text:
for which the climate is improving. In the present study, we analyze fine-scale distribution data from detailed resurveys of seven butterfly and 11 bird species in Great Britain aiming to examine any effect of PA designation in preventing extinctions and promoting colonizations. We found a positive effect of PA designation on species' persistence at trailing-edge warm range margins, although with a decreased magnitude at higher latitudes and altitudes. In addition, colonizations by range expanding species were more likely to occur on PAs even after altitude and latitude were taken into account. PAs will therefore remain an important strategy for conservation. The potential for PA management to mitigate the effects of climatic change for retracting species deserves further investigation},
author = {Gillingham, Phillipa K and Bradbury, Richard B and Roy, David B and Anderson, Barbara J and Baxter, John M and Bourn, Nigel a D and Crick, Humphrey Q P and Findon, Richard a and Fox, Richard and Franco, Aldina and Hill, Jane K and Hodgson, Jenny a and Holt, Alison R and Morecroft, Mike D and O'Hanlon, Nina J. and Oliver, Tom H and Pearce-Higgins, James W and Procter, Deborah a and Thomas, Jeremy A. and Walker, Kevin J and Walmsley, Clive a and Wilson, Robert J and Thomas, Chris D},
doi = {10.1111/bij.12506},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gillingham et al. - 2015 - The effectiveness of protected areas in the conservation of species with changing geographical ranges.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00244066},
journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {707--717},
title = {{The effectiveness of protected areas in the conservation of species with changing geographical ranges}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/bij.12506},
volume = {115},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Watson2014,
abstract = {The frequency and extent of human-induced land-cover changes is escalating worldwide. Recurrent turnover of land-cover types will affect ecosystems over and above major, one-time changes (eg deforestation). Here, we show how a deeper appreciation of the temporal dynamics of land-cover change is needed to understand its effects on ecosystems. We distinguish between four key components of land-change regimes: (1) frequency of land-cover changes over a period of time, (2) the sequence of land-cover types, (3) the time span over which each land-cover type extends, and (4) the magnitude of difference between land-cover types. We synthesize the impacts of these four components on ecological communities, showing that frequent land-cover changes are likely to favor species that are habitat and dietary generalists. Greater attention to the complex dynamics of land-cover changes is critical for a better understanding of the future impacts that human-generated land-use changes will have on global biodiversity.},
author = {Watson, Simon J. and Luck, Gary W. and Spooner, Peter G. and Watson, David M.},
doi = {10.1890/130097},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2014/Watson et al.{\_}2014{\_}Land-use change Incorporating the frequency, sequence, time span, and magnitude of changes into ecological research.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15409309},
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
number = {4},
pages = {241--249},
title = {{Land-use change: Incorporating the frequency, sequence, time span, and magnitude of changes into ecological research}},
volume = {12},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Lambin2003,
abstract = {▪ Abstract We highlight the complexity of land-use/cover change and propose a framework for a more general understanding of the issue, with emphasis on tropical regions. The review summarizes recent estimates on changes in cropland, agricultural intensification, tropical deforestation, pasture expansion, and urbanization and identifies the still unmeasured land-cover changes. Climate-driven land-cover modifications interact with land-use changes. Land-use change is driven by synergetic factor combinations of resource scarcity leading to an increase in the pressure of production on resources, changing opportunities created by markets, outside policy intervention, loss of adaptive capacity, and changes in social organization and attitudes. The changes in ecosystem goods and services that result from land-use change feed back on the drivers of land-use change. A restricted set of dominant pathways of land-use change is identified. Land-use change can be understood using the concepts of complex adaptive syste...},
author = {Lambin, Eric F. and Geist, Helmut J. and Lepers, Erika},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lambin, Geist, Lepers - 2003 - Dynamics of Land-use and Land -Cover Change in Tropical Regions.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {8071694134},
issn = {1543-5938},
journal = {Annual Review of Environment and Resources},
keywords = {agriculture,deforestation,land degradation,landscape,urbanization},
month = {nov},
number = {1},
pages = {205--241},
pmid = {22168636},
title = {{Dynamics of Land-use and Land -Cover Change in Tropical Regions}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459{\%}5Cnhttp://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459 http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459},
volume = {28},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Zuur2010,
author = {Zuur, Alain F. and Ieno, Elena N. and Elphick, Chris S.},
doi = {10.1111/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Zuur, Ieno, Elphick{\_}2010{\_}A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2041210X},
journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {Method-Paper,Statistic},
mendeley-tags = {Method-Paper,Statistic},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {3--14},
title = {{A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x},
volume = {1},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Goddard2010,
abstract = {As urbanisation increases globally and the natural environment becomes increasingly fragmented, the importance of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation grows. In many countries, private gardens are a major component of urban green space and can provide considerable biodiversity benefits. Gardens and adjacent habitats form interconnected networks and a landscape ecology framework is necessary to understand the relationship between the spatial configuration of garden patches and their constituent biodiversity. A scale-dependent tension is apparent in garden management, whereby the individual garden is much smaller than the unit of management needed to retain viable populations. To overcome this, here we suggest mechanisms for encouraging 'wildlife-friendly' management of collections of gardens across scales from the neighbourhood to the city. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Goddard, Mark a. and Dougill, Andrew J. and Benton, Tim G.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.016},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Goddard, Dougill, Benton - 2010 - Scaling up from gardens biodiversity conservation in urban environments.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {90--98},
pmid = {19758724},
title = {{Scaling up from gardens: biodiversity conservation in urban environments}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534709002468},
volume = {25},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Laurance2011,
abstract = {We synthesize findings to date from the world's largest and longest-running experimental study of habitat fragmentation, located in central Amazonia. Over the past 32. years, Amazonian forest fragments ranging from 1 to 100. ha have experienced a wide array of ecological changes. Edge effects have been a dominant driver of fragment dynamics, strongly affecting forest microclimate, tree mortality, carbon storage, fauna, and other aspects of fragment ecology. However, edge-effect intensity varies markedly in space and time, and is influenced by factors such as edge age, the number of nearby edges, and the adjoining matrix of modified vegetation surrounding fragments. In our study area, the matrix has changed markedly over the course of the study (evolving from large cattle pastures to mosaics of abandoned pasture and regrowth forest) and this in turn has strongly influenced fragment dynamics and faunal persistence. Rare weather events, especially windstorms and droughts, have further altered fragment ecology. In general, populations and communities of species in fragments are hyperdynamic relative to nearby intact forest. Some edge and fragment-isolation effects have declined with a partial recovery of secondary forests around fragments, but other changes, such as altered patterns of tree recruitment, are ongoing. Fragments are highly sensitive to external vicissitudes, and even small changes in local land-management practices may drive fragmented ecosystems in markedly different directions. The effects of fragmentation are likely to interact synergistically with other anthropogenic threats such as logging, hunting, and especially fire, creating an even greater peril for the Amazonian biota. ?? 2010.},
author = {Laurance, William F. and Camargo, Jos{\'{e}} L.C. and Luiz{\~{a}}o, Regina C.C. and Laurance, Susan G. and Pimm, Stuart L. and Bruna, Emilio M. and Stouffer, Philip C. and {Bruce Williamson}, G. and Ben{\'{i}}tez-Malvido, Julieta and Vasconcelos, Heraldo L.},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.021},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Laurance et al. - 2011 - The fate of Amazonian forest fragments A 32-year investigation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Amazon,Community dynamics,Ecosystem processes,Edge effects,Habitat fragmentation,Long-term research,Matrix effects,Species extinctions,Tropical forests},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {56--67},
pmid = {20433197},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: A 32-year investigation}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.021 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320710004209},
volume = {144},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Vuolo2016,
author = {Vuolo, Francesco and Ng, Wai-Tim and Atzberger, Clement},
doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2016.12.012},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Vuolo - 2016 - Example data Smoothing and gap-filling of high resolution multi-spectral time series Example of Landsat data.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03032434},
journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
month = {may},
pages = {202--213},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Smoothing and gap-filling of high resolution multi-spectral time series: Example of Landsat data}},
url = {https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/8nj4fs9yx4/1 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303243416302100},
volume = {57},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Andam2008,
abstract = {Global efforts to reduce tropical deforestation rely heavily on the establishment of protected areas. Measuring the effectiveness of these areas is difficult because the amount of deforestation that would have occurred in the absence of legal protection cannot be directly observed. Conventional methods of evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas can be biased because protection is not randomly assigned and because protection can induce deforestation spillovers (displacement) to neighboring forests. We demonstrate that estimates of effectiveness can be substantially improved by controlling for biases along dimensions that are observable, measuring spatial spillovers, and testing the sensitivity of estimates to potential hidden biases. We apply matching methods to evaluate the impact on deforestation of Costa Rica's renowned protected-area system between 1960 and 1997. We find that protection reduced deforestation: approximately 10{\%} of the protected forests would have been deforested had they not been protected. Conventional approaches to evaluating conservation impact, which fail to control for observable covariates correlated with both protection and deforestation, substantially overestimate avoided deforestation (by over 65{\%}, based on our estimates). We also find that deforestation spillovers from protected to unprotected forests are negligible. Our conclusions are robust to potential hidden bias, as well as to changes in modeling assumptions. Our results show that, with appropriate empirical methods, conservation scientists and policy makers can better understand the relationships between human and natural systems and can use this to guide their attempts to protect critical ecosystem services.},
author = {Andam, Kwaw S and Ferraro, Paul J and Pfaff, Alexander and Sanchez-Azofeifa, G Arturo and Robalino, Juan a},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0800437105},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Andam et al. - 2008 - Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0027-8424},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {oct},
number = {42},
pages = {16089--16094},
pmid = {18854414},
title = {{Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0800437105},
volume = {105},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Perring2018,
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:physics/0608246v3},
author = {Perring, Michael P. and Bernhardt-R{\"{o}}mermann, Markus and Baeten, Lander and Midolo, Gabriele and Blondeel, Haben and Depauw, Leen and Landuyt, Dries and Maes, Sybryn L. and {De Lombaerde}, Emiel and Car{\'{o}}n, Maria Mercedes and Vellend, Mark and Brunet, J{\"{o}}rg and Chudomelov{\'{a}}, Mark{\'{e}}ta and Decocq, Guillaume and Diekmann, Martin and Dirnb{\"{o}}ck, Thomas and D{\"{o}}rfler, Inken and Durak, Tomasz and {De Frenne}, Pieter and Gilliam, Frank S. and H{\'{e}}dl, Radim and Heinken, Thilo and Hommel, Patrick and Jaroszewicz, Bogdan and Kirby, Keith J. and Kopeck{\'{y}}, Martin and Lenoir, Jonathan and Li, Daijiang and M{\'{a}}li{\v{s}}, Franti{\v{s}}ek and Mitchell, Fraser J.G. and Naaf, Tobias and Newman, Miles and Petř{\'{i}}k, Petr and Reczy{\'{n}}ska, Kamila and Schmidt, Wolfgang and Standov{\'{a}}r, Tibor and {\'{S}}wierkosz, Krzysztof and {Van Calster}, Hans and Vild, Ondřej and Wagner, Eva Rosa and Wulf, Monika and Verheyen, Kris},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.14030},
eprint = {0608246v3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Perring et al. - 2018 - Global environmental change effects on plant community composition trajectories depend upon management legacies.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0000000154871},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {1722--1740},
pmid = {27935037},
primaryClass = {arXiv:physics},
title = {{Global environmental change effects on plant community composition trajectories depend upon management legacies}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/gcb.14030},
volume = {24},
year = {2018}
}
@book{Cohen2013,
address = {Mahwah, New Jersey},
author = {Cohen, Jacob and Cohen, Patricia and West, Stephen G and Aiken, Leona S},
