text:
989 - Landscape Ecology The Effect of Pattern on Process.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0066-4162},
issn = {0066-4162},
journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
month = {nov},
number = {1},
pages = {171--197},
pmid = {1266},
title = {{Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001131},
volume = {20},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Gibson2011a,
abstract = {The search for general properties in the structure of ecological networks is currently a very active area of research. Meta-analyses of published networks are a widely used technique. To have the best chance of discovering common properties though, networks should be constructed using a standardized approach. However, this is rarely the case, and pollination networks are constructed using two main methods: transects and timed observations. To investigate the potential for variation in network structure arising from different construction techniques we constructed plant–pollinator networks using two different methods at a single site, repeating our protocol over three field seasons. Transects and timed observation methods differ in the evenness of observation effort allocated among plant species in the observed community. We show that the uneven allocation of observation effort significantly affects the number of unique interactions in the network, and we reveal a strong trend in effects on web asymmetry and evenness of marginal abundance distributions. However, these effects do not appear to extend to the higher-order properties of connectance and nestedness.},
author = {Gibson, Rachel H. and Knott, Ben and Eberlein, Tim and Memmott, Jane},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18927.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gibson et al. - 2011 - Sampling method influences the structure of plant-pollinator networks.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0030-1299},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
keywords = {Method-Paper,Plant-Flower,Pollination,Sampling Method},
mendeley-tags = {Method-Paper,Plant-Flower,Pollination,Sampling Method},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {822--831},
title = {{Sampling method influences the structure of plant-pollinator networks}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18927.x},
volume = {120},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Jetz2012,
abstract = {Current global patterns of biodiversity result from processes that operate over both space and time and thus require an integrated macroecological and macroevolutionary perspective. Molecular time trees have advanced our understanding of the tempo and mode of diversification and have identified remarkable adaptive radiations across the tree of life. However, incomplete joint phylogenetic and geographic sampling has limited broad-scale inference. Thus, the relative prevalence of rapid radiations and the importance of their geographic settings in shaping global biodiversity patterns remain unclear. Here we present, analyse and map the first complete dated phylogeny of all 9,993 extant species of birds, a widely studied group showing many unique adaptations. We find that birds have undergone a strong increase in diversification rate from about 50 million years ago to the near present. This acceleration is due to a number of significant rate increases, both within songbirds and within other young and mostly temperate radiations including the waterfowl, gulls and woodpeckers. Importantly, species characterized with very high past diversification rates are interspersed throughout the avian tree and across geographic space. Geographically, the major differences in diversification rates are hemispheric rather than latitudinal, with bird assemblages in Asia, North America and southern South America containing a disproportionate number of species from recent rapid radiations. The contribution of rapidly radiating lineages to both temporal diversification dynamics and spatial distributions of species diversity illustrates the benefits of an inclusive geographical and taxonomical perspective. Overall, whereas constituent clades may exhibit slowdowns, the adaptive zone into which modern birds have diversified since the Cretaceous may still offer opportunities for diversification.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Jetz, W. and Thomas, G. H. and Joy, J. B. and Hartmann, K. and Mooers, A. O.},
doi = {10.1038/nature11631},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jetz et al. - 2012 - The global diversity of birds in space and time.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0028-0836 (Linking)},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {nov},
number = {7424},
pages = {444--448},
pmid = {23123857},
title = {{The global diversity of birds in space and time}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/nature11631},
volume = {491},
year = {2012}
}
@article{McMichael2017,
abstract = {Although the Amazon rainforest houses much of Earth's biodiversity and plays a major role in the global carbon budget, estimates of tree biodiversity originate from fewer than 1,000 forest inventory plots, and estimates of carbon dynamics are derived from fewer than 200 recensus plots. It is well documented that the pre-European inhabitants of Amazonia actively transformed and modified the forest in many regions before their population collapse around 1491 AD; however, the impacts of these ancient disturbances remain entirely unaccounted for in the many highly influential studies using Amazonian forest plots. Here we examine whether Amazonian forest inventory plot locations are spatially biased toward areas with high probability of ancient human impacts. Our analyses reveal that forest inventory plots, and especially forest recensus plots, in all regions of Amazonia are located disproportionately near archaeological evidence and in areas likely to have ancient human impacts. Furthermore, regions of the Amazon that are relatively oversampled with inventory plots also contain the highest values of predicted ancient human impacts. Given the long lifespan of Amazonian trees, many forest inventory and recensus sites may still be recovering from past disturbances, potentially skewing our interpretations of forest dynamics and our understanding of how these forests are responding to global change. Empirical data on the human history of forest inventory sites are crucial for determining how past disturbances affect modern patterns of forest composition and carbon flux in Amazonian forests.},
author = {McMichael, Crystal N. H. and Matthews-Bird, Frazer and Farfan-Rios, William and Feeley, Kenneth J.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1614577114},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/McMichael et al. - 2017 - Ancient human disturbances may be skewing our understanding of Amazonian forests.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {Amazon,biomass,carbon dynamics,hyperdominants,succession},
month = {jan},
number = {3},
pages = {522--527},
pmid = {28049821},
title = {{Ancient human disturbances may be skewing our understanding of Amazonian forests}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1614577114 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28049821},
volume = {114},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Moretti2009,
abstract = {1. Valuable insights into mechanisms of community responses to environmental change can be gained by analysing in tandem the variation in functional and taxonomic composition along environmental gradients. 2. We assess the changes in species and functional trait composition (i.e. dominant traits and functional diversity) of diverse bee communities in contrasting fire-driven systems in two climatic regions: Mediterranean (scrub habitats in Israel) and temperate (chestnut forests in southern Switzerland). 3. In both climatic regions, there were shifts in species diversity and composition related to post-fire age. In the temperate region, functional composition responded markedly to fire; however, in the Mediterranean, the taxonomic response to fire was not matched by functional replacement. 4. These results suggest that greater functional stability to fire in the Mediterranean is achieved by replacement of functionally similar species (i.e. functional redundancy) which dominate under different environmental conditions in the heterogeneous landscapes of the region. In contrast, the greater functional response in the temperate region was attributed to a more rapid post-fire vegetation recovery and shorter time-window when favourable habitat was available relative to the Mediterranean. 5. Bee traits can be used to predict the functional responses of bee communities to environmental changes in habitats of conservation importance in different regions with distinct disturbance regimes. However, predictions cannot be generalized from one climatic region to another where distinct habitat configurations occur.},
author = {Moretti, Marco and de Bello, Francesco and Roberts, Stuart P M and Potts, Simon G},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01462.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/Moretti et al.{\_}2009{\_}Taxonomical vs. functional responses of bee communities to fire in two contrasting climatic regions.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1365-2656},
journal = {The Journal of animal ecology},
keywords = {Animal,Animal: physiology,Animals,Bee,Bees,Bees: physiology,Behavior,Biodiversity,Climate,Fires,Mediterranean Region,Switzerland,Traits},
mendeley-tags = {Bee,Traits},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {98--108},
pmid = {18705629},
title = {{Taxonomical vs. functional responses of bee communities to fire in two contrasting climatic regions.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18705629},
volume = {78},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Linard2012,
abstract = {The spatial distribution of populations and settlements across a country and their interconnectivity and accessibility from urban areas are important for delivering healthcare, distributing resources and economic development. However, existing spatially explicit population data across Africa are generally based on outdated, low resolution input demographic data, and provide insufficient detail to quantify rural settlement patterns and, thus, accurately measure population concentration and accessibility. Here we outline approaches to developing a new high resolution population distribution dataset for Africa and analyse rural accessibility to population centers. Contemporary population count data were combined with detailed satellite-derived settlement extents to map population distributions across Africa at a finer spatial resolution than ever before. Substantial heterogeneity in settlement patterns, population concentration and spatial accessibility to major population centres is exhibited across the continent. In Africa, 90{\%} of the population is concentrated in less than 21{\%} of the land surface and the average per-person travel time to settlements of more than 50,000 inhabitants is around 3.5 hours, with Central and East Africa displaying the longest average travel times. The analyses highlight large inequities in access, the isolation of many rural populations and the challenges that exist between countries and regions in providing access to services. The datasets presented are freely available as part of the AfriPop project, providing an evidence base for guiding strategic decisions.},
author = {Linard, Catherine and Gilbert, Marius and Snow, Robert W. and Noor, Abdisalan M. and Tatem, Andrew J.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0031743},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2012/Linard et al.{\_}2012{\_}Population distribution, settlement patterns and accessibility across Africa in 2010.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1932-6203 (Linking)},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PloS one},
keywords = {Africa,Data,Emigration and Immigration,Geography,Health Services Accessibility,Humans,Method-Paper,Population,Population Dynamics,Time Factors,Travel},
mendeley-tags = {Africa,Data,Method-Paper,Population},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {e31743},
pmid = {22363717},
title = {{Population distribution, settlement patterns and accessibility across Africa in 2010.}},
volume = {7},
year = {2012}
}
@article{ECKERT2008,
author = {ECKERT, C. G. and SAMIS, K. E. and LOUGHEED, S. C.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03659.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/ECKERT, SAMIS, LOUGHEED - 2008 - Genetic variation across species' geographical ranges the central–marginal hypothesis and beyond.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-1083},
journal = {Molecular Ecology},
keywords = {2007,accepted 23 november 2007,conservation,genetic differentiation,genetic diversity,geographical ranges,range limits,received 22 july 2007,revision received 18 november},
month = {mar},
number = {5},
pages = {1170--1188},
title = {{Genetic variation across species' geographical ranges: the central–marginal hypothesis and beyond}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03659.x},
volume = {17},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Pflugmacher2012,
abstract = {Lidar is currently the most accurate method for remote estimation of forest structure, but it has limited spatial and temporal coverage. Conversely, Landsat data are more widely available, but exhibit a weaker relationship with structure under medium to high leaf area conditions. One potentially valuable means of enhancing the relationship between Landsat reflectance and forest structure is to incorporate Landsat spectral trends prior to a date of interest. Because the condition of a forest stand at any point in time is linked to the stand's disturbance history, an approach that directly leverages the temporal information of Landsat time series should improve estimates of forest structure. The main objective of this study was to test and demonstrate the utility of disturbance and recovery metrics derived from spectral profiles of annual Landsat time series (LTS) to predict current forest structure attributes (as compared to more traditional approaches, including airborne, discrete return lidar and single-date Landsat). We estimated aboveground live biomass (AGB live), dead woody biomass (AGB dead), basal area (live and dead), and Lorey's mean stand height for a mixed-conifer forest in eastern Oregon, USA, and compared the results with estimates from lidar and single, current-date Landsat imagery. Annual time-series stacks for the entire Landsat record (1972-2010) were obtained to characterize all long-term (insect, growth) and short-term (fire, harvest) vegetation changes that occurred during that period. This required the additional objective of integrating Landsat data from MSS and TM/ETM+sensors, and we describe here our approach. To extract spectral trajectories and change metrics associated with forest disturbances and recovery we applied a temporal segmentation to the calibrated time series.Lidar predicted forest structure of live trees most accurately (e.g. AGB live: R 2=0.88, RMSE=35.3Mgha -1). However, LTS metrics significantly improved model predictions (e.g. AGB live: R 2=0.80, RMSE=46.9Mgha -1) compared to single-date Landsat data (AGB live, R 2=0.58, RMSE=65.1Mgha -1). Conversely, distributions of AGB dead were more strongly associated with disturbance history than current structure of live trees. As a result, LTS models performed significantly better in estimating AGB dead (R 2=0.73, RMSE=31.0Mgha -1), than lidar models (R 2=0.21, RMSE=43.8Mgha -1); and single-date Landsat data failed completely (R 2=0, RMSE=47.8Mgha -1). Further, LTS metrics that integrated disturbance and recovery history over the entire time series generally predicted AGB dead better than metrics describing single events only (e.g. the greatest disturbance). This study demonstrates the unique value of the long, historic Landsat record, and suggests new potentials for mapping current forest structure with Landsat. ?? 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
