations were performed and Radial Phase Encoding-Phase Ordering with Automatic Window Selection was implemented on a clinical scanner. A comparison between the proposed method and a respiratory gated 3D Cartesian approach was carried out. Radial Phase Encoding-Phase Ordering with Automatic Window Selection leads to a better depiction of coronary arteries and an increase in navigator efficiency. In addition to a high resolution image, this method also provides dynamic respiratory information without an increase in scan time. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-10-11},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Kolbitsch, Christoph and Prieto, Claudia and Smink, Jouke and Schaeffter, Tobias},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {32 channel coil, breathing motion, navigator, radial phase encoding, whole‐heart MRI},
	pages = {1008--1018}
}

@article{graf_residual_2010,
	title = {Residual translational and rotational errors after {kV} {X}-ray image-guided correction of prostate location using implanted fiducials},
	volume = {186},
	issn = {1439-099X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20936461},
	doi = {10.1007/s00066-010-2030-8},
	abstract = {{\textless}AbstractText Label="PURPOSE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE"{\textgreater}To evaluate the residual errors and required safety margins after stereoscopic kilovoltage (kV) X-ray target localization of the prostate in image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) using internal fiducials.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="PATIENTS AND METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS"{\textgreater}Radiopaque fiducial markers (FMs) have been inserted into the prostate in a cohort of 33 patients. The ExacTrac/Novalis Body™ X-ray 6d image acquisition system (BrainLAB AG, Feldkirchen, Germany) was used. Corrections were performed in left-right (LR), anterior-posterior (AP), and superior-inferior (SI) direction. Rotational errors around LR (x-axis), AP (y) and SI (z) have been recorded for the first series of nine patients, and since 2007 for the subsequent 24 patients in addition corrected in each fraction by using the Robotic Tilt Module™ and Varian Exact Couch™. After positioning, a second set of X-ray images was acquired for verification purposes. Residual errors were registered and again corrected.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS"{\textgreater}Standard deviations (SD) of residual translational random errors in LR, AP, and SI coordinates were 1.3, 1.7, and 2.2 mm. Residual random rotation errors were found for lateral (around x, tilt), vertical (around y, table), and longitudinal (around z, roll) and of 3.2°, 1.8°, and 1.5°. Planning target volume (PTV)-clinical target volume (CTV) margins were calculated in LR, AP, and SI direction to 2.3, 3.0, and 3.7 mm. After a second repositioning, the margins could be reduced to 1.8, 2.1, and 1.8 mm.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS"{\textgreater}On the basis of the residual setup error measurements, the margin required after one to two online X-ray corrections for the patients enrolled in this study would be at minimum 2 mm. The contribution of intrafractional motion to residual random errors has to be evaluated.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2011-02-07},
	journal = {Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie: Organ Der Deutschen Röntgengesellschaft ... [et Al},
	author = {Graf, Reinhold and Boehmer, Dirk and Budach, Volker and Wust, Peter},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20936461},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Cohort Studies, Contrast Media, Fiducial Markers, Humans, Male, Prostatic Neoplasms, Prostheses and Implants, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, X-Rays},
	pages = {544--550}
}

@article{lee_improved_2010,
	title = {Improved 3-{Tesla} cardiac cine imaging using wideband},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22384},
	abstract = {Cine balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) is the most widely used sequence for assessing cardiac ventricular function at 1.5 T because it provides high signal-to-noise ratio efficiency and strong contrast between myocardium and blood. At 3 T, the use of SSFP is limited by susceptibility-induced off-resonance, resulting in either banding artifacts or the need to use a short-sequence pulse repetition time that limits the readout duration and hence the achievable spatial resolution. In this work, we apply wideband SSFP, a variant of SSFP that uses two alternating pulse repetition times to establish a steady state with wider band spacing in its frequency response and overcome the key limitations of SSFP. Prospectively gated cine two-dimensional imaging with wideband SSFP is evaluated in healthy volunteers and compared to conventional balanced SSFP, using quantitative metrics and qualitative interpretation by experienced clinicians. We demonstrate that by trading off temporal resolution and signal-to-noise ratio efficiency, wideband SSFP mitigates banding artifacts and enables imaging with approximately 30\% higher spatial resolution compared to conventional SSFP with the same effective band spacing.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Lee, Hsu-Lei and Shankaranarayanan, Ajit and Pohost, Gerald M. and Nayak, Krishna S.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20512877},
	pmcid = {PMC2921323},
	keywords = {Artifacts, Heart, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Reference Standards, Ventricular Function},
	pages = {1716--1722}
}

@article{quist_simultaneous_2012,
	title = {Simultaneous {Fat} {Suppression} and {Band} {Reduction} with {Large}-{Angle} {Multiple}-{Acquisition} {bSSFP}},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306491/},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.23076},
	abstract = {Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) MRI is a rapid and SNR-efficient imaging method, but suffers from characteristic bands of signal loss in regions of large field inhomogeneity. Several methods have been developed to reduce the severity of these banding artifacts, typically involving the acquisition of multiple bSSFP data sets (and the accompanying increase in scan time). Fat suppression with bSSFP is also challenging; most existing methods require an additional increase in scan time, and some are incompatible with bSSFP band-reduction techniques., This work was motivated by the need for both robust fat suppression and band reduction in the presence of field inhomogeneity when using bSSFP for flow-independent peripheral angiography. The large flip angles used in this application to improve vessel conspicuity and contrast lead to SAR considerations, longer TR, and increased severity of banding artifacts. In this work, a novel method that simultaneously suppresses fat and reduces bSSFP banding artifact with the acquisition of only two phase-cycled bSSFP data sets is presented. A weighted sum of the two bSSFP acquisitions is taken on a voxel-by-voxel basis, effectively synthesizing an off-resonance profile at each voxel that puts fat in the stop band while keeping water in the pass band. The technique exploits the near-sinusoidal shape of the bSSFP off-resonance spectrum for many tissues at large ({\textgreater}50 degrees) flip angles.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-11-27},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Quist, Brady and Hargreaves, Brian A. and Cukur, Tolga and Morrell, Glen R. and Gold, Garry E. and Bangerter, Neal K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22038883},
	pmcid = {PMC3306491},
	pages = {1004--1012},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/ED32VPS7/Quist et al. - 2012 - Simultaneous Fat Suppression and Band Reduction wi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dowsey_motion-compensated_2007,
	title = {Motion-compensated {MR} valve imaging with {COMB} tag tracking and super-resolution enhancement},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1361-8415},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361841507000680},
	doi = {10.1016/j.media.2007.07.002},
	abstract = {Understanding the morphology and function of heart valves is important to the study of underlying causes of heart failure. Existing techniques such as those based on echocardiography are limited by the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), attenuation artefacts, and restricted access. The alternative of cardiovascular MR imaging offers versatility and accuracy in 3D localisation, but is hampered by large movements of the valves throughout the cardiac cycle. This paper presents a motion-compensated adaptive imaging approach for MR valve imaging. To illustrate its clinical potential, 3D motion of the aortic valve plane is first captured through a single breath-hold COMB tag pre-scan and then tracked in real-time with an automatic method based on multi-resolution image registration. Motion-compensated coverage of the aortic valve is then acquired prospectively, thus allowing its clear 3D reconstruction and visualisation. To provide isotropic voxel coverage of the imaging volume, retrospective projection onto convex sets (POCS) super-resolution enhancement is applied to the slice-select direction. In vivo results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed motion-compensation and super-resolution schemes for depicting the structure of the valve leaflets throughout the cardiac cycle. The proposed method fundamentally changes the way MR imaging is performed by transforming it from a spatially to materially localised imaging method. This also has important implications for quantifying blood flow and myocardial perfusion, as well as tracking anatomy and function of the heart.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-11-09},
	journal = {Medical Image Analysis},
	author = {Dowsey, Andrew W. and Keegan, Jennifer and Lerotic, Mirna and Thom, Simon and Firmin, David and Yang, Guang-Zhong},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Adaptive imaging, CMR, COMB tag tracking, MRI, POCS super-resolution, Prospective motion compensation},
	pages = {478--491}
}