edition = {3rd},
pages = {46--47},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
title = {{Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences}},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Grant2015,
abstract = {Analyzing massive remotely-sensed datasets presents formidable challenges. The volume of satellite imagery collected often outpaces analytical capabilities, however thorough analyses of complete datasets may provide new insights into processes that would otherwise be unseen. In this study we present a novel, object-oriented approach to storing, retrieving, and analyzing large remotely-sensed datasets. The objective is to provide a new structure for scalable storage and rapid, Internet-based analysis of climatology data. The concept of a “data rod” is introduced, a conceptual data object that organizes time-series information into a temporally-oriented vertical column at any given location. To demonstrate one possible use, we ingest 25 years of Greenland imagery into a series of pure-object databases, then retrieve and analyze the data. The results provide a basis for evaluating the database performance and scientific analysis capabilities. The project succeeds in demonstrating the effectiveness of the prototype database architecture and analysis approach, not because new scientific information is discovered, but because quality control issues are revealed in the source data that had gone undetected for years.},
author = {Grant, Glenn and Gallaher, David},
doi = {10.3390/rs70403986},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Grant, Gallaher - 2015 - A Novel Technique for Time-Centric Analysis of Massive Remotely-Sensed Datasets.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2072-4292},
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {2015,7,AVHRR,Greenland,albedo,avhrr,database,greenland,object-oriented,remote sens,temporal analysis},
number = {4},
pages = {3986--4001},
title = {{A Novel Technique for Time-Centric Analysis of Massive Remotely-Sensed Datasets}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/4/3986/},
volume = {7},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Boyle2014,
abstract = {Technological advances and increasing availability of high-resolution satellite imagery offer the potential for more accurate land cover classifications and pattern analyses, which could greatly improve the detection and quantification of land cover change for conservation. Such remotely-sensed products, however, are often expensive and difficult to acquire, which prohibits or reduces their use. We tested whether imagery of high spatial resolution (≤5 m) differs from lower-resolution imagery (≥30 m) in performance and extent of use for conservation applications. To assess performance, we classified land cover in a heterogeneous region of Interior Atlantic Forest in Paraguay, which has undergone recent and dramatic human-induced habitat loss and fragmentation. We used 4 m multispectral IKONOS and 30 m multispectral Landsat imagery and determined the extent to which resolution influenced the delineation of land cover classes and patch-level metrics. Higher-resolution imagery more accurately delineated cover classes, identified smaller patches, retained patch shape, and detected narrower, linear patches. To assess extent of use, we surveyed three conservation journals (Biological Conservation, Biotropica, Conservation Biology) and found limited application of high-resolution imagery in research, with only 26.8{\%} of land cover studies analyzing satellite imagery, and of these studies only 10.4{\%} used imagery ≤5 m resolution. Our results suggest that high-resolution imagery is warranted yet under-utilized in conservation research, but is needed to adequately monitor and evaluate forest loss and conversion, and to delineate potentially important stepping-stone fragments that may serve as corridors in a human-modified landscape. Greater access to low-cost, multiband, high-resolution satellite imagery would therefore greatly facilitate conservation management and decision-making.},
author = {Boyle, Sarah A. and Kennedy, Christina M. and Torres, Julio and Colman, Karen and P{\'{e}}rez-Estigarribia, Pastor E. and de la Sancha, No{\'{e}} U.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0086908},
editor = {Peter, Hans-Ulrich},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Boyle et al. - 2014 - High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Is an Important yet Underutilized Resource in Conservation Biology.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1932-6203},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {e86908},
pmid = {24466287},
title = {{High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Is an Important yet Underutilized Resource in Conservation Biology}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086908},
volume = {9},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Wilson2016,
abstract = {Urbanisation and agriculture dramatically modify the landscapes available for use by wildlife, affecting key aspects of their ecology such as survival, foraging, predation, competition and reproductive success. Relatively little is known about the effects of urbanisation and agriculture on the genetic structure, gene flow and genetic diversity of wild species. Here, landscape genetic techniques were applied to compare local genetic diversity and gene flow between wood mouse popula- tions in urban and arable landscapes. Using nine microsatellite markers, individuals were genotyped from six arable and seven urban sample sites. Inter-population genetic differentiation was significantly greater in urban than arable habitat, while allele richness, private allele richness and heterozygosity were higher for arable sample sites, with varying degrees of significance. Tese suggest that urban habitat was sufficiently fragmented to limit gene flow. To test the effect of landscape features on gene flow, several cost-distance measures were generated. Overland distance and Euclidean distance correlated best with inter-population genetic differentiation in arable habitat, whereas distances that accommodated differences in habitat quality better explained differentiation in urban habitat. Tere was no evidence that margins adjacent to roads, rivers or railways facilitated gene flow. Together, the results indicate that urban landscapes expose wood mice to greater fragmentation in habitat quality than arable areas, leading to greater population isolation that is not mitigated by the presence of dispersal corridors.},
author = {Wilson, Amanda and Fenton, Brian and Malloch, Gaynor and Boag, Brian and Hubbard, Steve and Begg, Graham},
doi = {10.1111/ecog.01297},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wilson et al. - 2016 - Urbanisation versus agriculture a comparison of local genetic diversity and gene flow between wood mouse Apodemus.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {87--97},
title = {{Urbanisation versus agriculture: a comparison of local genetic diversity and gene flow between wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus populations in human-modified landscapes}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ecog.01297},
volume = {39},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Chander2009,
abstract = {This paper provides a summary of the current equations and rescaling factors for converting calibrated Digital Numbers (DNs) to absolute units of at-sensor spectral radiance, Top-Of-Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance, and at-sensor brightness temperature. It tabulates the necessary constants for the Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Advanced Land Imager (ALI) sensors. These conversions provide a basis for standardized comparison of data in a single scene or between images acquired on different dates or by different sensors. This paper forms a needed guide for Landsat data users who now have access to the entire Landsat archive at no cost. ?? 2009 Elsevier Inc.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {Chander2009},
author = {Chander, Gyanesh and Markham, Brian L. and Helder, Dennis L.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.007},
eprint = {Chander2009},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chander, Markham, Helder - 2009 - Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM, and EO-1 ALI sensors.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0034-4257},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {At-sensor brightness temperature,At-sensor spectral radiance,EO-1 ALI,ETM+,Landsat MSS,Radiometric characterization {\&} calibration,TM,Top-of-atmosphere reflectance},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {893--903},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and EO-1 ALI sensors}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.007 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425709000169},
volume = {113},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hallmann2017,
author = {Hallmann, Caspar A. and Sorg, Martin and Jongejans, Eelke and Siepel, Henk and Hofland, Nick and Schwan, Heinz and Stenmans, Werner and M{\"{u}}ller, Andreas and Sumser, Hubert and H{\"{o}}rren, Thomas and Goulson, Dave and de Kroon, Hans},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0185809},
editor = {Lamb, Eric Gordon},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hallmann et al. - 2017 - More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1111111111},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {e0185809},
title = {{More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185809},
volume = {12},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Pellikka2009,
abstract = {We studied changes in area and species composition of six indigenous forest fragments in the Taita Hills, Kenya using 1955 and 1995 aerial photography with 2004 airborne digital camera mosaics. The study area is part of Eastern Arc Mountains, a global biodiversity hot spot that boasts an outstanding diversity of flora and fauna and a high level of endemism. While a total of 260 ha (50{\%}) of indigenous tropical cloud forest was lost to agriculture and bushland between 1955 and 2004, large-scale planting of exotic pines, eucalyptus, grevillea, black wattle and cypress on barren land during the same period resulted in a balanced total forest area. In the Taita Hills, like in other Afrotropical forests, indigenous forest loss may adversely affect ecosystem services. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Pellikka, P. K E and L{\"{o}}tj{\"{o}}nen, Milla and Siljander, Mika and Lens, Luc},
doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2009.02.002},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pellikka et al. - 2009 - Airborne remote sensing of spatiotemporal change (1955-2004) in indigenous and exotic forest cover in the Taita.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0303-2434},
issn = {15698432},
journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
keywords = {Airborne remote sensing,Biodiversity,East Africa,GIS,Land cover changes,Tropical forest},
pages = {221--232},
title = {{Airborne remote sensing of spatiotemporal change (1955-2004) in indigenous and exotic forest cover in the Taita Hills, Kenya}},
volume = {11},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Alkemade2009,
abstract = {Abstract:The GLOBIO3 model has been developed to assess human-induced changes in biodiversity, in the past, present, and future at regional and global scales. The model is built on simple cause-effect relationships between environmental drivers and biodiversity impacts, based on state-of-the-art knowledge. The mean abundance of original species relative to their abundance in undisturbed ecosystems (MSA) is used as the indicator for biodiversity. Changes in drivers are derived from the IMAGE 2.4 model. Drivers considered are land-cover change, land-use intensity, fragmentation, climate change, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, and infrastructure development. GLOBIO3 addresses (i) the impacts of environmental drivers on MSA and their relative importance; (ii) expected trends under various future scenarios; and (iii) the likely effects of various policy response options. GLOBIO3 has been used successfully in several integrated regional and global assessments. Three different global-scale policy options have been evaluated on their potential to reduce MSA loss. These options are: climate-change mitigation through expanded use of bio-energy, an increase in plantation forestry, and an increase in protected areas. We conclude that MSA loss is likely to continue during the coming decades. Plantation forestry may help to reduce the rate of loss, whereas climate-change mitigation through the extensive use of bioenergy crops will, in fact, increase this rate of loss. The protection of 20{\%} of all large ecosystems leads to a small reduction in the rate of loss, provided that protection is effective and that currently degraded protected areas are restored},
author = {Alkemade, Rob and {Van Oorschot}, Mark and Miles, Lera and Nellemann, Christian and Bakkenes, Michel and {Ten Brink}, Ben},
doi = {10.1007/s10021-009-9229-5},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2009/Alkemade et al.{\_}2009{\_}GLOBIO3 A framework to investigate options for reducing global terrestrial biodiversity loss.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1002100992},
issn = {14329840},
journal = {Ecosystems},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Bioenergy,Climate change,Forestry,Fragmentation,Infrastructure,Land use,Land-use change,MSA,Meta-Analysis,Modelling,Nitrogen,Policy options,Prediction,Protected areas},
mendeley-tags = {Land use,Meta-Analysis,Modelling,Prediction},
month = {feb},
number = {3},
pages = {374--390},
title = {{GLOBIO3: A framework to investigate options for reducing global terrestrial biodiversity loss}},
volume = {12},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Niedertscheider2016,
author = {Niedertscheider, Maria and Kastner, Thomas and Fetzel, Tamara and Haberl, Helmut and Kroisleitner, Christine and Plutzar, Christoph and Erb, Karl-Heinz},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/11/1/014008},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Niedertscheider et al. - 2016 - Mapping and analysing cropland use intensity from a NPP perspective.{\_}2016{\_}mapp:{\_}2016{\_}mapp},
issn = {1748-9326},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
keywords = {NPP,article is available online,biomass,cropland,global,land use intensity,net primary production,nitrogen,npp,supplementary material for this},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {014008},
publisher = {IOP Publishing},
title = {{Mapping and analysing cropland use intensity from a NPP perspective}},
url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/11/i=1/a=014008?key=crossref.d5afd2fdaa12ac43b37c6c621dd3291a},
volume = {11},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Yen2016,