author = {Pflugmacher, Dirk and Cohen, Warren B. and {E. Kennedy}, Robert},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.025},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pflugmacher, Cohen, E. Kennedy - 2012 - Using Landsat-derived disturbance history (1972–2010) to predict current forest structure.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Biomass,Carbon,Forest disturbance,LandTrendr,Landsat,Lidar,MSS,Tasseled cap,Time series,TimeSync},
month = {jul},
pages = {146--165},
title = {{Using Landsat-derived disturbance history (1972–2010) to predict current forest structure}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425712000533},
volume = {122},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Donaldson2002,
author = {Donaldson, John and Nanni, Ingrid and Zachariades, Costas and Kemper, Jessica},
doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.99515.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2002/Donaldson et al.{\_}2002{\_}Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Pollinator Diversity and Plant Reproductive Success in Renosterveld Shrublands.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0888-8892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
keywords = {Africa,Fragmentation,Plants,Pollination},
mendeley-tags = {Africa,Fragmentation,Plants,Pollination},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {1267--1276},
title = {{Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Pollinator Diversity and Plant Reproductive Success in Renosterveld Shrublands of South Africa}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.99515.x},
volume = {16},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Bobiec2000,
abstract = {The Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a Primeval Forest, Poland, is the only forest area in temperate Europe where large tracts of natural forest communities have been conserved. The concept of silvatic mosaic [Oldeman, R.A.A., 1990. Forests: Elements of Silvology. Springer, Berlin] was applied in order to characterise the structure of stands representing oak–lime–hornbeam forest in both, the restricted area of Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a National Park (BNP) and the commercial forests (CF), as well as to indicate a holistic approach towards protection and restoration of natural areas. Six developmental phases of stands were distinguished and defined: regeneration, young, pole, late pole, optimal, and terminal. Compositional and structural differences between the first five phases were also evaluated and visualised. Moreover, the considerable differences between analogous phases in BNP and CF were found. The uniform stand patches were mapped into two plots in BNP (25 ha each) and two in CF (25 and 20 ha), with a resolution of 10 m× 10 m pixels. The mosaic composition of natural communities indicates close-to-the equilibrium stage: the biostatic optimal phase occupies 33–40{\%} of the area, while aggradational younger phases share nearly the same portion of the area as the senescent phase does. Although small, 0.01–0.04 ha eco-units dominate in BNP, there is a considerable portion of intermediate and large patches, indicating a complex character of factors responsible for the mosaic structure of natural stands in BNP. Both, composition and texture analyses indicate that the area of 25 ha is close to the minimum structure area specific for the communities studied. The comparison of natural and managed stands revealed large deficits of the optimal phase (only 19{\%}) and a total absence of the terminal one in the managed area (20–35{\%} in natural forest). Also the mosaic texture of CF plots was simplified because of standardisation of the management unit size. The modification of developmental phases, mosaic composition, and structure must lead to changes in the dynamics of the entire community. The present study demonstrates that the natural forest should be considered as a dynamic supersystem, covering a sufficient area to allow the developmental phases to perform in correct proportions. Because of differences in the durability of various phases, the natural cycle of forest development has an asynchronous and highly unpredictable character. Indeed, the applicability of multipurpose forestry rules as a tool of nature conservation has been questioned. An absolute ban on cutting in the remaining old-growth stands should be a basic rule for the restoration management.},
author = {Bobiec, Andrzej and van der Burgt, Haico and Meijer, Kim and Zuyderduyn, Casper and Haga, Jos and Vlaanderen, Bastiaan and Burgt, Haico Van Der and Meijer, Kim and Zuyderduyn, Casper and Hagab, Jos and Vlaanderen, Bastiaan},
doi = {10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00181-4},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2000/Bobiec et al.{\_}2000{\_}Rich deciduous forests in Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a as a dynamic mosaic of developmental phases premises for nature conservation and.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03781127},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
keywords = {Bialowieza,Deciduous forest,Forest management,Nature conservation,Silvatic mosaic,Stand dynamics},
mendeley-tags = {Bialowieza},
month = {may},
number = {1-3},
pages = {159--175},
title = {{Rich deciduous forests in Bia{\l}owie{\.{z}}a as a dynamic mosaic of developmental phases: premises for nature conservation and restoration management}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112799001814 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112799001814},
volume = {130},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Riitters2000,
author = {Riitters, Kurt and Wickham, J and Neill, R O and Jones, B and Smith, Elizabeth R.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Riitters et al. - 2000 - Global-Scale Patterns of Forest Fragmentation.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Conservation Ecology},
keywords = {Forest,Fragmentation,Global},
mendeley-tags = {Forest,Fragmentation,Global},
number = {2},
pages = {1--20},
title = {{Global-Scale Patterns of Forest Fragmentation}},
url = {http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss2/art3/},
volume = {4},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Moreno-Mateos2017,
author = {Moreno-Mateos, David and Barbier, Edward B. and Jones, Peter C. and Jones, Holly P. and Aronson, James and L{\'{o}}pez-L{\'{o}}pez, Jos{\'{e}} A. and McCrackin, Michelle L. and Meli, Paula and Montoya, Daniel and {Rey Benayas}, Jos{\'{e}} M.},
doi = {10.1038/ncomms14163},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Moreno-Mateos et al. - 2017 - Anthropogenic ecosystem disturbance and the recovery debt.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2041-1723},
journal = {Nature Communications},
month = {jan},
pages = {14163},
title = {{Anthropogenic ecosystem disturbance and the recovery debt}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncomms14163},
volume = {8},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Hermy2007,
author = {Hermy, Martin and Verheyen, Kris},
doi = {10.1007/s11284-007-0354-3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hermy, Verheyen - 2007 - Legacies of the past in the present-day forest biodiversity a review of past land-use effects on forest plant s.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0912-3814},
journal = {Ecological Research},
keywords = {historical ecology {\ae} dispersal,limitation {\ae},recruitment limitation {\ae} conservation,research,research needs {\ae} future,{\ae} forest cover {\ae}},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {361--371},
title = {{Legacies of the past in the present-day forest biodiversity: a review of past land-use effects on forest plant species composition and diversity}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11284-007-0354-3},
volume = {22},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Steffan-Dewenter2007,
abstract = {Pollinators are a functional group with high relevance for ensuring cross-pollination in wild plant populations and yields in major crops. Both pollinator declines and losses of pollination services have been identified in the context of habitat destruction and land use intensification. 2 This editorial synthesizes and links the findings presented in seven papers in this Special Profile, focusing on pollinator diversity and plant–pollinator interactions in natural habitats and agricultural landscapes. 3 The results contribute to our understanding of local and landscape scale effects of land use intensification on pollinator densities and diversity, and pollination functions in wild plant communities and crops. 4 Synthesis and applications. We emphasize the exceptional coverage in pollination ecology ranging from basic ecological relationships to applied aspects of ecosystem services and ecosystem management, and conclude with identifying gaps in current knowledge and challenging research areas for the future.},
author = {Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Westphal, Catrin},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01483.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Steffan-Dewenter, Westphal - 2007 - The interplay of pollinator diversity, pollination services and landscape change.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0021-8901},
issn = {00218901},
journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
keywords = {Agri-environment schemes,Bees,Butterflies,Ecosystem services,Fragmentation,Gene flow,Habitat fragmentation,Habitat management,Land use intensification,Paper,Spatial scales,Study,agri-environment schemes,bees,butterflies,ecosystem services,gene flow,habitat fragmentation,habitat management,land use intensification,spatial scales},
mendeley-tags = {Fragmentation,Paper,Study},
month = {oct},
number = {3},
pages = {737--741},
pmid = {4120},
title = {{The interplay of pollinator diversity, pollination services and landscape change}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01483.x},
volume = {45},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Bluthgen2010,
abstract = {Network analyses of mutualistic or antagonistic interactions between species are very popular, but their biological interpretations are often unclear and incautious. Here I propose to distinguish two possible implications of network patterns in conjunction with solutions to avoid misinterpretations. Interpretations can be either niche-based, describing specialisation, trait (mis-)matching between species, niche breadth and niche overlap and their relationship to interspecific competition and species coexistence, or impact-based, focusing on frequencies of interactions between species such as predation or infection rates and mutualistic services, aiming to quantify each species' relative contribution to an ecological effect. For niche-based implications, it is crucial to acknowledge the sampling limitations of a network and thus control for the number of observations of each species. This is particularly important for those kinds of networks that summarise observed interactions in communities (e.g. bipartite host–parasitoid or plant–animal networks), rather than compile information from different sources or experiments (as in many food webs). Variation in total observation frequencies may alone explain network patterns that have often been interpreted as ‘specialisation asymmetries' (nestedness, dependence asymmetries). I show analytically that ‘dependence asymmetries' between two species (or two guilds) only reflect variation in their total observation frequencies. To depict true asymmetries in niche breadth, independent data are required for both species. Moreover, simulated co-extinction scenarios assume that each species ‘depends' on its associated partners in the network (again niche-based), but species that appear most endangered are simply those with one or very few observations and are not necessarily specialised. Distinguishing niche-based and impact-based interpretations may help to bridge terminological and conceptual gaps between network pattern analyses and traditional community ecology.},
author = {Bl{\"{u}}thgen, Nico},
doi = {10.1016/j.baae.2010.01.001},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Bl{\"{u}}thgen{\_}2010{\_}Why network analysis is often disconnected from community ecology A critique and an ecologist's guide.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14391791},
journal = {Basic and Applied Ecology},
keywords = {Ecological networks,Ecological niche,Interaction Networks,Method-Paper,Mutualism,Nestedness,Parasitism,Review,Sampling effects,Specialisation asymmetry,Species extinctions},
mendeley-tags = {Interaction Networks,Method-Paper,Review},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {185--195},
title = {{Why network analysis is often disconnected from community ecology: A critique and an ecologist's guide}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1439179110000125},
volume = {11},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Wulder2018,
author = {Wulder, Michael A. and Coops, Nicholas C. and Roy, David P. and White, Joanne C. and Hermosilla, Txomin},
doi = {10.1080/01431161.2018.1452075},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wulder et al. - 2018 - Land cover 2.0.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
month = {jun},
number = {12},
pages = {4254--4284},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{Land cover 2.0}},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01431161.2018.1452075},
volume = {39},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Lesk2016,
author = {Lesk, Corey and Rowhani, Pedram and Ramankutty, Navin},
doi = {10.1038/nature16467},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lesk, Rowhani, Ramankutty - 2016 - Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {jan},
number = {7584},
pages = {84--87},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature16467},
volume = {529},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Gsell2016,