@article{wech_accelerating_2011-1,
	title = {Accelerating cine‐{MR} imaging in mouse hearts using compressed sensing},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/jmri.22718/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22718},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-10-28},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Wech, Tobias and Lemke, Angela and Medway, Debra and Stork, Lee‐Anne and Lygate, Craig A and Neubauer, Stefan and Köstler, Herbert and Schneider, Jürgen E},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {cardiac function, cine‐MRI, compressed sensing, infarction, mouse heart},
	pages = {1072--1079}
}

@article{taviani_accuracy_2010-1,
	title = {Accuracy and repeatability of fourier velocity encoded {M}-mode and two-dimensional cine phase contrast for pulse wave velocity measurement in the descending aorta},
	volume = {31},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.22143/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22143},
	abstract = {Purpose:To assess the accuracy and repeatability of Fourier velocity encoded (FVE) M-mode and two-dimensional (2D) phase contrast with through-plane velocity encoding (2D-PC) for pulse wave velocity (PWV) evaluation in the descending aorta using five different analysis techniques.Materials and Methods:Accuracy experiments were conducted on a tubular human-tissue-mimicking phantom integrated into a flow simulator. The theoretical PWV value was derived from the Moens-Korteweg equation after measurement of the tube elastic modulus by uniaxial tensile testing (PWV = 6.6 ± 0.7 m/s). Repeatability was assessed on 20 healthy volunteers undergoing three consecutive MR examinations.Results:FVE M-mode PWV was more repeatable than 2D-PC PWV independently of the analysis technique used. The early systolic fit (ESF) method, followed by the maximum of the first derivative (1st der.) method, was the most accurate (PWV = 6.8 ± 0.4 m/s and PWV = 7.0 ± 0.6 m/s, respectively) and repeatable (inter-scan within-subject variation δ = 0.096 and δ = 0.107, respectively) for FVE M-mode. For 2D-PC, the 1st der. method performed best in terms of accuracy (PWV = 6.8 ± 1.1 m/s), whereas the ESF algorithm was the most repeatable (δ = 0.386).Conclusion:FVE M-mode allows rapid, accurate and repeatable central PWV evaluation when the ESF algorithm is used. 2D-PC requires long scan times and can provide accurate although much less repeatable PWV measurements when the 1st der. method is used. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:1185–1194. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-02-05},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Taviani, Valentina and Patterson, Andrew J. and Graves, Martin J. and Hardy, Christopher J. and Worters, Pauline and Sutcliffe, Michael P.F. and Gillard, Jonathan H.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Fourier velocity encoding, foot-finding algorithm, phase contrast, pulse wave velocity},
	pages = {1185--1194}
}

@article{d.i_rotating_1979,
	title = {Rotating frame zeugmatography},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0022-2364},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022236479902026},
	doi = {10.1016/0022-2364(79)90202-6},
	abstract = {A new method of obtaining NMR images is described which retains the inherent sensitivity of the two-dimensional Fourier transform while obviating the need for any changes of field gradient. The conditions applied in the laboratory frame, viz., a homogeneous field plus a field gradient, are also applied in the rotating frame so that the flip angle due to a pulse of length τ is dependent upon position x. The amplitude of the received signal is therefore dependent on τ and x, and these conjugate variables form a Fourier pair allowing resolution in x by variation of τ. Optimization of sensitivity is discussed as well as resolution requirements, and preliminary results are presented demonstrating the viability of the technique.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-12-21},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969)},
	author = {D.I, Hoult},
	month = jan,
	year = {1979},
	pages = {183--197}
}

@article{botnar_improved_1999,
	title = {Improved coronary artery definition with {T}2-weighted, free-breathing, three-dimensional coronary {MRA}},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {1524-4539},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10377077},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

Three-dimensional (3D) navigator-gated and prospectively corrected free-breathing coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) allows for submillimeter image resolution but suffers from poor contrast between coronary blood and myocardium. Data collected over {\textgreater}100 ms/heart beat are also susceptible to bulk cardiac and respiratory motion. To address these problems, we examined the effect of a T2 preparation prepulse (T2prep) for myocardial suppression and a shortened acquisition window on coronary definition.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Eight healthy adult subjects and 5 patients with confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent free-breathing 3D MRA with and without T2prep and with 120- and 60-ms data-acquisition windows. The T2prep resulted in a 123\% (P{\textless}0. 001) increase in contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Coronary edge definition was improved by 33\% (P{\textless}0.001). Acquisition window shortening from 120 to 60 ms resulted in better vessel definition (11\%; P{\textless}0.001). Among patients with CAD, there was a good correspondence with disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Free-breathing, T2prep, 3D coronary MRA with a shorter acquisition window resulted in improved CNR and better coronary artery definition, allowing the assessment of coronary disease. This approach offers the potential for free-breathing, noninvasive assessment of the major coronary arteries.},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2012-08-16},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Botnar, R M and Stuber, M and Danias, P G and Kissinger, K V and Manning, W J},
	month = jun,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10377077},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Artifacts, Contrast Media, Coronary Angiography, Coronary Disease, Coronary Vessels, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Male, Middle Aged, Respiration},
	pages = {3139--3148}
}