abstract = {The study of ecological communities through time can reveal fundamental ecological processes and is key to understanding how natural and human pressures will affect biodiversity. Most studies of ecological communities through time consider only one or a few summary measures (e.g., species richness, total abundance), which might neglect important aspects of community structure or function. We studied temporal variation in several measures of species diversity, size diversity, and species composition in an intensively sampled bird community to determine whether different biodiversity measures change synchronously. We used a novel function regression, which supports the study of diversity measures that are distributions (e.g., species abundance distributions) alongside measures that are scalar values (e.g., species richness). Most diversity measures changed predictably within years, but inter-annual changes in size diversity and species composition were not reflected in species diversity. Within and among years, there was considerable variation in distributional measures that was not captured in scalar measures. Predictable variation within years probably was related to seasonal variation in weather patterns or food availability, but variation in size diversity among years probably resulted from stochastic changes in species composition. These results suggest that species and size diversity may be decoupled, and that inferences on scalar diversity measures might not reflect fundamental changes to community structure or function. Our method supports the inclusion of size-based measures and distributional measures in ecological analyses, and broader uptake of our approach is likely to provide new insight into the processes structuring ecological communities, and inform the links between structure and function in ecological communities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
author = {Yen, Jian D L and Thomson, James R. and Keith, Jonathan M. and Paganin, David M. and Nally, Ralph Mac},
doi = {10.1111/ecog.02306},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Yen et al. - 2016 - How do different aspects of biodiversity change through time A case study on an Australian bird community.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {642--650},
title = {{How do different aspects of biodiversity change through time? A case study on an Australian bird community}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ecog.02306},
volume = {40},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Lambin1994,
abstract = {O$\backslash$tTemperature of surface has a short time scale. Short term variations in energy balance (rainfall events and changes in soil moisture)$\backslash$nO$\backslash$tNDVI: interannual variations in processes occurring at the scale of the season.$\backslash$nO$\backslash$tSpatial structure: detect long term processes related to structural changes in landscape ecology.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nChange vector measures the difference in the time trajectory of a biophysical indicator for successive time periods,$\backslash$n3 remotely sensed indicators: vegetation index, surface temperature, and spatial structure. to detect subtle forms of land-cover change.$\backslash$nThese indicators have a low degree of redundancy and detect different land-cover change processes which operate at different time scales.$\backslash$nFor use in Modis (from 1998 and 2000 onwards) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nChanges in land cover have 5 different categories of causes:$\backslash$n1.$\backslash$tLong-term natural changes in climatic conditions$\backslash$n2.$\backslash$tGeomorphical and ecological processes (erosion and succession)$\backslash$n3.$\backslash$tHuman induced alterations (deforestation and land degradation)$\backslash$n4.$\backslash$tInterannual climatic variability$\backslash$n5.$\backslash$tHuman induced climate changes (greenhouse)$\backslash$n$\backslash$nDifferent rates and different degrees of reversibility$\backslash$n$\backslash$nChange detection method$\backslash$nTime trajectory (temporal development curve). Expected time trajectory can be derived from history of pixel.$\backslash$nEvery year the coordinates (in n-dimensional space) of any pixel can be observed. Changing of position can be described by change vector. Magnitude of change vector measures the intensity of the change in land cover. (Euclidean distance bw 2 points in n-dimensional space). Main directions can be assessed using PCA.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nIndicators of land-cover change$\backslash$nNDVI (for AVHRR: Band 2 and 1)$\backslash$nLand surface temperature $\backslash$nSpatial structure (of the NDVI)$\backslash$n$\backslash$nLand surface temperature $\backslash$nFrom AVHRR thermal channels (4 and 5) using split-window algorithm. Land surface temperature is related to moisture availability and evapo-transpiration as function of latent heat flux.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nSpatial structure of the landscape$\backslash$nPatterning: landscape ecology.$\backslash$nSpatial domain often neglected.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRelative contribution of each indicator to change direction and categorization.$\backslash$n$\backslash$n4 change categories are distributed in a spatially structured and nonrandom fashion: this suggests that they correspond to real changes.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nNDVI and spatial structure changes are somehow correlated.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nThe three indicators detect different processes of change.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nNDVI and Ts$\backslash$n$\backslash$nNDVI and spatial structure of NDVI$\backslash$nSpatial structure indicator is better at detecting interannual changes in the seasonal ecosystem dynamic for spatially heterogeneous landscapes.$\backslash$nSpatial indicator useful in the detection of longer term, possibly anthropogenic processes of change likely to affect more drastically the landscapes spatial structure.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nTs and spatial structure of the NDVI$\backslash$nDetect independent processes of change$\backslash$n$\backslash$nConclusion$\backslash$nThe 3 indicators detect different land-cover processes, which operate at different time scales. $\backslash$nTs has a short time scale. Short term variations in energy balance (rainfall events and changes in soil moisture)$\backslash$nNDVI: interannual variations in processes occurring at the scale of the season.$\backslash$nSpatial structure: detect long term processes related to structural changes in landscape ecology.$\backslash$n},
author = {Lambin, E.F. and Strahler, A.H.},
doi = {10.1080/01431169408954230},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lambin, Strahler - 1994 - Indicators of land-cover change for change-vector analysis in multitemporal space at coarse spatial scales.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0143116940},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
month = {jul},
number = {10},
pages = {2099--2119},
pmid = {625},
title = {{Indicators of land-cover change for change-vector analysis in multitemporal space at coarse spatial scales}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431169408954230},
volume = {15},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Xiao2005,
abstract = {We examined trends in vegetation activity at the global scale from 1982 to 1998 using a recently developed satellite‐based vegetation index in conjunction with a gridded global climate dataset. Vegetation greening trends were observed in the northern high latitudes, the northern middle latitudes, and parts of the tropics and subtropics. Temperature, and in particular spring warming, was the primary climatic factor associated with greening in the northern high latitudes and western Europe. Temperature trends also explained greening in the US Pacific Northwest, tropical and subtropical Africa, and eastern China. Precipitation was a strong correlate of greening in fragmented regions only. Decreases in greenness in southern South America, southern Africa, and central Australia were strongly correlated to both increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation. Over vast areas globally, strong positive trends in greenness exhibited no correlation with trends in either temperature or precipitation. These areas include the eastern United States, the African tropics and subtropics, most of the Indian subcontinent, and south‐east Asia. Thus, for large areas of land that are undergoing greening, there appears to be no climatic correlate. Globally, greening trends are a function of both climatic and non‐climatic factors, such as forest regrowth, CO2 enrichment, woody plant proliferation, and trends in agricultural practices.},
author = {Xiao, J. and Moody, A.},
doi = {10.1080/01431160500033682},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/Geographical distribution of global greening trends and their climatic correlates 1982 1998.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0143-1161},
issn = {0143-1161},
journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
month = {jun},
number = {11},
pages = {2371--2390},
title = {{Geographical distribution of global greening trends and their climatic correlates: 1982–1998}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431160500033682},
volume = {26},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Geldmann2014,
abstract = {Itiswidelyacceptedthatthemaindriveroftheobserveddeclineinbiologicaldiversityisincreasing human pressure on Earth's ecosystems. However, the spatial patterns of change in human pressure and their relation to conservation efforts are less well known. We developed a spatially and temporally explicit map of global change in human pressure over 2 decades between 1990 and 2010 at a resolution of 10 km2. We evaluated 22 spatial data sets representing different components of human pressure and used them to compile a temporal human pressure index (THPI) based on 3 data sets: human population density, land transformation, and electrical power infrastructure. We investigated how the THPI within protected areas was correlated to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) management categories and the human development index (HDI) and how the THPI was correlated to cumulative pressure on the basis of the original human footprint index. Since the early 1990s, human pressure increased 64{\%} of the terrestrial areas; the largest increases were in Southeast Asia. Protected areas also exhibited overall increases in human pressure, the degree of which varied with location and IUCN management category. Only wilderness areas and natural monuments (management categories Ib and III) exhibited decreases in pressure. Protected areas not assigned any category exhibited the greatest increases. High HDI values correlated with greater reductions in pressure across protected areas, while increasing age of the protected area correlated with increases in pressure. Our analysis is an initial step toward mapping changes in human pressure on the natural world over time. That only 3 data sets could be included in our spatio-temporal global pressure map highlights the challenge to measuring pressure changes over time.},
author = {Geldmann, Jonas and Joppa, Lucas and Burgess, Neil D.},
doi = {10.1111/cobi.12332},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Geldmann, Joppa, Burgess - 2014 - Mapping Change in Human Pressure Globally on Land and within Protected Areas.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0888-8892},
issn = {08888892},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
keywords = {Effectiveness,Human footprint,Human population,IUCN management categories,Protected area,Stable nightlight},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {1604--1616},
pmid = {25052712},
title = {{Mapping Change in Human Pressure Globally on Land and within Protected Areas}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/cobi.12332},
volume = {28},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Mascaro2013,
abstract = {Despite the well-documented benefits afforded the children of invested fathers in modern Western societies, some fathers choose not to invest in their children. Why do some men make this choice? Life History Theory offers an explanation for variation in parental investment by positing a trade-off between mating and parenting effort, which may explain some of the observed variance in human fathers' parenting behavior. We tested this hypothesis by measuring aspects of reproductive biology related to mating effort, as well as paternal nurturing behavior and the brain activity related to it. Both plasma testosterone levels and testes volume were independently inversely correlated with paternal caregiving. In response to viewing pictures of one's own child, activity in the ventral tegmental area--a key component of the mesolimbic dopamine reward and motivation system--predicted paternal caregiving and was negatively related to testes volume. Our results suggest that the biology of human males reflects a trade-off between mating effort and parenting effort, as indexed by testicular size and nurturing-related brain function, respectively.},
author = {Mascaro, Jennifer S and Hackett, Patrick D and Rilling, James K},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1305579110},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2013/Mascaro, Hackett, Rilling{\_}2013{\_}Testicular volume is inversely correlated with nurturing-related brain activity in human fathers.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1091-6490},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {Adult,Behavior,Brain,Brain Mapping,Brain: physiology,Child,Fathers,Female,Humans,Infant,Linear Models,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,Organ Size,Parenting,Preschool,Testis,Testis: anatomy {\&} histology,Young Adult},
month = {sep},
number = {39},
pages = {15746--51},
pmid = {24019499},
title = {{Testicular volume is inversely correlated with nurturing-related brain activity in human fathers.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019499 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3785737{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {110},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Kissling2014,