author = {Gsell, Alena Sonia and Scharfenberger, Ulrike and {\"{O}}zkundakci, Deniz and Walters, Annika and Hansson, Lars-Anders and Janssen, Annette B. G. and N{\~{o}}ges, Peeter and Reid, Philip C. and Schindler, Daniel E. and {Van Donk}, Ellen and Dakos, Vasilis and Adrian, Rita},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1608242113},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gsell et al. - 2016 - Evaluating early-warning indicators of critical transitions in natural aquatic ecosystems.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {nov},
pages = {201608242},
title = {{Evaluating early-warning indicators of critical transitions in natural aquatic ecosystems}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1608242113},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Lazaro2009a,
annote = {{\textless}m:note{\textgreater}From Duplicate 2 (

Co-flowering neighbors influence the diversity and identity of pollinator groups visiting plant species

- L{\'{a}}zaro, Amparo; Lundgren, Rebekka; Totland, {\O}rjan; La, Amparo )

{\textless}/m:note{\textgreater}},
author = {L{\'{a}}zaro, Amparo and Lundgren, Rebekka and Totland, {\O}rjan},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17168.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/L{\'{a}}zaro, Lundgren, Totland{\_}2009{\_}Co-flowering neighbors influence the diversity and identity of pollinator groups visiting plant species.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {691--702},
title = {{Co-flowering neighbors influence the diversity and identity of pollinator groups visiting plant species}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17168.x},
volume = {118},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Newbold2014b,
author = {Newbold, Tim and Hudson, Lawrence N and Phillips, Helen R P and Hill, Samantha L L and Contu, Sara and Lysenko, I. and Blandon, Abigayil and Butchart, Stuart H M and Booth, Hollie L and Day, Julie and {De Palma}, A. and Harrison, Michelle L K and Kirkpatrick, Lucinda and Pynegar, Edwin and Robinson, Alexandra and Simpson, Jake and Mace, Georgina M and Scharlemann, J. P. W. and Purvis, Andy},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2014.1371},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2014/Newbold et al.{\_}2014{\_}A global model of the response of tropical and sub-tropical forest biodiversity to anthropogenic pressures.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {Land use,Modelling,PREDICTS},
mendeley-tags = {Land use,Modelling,PREDICTS},
month = {oct},
number = {1792},
pages = {20141371--20141371},
title = {{A global model of the response of tropical and sub-tropical forest biodiversity to anthropogenic pressures}},
url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rspb.2014.1371},
volume = {281},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Jepsen2009,
abstract = {Defoliation caused by repeated outbreaks of cyclic geometrid moths is the most prominent natural disturbance factor in the northern-boreal birch forest. Evidence suggests that recent changes in outbreak distribution and duration can be attributed to climate warming. There is hence an immediate need for methods that can be applied to characterize the geographical distribution of outbreaks. Here we assess the reliability of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 16-day NDVI data for generating time series of the distribution of defoliation caused by moths attacking birch forest in Fennoscandia. We do so by first establishing the relationship between ground measures of moth larval density and a defoliation score based on MODIS-NDVI. We then calibrate and validate a model with the MODIS-NDVI defoliation score as a classifier to discriminate between areas with and without visible defoliation as identified from orthophotos and provide two examples of application of the model. We found the MODIS defoliation score to be a valid proxy for larval density (R2 = 0.88-0.93) above a certain, low threshold (a defoliation score of {\~{}} 5{\%}). Areas with and without visible defoliation could be discriminated based on defoliation score with a substantial strength of agreement (max kappa = 0.736), and the resulting model was able to predict the proportion of area with visible defoliation in independent test areas with good reliability across the range of proportions. We conclude that satellite-derived defoliation patterns can be an invaluable tool for generating indirect population dynamical data that permits the development of targeted monitoring on relevant regional scales. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
author = {Jepsen, J.U. and Hagen, S.B. and H{\o}gda, K.A. and Ims, R.A. and Karlsen, S.R. and T{\o}mmervik, H. and Yoccoz, N.G.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2009.05.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jepsen et al. - 2009 - Monitoring the spatio-temporal dynamics of geometrid moth outbreaks in birch forest using MODIS-NDVI data.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Birch forest,Defoliation,Fennoscandia,Geometrids,MODIS,NDVI},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {1939--1947},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Monitoring the spatio-temporal dynamics of geometrid moth outbreaks in birch forest using MODIS-NDVI data}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.05.006 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425709001606},
volume = {113},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Norden2015,
abstract = {Although forest succession has traditionally been approached as a deterministic process, successional trajectories of vegetation change vary widely, even among nearby stands with similar environmental conditions and disturbance histories. Here, we provide the first attempt, to our knowledge, to quantify predictability and uncertainty during succession based on the most extensive long-term datasets ever assembled for Neotropical forests. We develop a novel approach that integrates deterministic and stochastic components into different candidate models describing the dynamical interactions among three widely used and interrelated forest attributes--stem density, basal area, and species density. Within each of the seven study sites, successional trajectories were highly idiosyncratic, even when controlling for prior land use, environment, and initial conditions in these attributes. Plot factors were far more important than stand age in explaining successional trajectories. For each site, the best-fit model was able to capture the complete set of time series in certain attributes only when both the deterministic and stochastic components were set to similar magnitudes. Surprisingly, predictability of stem density, basal area, and species density did not show consistent trends across attributes, study sites, or land use history, and was independent of plot size and time series length. The model developed here represents the best approach, to date, for characterizing autogenic successional dynamics and demonstrates the low predictability of successional trajectories. These high levels of uncertainty suggest that the impacts of allogenic factors on rates of change during tropical forest succession are far more pervasive than previously thought, challenging the way ecologists view and investigate forest regeneration.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1408.1149},
author = {Norden, Natalia and Angarita, H{\'{e}}ctor A. and Bongers, Frans and Mart{\'{i}}nez-Ramos, Miguel and {Granzow-de la Cerda}, I{\~{n}}igo and van Breugel, Michiel and Lebrija-Trejos, Edwin and Meave, Jorge A. and Vandermeer, John and Williamson, G. Bruce and Finegan, Bryan and Mesquita, Rita and Chazdon, Robin L.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1500403112},
eprint = {arXiv:1408.1149},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Norden et al. - 2015 - Successional dynamics in Neotropical forests are as uncertain as they are predictable.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1091-6490 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0027-8424 (Linking)},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {jun},
number = {26},
pages = {8013--8018},
pmid = {26080411},
title = {{Successional dynamics in Neotropical forests are as uncertain as they are predictable}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1500403112},
volume = {112},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Meyer2009,
author = {Meyer, Birgit and Jauker, Frank and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Press, Article I N},
doi = {10.1016/j.baae.2008.01.001},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/Meyer et al.{\_}2009{\_}Contrasting resource-dependent responses of hoverfly richness and density to landscape structure.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14391791},
journal = {Basic and Applied Ecology},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {178--186},
title = {{Contrasting resource-dependent responses of hoverfly richness and density to landscape structure}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1439179108000121},
volume = {10},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Gaillard2010,
abstract = {The major objectives of this paper are: (1) to review the pros and cons of the scenarios of past anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) developed during the last ten years, (2) to discuss issues related to pollen-based reconstruction of the past land-cover and introduce a new method, REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites), to infer long-term records of past land-cover from pollen data, (3) to present a new project (LANDCLIM: LAND cover - CLIMate interactions in NW Europe during the Holocene) currently underway, and show preliminary results of REVEALS reconstructions of the regional land-cover in the Czech Republic for five selected time windows of the Holocene, and (4) to discuss the implications and future directions in climate and vegetation/land-cover modeling, and in the assessment of the effects of human-induced changes in land-cover on the regional climate through altered feedbacks. The existing ALCC scenarios show large discrepancies between them, and few cover time periods older than AD 800. When these scenarios are used to assess the impact of human land-use on climate, contrasting results are obtained. It emphasizes the need for methods such as the REVEALS model-based land-cover reconstructions. They might help to fine-tune descriptions of past land-cover and lead to a better understanding of how long-term changes in ALCC might have influenced climate. The REVEALS model is demonstrated to provide better estimates of the regional vegetation/land-cover changes than the traditional use of pollen percentages. This will achieve a robust assessment of land cover at regional- to continental-spatial scale throughout the Holocene. We present maps of REVEALS estimates for the percentage cover of 10 plant functional types (PFTs) at 200 BP and 6000 BP, and of the two open-land PFTs 'grassland' and 'agricultural land' at five time-windows from 6000 BP to recent time. The LANDCLIM results are expected to provide crucial data to reassess ALCC estimates for a better understanding of the land suface-atmosphere interactions.},
author = {Gaillard, M.-J. J. and Sugita, S. and Mazier, F. and Trondman, A.-K. K. and Brostr{\"{o}}m, A. and Hickler, T. and Kaplan, J. O. and Kjellstr{\"{o}}m, E. and Kokfelt, U. and Kune{\v{s}}, P. and Lemmen, C. and Miller, P. and Olofsson, J. and Poska, A. and Rundgren, M. and Smith, B. and Strandberg, G. and Fyfe, R. and Nielsen, A. B. and Alenius, T. and Balakauskas, L. and Barnekow, L. and Birks, H. J. B. and Bjune, A. and Bj{\"{o}}rkman, L. and Giesecke, T. and Hjelle, K. and Kalnina, L. and Kangur, M. and {Van Der Knaap}, W. O. and Koff, T. and Lager{\aa}s, P. and Lata{\l}owa, M. and Leydet, M. and Lechterbeck, J. and Lindbladh, M. and Odgaard, B. and Peglar, S. and Segerstr{\"{o}}m, U. and {Von Stedingk}, H. and Sepp{\"{a}}, H. and Lageras, P. and Lata{\l}owa, M. and Leydet, M. and Lechterbeck, J. and Lindbladh, M. and Odgaard, B. and Peglar, S. and Segerstr{\"{o}}m, U. and {Von Stedingk}, H. and Sepp{\"{a}}, H.},
doi = {10.5194/cp-6-483-2010},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gaillard et al. - 2010 - Holocene land-cover reconstructions for studies on land cover-climate feedbacks.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gaillard et al. - 2010 - Holocene land-cover reconstructions for studies on land cover-climate feedbacks(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1814-9324},
issn = {18149324},
journal = {Climate of the Past},
number = {4},
pages = {483--499},
title = {{Holocene land-cover reconstructions for studies on land cover-climate feedbacks}},
url = {http://www.clim-past.net/6/483/2010/},
volume = {6},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Chance2016,
author = {Chance, Curtis M. and Hermosilla, Txomin and Coops, Nicholas C. and Wulder, Michael A. and White, Joanne C.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2015.09.003},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chance et al. - 2016 - Effect of topographic correction on forest change detection using spectral trend analysis of Landsat pixel-based.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03032434},
journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
month = {feb},
pages = {186--194},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Effect of topographic correction on forest change detection using spectral trend analysis of Landsat pixel-based composites}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030324341530026X},
volume = {44},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ferrier2007a,
abstract = {Generalized dissimilarity modelling (GDM) is a statistical technique for analysing and predicting spatial patterns of turnover in community composition (beta diversity) across large regions. The approach is an extension of matrix regression, designed specifically to accommodate two types of nonlinearity commonly encountered in large-scaled ecological data sets: (1) the curvilinear relationship between increasing ecological distance, and observed compositional dissimilarity, between sites; and (2) the variation in the rate of compositional turnover at different positions along environmental gradients. GDM can be further adapted to accommodate special types of biological and environmental data including, for example, information on phylogenetic relationships between species and information on barriers to dispersal between geographical locations. The approach can be applied to a wide range of assessment activities including visualization of spatial patterns in community composition, constrained environmental classification, distributional modelling of species or community types, survey gap analysis, conservation assessment, and climate-change impact assessment. Keywords},
author = {Ferrier, Simon and Manion, Glenn and Elith, Jane and Richardson, Karen},
doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00341.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ferrier et al. - 2007 - Using generalized dissimilarity modelling to analyse and predict patterns of beta diversity in regional biodiver.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ferrier et al. - 2007 - Using generalized dissimilarity modelling to analyse and predict patterns of beta diversity in regional biodi(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1472-4642},
issn = {13669516},
journal = {Diversity and {\ldots}},
keywords = {Beta diversity,Biodiversity,Compositional turnover,Conservation assessment,Generalized dissimilarity modelling,Mapping,Method-Paper,Turnover,beta diversity,biodiversity,compositional turnover,conservation assessment,generalized dissimilarity modelling},
mendeley-tags = {Mapping,Method-Paper,Turnover},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {252--264},
pmid = {2004},
title = {{Using generalized dissimilarity modelling to analyse and predict patterns of beta diversity in regional biodiversity assessment}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00341.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00341.x/full},
volume = {13},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Claverie2018,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Publication date: 15 December 2018{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}b{\textgreater}Source:{\textless}/b{\textgreater} Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 219{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Author(s): Martin Claverie, Junchang Ju, Jeffrey G. Masek, Jennifer L. Dungan, Eric F. Vermote, Jean-Claude Roger, Sergii V. Skakun, Christopher Justice{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}div xml:lang="en"{\textgreater}{\textless}h5{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h5{\textgreater}{\textless}div{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) project is a NASA initiative aiming to produce a Virtual Constellation (VC) of surface reflectance (SR) data acquired by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) aboard Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 remote sensing satellites, respectively. The HLS products are based on a set of algorithms to obtain seamless products from both sensors (OLI and MSI): atmospheric correction, cloud and cloud-shadow masking, spatial co-registration and common gridding, bidirectional reflectance distribution function normalization and spectral bandpass adjustment. Three products are derived from the HLS processing chain: (i) S10: full resolution MSI SR at 10 m, 20 m and 60 m spatial resolutions; (ii) S30: a 30 m MSI Nadir BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function)-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR); (iii) L30: a 30 m OLI NBAR. All three products are processed for every Level-1 input products from Landsat 8/OLI (L1T) and Sentinel-2/MSI (L1C). As of version 1.3, the HLS data set covers 10.35 million km{\textless}sup{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} and spans from first Landsat 8 data (2013); Sentinel-2 data spans from October 2015.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}The L30 and S30 show a good consistency with coarse spatial resolution products, in particular MODIS Collection 6 MCD09CMG products (overall deviations do not exceed 11{\%}) that are used as a reference for quality assurance. The spatial co-registration of the HLS is improved compared to original Landsat 8 L1T and Sentinel-2A L1C products, for which misregistration issues between multi-temporal data are known. In particular, the resulting computed circular errors at 90{\%} for the HLS product are 6.2 m and 18.8 m, for S10 and L30 products, respectively. The main known issue of the current data set remains the Sentinel-2 cloud mask with many cloud detection omissions. The cross-comparison with MODIS was used to flag products with most evident non-detected clouds. A time series outlier filtering approach is suggested to detect remaining clouds. Finally, several time series are presented to highlight the high potential of the HLS data set for crop monitoring.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}/div{\textgreater}{\textless}/div{\textgreater}},
author = {Claverie, Martin and Ju, Junchang and Masek, Jeffrey G. and Dungan, Jennifer L. and Vermote, Eric F. and Roger, Jean-Claude and Skakun, Sergii V. and Justice, Christopher},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2018.09.002},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
title = {{The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 surface reflectance data set}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Butchart2015,
author = {Butchart, Stuart H.M. and Clarke, Martin and Smith, Robert J. and Sykes, Rachel E. and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P.W. and Harfoot, Mike and Buchanan, Graeme M. and Angulo, Ariadne and Balmford, Andrew and Bertzky, Bastian and Brooks, Thomas M. and Carpenter, Kent E. and Comeros-Raynal, Mia T. and Cornell, John and Ficetola, G. Francesco and Fishpool, Lincoln D.C. and Fuller, Richard A. and Geldmann, Jonas and Harwell, Heather and Hilton-Taylor, Craig and Hoffmann, Michael and Joolia, Ackbar and Joppa, Lucas and Kingston, Naomi and May, Ian and Milam, Amy and Polidoro, Beth and Ralph, Gina and Richman, Nadia and Rondinini, Carlo and Segan, Daniel B. and Skolnik, Benjamin and Spalding, Mark D. and Stuart, Simon N. and Symes, Andy and Taylor, Joseph and Visconti, Piero and Watson, James E.M. and Wood, Louisa and Burgess, Neil D.},
doi = {10.1111/conl.12158},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Butchart et al. - 2015 - Shortfalls and Solutions for Meeting National and Global Conservation Area Targets.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1755263X},
journal = {Conservation Letters},
keywords = {aichi targets,alliance for zero extinction,bird and biodiversity areas,convention on biological diversity,important,iucn red list,key},
month = {sep},
number = {5},
pages = {329--337},
title = {{Shortfalls and Solutions for Meeting National and Global Conservation Area Targets}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/conl.12158},
volume = {8},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Sokol2017,
author = {Sokol, Noah W. and Kuebbing, Sara E. and Bradford, Mark A.},
doi = {10.1002/ecy.1906},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Sokol, Kuebbing, Bradford - 2017 - Impacts of an invasive plant are fundamentally altered by a co-occurring forest disturbance.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {4955139574},
issn = {00129658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Cutoff criteria,D-dimer,Recurrence,Venous thromboembolism},
month = {may},
number = {1},
pages = {42--49},
pmid = {27935037},
title = {{Impacts of an invasive plant are fundamentally altered by a co-occurring forest disturbance}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ecy.1906},
volume = {38},
year = {2017}
}
@unpublished{Ralph1995,
address = {Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA},
author = {Ralph, John C and Sauer, John R and Droege, Sam},
institution = {US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service},
keywords = {BBS},
mendeley-tags = {BBS},
pages = {187p},
series = {Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-149},
title = {{Monitoring bird populations by point counts}},
url = {https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/31461},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Schipper2016,
abstract = {Although it is generally recognized that global biodiversity is declining, few studies have examined long-term changes in multiple biodiversity dimensions simultaneously. In this study we quantified and compared temporal changes in the abundance, taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity of bird assemblages, using roadside monitoring data of the North American Breeding Bird Survey from 1971 to 2010. We calculated 12 abundance and diversity metrics based on five year average abundances of 519 species for each of 768 monitoring routes. We did this for all bird species together as well as for four sub-groups based on breeding habitat affinity (grassland, woodland, wetland and shrubland breeders). The majority of the biodiversity metrics increased or remained constant over the study period, whereas the overall abundance of birds showed a pronounced decrease, primarily driven by declines of the most abundant species. These results highlight how stable or even increasing metrics of taxonomic, functional or phylogenetic diversity may occur in parallel with substantial losses of individuals. We further found that patterns of change differed among the species sub-groups, with both abundance and diversity increasing for woodland birds and decreasing for grassland breeders. The contrasting changes between abundance and diversity and among the breeding habitat groups underscore the relevance of a multi-faceted approach to measuring biodiversity change. Our findings further stress the importance of monitoring the overall abundance of individuals in addition to metrics of taxonomic, functional or phylogenetic diversity, thus confirming the importance of population abundance as an essential biodiversity variable. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
author = {Schipper, Aafke M. and Belmaker, Jonathan and de Miranda, Murilo Dantas and Navarro, Laetitia M. and B{\"{o}}hning-Gaese, Katrin and Costello, Mark J. and Dornelas, Maria and Foppen, Ruud and Hortal, Joaquin and Huijbregts, Mark A.J. and Berta, Martin-lopez and Pettorelli, Nathalie and Queiroz, Cibele and Rossberg, Axel G. and Santini, Luca and Schiffers, Katja and Steinmann, Zoran J.N. and Visconti, Piero and Rondinini, Carlo and Pereira, Henrique M.},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.13292},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schipper et al. - 2016 - Contrasting changes in the abundance and diversity of North American bird assemblages from 1971 to 2010.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {13541013},
issn = {13652486},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {biodiversity change,biodiversity metrics,functional diversity (FD),phylogenetic diversity (PD),species abundance,taxonomic diversity (TD)},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {3948--3959},
pmid = {27002684},
title = {{Contrasting changes in the abundance and diversity of North American bird assemblages from 1971 to 2010}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/gcb.13292},
volume = {22},
year = {2016}
}
@book{Diamond2005,
abstract = {What caused some of the great civilizations of the past to collapse into ruin, and what can we learn from their fates? Diamond weaves an all-encompassing global thesis through a series of historical-cultural narratives. Moving from the prehistoric Polynesian culture of Easter Island to the formerly flourishing Native American civilizations of the Anasazi and the Maya, the doomed medieval Viking colony on Greenland, and finally to the modern world, Diamond traces a pattern of catastrophe, spelling out what happens when we squander our resources, when we ignore the signals our environment gives us.},
address = {New York, New York, USA},
author = {Diamond, Jared},
edition = {first edit},
isbn = {0-14-303655-6},
keywords = {collapse,environment,society},
mendeley-tags = {collapse,environment,society},
pages = {592},
publisher = {Viking press},
title = {{Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{OConnor2015,
author = {O'Connor, Brian and Secades, Cristina and Penner, Johannes and Sonnenschein, Ruth and Skidmore, Andrew and Burgess, Neil D. and Hutton, Jon M.},
doi = {10.1002/rse2.4},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/O'Connor et al. - 2015 - Earth observation as a tool for tracking progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.pdf:pdf},
issn = {20563485},
journal = {Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation},
keywords = {biodiversity,convention on biological,diversity,essential biodiversity variables,global change,land cover,satellite remote},
month = {oct},
number = {1},
pages = {19--28},
title = {{Earth observation as a tool for tracking progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/rse2.4},
volume = {1},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Hanski2000,
abstract = {Ecologists and conservation biologists have used many measures of landscape structure to predict the population dynamic consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation, but these measures are not well justified by population dynamic theory. Here we introduce a new measure for highly fragmented landscapes, termed the metapopulation capacity, which is rigorously derived from metapopulation theory and can easily be applied to real networks of habitat fragments with known areas and connectivities. Technically, metapopulation capacity is the leading eigenvalue of an appropriate 'landscape' matrix. A species is predicted to persist in a landscape if the metapopulation capacity of that landscape is greater than a threshold value determined by the properties of the species. Therefore, metapopulation capacity can conveniently be used to rank different landscapes in terms of their capacity to support viable metapopulations. We present an empirical example on multiple networks occupied by an endangered species of butterfly. Using this theory, we may also calculate how the metapopulation capacity is changed by removing habitat fragments from or adding new ones into specific spatial locations, or by changing their areas. The metapopulation capacity should find many applications in metapopulation ecology, landscape ecology and conservation biology.},
author = {Hanski, Ilkka and Ovaskainen, Otso},
doi = {10.1038/35008063},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hanski, Ovaskainen - 2000 - The metapopulation capacity of a fragmented landscape.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0028-0836 (Print)$\backslash$n0028-0836 (Linking)},
issn = {00280836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {apr},
number = {6779},
pages = {755--758},
pmid = {10783887},
title = {{The metapopulation capacity of a fragmented landscape}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/35008063},
volume = {404},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Holland2005,
author = {Holland, JD and Fahrig, Lenore and Cappuccino, Naomi},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2005/Holland, Fahrig, Cappuccino{\_}2005{\_}Body size affects the spatial scale of habitat–beetle interactions.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Oikos},
number = {December 2004},
pages = {101--108},
title = {{Body size affects the spatial scale of habitat–beetle interactions}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13638.x/full},
volume = {1},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Holt2017,
author = {Holt, Ben G. and Costa, Gabriel C. and Penone, Caterina and Lessard, Jean-Philippe and Brooks, Thomas M. and Davidson, Ana D. and {Blair Hedges}, S. and Radeloff, Volker C. and Rahbek, Carsten and Rondinini, Carlo and Graham, Catherine H.},
doi = {10.1111/jbi.13091},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Holt et al. - 2017 - Environmental variation is a major predictor of global trait turnover in mammals.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03050270},
journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
month = {oct},
pages = {1--13},
title = {{Environmental variation is a major predictor of global trait turnover in mammals}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jbi.13091},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Archibald2011,
abstract = {It has been suggested that tropical forest and savanna could represent alternative stable states, implying critical transitions at tipping points in response to altered climate or other drivers. So far, evidence for this idea has remained elusive, and integrated climate models assume smooth vegetation responses. We analyzed data on the distribution of tree cover in Africa, Australia, and South America to reveal strong evidence for the existence of three distinct attractors: forest, savanna, and a treeless state. Empirical reconstruction of the basins of attraction indicates that the resilience of the states varies in a universal way with precipitation. These results allow the identification of regions where forest or savanna may most easily tip into an alternative state, and they pave the way to a new generation of coupled climate models.},
author = {Hirota, M. and Holmgren, M. and {Van Nes}, E. H. and Scheffer, M.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1210657},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hirota et al. - 2011 - Global Resilience of Tropical Forest and Savanna to Critical Transitions.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0036-8075 (Linking)},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {oct},
number = {6053},
pages = {232--235},
pmid = {21998390},
title = {{Global Resilience of Tropical Forest and Savanna to Critical Transitions}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6053/232.short http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1210657},
volume = {334},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Masek2006,
abstract = {The Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS) at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center has processed and released 2100 Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus surface reflectance scenes, providing 30-m resolution wall-to-wall reflectance coverage for North America for epochs centered on 1990 and 2000. This dataset can support decadal assessments of environmental and land-cover change, production of reflectance-based biophysical products, and applications that merge reflectance data from multiple sensors [e.g., the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)]. The raw imagery was obtained from the orthorectified Landsat GeoCover dataset, purchased by NASA from the Earth Satellite Corporation. Through the LEDAPS project, these data were calibrated, converted to top-of-atmosphere reflectance, and then atmospherically corrected using the MODIS/6S methodology. Initial comparisons with ground-based optical thickness measurements and simultaneously acquired MODIS imagery indicate comparable uncertainty in Landsat surface reflectance compared to the standard MODIS reflectance product (the greater of 0.5{\%} absolute reflectance or 5{\%} of the recorded reflectance value). The rapid automated nature of the processing stream also paves the way for routine high-level products from future Landsat sensors.},
author = {Masek, J.G. and Vermote, E.F. and Saleous, N.E. and Wolfe, Robert and Hall, F.G. and Huemmrich, K.F. and Gao, Feng and Kutler, Jonathan and Lim, T.-K.},
doi = {10.1109/LGRS.2005.857030},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Masek et al. - 2006 - A Landsat Surface Reflectance Dataset for North America, 1990–2000.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1545-598X},
issn = {1545-598X},
journal = {IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters},
keywords = {Atmospheric correction,Landsat,Remote sensing},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {68--72},
title = {{A Landsat Surface Reflectance Dataset for North America, 1990–2000}},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1576692/},
volume = {3},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Pimm1984,
abstract = {Early studies suggested that simple ecosystems were less stable than complex ones, but later studies came to the opposite conclusion. Confusion arose because of the many different meanings of 'complexity' and 'stability'. Most of the possible questions about the relationship between stability-complexity have not been asked. Those that have yield a variety of answers.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Pimm, Stuart L},
doi = {10.1038/315635c0},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pimm - 1984 - The complexity and stability of ecosystems.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0028-0836},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {feb},
number = {8},
pages = {321--326},
pmid = {1018},
title = {{The complexity and stability of ecosystems}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/315635c0 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1018 http://arxiv.org/abs/1011.1669 http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/44/8/085201 http://stacks.iop.org/1751-8121/44/i=8/a=085201?key=crossref.abc74c979a75846b3de48a5587},
volume = {307},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Kehoe2017a,
abstract = {Agriculture is the leading driver of biodiversity loss. However, its future impact on biodiversity remains unclear, especially because agricultural intensification is often neglected, and high path-dependency is assumed when forecasting agricultural development—although the past suggests that shock events leading to considerable agricultural change occur frequently. Here, we investigate the possible impacts on biodiversity of pathways of expansion and intensification. Our pathways are not built to reach equivalent production targets, and therefore they should not be directly compared; they instead highlight areas at risk of high biodiversity loss across the entire option space of possible agricultural change. Based on an extensive database of biodiversity responses to agriculture, we find 30{\%} of species richness and 31{\%} of species abundances potentially lost because of agricultural expansion across the Amazon and Afrotropics. Only 21{\%} of high-risk expansion areas in the Afrotropics overlap with protected areas (compared with 43{\%} of the Neotropics). Areas at risk of biodiversity loss from intensification are found in India, Eastern Europe and the Afromontane region (7{\%} species richness, 13{\%} abundance loss). Many high-risk regions are not adequately covered by conservation prioritization schemes, and have low national conservation spending and high agricultural growth. Considering rising agricultural demand, we highlight areas where timely land-use planning may proactively mitigate biodiversity loss. The authors predict biodiversity loss under potential future agricultural change. Agricultural expansion threatens species richness and abundance worldwide (up to one-third in some areas), often with little overlap between protected areas and high-risk expansion areas.},
author = {Kehoe, Laura and Romero-Mu{\~{n}}oz, Alfredo and Polaina, Ester and Estes, Lyndon and Kreft, Holger and Kuemmerle, Tobias},
doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0234-3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kehoe et al. - 2017 - Biodiversity at risk under future cropland expansion and intensification.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2397-334X},
journal = {Nature Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {1129--1135},
title = {{Biodiversity at risk under future cropland expansion and intensification}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0234-3},
volume = {1},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Breitbach2012,
abstract = {Land-use intensification is a major cause for the decline in species diversity in human-modified landscapes. The loss of functionally important species can reduce a variety of ecosystem functions, such as pollination and seed dispersal, but the intricate relationships between land-use intensity, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are still contentious. Along a gradient from forest to intensively used farmland, we quantified bee species richness, visitation rates of bees and pollination success of wild cherry trees (Prunus avium). We analysed the effects of structural habitat diversity at a local scale and of the proportion of suitable habitat around each tree at a landscape scale. We compared these findings with those from previous studies of seed-dispersing birds and mammals in the same model system and along the same land-use gradient. Bee species richness and visitation rates were found to be highest in structurally simple habitats, whereas bird species richness--but not their visitation rates--were highest in structurally complex habitats. Mammal visitation rates were only influenced at the landscape scale. These results show that different functional groups of animals respond idiosyncratically to gradients in habitat and landscape structure. Despite strong effects on bees and birds, pollination success and bird seed removal did not differ along the land-use gradient at both spatial scales. These results suggest that mobile organisms, such as bees and birds, move over long distances in intensively used landscapes and thereby buffer pollination and seed-dispersal interactions. We conclude that measures of species richness and interaction frequencies are not sufficient on their own to understand the ultimate consequences of land-use intensification on ecosystem functioning.},
author = {Breitbach, Nils and Tillmann, Svenja and Schleuning, Matthias and Gr{\"{u}}newald, Claudia and Laube, Irina and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and B{\"{o}}hning-Gaese, Katrin},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-011-2090-1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Breitbach et al. - 2012 - Influence of habitat complexity and landscape configuration on pollination and seed-dispersal interactions of.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0029-8549},
issn = {1432-1939},
journal = {Oecologia},
keywords = {Animals,Bees,Bees: physiology,Biodiversity,Ecosystem function,Land-use change,Mutualism,Plant-animal interactions,Pollination,Population Density,Population Dynamics,Prunus,Prunus: physiology,Seed Dispersal,animal interactions,biodiversity,ecosystem,function,land-use change,mutualism,plant},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {425--37},
pmid = {21818655},
title = {{Influence of habitat complexity and landscape configuration on pollination and seed-dispersal interactions of wild cherry trees.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21818655},
volume = {168},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Papagiannopoulou2017,
abstract = {Quantifying environmental controls on vegetation is critical to predict the net effect of climate change on global ecosystems and the subsequent feedback on climate. Following a non-linear Granger causality framework based on a random forest predictive model, we exploit the current wealth of multi-decadal satellite data records to uncover the main drivers of monthly vegetation variability at the global scale. Results indicate that water availability is the most dominant factor driving vegetation globally: about 61{\%} of the vegetated surface was primarily water-limited during 1981–2010. This included semiarid climates but also transitional ecoregions. Intra-annually, temperature controls Northern Hemisphere deciduous forests during the growing season, while antecedent precipitation largely dominates vegetation dynamics during the senescence period. The uncovered dependency of global vegetation on water availability is substantially larger than previously reported. This is owed to the ability of the framework to (1) disentangle the co-linearities between radiation/temperature and precipitation, and (2) quantify non-linear impacts of climate on vegetation. Our results reveal a prolonged effect of precipitation anomalies in dry regions: due to the long memory of soil moisture and the cumulative, non-linear, response of vegetation, water-limited regions show sensitivity to the values of precipitation occurring three months earlier. Meanwhile, the impacts of temperature and radiation anomalies are more immediate and dissipate shortly, pointing to a higher resilience of vegetation to these anomalies. Despite being infrequent by definition, hydro-climatic extremes are responsible for up to 10{\%} of the vegetation variability during the 1981–2010 period in certain areas, particularly in water-limited ecosystems. Our approach is a first step towards a quantitative comparison of the resistance and resilience signature of different ecosystems, and can be used to benchmark Earth system models in their representations of past vegetation sensitivity to changes in climate.},
author = {Papagiannopoulou, C. and Miralles, D. G. and Dorigo, W. A. and Verhoest, N E C and Depoorter, M. and Waegeman, W.},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa7145},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Papagiannopoulou et al. - 2017 - Vegetation anomalies caused by antecedent precipitation in most of the world.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1748-9326},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
keywords = {Granger causality,ecosystem resilience,global vegetation,hydro-climatic extremes,water stress},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {074016},
title = {{Vegetation anomalies caused by antecedent precipitation in most of the world}},
url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/12/i=7/a=074016?key=crossref.aec129902b307d6614b07d44903e2fe7},
volume = {12},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Krauss2003,
author = {Krauss, Jochen and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Tscharntke, Teja},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2003/Krauss, Steffan-Dewenter, Tscharntke{\_}2003{\_}How does landscape context contribute to effects of habitat fragmentation on diversity and pop.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of {\ldots}},
keywords = {area relationships,burnets,butterflies,conservation,generalists,habitat area,habitat fragmentation,habitat isolation,habitat quality,specialists,species},
pages = {889--900},
title = {{How does landscape context contribute to effects of habitat fragmentation on diversity and population density of butterflies?}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00878.x/full},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Meigs2015,
author = {Meigs, Garrett W. and Kennedy, Robert E. and Gray, Andrew N. and Gregory, Matthew J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2014.11.030},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Meigs et al. - 2015 - Spatiotemporal dynamics of recent mountain pine beetle and western spruce budworm outbreaks across the Pacific Nor.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03781127},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