@article{lin_shared_2012,
	title = {Shared {Velocity} {Encoding} ({SVE}): {A} method to improve the temporal resolution of phase contrast velocity measurements},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	shorttitle = {Shared {Velocity} {Encoding} ({SVE})},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339280/},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.23273},
	abstract = {Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is used routinely to measure fluid and tissue velocity with a variety of clinical applications. PC-MRI methods require acquisition of additional data to enable phase difference reconstruction, making real-time imaging problematic. Shared Velocity Encoding (SVE), a method devised to improve the effective temporal resolution of PC-MRI, was implemented in a real-time pulse sequence with segmented echo planar readout. The effect of SVE on peak velocity measurement was investigated in computer simulation, and peak velocities and total flow were measured in a flow phantom and in volunteers and compared with a conventional ECG-triggered, segmented k-space phase-contrast sequence as a reference standard. Computer simulation showed a 36\% reduction in peak velocity error from 8.8\% to 5.6\% with SVE. A similar reduction of 40\% in peak velocity error was shown in a pulsatile flow phantom. In the phantom and volunteers, volume flow did not differ significantly when measured with or without SVE. Peak velocity measurements made in the volunteers using SVE showed a higher concordance correlation (0.96) with the reference standard than non-SVE (0.87). The improvement in effective temporal resolution with SVE reconstruction has a positive impact on the precision and accuracy of real-time PC-MRI peak velocity measurements.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-11-18},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Lin, Hung-Yu and Bender, Jacob A. and Ding, Yu and Chung, Yiu-Cho and Hinton, Alice M. and Pennell, Michael L. and Whitehead, Kevin K. and Raman, Subha V. and Simonetti, Orlando P.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22139889},
	pmcid = {PMC3339280},
	pages = {703--710},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/X782EK5D/Lin et al. - 2012 - Shared Velocity Encoding (SVE) A method to improv.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wood_overcoming_1988,
	title = {Overcoming motion in abdominal {MR} imaging},
	volume = {150},
	url = {http://www.ajronline.org/content/150/3/513.abstract},
	abstract = {Anatomic structures that move periodically during the acquisition of data for an MR image become multiple ghosts in the phase-encoding direction. There is a constant spacing in pixels between consecutive ghosts, which is equal to the number of cycles of motion that occurred during the acquisition of data. The intensity of ghosts depends on the intensity of the moving structure and the number of pixels over which the motion occurred. No single method is completely satisfactory at suppressing motion artifacts. The major attributes and limitations of each method are summarized in Table 2, with plus (+) signs denoting merit. Theoretically, some methods perform better in reducing the intensity of ghosts and restoring the image intensity to its proper place. This certainly is not the final criterion, however. Some methods reduce the blurring in addition to suppressing the ghosts, or they suppress ghosts without prolonging the time for imaging. Certain methods also reduce ghosts from other kinds of motion. It is very appealing for a method to function without monitoring. The success of monitoring often depends too much on the cooperation of both the patient and technologist. The theoretical performance, attributes, and deficiencies of the various methods have been combined into a subjective overall rating in the last column of Table 2. All of the methods can be effective under the appropriate circumstances. Moreover, the methods are not mutually exclusive. It is advantageous, therefore, to combine methods to achieve even greater suppression. For example, physical restraint can be used for all but the most uncooperative patients. Most imaging techniques can be designed with gradients that rephase the signals from moving structures. Then other methods, such as averaging or reordering, can be applied as necessary. Fortunately, there are effective motion artifact suppression methods, even though not all are widely available yet on commercial equipment. Consistent suppression of motion artifacts will enhance the quality of MR images. Elimination of motion artifacts will improve the capability of MR to detect lesions and will provide a higher standard of performance for MR in the body.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-10-29},
	journal = {American Journal of Roentgenology},
	author = {Wood, ML and Runge, VM and Henkelman, RM},
	month = mar,
	year = {1988},
	pages = {513 --522}
}

@article{harris_duration_1964,
	title = {Duration of the phases of mechanical systole in infants and children},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0002-9149},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002914964900281},
	doi = {10.1016/0002-9149(64)90028-1},
	abstract = {In the present investigation, determinations of the duration of mechanical systole and left ventricular ejection were made from simultaneous recordings of the heart sounds and the carotid or axillary arterial pulsation in older children and in mature and premature neonatal infants without cardiovascular disease.

In older children and mature neonates with heart rates ranging from 69 to 196 beats/min., both duration of total systole and left ventricular ejection time diminished linearly and in parallel with increasing heart rate up to a level of 150 beats/min. At high levels of heart rate the phases of systole diminished more gradually with increasing heart rate. The isovolumetric contraction time tended to remain constant throughout the range of heart rates studied.

Among the premature neonates there was a wider distribution in the measured intervals, and left ventricular ejection time tended to be higher at any level of heart rate. The prolonged ejection time in this group can in part be attributed to the presence of anemia.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	journal = {The American Journal of Cardiology},
	author = {Harris, Leonard C. and Weissler, Arnold M. and Manske, Arnold O. and Danford, Bart H. and White, George D. and Hammill, William A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1964},
	pages = {448--455},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/KK9ZZRWR/0002914964900281.html:text/html}
}

@article{augustine_global_2013,
	title = {Global and regional left ventricular myocardial deformation measures by magnetic resonance feature tracking in healthy volunteers: comparison with tagging and relevance of gender},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {2013 Augustine et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	shorttitle = {Global and regional left ventricular myocardial deformation measures by magnetic resonance feature tracking in healthy volunteers},
	url = {http://jcmr-online.com/content/15/1/8/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-15-8},
	abstract = {Feature Tracking software offers measurements of myocardial strain, velocities and displacement from cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images. We used it to record deformation parameters in healthy adults and compared values to those obtained by tagging.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-06-04},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Augustine, Daniel and Lewandowski, Adam J. and Lazdam, Merzaka and Rai, Aitzaz and Francis, Jane and Myerson, Saul and Noble, Alison and Becher, Harald and Neubauer, Stefan and Petersen, Steffen E. and Leeson, Paul},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23331550},
	keywords = {Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, Feature tracking, Myocardial displacement, Myocardial velocity, Strain, Tagging},
	pages = {8}
}