abstract = {Ecological trait data are essential for understanding the broad-scale distribution of biodiversity and its response to global change. For animals, diet represents a fundamental aspect of species' evolutionary adaptations, ecological and functional roles, and trophic interactions. However, the importance of diet for macroevolutionary and macroecological dynamics remains little explored, partly because of the lack of comprehensive trait datasets. We compiled and evaluated a comprehensive global dataset of diet preferences of mammals ("MammalDIET"). Diet information was digitized from two global and cladewide data sources and errors of data entry by multiple data recorders were assessed. We then developed a hierarchical extrapolation procedure to fill-in diet information for species with missing information. Missing data were extrapolated with information from other taxonomic levels (genus, other species within the same genus, or family) and this extrapolation was subsequently validated both internally (with a jack-knife approach applied to the compiled species-level diet data) and externally (using independent species-level diet information from a comprehensive continentwide data source). Finally, we grouped mammal species into trophic levels and dietary guilds, and their species richness as well as their proportion of total richness were mapped at a global scale for those diet categories with good validation results. The success rate of correctly digitizing data was 94{\%}, indicating that the consistency in data entry among multiple recorders was high. Data sources provided species-level diet information for a total of 2033 species (38{\%} of all 5364 terrestrial mammal species, based on the IUCN taxonomy). For the remaining 3331 species, diet information was mostly extrapolated from genus-level diet information (48{\%} of all terrestrial mammal species), and only rarely from other species within the same genus (6{\%}) or from family level (8{\%}). Internal and external validation showed that: (1) extrapolations were most reliable for primary food items; (2) several diet categories ("Animal", "Mammal", "Invertebrate", "Plant", "Seed", "Fruit", and "Leaf") had high proportions of correctly predicted diet ranks; and (3) the potential of correctly extrapolating specific diet categories varied both within and among clades. Global maps of species richness and proportion showed congruence among trophic levels, but also substantial discrepancies between dietary guilds. MammalDIET provides a comprehensive, unique and freely available dataset on diet preferences for all terrestrial mammals worldwide. It enables broad-scale analyses for specific trophic levels and dietary guilds, and a first assessment of trait conservatism in mammalian diet preferences at a global scale. The digitalization, extrapolation and validation procedures could be transferable to other trait data and taxa.},
author = {Kissling, Wilm Daniel and Dalby, Lars and Fl{\o}jgaard, Camilla and Lenoir, Jonathan and Sandel, Brody and Sandom, Christopher and Tr{\o}jelsgaard, Kristian and Svenning, Jens-Christian},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.1136},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kissling et al. - 2014 - Establishing macroecological trait datasets digitalization, extrapolation, and validation of diet preferences i.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2045-7758},
issn = {20457758},
journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
keywords = {Diet ecology,Ecological trait data,Feeding guild,Mammalia,Phylogenetic conservatism,Trophic structure},
month = {jul},
number = {14},
pages = {2913--2930},
pmid = {25165528},
title = {{Establishing macroecological trait datasets: digitalization, extrapolation, and validation of diet preferences in terrestrial mammals worldwide}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ece3.1136},
volume = {4},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Haslem2008,
author = {Haslem, Angie and Bennett, Andrew F},
doi = {10.1890/07-0692.1},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Haslem, Bennett - 2008 - Birds in agricultural mosaics The influence of landscape pattern and countryside heterogeneity.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1051-0761},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {185--196},
title = {{Birds in agricultural mosaics: The influence of landscape pattern and countryside heterogeneity}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40062120 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/07-0692.1 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/07-0692.1},
volume = {18},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Duncan2015a,
abstract = {Ecosystem services (ES) approaches to biodiversity conservation are currently high on the ecological research and policy agendas. However, despite a wealth of studies into biodiversity's role in maintaining ES (B-ES relationships) across landscapes, we still lack generalities in the nature and strengths of these linkages. Reasons for this are manifold, but can largely be attributed to (i) a lack of adherence to definitions and thus a confusion between final ES and the ecosystem functions (EFs) underpinning them, (ii) a focus on uninformative biodiversity indices and singular hypotheses and (iii) top-down analyses across large spatial scales and overlooking of context-dependency. The biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (B-EF) field provides an alternate context for examining biodiversity's mechanistic role in shaping ES, focusing on species' characteristics that may drive EFs via multiple mechanisms across contexts. Despite acknowledgements of a need for B-ES research to look towards underlying B-EF linkages, the connections between these areas of research remains weak. With this review, we pull together recent B-EF findings to identify key areas for future developments in B-ES research. We highlight a means by which B-ES research may begin to identify how and when multiple underlying B-EF relationships may scale to final ES delivery and trade-offs.},
author = {Duncan, Clare and Thompson, Julian R and Pettorelli, Nathalie},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2015.1348},
isbn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {ecology,environmental science},
number = {1817},
pages = {20151348},
pmid = {26468240},
title = {{The quest for a mechanistic understanding of biodiversity–ecosystem services relationships}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4633867{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {282},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Moisen2016,
author = {Moisen, Gretchen G. and Meyer, Mary C. and Schroeder, Todd a. and Liao, Xiyue and Schleeweis, Karen G. and Freeman, Elizabeth a. and Toney, Chris},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.13358},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Moisen et al. - 2016 - Shape selection in Landsat time series a tool for monitoring forest dynamics.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
keywords = {attribution,change agents,forest disturbance,landcover change,tree canopy},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {3518--3528},
title = {{Shape selection in Landsat time series: a tool for monitoring forest dynamics}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/gcb.13358},
volume = {22},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Dakos2017,
author = {Dakos, Vasilis},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.024},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dakos - 2017 - Identifying best-indicator species for abrupt transitions in multispecies communities.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1470160X},
journal = {Ecological Indicators},
keywords = {Competition,Critical transition,Dominant eigenvector,Early-warning,Eigenvector decomposition,Resilience},
month = {oct},
number = {January},
pages = {1--9},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Identifying best-indicator species for abrupt transitions in multispecies communities}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X17306611},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Peel2007,
abstract = {Although now over 100 years old, the classification$\backslash$nof climate originally formulated by Wladimir K¨oppen$\backslash$nand modified by his collaborators and successors, is still in$\backslash$nwidespread use. It is widely used in teaching school and$\backslash$nundergraduate courses on climate. It is also still in regular$\backslash$nuse by researchers across a range of disciplines as a basis$\backslash$nfor climatic regionalisation of variables and for assessing the$\backslash$noutput of global climate models. Here we have produced a$\backslash$nnew global map of climate using the K¨oppen-Geiger system$\backslash$nbased on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation$\backslash$nand temperature station time series. Climatic variables$\backslash$nused in the K¨oppen-Geiger system were calculated at$\backslash$neach station and interpolated between stations using a twodimensional$\backslash$n(latitude and longitude) thin-plate spline with$\backslash$ntension onto a 0.1×0.1 grid for each continent. We discuss$\backslash$nsome problems in dealing with sites that are not uniquely$\backslash$nclassified into one climate type by the K¨oppen-Geiger system$\backslash$nand assess the outcomes on a continent by continent$\backslash$nbasis. Globally the most common climate type by land$\backslash$narea is BWh (14.2{\%}, Hot desert) followed by Aw (11.5{\%},$\backslash$nTropical savannah). The updated world K¨oppen-Geiger climate$\backslash$nmap is freely available electronically in the Supplementary$\backslash$nMaterial Section (http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/$\backslash$n11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007-supplement.zip).},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {hal-00298818},
author = {Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A.},
doi = {10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007},
eprint = {hal-00298818},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Peel, Finlayson, McMahon - 2007 - Updated world map of the K{\"{o}}ppen-Geiger climate classification.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {09412948},
issn = {1812-2116},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {439--473},
pmid = {2614},
title = {{Updated world map of the K{\"{o}}ppen-Geiger climate classification}},
url = {http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/439/2007/ http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/},
volume = {4},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Tuanmu2014,
author = {Tuanmu, Mao-Ning and Jetz, Walter},
doi = {10.1111/geb.12182},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tuanmu, Jetz - 2014 - A global 1-km consensus land-cover product for biodiversity and ecosystem modelling.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {correspondence,discover,glc2000,globcover,land-cover,land-cover heterogeneity,mao-ning tuanmu,modis,prevalence,remote sensing,species distribution models},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {1031--1045},
title = {{A global 1-km consensus land-cover product for biodiversity and ecosystem modelling}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/geb.12182},
volume = {23},
year = {2014}
}
@techreport{Leadley2014,
address = {Montreal, Canada},
author = {Leadley, P.W. and Krug, C.B. and Alkemade, R. and Pereira, H.M. and Sumaila, U.R. and Walpole, M. and Marques, A. and Newbold, T. and Teh, L.S.L. and van Kolck, J. and Bellard, C. and Januchowski-Hartley, S.R. and Mumby, P.J.},
institution = {Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity},
keywords = {GBO4,Policy},
pages = {xxx},
title = {{Progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets: An Assessment of Biodiversity Trends, Policy Scenarios and Key Actions.}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Haddad2016,
abstract = {Community assembly rules have been extensively studied, but its association with regional environmental variation, while land use history remains largely unexplored. Land use history might be especially important in Mediterranean forests, considering their historical deforestation and recent afforestation. Using forest inventories and historical (1956) and recent (2000) land cover maps, we explored the following hypotheses: 1) woody species assembly is driven by environmental factors, but also by historical landscape attributes; 2) recent forests exhibit lower woody species richness than pre-existing due to the existence of colonization credits; 3) these credits are modulated by species' life-forms and dispersal mechanisms. We examined the association of forest historical type (pre-existing versus recent) with total species richness and that of diverse life-forms and dispersal groups, also considering the effects of current environment and past landscape factors. When accounting for these effects, no significant differences in woody species richness were found between forest historical types except for vertebrate-dispersed species. Species richness of this group was affected by the interaction of forest historical type with distance to coast and rainfall: vertebrate-dispersed species richness increased with rainfall and distance to the coast in recent forests, while it was higher in dryer sites in pre-existing forests. In addition, forest historical types showed differences in woody species composition associated to diverse environmental and past landscape factors. In view of these results we can conclude that: 1) community assembly in terms of species richness is fast enough to exhaust most colonization credit in recent Mediterranean forests except for vertebrate-dispersed species; 2) for these species, colonization credit is affected by the interplay of forest history and a set of proxies of niche and landscape constraints of species dispersal and establishment; 3) woody species assemblage is mostly shaped by the species' ecological niches in these forests.},
author = {Haddad, Nick M. and Gonzalez, Andrew and Brudvig, Lars A. and Burt, Melissa A. and Levey, Douglas J. and Damschen, Ellen I.},
doi = {10.1111/ecog.02535},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Haddad et al. - 2016 - Experimental evidence does not support the Habitat Amount Hypothesis.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {6503251521},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {oct},
number = {3},
pages = {336--342},
title = {{Experimental evidence does not support the Habitat Amount Hypothesis}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ecog.02535},
volume = {125},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Esch2014,
abstract = {A key factor in the implementation of productive and sustainable cultivation procedures is the frequent and area-wide monitoring of cropland and grassland. In particular, attention is focused on assessing the actual status, identifying basic trends and mitigating major threats with respect to land-use intensity and its changes in agricultural and semi-natural areas. Here, multi-seasonal analyses based on satellite Earth Observation (EO) data can provide area-wide, spatially detailed and up-to-date geo-information on the distribution and intensity of land use in agricultural and grassland areas. This study introduces an operational, application-oriented approach towards the categorization of agricultural cropland and grassland based on a novel scheme combining multi-resolution EO data with ancillary geo-information available from currently existing databases. In this context, multi-seasonal high (HR) and medium resolution (MR) satellite imagery is used for both a land parcel-based determination of crop types as well as a cropland and grassland differentiation, respectively. In our experimental analysis, two HR IRS-P6 LISS- 3 images are first employed to delineate the field parcels in potential agricultural and grassland areas (determined according to the German Official Topographic Cartographic Information System - ATKIS). Next, a stack of seasonality indices is generated based on 5 image acquisitions (i.e., the two LISS scenes and three additional IRS-P6 AWiFS scenes). Finally, a C5.0 tree classifier is applied to identify main crop types and grassland based on the input imagery and the derived seasonality indices. The classifier is trained using sample points provided by the European Land Use/Cover Area Frame Survey (LUCAS). Experimental results for a test area in Germany assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach and demonstrate that a multi-scale and multi-temporal analysis of satellite data can provide spatially detailed and thematically accurate geo-information on crop types and the cropland-grassland distribution, respectively. ?? 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Esch, T. and Metz, A. and Marconcini, M. and Keil, M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2013.12.007},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Esch et al. - 2014 - Combined use of multi-seasonal high and medium resolution satellite imagery for parcel-related mapping of cropland.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03032434},
journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
keywords = {Crop types,Grassland,High and medium resolution data,Multi-seasonal analysis,Object-oriented classification},
month = {may},
number = {1},
pages = {230--237},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Combined use of multi-seasonal high and medium resolution satellite imagery for parcel-related mapping of cropland and grassland}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2013.12.007 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030324341300175X},
volume = {28},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Malhi2014,
author = {Malhi, Yadvinder and Gardner, Toby A and Goldsmith, Gregory R and Silman, Miles R and Zelazowski, Przemyslaw},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-155141},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2014/Malhi et al.{\_}2014{\_}Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1543-5938},
journal = {Annual Review of Environment and Resources},
keywords = {climate change,conservation,deforestation,hunting,logging,resilience},
month = {oct},
number = {1},
pages = {125--159},
title = {{Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-155141},
volume = {39},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Lawton1998a,
abstract = {Despite concern about the effects of tropical forest disturbance and clearance on biodiversity, data on impacts, particularly on invertebrates, remain scarce. Here we report a taxonomically diverse inventory on the impacts of tropical forest modification at one locality. We examined a gradient from near-primary, through old-growth secondary and plantation forests to complete clearance, for eight animal groups (birds, butterflies, flying beetles, canopy beetles, canopy ants, leaf-litter ants, termites and soil nematodes) in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve, south-central Cameroon. Although species richness generally declined with increasing disturbance, no one group serves as a good indicator taxon for changes in the species richness of other groups. Species replacement from site to site (turnover) along the gradient also differs between taxonomic groups. The proportion of 'morphospecies' that cannot be assigned to named species and the number of 'scientist-hours' required to process samples both increase dramatically for smaller-bodied taxa. Data from these eight groups indicate the huge scale of the biological effort required to provide inventories of tropical diversity, and to measure the impacts of tropical forest modification and clearance.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {10.1038/34166},
author = {Lawton, J H and Bignell, D E and Bolton, B and Bloemers, G F and Eggleton, P and Hammond, P M and Hodda, M and Holt, R D and Larsen, T B and Mawdsley, N a and Stork, N E and Srivastava, D S and Watt, a D},
doi = {10.1038/34166},
eprint = {34166},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lawton et al. - 1998 - No Title.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lawton et al. - 1998 - No Title(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0028-0836},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
keywords = {Africa,Afrotropical region,Animalia,Animalia [Disturbance by man / / Forest degradatio,Animalia.,Animals and man,Biodiversity inventory along forest disturbance gr,Ecology,Environmental Sciences {\&} Ecology,Evaluation of use of indicator taxa {\&} biodiversity,Forest,Forest disturbance gradient,Forestry,Implications for impact assessment studies],Indicator,Land zones,Reserve,Systematics,Techniques,Terrestrial,Tropical,Zoology,[Community structure / / Taxonomical diverse biodi,[Ecological techniques / / Forest disturbance impa,and woodland / / Disturbance gradient] [Cameroon /,biodiversity,habitat,implications for impact assessment] [Forest,inventory survey},
mendeley-tags = {Forest,Indicator,Tropical},
month = {jan},
number = {6662},
pages = {72--76},
pmid = {8862},
primaryClass = {10.1038},
title = {{Biodiversity inventories, indicator taxa and effects of habitat modificationin tropical forest}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/34166 http://www.nature.com/articles/34166},
volume = {391},
year = {1998}
}
@book{Ferrier2017,
abstract = {Modelling provides an effective means of integrating the complementary strengths of biodiversity data derived from in situ observation versus remote sensing. The use of modelling in biodiversity change observation, or monitoring, is just one of a number of roles that modelling can play in biodiversity assessment. These roles place different levels of emphasis on explanatory versus predictive modelling, and on modelling across space alone, versus across both space and time, either past-to-present or present-to-future. One of the most challenging, yet vitally important, applications of modelling to biodiversity monitoring involves mapping change in the distribution and retention of terrestrial biodiversity. Unlike many structural and functional attributes of ecosystems, most biological entities at the species and genetic levels of biodiversity cannot be readily detected through remote sensing. Estimating change in these levels of biodiversity across large spatial extents is therefore benefiting from advances in both species-level and community-level approaches to model-based integration of in situ biological observations and remotely sensed environmental data.},
address = {Cham},
author = {Ferrier, Simon and Jetz, Walter and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn PW},
booktitle = {The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-27288-7},
isbn = {978-3-319-27286-3},
issn = {10853278},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Community-level,Modelling,Monitoring,Predictive,Remote sensing Explanatory,Species-level},
pages = {239--257},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
title = {{Biodiversity Modelling as Part of an Observation System}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-27288-7},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{CIESIN2005,
address = {Palisades, NY, USA},
author = {CIESIN},
publisher = {Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) Columbia University},
title = {{Gridded population of the world version 3 (GPWV3): population density grids.}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Ellis2013,
author = {Ellis, E. C. and Kaplan, J. O. and Fuller, D. Q. and Vavrus, S. and {Klein Goldewijk}, K. and Verburg, P. H.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1217241110},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2013/Ellis et al.{\_}2013{\_}Used planet A global history.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {may},
number = {20},
pages = {7978--7985},
title = {{Used planet: A global history}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1217241110},
volume = {110},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Chua2013,
author = {Chua, Siew Chin and Ramage, Benjamin S. and Ngo, Kang Min and Potts, Matthew D. and Lum, Shawn K.Y.},
doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.053},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chua et al. - 2013 - Slow recovery of a secondary tropical forest in Southeast Asia.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03781127},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
month = {nov},
pages = {153--160},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Slow recovery of a secondary tropical forest in Southeast Asia}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112713005112},
volume = {308},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Tatem2007,
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Between 2005 and 2050, the human population is forecast to grow by 2.7 billion, with the vast majority of this growth occurring in low income countries. This growth is likely to have significant social, economic and environmental impacts, and make the achievement of international development goals more difficult. The measurement, monitoring and potential mitigation of these impacts require high resolution, contemporary data on human population distributions. In low income countries, however, where the changes will be concentrated, the least information on the distribution of population exists. In this paper we investigate whether satellite imagery in combination with land cover information and census data can be used to create inexpensive, high resolution and easily-updatable settlement and population distribution maps over large areas. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We examine various approaches for the production of maps of the East African region (Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania) and where fine resolution census data exists, test the accuracies of map production approaches and existing population distribution products. The results show that combining high resolution census, settlement and land cover information is important in producing accurate population distribution maps. CONCLUSIONS: We find that this semi-automated population distribution mapping at unprecedented spatial resolution produces more accurate results than existing products and can be undertaken for as little as {\$}0.01 per km(2). The resulting population maps are a product of the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP: http://www.map.ox.ac.uk) and are freely available.},
author = {Tatem, Andrew J. and Noor, Abdisalan M. and von Hagen, Craig and {Di Gregorio}, Antonio and Hay, Simon I.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0001298},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2007/Tatem et al.{\_}2007{\_}High resolution population maps for low income nations combining land cover and census in East Africa.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1932-6203},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PloS one},
keywords = {Africa,Demography,Developing Countries,Eastern,GIS,Geography,Humans,Mapping},
mendeley-tags = {GIS,Geography,Mapping},
month = {jan},
number = {12},
pages = {e1298},
pmid = {18074022},
title = {{High resolution population maps for low income nations: combining land cover and census in East Africa.}},
volume = {2},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Schiewe2002,
abstract = {Segmentation algorithms have already been recognized as a valuable and complementary approach that similar to human operators perform a region-based rather than a point-based evaluation of high-resolution and multi-source remotely sensed data. Goal of this paper is to summarize the state-of-the-art of respective segmentation methods by describing the underlying concepts which are rather complex in the case of processing remotely sensed data, demonstrating various applications (automatical object recognition, signal- based fusion as support for visual interpretation, and estimation of the terrain surface from Digital Surface Models), and identifying yet existing problems and further research and development needs},
author = {Schiewe, J.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schiewe - 2002 - Segmentation of High-Resolution Remotely Sensed Data - Concepts , Applications and Problems.pdf:pdf},
issn = {16821750},
journal = {Symposium on Geospatial theory, Processing and Applications},
keywords = {feature level fusion,high-resolution data,multi-source data,segmentation},
pages = {6},
title = {{Segmentation of High-Resolution Remotely Sensed Data - Concepts , Applications and Problems}},
url = {http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXIV/part4/pdfpapers/358.pdf},
volume = {XXXIV},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Maxwell2016,
abstract = {Whilst agreeing with the analysis of the article, I would urge a word of caution about any putting actions to slow climate change onto the back burner. Firstly, climate change due to CO2 emissions is the ultimate "supertanker" impact - it takes almost forever to reverse its impact once released. Secondly, climate change is placing unprecedented ecological, and evolutionary stress on the thermal niche dimension of almost every species on the planet, with unknown and essentially unpredictable secondary impacts arising from differential ecological responses of previously inter-linked species - aka plants and pollinators. Time to knuckle down at the coal face again - but may this is not the most appropriate of metaphors! Best wishes -- David Duthie},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {1512.00567},
author = {Maxwell, Sean L. and Fuller, Richard A. and Brooks, Thomas M. and Watson, James E. M.},
doi = {10.1038/536143a},
eprint = {1512.00567},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/536143a.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {aug},
number = {7615},
pages = {143--145},
pmid = {27510207},
title = {{Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/536143a},
volume = {536},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Arroyo-Rodriguez2015,
author = {Arroyo-Rodr{\'{i}}guez, V{\'{i}}ctor and Melo, Felipe P L and Mart{\'{i}}nez-Ramos, Miguel and Bongers, Frans and Chazdon, Robin L and Meave, Jorge a and Norden, Natalia and Santos, Br{\'{a}}ulio A. and Leal, Inara R and Tabarelli, Marcelo},
doi = {10.1111/brv.12231},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Arroyo-Rodr{\'{i}}guez et al. - 2015 - Multiple successional pathways in human-modified tropical landscapes new insights from forest successio.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14647931},
journal = {Biological Reviews},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {326--340},
title = {{Multiple successional pathways in human-modified tropical landscapes: new insights from forest succession, forest fragmentation and landscape ecology research}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/brv.12231},
volume = {92},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Tilman1994,