pages = {71--86},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Spatiotemporal dynamics of recent mountain pine beetle and western spruce budworm outbreaks across the Pacific Northwest Region, USA}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112714006987},
volume = {339},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Turner2007,
abstract = {The divergence of new genes and proteins occurs through mutations that modulate protein function. However, mutations are pleiotropic and can have different effects on organismal fitness depending on the environment, as well as opposite effects on protein function and dosage. We review the pleiotropic effects of mutations. We discuss how they affect the evolution of gene and protein function, and how these complex mutational effects dictate the likelihood and mechanism of gene duplication and divergence. We propose several factors that can affect the divergence of new protein functions, including mutational trade-offs and hidden, or apparently neutral, variation.},
author = {Turner, B. L. and Lambin, E. F. and Reenberg, A.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0704119104},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Turner, Lambin, Reenberg - 2007 - The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Turner, Lambin, Reenberg - 2007 - The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0406204101},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {dec},
number = {52},
pages = {20666--20671},
title = {{The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3001449{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0704119104},
volume = {104},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Didham2012,
abstract = {Th e conceptual foundations of habitat fragmentation research have not kept pace with empirical advances in our under- standing of species responses to landscape change, nor with theoretical advances in the wider disciplines of ecology. Th ere is now real debate whether explicit recognition of ‘ habitat fragmentation ' as an over-arching conceptual domain will stimulate or hinder further progress toward understanding and mitigating the eff ects of landscape change. In this paper, we critically challenge the conceptual foundations of the discipline, and attempt to derive an integrated perspective on the best way to advance mechanistic understanding of fragmentation processes. We depict the inherent assumptions underly- ing the discipline as a ‘ conceptual phase space ' of contrasting false dichotomies in fragmentation ‘ problem space ' . In our opinion, the key determinant of whether ‘ habitat fragmentation ' can remain a cohesive framework lies in the concept of ‘ interdependence ' : 1) interdependence of landscape eff ects on species and 2) interdependence of species responses to landscape change. If there is non-trivial interdependence among the various sub-components of habitat fragmentation, or non-trivial interdependence among species responses to landscape change, then there will be real heuristic value in ‘ habitat fragmentation ' as a single conceptual domain. At present, the current paradigms entrenched in the fragmentation literature are implicitly founded on strict independence of landscape eff ects (e.g. the debate about the independent eff ects of habitat loss versus fragmentation per se) and strict independence of species responses (e.g. the individualistic species response models underpinning landscape continuum models), despite compelling evidence for interdependence in both eff ects and responses to fragmentation. We discuss how strong ‘ interdependence ' of eff ects and responses challenges us to rethink long- held views, and re-cast the conceptual foundations of habitat fragmentation in terms of spatial context-dependence in the eff ects of multiple interacting spatial components of fragmentation, and community context-dependence in the responses of multiple interacting species to landscape change. In},
author = {Didham, Raphael K. and Kapos, Valerie and Ewers, Robert M.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20273.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Didham, Kapos, Ewers - 2012 - Rethinking the conceptual foundations of habitat fragmentation research.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1600-0706},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {161--170},
title = {{Rethinking the conceptual foundations of habitat fragmentation research}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20273.x},
volume = {121},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Sutherland2000,
abstract = {Natal dispersal is a process that is critical in the spatial dynamics of populations, including population spread, recolonization, and gene flow. It is a central focus of conservation issues for many vertebrate species. Using data for 77 bird and 68 mammal species, we tested whether median and maximum natal dispersal distances were correlated with body mass, diet type, social system, taxonomic family, and migratory status. Body mass and diet type were found to predict both median and maximum natal dispersal distances in mammals: large species dispersed farther than small ones, and carnivorous species dispersed farther than herbivores and omnivores. Similar relationships occurred for carnivorous bird species, but not for herbivorous or omnivorous ones. Natal dispersal distances in birds or mammals were not significantly related to broad categories of social systems. Only in birds were factors such as taxonomic relatedness and migratory status correlated with natal dispersal, and then only for maximum distances. Summary properties of dispersal processes appeared to be derived from interactions among behavioral and morphological characteristics of species and from their linkages to the dynamics of resource availability in landscapes. In all the species we examined, most dispersers moved relatively short distances, and long-distance dispersal was uncommon. On the basis of these findings, we fit an empirical model based on the negative exponential distribution for calculating minimum probabilities that animals disperse particular distances from their natal areas. This model, coupled with knowledge of a species' body mass and diet type, can be used to conservatively predict dispersal distances for different species and examine possible consequences of large-scale habitat alterations on connectedness between populations. Taken together, our results can provide managers with the means to identify species vulnerable to landscape-level habitat changes such as forest fragmentation. In addition, our dispersal models can be used to predict which species in a community are likely to be the most vulnerable to loss of connectedness and allow managers to test the merits of alternative habitat conservation plans.},
author = {Sutherland, Glenn D. and Harestad, Alton S. and Price, Karen and Lertzman, Kenneth P.},
doi = {16\nArtn 16},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Sutherland et al. - 2000 - Scaling of natal dispersal distances in terrestrial birds and mammals.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1195-5449},
issn = {17083087},
journal = {Conservation Ecology},
number = {1},
pages = {16},
title = {{Scaling of natal dispersal distances in terrestrial birds and mammals}},
volume = {4},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Scharlemann2008,
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Remotely-sensed environmental data from earth-orbiting satellites are increasingly used to model the distribution and abundance of both plant and animal species, especially those of economic or conservation importance. Time series of data from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors on-board NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites offer the potential to capture environmental thermal and vegetation seasonality, through temporal Fourier analysis, more accurately than was previously possible using the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor data. MODIS data are composited over 8- or 16-day time intervals that pose unique problems for temporal Fourier analysis. Applying standard techniques to MODIS data can introduce errors of up to 30{\%} in the estimation of the amplitudes and phases of the Fourier harmonics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We present a novel spline-based algorithm that overcomes the processing problems of composited MODIS data. The algorithm is tested on artificial data generated using randomly selected values of both amplitudes and phases, and provides an accurate estimate of the input variables under all conditions. The algorithm was then applied to produce layers that capture the seasonality in MODIS data for the period from 2001 to 2005. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Global temporal Fourier processed images of 1 km MODIS data for Middle Infrared Reflectance, day- and night-time Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) are presented for ecological and epidemiological applications. The finer spatial and temporal resolution, combined with the greater geolocational and spectral accuracy of the MODIS instruments, compared with previous multi-temporal data sets, mean that these data may be used with greater confidence in species' distribution modelling.},
author = {Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P W and Benz, David and Hay, Simon I. and Purse, Bethan V. and Tatem, Andrew J. and Wint, G. R. William and Rogers, David J.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0001408},
editor = {Gething, Peter},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Scharlemann et al. - 2008 - Global data for ecology and epidemiology A novel algorithm for temporal fourier processing MODIS data.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1932-6203},
issn = {19326203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {e1408},
pmid = {18183289},
title = {{Global data for ecology and epidemiology: A novel algorithm for temporal fourier processing MODIS data}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001408},
volume = {3},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Schweiger2019,
author = {Schweiger, Andreas H. and Boulangeat, Isabelle and Conradi, Timo and Davis, Matt and Svenning, Jens-Christian},
doi = {10.1111/brv.12432},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/Schweiger{\_}et{\_}al-2019-Biological{\_}Reviews.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14647931},
journal = {Biological Reviews},
keywords = {adaptive management,alternative stable states,anachronism,ecological memory,ecosystem assembly,extinction debt,megafauna,resilience,restoration ecology,rewilding},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {1--15},
title = {{The importance of ecological memory for trophic rewilding as an ecosystem restoration approach}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/brv.12432},
volume = {94},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Hobbs1992,
author = {Hobbs, Richard J. and Huenneke, Laura F.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hobbs, Huenneke - 1992 - Disturbance , Diversity , and Invasion Implications for Conservation.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
number = {3},
pages = {324--337},
title = {{Disturbance , Diversity , and Invasion : Implications for Conservation}},
volume = {6},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Willis2006a,
abstract = {Ecosystems change in response to factors such as climate variability, invasions, and wildfires. Most records used to assess such change are based on short-term ecological data or satellite imagery spanning only a few decades. In many instances it is impossible to disentangle natural variability from other, potentially significant trends in these records, partly because of their short time scale. We summarize recent studies that show how paleoecological records can be used to provide a longer temporal perspective to address specific conservation issues relating to biological invasions, wildfires, climate change, and determination of natural variability. The use of such records can reduce much of the uncertainty surrounding the question of what is "natural" and thereby start to provide important guidance for long-term management and conservation.},
author = {Willis, K J and Birks, H J B},
doi = {10.1126/science.1122667},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Willis, Birks - 2006 - What is natural The need for a long-term perspective in biodiversity conservation.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Willis, Birks - 2006 - What is natural The need for a long-term perspective in biodiversity conservation(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0036-8075},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {nov},
number = {5803},
pages = {1261--1265},
pmid = {17124315},
title = {{What is natural? The need for a long-term perspective in biodiversity conservation.}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1122667},
volume = {314},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Licker2010,
abstract = {Aim As the demands for food, feed and fuel increase in coming decades, society will be pressed to increase agricultural production – whether by increasing yields on already cultivated lands or by cultivating currently natural areas – or to change current crop consumption patterns. In this analysis,we consider where yields might be increased on existing croplands, and how crop yields are constrained by bio- physical (e.g. climate) versus management factors. Location This study was conducted at the global scale. Methods Using spatial datasets,we compare yield patterns for the 18 most domi- nant cropswithin regions of similar climate.We use this comparison to evaluate the potential yield obtainable for each crop in different climates around the world.We then compare the actual yields currently being achieved for each crop with their ‘climatic potential yield' to estimate the ‘yield gap'. Results We present spatial datasets of both the climatic potential yields and yield gap patterns for 18 crops around the year 2000. These datasets depict the regions of theworld that meet their climatic potential, and highlight placeswhere yields might potentially be raised. Most often, low yield gaps are concentrated in developed countries or in regions with relatively high-input agriculture. Main conclusions While biophysical factors like climate are key drivers of global crop yield patterns, controlling for them demonstrates that there are still consid- erable ranges in yields attributable to other factors, like land management practices. With conventional practices, bringing crop yields up to their climatic potential would probably requiremore chemical, nutrient and water inputs. These intensive land management practices can adversely affect ecosystem goods and services, and in turn human welfare. Until society develops more sustainable high-yielding cropping practices, the trade-offs between increased crop productivity and social and ecological factors need to be made explicit when future food scenarios are formulated.},