@article{jenkinson_fast_2003-1,
	title = {Fast, automated, {N}-dimensional phase-unwrapping algorithm},
	volume = {49},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.10354/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10354},
	abstract = {This work investigates the general problem of phase unwrapping for arbitrary N-dimensional phase maps. A cost function-based approach is outlined that leads to an integer programming problem. To solve this problem, a best-pair-first region merging approach is adopted as the optimization method. The algorithm was implemented and tested with 3D MRI medical data for venogram studies, as well as for fMRI applications in EPI unwarping and rapid, automated shimming. Magn Reson Med 49:193–197, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Jenkinson, Mark},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {automated shimming, echo planar imaging (EPI), field mapping, phase unwrapping, venogram},
	pages = {193--197},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/T2K3W7BC/full.html:text/html}
}

@article{purcell_resonance_1946,
	title = {Resonance {Absorption} by {Nuclear} {Magnetic} {Moments} in a {Solid}},
	volume = {69},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.69.37},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.69.37},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2011-03-08},
	journal = {Physical Review},
	author = {Purcell, E. M. and Torrey, H. C. and Pound, R. V.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1946},
	pages = {37}
}

@article{haacke_improving_1987,
	title = {Improving {MR} image quality in the presence of motion by using rephasing gradients},
	volume = {148},
	url = {http://www.ajronline.org/content/148/6/1251.abstract},
	abstract = {Numerous techniques exist for suppressing ghosting artifacts due to respiratory motion on MR images. Although such methods can remove coherent ghosting artifacts, motion during gradient pulses also leads to poor image quality. This is due to phase variations at the echo caused by changes in velocity from one phase-encoding view to the next. The effect becomes severe for long sampling times and long TE values and can lead to low estimates of T2. We discuss general, robust modifications of the standard gradient or spin-echo sequences by using rephasing gradients that force the phase of constant-velocity moving spins to be zero at the echo. These sequences lead to a significant reduction in motion artifacts and hence improvement in image quality. They can be applied to multislice, multiecho, water/fat, and gating schemes as well. Since motion problems are universal, it would appear that these modified sequences should come into common usage for MR imaging.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2011-10-29},
	journal = {American Journal of Roentgenology},
	author = {Haacke, EM and Lenz, GW},
	month = jun,
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1251 --1258}
}

@article{thompson_high_2002-2,
	title = {High temporal resolution phase contrast {MRI} with multiecho acquisitions†},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.10079/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.10079},
	abstract = {Velocity imaging with phase contrast (PC) MRI is a noninvasive tool for quantitative blood flow measurement in vivo. A shortcoming of conventional PC imaging is the reduction in temporal resolution as compared to the corresponding magnitude imaging. For the measurement of velocity in a single direction, the temporal resolution is halved because one must acquire two differentially flow-encoded images for every PC image frame to subtract out non-velocity-related image phase information. In this study, a high temporal resolution PC technique which retains both the spatial resolution and breath-hold length of conventional magnitude imaging is presented. Improvement by a factor of 2 in the temporal resolution was achieved by acquiring the differentially flow-encoded images in separate breath-holds rather than interleaved within a single breath-hold. Additionally, a multiecho readout was incorporated into the PC experiment to acquire more views per unit time than is possible with the single gradient-echo technique. A total improvement in temporal resolution by ∼5 times over conventional PC imaging was achieved. A complete set of images containing velocity data in all three directions was acquired in four breath-holds, with a temporal resolution of 11.2 ms and an in-plane spatial resolution of 2 mm × 2 mm. Magn Reson Med 47:499–512, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-09-15},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Thompson, Richard B and McVeigh, Elliot R},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {MRI, cardiac, flow, phase contrast, temporal resolution},
	pages = {499--512}
}

@article{hardy_pencil_1996-2,
	title = {Pencil excitation with interleaved fourier velocity encoding: {NMR} measurement of aortic distensibility},
	volume = {35},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	shorttitle = {Pencil excitation with interleaved fourier velocity encoding},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910350605/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910350605},
	abstract = {A technique is presented for rapidly and noninvasively determining aortic distensibiltty, by NMR measurement of pulse-wave velocrty in the aorta. A cylinder of magnetization is excited along the aorta, wtth Fourier-veloctty encoding and readout gradients applied along the cylinder axis. Cardiac gating and data interleaving improve the effective time resolution to as high as 3 ms. Wave velocities are determined from the position of the f oot of the flow wave in the velocity profiles. Evidence of helical flow distal to the aortic arch can be seen in normal subjects, while disturbed flow patterns are visible in patients with aneurysms and dissections.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-01-24},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Hardy, Christopher J. and Bolster, Bradley D. and McVeigh, Elliot R. and Iben, Icko E. T. and Zerhouni, Elias A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging, aortic distensibilrty, blood velocity, wave speed},
	pages = {814--819}
}

@misc{derrico_shape_2012,
	title = {Shape {Prescriptive} {Modeling}},
	url = {http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/24443-slm-shape-language-modeling},
	author = {D'Errico, John},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012}
}

@article{marxen_correcting_2009,
	title = {Correcting magnetic resonance k-space data for in-plane motion using an optical position tracking system},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0094-2405},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/20095270},
	abstract = {{\textless}AbstractText Label="PURPOSE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE"{\textgreater}Motion is a major confound of image quality in MRI. A method of retrospectively correcting the effects of rotations and translations on the acquired k-space data is presented.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS"{\textgreater}In two phantom experiments of well-controlled translation and rotation, two MRI-compatible infrared cameras recorded motion data that were used subsequently to correct the position and phase of recorded k-space samples. Motion data can be acquired with a temporal resolution of 60 Hz and spatial accuracy of 0.1 mm for translations and 0.2 degree for rotations.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS"{\textgreater}Significant improvements of image quality are demonstrated.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}
{\textless}AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS"{\textgreater}The key advantages of the technique are that it is easy to implement, does not interfere with or complicate MR data acquisition, and is capable of correcting distortions within a single slice. Therefore, the technique has the potential to improve upon approaches that rely on the registration or realignment of successive imaging slices.{\textless}/AbstractText{\textgreater}},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Marxen, M and Marmurek, J and Baker, N and Graham, S J},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {20095270},
	keywords = {Artifacts, Calibration, Infrared Rays, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Movement, Optical Processes, Phantoms, Imaging, Rotation},
	pages = {5580--5585}
}