abstract = {HABITAT destruction is the major cause of species extinctions(1-3) Dominant species often are considered to be free of this threat because they are abundant in the undisturbed fragments that remain after destruction. Here we describe a model that explains multispecies coexistence in patchy habitats(4) and which predicts that their abundance may be fleeting. Even moderate habitat destruction is predicted to cause time-delayed but deterministic extinction of the dominant competitor in remnant patches. Further species are predicted to become extinct, in order from the best to the poorest competitors, as habitat destruction increases. Moreover, the more fragmented a habitat already is, the greater is the number of extinctions caused by added destruction. Because such extinctions occur generations after fragmentation, they represent a debt-a future ecological cost of current habitat destruction.},
author = {Tilman, David and May, Robert M. and Lehman, Clarence L. and Nowak, Martin A.},
doi = {10.1038/371065a0},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tilman et al. - 1994 - Habitat destruction and the extinction debt.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0028-0836},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = {sep},
number = {6492},
pages = {65--66},
pmid = {19559716},
title = {{Habitat destruction and the extinction debt}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/371065a0},
volume = {371},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Stevens2014,
author = {Stevens, Virginie M. and Whitmee, Sarah and {Le Galliard}, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois and Clobert, Jean and B{\"{o}}hning-Gaese, Katrin and Bonte, Dries and Br{\"{a}}ndle, Martin and {Matthias Dehling}, D. and Hof, Christian and Trochet, Audrey and Baguette, Michel},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12303},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Stevens et al. - 2014 - A comparative analysis of dispersal syndromes in terrestrial and semi-terrestrial animals.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1461023X},
journal = {Ecology Letters},
keywords = {2014,age at maturity,dispersal costs,dispersal phenotypes,ecology letters,fecundity,global change,life-history trade-,offs,phylogenetic signal,survival,thermoregulation,trophic levels},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {1039--1052},
title = {{A comparative analysis of dispersal syndromes in terrestrial and semi-terrestrial animals}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ele.12303},
volume = {17},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Jones2018,
abstract = {Given that few ecosystems on the Earth have been unaffected by humans, restoring them holds great promise for stemming the biodiversity crisis and ensuring ecosystem services are provided to humanity. Nonetheless, few studies have documented the recovery of ecosystems globally or the rates at which ecosystems recover. Even fewer have addressed the added benefit of actively restoring ecosystems versus allowing them to recover without human intervention following the cessation of a disturbance. Our meta-analysis of 400 studies worldwide that document recovery from large-scale disturbances, such as oil spills, agriculture and logging, suggests that though ecosystems are progressing towards recovery following disturbances, they rarely recover completely. This result reinforces conservation of intact ecosystems as a key strategy for protecting biodiversity. Recovery rates slowed down with time since the disturbance ended, suggesting that the final stages of recovery are the most challenging to achieve. Active restoration did not result in faster or more complete recovery than simply ending the disturbances ecosystems face. Our results on the added benefit of restoration must be interpreted cautiously, because few studies directly compared different restoration actions in the same location after the same disturbance. The lack of consistent value added of active restoration following disturbance suggests that passive recovery should be considered as a first option; if recovery is slow, then active restoration actions should be better tailored to overcome specific obstacles to recovery and achieve restoration goals. We call for a more strategic investment of limited restoration resources into innovative collaborative efforts between scientists, local communities and practitioners to develop restoration techniques that are ecologically, economically and socially viable.},
author = {Jones, Holly P. and Jones, Peter C. and Barbier, Edward B. and Blackburn, Ryan C. and {Rey Benayas}, Jose M. and Holl, Karen D. and McCrackin, Michelle and Meli, Paula and Montoya, Daniel and Mateos, David Moreno},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2017.2577},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jones et al. - 2018 - Restoration and repair of Earth's damaged ecosystems.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {ecology,environmental science},
month = {feb},
number = {1873},
pages = {20172577},
pmid = {29491171},
title = {{Restoration and repair of Earth's damaged ecosystems}},
url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/lookup/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.2577},
volume = {285},
year = {2018}
}
@article{McEvoy2019,
abstract = {‘Urban growth' refers to the process of growth and decline of economic agglomerations. The pattern of concentration of economic activity and its evolution have been found to be an important determinant, and in some cases the result, of urbanization, the structure of cities, the organization of economic activity, and national economic growth. The size distribution of cities is the result of the patterns of urbanization, which result in city growth and city creation. The evolution of the size distribution of cities is in turn closely linked to national economic growth.},
author = {McEvoy, David M. and Morgan, O. Ashton and Whitehead, John C.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/wp1901.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {978-0-333-78676-5},
issn = {15913090},
keywords = {baldness,funny},
mendeley-tags = {baldness,funny},
number = {1},
title = {{Willingness Toupee}},
url = {http://econ.appstate.edu/RePEc/pdf/wp1901.pdf},
volume = {19},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Newbold2016b,
author = {Newbold, Tim and Hudson, Lawrence N and Hill, Samantha L L and Contu, Sara and Gray, Claudia L and Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P W and B{\"{o}}rger, Luca and Phillips, Helen R P and Sheil, Douglas and Lysenko, Igor and Purvis, Andy},
doi = {10.1111/ecog.01932},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Newbold et al. - 2016 - Global patterns of terrestrial assemblage turnover within and among land uses.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {6503251521},
issn = {09067590},
journal = {Ecography},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {1151--1163},
title = {{Global patterns of terrestrial assemblage turnover within and among land uses}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ecog.01932},
volume = {39},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Norris2010,
abstract = {The biodiversity of West African rainforests is globally significant but poorly described, little understood in terms of its functional significance, and under threat from forest loss and degradation. Estimates suggest that about 10 million ha of forest may have been lost in the 20th Century, and around 80{\%} of the original forest area is now an agriculture-forest mosaic. These highly modified forests provide food, fuel, fibre and a range of ecosystem services for over 200 million people. As a consequence, the future of biodiversity in the region is intimately linked with the lives and livelihoods of local people. The available evidence suggests that forest loss and degradation has been caused primarily by agricultural expansion, sometimes facilitated by other human activities such as wood extraction. This expansion is a response to the demand generated by a growing and increasingly urbanised human population, but has been exacerbated by small increases in crop yields over recent decades. We synthesize and review our state of knowledge on the value of human-modified habitats for forest biodiversity in the region. Data on biodiversity are patchy, but we show that across plant, invertebrate and vertebrate groups, there is a significant loss of forest species as tree cover is reduced and vegetation structure simplified. Agricultural expansion clearly causes significant local biodiversity loss. We argue that replicated landscape-scale studies are now needed that describe changes across a range of biodiversity groups (above and below ground) in relation to land-use and landscape context to address knowledge gaps and biases. Such descriptive studies need to be complemented by a deeper understanding of the causes of species turnover patterns, together with work on the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem function and services. Biodiversity conservation in the region is becoming increasingly embedded within a more multi-functional view of agriculture-forest mosaics that attempts to recognise and value the range of services provided by tree cover and other land-uses. This relatively new perspective has the potential, at least in principle, to re-shape the drivers of land-use change because tree cover can generate additional revenue through carbon trading or certification schemes. It will become clearer over the coming decades whether this potential can be realised, but the implications for biodiversity conservation in the region are potentially profound. The socio-economic processes that have driven forest loss and degradation in West Africa are having an increasing impact on the relatively undisturbed rainforest of the Congo Basin. We conclude by pointing out that while West African forest landscapes are a potent reminder of what might happen in Central Africa in the near future, they also provide insights for developing policies and practice that might avoid comparable levels of forest loss and degradation. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Norris, Ken and Asase, Alex and Collen, Ben and Gockowksi, Jim and Mason, John and Phalan, Ben and Wade, Amy},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.032},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Norris et al.{\_}2010{\_}Biodiversity in a forest-agriculture mosaic – The changing face of West African rainforests.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0006-3207},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Ecosystem services,Land-use change,Multi-functional landscapes,Tropical forest},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {2341--2350},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Biodiversity in a forest-agriculture mosaic – The changing face of West African rainforests}},
volume = {143},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Thomas2013,
author = {Thomas, Chris D},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1319304110},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2013/Thomas{\_}2013{\_}Local diversity stays about the same, regional diversity increases, and global diversity declines.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Conservation of Natural Resources,Conservation of Natural Resources: statistics {\&} nu,Diversity,Ecosystem,Opinion,Plants,Plants: genetics,Spatial Scale},
mendeley-tags = {Diversity,Opinion,Spatial Scale},
month = {nov},
number = {48},
pages = {19187--19188},
pmid = {24248347},
title = {{Local diversity stays about the same, regional diversity increases, and global diversity declines}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1319304110},
volume = {110},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Halstead2014,
author = {Halstead, B. J. and Wylie, G. D. and Casazza, M. L.},
doi = {10.1111/acv.12073},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Halstead, Wylie, Casazza - 2014 - Ghost of habitat past historic habitat affects the contemporary distribution of giant garter snakes in.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13679430},
journal = {Animal Conservation},
keywords = {agriculture,distribution,garter snake,occupancy,rice,thamnophis},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {144--153},
title = {{Ghost of habitat past: historic habitat affects the contemporary distribution of giant garter snakes in a modified landscape}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/acv.12073},
volume = {17},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Hobi2017,
author = {Hobi, Martina L. and Dubinin, Maxim and Graham, Catherine H. and Coops, Nicholas C. and Clayton, Murray K. and Pidgeon, Anna M. and Radeloff, Volker C.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2017.04.018},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hobi et al. - 2017 - A comparison of Dynamic Habitat Indices derived from different MODIS products as predictors of avian species richne.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
keywords = {Biodiversity pattern,Breeding Bird Survey (BBS),Conservation,Ecoregion,Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI),Fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Rad,Gross Primary Productivity (GPP),Leaf Area Index (LAI),Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI),North America,Primary production,Species energy hypothesis,Species richness,biodiversity pattern},
month = {jun},
pages = {142--152},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{A comparison of Dynamic Habitat Indices derived from different MODIS products as predictors of avian species richness}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.04.018 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425717301682},
volume = {195},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Newmark1998,
abstract = {An understanding of forest area, fragmentation and loss is central to developing strategies to conserve biological diversity in the Eastern Arc Mountains. Using recent 1:250,000 land cover and use maps (Tanzanian Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 1996) and 1:250,000 and 1:500,000 topographic maps, I examine natural forest area, fragmentation, and loss in the Eastern Arc Mountains. I estimate the maximum total area of natural forest, open as well as closed forest, in the Eastern Arc Mountains is 5,340 km2. The remaining natural forest in the Eastern Arc Mountains is highly fragmented. The median patch size is 10.2 km2, and the mean patch size is 58.0 km2. Based upon the estimates of various workers, approximately 1,447 km2 of closed forest remains in the Eastern Arc Mountains or 27 {\%} of the remaining natural forest. Comparisons of the current to prehistoric forest cover suggest that 77 {\%} of the original forest has been lost over the last approximately 2,000 years.},
author = {Newmark, W. D.},
doi = {10.2982/0012-8317(1998)87[29:FAFALI]2.0.CO;2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1998/Newmark{\_}1998{\_}Forest Area, Fragmentation, and Loss in the Eastern Arc Mountains Implications For the Conservation of Biological Diversity.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0012-8317},
journal = {Journal of East African Natural History},
pages = {29--36},
title = {{Forest Area, Fragmentation, and Loss in the Eastern Arc Mountains: Implications For the Conservation of Biological Diversity}},