author = {Licker, Rachel and Johnston, Matt and Foley, Jonathan a. and Barford, Carol and Kucharik, Christopher J. and Monfreda, Chad and Ramankutty, Navin},
doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00563.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Licker et al. - 2010 - Mind the gap How do climate and agricultural management explain the 'yield gap' of croplands around the world.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1466822X},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {Agricultural land,Agricultural system,Climate,Crop yield,Cropland,Global,Global land use,Land management,Yield gap},
number = {6},
pages = {769--782},
title = {{Mind the gap: How do climate and agricultural management explain the 'yield gap' of croplands around the world?}},
volume = {19},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Forkel2013,
abstract = {Changing trends in ecosystem productivity can be quantified using satellite observations of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). However, the estimation of trends from NDVI time series differs substantially depending on analyzed satellite dataset, the corresponding spatiotemporal resolution, and the applied statistical method. Here we compare the performance of a wide range of trend estimation methods and demonstrate that performance decreases with increasing inter-annual variability in the NDVI time series. Trend slope estimates based on annual aggregated time series or based on a seasonal-trend model show better performances than methods that remove the seasonal cycle of the time series. A breakpoint detection analysis reveals that an overestimation of breakpoints in NDVI trends can result in wrong or even opposite trend estimates. Based on our results, we give practical recommendations for the application of trend methods on long-term NDVI time series. Particularly, we apply and compare different methods on NDVI time series in Alaska, where both greening and browning trends have been previously observed. Here, the multi-method uncertainty of NDVI trends is quantified through the application of the different trend estimation methods. Our results indicate that greening NDVI trends in Alaska are more spatially and temporally prevalent than browning trends. We also show that detected breakpoints in NDVI trends tend to coincide with large fires. Overall, our analyses demonstrate that seasonal trend methods need to be improved against inter-annual variability to quantify changing trends in ecosystem productivity with higher accuracy.},
author = {Forkel, Matthias and Carvalhais, Nuno and Verbesselt, Jan and Mahecha, Miguel and Neigh, Christopher and Reichstein, Markus},
doi = {10.3390/rs5052113},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Forkel et al. - 2013 - Trend Change Detection in NDVI Time Series Effects of Inter-Annual Variability and Methodology.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Forkel et al. - 2013 - Trend Change Detection in NDVI Time Series Effects of Inter-Annual Variability and Methodology(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2072-4292},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Alaska,Boreal forest,Breakpoints,Browning,Disturbances,Fire,Greening,Season-trend model,Seasonal cycle,Tundra},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {2113--2144},
title = {{Trend Change Detection in NDVI Time Series: Effects of Inter-Annual Variability and Methodology}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/5/5/2113/},
volume = {5},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Haddad2015,
abstract = {We conducted an analysis of global forest cover to reveal that 70{\%} of remaining forest is within 1 km of the forest's edge, subject to the degrading effects of fragmentation. A synthesis of fragmentation experiments spanning multiple biomes and scales, five continents, and 35 years demonstrates that habitat fragmentation reduces biodiversity by 13 to 75{\%} and impairs key ecosystem functions by decreasing biomass and altering nutrient cycles. Effects are greatest in the smallest and most isolated fragments, and they magnify with the passage of time. These findings indicate an urgent need for conservation and restoration measures to improve landscape connectivity, which will reduce extinction rates and help maintain ecosystem services.},
author = {Haddad, N. M. and Brudvig, L. A. and Clobert, J. and Davies, K. F. and Gonzalez, A. and Holt, R. D. and Lovejoy, T. E. and Sexton, J. O. and Austin, M. P. and Collins, C. D. and Cook, W. M. and Damschen, E. I. and Ewers, R. M. and Foster, B. L. and Jenkins, C. N. and King, A. J. and Laurance, W. F. and Levey, D. J. and Margules, C. R. and Melbourne, B. A. and Nicholls, A. O. and Orrock, J. L. and Song, D.-X. and Townshend, J. R.},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1500052},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Haddad et al. - 2015 - Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {doi : 10.1126/sciadv.1500052},
issn = {2375-2548},
journal = {Science Advances},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {e1500052--e1500052},
title = {{Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems}},
url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1500052.abstract http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1500052},
volume = {1},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Borjeson2009,
abstract = {Vegetation data in an early 20th century map from northern Tanzania are presented and discussed for its potential of expanding the analytical time-frame in studies of land-use and land-cover change. The starting point is that much research on land-use and land-cover change suffers from a time-frame bias, caused by limitations in remote sensing data. At the same time, the use of historical maps as a complementary data-set is rather insignificant. Can information in historical maps be used to extend the baseline in land-use and land-cover change studies? The historical context of the vegetation data is evaluated, and as an illustration of its potential for interdisciplinary research on land-cover and ecosystems change, a section of the map is juxtaposed with a recent pollen record specifically addressing the impact of a 'large infrequent disturbance' (LID) event at the end of the 19th century. It is concluded that the vegetation data in the map are not likely to be reflecting an extreme situation due to the LID event. Finally, the historical vegetation data were visually compared with a national 1995 land-cover data set, illustrating the possibility of using the map data as a baseline in land-cover change studies},
author = {B{\"{o}}rjeson, Lowe},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01068.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/B{\"{o}}rjeson - 2009 - Using a historical map as a baseline in a land-cover change study of northeast Tanzania.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0141-6707},
issn = {01416707},
journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {Historical maps,Land-cover,Tanzania,Vegetation history},
pages = {185--191},
title = {{Using a historical map as a baseline in a land-cover change study of northeast Tanzania}},
volume = {47},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Saavedra2009,
abstract = {In theoretical ecology, simple stochastic models that satisfy two basic conditions about the distribution of niche values and feeding ranges have proved successful in reproducing the overall structural properties of real food webs, using species richness and connectance as the only input parameters. Recently, more detailed models have incorporated higher levels of constraint in order to reproduce the actual links observed in real food webs. Here, building on previous stochastic models of consumer-resource interactions between species, we propose a highly parsimonious model that can reproduce the overall bipartite structure of cooperative partner-partner interactions, as exemplified by plant-animal mutualistic networks. Our stochastic model of bipartite cooperation uses simple specialization and interaction rules, and only requires three empirical input parameters. We test the bipartite cooperation model on ten large pollination data sets that have been compiled in the literature, and find that it successfully replicates the degree distribution, nestedness and modularity of the empirical networks. These properties are regarded as key to understanding cooperation in mutualistic networks. We also apply our model to an extensive data set of two classes of company engaged in joint production in the garment industry. Using the same metrics, we find that the network of manufacturer-contractor interactions exhibits similar structural patterns to plant-animal pollination networks. This surprising correspondence between ecological and organizational networks suggests that the simple rules of cooperation that generate bipartite networks may be generic, and could prove relevant in many different domains, ranging from biological systems to human society.},
author = {Saavedra, Serguei and Reed-tsochas, Felix and Uzzi, Brian},
doi = {10.1038/nature07532},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/Saavedra, Reed-tsochas, Uzzi{\_}2009{\_}A simple model of bipartite cooperation for ecological and organizational networks.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-4687},
journal = {Nature},
keywords = {Animals,Biological,Computer Simulation,Ecology,Food Chain,Method-Paper,Models,Plant Physiological Phenomena,Stochastic Processes,Symbiosis},
mendeley-tags = {Method-Paper},
month = {jan},
number = {7228},
pages = {463--6},
pmid = {19052545},
title = {{A simple model of bipartite cooperation for ecological and organizational networks.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19052545},
volume = {457},
year = {2009}
}
@article{VanAsselen2013,
abstract = {Land-use change is both a cause and consequence of many biophysical and socioeconomic changes. The CLUMondo model provides an innovative approach for global land-use change modeling to support integrated assessments. Demands for goods and services are, in the model, supplied by a variety of land systems that are characterized by their land cover mosaic, the agricultural management intensity, and livestock. Land system changes are simulated by the model, driven by regional demand for goods and influenced by local factors that either constrain or promote land system conversion. A characteristic of the new model is the endogenous simulation of intensification of agricultural management versus expansion of arable land, and urban versus rural settlements expansion based on land availability in the neighborhood of the location. Model results for the OECD Environmental Outlook scenario show that allocation of increased agricultural production by either management intensification or area expansion varies both among and within world regions, providing useful insight into the land sparing versus land sharing debate. The land system approach allows the inclusion of different types of demand for goods and services from the land system as a driving factor of land system change. Simulation results are compared to observed changes over the 1970-2000 period and projections of other global and regional land change models.},
author = {{Van Asselen}, Sanneke and Verburg, Peter H.},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.12331},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2013/Van Asselen, Verburg{\_}2013{\_}Land cover change or land-use intensification Simulating land system change with a global-scale land change mo.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1365-2486},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {Agricultural intensification,Global model,Integrated assessment models,Land change,Land systems,Livestock},
pages = {3648--3667},
pmid = {23893426},
title = {{Land cover change or land-use intensification: Simulating land system change with a global-scale land change model}},
volume = {19},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Eastman2013,
abstract = {A 30-year series of global monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery derived from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI3g archive was analyzed for the presence of trends in changing seasonality. Using the Seasonal Trend Analysis (STA) procedure, over half (56.30{\%}) of land surfaces were found to exhibit significant trends. Almost half (46.10{\%}) of the significant trends belonged to three classes of seasonal trends (or changes). Class 1 consisted of areas that experienced a uniform increase in NDVI throughout the year, and was primarily associated with forested areas, particularly broadleaf forests. Class 2 consisted of areas experiencing an increase in the amplitude of the annual seasonal signal whereby increases in NDVI in the green season were balanced by decreases in the brown season. These areas were found primarily in grassland and shrubland regions. Class 3 was found primarily in the Taiga and Tundra biomes and exhibited increases in the annual summer peak in NDVI. While no single attribution of cause could be determined for each of these classes, it was evident that they are primarily found in natural areas (as opposed to anthropogenic land cover conversions) and that they are consistent with climate-related ameliorations of growing conditions during the study period.},
author = {Eastman, J. Ronald and Sangermano, Florencia and Machado, Elia A. and Rogan, John and Anyamba, Assaf},
doi = {10.3390/rs5104799},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eastman et al. - 2013 - Global trends in seasonality of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), 1982-2011.pdf:pdf},
issn = {20724292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {AVHRR,GIMMS NDVI3g,NDVI,Phenology,Seasonal trend analysis},
month = {sep},
number = {10},
pages = {4799--4818},
title = {{Global trends in seasonality of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), 1982-2011}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/5/10/4799/},
volume = {5},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Grogan2016,
abstract = {Tropical environments present a unique challenge for optical time series analysis, primarily owing to fragmented data availability, persistent cloud cover and atmospheric aerosols. Additionally, little is known of whether the performance of time series change detection is affected by diverse forest types found in tropical dry regions. In this paper, we develop a methodology for mapping forest clearing in Southeast Asia using a study region characterised by heterogeneous forest types. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series are decomposed using Breaks For Additive Season and Trend (BFAST) and breakpoints, trend, and seasonal components are combined in a binomial probability model to distinguish between cleared and stable forest. We found that the addition of seasonality and trend information improves the change model performance compared to using breakpoints alone. We also demonstrate the value of considering forest type in disturbance mapping in comparison to the more common approach that combines all forest types into a single generalised forest class. By taking a generalised forest approach, there is less control over the error distribution in each forest type. Dry-deciduous and evergreen forests are especially sensitive to error imbalances using a generalised forest model i.e., clearances were underestimated in evergreen forest, and overestimated in dry-deciduous forest. This suggests that forest type needs to be considered in time series change mapping, especially in heterogeneous forest regions. Our approach builds towards improving large-area monitoring of forest-diverse regions such as Southeast Asia. The findings of this study should also be transferable across optical sensors and are therefore relevant for the future availability of dense time series for the tropics at higher spatial resolutions.},