@article{vuissoz_free-breathing_2012-1,
	title = {Free-breathing imaging of the heart using 2D cine-{GRICS} (generalized reconstruction by inversion of coupled systems) with assessment of ventricular volumes and function},
	volume = {35},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.22818/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22818},
	abstract = {Purpose:
To assess cardiac function by means of a novel free-breathing cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) strategy.
Materials and Methods:
A stack of ungated 2D steady-state free precession (SSFP) slices was acquired during free breathing and reconstructed as cardiac cine imaging based on the generalized reconstruction by inversion of coupled systems (GRICS). A motion-compensated sliding window approach allows reconstructing cine movies with most motion artifacts cancelled. The proposed reconstruction uses prior knowledge from respiratory belts and electrocardiogram recordings and features a piecewise linear model that relates the electrocardiogram signal to cardiac displacements. The free-breathing protocol was validated in six subjects against a standard breath-held protocol.
Results:
Image sharpness, as assessed by the image gradient entropy, was comparable to that of breath-held images and significantly better than in uncorrected images. Volumetric parameters of cardiac function in the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) were similar, including end-systolic volumes, end-diastolic volumes and mass, stroke volumes, and ejection fractions (with differences of 3\% ± 2.4 in the LV and 2.9\% ± 4.4 in the RV). The duration of the free-breathing protocol was nearly the same as the breath-held protocol.
Conclusion:
Free-breathing cine-GRICS enables accurate assessment of volumetric parameters of cardiac function with efficient correction of motion. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;340-351. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-14},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Vuissoz, Pierre-André and Odille, Freddy and Fernandez, Brice and Lohezic, Maelene and Benhadid, Adnane and Mandry, Damien and Felblinger, Jacques},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {MRI reconstruction, cardiac function imaging, free breathing, motion correction},
	pages = {340--351}
}

@article{roddey_3-d_nodate,
	title = {3-{D} {Prospective} {Motion} {Correction} for {MR} {Spectroscopy}},
	volume = {56883},
	number = {333},
	author = {Roddey, J. and Deng, W. and Dale, A. and White, N. and Stenger, V. and Ernst, T. and Keating},
	pages = {4622}
}

@article{srichai_cardiovascular_2009,
	title = {Cardiovascular {Applications} of {Phase}-{Contrast} {MRI}},
	volume = {192},
	url = {http://www.ajronline.org/content/192/3/662.abstract},
	doi = {10.2214/AJR.07.3744},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to review and illustrate various clinical applications of phase-contrast MRI.CONCLUSION. Cardiac MRI has emerged as a valuable noninvasive clinical tool for evaluation of the cardiovascular system. Phase-contrast MRI has a variety of established applications in quantifying blood flow and velocity and several emerging applications, such as evaluation of diastolic function and myocardial dyssynchrony.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-02-11},
	journal = {American Journal of Roentgenology},
	author = {Srichai, Monvadi B. and Lim, Ruth P. and Wong, Samson and Lee, Vivian S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {662 --675}
}

@article{sengupta_left_2007,
	title = {Left ventricular isovolumic flow sequence during sinus and paced rhythms: new insights from use of high-resolution {Doppler} and ultrasonic digital particle imaging velocimetry},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1558-3597},
	shorttitle = {Left ventricular isovolumic flow sequence during sinus and paced rhythms},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.075},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We sought to clarify the role of isovolumic intervals during a cardiac cycle by in vivo visualization of left ventricular (LV) intracavitary flow dynamics.
BACKGROUND: Asynchronous LV deformation during isovolumic contraction (IVC) and isovolumic relaxation (IVR) might represent a transient feature of myocardial wall mechanics that reverses the direction of blood flow.
METHODS: In 10 beating porcine hearts, the changes in LV intracavitary flow were recorded at baseline and after LV epicardial and right atrial pacing with high-resolution Doppler and contrast echocardiography. Two-dimensional vector flow fields were generated offline from B-mode contrast images with particle imaging velocimetry.
RESULTS: During IVC, flow from the LV apex accelerated toward the base, whereas blood from the base was redirected toward the outflow through formation of an anterior vortex. Conversely, during IVR, flow was initially directed toward the apex and then briefly reversed toward the base. Epicardial pacing from the LV base altered the stages of flow redirection during the pre-ejection period and delayed mitral valve closure (28 +/- 14 ms vs. 61 +/- 13 ms, p {\textless} 0.001) and aortic valve opening (77 +/- 18 ms vs. 111 +/- 18 ms, p = 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS: Isovolumic intervals are not periods of hemodynamic stasis but, rather, phases with dynamic changes in intracavitary flow. Experimentally induced aberrant epicardial electrical activation alters stages of flow redirection and prolongs the pre-ejection period. Normal electromechanical activation through the His-Purkinje system in mammalian hearts maintains an inherent synchrony with the sequence of intracavitary flow redirection.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
	author = {Sengupta, Partho P. and Khandheria, Bijoy K. and Korinek, Josef and Jahangir, Arshad and Yoshifuku, Shiro and Milosevic, Ilija and Belohlavek, Marek},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17320749},
	keywords = {Animals, Blood Pressure, Cardiac Pacing, Artificial, Coronary Circulation, Echocardiography, Doppler, Laser-Doppler Flowmetry, Models, Animal, Myocardial Contraction, Swine, Ventricular Function, Left},
	pages = {899--908}
}

@article{tsao_accelerated_2006,
	title = {Accelerated parallel imaging by transform coding data compression with k-t {SENSE}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1557-170X},
	doi = {10.1109/IEMBS.2006.259751},
	abstract = {The theory and implementation of the k-t approach (k-t BLAST and k-t SENSE) are reviewed in the context of transform coding. The k-t approach exploits the information redundancy in typical time series of magnetic resonance images that depict anatomy and/or functional parameters. By utilizing this redundancy, it opens up the opportunity for significant acceleration, which in turn allows for scan time reduction, improvements in spatial or temporal resolution, or extended volume coverage for a given acquisition time.},
	journal = {Conference proceedings: ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference},
	author = {Tsao, Jeffrey and Hansen, Michael S and Kozerke, Sebastian},
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {17946824},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, data compression},
	pages = {372}
}

@article{paley_snr_2007,
	title = {{SNR} phase order k-space encoding ({SPOKE})},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0730-725X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566683},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mri.2007.03.033},
	abstract = {A method of determining the phase-encode order for MR Fourier-encoded imaging is described, which provides an additional option for optimizing images from samples with signals that change during data acquisition. Examples are in hyperpolarized helium gas imaging of the lungs where polarization is lost with each RF pulse or the signal changes observed in rapid dynamic studies with T(1) or T(2)* contrast agents when mixing is taking place. The method uses a single frequency-encoded projection in the proposed phase-encoding direction. The projection is subsequently sorted into signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) order. The indices of the sorted array are then used to create the phase-encode table to be used for the scan. This phase table is sorted in descending SNR order for signals that decrease during data acquisition and in ascending order for signals that increase during data acquisition. Simulations suggest that this technique can produce higher resolution than centric-ordered phase encoding at the expense of increased modulation (ghosting) artifact for dynamically changing signals. Initial practical implementation of the technique has been carried out on a dedicated 0.2-T Niche MR system, and the test object results agree well with simulations. Hyperpolarized 3-He lung images have also been acquired and postprocessed using the SNR phase order k-space encoding (SPOKE) methodology and show potential for improved imaging with high flip angles where polarization is rapidly lost. Applications may also be found for 3D volumetric acquisitions where two dimensions can be SPOKE encoded.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2011-01-31},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Paley, Martyn N J and Wild, James M and Lee, Kuan J and Griffiths, Paul D and Whitby, Elspeth H},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17566683},
	keywords = {Algorithms, Artifacts, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Information Storage and Retrieval, Lung, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {1402--1408}
}