volume = {87},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Balmford1996,
abstract = {There is now little reasonable doubt about the scale of the present extinction crisis: recent and ongoing rates of species loss exceed background levels by two to three orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, species differ widely in their vulnerability to current threats. Growing evidence from both paiaeontoiogy and conservation biology suggests that past events may help to explain this variation. Communities appear far more resilient to particular threats if they have faced similar challenges in the past. This intuitive but poorly reported phenomenon has potentially far-reaching implications for attempts to focus conservation efforts on those areas most at risk from contemporary human activity.},
author = {Balmford, Andrew},
doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(96)10026-4},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Balmford - 1996 - Extinction filters and current resilience the significance of past selection pressures for conservation biology.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology {\&} Evolution},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {193--196},
pmid = {21237807},
title = {{Extinction filters and current resilience: the significance of past selection pressures for conservation biology}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0169534796100264},
volume = {11},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Papagiannopoulou2017a,
abstract = {Satellite Earth observation has led to the creation of global climate data records of many important environmental and climatic variables. These come in the form of multivariate time series with different spatial and temporal resolutions. Data of this kind provide new means to further unravel the influence of climate on vegetation dynamics. However, as advocated in this article, commonly used statistical methods are often too simplistic to represent complex climate–vegetation relationships due to linearity assumptions. Therefore, as an extension of linear Granger-causality analysis, we present a novel non-linear framework consisting of several components, such as data collection from various databases, time series decomposition techniques, feature construction methods, and predictive modelling by means of random forests. Experimental results on global data sets indicate that, with this framework, it is possible to detect non-linear patterns that are much less visible with traditional Granger-causality methods. In addition, we discuss extensive experimental results that highlight the importance of considering non-linear aspects of climate–vegetation dynamics.},
author = {Papagiannopoulou, Christina and Miralles, DIego G. and Decubber, Stijn and Demuzere, Matthias and Verhoest, Niko E. C. and Dorigo, Wouter A. and Waegeman, Willem},
doi = {10.5194/gmd-10-1945-2017},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Papagiannopoulou et al. - 2017 - A non-linear Granger-causality framework to investigate climate–vegetation dynamics.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1991-9603},
journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {1945--1960},
title = {{A non-linear Granger-causality framework to investigate climate–vegetation dynamics}},
url = {https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/1945/2017/},
volume = {10},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Fairbanks2004,
abstract = {Aim Applying water-energy dynamics and heterogeneity theory to explain species richness via remote sensing could allow for the regional characterization and monitoring of vegetation community assemblages and their environment. We assess the relationship of multi-temporal normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to plant species richness in vegetation communities. Location California, USA. Methods Sub-regions containing species inventories for chaparral, coastal sage scrub, foothill woodland, and yellow pine forest communities were intersected with a vegetation community map and an AVHRR NDVI time series for 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995 and 1996. Principal components analysis reduced the AVHRR data to three variables representing the sum and temporal trajectories of NDVI within each community. A fourth variable representing heterogeneity was tested using the standard deviation of the first component. Quadratic forms of these variables were also tested. Species richness was analysed by stepwise regression. Results Chaparral, coastal sage scrub, and yellow pine forest had the best relationships between species richness and NDVI. Richness of chaparral was related to NDVI heterogeneity and spring greenness (r(2) varied between 0.26 and 0.62 depending on year of NDVI data). Richness of coastal sage scrub was nonlinearly related to annual NDVI and heterogeneity (r(2) 0.63-0.81), with peak richness at intermediate values. Foothill woodland richness was related to heterogeneity in a monotonic curvilinear fashion (r(2) 0.28-0.35). Yellow pine forest richness was negatively related to spring greenness and positively related to heterogeneity (r(2) 0.40-0.46). Main conclusions While NDVI's relationship to species richness varied, the selection of NDVI variables was generally consistent across years and indicated that spatial variability in NDVI may reflect important patterns in water-energy use that affect plant species richness. The principal component axis that should correspond closely with annual mean NPP showed a less prominent role. We conclude that plant species richness for coarse vegetation associations can be characterized and monitored at a regional scale and over long periods of time using relatively coarse resolution NDVI data.},
author = {Fairbanks, Dean H K and McGwire, Kenneth C.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00092.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fairbanks, McGwire - 2004 - Patterns of floristic richness in vegetation communities of California regional scale analysis with multi-te.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0960-7447},
issn = {1466-822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {California,Environmental heterogeneity,Multiple-regression,Net primary productivity (NPP),Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI),Plant species richness},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {221--235},
title = {{Patterns of floristic richness in vegetation communities of California: regional scale analysis with multi-temporal NDVI}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00092.x},
volume = {13},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Scherber2010,
abstract = {Biodiversity is rapidly declining, and this may negatively affect ecosystem processes, including economically important ecosystem services. Previous studies have shown that biodiversity has positive effects on organisms and processes across trophic levels. However, only a few studies have so far incorporated an explicit food-web perspective. In an eight-year biodiversity experiment, we studied an unprecedented range of above- and below-ground organisms and multitrophic interactions. A multitrophic data set originating from a single long-term experiment allows mechanistic insights that would not be gained from meta-analysis of different experiments. Here we show that plant diversity effects dampen with increasing trophic level and degree of omnivory. This was true both for abundance and species richness of organisms. Furthermore, we present comprehensive above-ground/below-ground biodiversity food webs. Both above ground and below ground, herbivores responded more strongly to changes in plant diversity than did carnivores or omnivores. Density and richness of carnivorous taxa was independent of vegetation structure. Below-ground responses to plant diversity were consistently weaker than above-ground responses. Responses to increasing plant diversity were generally positive, but were negative for biological invasion, pathogen infestation and hyperparasitism. Our results suggest that plant diversity has strong bottom-up effects on multitrophic interaction networks, with particularly strong effects on lower trophic levels. Effects on higher trophic levels are indirectly mediated through bottom-up trophic cascades.},
author = {Scherber, Christoph and Eisenhauer, Nico and Weisser, Wolfgang W and Schmid, Bernhard and Voigt, Winfried and Fischer, Markus and Schulze, Ernst-Detlef and Roscher, Christiane and Weigelt, Alexandra and Allan, Eric and Bessler, Holger and Bonkowski, Michael and Buchmann, Nina and Buscot, Fran{\c{c}}ois and Clement, Lars W and Ebeling, Anne and Engels, Christof and Halle, Stefan and Kertscher, Ilona and Klein, Alexandra-Maria and Koller, Robert and K{\"{o}}nig, Stephan and Kowalski, Esther and Kummer, Volker and Kuu, Annely and Lange, Markus and Lauterbach, Dirk and Middelhoff, Cornelius and Migunova, Varvara D and Milcu, Alexandru and M{\"{u}}ller, Ramona and Partsch, Stephan and Petermann, Jana S and Renker, Carsten and Rottstock, Tanja and Sabais, Alexander and Scheu, Stefan and Schumacher, Jens and Temperton, Vicky M and Tscharntke, Teja},
doi = {10.1038/nature09492},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2010/Scherber et al.{\_}2010{\_}Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-4687},
journal = {Nature},
keywords = {Animals,Biodiversity,Biological,Jena-Experiment,Models,Nature,Paper,Plant Physiological Phenomena,Population Density},
mendeley-tags = {Jena-Experiment,Nature,Paper},
month = {nov},
number = {7323},
pages = {553--6},
pmid = {20981010},
title = {{Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981010},
volume = {468},
year = {2010}
}
@article{He2009,
abstract = {Finding an effective method to quantify species compositional changes in time and space has been an important task for ecologists and biogeographers. Recently, exploring regional floristic patterns using data derived from satellite imagery, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has drawn considerable research interests among ecologists. Studies have shown that NDVI could be a fairly good surrogate for primary productivities. In this study, we used plant distribution data in the North and the South Carolina states to investigate the correlations between species composition and NDVI within defined ecoregions using Mantel test and multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP). Our analytical approach involved generating compositional dissimilarity matrices by computing pairwise beta diversities of the 145 counties in the two states for species distribution data and by computing Euclidian distances for NDVI time series data. We argue that beta diversity measurements take the pairwise dissimilarities into consideration explicitly and could provide more spatial correlation information compared with uni- or multi-dimensional regressions. Our results showed a significant positive correlation between species compositional dissimilarity matrices and NDVI distance matrices. We also found for the first time that the strength of correlation increased at a lower taxonomic rank. Same trends were discovered when incorporating variability in phenological patterns in NDVI. Our findings suggest that remotely sensed NDVI can be viable for monitoring species compositional changes at regional scales. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
author = {He, Kate S. and Zhang, Jianting and Zhang, Qiaofeng},
doi = {10.1016/j.actao.2008.07.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/1-s2.0-S1146609X08001215-main.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1146-609X},
issn = {1146609X},
journal = {Acta Oecologica},
keywords = {Beta diversity,Bray-Cutis dissimilarity index,Ecoregion,Mantel test,Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI),Phenology,Species composition,Taxonomic rank},
number = {1},
pages = {14--21},
publisher = {Elsevier Masson SAS},
title = {{Linking variability in species composition and MODIS NDVI based on beta diversity measurements}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2008.07.006},
volume = {35},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Epps2015,
abstract = {Landscape genetics seeks to determine the effect of landscape features on gene flow and genetic structure. Often, such analyses are intended to inform conservation and management. However, depending on the many factors that influence the time to reach equilibrium, genetic structure may more strongly represent past rather than contemporary landscapes. This well-known lag between current demographic processes and population genetic structure often makes it challenging to interpret how contemporary landscapes and anthropogenic activity shape gene flow. Here, we review the theoretical framework for factors that influence time lags, summarize approaches to address this temporal disconnect in landscape genetic studies, and evaluate ways to make inferences about landscape change and its effects on species using genetic data alone or in combination with other data. Those approaches include comparing correlation of genetic structure with historical versus contemporary landscapes, using molecular markers with different rates of evolution, contrasting metrics of genetic structure and gene flow that reflect population genetic processes operating at different temporal scales, comparing historical and contemporary samples, combining genetic data with contemporary estimates of species distribution or movement, and controlling for phylogeographic history. We recommend using simulated datasets to explore time lags in genetic structure, and argue that time lags should be explicitly considered both when designing and interpreting landscape genetic studies. We conclude that the time lag problem can be exploited to strengthen inferences about recent landscape changes and to establish conservation baselines, particularly when genetic data are combined with other data.},
author = {Epps, Clinton W. and Keyghobadi, Nusha},
doi = {10.1111/mec.13454},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Epps, Keyghobadi - 2015 - Landscape genetics in a changing world disentangling historical and contemporary influences and inferring chan.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09621083},
journal = {Molecular Ecology},
keywords = {Equilibrium,Microsatellite,SNP,mitochondrial DNA,phylogeography,scale,temporal,time lag},
month = {nov},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
pmid = {26547281},
title = {{Landscape genetics in a changing world: disentangling historical and contemporary influences and inferring change}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mec.13454},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Lister2004,