author = {Grogan, Kenneth and Pflugmacher, Dirk and Hostert, Patrick and Verbesselt, Jan and Fensholt, Rasmus},
doi = {10.3390/rs8080657},
isbn = {2072-4292},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {Accuracy,BFAST,Change detection,Deforestation,Dry deciduous,Evergreen,Southeast Asia},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {657},
title = {{Mapping Clearances in Tropical Dry Forests Using Breakpoints, Trend, and Seasonal Components from MODIS Time Series: Does Forest Type Matter?}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/8/657},
volume = {8},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Scribner2001,
abstract = {Knowledge of factors that affect population demographic and genetic characteristics is of importance to the development of conservation strategies. Using field and remote sensing of microgeographic and landscape-level features of the aquatic and terrestrial environment, we examined the degree to which habitat characteristics were correlated with population demographic and genetic characteristics in the common toad (Bufo bufo). Measures of genetic diversity and departures from random mating are described for 20 semi-isolated breeding populations of B. bufo from Leicestershire, Great Britain, based on three species-specific single locus variable number of tandem repeat minisatellite loci. Spatial autocorrelation of allele frequencies revealed significant population structuring or lack of independence in allele frequencies over inter-breeding pond intervals of ???2 km. Such estimates of "patch size" which are inferred from correlograms, may be useful in defining the extent of effective gene flow and spatial scales over which landscape-level features could plausibly be used to characterize ecological attributes of importance to individuals from specific local breeding populations. Toad presence or absence at amphibian breeding ponds, population size, and population estimates of observed heterozygosity, allelic richness, and Wright's inbreeding coefficient (F) were individually used as dependent variables in analyses with aquatic and terrestrial habitat characteristics. Inter-population variation in inbreeding coefficients was significantly related to presence of additional ponds near each breeding site. Allelic richness, population size, and toad presence/absence were primarily associated with terrestrial habitat variables, including pond density and vegetative characteristics reflecting surrounding land use (e.g. presence of woodlands, hedgerows, extent of area in livestock [sheep] pasture, and anthropogenic development). In the absence of definitive population demographic data, specific habitat characteristics may offer predictive potential for inferring population characteristics and future viability. However, the choice of ecologically and evolutionarily relevant habitat characteristics should be made with care. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
author = {Scribner, Kim T. and Arntzen, J.W and Cruddace, N. and Oldham, R.S and Burke, T.},
doi = {10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00155-5},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Scribner et al. - 2001 - Environmental correlates of toad abundance and population genetic diversity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Amphibians,Bufo,Common toad,Gene flow,Genetic diversity,Habitat,Metapopulations,Minisatellites,Population viability},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {201--210},
title = {{Environmental correlates of toad abundance and population genetic diversity}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320700001555},
volume = {98},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Ries2004,
abstract = {Ecological gradients and boundaries are currently in the focus of research interest. A widely accepted terminology, however, is still lacking, thus the use of the terms related to gradients and boundaries continues to be confusing. In this paper, we provide new more elaborated definition of the spatial boundary. We distinguish between the gradient (transition) and the space-segment (transitional zone). Our paper identifies the main difference between the two types of gradients: cline and tone. We discuss the meanings of the synonyms boundary line, boundary zone, edge, margin and border. We review the importance of scale and organizational levels in the field of gradients and boundaries. The article also enlightens the difficulties of vegetation mapping associated with boundaries. At last, we identify some important research topics for the future, where intensive studies are needed Acta Biol Szeged 55(2):279-287 (2011)},
author = {Ries, Leslie and Fletcher, Robert J. and Battin, James and Sisk, Thomas D.},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130148},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ries et al. - 2004 - Ecological responses to habitat edges Mechanisms, Models, and Variability Explained.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1543-592X},
journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
keywords = {Border,Ecocline,Ecotone,Edge,Margin,Transitional zone,abstract edge effects have,because they are a,been studied for decades,core area model,ecological boundary,ecotone,edge effect,effective area model,habitat fragmentation,however,key com-,landscape structure influences habitat,ponent to understanding how,quality},
month = {dec},
number = {1},
pages = {491--522},
title = {{Ecological responses to habitat edges: Mechanisms, Models, and Variability Explained}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130148},
volume = {35},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Ferrier2002,
author = {Ferrier, Simon and Biology, Systematic and Apr, No},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ferrier, Biology, Apr - 2002 - Mapping Spatial Pattern in Biodiversity for Regional Conservation Planning Where to from Here.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Systematic Biology},
keywords = {Mapping,Turnover},
mendeley-tags = {Mapping,Turnover},
number = {2},
pages = {331--363},
title = {{Mapping Spatial Pattern in Biodiversity for Regional Conservation Planning : Where to from Here ?}},
volume = {51},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Santini2016a,
abstract = {Aim: Millennia of human activity have drastically shaped the Earth's surface confining wildlife in ever more rare and sparse habitat fragments. Within the strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, Aichi Target 11 aims at the expansion of the current protected area (PA) system and the maintenance and improvement of its connectivity. This study aims at providing the first overview of the functionality of the PA networks across the six continents at different dispersal distances relevant for terrestrial mammals. $\backslash$nLocation: Global.$\backslash$nMethods: We used a graph theory approach to assess the connectivity of PA networks of different continents across a wide range of dispersal distances. We assessed the connectivity of country-level PA networks, the connectivity of continental PA networks and the contribution of country-level PA networks to continental connectivity.$\backslash$nResults: National and continental networks are characterized by very different spatial arrangements that translate into different levels of connectivity, ranging from networks where the reachable area is mostly determined by structural connectivity within PAs (e.g. Africa) to networks where connectivity mostly depends on animal dispersal among PAs (e.g. Europe). PA size correlates positively with connectivity for all species, followed by PA number; dispersal contributes less and positively interacts with number of PAs.$\backslash$nMain conclusions: Continental networks perform worse than national networks. Transboundary connectivity is often weak and should be improved, especially for countries that are important in promoting continental connectivity. Increasing PA coverage and size is a good strategy to improve multispecies connectivity.},
author = {Santini, Luca and Saura, Santiago and Rondinini, Carlo},
doi = {10.1111/ddi.12390},
editor = {Loyola, Rafael},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Santini, Saura, Rondinini - 2016 - Connectivity of the global network of protected areas.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13669516},
journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
keywords = {Aichi targets,Dispersal,Ecological network,Graph theory,Natura 2000,SLOSS,Spatial configuration,Topology,Transboundary connectivity},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {199--211},
title = {{Connectivity of the global network of protected areas}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ddi.12390},
volume = {22},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Kleijn2008,
abstract = {Understanding population declines has been the objective of a wide range of ecological studies. When species have become rare such studies are complicated because particular behavior or life history traits may be the cause but also the result of the decline of a species. We approached this problem by studying species' characteristics on specimens that were collected before the onset of their decline and preserved in natural history museums. In northwestern Europe, some bumble bee species declined dramatically during the 20th century whereas other, ecologically similar, species maintained stable populations. A long-standing debate focuses on whether this is caused by declining species having stricter host plant preferences. We compared the composition of pollen loads of five bumble bee species with stable populations and five with declining populations using museum specimens collected before 1950 in Belgium, England, and The Netherlands. Prior to 1950, the number of plant taxa in pollen loads of declining species was almost one-third lower than that in stable species even though individuals of stable and declining species generally originated from the same areas. There were no systematic differences in the composition of pollen loads between stable and declining species, but the plant taxa preferred by declining species before 1950 had experienced a stronger decline in the 20th century than those preferred by stable species. In 2004 and 2005, we surveyed the areas where bumble bees had been caught in the past and compared the composition of past and present pollen loads of the stable, but not of the by now locally extinct declining species. The number of collected pollen taxa was similar, but the composition differed significantly between the two periods. Differences in composition reflected the major changes in land use in northwestern Europe but also the spread of the invasive plant species Impatiens glandulifera. The main question now is why declining species apparently were not able to switch to less preferred food plants when stable species were. This study shows that natural history collections can play an important role in improving our understanding of the ecological mechanisms driving species population change.},
author = {Kleijn, David and Raemakers, Ivo and Conservation, Nature and Group, Plant Ecology},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2008/Kleijn et al.{\_}2008{\_}A retrospective analysis of pollen host plant use by stable and declining bumble bee species.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0012-9658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Animals,Bees,Bees: physiology,Belgium,Ecosystem,England,Plants,Plants: metabolism,Pollen,Population Dynamics,Retrospective Studies,Time Factors,bombus spp,ecosystem services,food preference,foraging behavior,historical collections,invasive plants,land use change,pollination,rare species},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1811--23},
pmid = {18705369},
title = {{A retrospective analysis of pollen host plant use by stable and declining bumble bee species.}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/07-1275.1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18705369},
volume = {89},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Bommarco2014,
author = {Bommarco, Riccardo and Lindborg, Regina and Marini, Lorenzo and {\"{O}}ckinger, Erik},
doi = {10.1111/ddi.12187},
editor = {van Kleunen, Mark},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bommarco et al. - 2014 - Extinction debt for plants and flower-visiting insects in landscapes with contrasting land use history.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13669516},
journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
keywords = {change,conservation,extinction debt,grassland communities,habitat loss,landscape,relaxation time},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {591--599},
title = {{Extinction debt for plants and flower-visiting insects in landscapes with contrasting land use history}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ddi.12187},
volume = {20},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Nowosad2018,
author = {Nowosad, Jakub and Stepinski, Tomasz F and Netzel, Pawel},
doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2018.09.013},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Nowosad, Stepinski, Netzel - 2018 - Global assessment and mapping of changes in mesoscale landscapes 1992–2015.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03032434},
journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
keywords = {esa cci-lc dataset,land cover transitions,landscapes,mapping land change},
month = {jun},
number = {September},
pages = {332--340},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Global assessment and mapping of changes in mesoscale landscapes: 1992–2015}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2018.09.013 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303243418305841},
volume = {78},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Brosi2007a,
abstract = {The ongoing scientific controversy over a putative "global pollination crisis" underscores the lack of understanding of the response of bees (the most important taxon of pollinators) to ongoing global land-use changes. We studied the effects of distance to forest, tree management, and floral resources on bee communities in pastures (the dominant land-use type) in southern Costa Rica