@article{subgang_rapid_2013,
	title = {Rapid functional {MRI} in the mouse heart at 11.7T},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1097-6647},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3560097/},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-15-S1-W31},
	number = {Suppl 1},
	urldate = {2013-05-21},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Subgang, A and Vernikouskaya, I and Rasche, V},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {null},
	pmcid = {PMC3560097},
	pages = {W31}
}

@article{kellman_phase-sensitive_2002,
	title = {Phase-sensitive inversion recovery for detecting myocardial infarction using gadolinium-delayed hyperenhancement},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	abstract = {After administration of gadolinium, infarcted myocardium exhibits delayed hyperenhancement and can be imaged using an inversion recovery (IR) sequence. The performance of such a method when using magnitude-reconstructed images is highly sensitive to the inversion recovery time (TI) selected. Using phase-sensitive reconstruction, it is possible to use a nominal value of TI, eliminate several breath-holds otherwise needed to find the precise null time for normal myocardium, and achieve a consistent contrast. Phase-sensitive detection is used to remove the background phase while preserving the sign of the desired magnetization during IR. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate the benefits of both phase-sensitive IR image reconstruction and surface coil intensity normalization for detecting myocardial infarction (MI). The phase-sensitive reconstruction method reduces the variation in apparent infarct size that is observed in the magnitude images as TI is changed. Phase-sensitive detection also has the advantage of decreasing the sensitivity to changes in tissue T(1) with increasing delay from contrast agent injection.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Kellman, Peter and Arai, Andrew E and McVeigh, Elliot R and Aletras, Anthony H},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11810682},
	keywords = {Artifacts, Contrast Media, Coronary Disease, Gadolinium DTPA, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Myocardial Infarction, Myocardium, Phantoms, Imaging, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {372--383}
}

@article{spottiswoode_3d_2008,
	title = {3D myocardial tissue tracking with slice followed cine {DENSE} {MRI}},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.21317/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.21317},
	abstract = {PurposeTo track three-dimensional (3D) myocardial tissue motion using slice followed cine displacement encoded imaging with stimulated echoes (DENSE).Materials and MethodsSlice following (SF) has previously been developed for 2D myocardial tagging to compensate for the effect of through-plane motion on 2D tissue tracking. By incorporating SF into a cine DENSE sequence, and applying displacement encoding in three orthogonal directions, we demonstrate the ability to track discrete elements of a slice of myocardium in 3D as the heart moves through the cardiac cycle. The SF cine DENSE tracking algorithm was validated on a moving phantom, and the effects of through-plane motion on 2D cardiac strain were investigated in six healthy subjects.ResultsA through-plane tracking accuracy of 0.46 ± 0.32 mm was measured for a typical range of myocardial motion using a rotating phantom. In vivo 3D measurements of cardiac motion were consistent with prior myocardial tagging results. Through-plane rotation in a mid-ventricularshort-axis view was shown to decrease the magnitude of the 2D end-systolic circumferential strain by 3.91 ± 0.43\% and increase the corresponding radial strain by 6.01 ± 1.07\%.ConclusionSlice followed cine DENSE provides an accurate method for 3D tissue tracking. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;27:1019–1027. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2012-07-30},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Spottiswoode, Bruce S. and Zhong, Xiaodong and Lorenz, Christine H. and Mayosi, Bongani M. and Meintjes, Ernesta M. and Epstein, Frederick H.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {DENSE, cardiac MRI, myocardial tagging, slice following, tissue tracking},
	pages = {1019--1027}
}

@article{fessler_nonuniform_2003,
	title = {Nonuniform fast {Fourier} transforms using min-max interpolation},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1053-587X},
	doi = {10.1109/TSP.2002.807005},
	abstract = {The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used widely in signal processing for efficient computation of the FT of finite-length signals over a set of uniformly spaced frequency locations. However, in many applications, one requires nonuniform sampling in the frequency domain, i.e., a nonuniform FT. Several papers have described fast approximations for the nonuniform FT based on interpolating an oversampled FFT. This paper presents an interpolation method for the nonuniform FT that is optimal in the min-max sense of minimizing the worst-case approximation error over all signals of unit norm. The proposed method easily generalizes to multidimensional signals. Numerical results show that the min-max approach provides substantially lower approximation errors than conventional interpolation methods. The min-max criterion is also useful for optimizing the parameters of interpolation kernels such as the Kaiser-Bessel function.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing},
	author = {Fessler, J.A. and Sutton, B.P.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {FFT, Interpolation, Kaiser-Bessel function, fast Fourier transforms, frequency domain, frequency-domain analysis, min-max interpolation, minimax techniques, multidimensional signal processing, multidimensional signals, nonuniform FT, nonuniform fast Fourier transforms, nonuniform sampling, signal processing, signal sampling, worst-case approximation error},
	pages = {560 -- 574}
}

@article{chuang_determination_2010,
	title = {Determination of three-dimensional ventricular strain distributions in gene-targeted mice using tagged {MRI}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1522-2594},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate2.inist.fr/pubmed/20981782},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.22547},
	abstract = {A model-based method for calculating three-dimensional (3D) cardiac wall strain distributions in the mouse has been developed and tested in a genetically engineered mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy. Data from MR tagging and harmonic phase (HARP) tracking were used to measure material point displacements, and 3D Lagrangian strains were calculated throughout the entire left ventricle (LV) with a deformable parametric model. A mouse model where cardiomyocytes are specifically made deficient in vinculin (VclKO) were compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. 3D strain analysis revealed differences in LV wall mechanics between WT and VclKO mice at 8 weeks of age when systolic function had just begun to decline. Most notably, end-systolic radial strain and torsional shear were reduced in VclKO hearts which contributed to regional mechanical dysfunction. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using MRI tagging methods to detect alterations in 3D myocardial strain distributions in genetically engineered mouse models of cardiovascular disease.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-01-03},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Chuang, Joyce S and Zemljic-Harpf, Alice and Ross, Robert S and Frank, Lawrence R and McCulloch, Andrew D and Omens, Jeffrey H},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20981782},
	pages = {1281--1288}
}