abstract = {The Quaternary was a time of extensive evolution among mammals. Most living species arose at this time, and many of them show adaptations to peculiarly Quaternary environments. The latter include continental northern steppe and tundra, and the formation of lakes and offshore islands. Although some species evolved fixed adaptations to specialist habitats, others developed flexible adaptations enabling them to inhabit broad niches and to survive major environmental changes. Adaptation to short-term (migratory and seasonal) habitat change probably played a part in pre-adapting mammal species to the longer-term cyclical changes of the Quaternary. Fossil evidence indicates that environmental changes of the order of thousands of years have been sufficient to produce subspeciation, but speciation has typically required one hundred thousand to a few hundred thousand years, although there are both shorter and longer exceptions. The persistence of taxa in environments imposing strong selective regimes may have been important in forcing major adaptive change. Individual Milankovitch cycles are not necessarily implicated in this process, but nor did they generally inhibit evolutionary change among mammals: many evolutionary divergences built over multiple climatic cycles. Deduction of speciation timing requires input from fossils and modern phenotypic and breeding data, to complement and constrain mitochondrial DNA coalescence dates which appear commonly to overestimate taxic divergence dates and durations of speciation. Migrational and evolutionary responses to climate change are not mutually exclusive but, on the contrary, may be synergistic. Finally, preliminary analysis suggests that faunal turnover, including an important element of speciation, was elevated in the Quaternary compared with the Neogene, at least in some biomes. Macroevolutionary species selection or sorting has apparently resulted in a modern mammalian fauna enriched with fast-reproducing and/or adaptively generalist species.},
author = {Lister, Adrian M},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2003.1436},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/LocalStorage/References/2004/Lister{\_}2004{\_}The impact of Quaternary Ice Ages on mammalian evolution.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-8436},
journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
keywords = {Adaptation, Biological,Animal Migration,Animals,Biological,Biological Evolution,Climate,Environment,Geography,Mammals,Mammals: genetics,Mamme,Paleobiology,Quaternary,Species Specificity,Study,Theory,Time Factors},
mendeley-tags = {Mamme,Paleobiology,Quaternary,Study,Theory},
month = {feb},
number = {1442},
pages = {221--41},
pmid = {15101579},
title = {{The impact of Quaternary Ice Ages on mammalian evolution.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1693321{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {359},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Erb2016,
abstract = {The terrestrial carbon cycle is not well quantified 1 . Biomass turnover time is a crucial parameter in the global carbon cycle 2–4 , and contributes to the feedback between the ter-restrial carbon cycle and climate 2–7 . Biomass turnover time varies substantially in time and space, but its determinants are not well known 8,9 , making predictions of future global carbon cycle dynamics uncertain 5,10–13 . Land use—the sum of activities that aim at enhancing terrestrial ecosystem services 14 —alters plant growth 15 and reduces biomass stocks 16 , and is hence expected to aaect biomass turnover. Here we explore land-use-induced alterations of biomass turnover at the global scale by comparing the biomass turnover of the actual vegetation with that of a hypothetical vegetation state with no land use under current climate conditions. We find that, in the global average, biomass turnover is 1.9 times faster with land use. This acceleration aaects all biomes roughly equally, but with large diierences between land-use types. Land conversion, for example from forests to agricultural fields, is responsible for 59{\%} of the acceleration; the use of forests and natural grazing land accounts for 26{\%} and 15{\%} respectively. Reductions in biomass stocks are partly compensated by reductions in net primary productivity. We conclude that land use significantly and systematically aaects the fundamental trade-oo between carbon turnover and carbon stocks. Biomass turnover time ($\tau$ b) is a critical parameter of the global carbon cycle and a key vegetation property 1,3,5 . $\tau$ b is a decisive parameter for the elemental composition (stoichiometry) of ecosystems, critically influencing the accumulation and availability of chemical elements in ecosystems, rendering $\tau$ b a key factor for plant growth dynamics 17 and a crucial determinant of fluxes between terrestrial vegetation and the atmosphere 3–7 . Because $\tau$ b is an ecosystem property that emerges from the interplay between climate, soil, vegetation type, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, precipitation, and land use, it is highly variable across space and time 8,9 . However, patterns and determinants of the variability of $\tau$ b are poorly understood 5,9,18 . In particular, the inability of land-cover or plant functional type classifications, which form the basis of many carbon cycle models 8,10 , to comprehensively represent the variability of $\tau$ b induces massive uncertainties in predictions of future global carbon cycle dynamics 1,5,8,10–13,19 . Thus, improving the understanding of covariates for $\tau$ b is central to understanding the biosphere's responses to a changing climate. Land use is a pervasive driver of global change 14,20,21 that results in land conversions, for example, the replacement of pristine ecosystems with agroecosystems, as well as in changes of stocks and flows of carbon within the same land-cover type (denoted 'land modifications') 22 . By replacing ecosystems dominated by perennial, often woody lifeforms with agroecosystems dominated by annual, herbaceous lifeforms, land use obviously accelerates biomass turnover ($\tau$ b). Moreover, land use affects both productivity 15,23 and carbon storage 16,24 also within land-cover types. While reductions in biomass C stocks (SC) tend to accelerate $\tau$ b , reductions in terrestrial productivity (which happen frequently 15,21,23) would reduce $\tau$ b . A comprehensive, global, spatially explicit quantification of the interplay of these effects for $\tau$ b is missing at present, despite its obvious importance. Complementary to previous attempts to understand determinants of patterns of C turnover time 1,8 , which did not explicitly analyse land use as a covariate, we here aim to explore the role of land use as a determinant of rates and patterns of $\tau$ b . By adopting an approach that has proved useful in quantifying land-use effects on ecosystem properties such as net primary production (NPP) 15,20,21 , we here compare $\tau$ b of the potential and the actual vegetation. The potential vegetation refers to a hypothetical condition that would prevail in the assumed absence of land use but under current climate 15 . We define the acceleration of $\tau$ b as turnover of the potential natural vegetation divided by actual turnover: $\tau$ b acceleration = $\tau$ bpot /$\tau$ bact},
author = {Erb, Karl-Heinz and Fetzel, Tamara and Plutzar, Christoph and Kastner, Thomas and Lauk, Christian and Mayer, Andreas and Niedertscheider, Maria and K?rner, Christian and Haberl, Helmut and K{\"{o}}rner, Christian and Haberl, Helmut},
doi = {10.1038/ngeo2782},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Erb et al. - 2016 - Biomass turnover time in terrestrial ecosystems halved by land use.pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Erb et al. - 2016 - Biomass turnover time in terrestrial ecosystems halved by land use(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1752-0894},
issn = {1752-0894},
journal = {Nature Geoscience},
month = {aug},
number = {9},
pages = {674--678},
title = {{Biomass turnover time in terrestrial ecosystems halved by land use}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ngeo2782},
volume = {9},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Lamb2016,
author = {Lamb, Anthony and Balmford, Andrew and Green, Rhys E. and Phalan, Ben},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2016.01.006},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lamb et al. - 2016 - To what extent could edge effects and habitat fragmentation diminish the potential benefits of land sparing.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00063207},
journal = {Biological Conservation},
keywords = {Agri-environment,Agriculture,Biodiversity conservation,Habitat fragmentation,Habitat loss,Land sharing},
month = {mar},
pages = {264--271},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{To what extent could edge effects and habitat fragmentation diminish the potential benefits of land sparing?}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320716300064},
volume = {195},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Bray1957,
abstract = {JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.},
author = {Bray, R.J. and Curtis, J.T.},
doi = {10.2307/1942268},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bray, Curtis - 1957 - An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Winsconin.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012-9615},
issn = {00129615},
journal = {Ecological Monographs},
number = {4},
pages = {325--349},
pmid = {15814341},
title = {{An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Winsconin}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1942268{\%}5Cnhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/1942268?seq=1{\&}cid=pdf-reference{\#}references{\_}tab{\_}contents{\%}5Cnhttp://about.jstor.org/terms},
volume = {27},
year = {1957}
}
@article{Svensson2012,
abstract = {The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) and the dynamic equilibrium model (DEM) are influential theories in ecology. The IDH predicts large species numbers at intermediate levels of disturbance and the DEM predicts that the effect of disturbance depends on the level of productivity. However, various indices of diversity are considered more commonly than the predicted number of species in tests of the hypotheses. This issue reaches beyond the scientific community as the predictions of the IDH and the DEM are used in the management of national parks and reserves. In order to compare responses with disturbance among measures of biodiversity, we used two different approaches of mathematical modelling and conducted an extensive meta-analysis. Two-thirds of the surveyed studies present different results for different diversity measures. Accordingly, the meta-analysis showed a narrow range of negative quadratic regression components for richness, but not evenness. Also, the two models support the IDH and the DEM, respectively, when biodiversity is measured as species richness, but predict evenness to increase with increasing disturbance, for all levels of productivity. Consequently, studies that use compound indices of diversity should present logical arguments, a priori, to why a specific index of diversity should peak in response to disturbance.},
author = {Svensson, J. R. and Lindegarth, M. and Jonsson, P. R. and Pavia, H.},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.2620},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Svensson et al. - 2012 - Disturbance-diversity models what do they really predict and how are they tested.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1471-2954 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0962-8452 (Linking)},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {disturbance,diversity indices,evenness,richness},
month = {jun},
number = {1736},
pages = {2163--2170},
pmid = {22298854},
title = {{Disturbance-diversity models: what do they really predict and how are they tested?}},
url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rspb.2011.2620},
volume = {279},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Wittemyer2008,
abstract = {Protected areas (PAs) have long been criticized as creations of and for an elite few, where associated costs, but few benefits, are borne by marginalized rural communities. Contrary to predictions of this argument, we found that average human population growth rates on the borders of 306 PAs in 45 countries in Africa and Latin America were nearly double average rural growth, suggesting that PAs attract, rather than repel, human settlement. Higher population growth on PA edges is evident across ecoregions, countries, and continents and is correlated positively with international donor investment in national conservation programs and an index of park-related funding. These findings provide insight on the value of PAs for local people, but also highlight a looming threat to PA effectiveness and biodiversity conservation},
author = {Wittemyer, George and Elsen, Paul and Bean, William T and Burton, a Coleman O and Brashares, Justin S},
doi = {10.1126/science.1158900},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wittemyer et al. - 2008 - Accelerated Human Population Growth at Protected Area Edges.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {jul},
number = {5885},
pages = {123--126},
pmid = {18599788},
title = {{Accelerated Human Population Growth at Protected Area Edges}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1158900},
volume = {321},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Salguero-Gomez2015,
author = {Salguero-G{\'{o}}mez, Roberto and Jones, Owen R. and Archer, C. Ruth and Buckley, Yvonne M. and Che-Castaldo, Judy and Caswell, Hal and Hodgson, David and Scheuerlein, Alexander and Conde, Dalia a. and Brinks, Erik and de Buhr, Hendrik and Farack, Claudia and Gottschalk, Fr{\"{a}}nce and Hartmann, Alexander and Henning, Anne and Hoppe, Gabriel and R{\"{o}}mer, Gesa and Runge, Jens and Ruoff, Tara and Wille, Julia and Zeh, Stefan and Davison, Raziel and Vieregg, Dirk and Baudisch, Annette and Altwegg, Res and Colchero, Fernando and Dong, Ming and de Kroon, Hans and Lebreton, Jean-Dominique and Metcalf, Charlotte J. E. and Neel, Maile M. and Parker, Ingrid M. and Takada, Takenori and Valverde, Teresa and V{\'{e}}lez-Espino, Luis a. and Wardle, Glenda M. and Franco, Miguel and Vaupel, James W.},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.12334},
editor = {Rees, Mark},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Salguero-G{\'{o}}mez et al. - 2015 - The compadre Plant Matrix Database an open online repository for plant demography.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00220477},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {202--218},
title = {{The compadre Plant Matrix Database: an open online repository for plant demography}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2745.12334},
volume = {103},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Turner1989,
abstract = {Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1989. 20:171-97 LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY : The Effect of Pattern on Process1 Monica Goigel Turner Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 INTRODUCTION A Historical Perspective Ecology and natural history ...},
author = {Turner, M G},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001131},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/mj291/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Turner - 1

license: MIT

license_type: permissive

branch_name: refs/heads/master

extension: bib