@article{winter_fast_2013,
	title = {Fast retrospectively triggered local pulse-wave velocity measurements in mice with {CMR}-microscopy using a radial trajectory},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {2013 Winter et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/15/1/88/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-15-88},
	abstract = {The aortic pulse-wave velocity (PWV) is an important indicator of cardiovascular risk. In recent studies MRI methods have been developed to measure this parameter noninvasively in mice. Present techniques require additional hardware for cardiac and respiratory gating. In this work a robust self-gated measurement of the local PWV in mice without the need of triggering probes is proposed.
PMID: 24083810},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-10-31},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Winter, Patrick and Kampf, Thomas and Helluy, Xavier and Gutjahr, Fabian T. and Meyer, Cord B. and Rommel, E. and Bauer, Wolfgang R. and Jakob, Peter M. and Herold, Volker},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {24083810},
	keywords = {Aorta, Non-triggered, Phase-contrast CMR, Pulse-wave velocity, Radial, mouse, retrospective, self-gating},
	pages = {88},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/VXFMRU35/Winter et al. - 2013 - Fast retrospectively triggered local pulse-wave ve.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/cmey/Zotero/storage/TA6CJ8U7/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@book{pauly_new_1990,
	title = {New approaches to selective excitation for magnetic resonance imaging},
	abstract = {Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be divided into two phases, selective excitation and acquisition. Selective excitation concerns the production of an MR signal, while acquisition concerns the manipulation and collection of this signal. This thesis concerns several new approaches to the selective excitation phase of MRI. The connecting thread is the application of the powerful tools of linear systems theory to the non-linear Bloch equation. By constraining solutions to interesting linear subspaces of the Bloch equation a number of useful results are obtained. These include multidimensional selective excitation, imaging of chemical species with rapidly decaying signals, and direct specification and design for slice selective excitation.},
	author = {Pauly, J. M.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE; NMR IMAGING; OPTIMIZATION; BLOCH EQUATIONS; IMAGE PROCESSING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES; EQUATIONS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PROCESSING; RESONANCE}
}

@article{hartung_magnetic_2011,
	title = {Magnetic resonance angiography: current status and future directions},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {2011 Hartung et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1532-429X},
	shorttitle = {Magnetic resonance angiography},
	url = {http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/13/1/19/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1532-429X-13-19},
	abstract = {With recent improvement in hardware and software techniques, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has undergone significant changes in technique and approach. The advent of 3.0 T magnets has allowed reduction in exogenous contrast dose without compromising overall image quality. The use of novel intravascular contrast agents substantially increases the image windows and decreases contrast dose. Additionally, the lower risk and cost in non-contrast enhanced (NCE) MRA has sparked renewed interest in these methods. This article discusses the current state of both contrast-enhanced (CE) and NCE-MRA. New CE-MRA methods take advantage of dose reduction at 3.0 T, novel contrast agents, and parallel imaging methods. The risks of gadolinium-based contrast media, and the NCE-MRA methods of time-of-flight, steady-state free precession, and phase contrast are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-11-20},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Hartung, Michael and Grist, Thomas and François, Christopher},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {19}
}

@article{moller_mr_1996,
	title = {{MR} flow quantification using {RACE}: clinical application to the carotid arteries},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1053-1807},
	shorttitle = {{MR} flow quantification using {RACE}},
	abstract = {Real time MR flow quantification was performed with real time acquisition and evaluation of motion (RACE) in a rigid phantom under steady flow conditions and in the common carotid arteries of 43 subjects aged 24-78 years. Hemodynamic information included the intraluminal velocity distribution during the complete cardiac cycle, the distensibility of the arterial wall, and age-dependent changes of the flow curves. Systolic peak velocities of 51 +/- 33 cm/s and time-averaged volume flow rates of 4.3 +/- 2.0 ml/s were measured in healthy subjects. Flow rates below 3.0 ml/s and the observation of abnormal flow patterns indicated stenoses greater than 70\% in the region of the bifurcation (sensitivity: 83.3\%; specificity: 93.7\%; accuracy: 71.4\%). Improvements may be achieved from a combination with MR angiography, providing both functional and morphologic vascular information noninvasively within one observer-independent examination. MR imaging, therefore, has a strong potential for the diagnosis of critical stenoses in symptomatic patients.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI},
	author = {Möller, H E and Klocke, H K and Bongartz, G M and Peters, P E},
	month = jun,
	year = {1996},
	pmid = {8724417},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Blood Flow Velocity, Brain, Carotid Arteries, Carotid Stenosis, Female, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Male, Middle Aged, Phantoms, Imaging, Reference Values, hemodynamics},
	pages = {503--512}
}

@article{du_compressed_nodate,
	title = {Compressed sensing {MR} image reconstruction using a motion-compensated reference},
	issn = {0730-725X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0730725X12001014},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mri.2012.03.005},
	abstract = {Compressed sensing (CS)-based methods have been proposed for image reconstruction from undersampled magnetic resonance data. Recently, CS-based schemes using reference images have also been proposed to further reduce the sampling requirement. In this study, we propose a new reference-constrained CS reconstruction method that accounts for the misalignment between the reference and the target image to be reconstructed. The proposed method uses a new image model that represents the target image as a linear combination of a motion-dependent reference image and a sparse difference image. We then use an efficient iterative algorithm to jointly estimate the motion parameters and the difference image from sparsely sampled data. Simulation results from a numerical phantom data set and an in vivo data set show that the proposed method can accurately compensate the motion effects between the reference and the target images and improve reconstruction quality. The proposed method should prove useful for several applications such as interventional imaging, longitudinal imaging studies and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging.},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2012-06-11},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Du, Huiqian and Lam, Fan},
	keywords = {Alternating minimization, Motion compensation, Reference image, compressed sensing}
}

@article{foll_magnetic_2011,
	title = {Magnetic resonance tissue phase mapping: {Analysis} of age‐related and pathologically altered left ventricular radial and long‐axis dyssynchrony},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	shorttitle = {Magnetic resonance tissue phase mapping},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.22641/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22641},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2011-08-30},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Föll, D. and Jung, B. and Germann, E. and Hennig, J. and Bode, Ch and Markl, M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {MRI, dyssynchrony, left ventricle, myocardial motion, tissue phase mapping},
	pages = {518--525}
}

@article{barkhausen_imaging_2004,
	title = {Imaging of myocardial perfusion with magnetic resonance},
	volume = {19},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.20073/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.20073},
	abstract = {Coronary artery disease (CAD) is currently the leading cause of death in developed nations. Reflecting the complexity of cardiac function and morphology, noninvasive diagnosis of CAD represents a major challenge for medical imaging. Although coronary artery stenoses can be depicted with magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) techniques, its functional or hemodynamic impact frequently remains elusive. Therefore, there is growing interest in other, target organ-specific parameters such as myocardial function at stress and first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging to assess myocardial blood flow. This review explores the pathophysiologic background, recent technical developments, and current clinical status of first-pass MR imaging (MRI) of myocardial perfusion. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:750–757. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2012-11-08},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Barkhausen, Jörg and Hunold, Peter and Jochims, Markus and Debatin, Jörg F.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Coronary Artery Disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, contrast agents, myocardial perfusion, pulse sequences},
	pages = {750--757}
}

@article{tsao_optimizing_2005,
	title = {Optimizing spatiotemporal sampling for k-t {BLAST} and k-t {SENSE}: application to high-resolution real-time cardiac steady-state free precession},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0740-3194},
	shorttitle = {Optimizing spatiotemporal sampling for k-t {BLAST} and k-t {SENSE}},
	doi = {10.1002/mrm.20483},
	abstract = {In k-t BLAST and k-t SENSE, data acquisition is accelerated by sparsely sampling k-space over time. This undersampling in k-t space causes the object signals to be convolved with a point spread function in x-f space (x = spatial position, f = temporal frequency). The resulting aliasing is resolved by exploiting spatiotemporal correlations within the data. In general, reconstruction accuracy can be improved by controlling the k-t sampling pattern to minimize signal overlap in x-f space. In this work, we describe an approach to obtain generally favorable patterns for typical image series without specific knowledge of the image series itself. These optimized sampling patterns were applied to free-breathing, untriggered (i.e., real-time) cardiac imaging with steady-state free precession (SSFP). Eddy-current artifacts, which are otherwise increased drastically in SSFP by the undersampling, were minimized using alternating k-space sweeps. With the synergistic combination of the k-t approach with optimized sampling and SSFP with alternating k-space sweeps, it was possible to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio, high contrast, and high spatiotemporal resolutions, while achieving substantial immunity against eddy currents. Cardiac images are shown, demonstrating excellent image quality and an in-plane resolution of approximately 2.0 mm at {\textgreater}25 frames/s, using one or more receiver coils.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine: official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
	author = {Tsao, Jeffrey and Kozerke, Sebastian and Boesiger, Peter and Pruessmann, Klaas P},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15906282},
	keywords = {Artifacts, Heart, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	pages = {1372--1382}
}

@article{firmin_navigator_2001,
	title = {Navigator {Echoes} in {Cardiac} {Magnetic} {Resonance}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1097-6647},
	url = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/JCMR-100107467},
	doi = {10.1081/JCMR-100107467},
	abstract = {Navigator echoes are frequently used in cardiac magnetic resonance to monitor respiratory motion and have proved particularly useful in coronary artery imaging techniques where they allow the acquisition of data over multiple reproducible breathholds and during free breathing. The large number of variables involved in their use, however, is such that an optimal method of application may yet have to be developed. In this review article, we examine the issues relating to their implementation and describe the ways in which the navigator information obtained may be used.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
	author = {Firmin, David and Keegan, Jenny},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {183--193}
}

@inproceedings{prashanthi_vemuri1_eugene_g._kholmovski1_dennis_l._parker1_brian_e._chapman_coil_nodate,
	title = {Coil {Sensitivity} {Estimation} for {Optimal} {SNR} {Reconstruction} and {Intensity} {Inhomogeneity} {Correction} in {Phased} {Array} {MR} {Imaging}},
	url = {http://www2.wiau.man.ac.uk/caws/Conferences/26/online_proceedings/papers/221/IPMIpaper_pvemuri-color.pdf},
	author = {Prashanthi Vemuri1, Eugene G. Kholmovski1, Dennis L. Parker1, Brian E. Chapman}
}

@misc{noauthor_wiggers_2014,
	title = {Wiggers diagram},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
	url = {http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiggers_diagram&oldid=590370546},
	abstract = {A Wiggers diagram is a standard diagram used in cardiac physiology named after Dr. Carl J. Wiggers.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-07-04},
	journal = {Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Page Version ID: 590370546}
}

@article{rudski_guidelines_2010,
	title = {Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the {American} {Society} of {Echocardiography} endorsed by the {European} {Association} of {Echocardiography}, a registered branch of the {European} {Society} of {Cardiology}, and the {Canadian} {Society} of {Echocardiography}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1097-6795},
	shorttitle = {Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults},
	doi = {10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
	author = {Rudski, Lawrence G and Lai, Wyman W and Afilalo, Jonathan and Hua, Lanqi and Handschumacher, Mark D and Chandrasekaran, Krishnaswamy and Solomon, Scott D and Louie, Eric K and Schiller, Nelson B},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20620859},
	keywords = {Adult, Atrial Function, Canada, Echocardiography, Europe, Heart Atria, Heart Ventricles, Humans, International Cooperation, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Societies, Medical, United States, Ventricular Function, cardiology},
	pages = {685--713; quiz 786--788}
}

@article{peel_accelerated_2011,
	title = {Accelerated aortic imaging using small field of view imaging and electrocardiogram‐triggered quadruple inversion recovery magnetization preparation},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1522-2586},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/10.1002/jmri.22785/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jmri.22785},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2011-10-28},
	journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging},
	author = {Peel, Sarah A and Hussain, Tarique and Cecelja, Marina and Abbas, Abeera and Greil, Gerald F and Chowienczyk, Philip and Spector, Tim and Smith, Alberto and Waltham, Matthew and Botnar, Rene M},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {aortic vessel wall imaging, blood suppression, quadruple inversion recovery},
	pages = {1176--1183}
}

@article{knoll_adapted_2011,
	title = {Adapted random sampling patterns for accelerated {MRI}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0968-5243},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/9874111401887481/},
	doi = {10.1007/s10334-010-0234-7},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2011-03-11},
	journal = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Knoll, Florian and Clason, Christian and Diwoky, Clemens and Stollberger, Rudolf},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {43--50}
}

@article{slodki_q-ii_1969,
	title = {The {Q}-{II} interval. 3. {A} study of the second heart sound in old age},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0002-8614},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society},
	author = {Slodki, S J and Hussain, A T and Luisada, A A},
	month = jul,
	year = {1969},
	pmid = {5788110},
	keywords = {Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Phonocardiography},
	pages = {673--679}
}

@article{kyriakos_sensitivity_2000,
	title = {Sensitivity profiles from an array of coils for encoding and reconstruction in parallel ({SPACE} {R

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib